DR.

PRADIPDUTTA
DepartmentofMechanical
Engineering
IndianInstituteofScience
Bangalore

WhatisHeatTransfer?
Energyintransitduetotemperaturedifference.
Thermodynamicstellsus:
Howmuchheatistransferred(dQ)
Howmuchworkisdone(dW)
Finalstateofthesystem
Heattransfertellsus:
How(withwhatmodes) dQistransferred
Atwhatrate dQistransferred
Temperaturedistributioninsidethebody
Heattransfer

complementary

Thermodynamics

MODES:
Conduction
needsmatter
molecularphenomenon(diffusionprocess)
withoutbulkmotionofmatter
Convection
heatcarriedawaybybulkmotionoffluid
needsfluidmatter
Radiation
doesnotneedsmatter
transmissionofenergybyelectromagneticwaves

APPLICATIONSOFHEAT
TRANSFER
Energyproductionandconversion
steampowerplant,solarenergyconversionetc.
Refrigerationandairconditioning
Domesticapplications
ovens,stoves,toaster
Coolingofelectronicequipment
Manufacturing/materialsprocessing
welding,casting,soldering,lasermachining
Automobiles/aircraftdesign
Nature(weather,climateetc)

(Needsmedium,Temperaturegradient)
T1

T1>T2

......
..........
.....
...........
............
......
..............
.....
...........
solidorstationaryfluid
.....
.......

RATE:
q(W)or(J/s)(heatflowperunittime)

T2

Conduction
(contd)
Rateequations(1Dconduction):

A
T1

T2

q DifferentialForm
q=kAdT/dx,W
k=ThermalConductivity,W/mK
A=CrosssectionalArea,m2
T=Temperature,KoroC
x=Heatflowpath,m
q DifferenceForm
q=kA(T1 T2)/(x1 x2)

Heatflux:q=q/A=kdT/dx(W/m2)
(negativesigndenotesheattransferinthedirectionof
decreasingtemperature)

Conduction
(contd)
q Example:
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.2 m
thick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of 2.0
W/mK. Measurements made during steady state operation
revealtemperaturesof1500and1250Kattheinnerandouter
surfaces, respectively. What is therateof heat loss througha
wallwhichis0.5mby4monaside?

movingfluid

Ts>T
T
q

Ts

vEnergytransferredbydiffusion+bulkmotionoffluid

Rateequation
(convection)
U

U
u(y) q

y T

T(y)
Ts

Heattransferrateq=hA(TsT )W
Heatfluxq=h(TsT )W/ m2
h=heattransfercoefficient(W/m2K)
(notaproperty)dependsongeometry,natureofflow,
thermodynamicspropertiesetc.

Convection
(contd)
Freeornatural
convection(inducedby
buoyancyforces)
Convection
Convection
Forcedconvection
(inducedbyexternal
means)

Mayoccurwith
phasechange
(boiling,
condensation)

Convection(contd)
Typicalvaluesofh(W/m2K)

Freeconvection

gases:225
liquid:50100

Forcedconvection

gases:25250
liquid:5020,000

Boiling/Condensation

2500100,000

q1
q2

T1
T2

RATE:
q(W)or(J/s)Heatflowperunittime.
Flux:q(W/m2)

Rateequations
(Radiation)
RADIATION:
HeatTransferbyelectromagneticwavesorphotons(no
mediumrequired.)
Emissivepowerofasurface(energyreleasedperunitarea):

E=esTs4 (W/m2)
e=emissivity(property)
s=StefanBoltzmannconstant

Rateequations
(Contd.)
Tsur
qrad.
Ts

qconv.
Area=A

Radiationexchangebetweenalargesurfaceand
surrounding
Qrad= es(Ts4Tsur4)W/m2

Radiation(contd)
q Example:
Anuninsulatedsteampipepassesthrougharoominwhichthe
airand walls are at 25C. The outsidediameterof pipe is 80
mm,anditssurfacetemperatureandemissivityare180Cand
0.85, respectively. If the free convection coefficient from the
surfacetotheairis6W/m2K,whatistherateofheatlossfrom
thesurfaceperunitlengthofpipe?