Lecture 1 Op-Amp

Introduction of Operation Amplifier (OpAmp)

Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications
Comparison of ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp
Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

+Vcc
Very high differential gain
Input 1
+
High input impedance
Vo
Vd
Low output impedance
Output

Provide voltage changes

Input 2
(amplitude and polarity)
Rin~inf -Vcc Rout~0
Used in oscillator, filter and
Vo GdVd
instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
Gd : differential gain normally
gain by multiple stages
very large, say 105

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

IC Product
OFFSET
NULL

8 N.C.

-IN

V+

+IN

OUTPUT

OFFSET
NULL

DIP-741

Ref:080114

OUTPUT A

-IN A

+IN A

7 OUTPUT B

V+

-IN B

5 +IN B

Dual op-amp 1458 device

Operational Amplifier

Single-Ended Input
+

~ Vi

+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change

+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Double-Ended Input
V

Differential input

Vd V V

0o phase shift change

between Vo and Vd
+

~ V1

Qu: What Vo should be if,

Ref:080114

Ans: (A or B) ?
Operational Amplifier

(A)

(B)

Distortion
+V =+5V
cc

+5V
o

0
5V

V =5V
cc

The output voltage never excess the DC

voltage supply of the Op-Amp
Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Common-Mode Operation
+

Same voltage source is applied

at both terminals

Ideally, two input are equally

amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured
Ref:080114

Note for differential circuits:

Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
Common-Mode Rejection

Operational Amplifier

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Differential voltage input :

Vd V V

Output

Common voltage input :

1
Vc (V V )
2

Inverting
Input

Common-mode rejection ratio:

CMRR

Output voltage :

Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain
Ref:080114

Noninverting
+
Input

Gd
G
20 log10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc

Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd

Operational Amplifier

CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?
100V

100V

60700V

80600V
20V

40V

Solution :
Vd 1 100 20 80V

(1)

Vd 2 100 40 60V

100 20
100 40
60V
Vc 2
70V
2
2
From (1)
Vo 80Gd 60Gc 80600V

Vc1

From (2)
Gd 1000

(2)

Vo 60Gd 70Gc 60700V

and

Gc 10

CMRR 20 log(1000 / 10) 40dB

NB: This method is Not work! Why?

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
-

The gain without feedback

Equal to differential gain
Zero common-mode gain
Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000

(2) Infinite Input impedance

-

Input current ii ~0A

T- in high-grade op-amp
m-A input current in low-grade opamp

(3) Zero Output Impedance

V1

V2

Vo

i1~0

i2~0

Vo

Rout
Vo' +

Rload

- act as perfect internal voltage source

- No internal resistance
Rload
- Output impedance in series with load
Vload Vo
- Reducing output voltage to the load
Rload Rout
20-100
- Practically, Rout ~Operational
Ref:080114
Amplifier
10

Frequency-Gain Relation

Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.

Unity Gain frequency f1: the

gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd

20log(0.707)=3dB

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

11

GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp
having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)

Sol:

Gd
0.707Gd

Since f1 = 10 MHz

? Hz

By using GB production equation

f1 = Gd fc

10MHz

fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103

1
0

f1
(frequency)

= 500 Hz
Ref:080114

fc

Operational Amplifier

12

Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp

Ideal

Practical

Open Loop gain A

105

Bandwidth BW

10-100Hz

Input Impedance Zin

>1M

10-100

Output Impedance Zout

Output Voltage Vout

Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)
Differential
mode signal

CMRR

Ref:080114

Depends slightly
on average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal

Vin

+ AVin

Ideal op-amp

Zout=0

Vin

Zin

Vout

Practical op-amp

Zout

Vout

AVin

10-100dB

Operational Amplifier

13

Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

14

Noninverting Amplifier
(1)

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields, V Vi
Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields, V 0 V Vo 0
Ra

(3)

in

Ra

Rf

Rf

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo

0
Ra
Rf
or

Ref:080114

Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra

Operational Amplifier

15

v+

v-

vi

v+
v-

Rf
Ra

)vi

Rf

Voltage follower

vo vi

Ref:080114

R2

v-

vo

vo

Rf

Ra

Noninverting amplifier

vo (1

R1

v+

vi

Noninverting input with voltage divider

Rf
R2
vo (1 )(
)vi
Ra R1 R2
v

v+
i

v-

Less than unity gain

vo

Operational Amplifier

R2
vi
R1 R2

16

Inverting Amplifier
(1)

Rf

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields, V 0

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields, Vin V_ Vo V

0
Ra
Rf

(3)

Setting V+ = V yields

Vo R f

Vin
Ra
Ref:080114

Ra

V ~
in

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.

Operational Amplifier

17

Multiple Inputs
(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields, V 0

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields,
V_ Vo
Rf

(3)

Rf
Va
Vb
Vc

Ra
Rb
Rc

V Va V Vb V Vc

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

Setting V+ = V yields
c V
Va Vb Vc
j
Vo R f

R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

18

Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore
Zf
Vo
Vin
Supposing
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, in
i.e.,
1
Zf
jC
(ii) The input component
is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:

Za

V ~

where

vi (t ) Vi e

jt

What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R?

Inverting differentiator

Ref:080114

V ~
in

Operational Amplifier

C
R

1
vo (t )
vi (t )dt

RC

Zf

19

Example:

Op-Amp Integrator
C

(a) Determine the rate of change

of the output voltage.

+5V
0

R
100s

(b) Draw the output waveform.

10 k

0.01F

Vo(max)=10 V

Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo
V
5V
i
t
RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
50 mV/s

(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease

Vo (50 mV/s)(100s) 5V

Ref:080114

+5V
0

0
-5V
-10V

Operational Amplifier

V
20

Op-Amp Differentiator
R
0

to

C
t1

t2

to

t1

t2

dVi
vo
RC
dt

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

21

Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)

Rf
Ra

Vin ~

in

Equivalent Circuit
Rf
Ra

R
R
V
+ +

Ref:080114

Vin

Zin

Practical op-amp

Zout
~

Vout

AVin

3 categories are considering

Close-Loop Voltage Gain

Input impedance
Output impedance

-AV
Operational Amplifier

22

Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal,
Vin V V Vo V

0
Ra
R
Rf
By using the open loop gain,

Rf

Ra

in

R R

+ +

Vo AV

Vin Vo
V
V
V

o o o 0
Ra ARa AR R f AR f

in

R R Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Vin Vo f
Ra

Ra

-AV
Rf

V R

ARa R R f

The Close-Loop Gain, Av

AR R f
Vo
Av

Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

23

Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~

Rf
Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

as an ideal case

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

24

Input Impedance
Rf

Input Impedance can be regarded as,

Rin Ra R // R

Ra

where R is the equivalent impedance

of the red box circuit, that is
V
R
if
However, with the below circuit,
V ( AV ) i f ( R f Ro )
V R f Ro
R

if
1 A

Ref:080114

in

Operational Amplifier

V R

+ +

-AV
R'

if

Rf
R

V
+

-AV

25

Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 A
Rin Ra

R
R

R

f
o

Rin Ra

R ( R f Ro )
R f Ro (1 A) R

Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,

Rin ~ Ra

( R f Ro )
(1 A)

Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

input to output
Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

26

Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Firstly, with figure (a),

Rf

Ra

Ra // R
Ra R
V
Vo V
Vo
R f Ra // R
Ra R f Ra R R f R

R
V

By using KCL, io = i1+ i2

Vo
V ( AV )
io
o
R f Ra // R f
Ro

io

+
-AV

By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),

The output impedance, Rout is
Ro ( Ra R f Ra R R f R )
Vo

io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R

R and A comparably large,

Ro ( Ra R f )
Rout ~
ARa

Ref:080114

Rf

i2

i1

V
R

Ra

(a)

Operational Amplifier

V
+

-AV

(b)

27