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IS :456-2000: PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

Section 3 : General Design considerations
Final deflection due to all loads including effect of temperature, creep and
shrinkage and measured from as cast level of the supports of floors, roofs and
all other horizontal members should not exceed
The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage
occurring after erection of partitions and the application of finishes
The vertical deflection limits :
Cantilever
Simply supported
continuous
For spans above 10metres
Cantilever
Simply supported
continuous
Depending on area and stress of steel for tension reinforcement the values in
above shall be modified by multiplying with
Depending on area of compression reinforcement the span to depth further
modified by multiplying with
For flanged beams the values in (3) and (4) be modified as per
and reinforcment percentage for use in fig 4and 5 should be based on
Max crack width
Formulae for Crack width =
Design surface crack width = Wcr =

acr = distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest
longitudinal bar
Cmin = minimum cover to the longitudinal bar
m =average steel strain at the level considered
h =overall depth of member
x =depth of neutral axis
Calculation of Average steel strain
m =average steel strain at the level considered
As =area of reinforcement
b =width of section at the centriod of the tensile steel

1 = strain at the level considered, calculated ignoring the stiffening of the

concrete in the tension zone,
a =distance from the campression face to the point at which the crack width is
being calculated, and
d =effective depth
Modulus of elasticity of steel = Es = may be taken as
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = Ec = 5000 (fck)

Vertical Deflection
l = effective span in metres
D = overall depth of section
Vertical deflection = (40 * l2) / D
Note : If abve vertical deflection is greater than the deflection happened
during 24hours loading then it is not necessary to measure recovery
deflection.
Shrinkage

The total shrinkage of concrete depends upon the constituents of concrete,

size of the member and environmental conditions. For a given humidity and
temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete is most influenced by the total
amount of water present in the concrete at the time of mixing and, to a lesser
extent, by the cement content.
For design purposes design Shrinkage strain taken as
For more information IS:1343
Creep of concrete
Creep of concrete should not more than
Creep may be assumed proportional to
Creep coefficient
Age at loading
7 days
28 days
1 year
Thermal Expansion
The value of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete with
different aggregates may be taken as below:
Quartzite
sand stone
Granite
Basalt
Lime stone

Note : In In ordinary buildings, such as low rise dwellings whose lateral

dimension do not exceed 45 m, the effects due to temperature fluctuations
and shrinkage and creep can be ignored in &sign calculations.

Other forces and Effects

Combination of loads
Design load
Design load is the load to be taken for use in the
appropriate method of design; it is the characteristic
load in case of working stress method and characteristic
load with appropriate partial safety factors for limit
state design.
Stability of Structure
Shall not be less than The stability of a structure as a whole against
overturning shall be ensured so that the restoring moment shall be not less
than the sum of 1.2 times the maximum overturning moment due to
the charac&stic dead load and 1.4 times the maximum overturning
moment due to the characteristic imposed loads. In
cases where dead load provides the restoring moment, only 0.9 times
the characteristic dead load shall be considered. Restoring moment
ilue to imposed loads shall be ignored.
Sliding
Factor against sliding should be greater than 1.4 under the most adverse
combination of applied charecterstic forces.
In this case 0.9 times charecterstic dead load shall be taken in account.
Moment connection
In designing the framework of a building provisions shall be made-by
adequate moment connections or by a system of bracings to effectively
transmit all the horizontal forces to the foundations
Lateral Sway
Under transient wind load the lateral sway at top

For seismic loading ref IS :1893

Fire Resistence
The fire Resistence of structural element is expressed in terms of
General requirements of fire resistence
Min requirements of concrete cover and member dimensions for normal
weight aggregate concrete members

nominal cover required exceeds 40 mm for beams and 35 mm for slabs, to

give protection against~spalling.

Analysis
All strucures may be analysed by the Linera elastic theory tocalculate internal
actions produced by design loads.
Effective Span is
Clear span + effective depth of slab
Clear span + effective depth of beam
Centre to Centre of supports whichever is less
Continuous beam or slab
For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for intermediate
spans, the effective span shall Abe the clear span
between supports;
For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the effective span
shall be equal to the clear span plus half the effective depth of the beam or
slab or the clear span plus half the width of the discontinuous support,
whichever is less;
In the case of spans with roller or rocket bearings, the effective span shall
always be the distance between the centres of bearings.

Span/250

should not exceed span/350 or 20mm

whichever is less
7
20
26
deflection calculations should be made
separately
above value multiplied by 10/span in
metres
above value multiplied by 10/span in
metres
modification factor obtained as per Fig 4
in IS
modification factor obtained as per Fig 5
in IS
Fig 6
area of section equal to

br d

0.3mm
3 acr m
1+ 2(acr -Cmin)
h-x

1 -

b (h-x) (a-x)
3 Es As (d-x)

200

KN/mm2
KN/mm2

1
1
40

0.0003

1/3rd of charecterstic compressive

strength
stress
Coefficient
2.2
1.6
1.1

coefficient of Thermal expansion/0C

1.2 to 1.3 x 10-5
0.9 to 1.2 x 10-5
0.7 to 0.95 x 10-5
0.8 to 0.95 x 10-5
0.6 to 0.9 x 10-5

m
m
m

Foundation Movement (IS 1904)

Elastic axial shortening
Soil and fluid pressures
Vibration
Fatigue
Impact (IS 875 (Part-5) )
Erection loads (IS 875 (Part-2) )
Stress concentration effect due to point
load and the like
As per IS 875 (Part-5)

should not exceed H/500

H = Total height of building

hours in accordance of IS:1641

Ref IS :1642
Ref Page 47,34 IS 456-2000

Additional measures such as application

of tire resistant finishes, provision of fire
resistant false
ceilings and sacrificial steel in tensile
zone

If width of supprot is less than 1/12 of

clear span

If width of supprot is more than 1/12 of

clear span or 600mm whichever is less.