215-241 1

2
- (External flow Open channel flow)
- (Internal flow)
6.1

Reynold
Reynold number, Re Re Streamline
Laminar flow Re (
Re > 2300 )
Stream line Turbulent flow
Laminar Velocity Profile
Velocity Profile 5.1

6.1 velocity profile

uniform uo


velocity profile boundary
: .

6: 6-1

215-241 1

layer boundary layer

boundary layer

D
2

fully developed velocity profile (

)
(velocity profile)

V =

1
udA = U O
A arca

entrance length Laminar flow

entrance length
L
V D
= 0 . 06
D

Turbulent flow entrance length 25 40

6.2


(Pressure Losses)
2
1. Major Losses (hl)
(Laminar Flow)

Re D 2 g

hl = 64 L V

(Turbulent Flow)

D 2 g

hl = ( f ) L V

f Moody Chart
2. Minor Losses (hm) Gate Valve,
Elbow Minor Losses
: .

6: 6-2

215-241 1
kV
hm =
= ( f ) L
2

V 2

D 2 g
e

2g

k loss coefficient
Le
(equivalent length)
_____________________________
= 1,000 kg/m3 = 0.0114 x 10-4 m2/s
2 140 litre/s 200 mm.
relative roughness roughness ratio = e/D = 0.001

90o elbow
k = 0.95

40 m

20 m

40 m

60 m
6 m

sharp entrance
k = 0.5

Q = 140 litre/s = 0.14 m3/s

V=
Re =

Q
A

0.14
= 0.14 2 = 4.45 m/s
2
D
(0.2)
4
4
VD
4.45 x0.2
=
= 7.8x105 (>2300 )
4

0.0114 x10

hl1 = hl + hm - hP
=

P V2
P1 V12

+
+ Z1 2 + 2 + Z 2

g 2 g
g 2 g

P1 = P2 = Patm , V1 = V2 = 0 ( free surface)

: .

6: 6-3

215-241 1

hl + hm - hP = z1 - z2
hP = z2 - z1 + hl + hm
- Major Loss

D 2 g

hl = ( f ) L V

f moody diagram
e/D = 0.001 , Re = 7.8 x 105

f = 0.02

D 2 g

hl = (0.02) L V

- Minor Loss
Loss
Sharp entrance
90 0 elbow 2
Sharp exit

K
0.5
2 x 0.96
1.0
k = 3.4

kV
hm = =
2

2g

3.4V 2
2g

hP = z2 - z1 + hl + hm

= z2 - z1 + (0.02) L V + 3.4V
D 2 g

2g

z1 = 6 m
z2 = 40 m
L =
= 60 + 20 + 40 m
= 120 m
D = 200 mm = 0.2 m
V = 4.45 m/s
4.452 3.4(4.45) 2
+
2 x9.81
0.2 2 x9.81

hP = 40 - 6 + (0.02) 120
= 49.54 m

: .

6: 6-4

215-241 1

Pump =
=
=
=

gQhP
1,000 x 9.81 x 0.14 x 49.54
68,040 N.m/s W
68.04
kW
_____________________________

( = 1,000 kg/m3 , = 1.03 x 10-3 N.s/m2) A

B e =
0.12 mm. 3.5 m3/s
1
k = 0.9

k = 0.5

50 m

80 m

6 m
B

k = 1.0
600 m

V =
V =

hlT

100 m

= hl + hm

Q
A

3 .5
D 2
4

4.45
D2

m/s

P V2
P1 V12
+
+ Z1 2 + 2 + Z 2

g 2 g
g 2 g

P1 = P2 = Patm , V1 = V2 = 0 ()

hl

2
L V

( f )
D 2 g

: .

D D 2 g
f

7425
5
gD

= ( f ) L 4.45
2

6: 6-5

215-241 1

kV
hm = =
2

2g
= 28.74
gD

hl + hm =

(0.9 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1)V 2

2g

f 28.7
+
7425
=
4
5
gD gD

z1 - z2 = 80-6

725.94D5 - 28.7D - 7,425f = 0

28.7D 725.94D5

725.94D5 - 7,425f = 0
D f
f = 0.01
725.94D5 - (7,425 x 0.01) = 0
D = 0.63 m

Re

e
D

4.45
D2
VD

4.45
= 11.1 m/s
0.632
1000 x11.1x0.63
1.03 x10 3

=
=

6.78 x 106

0.12 / 1000
0.63

= 0.0002

- f Moody diagram
Re = 6.78 x 106 ;
e/D =
f = 0.014
- f
725.94D5 - (7,425 x 0.014D) = 0
D = 0.678

: .

4.45
D2

4.45
0.6782

0.0002

m
=9.68 m/s

6: 6-6

215-241 1

Re
e
D

VD

6.37 x 106

0.12 / 1000
0.678

- f Moody diagram
Re = 6.37 x 106 ;
f = 0.0135

= 1000 x9.68 x03.678

1.03 x10

e/D

= 0.00017

0.00017

- f
725.94D5 - (7,425 x 0.0135) = 0
D = 0.673
m

= 67.3
cm
_____________________________
6.3 Multiple - Pipe System
2
1. (Pipe in Series)

=
Q2
=
1)
Q1
2
2
2)
v1d1 =
v2d2 =
3)
hlT
=
hl + hm

: .

Q3
= = Qn = Q
2
v3d3 = = vndn2

6: 6-7

215-241 1

2.

(Pipe in Parallel)

1)
Q
=
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 +..+ Qn
=
hl1 + hm1
2)
hlT
=
hl2 + hm2

hln + hmn

3 A B Total
pressure drop PA - PB = 150,000 Pa zA - zB = 5 m

Pipe
L(m)
d(cm)
e/D
1
100
8
0.003
2
150
6
0.002
3
80
4
0.005
= 1,000 kg/m3 , = 1.02 x 10-6 m2 / s Flow rate
Minor Loss

: .

6: 6-8

215-241 1

1
A
2
5m
3
B

Total head Loss

hlT

=
=

PA V A2
P V2

+
+ Z A B + B + Z B
g 2 g
g 2 g

PA PB

+ Z A Z B
g

20.29

v1d12
v2
v3

=
=
=

v2d22 =
1.78 V1
4 V1

Re

VD

Re2

Re3

V2 d 2
Re1
V1 d1
V2 d 2
Re1
V1 d1

Minor Loss
hlT
=

m
v3d32

4V1 (0.04)
Re1 = 2Re1
V1 (0.08)

hl

D3 2 g

( f1 ) L1 V1 + ( f 2 ) L2 V2 + ( f3 ) L3 V3

V12
(1250f1+7921f2+32000f3) = 20.29
2g

: .

D1 2 g

D2 2 g

6: 6-9

215-241 1

f1 , f2 , f3
f2
f3
v1

f1
1
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.59
2
0.029 0.026 0.032 0.56
3
0.0285 0.0253 0.032 0.56

v1
=
0.56 m/s
Q1
=
v1A1
=
2.81 x 10-3
Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
Flow rate =
2.81 x

v2
1.05
1.00
1.00

v3
2.36
2.24
2.24

Re1
Re2
Re3
45,490 60,500 90,980
43,921 58,561 87,842
43,921 58,561 87,842

m3/s
10-3

m3/s

_____________________________
Total flow rate Minor Loss
= 1,000 kg/m3 , = 1.02 x 10-6 m2/s , PA-PB = 150,000 Pa, VA=VB

Pipe
1
2
3

: .

L(m)
100
80
150

d(cm)
4
6
8

e/D
0.003
0.002
0.002

6: 6-10

215-241 1

hlT

=
=
=

hl1 + hm1
hl2 + hm2
hl3 + hm3

hlT

PA V A2
P V2

+
+ Z A B + B + Z B
g 2 g
g 2 g

PA PB
= 15.29 m
g

=
=

hl1 = hl2 = hl3 ( Minor Loss)

v12

0.12
f1

v22

v32

0.225
f2
0.16
f3

v1
e/D = 0.003

1
2
3
V1 = 2.09

f1
0.02
0.0275
0.0275
m/s

v2 e/D = 0.002

f2
1
0.03()
2
0.0245
3
0.0245
V2 = 3.03 m/s

: .

v1
2.45
2.09
2.09

Re1
9.6 x 104
8.19 x 104
8.19 x 104

v2
2.74
3.03
3.03

Re2
1.6 x 105
1.8 x 105

6: 6-11

215-241 1

v3

e/D = 0.002

1
2
3
V3 = 2.56
Total flow rate
Q
=
=
=
=

f3
0.025()
0.0245
0.0245
m/s

v3
2.53
2.56
2.56

Re3
1.98x 105
2.0 x 105
2.0 x 105

Q1 + Q2 + Q3
V1A1 + V2A2 + V3A3
2.406 x 10-2
0.024
m3/s
_____________________________

: .

6: 6-12