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Date

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RETAINING WALL design to BS 8110:2005

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Checked

Page

10-Mar-2016
Revision

chg

2006 TCC

IDEALISED STRUCTURE and FORCE DIAGRAMS

134
Job No

R68

DESIGN STATUS:

VALID

WARNING :
Passive pressure should
only be considered if it
can be guaranteed that
there will be no future
excavation in front of
the wall.

DIMENSIONS (mm)
H=
3250
Hw =
1500
Hp =
300
Hn =
0
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
fcu =
35
fy =
500

B=
BI =
BN =

4000
1200
0

Tw =
Tb =
TN =

300
300
0

steel class
m =
N/mm
m =
N/mm
cover to tension steel =
Max allowable design surface crack width (W) =
Concrete density =
SOIL PROPERTIES
Design angle of int'l friction of retained mat'l () =
Design cohesion of retained mat'l (C ) =
Density of retained mat'l (q ) =
Submerged Density of retained mat'l (qs ) =
Design angle of int'l friction of base mat'l (b) =
Design cohesion of base material (Cb ) =
Density of base material (qb ) =
Allowable gross ground bearing pressure (GBP) =

A
1.5
1.15
50
0.3
24

concrete
steel
mm
mm
kN/m

30
0
20
5.00
20
10
10
200

degree
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
degree
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m

LOADINGS

=
=
=
=
=

10
10
10.3
43
0

=
=
=
=

0.33
2.04
2.86
1.15

Surcharge load -- live (SQK)

Surcharge load -- dead (SGK)
Line load -- live (LQK)
Line load -- dead (LGK)
Distance of line load from wall (X)

LATERAL FORCES (unfactored)

Force

PE
PS(GK)
PS(QK)
PL(GK)
PL(QK)

=
=
=
=
=

PW =
Total
PP =

Ka
Kp
Kpc
Kac
Lever arm

(kN)
29.58
10.83
10.83
0.00
0.00

LE
LS
LS
LL
LL

(m)
= 1.194
= 1.63
= 1.63
= 3.25
= 3.25

11.25

LW = 0.50

62.50

-9.49

(0.2 or 0.3
mm only)

Wall Geometry
(Only granular backfil considered, "C" = zero)
[default=2/3*q (only apply when 13.33
ASSUMPTIONS

a) Wall friction is zero

b) Minimum active earth pressure = 0.25qH
c) Granular backfill
d)Does not include check of rotational slide/slope failure
e)Does not include effect of seepage of ground
kN/m
water beneath the wall.
kN/m
f)Does not include deflection check of wall due to
kN/m
lateral earth pressures
mm
h) Design not intended for walls over 3.0 m high
i) Does not include check for temp. or shrinkage effects
[ default ka = (1-SIN )/(1+SIN )0.33
[ default kp = (1+SIN b)/(1-SIN 2.04
[ default kpc = 2kp0.5 ] =
2.86
[ 2ka0.5 ]

Moment about TOE

Mult

(kNm)
49.46
24.65
28.17
0.00
0.00

(kNm)
35.33
17.60
17.60
0.00
0.00

1.40
1.40
1.60
1.40
1.60

(kN)
41.42
15.17
17.33
0.00
0.00

5.63

1.40

15.75

7.88

89.67

110.15

-9.49

-1.38

76.16

(LP-HN) = 0.15

Fult

-1.38

1.00

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Checked

PE =
PS(GK) =
PS(QK) =
PL(GK) =
PL(QK) =
PW =
P =
Pp =

29.58
10.83
10.83
0.00
0.00
11.25

Lever arm (m)

LE
LS
LS
LL
LL
LW

=
=
=
=
=
=

Moment (kNm)

1.08
1.63
1.63
3.25
3.25
0.50

32.05
17.60
17.60
0.00
0.00
5.63

-9.49

Vertical FORCE (kN)

Wall =
Base =
Nib =
Earth =
Water =
Surcharge =
Line load =
V =

Moments

(LP-HN) = 0.15

R68
OK

F.O.S = 1.50
LOADING OPTION
(select critical load combination)
EARTH
Warning:
PS(GK)

PS(QK)
PL(GK)

PL(QK)

PW

Lever arm (m)

17.64
16.80
0.00
102.50
30.00
50.00
53.30

-1.38
= 71.50

Moment (kNm)

1.35
2.00
0.00
2.75
2.75
2.75
1.50

23.81
33.60
0.00
281.88
82.50
137.50
79.95
Mr = 639.24

270.24

Factor of Safety, Mr / Mo =
SLIDING

135
Job No

62.50
Mo

Restoring

10-Mar-2016
Revision

STABILITY CHECKS :

OVERTURNING about TOE

(using overall factor of safety instead of partial safety factor)
Lateral FORCE (kN)

Page

chg

2006 TCC

EXTERNAL STABILITY

Overturning
Moments

Date

(using overall factor of safety instead of partial safety factor)

Sum of LATERAL FORCES, P =

PASSIVE FORCE, Pp x Reduction factor (1) =

BASE FRICTION ( V TANb + 0.75 B Cb ) =
Sum of FORCES RESISTING SLIDING, Pr =

62.50

Warning:

8.94
F.O.S =

ALLOW BUOYANCY OF BASE

> 1.50

OK

1.50

kN

-9.49 kN
-128.36 kN
-137.85 kN

Red'n factor for passive force = 1.00

Factor of Safety, Pr / P =

2.21

> 1.50

OK

GROUND BEARING FAI Taking moments about centre of base (anticlockwise "+") :
Vertical FORCES (kN) Lever arm (m)

Wall =
Base =
Nib =
Earth =
Water =
Surcharge=
Line load =
V =

21.24
28.80
0.00
102.50
30.00
50.00
53.30
285.84

0.65
0.00
2.00
-0.75
-0.75
-0.75
0.50

Moment (kNm)

BEARING PRESSURE (KN/m)

433333333333322222222222221111111111110000000000000
...................................................
098766543221098876544321009876654322109887654432100
024680246802468024680246802468024680246802468024680

13.81
0.00
0.00
-76.88
-22.50
-37.50
26.65
Mv =
-96.42

0.000

50.000

Moment due to LATERAL FORCES, Mo =

71.50

kNm

Resultant Moment, M = Mv + Mo =

-24.91

kNm

-0.09
77

m
kN/m

Eccentricity from base centre, M / V =

Therefore, MAXIMUM Gross Bearing Pressure (GRP) =

100.000

< 200

OK

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Date

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Revision

chg

2006 TCC

Job No

R68

BASE - unloaded side ( per metre length )

f =

V ult =
M ult =

1.45
97.94
48.62

BS8110

(default = ult mt / non-factored m1.45

kN
kNm
( '+' TENSION AT BOTTOM FACE)
Min. As =

mm2
mm
mm
mm2

d=
z=
As' =
Mres =

242
223.36
0
130.17

mm
mm
mm2
kNm

> 48.62

OK

100 As/bd =
vc =
Vres =

0.55%
0.66
159.32

N/mm2
kN

> 97.94

OK

centres =
Asprov =
MOMENT of RESISTANCE :

SHEAR RESISTANCE:

reference

390
16
150
1340

BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT :

137

Table 3.25

< 558
> 390

OK

3.12.11.2.7(b)

OK

3.4.4.4

Table 3.8
3.5.5.2

CHECK CRACK WIDTH TO BS8110/BS8007 (:Temperature and shrinkage effects not included)

X=
Acr =

80.69
86.81

m = 0.000422

mm
mm

W=

0.08

BS8007

mm

< 0.30

OK

App. B.2

BASE - loaded side ( per metre length )

V ult =
M ult =

96.20
23.89

kN
kNm

(TENSION - TOP FACE)

Min. As =
=
centres =
Asprov =

TOP REINFORCEMENT :

MOMENT RESISTANCE :

SHEAR RESISTANCE:

390
16
150
1340

mm2
mm
mm
mm2

d=
z=
As' =
Mres =

242
223.36
0
130.17

mm
mm
mm2
kNm

> 23.89

OK

100 As/bd =
vc =
Vres =

0.55%
0.66
159.32

N/mm2
kN

> 96.20

OK

Table 3.25

< 558
> 390

OK

3.12.11.2.7(b)

OK

3.4.4.4

Table 3.8
3.5.5.2

CHECK CRACK WIDTH to BS8100/ BS8007 (: Temperature and shrinkage effects not included)

X=
Acr =

80.69
86.81

m = 1.88E-005

mm
mm

W=

0.00

BS8007

mm

< 0.30

OK

REINFORCEMENT SUMMARY for BASE

TOP (DESIGN)
BOTTOM (DESIGN)
TRANSVERSE

Type

Centers

As

Min. As

H
H
H

mm
16
16
12

mm
150
150
200

mm2
1340
1340
565

mm2
390
390
390

OK
OK
OK

App. B.2

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Revision

chg

2006 TCC

R68

APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF REINFORCEMENT

No.

Type

Dia

Length

Unit Wt

Weight

WALL

VERTICAL - External face

VERTICAL - Internal face
TRANSVERSE (Ext.& Int.)

7
7
40

H
H
H

12
20
12

3046
3110
1000

0.888
2.466
0.888

18.93
53.69
35.51

BASE

TOP (MAIN)
BOTTOM (MAIN)
TRANSVERSE ( T & B )
WALL STARTERS (Ext.)
WALL STARTERS (Int.)

7
7
42
7
7

H
H
H
H
H

16
16
12
12
20

4128
4128
1000
1155
1475

1.578
1.578
0.888
0.888
2.466

45.61
45.61
37.29
7.18
25.46

NIB

(assume same reinforcement as wall)

INTERNAL FACE (MAIN)
7
EXTERNAL FACE (MAIN)
7
TRANSVERSE (EXT.+ INT.)
2

H
H
H

12
20
12

96
160
1000

0.888
2.466
0.888

0.60
2.76
1.78

SUMMARY

Approx total reinforcement per metre length of wall (kg)

138
Job No

274.4

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DATA FOR DIAGRAMS I

sheet 1 of 2

Made by rc

Job No R

2006 TCC

DESIGN STATUS: VALID

IF(ABS(ECCY)>B/1000/2,"BEARING FAIL",IF(ABS(ECCY)>(B/1000)/6,(2*VL)/(3*((B/1000)/2-ABS(ECCY))),(VL/(B/1000)*(1+(6*ABS(ECCY))/(B/1000)))))

IF(ECCY>(B/1000)/6,IF(XX>(B/1000/2-ECCY)*3,0,(((B/1000/2-ECCY)*3-XX)/((B/1000/2-ECCY)*3))*BP),((VL/(B/1000)*(1-(6*ECCY)/(B/1000))))+(B/1000-XX)/(B/1000)*(BP-(VL/(B/1000)*
(6*ECCY)/(B/1000)))))
4

KN/M^2

KN/M^2

1 76.90
0 76.90
3
BEARING PRESSURE DIAGRAM
0.4 76.90
3
0.8 76.90
3
1.2 76.90
3
1.6 76.90
3
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
2 76.90
3
2.4 76.90
3
2.8 76.90
3
50
3.2 76.90
3
3.6 76.90
3
100
M
4 76.90
3
4 0.00
0
IF(ECCY<0,B/1000-B/1000/50*B24,B/1000/50*B24)
72.23
0 4.00
72.231
1 3.92
72.231
BEARING PRESSURE DIAGRAM
2 3.84
72.231
433333333333322222222222221111111111110000000000000
3 3.76
72.231
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
4 3.68
72.231
098766543221098876544321009876654322109887654432100
024680246802468024680246802468024680246802468024680
5 3.60
72.231
0.000
6 3.52
72.231
10.000
7 3.44
72.231
20.000
8 3.36
72.231
9 3.28
72.231
30.000
10 3.20
72.231
40.000
11 3.12
72.231
50.000
12 3.04
72.231
60.000
13 2.96
72.231
70.000
14 2.88
72.231
80.000
M
15 2.80
72.231
16 2.72
72.231
76.90
17 2.64
72.231
BP
0
76.903
18 2.56
72.231
BPE
1.2
76.903
19 2.48
72.231
BPI
1.5
76.903
20 2.40
72.231
BPZ
4
76.903
21 2.32
72.231
22 2.24
72.231
23 2.16
72.231
24 2.08
72.231
25 2.00
72.231
26 1.92
72.231
27 1.84
72.231
28 1.76
72.231
29 1.68
72.231
30 1.60
72.231
31 1.52
72.231
32 1.44
72.231
33 1.36
72.231
34 1.28
72.231
35 1.20
72.231
36 1.12
72.231
37 1.04
72.231
38 0.96
72.231
39 0.88
72.231
40 0.80
72.231
41 0.72
72.231
42 0.64
72.231
43 0.56
72.231
44 0.48
72.231
45 0.40
72.231
46 0.32
72.231
47 0.24
72.231
48 0.16
72.231
49 0.08
72.231
50 0.00 72.2314

Page 5

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231
72.231

0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

5.779 7.570
5.779 7.108
5.779 6.645
5.779 6.183
5.779 5.721
5.779 5.258
5.779 4.796
5.779 4.334
5.779 3.872
5.779 3.409
5.779 2.947
5.779 2.485
5.779 2.022
5.779 1.560
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
80.899 63.910

0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.080
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
80.899

Diagrams

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RETAINING WALL design to BS 8110:2005
Originated from 'RCC62.xls' v3.5

sheet 1 of 2

MTE= 24.98
MTLG= 0.00
MTLQ= 0.00
MTSG= 14.504
MTSQ= 14.50
MTW= 2.88

3250

4000

WALL (M )

0.00
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.30
0.35
0.41
0.47
0.53
0.59
0.65
0.71
0.77
0.83
0.89
0.94
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24
1.30
1.36
1.42
1.48
1.53
1.59
1.65
1.71
1.77
1.83
1.89
1.95
2.01
2.07
2.12
2.18
2.24
2.30
2.36
2.42
2.48
2.54
2.60
2.66
2.71
2.77
2.83
2.89
2.95

DIAGRAM
10 MOMENT
20 30 40
50 60 70

ULT. MT (KNM)

WALL GEOMETRY
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
4000

0
300
300
3250
3250
300
300
0
0
0
0
0
0

3000

0
0
1200
1200
1500
1500
4000
4000
0
0
0
0
0

0.00
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.30
0.35
0.41
0.47
0.53
0.59
0.65
0.71
0.77
0.83
0.89
0.94
1.00
1.06
1.12
1.18
1.24
1.30
1.36
1.42
1.48
1.53
1.59
1.65
1.71
1.77
1.83
1.89
1.95
2.01
2.07
2.12
2.18
2.24
2.30
2.36
2.42
2.48
2.54
2.60
2.66
2.71
2.77
2.83
2.89
2.95

2000

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

UTM= 82.52
82.52
0.00
82.523
0.06
82.523
0.12
82.523
0.18
82.523
0.24
82.523
0.30
82.523
0.35
82.523
0.41
82.523
0.47
82.523
0.53
82.523
0.59
82.523
0.65
82.523
0.71
82.523
0.77
82.523
0.83
82.523
0.89
82.523
0.94
82.523
1.00
82.523
1.06
82.523
1.12
82.523
1.18
82.523
1.24
82.523
1.30
82.523
1.36
82.523
1.42
82.523
1.48
82.523
1.53
82.523
1.59
82.523
1.65
82.523
1.71
82.523
1.77
82.523
1.83
82.523
1.89
82.523
1.95
82.523
2.01
82.523
2.07
82.523
2.12
82.523
2.18
82.523
2.24
82.523
2.30
82.523
2.36
82.523
2.42
82.523
2.48
82.523
2.54
82.523
2.60
82.523
2.66
82.523
2.71
82.523
2.77
82.523
2.83
82.523
2.89
82.523
2.95
82.523

YY= 2.95

DATA FOR DIAGRAMS II

2006 TCC

1000

Location

WALL (m m )

Project

BASE ( m m )

Page 6

80

90

Made by rc

Job No R

ade by rc

Diagrams

Job No R68
Date 10 de Mar de 16

000)*(BP-(VL/(B/1000)*(1-

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
5.779
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
###

Page 7

ade by rc

Diagrams

Job No R68
Date 10 de Mar de 16

Page 8

Project
Location

Spreadsheets to BS 8110etc
Grid line 1

CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS

Made by rc

RETAINING WALL design to BS 8110:2005

Originated from 'RCC62.xls' v3.5

WALL
MR=
As/bd=
X=
Ic=
STS=
ST1=
ST2=
Acr=
W=

m=

MR=
AsBB/bd=
X=
Ic=
STS=
ST1=
ST2=
Acr=
W=

m=

15.06
0.009
95.47
948749705
0.0007
0.0010
0.0002303
86.046864
0.14
0.0007

MIN SPACING=
MSBB=
MSBT=

15.06
0.0055
80.69
700256021
0.0006
0.0008
0.0003707
86.810337
0.08
0.0004

MR=
AsBT/bd=
X=
Ic=
STS=
ST1=
ST2=
Acr=
W=

m=

2006 TCC

364
558
558

ASreq = 932.14
ASBBreq 0.01
ASBTreq 246.03

15.06
0.0055
80.69
700256021
0.0003
0.0004
0.0003707
86.810337
0.0037
0.0000

Page 9

Job No R68
Date 10 de Mar de 16

fs = 148.35Asprov%= 0.8727
fs = 0.0025Asprov%= 0.5539
fs = 61.184Asprov%= 0.5539

Notes

Disclaimer

All advice or information from the British Cement Association and/or The Concrete Centre is inten
those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility fo
and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such ad
information is accepted by the BCA, TCC or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Users
note that all TCC software and publications are subject to revision from time to time and should th
ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.

This spreadsheet should be used in compliance with the accompanying publication 'User G
Spreadsheets: v3' available from The Concrete Bookshop, www.concretebookshop.com, Tel +44 (
607777 or +44 (0)1276 607140
Status of spreadsheet
Public release version.
Revision history RCC62 Retaining Wall.xls

Date

Version

20 de Oct de 08

RCC62 v3.5

25 de Sep de 08

RCC62 v3.4

8 de Oct de 07

RCC62 v3.3

22 de Apr de 07

RCC62 v3.2

28 de Jun de 06

RCC62 v3.1

12 de Nov de 05

RCC62 v3.0

21 de Oct de 04

RCC62 v2.3

24 de Aug de 04

RCC62 v2.2

22 de Jan de 03

RCC62 v2.1

11 de Oct de 02

RCC62 v2.0

29 de May de 02
16 de Jun de 01

RCC62 v1.4
RCC62 v1.3

15 de Apr de 01

RCC62 v1.2

24 de Mar de 00

RCC62 v1.1

6 de Aug de 99

RCC62 v1.0

Page 10

Notes

Page 11

Notes

ion from the British Cement Association and/or The Concrete Centre is intended for
te the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use
liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or
ed by the BCA, TCC or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Users should
ware and publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore
n possession of the latest version.

ould be used in compliance with the accompanying publication 'User Guide RC

ailable from The Concrete Bookshop, www.concretebookshop.com, Tel +44 (0)700 4
76 607140

This spreadsheet is shareware. It may be distributed freely, but may not be used for
commercial purposes until the user has registered with the TCC via
The Concrete Bookshop.
CC62 Retaining Wall.xls

Action

Size (kB)

Correction to line load actions at DESIGN!U67 & V67.

605

Correction to ST2 on !Crackwidth.

571

Cohesion reduction factor for sliding (to BS8002: clause

3.2.6) added at STABILITY!F40.
Improvement to base moment calculation method. Rankine
warning added for small heels.
v3 release. Page nos, User Guide and registration details
amended.

571
569
563

Updated to 2005 versions of BS8110 & BS8666

585

Names of sides of base on DESIGN sheet changed from

"outside" and " inside" to "unloaded" and "loaded".

580

Correction when distance X to line load 0.

565

DETR logo replaced by DTI.

563

Version 2 enhancements

583

Data! Main graphic changed to jpeg

Crack width calculation to outer base amended
Buoyance option + notes added. Passive pressure reduction
factor rectified
Crack width w for top of inner base amended. Notes re crack
widths and cracking added in DATA!
First public release.
Includes version comments

365
365

Page 12

398
398
398

Notes

Page 13

Notes

Size (kB)

Page 14

Notes

Page 15

Notes

Page 16

Notes

Page 17