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Zbus
Zbus
1.0 Introduction
The Zbus is the inverse of the Ybus, i.e.,
Z Y
(1)
I YV
and therefore
V Y
(3)
then
(4)
So Zbus relates the nodal current injections
to the nodal voltages, as seen in (4).
V ZI
Y13
Y 23
Y 33
V1
V
2
V 3
(5)
22
21
22
21
23
23
22
2 V1 V3 0
21
1 V2 V3 0
12
2 V1 V3 0
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Z 12
Z 22
Z 32
Z 13
Z 23
Z 33
I1
I
2
I 3
(11)
22
21 1
22
21 1
2
23 3
23 3
2 I1 I 3 0
1 I2 I3 0
12
2 I1 I 3 0
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
One important observation from Figs. 3 and
4 is that, unlike in the case of admittance
elements, the calculation involves the entire
network. For complex networks, there is no
easy way to compute Zbus elements .
I2
V2
V1 V3 0
V2
I2
I1 I 3 0
Y12
Y22
Y32
Y13
Y23
Y33
(17)
(18)
Y11
Y Y21
Y31
n
Y12
Y22
0
0
0
y 3
0
y 3
(19)
(20)
1
1 0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
(21)
Y Y y 3 a 3 a 3
T
k
T
k
12
T
k
T 1
k
T
k
T
k
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
1 bus1
a 2 1 bus 2
0
Y y k a k a k
1
Y y 2 a 2 a Y j10 1 1
0
T
2
T 1
Z Y a2 a2
Z b2 b2
b2 Z a 2
1 a 2 b 2
where =y2.
So first lets compute b2. That is
0.2
j
b 2 Z a 2 0.1
3
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
1
0 .1
1 j 0.4
3
0
0.1
generically, we observe:
Z11
b 2 Z a 2 Z 21
Z 31
Z12
Z 22
Z 32
Z 13
Z 23
Z 33
1 Z 11 Z 12
1 Z Z
22
21
0 Z 31 Z 32
In other words, b2
1 a 2 b 2
T
y 2
( j10) 1 1
j 0.1 0.5
3
a 2 b2
0.1
j
0 0.4
3
0.1
Finally,
we
can
( j 0.2667 ) 1 j 3.75
0 .2
j
0 .1
3
0.1
T 1
Z Y a2 a2
0 .1
0 .5
0 .2
Z b2 b2
0 .1
0.2
0.2
0 .1
j
j
0.1 0.4 0.1
( j 3.75) 0.4
3
3
0.1
0.04
0 .2 0 .1 0 .1
0.01
j
j 3.75
0.1 0.5 0.2
0
.
04
0.16
3
9
0.1 0.2 0.2
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04 0.01
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.01
j
j1.25
look at
16
8.0 A closer
Recall that
yb1 a k b k
T
But
bk Z a k
. Substitution yields:
yb1 a k Z a k
T
ak Zak
Z 11
...
...
...
...
Z 1i
...
Z1 j
...
...
Z i1
...
Z ii
...
Z ij
...
Z j1
...
...
Z ji
...
Z jj
....
Z
n1
...
...
Z ni
...
Z nj
...
Z 1n
Z in
Z jn
Z nn
0
Z i1 Z j1
Z ii Z ji
...
...
Z ij Z jj
...
Z Z jn
Z ii Z ji ( Z ij Z jj ) Z ii Z ji Z ij Z jj Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
T
a k Z a k Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
y b1 a k Z a k
y 1 Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
17
0
1
The
Fig. 5
Although this situation does not make much
sense, it corresponds to a step that we must
take in building the Z-bus.
18
y
z (31)
1/ y
0
0
0
So modifying Zbus to accommodate a new
bus connected to ground is easy , and it
results in Modification #1 and Rule #1 in
Section 9.5.
Modification #1: Add a branch with
impedance zb from a new bus (numbered
n+1) to the reference node.
n
n 1
19
0
zb
(32)
Fig. 6
The derivation of what to do here is based
on the same approach taken in section 8.2,
i.e., we first see what happens to the Ybus,
and then consider the inversion of the Ybus.
In this case, the derivation is a little tedious
and I will not go through it. You can refer to
the text, pp. 604-605.
20
(33)
Z Z z
n
T
i
ii
zb
21
Zi
Z ii zb
j1.25
j1.25
zb j1.25
j1.25
j1.25
j1.3033
Fig. 8
We know what to do with this. The result is
summarized as Modification #4 and Rule #4
in Section 9.5.
22
b Zi Z j
z b Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
zb
Z
n
Z T
Zi
Zi
Z ii zb
b Zi Z j
z b Z ii 2 Z ji Z jj
(33)
Z Z z
where the new Zbus relation is
V Z
Z I
V
(34)
Z Z z I
n
T
i
ii
T
i
ref
ii
ref
T
i
ii
ref
We can write this as separate equations:
x ay bz e
(37)
0 cy dz f
(38)
Lets eliminate the variable z from the top
equation. This is accomplished by
multiplying the bottom equation by -bd-1 and
adding it to the top equation.
This results in
x ay bd 1 cy bz bd 1 dz e bd 1 f
(39)
30
This works if the bottom element in the lefthand-side is zero. In this case, the operation
to accomplish our purpose will not change
the top element in the left-hand-side (x).
Lets see if we can do this same thing to eq.
(35), repeated here for convenience:
Z I
V Z
0
(35)
Z Z z I
One can simply apply the same pattern
that we used in the above case to obtain:
V Z Z Z z Z I
(41)
i
T
i
ii
ii
ref
T
i
Z Z i ( Z ii zb ) * Z Ti
1
Zi
Z i Z i ( Z ii zb ) 1 ( Z ii zb ) I
Z ii zb
I ref
(42)
Z ii zb
I
I
ref
(43)
And the first equation in (43) is independent
of Iref, so that we may extract it as:
V Z Z Z z Z I
(44)
which is the same as eq. (41).
1
ii
T
i
32
33
(33)
Z Z z
The new Zbus is then obtained by
performing Kron reduction on Zn,e to
eliminate the last variable, that is,
Z Z Z Z z Z
(45)
n ,e
T
i
ii
ii
T
i
Z j 1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.3033
1.3033
1.3033
1.3033
1.25
1.3033
1.4571
1.3610
1.3610
1.25
1.3033
1.3610
1.4187
1.4187
1.25
1.3033
1.3610
1.4187
1.4987
Z i Z 5 j 1.3610
1.4187
1.4897
1.25
Z j
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.3033
1.3033
1.3033
1.3033
1.3033
1.25
1.3033
1.4571
1.3610
1.3610
1.3610
1.25
1.3033
1.3610
1.4187
1.4187
1.4187
1.25
1.3033
1.3610
1.4187
1.4987
1.4987
36
1.25
1.3033
1.3610
1.4187
1.4987
2.7487
Z Z 5 Z 55 z b
Z5
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25 1.3033 1.3033
1
j 1.3610 2.7487 1.25
1.4187
1.4897
.6815 .6573 .6311
.6573 .6853 .6580
1.3033
1.3610
1.25
1.3033
1.3610
1.4187
1.4187
1.25
1.4897
1.4187
1.3033
.6048
.6306
.6585
.6865
.6452
1.3610
.5685
.5927
.6189
.6452
.6815
37
1.4187
1.4897