MechanicsofLaminated

CompositeStructures
NachiketaTiwari
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur

Lecture1
Introduction

References for this Course

ReferencesforthisCourse
1.

Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Agarwal,

B.D. and Broutman, L. J., John Wiley & Sons.

2.

Mechanics of Composite Materials, Jones, R. M., McGraw

Hill

3.

Structural Analysis
y of Laminated Composites,
p
, Whitney,
y, J.
M., Technomic

Lecture Overview
LectureOverview
Whatare
What are composites?
composites ?
Importanceandareasofapplication
d
f
li i
Classification
Advantagesoffiberreinforcedcomposites

Whatarecomposites?
Composite:Twoormorechemicallydifferent
constituentscombinedmacroscopically
tit
t
bi d
i ll to
t
yieldausefulmaterial.
Examplesofnaturallyoccurringcomposites
Wood:Cellulosefibersboundbyligninmatrix
Bone:Stiffmineralfibersinasoftorganicmatrix
permeatedwithholesfilledwithliquids
Granite:Granularcompositeofquartz,feldspar,
andmica

What are composites?

Whatare
composites ?
Someexamplesofman
Some examples of manmade
madecomposites
composites
Concrete:Particulatecompositeofaggregates
(limestone or granite) sand cement and water
(limestoneorgranite),sand,cementandwater
Plywood:Severallayersofwoodveneerglued
together
Fiberglass:Plasticmatrixreinforcedbyglassfibers
Cemets:Ceramicandmetalcomposites
Cemets: Ceramic and metal composites
Fibrouscomposites:Varietyoffibers(glass,kevlar,
graphite, nylon, etc.) bound together by a
graphite,nylon,etc.)boundtogetherbya
polymericmatrix

These are not composites!

Thesearenotcomposites!
Plastics:
Plastics:Eventhoughtheymayhaveseveral
Even though they may have several
fillers,theirpresencedoesnotalterthe
physical properties significantly
physicalpropertiessignificantly.
Alloys:Herethealloyisnotmacroscopically
heterogeneous especially in terms of physical
heterogeneous,especiallyintermsofphysical
properties.
Metalswithimpurities:Thepresenceof
M l i hi
i i Th
f
impuritiesdoesnotsignificantlyalterphysical
propertiesofthemetal.
i
f h
l

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Automotive
Automotiveindustry:Lighter,stronger,wear
industry: Lighter stronger wear
resistance,rustfree,aesthetics
Carbody
Car body
Brakepads
Driveshafts
Drive shafts
Fueltanks
Hoods
H d
Spoilers

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Aerospace:
Aerospace:Lighter,stronger,temperature
Lighter stronger temperature
resistance,smartstructures,wearresistance
Aircraft:Nose,doors,struts,trunnion,fairings,
Aircraft: Nose doors struts trunnion fairings
cowlings,ailerons,outboardandinboardflaps,
stabilizers,elevators,rudders,fintips,spoilers,
,
,
,
p, p
,
edges
Rockets&missiles:Nose,body,pressuretanks,
frame,fueltanks,turbomotorstators,etc.
Satellites:Antennae,frames,structuralparts

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Sports:
Sports:Lighter,stronger,toughness,better
Lighter stronger toughness better
aesthetics,higherdampingproperties
Tennis
Bicycles
Badminton
Boats
Hockey
H k
Golfing
Motorcycles
l

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Transportation
Transportation&Infrastructure:Lighter,
& Infrastructure: Lighter
stronger,toughness,damping
Railwaycoaches
Railway coaches
Bridges
Shipsandboats
Ships and boats
Dams
Truckbodiesandfloors
T k b di
d fl
RVbodies

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Andmanymoreindustrysectors
And many more industry sectors
Biomedicalindustry
Consumergoods
Consumer goods
Agriculturalequipment
Heavymachinery
H
hi
Computers
Healthcare
H lh

Classification of Composites
ClassificationofComposites
Engineered
Composites

Particulate

Random
Orientation

Fibrous

Preferred
Orientation

SingleLayer

Continuous&
Long Fibers
LongFibers

Unidirectional

BiDirectional

MultiLayer

Discontinuous
&ShortFibers
&
Short Fibers

Random
O i t ti
Orientation

Preferred
O i t ti
Orientation

Laminate

Hybrid
Laminate