9 10 27 History of BD Bangla

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW KZK 2013 wkvel _K
beg-`kg kwYi cvVcyZKi~c wbavwiZ
evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

beg-`kg kwY
iPbvq
cdmi W. gvnv` mwjg
cdmi W. myjZvbv wbMvi Payix
cdmi c`yZ Kzgvi fwgK
mv`bv
cdmi W. mq` Avbvqvi nvmb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

69-70, gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKv, XvKv-1000
KZK cKvwkZ|
[cKvkK KZK me^Z msiwZ]

cixvg~jK msiY
c_g cKvk : Avei, 2012
cvVcyK cYqb mg^qK

mq` gvndzR Avjx
mveiv Zvnwgbv
KwDUvi KvR
cvidg Kvjvi Mvwd (cv:) wj:
cQ`
my`kb evQvi
myRvDj Ave`xb
wWRvBb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
miKvi KZK webvg~j weZiYi Rb

gy`Y:
cmM-K_v
wkv RvZxq Rxebi meZvgyLx Dbqbi c~ekZ| Avi `yZ cwieZbkxj weki Pvj gvKvejv Ki
evsjv`kK Dbqb I mgwi w`K wbq hvIqvi Rb cqvRb mywkwZ Rbkw| fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi
PZbvq `k Movi Rb wkv_xi AwbwnZ gav I mvebvi cwic~Y weKvk mvnvh Kiv gvawgK wkvi
AbZg j| GQvov cv_wgK i AwRZ wkvi gwjK vb I `Zv mcmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gvag
DPZi wkvi hvM Ki ZvjvI G ii wkvi Dk| vbvRbi GB cwqvi wfZi w`q wkv_xK
`ki A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I cwiekMZ cUf~wgi cwZ ` I hvM bvMwiK Ki ZvjvI
gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 Gi j I DkK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ nqQ gvawgK ii wkvg|
cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_
wkv_xì eqm, gav I MnY gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GQvov wkv_xi bwZK I gvbweK
g~jeva _K iy Ki BwZnvm I HwZn PZbv, gnvb gywhyi PZbv, wk-mvwnZ-mswZeva,
`kcgeva, cKwZ-PZbv Ges ag-eY-Mv I bvix-cyiyl wbwekl mevi cwZ mgghv`veva RvMZ Kivi Pv
Kiv nqQ| GKwU wevbgb RvwZ MVbi Rb Rxebi cwZwU wevbi ^Zt~Z cqvM I wWwRUvj
evsjv`ki icK-2021 Gi j evevqb wkv_xì mg Ki Zvjvi Pv Kiv nqQ|
gvawgK i (beg-`kg kwY) gvbweK kvLvq evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv GKwU evaZvg~jK welq|
^vaxb `ki cZK bvMwiKi Zvi `k-RvwZi BwZnvm Rvbv Riywi| BwZnvm Av_-mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK,
fMvwjK I mvswZK weeZb avivevwnKfve cwZdwjZ nq| ZvB BwZnvmPPvi gvagB GKRb bvMwiK Zvi
wbR `ki BwZnvm, RvwZmv, mswZ, HwZn I wekmfZv mK vb jvf KiZ mg ne| evsjv`ki
BwZnvm I wekmfZv cvVcyKwUZ gvbweK evamb Amvc`vwqK I gywhyi PZbvmg bvMwiK Mo
Zvjvi welqwU wekl weePbvq bIqv nqQ| cwZwU Aavqi iyZ wkLbdj hy Ki wkv_xi AwRZe
vbi BwZ c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges Abykxjbg~jK KvR, ewbevPwb ck, mRbkxj ck mshvRb Ki
g~jvqbK mRbkxj Kiv nqQ| Avkv Kwi beg-`kg kwYi evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv cvVcyK
bZzb wkvg I cvVm~wPi Dkjv h_vh_fve cwZdwjZ nqQ|
GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ nqQ|
KvRB cvVcyKwUi AviI mgwmvabi Rb h Kvbv MVbg~jK I hywmZ civgk iyZi m weewPZ
ne| cvVcyK cYqbi wecyj Kghi ga AwZ ^ mgq cyKwU iwPZ nqQ| dj wKQy fyjywU _K
hZ cvi| cieZx msiYjvZ cvVcyKwUK AviI myì, kvfb I ywUgy Kivi Pv AevnZ
_vKe| evbvbi AbymZ nqQ evsjv GKvWgx KZK cYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvVcyKwU iPbv, mv`bv, wPvb, bgybv ckvw` cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR hviv AvwiKfve gav I kg
w`qQb Zuvì abev` vcb KiwQ| cvVcyKwU wkv_xì Avbw`Z cvV I cZvwkZ `Zv ARb wbwZ
Kie ej Avkv Kwi|
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv
m~wPc
Aavq
Aavqi wkivbvg
cv
c_g
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1-7
wZxq
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
8-13
ZZxq
cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm (wLtc~e 326-1204 wLt)
14-28
PZz_
cvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I mvswZK BwZnvm
29-41
cg
gahyMi evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm (1204 wLt-1757 wLt)
42-65
gahyMi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I mvswZK BwZnvm
66-80
mg
evsjvq BsiR kvmbi m~Pbvce
81-94
Ag
BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvq cwZiva, beRvMiY I msvi Av`vjb
95-108
beg
BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvi ^vwaKvi Av`vjb
109-132
`kg
fvlv Av`vjb I cieZx ivRbwZK NUbvcevn
133-143
GKv`k
mvgwiK kvmb I ^vwaKvi Av`vjb (1958 - 1969)
144-156
v`k
mii wbevPb Ges gywhy
157-180
qv`k
eez kL gywReyi ingvbi kvmbKvj (1972-1975)
181-190
PZz`k
mvgwiK kvmb I cieZx NUbvcevn (1975- 1990)
191-205
c`k
wekmfZv
206-220
c_g Aavq
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1971 mvj Avgvì `k gywhy nqwQj| bq gvm cvwKvwb mbvevwnbxi weiy cvYcY jovB Ki
16 wWmî Avgvì `k kygy nq| gywhy Avgvì Mei, Miei Kvwnbx| evOvwj RvwZi Ggb AbK
Miei Kvwnbx AvQ| BwZnvm mZ NUbv Dcvcb Ki| BwZnvm NUbvi avivevwnK I mZwb eYbv _vK|
hv BwZnvm fve ewYZ nqQ| BwZnvm mK Mfxi Abymvb KiZ nj BwZnvmi Dcv`vb, cKvif`
mK AewnZ nZ ne| Avgiv G Aavq Kxfve BwZnvm coe m mK Rvbe|
Zvi AvM RvbZ ne BwZnvm Kx ? RvbZ ne KZ aibi BwZnvm jLv hvq ev BwZnvm KZ aibi nq|
BwZnvm cvVi cqvRbxqZvB ev Kx ? eZgvb Aavq Gme welq wbqB AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
wP : Dqvix-eUki cv cvPxb HwZnvwmK wb`kb
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
BwZnvm I HwZni aviYv, îc I cwimi evLv KiZ cvie;
BwZnvmi Dcv`vb I cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie;
BwZnvm cvVi cqvRbxqZv AvjvPbv KiZ cvie;
BwZnvm I HwZni cwZ AvMnx ne|
BwZnvm I HwZni aviYv

BwZnvm kwUi Drcw BwZn k _K hvi A_ HwZn| HwZn nQ AZxZi Afvm, wkv, fvlv, wk,
mvwnZ-mswZ hv fwelZi Rb msiwZ _vK| GB HwZnK GK cRb _K AviK cRbi KvQ cuQ
`q BwZnvm| B.GBP. Kvii fvlvq ejv hvq h, BwZnvm njv eZgvb I AZxZi ga GK Anxb msjvc|
eZgvbi mKj welqB AZxZi gweeZb I AZxZ HwZni Dci wfw Ki Mo DVQ| Avi AZxZi
gweeZb I HwZni ewb weeiYB njv BwZnvm| Ze GLb, eZgvb mgqiI BwZnvm jLv nq, hvK
ej mvcwZK BwZnvm| myZivs, GLb BwZnvmi cwimi my`~i AZxZ _K weivRgvb eZgvb ch weZ|
BwZnvm kwUi mw weQ` Kij Gi ic `vovq, BwZn + Avm| hvi A_ GgbB wQj ev Gic NUwQj|
HwZnvwmK W. RbmbI NU hvIqv NUbvKB BwZnvm ejQb| Zuvi gZ, hv wKQy NU ZvB BwZnvm| hv NU bv
Zv BwZnvm bq| myZivs `Lv hvQ h, mgvR I iv wbii eq hvIqv NUbv cevnB BwZnvm|
wMK k wnwiqv (Historia) _K BsiwR wnw (History) kwUi
Drcw, hvi evsjv cwZk nQ BwZnvm| wnwiqv kwUi c_g eenvi Kib
wMK HwZnvwmK nivWUvm (wLt c~: cg kZK)| wZwb BwZnvmi RbK wnme
LvZ| wZwbB mec_g Zuvi MelYvKgi bvgKiY G kwU eenvi Kib hvi
AvwfavwbK A_ njv mZvbymvb ev MelYv| wZwb wekvm KiZb, BwZnvm
njv hv mwZKvi A_ wQj ev msNwUZ nqwQj Zv Abymvb Kiv I jLv| wZwb
Zuvi MelYvq wMm I cvimi ga msNwUZ hyi wewfb welq Abymvb
KiQb| GZ wZwb cv Z_, iyZc~Y NUbvmg~n Ges wMmi
wP : nivWUvm
weRqMuv_v wjwce KiQb| hvZ cieZx cRb G NUbv fyj bv hvq, G weeiY hvZ Zvì DrmvwnZ Ki
Ges `kcg Dy Ki| nivWUvmB c_g BwZnvm Ges Abymvb G `ywU aviYvK mshy Kib| dj
BwZnvm cwiYZ nq wevb, cwic~Yfve nq IV Z_ wbfi Ges MelYvi welq| Uqbwei gZ, mgvRi
RxebB BwZnvm| cKZc, gvbe mgvRi Ab NUbvcevnB njv BwZnvm|
Avevi ivcmb ejQb, BwZnvm njv NUbvi evwbK Ges avivevwnK eYbv|
AvaywbK BwZnvmi RbK Rvgvb HwZnvwmK wjIcv db& ivsK gb Kib, cKZc hv NUwQj Zvi
Abymvb I Zvi mZ weeiYB BwZnvm| Zuvi gZ BwZnvm gvbB njv bMmZ| myZivs ejv hvq, BwZnvm
nQ gvbe mfZvi weeZbi m mwKZ wewfb KgKvi avivevwnK I mZwb weeiY| myZivs, mwVK
BwZnvm memgq mZK wbfi Ki iwPZ|
BwZnvmi Dcv`vb
h me Z_ cgvYi Dci wfw Ki HwZnvwmK mZK cwZwZ Kiv me
ZvKB BwZnvmi Dcv`vb ejv nq| mwVK BwZnvm wjLZ HwZnvwmK Dcv`vbi
iyZ Acwimxg| BwZnvmi Dcv`vbK Avevi `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
wjwLZ Dcv`vb I AwjwLZ Dcv`vb|
wP : wnDqb mvs
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
1. wjwLZ Dcv`vb : BwZnvm iPbvi wjwLZ Dcv`vbi ga iqQ mvwnZ, e`wkK weeiY, `wjjc BZvw`|
wewfb `wk-we`wk mvwnZKgI ZrKvjxb mgqi wKQy Z_ cvIqv hvq| hgb: e`, KwUji
A_kv, Kjnbi ivRZiwbx, wgbnvR-Dm-wmivRi ZeKvZ-B-bvwmix, Aveyj dRj- Gi AvBb-BAvKeix BZvw`|
we`kx chUKì weeiY me mgqB BwZnvmi iyZc~Y Dcv`vb ej weewPZ| hgb cuvP _K mvZ kZK
evsjvq AvMZ PwbK cwievRK h_vg dv-wnqb,
wnDqb mvs I Brwms-ì eYbv| cieZx mgq AvwdKvb
cwievRK Beb eZzZvmn Abvbì jLvZI G Aj
mK weeiY cvIqv MQ| Gme eYbv _K ZrKvjxb
mgvR, A_bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ag, AvPvi-Abyvb mK ek
wKQy Z_ Rvbv hvq|
mvwnwZK Dcv`vbi ga Aviv iqQ, icK_v, wKse`x,
MKvwnbx| wZeZx jLK jvgv Zvibv_i eYbvq cvj
ivReski cwZvZv Mvcvji wmsnvmb Avivnb mK
h eYbv AvQ mwU GK aibi KKvwnbx| Ze AbK
BwZnvmi Dcv`vb
Kvwnbxi Avovj AbK mZ NUbv _K hvq hv
HwZnvwmKiv wePvi- wek-lY-Abymvb Ki Avwevi Kib| ZvQvov, miKvwi bw_, wPwVc BZvw` _KI
wbfihvM Z_ msMn Kiv me|
2. AwjwLZ ev cZZvwK Dcv`vb : hme e ev Dcv`vb
_K Avgiv wekl mgq, vb ev ew mK wewfb
aibi HwZnvwmK Z_ cvB m e ev Dcv`vbB
cZZvwK wb`kb| cZZvwK wb`kbmg~n g~jZ AwjwLZ
Qwe : Dqvix-eUki cv wb`kb
Dcv`vbfy| hgb : gy`v, wkjvwjwc wjwc,
Zvgwjwc, BgviZ BZvw`| G mg cZZvwK wb`kb evwbK cixv-wbixv Ges wek-lYi dj m
mgqi Awaevmxì ivRbwZK, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK Aev mK wKQyUv aviYv cvIqv hvq| aviYv Kiv
me cvPxb Awaevmxì mfZv, ag, Rxebhvv, bMivqb, wbZeenvh wRwbmc, eemv-evwYRi Aev,
Kwl DcKiY BZvw` mK| D`vniY wnmve eYbv Kiv hvq wmz mfZv, evsjv`ki gnvvbMo,
cvnvocyi, gqbvgwZ BZvw` vbi cZZvwK wb`kbmg~ni K_v| bZzb bZzb cZZvwK Avwevi e`j
w`Z cvi GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm| hgb, mcwZ biwms`xi Dqvix-eUkii cZZvwK Avwevi| H
Aji cZZvwK wb`kb cgvwYZ nqQ h, evsjv`k AvovB nvRvi eQi c~eI bMi mfZvi AwZ
wQj| GB Avwevii dj evsjvi cvPxb mfZvi bew`M DbvwPZ nZ hvQ| e`j hvQ evsjvi cvPxb
mfZv mK AbK aviYv| A`~i fwelZ bZzb Ki wjLZ ne evsjvi cvPxb BwZnvm|
GKK KvR : BwZnvmi wewfb aibi Dcv`vbi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|
BwZnvmi cKvif`
gvbe mgvR mfZvi AMMwZi m m bZzb bZzb welqi BwZnvm jLv nQ| dj mcmvwiZ nQ
BwZnvmi cwimi| BwZnvm weivgnxbfve AZxZi NUbvmg~n eZgvb cRbi KvQ cuQ w`Q| m
BwZnvmK wewfb kvLvq wef Kiv KwVb| ZvQvov, BwZnvmi welqeZ gvbyl, Zvi mgvR, mfZv I
Rxebaviv cii mwbwnZ _vK|
ZviciI cVb-cvVb, AvjvPbv I MelYvKgi myweav_ BwZnvmK cavbZ `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_vfMvwjK AevbMZ I welqeMZ BwZnvm|
GK : fMvwjK AevbMZ w`K ev fMvwjK AevbMZ BwZnvm : A_vr h welqwU BwZnvm vb cqQ
Zv Kvb cvcU iwPZ vbxq, RvZxq bv AvRvwZK| Gfve fMvwjK AevbMZ w`K _K
aygv evSvi myweav_ BwZnvmK Aveviv wZbfvM fvM Kiv hvq, h_v vbxq ev AvwjK BwZnvm,
RvZxq BwZnvm I AvRvwZK BwZnvm|
`yB : welqeMZ BwZnvm : Kvb wekl welqi Dci wfw Ki h BwZnvm iwPZ nq ZvK welqeMZ
BwZnvm ejv nq| BwZnvmi welqei cwimi evcK| Zey mvaviYfve GK cuvP fvM fvM Kiv hvq,
h_v- ivRbwZK BwZnvm, mvgvwRK BwZnvm, A_bwZK BwZnvm, mvswZK BwZnvm, K~UbwZK I
mvcwZK BwZnvm|
BwZnvmi welqe
gvbyl Zvi mgvR I mfZvi avivevwnK cwieZbi cgvY I wjwLZ `wjj njv BwZnvm| BwZnvmi welqe
mK AvaywbK HwZnvwmKì ga wfKv (Vico) gb Kib h, gvbe mgvR I gvbexq cwZvbmg~ni
Drcw I weKvkB nQ BwZnvmi welqe|
myZivs, `Lv hvQ h, gvbyli iyZc~Y ARb hv gvbe mgvR-mfZvi DbwZ I AMMwZZ Ae`vb ivLZ mg
nqQ Zv meB BwZnvmfy welq| hgb: wk, mvwnZ-mswZ, `kb, vcZ, ivRbxwZ, hy, ag, AvBb
mvgwMKfve hv wKQy mgvR-mfZv weKvk cZ ev civfve cfvweZ KiQ ZvB BwZnvmi welqe|
BwZnvmi îc
BwZnvm Abvb welq _K Avjv`v| vb ARbi Abvb kvLv _K Gi iPbv I Dcvcbv cwZI ^Z|
BwZnvmi ewk-cKwZ AvjvPbv Kij, aviYv cwivi ne|
c_g : BwZnvm AZxZgyLx| AZxZi NUbvcevnB G welqi wePiY| mZwb Z_i mvnvh AZxZK
cybMVb KivB BwZnvmi ewk|
wZxq : BwZnvmi welqe gvbyl, Zvi mgvR-mfZv| gvbe mgvR I mfZvi g AMMwZi avivevwnK Z_
wbfi weeiYB nQ BwZnvmi AvjvP welq|
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
ZZxq : BwZnvm AveM I AwZ K_bi Kvb VuvB bB| NU hvIqv NUbvi mwVK weeiY cieZx cRbi KvQ
Zzj aivB BwZnvmi ewk|
PZz_ : BwZnvm _g _vK bv, wbii cengvb| h KviY Kvj wefvRb Kvb mb-ZvwiL eenvi Kiv KwVb|
Avevi cwieZbi aviv me `k GK m NUwb|
cg : ewbZv I wbicZv BwZnvmi ewk| Ze cwZwU gvbyli cheY gZv, `wfw wfb wfb|
h KviY GKB BwZnvmi eYbv-evLv GK GK HwZnvwmK GK GK iKgfve w`q _vKb| NUbvi wbic
eYbv Dcvcbv bv nj mUv mwVK BwZnvm nq bv|
GKK KvR : mZwb Z_i mvnvh AZxZK cybMVb KivB BwZnvmi ewkevLv Ki|
BwZnvmi cwimi
gvbyl KZK mvw`Z mKj welq BwZnvmi cwimii AvIZvfy| gvbyli wPv-fvebv, cwiKbv, Kvhg hZv
kvLv-ckvLvq weZ, BwZnvmi mxgvI ZZ`~i ch weZ| Ze G wewZi mxgv wwZkxj bq| gvbyli
wPv-fvebv, Kgaviv cwieZbi m m BwZnvmi cwimiI mcmvwiZ nQ| hgb-cvMwZnvwmK hyMi
c_g cei gvbyli KgKv Lv` msMni ga mxgve wQj| Drcv`b Kkj ZLbI Zvì ARvbv wQj|
dj m mgq BwZnvmi cwimiI Lv` msMng~jK KgKv ch weZ wQj| mgqi weeZb, mfZvi
AMMwZi KviY gvbyli KgKvi cwiwa eoQ| m m BwZnvm PPvq-MelYvq evwbK cwZI
AbymZ nQ| dj BwZnvm welq kvLv-ckvLvi msLvI ew cqQ, weZ nQ BwZnvmi mxgvbvI| Ewbk
kZK aygv ivRbxwZ BwZnvmi welq njI gvKmev` cPvii ci A_bxwZ, mgvR, wkKjvi BwZnvmI iwPZ
nZ _vK| Gfve GKi ci GK welq BwZnvmfy nQ Avi mcmvwiZ nQ BwZnvmi cwimi|
BwZnvm cvVi cqvRbxqZv

gvbe mgvRi mfZvi weeZbi mZ wbfi weeiY nQ BwZnvm| h KviY vbPPvi kvLv wnme BwZnvmi
iyZ Amxg| BwZnvm cvV gvbylK AZxZi cwicwZ eZgvb Aev eySZ, fwelr Abyaveb KiZ mvnvh
Ki| BwZnvm cvVi dj gvbyli c wbR I wbR `k mK gj-Agji c~evfvm cvIqv me|
myZivs, `k I RvwZi ^v_ Ges ew cqvRb BwZnvm cvV AZ Riywi|
vb I AvZghv`v ew Ki : AZxZi mZwb eYbv gvbyli vbi cwiwa ew KiZ mvnvh Ki| Avi G
weeiY hw` nq wbR `k, RvwZi mdj msMvg, Miegq HwZni Zvnj Zv gvbylK `kcg Dy Ki|
GKB m AvZcZqx, AvZwekvmx nZ mvnvh Ki| m RvZxqZveva, RvZxq msnwZ my`pKiY
BwZnvm cvVi weK bB|
mPZbv ew Ki : BwZnvm vb gvbylK mPZb Ki Zvj| wewfb gvbeMvxi Dvb-cZb Ges mfZvi
weKvkI cZbi KviYjv RvbZ cvij gvbyl fvjv-gì cv_KUv mnRB eySZ cvi| dj, m Zvi
Kgi cwiYwZ mK mPZb _vK|
`vi mvnvh wkv `q : BwZnvmi eenvwiK iyZ Acwimxg| gvbyl BwZnvm cvV Ki AZxZ NUbvewji
`v _K wkv wbZ cvi| BwZnvmi wkv eZgvbi cqvRb KvR jvMvbv hZ cvi| BwZnvm `vi
gvag wkv `q ej BwZnvmK ejv nq wkYxq `kb|
mZwb BwZnvm cvV Ki h vb jvf nq, Zv eve Rxeb Pjvi Rb DrKZg wkv|
BwZnvm cvV Kij wePvi-wek-lYi gZv evo, hv `vkwbK `wfw ZwiZ mvnvh Ki| dj vb PPvi
cwZ AvMn Rb|
`jxq KvR : Zvgvi GjvKvi A_ev KvQvKvwQ Kvbv HwZnvwmK _vb/wb`kb cwi`kb Ki Zvi
HwZnvwmK Dcv`vbjv wPwZ Ki|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. KvK AvaywbK BwZnvmi RbK ejv nq?
K. nivWUvm
L. wjIcv db& ivsK
M. Uqbwe
N. B, GBP, Kvi
2. Dqvix-eUki cv cZZvwK wb`kbmg~n cgvY Kii.
cvPxbKvj _KB evsjv`k grwk mg wQj
ii. e cvPxb Avgj evsjv`k bMi mfZv Mo IV

iii. cvPxb evsjvi Awaevmxì avb-aviYv AZ DbZ gvbi wQj
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
DxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

wigv Cì QzwUZ gv-evevi mv_ Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`kb hvq| mLvb m gy`v, wkjvwjwc.
wjwc. Zvwjwc, BgviZ BZvw` `LZ cvq|
BwZnvm cwiwPwZ
3. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi BwZnvmi h Dcv`b `LZ cvq Zv njvi.
wjwLZ
ii. AwjwLZ
iii. cZZvwK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`kb Ki RvbZ cvie, cvPxb evsjvii.
mvgvwRK BwZnvm
ii. A_bwZK BwZnvm

iii. mvswZK BwZnvm
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck :
1. mRj Zvi gvgvi mv_ RvZxq MYMvMvi hvq| mLvb m wewfb eBc co| mRj wevbi Qv njI
Zvi BwZnvmi eB fvjv jvM| m wewfb Drm _K BwZnvmi eBc msMn Ki co| mRji evev
ZvK agK w`q ejjb, ay ay GB eB co Zzwg mgq b KiQ Kb?
K. wnDqb mvs Kvb& `ki cwievRK?
L. mgqi weeZb Kxfve BwZnvmi cwimi weZ nQ?
M. mRj RvZxq MYMvMvi BwZnvmi Kvb aibi Dcv`vb `LZ cvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg Kx mRji evevi gvbwmKZvi mv_ GKgZ? hyw `vI|
wZxq Aavq
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

BwZnvm welqK AvjvPbvq hyMi wefvRb AZ iyZc~Y| Av_-mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK ewki De, weKvk I
cfvei KvhKvwiZv wbqB G hyM wefvRb wbYq Kiv nq _vK| mvaviYZ BwZnvm wLc~e KqK kZK c~ei
mgq _K wLxq cg kZKB cvPxbKvj ev hyM ej aiv nq _vK| Ze Aj f` KvjwefvRbi
ZviZgI j Kiv hvq| wLxq Ziv kZKi c~e ch `xN cvq `y nvRvi eQii mgqK evsjvi cvPxb hyM
ej aiv nq _vK|
cvPxb hyM evsjv (eZgvbi evsjv`k I cwg e) GLbKvi evsjv`ki gZv Kvbv GKK I AL iv ev
ivR wQj bv| evsjvi wewfb Ask ZLb AbKjv QvU QvU Aj wef wQj| Avi cwZwU Aji kvmK hvi
hvi gZv kvmb KiZb| evsjvi G AjjvK ZLb mgwMZfve bvg `qv nq Rbc`|
gvbwP : cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
evsjv`ki gvbwP cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`jvi eZgvb Aevb wPwZ Ki eYbv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi Z_ Abymvb Rbc`jvi iyZ evLv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm mK aviYv jvf Rbc`jvi iyZ RvbZ AvMnx ne|
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
Rbc`
PZz_ kZK nZ hyM, cieZx hyM, cvj, mb cfwZ Avgji DrKxY wkjvwjwc I mvwnZ M cvPxb
evsjvi Rbc`jvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Gme Rbc` wVK Kv_vq KZLvwb RvqMv Ryo wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| Ze
cvPxbKvji cv wewfb HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb nZ Zvì Aevb m^ gvUvgywU AvuP cvIqv hvq| wbP
KqKwU Rbcì eYbv `qv njv|
Mo : Mo bvgwU mycwiwPZ njI cvPxbKvj Mo ejZ wVK Kvb AjK evSvZ G wbq cPzi gZf`
AvQ| Avi h GjvKv Mo ej AwfwnZ nZv KbB ev m Aj G bvg AwfwnZ nZv AvR ch mUvI
mwVKfve Rvbv hvq wb| cvwYwbi M mec_g Moi Dj-L `Lv hvq| KwUji A_kv M Mo
`ki AbK wk I KwlRvZ èi Dj-L cvIqv hvq| evrmvqbi MI ZZxq I PZz_ kZK Moi
bvMwiKì wejvm-embi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| nleabi wkjvwjwc nZ cgvwYZ nq h, mgy` DcK~j nZ
Mo`k Lye ewk `~i AewZ wQj bv| l kZK jLv eivn wgwnii weeiY nZ `Lv hvq h, Mo Abvb
Rbc`, h_v cy, e, mgZU _K Avjv`v GKwU Rbc`| fwel cyivY-G GK cv b`xi `wY Ges
eagvbi Di AewZ Aj ej eYbv Kiv nqQ| G Dwi m mg kZKi jvKì eYbvi h_
mvgm AvQ| mg kZK MoivR kkvsKi ivRavbx wQj gywk`vevì wbKUeZx KYmyeY| Avi ay ev
kkvsKB Kb, cieZxKvj AviI AbKi ivRavbx wQj GB Mo|
cvj ivRvì Avgj Moi bvg-WvK wQj mePq ewk| Di fviZi wexY Aj ZLb Moi Afy
wQj| mvgvRi K`j nIqvq Zvi cZvc wQj AcwZnZ| cieZxKvj cvj mvgvRi fvM cwieZbi mv_
mv_ Moi fvMI cwiewZZ nq hvq| Moi mxgv ZLb mxgve nq Avm| AvaywbK gvj`n, gywk`vev`,
exif~g I eagvbi wKQy Ask Moi mxgvbv ej gb Kiv nq| mg kZK MoivR kkvsKi ivRavbx wQj
gywk`vev` Rjvi KYmyeY| gymjgvb hyMi iyZ gvj`n Rjvi jYveZx Mo bvg AwfwnZ nZv| ci Mo
ejZ mgM evsjvK eySvZ|
e : e GKwU AwZ cvPxb Rbc`| AwZ cvPxb cyuw_Z GK gMa I Kwj Rbcì cwZekx ejv nqQ|
gnvfviZi Dj-L nZ eySv hvq h, e, cy, Zvgwj I myi msjM `k| P`, wegvw`Z, PvjyK
ivRv I ivK~Uì wkjvwjwc Ges Kvwj`vmi M G Rbcì eYbv cvIqv hvq| eZgvb evsjv`ki c~e I
`wY-c~e w`K e bvg GKwU Rbc` Mo DVwQj| Abygvb Kiv nq, GLvb e bvg GK RvwZ evm
KiZ| ZvB Rbc`wU cwiwPZ nq e bvg| mv cgvY _K gb nq, Mv I fvwMi_xi gvSLvbi
AjKB e ejv nZv|
cvj I mb eskxq ivRvì Avgj ei AvqZb mzwPZ nq co| GKv`k kZK cvj eski kl chvq
e Rbc` `yfvM wef nq Di e I `wY e bvg cwiwPZ nq| cv wQj Divji Di mxgv,
`wYi exc Aj wQj `wY e| cieZxKvj Kke mb I wekic mbi AvgjI ei `ywU fvM
cwijwZ nq| Ze Gevi bvg Avjv` GKwU wegcyi I AciwU bve| cvPxb wkjvwjwcZ wegcyi I
bve bvg ei `ywU Aji bvg cvIqv hvq| eZgvb wegcyi ciMbv I Zvi mv_ AvaywbK Bw`jcyi ciMbvi
wKq`sk wbq wQj wegcyi| bve ej eZgvb Kvb RvqMvi AwZ bB| aviYv Kiv nq, dwi`cyi, ewikvj,
10
cUzqvLvjxi wbg Rjvf~wg G bve Aji Afy wQj| eni eov, cvebv, gqgbwmsn Rjvi cwgvj,
XvKv, dwi`cyi, Kzwqv, eni Kzwgj-v I bvqvLvjxi wKQy Ask wbq e MwVZ nqwQj| e _K evOvwj
RvwZi Drcw NUwQj|
cy: cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`jvi ga AbZg iyZc~Y njv cy| ejv nq h, cy ej GK RvwZ G Rbc`
Mo ZzjwQj| ew`K mvwnZ I gnvfviZ G RvwZi Dj-L AvQ| cyì ivRi ivRavbxi bvg cybMi|
cieZxKvj Gi bvg nq gnvvbMo| meZ gh mgvU
AkvKi ivRZKvj (wLt c~: 273-232 A) cvPxb cy ivR
^vaxb mv nvivq| mgw evovi m m cg-l kZK
Zv cyeab icvwiZ nqQ| m mgqKvi cyeab AZ
eov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx Rjv Ryo weZ wQj| ivRgnjMv-fvMxi_x nZ Avi Ki KiZvqv ch gvUvgywU mg
Di eB evanq m mgq cyeabi Afy wQj| mb
Avgj cyeabi `wYZg mxgv cv cwiq GKevi Lvwo
Qwe : gnv_vbMo, eov
welq (eZgvb Pwek ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv) I XvKvewikvji mgy` Zxi ch weZ wQj| eov nZ mvZ gvBj `~i gnvvbMo cvPxb cyeab bMixi
asmvekl ej cwZiv Abygvb Kib|
cvPxb mfZvi wb`kbi w`K w`q cyB wQj cvPxb evsjvi mePq mg Rbc`| evsjv`k cv cv_ii
PvKwZZ Lv`vB Kiv meZ cvPxbZg wkjvwjwc GLvb cvIqv MQ|
nwiKj : mvZ kZKi jLKiv nwiKj bvg Aci GK Rbcì eYbv KiQb| Pxbv gYKvix Brwms
ejQb, nwiKj wQj c~e fviZi kl mxgvq| Avevi Kviv Kviv wjwcZ nwiKji h cwiPq cvIqv hvq
ZvZ eZgvb PMvgiI Ask LyuR cvIqv hvq| mg Z_ chvjvPbv Ki ai bIqv hvq h, c~e kxn
(wmjU) _K PMvgi Ask wekl ch nwiKj Rbc` weZ wQj| hwÌ gaLvb mgZU ivRi
AewwZ wQj- hv wKQyUv wevw mw KiZ cvi| Avmj ZLb Rbcì Kv_vI Kv_vI ek wkw_j Aev
weivR KiwQj| Zv Qvov e, mgZU I nwiKj- wZbwU c_K Rbc` njI Giv Lye wbKU cwZewk nIqvq
KLbv KLbv Kvbv Kvbv GjvKvq Ab Rbcì cfve weivR KiZ ej aviYv Kiv nq| cKZc, mg
I Ag kZK nZ `k I GMviv kZK ch nwiKj GKwU ^Z ivR wQj| wKy c~e-evsjvi P` ivReski
ivRv jvKPì P`xc AwaKvii ci nZ nwiKjK gvUvgywU ei Ask ej aiv nq| AbK Avevi
ay wmjUi mv_ nwiKjK Awfb ej gb Kib|
mgZU : c~e I `wY-c~e evsjvq ei cwZekx Rbc` wnme wQj mgZUi Aevb| G AjwU wQj Av`
wbgf~wg| Kn Kn gb Kib mgZU eZgvb Kzwgj-vi cvPxb bvg| Avevi Kn gb Kib, Kzwgj-v I bvqvLvjx
Aj wbq mgZU MwVZ nqwQj| mvZ kZK _K eviv kZK ch eZgvb wcyiv Rjv wQj mgZUi AbZg
Ask| GK mgq G Rbcì cwg mxgv Pwek ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv ch weZ wQj| Mv-fvMxi_xi c~e
Zxi _K iy Ki gNbvi gvnbv ch mgy`K~jeZx AjKB meZ ejv nZv mgZU| Kzwgj-v knii 12
gvBj cwg eo KvgZv bvgK vbwU mvZ kZK Gi ivRavbx wQj|
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
11
ei` : ei`x, ei` ev ei` f~wg bvg cvPxb evsjvq Aci GKwU Rbcì K_v Rvbv hvq| GwUI Di
ei GKwU Rbc`| ei` cyeab Rbcì mevcv iyZc~Y GjvKv wQj| Rbcì cavb kni, gh I
Avgj cv`wkK kvmbKZvi K` cybMii AevbI wQj GB ei` GjvKvq| ZvB GK Rbc` ejv
hvq bv| wKy G bvg GK mgq mgM GjvKv cwiwPZ nZv| ZvB cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm GK Rbcì ghv`v
Ìqv nq| GK_v wbtm`n ejv hvq h, Mv I KiZvqv b`xi gaeZx Aj wQj G Rbcì Aevb|
eov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx Rjvi AbKUv Aj Ges meZ cvebv Rjv Ryo ei` Aj weZ wQj|
Zvgwj : nwiKji Di AewZ wQj Zvgwj Rbc`| eZgvb gw`bxcyi Rjvi ZgjyKB wQj
Zvgwji cvYK`| mgy` DcK~jeZx G GjvKv wQj Lye wbPz I Av`| b PjvPji Rb RvqMvwU wQj Lye
Dg| cvPxbKvj Zvgwj iyZc~Y b-evwYRi K` wnme cwiwPZ wQj| Mjx I icbvivqY bì
mgj nZ 12 gvBj `~i icbvivqYi Zxi G eìwU AewZ wQj| mvZ kZK nZ Bnv `fyw bvg
cwiwPZ nZ _vK| AvU kZKi ci nZB Zvgwj eìi mgw b nq hvq|
P`xc : Dciv Rbc`jv Qvov AviI GKwU z` Rbcì bvg cvPxb evsjvq cvIqv hvq| GUv njv
P`xc| eZgvb ewikvj RjvB wQj P`xci g~j f~-L I cvYK`| G cvPxb Rbc`wU evjki I gNbvi
gaeZx vb AewZ wQj|
GQvov eni cvPxb evsjvq `fyw, Di ivp (eZgvb gywk`vev` Rjvi cwgvsk, mgM exif~g Rjv Ges
eagvb Rjvi KvUvqv gnKzgv), `wY ivp (eZgvb eagvbi `wYvsk, Mjxi ejvsk Ges nvIov Rjv),
evsjv ev evOjv (mvaviYZ Lyjbv, ewikvj I cUzqvLvjxi myì ebvj) BZvw` bvgI kwkvjx Rbc` wQj|
Gfve AwZ cvPxbKvj nZ Qq-mvZ kZK ch cvPxb evsjvi wewfb Ask wfb wfb bvg cwiwPZ wQj| g~jZ:,
Bnv wQj ivRbwZK I fMvwjK wefvM| mg kZKi Mvovi w`K kkvsK Moi ivRv nq gywk`vev` nZ
DrKj (Di Dwolv) ch mgM GjvKvK msNe Kib| Zvici nZ evsjv wZbwU Rbc` bvg cwiwPZ
nZ| Gjv njvcyeab, Mo I e| evKx Abvb Rbc`jv G wZbwUi ga wejxb nq hvq| wef
Rbc`jvK HKe Kivi cPv cvj I mb ivRvì AvgjB AbKUv cwic~YZv jvf Ki| kkvsk Ges
cvj ivRviv mgM cwg ei ivRv nqI ivpvwacwZ ev Moki ejB cwiPq w`Zb| dj, Mo bvgwU
cwiwPwZ jvf Ki|
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc` nZ Avgiv ZLbKvi evsjvi fMvwjK Aeqe, mxgviLv, ivRbwZK ewk BZvw`
mK gvUvgywU aviYv jvf KiZ cvwi| cvPxb evsjvq ZLb Kvbv ivRbwZK HK wQj bv| kwkvjx
kvmKMY Zuvì AvwacZ wevii gvag GKvwaK Rbcì kvmb gZv jvf KiZb| Gfve Rbc`jv
cvPxb evsjvq c_g f~LMZ BDwbU ev ckvmwbK BDwbU wnmve f~wgKv cvjb Ki cieZxZ ivRbwZK HK
MVb mnvqZv KiwQj|
12
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck
1. Kvb Rbc` _K evvj RvwZi Drcw NUwQj?
K. ei`
L. cy
M. e
N. Mo
2. Zvgwj Rbc`wU wQji. mgy` DcK~jeZx Lye wbPz I Av`

ii. j evwYRi K` wnme cwiwPZ
iii. b PjvPji Rb AwZ Dg
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

wkjv kxZKvjxb QzwUZ gv-evevi mv_ ivRkvnxi ei` Rv`yNi cwi`kb hvq| mLvb wMq m cvPxb
wb`kbi mv_ cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| Gi ga wekl Ki cv_ii PvKwZZ Lv`vB Kiv wjwc| m RvbZ cvi
GwU wQj evsjv`k cvIqv cvPxb wkjvwjwc Ges mgvU AkvKi mgq G wjwc DrKxY Kiv nqwQj|
3. wkjvi cwiwPZ nIqv wb`kbjv cvPxb Kvb Rbcì BwZ enb Ki?
K. Mo
L. cy
M. mgZU
N. ei`
4. D Rbc`wU cvPxb evsjvi iyZc~Y Rbc`, KviY GwUi.
mfZvi cvPxbZg wb`kb
ii. mg bMix wnme cwiwPZ

iii. LvwZc~Y b-evwYwRK K`
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`
13
mRbkxj ck:
1.
Qwe : kvjeb wenvi
K. MoivR kkvsKi ivRavbx wQj KvbwU?

L. Rbc` ejZ Kx evSvq?
M. DxcK Dj-wLZ wb`kbwU cvPxb Kvb Rbc` AewZ? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D Rbc`wUB cvPxb evsjvi mePq DbZ Rbc`? Dii mc hyw `vI|
ZZxq Aavq

cvj ivRvì kvmbKvj _K avivevwnKfve evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm mK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| Gi
AvMi BwZnvm LyuR cvIqv mnR bq| G mgqKvj Kvbv kvmK `xNw`b mgM evsjv Ryo kvmb KiZ
cvibwb| ZvB wewQbfveB evsjvi ivRbwZK Rxebi weKvk NUQ| gh I kvmbi Aemvbi ci GK
AwwZkxj Aevi mw nq| GiB ga w`q Dvb NU wKQy ^vaxb ivRi| ^vaxb ivR Dvbi hyM Di
evsjvi ivRv kkvsK wQjb mePq kwgvb| Zuvi gZzi ci `xNKvj evsjvq Kvb hvM kvmK wQjb bv| dj
ivR Ryo AivRKZv I wekLjv `Lv `q| cvq GKkZ eQi G Aevi ga KvU| AZtci Mvcvj bvg GK
bZv G AivRK Aevi Aemvb NUvb Ges cvj eski cwZv Kib| eviv kZKi gvSvgvwS cvj eski
cZb NU| cvj kvmb hyMB `wY-c~e evsjvq z` z` ^vaxb ivR Mo DV| Gici `wY fviZi KYvU
_K AvMZ mb esk c~e evsjvq ivR vcb Ki| cvq `yBkZ eQi mb kvmb AevnZ wQj| Zi kZKi
c_g `kK gymjgvb kwi nvZ mb ivRZi Aemvb NU| iy nq GK bZzb Aavq evsjvi gahyM|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
cvPxb evsjvi iyZc~Y ivResk I Zuvì kvmbKvj mK eYbv KiZ cvie;
cvK cvjhyMi evsjvi ivRbwZK cwiwwZ evLv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK PPvq ZrKvjxb iyZc~Y ivReskmg~ni Ae`vb mK BwZevPK aviYv cvlY
KiZ mg ne;
iyZc~Y ivR eskjv mK aviYv jvf Ki cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm avivevwnKfve RvbZ
mg_ ne;
`wY-c~e evsjvi ivRmg~n mK eYbv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi kvmbeev mK AewnZ ne|
cvPxb evsjvi iyZc~Y ivResk I kvmb-eev

gh I hyM evsjv
hyMi c~e cvPxb evsjvi avivevwnK BwZnvm iPbv Kivi Zgb Kvbv Dcv`vb cvIqv hvqwb| Kbbv
ZLbKvi gvbyl AvRKi gZv BwZnvm jLvq Af wQj bv| fviZxq Ges we`wk mvwnZ G mgqKvi evsjv
mK BZZ I wew Dw nZ Avgiv BwZnvmi A^ Dcv`vb cvB| G mKj wewQb NUbv RvovZvwj
w`q mb-ZvwiL I cKZ NUbv m^wjZ avivevwnK Kvbv BwZnvm iPbv Kiv me bq| eZ, wLc~e 32726 A MxK exi AvjKRvvii fviZ AvgYi mgq nZ cKZ BwZnvmi ic cwiMn Ki| MxK
jLKì K_vq ZLb evsjv`k MvwiWB bvg GK kwkvjx ivR wQj| Mv b`xi h `ywU mvZ GLb
fvMxi_x I cv ej cwiwPZG Dfqi gaeZx AjB MvwiWB RvwZi evmvb wQj| MxK MKviMY
MvwiWB QvovI cvwmAq bvg Aci GK RvwZi Dj-L KiQb| Zvì ivRavbxi bvg wQj cvwjev_iv
15
(cvUwjcy)| MxK jLKì eYbvi Dci wbfi Ki Abygvb Kiv hZ cvi h G `y RvwZ GKB ivReski
bZZ GKm AvjKRvvii weiy A aviY KiwQj| GI Abygvb Kiv hZ cvi, AvjKRvvii
AvgYi mgq evsjvi ivRv gMavw` `k Rq Ki cvve ch ^xq ivR wevi KiwQjb| wZwb wQjb
cvUwjcyi bèskxq Kvbv ivRv| G mgq h evsjvi ivRvB mgwaK kwkvjx wQjb cvPxb MxK jLKMYi
Dw _K Zv wb:m`n cgvwYZ nq|
AvjKRvvii fviZ ZvMi gv `yB eQi ci 321 wL c~ev gh mgvU P` gh fviZi GK wekvj
Aji Dci gh eski cfyZ vcb Kib| Di evsjvq gh kvmb cwZwZ nq mgvU AkvKi
ivRZKvj (269-232 wLtc~t)| AjwU ghì GKwU c`k cwiYZ nqwQj| cvPxb cybMi wQj G
c`ki ivRavbx| Di e QvovI gh kvmb KYmyeY (gywk`vev`), Zvgwj, (Mjx) I mgZU (`wY-c~e
evsjv) Aj cwZwZ nqwQj|
gh mvgvRi cZbi ci I ci K^ eski Avwefve NU| G hyMi BwZnvm Rvbvi gZv h_ Dcv`vb
Avgvì KvQ bB| aviYv Kiv nq Zviv wKQy QvU Aji Dci kvmb cwZv KiwQj| Gici ek KwU we`wk
kw fviZel AvgY Ki| Gì ga MxK, kK, cne, KzlvY cfwZ Dj-LhvM| Ze G AvgYKvixiv
evsjv ch GmwQj wK-bv Zv ejv hvq bv|
hyM mK Rvbvi gZv ek wKQy Dcv`vb BwZnvmwe`ì nvZ iqQ| G _K wLxq ZZxq kZKi
klfvM I PZz_ kZKi c_g fvMi BwZnvm iPbv mnR nqQ| fviZ mvgvR cwZwZ nq 320
wLv| ZLb evsjvq ek wKQy ^vaxb ivRi Dvb NU| Gjvi ga `wY-c~e evsjvi mgZU ivR I
cwg evsjvi cyiY ivR Dj-LhvM| mgvU c_g Pì ivRZKvjB Di ei wKQy Ask
mvgvRi AwaKvi Avm| mgyì ivRZKvj mgM evsjv Rq Kiv njI mgZU GKwU Ki` ivR wQj|
mgyì ivRZKvj nZ l kZKi gvSvgvwS ch Die mvgvRi Aaxb GKwU c`k ev
fyw wnme cwiMwYZ nZv| ghì gZ G`k ì ivRavbx wQj gnvvbMoi cybMi|
cieZx evsjv
cuvP kZK `yal cvnvwo RvwZ b I l kZK gvjei hkvegYi AvgYi dj l kZKi c_gvaB
kvmbi cwimgvw NU| wekvj mvgvRi cZbi ci mviv Di fviZ z` z` ^vaxb ivReski De
nq| Gfve ì ci mgM Di fviZ ivRbwZK AwiZv `Lv `q| m myhvM evsjv`k `ywU ^vaxb
ivRi mw nq| Gi GKwU njv e| Gi Aevb `wY-c~e evsjv I cwg-evsjvi `wYvj| wZxq
ivRi bvg Mo| Gi Aevb wQj evsjvi cwg I Di evsjv wbq|
GKK KvR : evsjvi BwZnvm e I Mo Rbc` `yUvi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg Dj-L Ki|
^vaxb e ivR
mvgvRi `yejZvi myhvM e Rbc` GKwU ^vaxb ivRi De NU| Zvg kvmb (Zvgvi cvZ Lv`vB
Kiv ivRvi wewfb NvlYv ev wb`k) _K Rvbv hvq h, MvP`, agvw`Z I mgvPviè bvg wZbRb ivRv ^vaxb
eivR kvmb KiZb| Guiv mevB gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb| Zuvì ivRZKvj wQj 525
wLv _K 600 wLvi ga|
16
Kvb& mgq Ges Kxfve ^vaxb I kwkvjx e ivRi cZb nqwQj Zv ejv hvq bv| aviYv Kiv nq,
`vwYvZi PvjyK eski ivRv KxwZegbi nvZ ^vaxb e ivRi cZb NUwQj| wfb gZ huviv cvlY Kib
Zuviv ejb, ^vaxb Mo ivRi Dvb NUj e ivRi cZb NU| Avevi ^vaxb e ivRi cZbi cQb
wKQy mvg ivRvi DvbKI `vqx Kiv nq| KviY, mvZ kZKi c~eB `wY evsjvi mgZU ivR f`, LoM,
ivp cfwZ eski ^vaxb I mvg ivRvì Dvb NUwQj|
^vaxb Mo ivR
mvgvRi cZbi ci Qq kZK cieZx esk ej cwiwPZ Dcvwaavix ivRvMY Di evsjv,
cwg evsjvi Divsk I gMa gZv wevi KiwQjb| Qq kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq G AjB Mo Rbc`
bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| gLix I cieZx eskxq ivRvì ga cvq cvk eQi cyiylvbywgK msNl Ges
Di _K wZeZxq I `vwYvZ _K PvjyKivRMYi gvMZ AvgYi dj evsjvq eskxq ivRvMY
`yej nq cob| G Aevi c~Y myhvM MnY Ki kkvsK bvg RbK mvg mg kZKi Mvovi w`K Mo
Aj gZv `Lb Kib Ges ^vaxb Mo ivRi cwZv Kib|
kkvsK : kkvsKi cwiPq, Zuvi Dvb I Rxeb-Kvwnbx AvRI cwZì wbKU cwivi bq| Kbbv Zuvi
Avgji BwZnvmi h mg Dcv`vb cvIqv MQ ZvZ e wecixZgyLx eYbv iqQ| ivRvì Aaxb eo
Kvbv Aji kvmKK ejv nZv gnvmvg| aviYv Kiv nq kkvsK wQjb ivRv gnvmbi GKRb
gnvmvg Ges Zuvi cy A_ev vZzy|
kkvsK 606 wLvi c~eB ivR wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| Zuvi ivRavbx wQj KYmyeY| wZwb Mo Zuvi
AwaKvi vcb Ki cwZekx Aj ivR wevi iy Kib| wZwb `fyw (gw`bxcyi) ivR, Dwolvi DrKj
(Di Dwolv) I Kv` (`wY Dwolv) ivR Ges wenvii gMa ivR Rq Ki Zuvi ivRmxgv ew Kib|
cwg Zuvi ivR evivYmx ch weZ wQj| Kvgiyci (Avmvg) ivRvI kkvsKi nvZ civwRZ nb| Gici
wZwb cwg mxgvi w`K gbvhvM `b| Di fviZ G mgq `yRb kwkvjx ivRv wQjb| GKwU cylf~wZ
ivReski Aaxb _vbki Ges AbwU gLix ivReski Aaxb KvbKz| cwg w`K _K KbRi gLix
kw evsjv AwaKvii Rb evi evi Pv KiwQj| Z`ycwi mgmvgwqK mgq _vbkii ivRv cfvKieabi Kbv
ivRkxi m KbRi gLix ivRv MnegYi weq nj KbR-_vbki RvU Mo DV| G RvUi dj
evsjvi wbivcv weklfve wecb nq co| cvv eev wnme kkvsKI K~UbwZK m~ gvjeivR
èi mv_ ezZ vcb Ki ^xq kw ew Kib|
civv _vbkiivR cfvKieabi AKvr gZz nj Zuvi RvgvZv KbRi MnegY wmsnvmb emb| gvjeivR
è gLwiivR MnegYK civwRZ Kib| Zuvi gwnlx ivRkxK e`x Kiv nq| è Gici _vbkii
w`K AMmi nb| _vbkii ivRv ZLb ivReab| cw_ga è ivReabi n civwRZ I wbnZ nb| wKy
KbRi Dci wbR cfyZ wevi I fMx ivRkxK Dvi Kivi AvMB wZwb kkvsKi nvZ gZzeiY Kib|
ivReabi gZz nj nleab KbR I _vbkii wmsnvmb Avivnb Kib| wZwb Kvj wej^ bv Ki
ivRkxK Dvi I cwZkva MnYi Rb kkvsKi weiy hyhvv Kib| G mgq Kvgici fviegv Zuvi
m wgZve nb| wKy G msNli djvdj ev Av` Kvbv msNl nqwQj wK-bv m welq mwVKfve Rvbv
hvq bv| 637 wLvi wKQy AvM kkvsK gZzeiY Kib|
17
kkvsK ke agi DcvmK wQjb| wnDqb-mvs ZuvK e ag welx ej AvLvwqZ KiQb| Ze G evcvi
Zgb Kvbv Rvivjv cgvY AvRI cvIqv hvqwb| mvZ kZK evsjvi BwZnvm kkvsK GKwU wewk bvg|
cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm wZwbB c_g iyZc~Y mvefg kvmK|
KvR : h mKj kwi m kkvsKi msNl nqwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
gvrmvbvq I cvj esk (750 wLt 1161 wLt)

kkvsKi gZzi ci evsjvi BwZnvm GK `yhvMc~Y AKvigq hyMi m~Pbv nq| `xNw`b evsjvq Kvb hvM
kvmK wQjb bv| dj, ivR wekLjv I AivRKZv `Lv `q| GKw`K nleab I fviegYi nvZ Mo
ivR wQb wfb nq hvq, Abw`K f~-^vgxiv cZKB evsjvi ivRv nIqvi Kbvq GK Abi mv_ msNvZ
gZ DV| K`xq kvmb k nvZ aivi gZv ZLb KD wQjb bv| G AivRKZvi mgqKvjK cvj
Zvgkvmb AvLvwqZ Kiv nqQ gvrmvbvq ej| cyKzi eo gvQ QvU gvQK ai wMj djvi gZv wekLj
cwiwwZK ej gvrmvbvq| evsjvi mej AwacwZiv Ggwb Ki QvU QvU AjjvK Mvm KiwQj| G
AivRKZvi hyM Pj GKkZ eQievcx| AvU kZKi gvSgvwS G AivRKZvi Aemvb NU cvj ivRZi
Dvbi ga w`q|
`xNw`bi AivRKZvq evsjvi gvbyli gb wewlq wMqwQj| G Pig `ytL-`y`kv nZ gyw jvfi Rb `ki
cexY bZvMY wi Kijb h Zviv cii weev`-wem^v` fyj GKRbK ivRc` wbevwPZ Kieb Ges
mKjB ^Qvq Zuvi cfyZ ^xKvi Kieb| `ki RbmvaviYI G gZ mvb` MnY Ki| Gi dj Mvcvj
bvgK GK ew ivRc` wbevwPZ njb| cieZx kvmK agcvji ivRZKvj DrKxY Lvwjgcyii Zvgwjwc nZ
Mvcvji G wbevPbi Kvwnbx cvIqv hvq| Mvcvji wmsnvmb AvivnY wbq wZeZi HwZnvwmK jvgv Zvibv_
Aek GK icK_vi AeZviYv KiQb| Zuvi Kvwnbxi mviK_v : `k `xNw`b hver AivRKZvi dj RbMYi
`y:L-Ki Avi mxgv wQj bv| `ki kxl vbxq ewiv GKgZ nq AvBbi kvmb cwZvi Rb GKRb
ivRv wbevwPZ Kib| wKy wbevwPZ ivRv ivZ GK KzrwmZ bvM ivmx KZK wbnZ nb| Gici cwZ ivZB
GKRb Ki wbevwPZ ivRv wbnZ nZ _vKb| Gfve ek wKQy eQi KU Mj| Aekl GKw`b Pzvèxi
GK f GK evwoZ Gm `L m evwoi mKjiB gb Lye Lvivc| KviY, Hw`b wbevwPZ ivRv nevi fvi
coQ H evwoiB GK Qji Dci| AvMyK H Qji cwieZ wbR ivRv nZ ivwR nb| cieZx mKvj wZwb
ivRv wbevwPZ nb| m iv bvM ivymx Gj wZwb Pzvèxi gwngvhy jvwVi AvNvZ ivzmxK gi djb|
cii w`b ZvK RxweZ `L mKjB Avh nq| cici mvZw`b wZwb Gfve ivRv wbevwPZ nb| Aekl
Zuvi AyZ hvMZvi Rb RbMY ZuvK vqxfve ivRv ic wbevwPZ Ki|
Mvcvji c~e Rxeb mK wekl wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| cvj eski cwiPq I Avw` evmvb mKI wKQy
Rvbv hvq bv| Mvcvji wcZvi bvg ecU| wZwb wQjb ky asmKvix| wcZvgn wQjb `wqZwez| Zvì
bvgi AvM Kvb ivRKxq Dcvwa `Lv hvqwb| GZ gb Kiv nq, Zviv mvaviY ewB wQjb| `wqZwez
mewe`v we wQjb| G _K gb nq, MvcvjI wcZvi gZv mywbcyY hvv wnme cwiwPZ wQjb|
Mvcvji wmsnvmb AvivnYi ga w`q evsjvq cvj ivRZi iy nq| cvj eski ivRvMY GKUvbv PvikZ
eQi G`k kvmb Kib| GZ `xN mgq Avi Kvb ivResk G`k kvmb Kiwb|
18
Mvcvj wmsnvmb AvivnY Ki ivR wevi gbvhvM `b| wZwb evsjvi Di Ges c~e Aski cvq mgM
AjB ivRfy Kib| `wY-c~e evsjv Mvcvji kvmbi evBi _K hvq| AbKi gZ Mvcvj 27 ermi
kvmb KiwQjb| wKy AvaywbK MelKMY gb Kib, wZwb 756 _K 781 wLv ch `k kvmb Kib|
GKK KvR : gvrmvbvq Kx? mgvR Gi cKvk Kx ic?
Mvcvji gZzi ci agcvj (781-821 wLt) evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| cvj ivRvì ga wZwbB wQjb
mek| evsjv I wenvievcx Zuvi kvmb cwZwZ wQj| Di fviZ AvwacZ wevi wbq G mgq wZbwU
ivReski ga cwZhvwMZv PjwQj| GKwU evsjvi cvj, AbwU ivRcyZbvi RicwZnvi I ZZxqwU
`vwYvZi ivK~U| BwZnvm G hy w-kwi msNl ej cwiwPZ| AvU kZKi kl w`K G hy iy nq|
c_g hy nq agcvj I cwZnvi eski ivRv ermivRvi ga| G hy agcvj civwRZ nb| ZeyI agcvj G
mgq evsjvi evBi ekwKQy Aj Rq KiwQjb| wZwb evivYmx I cqvM Rq Ki Mv-hgybvi gaeZx Aj
ch ivR wevi Kib| w-kwi msNli c_g w`K agcvj civwRZ njI Zuvi wekl Kvb wZ nqwb|
KviY, weRqi ci ivK~UivR `vwYvZ wdi hvb| G myhvM agcvj KbR AwaKvi Kib| wK A
mgqi gaB cwZnviivR wZxq bvMf KbR `Lj Kib| dj, agcvji mv_ Zuvi hy euva| G hy
agcvj civwRZ nb| G civRqI agcvji Kvbv wZ nqwb| KviY, c~ei gZv ivK~UivR ZZxq Mvwe`
Di fviZ Avmb Ges wZxq bvMfK civwRZ Kib| cwZnvi ivRi civRqi ci agcvjI ZZxq
Mvweì wbKU AvZmgcY Kib| AZtci ivK~UivR Zuvi `k wdi Mj agcvj cybivq Di fviZ
AvwacZ wevii myhvM jvf Kib| Kn Kn gb Kib, agcvj bcvjI Rq KiwQjb| agcvj cvq 40
ermi (781-821 wLt) ivRZ Kib|
wcZvi gZv agcvj e wQjb| cvj ivRvì ga wZwbB mevP mvefg Dcvwa cigki, cigfviK
gnvivRvwaivR aviY KiwQjb| fvMjcyii 24 gvBj c~e wZwb GKwU
e wenvi ev gV wbgvY Kib| wegkxj Zuvi wZxq bvg ev Dcvwa
Abymvi GwU wegkxj wenvi bvg LvZ wQj| bvj`vi gZv wegkxj
wenviI fviZeli me I fviZeli evBi cwmw jvf KiwQj| beg
kZK _K v`k kZK ch GwU mgM fviZeli GKwU weLvZ e
wkvK` wnme cwiwPZ wQj| wZeZi e e wfz GLvb Aaqb
KiZ AvmZb Ges GLvbKvi AbK cwm e AvPvh wZeZ we
e ag cPvi KiwQjb| bvUvi Rjvi cvnvocyi bvgK vbI agcvj Qwe : mvgcyi wenvi, cvnvocyi, bIMuv
GK wekvj wenvi cwZv Kib| Bnv mvgcyi wenvi bvg cwiwPZ| GB vcZ KgwU RvwZmsNi BDbv
KZK wekmfZvi wb`kb wnme (Iqv nvwiUR) ^xKZ nqQ| Gi bvq cKv wenvi fviZeli Avi
Kv_vI GLb ch AvweZ nqwb| I`cyiI (wenvi) wZwb meZ GKwU wenvi wbgvY Kib| Zvibv_i
gZ, agcvj eag wkvi Rb 50wU wkvK` cwZv KiwQjb|
ivRv wnme mKj agvej^x cRvi cwZ mgvb ccvlKZv cvj hyMi GKwU ewk| ZvB wbR e njI
Abvb agi cwZ agcvji Kvbv wel wQj bv| wZwb wekvm KiZb h, ivRvi ewMZ agi mwnZ ivR
19
kvmbi Kvbv mK bB| ZvB wZwb kvi wbqg gb PjZb Ges cwZ agi jvK hvZ wbR wbR ag cvjb
KiZ cvi Zvi cwZ Lqvj ivLZb| bvivqbi GKwU wn`y gwìi Rb wZwb Kigy f~wg `vb KiwQjb|
wZwb hvìK f~wg `vb KiwQjb Zvì AwaKvskB wQj evY| agcvji cavbgx MM wQjb GKRb evY|
Zuvi eskaiiv ew`b ai cvj ivRvì cavbgx c` AwawZ wQjb|
cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm LvwZgvb mek kvmKì ga agcvj AbZg| Aa kZvx c~e h `k AivRKZv
I AZvPvii jxjvf~wg wQj, Zuvi bZZ m `k mnmv cP kwkvjx nq Di fviZ cfyZ cwZv KiZ
mg nqwQj|
GKK KvR : agcvj LvwZgvb mek kvmKì ga AbZg| Gi c 3wU ewk Dj-L Ki|
agcvji gZzi ci Zuvi cy ècvj (821 wLt-861 wLt) wmsnvmb emb| wZwb wcZvi hvM Dim~wi wQjb|
wcZvi bvq wZwbI evsjvi ivRmxgv wevi mdj nb| ècvj Di fviZ cwZnvi I ivK~U ivRvì
weiy mdj Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiwQjb|
Di fviZi wekvj Aj Zuvi AwaKvi
GmwQj| Dwolv I Kvgici DciI wZwb
AvwacZ wevi mg nqwQjb| gvU K_v,
Zuvi mgqB cvj mvgvR mePq ewk wevi
jvf KiwQj|
ècvj e agi GKRb eo ccvlK
wQjb| gMai e gVjvi wZwbB msvi
mvab Kib| wZwb bvj`vq KqKwU gV Ges
eyMqvq GK weivU gwì wbgvY KiwQjb|
gyi wZwb bZzb ivRavbx vcb Kib|
Rvfv, mygvv I gvjqi kj` eski gnvivR
gvbwP : cvj mvgvR
evjcyèK bvj`vq GKwU gV cwZvi
AbygwZ `vb Kiv nqwQj| ay ZvB bq, G gVi eq wbevni Rb cuvPwU MvgI c`vb Kiv nq| G NUbv nZ
evsjv I `wY-c~e Gwkqvi xccyi mv_ Nwb mKi cgvY cvIqv hvq|
ècvj we`v I wevbi cwZ AwZkq kvkxj wQjb| wewfb `ki e cwZMY Zuvi ivRmfv AjsKZ
KiZb| ècvji ccvlKZvq bvj`v wekwe`vjq ZLb mgM Gwkqvq e mswZi cavb cvYK` nq
DVwQj| B` bvgK RbK e kv cvi`kx evYK wZwb bvj`v wekwe`vjqi AvPvh ev Aa wbhy
KiwQjb| G bvj`v wekwe`vjqK K` KiB Zuvi kvmb Avgj Di-fviZ cvq nvwiq hvIqv eag
cybivq mwRe nq DV|
ècvji gZzi ci _K cvj mvgvRi cZb iy nq| Zuvi gZzi ci KqKRb `yejPZv I AKgb
DivwaKvix wmsnvmb emb| Zuviv cvj mvgvRi Mie I kw AevnZ ivLZ cvibwb| dj cvj mvgvR
20
gB cZbi w`K avweZ nq| ècvji cy c_g weMncvj _K wZxq weMncvji ivRZKvj 861 nZ 989
wLv ch| c_g weMncvji cy bvivqYcvj (866-920 wLv) `xNKvj ivRZ Kib| wZwb GKRb `yej
D`gnxb kvmK wQjb| dj, Zuvi ivRZKvj cvj mvgvRi mxgv QvU nZ _vK| bvivqY cvji ci GK
GK cvj wmsnvmb emb ivRcvj, wZxq Mvcvj I wZxq weMncvj| Guiv AvbygvwbK 920 nZ 995 wLv
ch ivRZ Kib| wZxq weMncvji mgq cvj ivRvì kvmb gZv Kej Mo I Zvi AvkcvkB mxgve
wQj| Gme `yej ivRvi mgq Di fviZi P`j-I KjPzwi eski ivRvì AvgY cvj mvgvRi evcK
wZ nq| dj, G mgq cvj mvgvRi Afi Di-cwg evsjvi Ask wekl K^vR ivReski Dvb NU|
Gfve cvj mvgvR hLb asmi gyL, ZLb Avkvi Avjv wbq GwMq Gjb wZxq weMncvji myhvM cy
c_g gnxcvj (Avt 995-1043 wLt)| Zuvi Rxebi mePq Dj-LhvM KxwZ njv K^vR RvwZi weZvob Ges
c~e e AwaKvi Ki cvj mvgvRi cybtcwZv| Gici wZwb ivR weRq gbvhvM `b| Zuvi mvgvR c~e e
nZ evivbmx Ges wgw_jv ch wevi jvf KiwQj| m mgq fviZi `yB cej ivRkw ZvwgjivR ivR`
Pvj Ges P`xivR Mvqèi AvgY nZ wZwb ivRi AwaKvsk vb ^xq AvwacZ eRvq ivLZ mg
nqwQjb|
gnxcvj e agvej^x wQjb| gb cvY wZwb wQjb e agi D`vi ccvlK| cyivZb KxwZ ivq wZwb
hZevb wQjb| wZwb bvj`vq GK wekvj e gwì wbgvY Kib| evivbmxZI Zuvi Avgj KqKwU e
gwì wbgvY Kiv nq|
gwncvj RbKjvYKi Kvhi w`KI gbvhvMx wQjb| evsjvi AbK `xwN I bMix GLbI Zuvi bvgi mwnZ
RwoZ nq AvQ| wZwb AmsL kni cwZv I `xwN Lbb Kib| knijv njv iscyi Rjvi gvnxM, eov
Rjvi gnxcyi, w`bvRcyi Rjvi gvnxmvl I gywk`vev` Rjvi gnxcvj bMix| Avi `xwNjvi ga
w`bvRcyii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk`vevì gnxcvji mvMi `xwN weLvZ| meZ RbwnZKi KvRi gvagB
gnxcvj G RbwcqZv ARb KiwQjb|
gnxcvji cvk eQii ivRZKvj cvj eski mfvM iwe Avevi Dw`Z nqwQj| G RbB BwZnvm wZwb
wPiiYxq nq _vKeb| cvj mvgvRi `yZ AebwZi hyM c_g gnxcvji Avwefve bv NUj G mvgvRi
ivRZKvji mgqKvj wbtm`n AviI mzwPZ nZv|
`jxq KvR : c_g gnxcvji cwZwZ kni I `xwNjvi bvg I Aevb Dj-L Ki GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
wKy gnxcvj Kvb hvM Dim~wi iL hZ cvibwb| ZvB Zuvi gZzi m m mvgvR fO hZ iy
Ki| c_g gnxcvji ci Zuvi cy bvqcvj (Av: 1043-1058 wLt) I c ZZxq weMncvj (Av: 10581075 wLt) cvj wmsnvmb emb| G `yej ivRvì mgq KjPzwi ivRv, KYvUi PvjyK-ivR, Dwolv I
Kvgiyci ivRv evsjv AvgY Kib| my`xNKvj ai GKi ci GK we`wk AvgY gvKvejv KiZ wMq cvj
mvgvR hLb wech, ZLb `ki AfiI weiva I AbK `Lv `q| GiB myhvM evsjvi wewfb Ask
QvU QvU ^vaxb ivRi mw nq| evsjvi evBi wenvi cvj ivRvì nvZQvov nZ _vK| Gfve ZZxq
weMncvji ivRZKvj evsjvi cvj mvgvR e ^vaxb L L Ask wef nq hvq|
21
Gici cvj wmsnvmb emb ZZxq weMncvji cy wZxq gnxcvj| Zuvi mgq cvj ivRZi `yhvM AviI
Nbxf~Z nq| G mgq Di ei ei` Aji mvgeM cKvk we`vn NvlYv Ki| BwZnvm G we`vn
KeZ we`vn bvg cwiwPZ| G we`vni bZv wQjb KeZ bvqK wèvK ev wè| wZwb wZxq gnxcvjK
nZv Ki ei` `Lj Ki bb Ges wbR kvmb cwZv Kib|
ei` Aj hLb KeZì `Lj ZLb cvj wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib wZxq gnxcvji QvU fvB wZxq
k~icvj (Av: 1080-1082 wLt)| AZtci Zuvi Kwb vZv ivgcvj (wLt 1082-1124 wL) wmsnvmb emb|
wZwbB wQjb cvj eski mekl mdj kvmK| cvPxb evsjvi Kwe mvKi b`x iwPZ ivgPwiZ nZ
ivgcvji Rxeb K_v Rvbv hvq| ivgcvj ivRfvi MnY KiB ei` Dvi KiZ mP nb| G welq
ivgcvjK mb, A Avi A_ w`q mvnvh GwMq Avmb ivK~U, gMa, ivp `kmn PwU Aji ivRv|
hy KeZivR fxg civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Gici wZwb eZgvb gvj`ni KvQvKvwQ ivgvewZ bvg bZzb
ivRavbx vcb Kib| cieZx cvj ivRvì kvmbvgj ivgvewZB mvgvRi ivRavbx wQj| wcZf~wg ei`
KZZ cwZvi ci mvgvRi nvivbv Mie wdwiq Avbvi Rb wZwb gMa, Dwolv I Kvgici Dci KZZ
cwZv Kib|
cvj eski `yfvM ivgcvji cieZx kvmKMY wQjb AZ `yej| dj Zuvì c cvjeski nvj k nvZ
aiv me wQj bv| ivgcvji ci Kzgvicvj (Avt 1124-1129wLt), ZZxq Mvcvj (1129-1143 wLt) I
g`bcvj (Avt 1143-1161 wLt) GK GK cvj wmsnvmb emb| G mgq hy weMn jMB _vKZ| Aekl
v`k kZKi wZxq fvM weRq mb cvj mvgvRi wejyw NwUq evsjvq mb eski kvmb cwZv Kib|
`jxq KvR : cvj mvgvRi nvivbv Mie wdwiq AvbZ ivgcvj Kx c`c MnY KiwQjb Zv wPwZ Ki|
`wY-c~e evsjvi ^vaxb ivR
cvj hyMi ewki fvM mgqB `wY-c~e evsjv ^vaxb wQj| ZLb G AjwU wQj e Rbcì Afy| Ag
kZKi gvSvgvwS _K ek wKQy ivReski ivRviv KLbv cvj ivRvì weiy we`vn NvlYv Ki ^vaxbfve
Zvì GjvKv kvmb KiZb, Avevi KLbv cvj ivRvì AaxbZv ^xKvi Ki PjZb|
LoM esk : mg kZKi wZxqva gMa I Mo cieZx eskxq ivRvMY cfyZ vcb Kib| G mgq
LoM eski ivRviv `wY-c~e evsjvq GKwU ^vaxb ivRi mw Kib| Zuvì ivRavbxi bvg wQj Kgv
evmK| Kzwgj-v Rjvi eo KvgZvi cvPxb bvgB meZ G Kgv evmK| LoMì AwaKvi wcyiv I bvqvLvjx
Aji Dci weZ wQj|
èesk : LoM eski kvmbi ci GKB Aj Ag kZKi iyZ è eski Dvb NU| G eski
PviRb ivRvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Guiv njb kxkvwè, kxexiè, kxAvb`è I kxfeè| è ivRviv
wbRì Lye kwai gb KiZb| ZvB Zuviv Zvì bvgi mv_ hy KiZb eo eo Dcvwa| hgb cig
mMZ, cig fviK, cigki gnvivRvwaivR BZvw`| Zuvì ivRavbx wQj èceZ| Kzwgj-vi wbKU
gqbvgwZi KvQ wQj G èceZ| èì ivRZ weZ wQj mgM mgZU Aj| AvbygvwbK 740 wLv
_K 800 wLv ch è ivRviv kvmb Kib|
22
Kvwèi ivR : `wY-c~e evsjvi nwiKj Rbc` beg kZK GKwU ^vaxb ivRi De NU| G ivRi
ivRv wQjb Kvwè| è ivReski m Kvwèi Kvbv mK wQj wK-bv Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Zuvi wcZv
wQjb ab` I wcZvgn f``| eZgvb wmjU Kvwèi ivRfy wQj| Zuvi ivRavbxi bvg wQj eagvbcyi|
eZgvb G bvg Kvbv Aji AwZ bB| G mgq `wY-c~e evsjvq P` esk ej cwiwPZ bZzb GK kwi
D`q nq| Kvwèi Mov ivRi cZb nq G P` eski nvZ|
Pèsk : `wY-c~e evsjvi mePq kwkvjx ^vaxb ivResk wQj P` esk| `kg kZKi iy nZ GKv`k
kZKi gafvM ch òkZ eQi G eski ivRviv kvmb Kib| Pèski c_g bcwZ c~YP` I Zrcy
myeYP` meZ ivwnZwMwii f~-^vgx wQjb| myeYPì cy jvKP`B G eski mvefg gZv cwZv
Kib| Zuvi Dcvwa wQj gnvivRvwaivR| jvKP` nwiKj, P`xc (ewikvj I cvkeZx GjvKv), e I
mgZU A_vr mgM c~e I `wY-c~e evsjvq wbR eski kvmb cwZv Kib| jvjgvB cvnvo wQj P` ivRvì
g~j K`| G cvnvo cvPxbKvj ivwnZwMwi bvg cwiwPZ wQj| AvbygvwbK wk eQiKvj (900-930 wL:) wZwb
ivRZ Kib|
jvKPì myhvM DivwaKvix wQjb Zuvi cy kxP`| Zuvnvi kvmbvgj P` eski cwZcw DbwZi Pig
wkLi cuQvq| wZwb wbtm`n eski mek kvmK wQjb| wZwb cigki cig fviK gnvivRvwaivR
Dcvwa aviY KiwQjb| Zuvi ivR `wY-c~e evsjv QvovI Di-c~e Kvgic I Di Mo ch weZ wQj|
eZgvb gywM Rjvi wegcyi wZwb Zuvi ivRavbx Mo Zvjb| kxP` cvq 45 eQi (Av: 930-975 wL:)
khexhi mwnZ ivRZ Kib|
kxPì cy KjvYP` (Av: 975-1000 wL:) I c jWnP` (Av: 1000-1020 wL:) P` eski Mie AzY
iLwQjb| jWnPì cy Mvwe`P` wQjb kl P` ivRv| Zuvi ivRZKvj PvjivR ivR` Pvj I KjPzwiivR
KY e AvgY Kib| GB `yB e`wkK AvgY P` ivRvi gZv nvm Ki Zvì kvmbi cZb NUvq|
eg ivResk : GKv`k kZKi klfvM cvj ivRkw `yej nq coj `wY-c~e evsjvq eg Dcvwaavix GK
ivReski cwZv nq| e`k whwb G eski wfw cwZv Kib wZwb njb eRegvi cy RvZegv|
KjPzwiivR KYi mv_ egiv G`k GmwQj ej gb nq| wcZvi gZv c_g w`K wZwbI wQj KjPzwiivR
Mvqè Ges KYi mvgivR| KeZ we`vni mgq wZwb ki KjPzwiivR KYi mvnvh I mg_b
`wY-c~e evsjvq ^vaxb ivR cwZv Kib| egì ivRavbx wQj eZgvb gywM Rjvi wegcyi| RvZegvi
ci Zuvi Rcy nwiegv GKUvbv 46 eQi ivRZ Kib| cvj ivRvì m wZwb ezZc~Y mK eRvq iL
PjZb| nwiegv bvMvf~wg I Avmvg ch gZv wevi KiwQjb| nwiegvi ci Zuvi GK cy ivRv
nqwQjb| wKy Zuvi ivRZKvji Kvb weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| Zuvi ci RvZegvi Aci cy mvgjegv ivRv nb|
mvgjegvi cy fvRegv wQjb eg ivReski kl ivRv| Kbbv, Zuvi ci G eski Avi Kvb weeiY cvIqv
hvq bv| meZ: v`k kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq mbeskxq weRq mb eg kvmbi Aemvb NwUq `wY-c~&e
evsjvq mb eski kvmbi m~Pbv Kib|
GKK KvR : wbgi Gjvgjv QKwU avivevwnKfve mvRvI :
23
wgK bs
ivReski bvg
cwZvi mgqKvj
P` esk
8g kZK
Kvwèi ivR
11k kZK
LoM esk
10g kZK
eg esk
9g kZK
è esk
7g kZK
mb esk (1161 wL:-1204 wL:)

cvj eski cZbi ci eviv kZKi wZxq fvM evsjv`k mb ivReski m~Pbv nq| aviYv Kiv nq Zuviv
G`k wQjb ewnivMZ| Zuvì c~ecyiylì Avw` evmvb wQj my`~i `wYvZi KYvU| Kn Kb gb Kib
Zuviv wQjb ewq| h eski jvKiv c_g evY _vK Ges ci ckv cwieZb Ki wq nq,
ZvìK ejv nq ewq| evsjvi mb eski cwZvZv wQjb mvg mb| wZwb heb KYvU exiZ
c`kb Ki kl eqm c_g emwZ vcb Kib ivp Aj Mv b`xi Zxi| wZwb Kvbv ivR cwZv bv
Kivq mb eski c_g ivRvi ghv`v Ìqv nq mvg mbi cy ng mbK| aviYv Kiv nq cvj ivRv
ivgcvji Aaxb wZwb GKRb mvg ivRv wQjb|
ng mbi gZzi ci Zuvi cy weRq mb (1098-1160 wL:) wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| Zuvi GB my`xN
ivRZKvjB mb eski kvmb kwkvjx wfwi Dci mycwZwZ nqwQj| wZwbB meZ mvgivRv nZ
wbRK ^vaxb ivRvic cwZwZ KiwQjb| KeZ we`vni mgq wZwb ivgcvjK mvnvh Kib| GKv`k
kZK `wY ivp k~i eski AwaKvi wQj| G eski ivRKbv wejvmèxK wZwb weq Kib| ei` Dvi
ivgcvjK mvnvh Kivi wewbgq weRq mb ^vaxbZvi ^xKwZ cvb| Avevi `wY ivpi k~i eski mwnZ
eevwnK AvZxqZvi m~ ai ivp weRq mbi AwaKvi Avm| Gici weRq mb egivRvK civwRZ Ki c~e
I `wY evsjv mb AwaKvi wbq Avmb| kl cvj ivRvì `yejZvi myhvM wbq weRq mb g`bcvjK
civwRZ Ki Di I Di-cwg evsjv nZ cvjì weZvwoZ Ki wbR cfyZ wevi Kib| Gici wZwb
Kvgiyc, Kwj I wgw_jv AvgY Kib| Mjx Rjvi webxZ AewZ weRqcyi wQj weRq mbi c_g
ivRavbx| wZxq ivRavbx vcb Kiv nq eZgvb gywM Rjvi wegcyi| weRq mb cig gvnki, cigki,
cigfviK gnvivRvwaivR, AwiivR-elf-ki cfwZ Dcvwa MnY Kib| mb eski AaxbB mec_g mgM
evsjv `xNKvjevcx GKK ivRvi Aaxb wQj|
agi w`K nZ weRq mb wQjb ke| Kwe DgvcwZai weRq mb KZK AbywZ hvM-hi K_v ejQb|
Gme hvM-h nZ Abygvb Kiv nq h weRq mb ew`K agi cwZ wekl kvkxj wQjb| wK Kn Kn gb
Kib weRq mb Muvov wn`y wQjb| Ab agi cwZ Zuvi Kvb mwnyZv wQjbv| GRbB weRq mb I Zuvi
DivwaKvixì ccvlKZvi Afve G`k eag Zgb wevi jvf KiZ cviwb|
weRq mbi ci wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib Zuvi cy ej-vj mb (1160-1178 wL:)| Zuvi ivRZKvj wZwb ay
wcZivR ivB Kibwb, gMa I wgw_jvI mb ivRfy Ki mb kvmb kwkvjx wfwi Dci cwZwZ Kib|
PvjyK ivRKbv igvèxK wZwb weq Kib| Abvb Dcvwai mv_ ej-vj mb wbRi bvgi mv_ AwiivR
24
wbtk ki Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb| e eqm cy jY mbi nvZ ivRfvi AcY Ki xK m

wbq wZwb webxi wbKU MvZxi evbc Aej^b Ki kl Rxeb AwZevwnZ Kib|
ej-vj mb AZ mycwZ wQjb| we`v I wevbi cwZ Zuvi h_ AbyivM wQj| wZwb e`, wZ, cyivY cfwZ
kv Aaqb KiwQjb| Zuvi GKwU weivU Mvjq wQj| Kwe ev jLK wnme msZ mvwnZ Zuvi `vb
Acwimxg| Zuvi c~e evsjvi Kvbv cvPxb ivRv Gic jLwb cwZfvi cwiPq w`Z cvibwb| wZwb `vbmvMi I
AyZmvMi bvg `ywU M iPbv Kib| Aek AyZmvMi Mi Amgv Ask Zuvi cy jY mb m~Y
KiwQjb| G Mq Zuvi Avgji BwZnvmi AZxe g~jevb DcKiY| wZwb ivgcvj bZzb ivRavbx vcb
KiwQjb| ej-vj mb Z wn`y agi ccvlK wQjb| dj, Zuvi ivRZKvj evY agi cwZcw ew
cvq Ges e ag `yej nq co| wZwb wn`y mgvRK bZzb Ki MVb Kivi Dk Kwjb c_v ceZb
KiwQjb| Gi dj mvgvwRK AvPvi-eenvi, weevn Abyvb cfwZ welq Kzjxb kwYi jvKw`MK KZKjv
wekl ixwZbxwZ gb PjZ nZv|
GKK KvR : wn`yag cPvi I cmvi ivRv ej-vj mb Kx Kx ee_v Aej^b Kib Zv Dj-L Ki|
ej-vj mbi ci Zuvi cy jY mb (1178-1205 wL:) cvq 60 ermi eqm wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wcZv
I wcZvgni bvq jY mbI my` hvv wQjb Ges iY bcyYi cwiPq `b| wZwb cvM-RvwZl,
Mo, Kwj, Kvkx, gMa cfwZ Aj mb mvgvRfy Kib| wKy Zuvi kl Rxeb Lye myLi wQj bv| `xNw`b
ai hyweMn cwiPvjbv I evaKRwbZ `yejZv I Abvb KviY wZwb kl ch kvmbi cwZ AgbvhvMx nq
cob Ges wcZvi bvq MvZxi wZxq ivRavbx bexc emevm KiZ iy Kib| dj Mo fqven loh I
Atweivai jxjv cwiYZ nq Ges AfixY MvjhvMi mw nq| G myhvM 1196 wLv eZgvb
myìeb Aj Wvb cvj we`vnx nq GKwU ^vaxb ivRi cwZv Kib|
jY mb wbR mycwZ I we`vrmvnx wQjb| wcZvi Amgv M AyZmvMi wZwbB mgv KiwQjb|
jY mb iwPZ KqKwU k-vKI cvIqv MQ| Zuvi ivRmfvq e cwZ I vbx eweMi mgvek NUwQj|
avqx, kiY, Rqè, Mveab, DgvcwZai cfwZ cwm KweMY Zuvi mfv AjZ KiZb| fviZ cwm cwZ
njvq~a Zuvi cavbgx I agxq cavb wQjb| Zuvi mgmvgwqK Abvb cwZì ga kxai `vm, cyiylvg, ccwZ
I Ckvb weLvZ| Kweì ga Mveab Avhm`kx, Rqè MxZMvwe` I avqx ceb`~Z Kve iPbv Ki
AgiZ jvf KiwQjb| mvwnZ eZxZ wk I evsjv G mgq DbwZi Pig wkLi AvivnY KiwQj|
jY mb wcZv I wcZvgni ke agi cwZ AbyivM ZvM Ki ee ag MnY KiwQjb ej gb nq| wcZv
I wcZvgni cig gnki Dcvwai cwieZ wZwb cig ee Dcvwa MnY Kib| wZwb kv I ag PPvq wcZvi
Dchy cy wQjb| gymwjg HwZnvwmK wgbnvR Zuvi `vbkxjZv I J`vhi f~qmx cksmv KiQb|
Ziv kZKi c_g w`K gymwjg mbvcwZ eL&wZqvi Lj&wR bw`qv AvgY Kib| e jY mb Kvb cwZiva
bv Ki b`xc_ c~eei ivRavbx eZgvb gywM Rjvi wegcyi Avkq MnY Kib| Di I Di-cwg
evsjv eLwZqvi LjRx mnRB AwaKvi Ki bb| jYveZxK (Mo) K` Ki evsjvq gymwjg mvgvR
cwZwZ nq| `wY-c~e evsjvq Aevb Ki jY mb AviI 2/3 ermi ivRZ Kib| Lye me 1206
wLv (gZvi 1205 wL:) wZwb gZzgyL cwZZ nb| jY mbi gZzi ci Zuvi `yB cy wekic mb I
25
Kke mb wKQyKvj (1203 wL: ch) c~e evsjv kvmb Kib| Zey ejv Pj jY mbi civRqi ga w`q
evsjvq mb kvmbi Aemvb NU|
`jxq KvR : cvPxb evsjvi kvmKMY Kb wewfb Dcvax aviY KiZb? Dcvaxjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
cvPxb evsjvi kvmb-eev

kvmbi c~e cvPxb evsjvi ivRkvmb cwZ m^ mwVK Kvbv weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| cvPxb evsjvi
kvmb eevi weeiY w`Z Mj mevi AvM Kg mgvRi K_v gb co| G`k kvmb cwZvi c~e
GB Kg mgvRB wQj memev| ZLb ivRv wQj bv, ivRZ wQj bv| Zey kvmb-cwZ mvgvb gvvq wQj| ZLb
gvbyl GKmv_ emevm KiZ| Kvgì ga cvqZx c_vq cvqZ viv wbevwPZ `jbZv vbxq Kg
kvmbeevq bZZ w`Zb| evsjvi G Kg eev wPivqx nqwb| wLc~e Pvi kZKi c~eB evsjvq
KgZ f wMq ivRZi c~Y weKvk NUwQj|
ì mgq evsjvi kvmb-cwZi cwivi weeiY cvIqv hvq| AvbygvwbK wZxq-ZZxq kZK Die gh
mvgvRi Afy nqwQj| evsjvq gh kvmbi K` wQj cybMieZgvb eovi cuvP gvBj `~i
gnvvbMo| gb nq gnvgv bvgK GKRb ivR cwZwbwai gvag ZLb evsjvq gh kvmbKvh cwiPvwjZ
nZv| evsjv mvgvRfy njI mgM evsjv mgvUì mivmwi kvmb wQj bv| evsjvi h Ask
mgvUì mivmwi kvmb wQj bv Zv gnvivRv Dcvwaavix gnvmvgMY cvq ^vaxb I Avjv`vfve kvmb KiZb|
G mg mvg ivRviv me mgq mgvUi KZZK gb PjZb| axi axi evsjvi me mgvUì
kvmb Pvjy nq| G gnvmvgì Aaxb e KgPvix wbhy _vKZb|
evsjv`ki h Ask mivmwi mgvUì Aaxb wQj Zv KqKwU ckvmwbK wefvM wef wQj| Gjvi ga
mePq eo wefvMi bvg wQj fyw| cZK fyw Avevi KqKwU welq, cZK welq KqKwU gj, cZK
gj KqKwU exw_Z Ges cZKwU exw_ KqKwU Mvg wef wQj| MvgB wQj mePq QvU kvmb wefvM|
mgvU wbR fywi kvmbKZv wbhy KiZb| Kvbv Kvbv mgq ivRKzgvi ev ivRcwievi _KI fywi
kvmbKZv wbhy Kiv nZv| fywcwZK ejv nZ DcwiK| cieZx mgq kvmKMY DcwiK gnvivR Dcvwa
MnY KiZb| mvaviYZ DcwiK gnvivR-B Zuvi welqjvi kvmbKZv wbhy KiZb| wK Kvbv Kvbv
mgq mgvU wbR Zvì wbqvM KiZb| hyMi fyw I welqjvK eZgvb mgqi bvq wefvM I Rjvi
mv_ Zzjbv Kiv hZ cvi| ì mgq evsjvi emvgwiK kvmb cwZ mK mvgvb Z_ cvIqv hvq|
wKy mvgwiK kvmb mK Kvbv Z_B cvIqv hvq bv| Zgwbfve ivR^ eev mKI Avgvì vbI
LyeB Kg| G evcvi gv KqKRb KgPvixi bvg cvIqv hvq| G nZ fve eySv hvq h, ì mgq
gvUvgywU GKwU myz ivR^ eev cPwjZ wQj|
Qq kZK Di-cwg evsjvq eski kvmb kl nq hvq| e ^vaxb I Avjv`v wnme cwZv jvf Ki|
ZLb e h bZzb iv eevi mw nqwQj Zv g~jZ Avgji cv`wkK kvmbi gZvB wQj| ì
mgq ivRZ wQj mvg wbfi| G Avgj Zvi cwieZb nqwb| eis mvgZB AviI cmvi jvf KiQ|
26
ivRvì gZv evsjvi mvg ivRvMYI gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa MnY KiZb| GuivI wewfb kwYi emsLK
ivRKgPvix wbqvM KiZb|
AvU kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq cvj eski cwZvi m m ei bZzb hyMi iy nq| cvj eski Pvi
kZvxi ivRZKvj e Zvì kvmb-eev mycwZwZ nqwQj| c~ei gZv cvj hyMI kvmb-eevi g~j
K_v njv ivRZ| K`xq miKvii kvmb wefvMi mevP wQjb ivRv ^qs| civv cvj ivRviv cvPxb
evsjvi gnvivR ev cieZxKvji gnvivRvwaivR cèxZ my _vKbwb| mgvUMYi gZv ZuvivI
cigki, cigfviK, gnvivRvwaivR cfwZ Miegq Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb| ivRvi cy ivRv nZb| G
wbqg _vKv mI vZv I ivR cwievii Abvb wbKU AvZxqì ga wmsnvmb wbq weiva I msNl nZv| G
mgq nZ mec_g GKRb cavbgx ev cavb mwPei Dj-L cvIqv hvq| wZwb wQjb mecavb ivR KgPvix|
ivRi mKj cKvi kvmbKvhi Rb KZKjv wbw` kvmb-wefvM wQj| Gi cwZwU wefvMi Rb GKRb
Aa wbhy _vKZb| ivRv gx I AvgvZMYi mvnvh K`xq kvmb cwiPvjbv KiZb| wcZv RxweZ
_vKjI AbK mgq hyeivR kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv KiZb|
K`xq miKvii Avqi wewfb Drm wQj| Gi ga bvbv cKvi Ki wQj cavb| wewfb iKgi ivR^ Av`vqi Rb
wewfb kwYi KgPvix wbhy wQj| ivR^ Avq-eqi wnmve I `wjj wefvM `Lvbv Kivi eev wQj| f~wg
ivRî cwigvY wVK Kivi Rb Rwg Rwici Dci wekl iyZ `qv nZv| gy`v Ges kmi AvKvi ivR^ Av`vq
nZv| cvj ivRvì mgq kvw ivi Rb myì wePvi I cywjk wefvM wQj| G mgq Mvcb msev` msMni
Rb Pi evwnbx wQj| c`vwZK, Akvivnx, nx I iYZix G KwU wefvM mvgwiK evwnbx wef wQj|
ì gZv cvjì mgqI mvg ivRvì Dj-L cvIqv hvq| Guì bvbv Dcvwa wQj| K`xq kvmbi kh
I exh mvgì AaxbZvq _vKZ eva KiZ| Aek AbK K`xq kwi `yejZvi myhvM Guiv ^vaxbZv
NvlYv KiZb| cvj kvmKì kw AbKvsk Gic mvgivRì mvnvh I mnhvwMZvi Dci wbfi KiZ|
cvj ivR h kvmb-cwZ cPwjZ nqwQj Zv cieZx mgq z` z` ivResk I mb ivRZKvj iv kvmbi
Av`k wnme ^xKZ jvf Ki| Aek Kvbv Kvbv welq wKQy wKQy cwieZb NUwQj| mb eskxq ivRviv cvj
ivRvì ivR-Dcvwa QvovI bvbvwea Dcvwa aviY KiZb| G mgq ivbxK ivRKxq ghv`v `qv nqQ|
kvmbKvh hyeivRì h_ cfve wQj| R ivRKzgvi hyeivR nZb|
c~ei gZv mbì mgqI AbK mvg kvmK wQjb| Zuvì kw I cfve Lye cej wQj| G mKj mvgiv
cKZc wbR wbR Aj ^vaxb ivRvi gZvB PjZb|
gvUvgywUfve GB wQj cvPxb evsjvi kvmbcwZ| G kvmb eevq we`wkì cfve wK cwigvY wQj Zv ejv
hvq bv| cwZì gZ, kvmb cwZi evcvi evsjv`k m mgq fviZi Abvb Aski Zzjbvq gvUB
wcwQq wQj bv|
`jxq KvR : cvPxb evsjvq miKvii Avqi Drmmg~ni GKwU ZvwjKv cZyZ Ki|
27
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. Kvb mgq fviZ mvvR cwZwZ nq?
K. 320 wLv
L. 321 wLv
M. 322 wLv
N. 323 wLv
2. kkvsK gvjeivR èi mv_ ezZ vcb Kibi.
cylf~wZì `gb KiZ
ii. gLixì `gb KiZ

iii. ivRkxK e`x KiZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

ivqM BDwbqb my`xNKvj ai kvwc~Yfve kvmb KvR cwiPvwjZ nq AvmQ| wKy A` I `yej Pqvigvb
mygbi kvmbvgj wewfb KviY vbxq RbMYi ga Amvl `Lv `q| GKchvq `yRqi bZZ RbMY
we`vn Ki mygbK Zuvi c` _K mwiq `q|
3. icMi we`vnx bZv `yRqi ga BwZnvmi Kvbv we`vnx bZvi Av`k cwZdwjZ nqQ?
K. fxg
L. wè
M. wZxq gnxcvj
N. weMn cvj
4. Pqvigvb mygbi gZv D bZvi gZvPywZi KviYi.
we`vn `gb e_Zv
ii. kvmK wnme A`Zv

iii. RbMYi mgmv mgvavb AcviMZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
28
mRbkxj ck :
1.
ARq Zvi cwievii mv_ cyivZb wbevm ZvM Ki bexbMi bZzbfve emevm iy Kib| Kvjg wZwb
bexbMii kvmb gZvi AwaKvix nb| GjvKvi Dbqbi Rb wZwb ewea Kvhmv`b Kib| GQvov
Zuvi cieZx eskaiivI wkv, mswZ I mvwnZ wekl Ae`vb ivLb| Zuvi GjvKvq emevmiZ wewfb
agi jvKRb elgi wkKvi nZb|
K. LoM eski ivRavbx Kv_vq wQj?
L. mbì ewq ejv nq Kb?
M. bexbMii kvmK ARqi KgKv Kvb mb kvmKi KgKvi cwZdjb j Kiv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D kvmKi eskaiiv wkv I mvwnZ weKvk h_ Ae`vb iLQb? Zvgvi
Dii mc hyw `LvI|
2. ivgbMi cimfvi Pqvigvb mgb eoyqv Zvi GjvKvq GKwU wkv cwZvb vcb Kib| m wkv
cwZvb `k we`ki wkv_xì wkv MnYi myhvM mw Kiv nq| Zvi GjvKvi wewfb agvej^xì
wbR wbR ag cvjbi myweavi welq wZwb gbvhvMx nb| wZwb Zvi ci mfvq kvwkLjv vcbI mg_
nb| dj wZwb `xNw`b cikvmb Kivi myhvM jvf Kib|
K. cvj eski cwZvZv K?
L. gvrmbvq ejZ Kx eySvq?
M. AvaywbK wkv cwZvb Mo Zvjvi ivgbMi cimfvi Pqvigvbi m agcvji Kvb
KgKvi wgj iqQ? evLv Ki|
N. mgb eoyqvi `xNw`b cikvmb Kivi wcQb KvR KiQ agcvji Av`k I AbyciYv- DwwUi
h_v_Zv g~jvqb Ki|
PZz_ Aavq

gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgvRe nq emevm KivB Zvi ^fve| Gfve evm KiZ nj PvB GK Abi mv_
mnhvwMZv| G KviYB gvbyli cqvRb co wewfb mvgvwRK A_bwZK I ivRbwZK Ges Abvb cwZvb
Mo Zvjv| Rxeb euvPvZ wZbwU wRwbmi c_g cqvRb Lv`, e Ges evmvb| GiciB gvbyl RxebK
myìfve GwMq wbq hZ gbvhvM `q wkv, wevb, wkKjv, AvBb cfwZi Dbqb| mgvR Rxeb weKvk
gvbyli G mg KvRKgi GKwZ icB nQ Zvi mswZ| Avhì AvMgbi c~e evsjvi cvPxb gvbyliv
GKwU mvgvwRK I mvswZK Rxeb Mo ZzjwQj| evsjvi mgvR-mswZi GUvB mePq cvPxb ic|
cwZì gZ, Gì fvlvi bvg wQj AwK| RvwZ wnme Gì ejv nZv wblv`| Gici evsjvi z`
bMvxi mv_ wgk hvq AvjcvBb bvg GK RvwZ| Avhiv G`k Avmvi c~e Giv wgjwgk evsjvi mswZ
Mo Zvj| evOvwji Rb cKwZZ wewfb gvbeMvxi aviv Gm wgwjZ nqQ| dj Zvì msKi-Rb
wnme cwiwPZ KiQ| e eQi wewP Av`vb-c`vb I wgkYi dj evOvwji GKwU wbR^ A-cZ
ewk ùvwoqQ| dj AwaKvsk evOvwji gv_v Mvj AvKwZi, Pzj Kvjv, PvLi gwb cvZjv nZ Nb Kvjv,
bvKi AvKwZ gvUvgywU gag, Mvqi is mvaviYZ kvgjv, gyLgji MVb gag AvKwZi A_vr Mvj ev j^v
bq| G gag AvKwZi `n jYB evOvwji ewk|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
cvPxb evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK Aevi eYbv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi wkKjv, vcZ, fvh I wPKjvi eYbv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi fvlv I mvwnZi De I weKvk evLv KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi ag, AvPvi-Abyvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZZ RbMYi c`wkZ g~jeva I wekvm evLv
KiZ cvie;
cvPxb evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK I mvswZK PPvq ZrKvjxb iyZc~Y ivReskmg~ni Ae`vb mK

BwZevPK aviYv cvlY KiZ mg ne;
BwZnvm PPvi gvag cvPxb evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK, mvswZK Rxebi De I weKvk mK RvbZ
AvMnx ne|
cvPxb evsjvi mgvR, A_bxwZ I mswZ

cvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb
gh kvmbi c~e evcK A_ evsjvi Awaevmxì ga ivRbwZK cwiPq Mo IVwb| G mgq mgvR wewfb
Mv wef wQj| GK ejv nZv Kg mgvR| Avhì c~e wKQy wKQy agwPv cieZx mgq G`ki wn`y ag
Qwoq co| Gjvi ga Dj-LhvM njvKgdj, Rbviev`, hvM mvabv BZvw`| G hyMi AbK mvgvwRK
30
c_v I AvPvi-AvPiYi cfve cieZx mgq wn`y mgvR j Kiv hvq| hgb- AwZw_ì cvb-mycvwi LZ `qv,
kxei MxZ MvIqv, weqZ Mvq njy` `qv, a~wZ-kvwo civ Ges gqì Kcvj wmu`yi `qv BZvw`|
Avh mgvRi AZ cqvRbxq A wQj RvwZf` c_v| Zviv `xNw`b ai G`k emevm Kivi dj evsjvqI
G eev Pvjy nq| cvPxbKvj evsjvq evY, wq, ek I k~` G Pvi cKvi eY wQj| cieZx mgq AviI
bvbv cKvi mi A_vr wgk RvwZi mw nq| mgvR cZK RvwZiB wbw` ckv wQj| Aaqb, Aavcbv I c~Rv
cveb Kiv Gjv wQj evYì wbw` Kg| Zviv mgvR mek ghv`v jvf KiZb| wqì ckv wQj
hy Kiv| eemv-evwYR Kiv wQj ekì KvR| mePq wbPz kwYi k~ìv mvaviYZ KwlKvR, gvQ wkKvi I
Abvb QvULvUv KvR KiZ| evY Qvov evKx me eYi gvbyl GK Abi mv_ gjvgkv KiZ| mvaviYZ
GK RvwZi gaB weevn nZv, Ze DP kwYi ei I wbg kwYi Kbvi ga weevnI Pvjy wQj| wKy cieZx
mgq Gme evcvi KVvi wbqg Pvjy nq|
ZLbKvi w`b we`k gYKvix evOvwj cyiylì Kvbv mybvg wQjbv| wKy evvwj gqì Yvejxi Rb
myLvwZ wQj| gqiv jLvcov wkLZ| m hyM Aeiva ev c`vc_v wQjbv| Ze evsjvi gqì Kvbv cKvi
^vaxbZv wQjbv| GKwUgv x MnYB wQj mgvRi wbqg| Ze cyiyliv e x ivLZ cviZ| weaevK wbivwgl
Avnvi Ki me aibi wejvwmZv ZvM KiZ nZv| ^vgxi gZz nj xKI gZ ^vgxi wPZvq Rxe cywoq
gviv nZv| G c_vK ejv nq mZx`vn c_v| ab-mwZ bvixì Kvbv AvBbMZ AwaKvi wQjbv| evsjvi
cvPxb agkv evOvwji DbZ Pwii K_v Rvbv hvq| wKy ZvB ej evOvwji mvgvwRK Rxeb Kvbic `ybxwZ I
Ak-xjZv wQjbv, Ggb K_v ejv hvq bv|
evOvwji cavb Lv` eZgvb mgqi gZ ZLbI wQj fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, NZ, xi BZvw`|
PvDj nZ cZ bvbv cKvi wcVvI Rbwcq gyLivPK Lvevi wQj| evvwj evYiv Avwgl LZb| ZLb mKj
cKvi gvQ cvIqv hZ| c~ee Bwjk I uUwK gvQ Lye wcq Lvevi wQj| ZiKvwii ga eb, jvD, Kzgov,
wSsM, KvKiyj, KPz Drcb nZv| dji ga Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, Zvj, cuc, bviKj, Bz cvIqv hZ| Ze
Wvji K_v Kv_vI ejv bB| `ya, bviKji cvwb, Bzim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cKvi cvbxq mycPwjZ
wQj| fvZ, Mg, Bz, o, gay I Zvjim MuvRvBqv bvbv cKvi g` Zwi nZv| g` RvZxq bvbv cKvii cvbxq
cvb Kiv nZv| LvIqv-`vIqv kl gmjvhy cvb LvIqvi ixwZ wQj|
cvkvK-cwiQì evcvi ivRv-gnvivRv I abxì K_v ev` w`j wekl Kvbv Avoî ZLb wQjbv| evsjvi
bi-bvixiv h_vg a~wZ I kvwo cwiavb KiZ| cyiyliv gvjKvPv w`q a~wZ ciZ Ges Zv nuvUzi wbP bvgZ bv|
gqì kvwo Mvovjx ch cuQvZ| gvS gvS cyiyliv Mvq Pvì, Avi gqiv coZ Iobv| Drme-Abyvb
wekl cvkvKi eev wQj| cyiyl-bvix Dfqi gaB AjsKvi eenvii ixwZ cPwjZ wQj| Zviv Kvb Kzj,
Mjvq nvi, Avyj AvswU, nvZ evjv I cvq gj cwiavb KiZ| gqivB Kejgv nvZ kLi evjv ciZ Ges
AbKjv Pzwo ciZ fvjevmZ| gwY-gyv I `vgx mvbv-icvi AjsKvi abxiv eenvi KiZ| gqiv bvbvcKvi
Lvcv euvaZ| cyiylì evewo Pzj Kuvai Dci Szj _vKZ| Kcyi, P`b cfwZ cmvab mvgMxi mwnZ wewfb
myMwi eenvi ZLb Lye cPwjZ wQj| gqì mvRmvq AvjZv, wmu`yi I KzgKzgi eenviI ZLb cPwjZ
wQj| cyiyliv gvS ga KvVi Log ev Pvgovi PwURyZv eenvi KiZ| ZLb QvZviI cPjb wQj|
31
ZLbKvi w`b bvbv iKg Ljva~jv I Avgv`-cgvì eev wQj| cvkv I `vev Ljv cPwjZ wQj| Ze bvPMvb I Awfbqi cPjb wQj Lye ewk| exYv, euvwk, g`, XvK, Xvj, Lvj, KiZvj BZvw` Zv wQjB, GgbwK
gvwUi cvKI ev`hi~c eenvi Kiv nZv| Kzw, wkKvi, eqvg, bKvevBP I evwRKii Ljv cyiylì Lye
cQ` wQj| bvixì ga D`vb iPbv, Rjxov BZvw` Avgv`-cgvì cPjb wQj|
Abcvkb, weq, kv BZvw` mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY Abyvb m hyMI cPwjZ wQj| eviv gvm Ziv cveY
AbywZ nZv| G Dcj bvbv cKvi Avgv`Drmei eev wQj| cvPxbKvj evsjvq eZgvbKvji bvq
vZwZxqv (fvBduvUv), bevb, i_hvv, Agx mvb, nvwj, Rbvgx, `kniv, Aq ZZxqv, Mvmvb cfwZ
mycwiwPZ Abyvbjv mKvjI cPwjZ wQj| GmKj bvbvwea Avgv`-Drme QvovI wn`yagi AbK jwKK
AbyvbI cvPxbKvji mgvR Rxeb wewk vb AwaKvi KiwQj| wki Rbi c~e Zvi gji Rb
Mfvavb, mxgvbqb BZvw` AbywZ nZv| Rbi ci bvgKiY, Abcvkb BZvw` DcvPvi cvjb Kiv nZv|
cvPxbKvj evsjvi RbMYi `bw`b Rxeb agkvi cej cfve wQj| Kvb& wZw_Z wK wK Lv` wbwl,
Kvb& wZw_Z Dcevm KiZ ne Ges weevn, wk eqm covbv iy Kiv, we`k hvv, Zx_hvv cfwZi Rb
Kvb& Kvb& mgq f ev Af BZvw` welq wbqg KVvifve cvwjZ nZv|
cPxb evsjvi gvbyli hvZvqvZi cavb evnb wQj Miyi Mvwo I bKv| Lvj-wej PjvPji Rb fjv I Wvv
eenvi KiZ| gvbyl QvU QvU Lvj cvi nZv muvKv w`q| abx jvKiv nvZx, Nvov, Nvovi Mvwo cfwZ
hvZvqvZi Rb eenvi KiZ| Zvì x-cwiRbiv bKv I cvjKxZ GKvb nZ Ab vb Avmv-hvIqv
KiZ| weevni ci beea~K Miyi MvwoZ ev cvjwKZ Ki ki evwo Avbv nZ| gvUi Dci gb nq h,
AvaywbK Kvji MvgxY Rxebhvv Ges mKvji Rxebhvvi ga Lye ewk cv_K wQj bv|
Kwlcavb `k wnme evsjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl Mvg evm KiZ| gvbyli Rxeb gvUi Dci myLi wQj| Ze
cvPxb evsjvi Mwie `ytLx gvbyli K_vI Rvbv hvq| mgvRi DuPz kwY A_vr evYì nvZ wQj g~j gZv| G
mgq aygv evYivB kvvb PPv KiZ cviZ| evYì AZvPvi mvaviY gvbyli RxebK AwZ Ki
ZzjwQj| G DrcvZ e agvej^xì cwZ AwaK nZv| kl w`Ki mb ivRvì AZvPvi mvaviY gvbyl
AZ Amy nq DV| mb eski kvmbvgj e mgvR I mswZZ bg Avm `y`kv| evYì cfve
mbì mgq mvaviY wn`y mgvR `yej nq co| cvPxb evsjvi kl chvq G wekLj Aevq gymjgvb
mgvRi wfZ Mo IVvi cwqv iy nq| gymjgvb mgvR cwZvi gaw`q evsjvq gahyMi m~Pbv nq| Avi G
hyM evsjvi mgvR-mswZi icI cv hvq|
GKK KvR : cvPxb evsjvi gvbyli cvkvK-cwiQ`, AjsKvi, ev`h I Ljvayjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
cvPxb evsjvi A_bwZK Aev Ges wkKjv I vcZ-fvh

cvPxb evsjvi A_bwZK Aev
evsjv wPiKvjB Kwl cavb `k| cvPxbKvj evsjvi Awaevmxì ewki fvM jvKB Mvg evm KiZ| Zviv mevB
wgj GKmv_ Mvg Mo ZzjZ| Avi Mvgi Avkcvki f~wg Pvl Ki msmvi PvjvZv| hviv Pvl KiZ ev Ab
Kvb cKvi Rwg fvM KiZ, wewbgq Zvì KZKjv wbw` Ki w`Z nZv|
32
cavbZ: wZb cKvii f~wg wQj| Ni-evwo Zwi Ki _vKvi Rb Dchy RwgK ev, Pvl Kiv hvq Ggb Dei
RwgK Ges Dei A_P cwZZ RwgK ejv nZv wLj| G wZb cKvii f~wg QvovI Abvb cKvii f~wg
wQj| mjv njv PviY f~wg, nvU-evRvi, Abyei, ebRj Ges hvbevnb PjvPji c_| gb Kiv nq G
mgq f~wgi gvwjK wQjb ivRv wbR| ZLbKvi w`b bj w`j Rwg gvcv nZv| wewfb GjvKvq bji `N
wewfb iKgi wQj|
cvPxbKvj nZB e`k Kwli Rb cwm wQj| ZvB G`ki A_bxwZ Mo DVQ Kwli Dci wbfi Ki|
avb wQj evsjvi cavb dmj| GQvov cvU, Bz, Zyjv, bxj, ml I cvb Pvli Rb evsjvi LvwZ wQj| djevb
ei ga wQj Avg, KuvVvj, bviKj, mycvwi, Wvwjg, Kjv, jey, Wygyi, LRyi BZvw`| GjvwP, je cfwZ
gmjvI e Drcb nZv| MncvwjZ ci ga Miy, QvMj, gl, nuvm-gyiwM, KzKzi BZvw` wQj cavb| jeY I
UwK `ki Kvbv Kvbv Ask Drcb nZv|
KzwUi wk cvPxb evsjv AZ mg wQj| Mvgi jvKì ìKvwi me wKQy MvgB Zwi nZv| gvwUi Zwi
wRwbmci ga wQj Kjm, NwU-evwU, nuvwo-cvwZj, evmbc BZvw`| jvnvi Zwi wRwbmci ga wQj `v,
Kzovj, Kv`vj, Lv, Lyiwc, jvj BZvw`| GQvov Rji cv, Zxi, ekv, Zjvqvi cfwZ hyi Ak
Zwi nZv| wejvwmZvi bvbv iKg wRwbmi Rb ^Y-wk I gwY-gvwbK wk AbK DbwZ jvf KiwQj|
KvVi wkI m mgq AZ DbZ wQj| msmvii Avmevec, Ni-evwo, gwì, cvw, Miyi Mvwo, Nvovi Mvwo,
i_ cfwZ KvVi vivB Zwi nZv| GQvov b`xc_ PjvPji Rb bvbv cKvi bKv I mgy` PjvPji Rb
KvVi eo eo bKv ev RvnvR Zwi nZv|
evsjv`k Kwl cavb njI AwZ cvPxbKvj nZ GLvb bvbv cKvi wkRvZ è Zwi nZv| e wki Rb
evsjv cvPxbKvjB weLvZ nq DVwQj| wekLvZ gmwjb Kvco cvPxbKvj _KB evsjvq Zwi nZv| G e
GZ m~ wQj h, 20 MR gmwjb GKwU bmi KUvq fiv hZ| Kvcvm Zyjv I ikgi Zwi DbZgvbi m~
ei RbI e cwm wQj| Kvcvm Zyjv I kbi Zwi gvUv KvcoI ZLb cZ nZv| Rvbv hvq h,
e`k m mgq wUb cvIqv hZ|
e Kwl I wk èi cvPzh wQj| Avevi Gjvi Lye Pvwn`vI wQj fviZi wewfb Aj Ges cw_exi wewfb
`k| ZvB ei m cvPxbKvj cw_exi wewfb `ki eemv-evwYR PjZ| ei ivbx cYi ga
Dj-LhvM wQj m~wZ I ikgx Kvco, wPwb, o, jeY, ZRcvZv I Abvb gmjv, PvDj, bviKj, mycvwi, Jla
Zwii MvQcvjv, bvbv cKvi wniv, gyv, cvbv BZvw`|
wki DbwZi m m evsjvi evwYRI h_ cmvi jvf KiwQj| j I Rj Dfq c_B evwYRi
Av`vb-c`vb PjZ| `ki fZi evwYR QvovI m mgq evsjv e`wkK evwYR wekl DbZ wQj| j I
Rjc_ fviZi Abvb Aji m evsjvi cY wewbgq PjZ| G KviY evsjvi wewfb vb eo eo bMi
I evwYR eì Mo DVwQj| Gjv njv bevewkKv, KvUxel, cyeab, Zvgwj, KYmyeY, mMvg
BZvw`| Aek kni Qvov Mvgi nvUevRviI wKQy wKQy eemv-evwYR PjZ| Gme Mvgi nvU Mvg Drcb I
wbZcqvRbxq wRwbmc ePv-Kbv nZv| mgy` c_ wmsnj, e`k, Pv, K^vR, hexc, gvjq, kvg,
mygvv, Pxb cfwZ `ki m evsjvi cY wewbgq PjZ| jc_ Pxb, bcvj, f~Uvb, wZeZ I ga Gwkqv
cfwZ `ki m evwYR PjZ|
33
wki DbwZ I eemv-evwYRi cmvii dj evsjvi ab-m` I Jkh cPzi eo wMqwQj| cvPxbKvj nqZ
q-weq Ges eemv-evwYRi Rb wewbgq c_v cPwjZ wQj| meZ wLc~e Pvi kZKi c~e evsjvq
gy`vi cPjb Avi nq| wewfb mgq e`k wewfb cKvi gy`v Pvjy _vKjI GLvb Kwo mePq Kg gvb
wnme eeZ nZv|
`jxq KvR : cvPxb evsjvq mgy` I jc_ Kvb& Kvb& `ki mv_ eemv-evwYRi mK wQj QK `LvI|
wkKjv I vcZ-fvh
evsjv`ki bvbvvb cvPxb evsjvi vcZ, fvh I wPwki
e wb`kb cvIqv MQ| bvbvwea KviY cvPxb evsjvi wkKjv
asm nq MQ| ZeyI wbtm`n ejv hvq, cvPxb hyM evsjvi
wkKjv LyeB DbZ wQj|
vcZ : cvPxb evsjvi vcZ wki wb`kb AwZ mvgvbB
Qwe : kvjeb wenvi, gqbvgwZ, Kzwgj-v
AvweZ nqQ| Pxb `ki gYKvix dv-wnqb I wnDqb-mvsGi weeiYx I cvPxb wkjvwjwc _K cvPxb hyM evsjvi KviyKvhgq e ng, (P~ov, wkLv) gwì, ~c I
wenvii wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
fviZ Dc-gnv`ki mePq cvPxb vcZi wb`kb njv ~c| ew`K hyM `nvekl cuyZ ivLvi Rb
kkvbi Dci gvwUi ~c iv Kivi Rb G vcZ cwZK MnY Kiv nq| eag hLvbB cmvi jvf
KiQ, mLvbB QvU-eo AmsL ~c wbwgZ nqQ| cvPxb evsjvq wKQy e I Rb ~c wbwgZ nqwQj|
XvKv Rjvi Avkivdcyi Mvg ivRv è LoMi ev ev AavZz wbwgZ GKwU ~c cvIqv MQ| GwUB meZ
evsjvi mePq cvPxb ~ci wb`kb| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges PMvgi SIqvwiZ AviI `ywU evi Zwi
~c cvIqv MQ| GQvov, ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges euvKzovi ejvovq e z` z` BUi Zwi ~c cvIqv MQ|
AwZ cvPxbKvj nZ evsjvq e I Rb wfziv wenvi I msNivg Zwi Ki ^ ^ ag cPvi KiZb| wKy GK
vcZ Kg ejv Pj bv| KviY, BU-cv_ii KvVvgvi Dci euvk I KvV w`q Gjv Zwi nZv| Kvjg e
I Rb msN hLb cPviKi msLv evoZ jvMj ZLb nZB BUi Zwi wenvi cZ iy njv| cvj hyM GmB
wenvii ici cwieZb njv| Gme wenvii Kvbv KvbwU ek eo Ges KviyKvhgq wQj| ~ci gZ GjvI
asmcv nq MQ| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi h wekvj e wenvi AvweZ nqQ Zv cvPxb evsjvi vcZ
wki k wb`kb| G ch fviZ Dcgnv`k hZ wenvi AvweZ nqQ Zviga G wenviwU mePq eo|
Rvbv hvq, Ag kZK agcvj GLvb cKv wenviwU wbgvY Kib| mvgcyi wenvi bvg GwU mgM fviZel I
fviZeli evBi LvwZ ARb Ki| mvgcyi wenvi eZxZ agcvj wegkxj wenvi I I`cyi wenvi bvg AviI
`ywU wenvi wbgvY KiwQjb| GQvov cvj Avgj Zwi QvU-eo AviI KqKwU wenvi bvg cvIqv hvq|
hgbgvj`ni RM`yj wenvi, èxKvU wenvi, PMvgi cwZ wenvi, wcyivi KbKc wenvi cfwZ|
KqK eQi c~e Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZZ KqKwU wenvii mvb cvIqv MQ| Bnv kvjej wenvi bvg cwiwPZ|
Kn Kn gb Kib h, cvnvocyii wenvi I gwì AcvI eo gwì I wenvi GLvb wQj|
34
fviZxq Dcgnv`ki vcZi BwZnvm cvPxb evsjvi gwì vcbv ghv`v I ^KxqZvq GK wekl vb
`Lj Ki AvQ| KviY, cvPxbKvj GLvb AmsL gwì wbgvY Kiv nqwQj| G mKj gwì AvR mKjB
asmcv nqQ| Kejgv Ag kZK nZ KwU fvv I Aa-fvv gwìi wb`kb cvIqv hvq| G mKj
e gwì cyeab, mgZU, ivp, ei` cfwZ Aj AewZ wQj| eagvb Rjvi eivKii gwìwU cvPxb
evsjvi mePq cvPxb gwì ej aviYv Kiv nq| evsjv`ki vcZ wki BwZnvm cvnvocyii gwì GK
Agi mw| G Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm cvnvocyii gwìi iyZ Acwimxg| Kbbv, Dcgnv`ki Aewk
Aji vcZ wkK Bnv Mfxifve cfvweZ KiQ| w`bvRcyi Rjvi evYMo ci wbwgZ Ges PMvgi
KIqvwiZ evi Zwi gwì cvIqv MQ|
AwZ mcwZ Iqvix-eUki Mvg cvq 2500 ermii
cyivZb GK bMi-Kw`K aesmvekl cvIqv MQ| Bnv
XvKv nZ 75 wKjvwgUvi `~i biwms`x Rjvi ejvev
DcRjvq AewZ| GZw`b aviYv Kiv nZv cvPxb evsjvi
mfZv Mvg-Kw`K| wKy G Avwevii dj GLb
Rvovjv fveB ejv hvq h cvPxb evsjvq bMi-K`xK
mfZvI Mo DVwQj|
Qwe : Dqvix-eUki AvweZ asmvekl
fvh : wLvi iyZ A_ev Gi c~e el nZ evsjvq vcZ wki cvkvcvwk fvh wki PPvI nZv|
cvPxb evsjvq e gwì wQj| ZvB fvh wkKjvI h DbZ wQj ZvZ m`n bB| AbK vb gwì asm
njI Zvi gai èg~wZ iwZ nqQ| Kejgv cyiY, ZgjyK, gnvvb cfwZ Aj -c~e hyMi
KqKwU cvovgvwUi g~wZ AvweZ nqQ|
cvnvocyii gwì Mv Lvw`Z cv_i I cvovgvwUi djK _K
evsjvi wbR^ fvh wki ewki cwiPq cvIqv hvq| welqe
I wk Kkji w`K _K wePvi Kij cvnvocyii fvh-wkK
jvKwk, AwfRvZ wk I `yqi gvSvgvwS wk KkjG wZb
kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq| cvnvocyii fvh ivgvqY-gnvfviZi
AbK Kvwnbx Ges Kjxjvi AbK K_v Lvw`Z AvQ| GQvov,
mvaviY gvbyli `bw`b Rxebi AbK K_vI G fvh ic `qv
Qwe : cvnvocyii gwì Mv Lvw`Z cvovgvwUi djK
nqQ| Lvw`Z fvh QvovI cvPxb evsjvq cvovgvwUi wk LyeB
DbZ wQj| Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnvo ek wKQy cvovgvwUi djK I g~wZ AvweZ nqQ| cvPxb
KvwUel bMixi asm~cI AbKjv cvovgvwUi djK AvweZ nqQ| cwZMY GjvK gh, k~,
KzlvY, I cvj hyMi ej Abygvb KiQb| Moi ivRavbx KYmyeYi asmveklI wKQy cvovgvwUi g~wZ
cvIqv MQ|
wPwk : cvj hyMi c~eKvi Kvbv wP AvR ch cvIqv hvqwb| wK cvPxbKvjB evsjvq h wP Abi PPv
wQj ZvZ Kvbv m`n bB| mvaviYZ: e wenvi I gwìi `qvj m`hgq Kivi Rb wPvb Kivi
ixwZ cPwjZ wQj|
35
ZLbKvi w`b e jLKiv Zvjcv A_ev KvMR Zvì cyKi cvywjwc Zwi KiZb| G mKj cyuw_
wPvwqZ Kivi Rb jLK I wkxiv QvU QvU Qwe AvuKZb|
iLvi mvnvh wPvbI cvPxb evsjvi wkxiv h_ `Zv `wLqQb| ivRv ivgcvji ivRZKvj iwPZ
AmvnwmKv cvcviwgZv cyuw_ evsjvi wP wki k wb`kb| iLvi mvnvh wPvbi Avi GKwU `v
nj myìeb cv Wvbcvji Zvgkvmbi Aci wcV DrKxY wezi iLvwP|
cvPxb evsjvi wkKjvi cvj hyM iYxq| beg _K v`k kZK-G Pvi kZK ch G hyMi wkK
mvaviYZ; cvj hyMi wkKjv ej AvLvwqZ Kiv nq| KviY, G hyMi wkbxwZB cieZx mb hyMI AevnZ
wQj| ci I avZz wbwgZ è-èxi g~wZ G hyMi wkKjvi k wb`kb ej weewPZ nq| GZ agfvei
cfveB wQj ewk| kvxq Abykvmb Abymvi è-èxi g~wZjv wbwgZ nqwQj| Z_vwc wkxi wkKkj I
m`hevai cwiPq GZ j Kiv hvq| g~wZ wbgvY mvaviYZ AavZz I Kvjv Kwcv_i eenvi Kiv
nZv| G Qvov ^Y I icvi eenvii cPjb wQj|
evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ : De I weKvk

Avhì cvPxb evsjvq AvMgbi c~e GLvb bvbv RvwZ I z` bMvxi jvK emevm KiZ| Zviv Avhfvlx wn`y
wQj bv| wKy Zviv h Kvb fvlvq K_v ejZ Zv mwVKfve AvRI wbYq Kiv hvqwb| Mvx wefvMi m gvbe
RvwZi fvlv wefvMi mswgkY bv NwUq GK_v ejv hvq h, evsjvi cvPxb Awaevmxiv bvbv fvlv-fvlx jvK wQj bv|
evsjvi cvPxbZg Awaevmxiv meZ wQj AwK Mvxi Av-GwkqvwUK RvwZi gvbyl| Zviv e`k
(gvqvbgvi) I kvg`ki (_vBjv) gvb Ges K^vRi i kvLvi gvbyli AvZxq| G RvZxq gvbylKB eva
nq ejv nZv wblv` wKsev bvM; Avi cieZxKvj Kvj-, wfj- BZvw`| Zv nj Abygvb Kiv hZ cvi h,
Zvì fvlvI wQj AwK Mvxi gvb, i kvLvi fvlvi gZvB| AbKUv Gic fvlvq GLbI K_v ej
evsjv`ki cwg Kvj, gyv, muvIZvj cfwZ z` bMvx, Avi eZgvb Avmvg ivRi Lvwmqv cvnvoi
evwm`viv| AwK Mvx QvovI evsjvq evm KiZ `vweo Mvxi wewfb kvLvi jvK| Zviv wQj mymf RvwZi
gvbyl| Zvì cavb evmf~wg GLb `vwYvZ| wKy GK mgq Zviv meZ cwg-evsjv I ga-evsjvq Qwoq
cowQj| Av-GwkqvwUK I `vexo fvlvi jvKiv QvovI c~e I Di evsjvq e c~eKvj nZ bvbv mgq
GmwQj gvjxq ev fvU Pxbv Mvxi bvbv RvwZ, z` bMvxi jvK| Giv njv Mvov, eov, KvP, gQ,
KvQvwo, wUcivB, PvKgv cfwZ| meZ GìB ejv nZv wKivZ RvwZ| Giv fvUPxbv Mvxi bvbv fvlvDcfvlvq K_v ejZ| Gi Kvbv Kvbv k I iPbv cwZ evsjv fvlv I msZ fvlvq jywKq AvQ Ges Gi
wKQy wKQy wb`kb fvlv wevbxiv Avwevi KiZ ciQb|
AwK, `vweo I fvUPxbv fvlvMvxi ci h bZzb GKwU fvlv Mvxi gvbyl evsjvq cek Ki Zviv njv
Avh| Avhì fvlvi bvg cvPxb ew`K fvlv| cieZxKvj G fvlvK msvi Kiv nq| cyivbv fvlvK msvi
Kiv nq ej G fvlvi bvg nq msZ fvlv| meZ ew`K hyMi kl w`K Zviv evsjvq AvMgb iy Ki|
Avi wLxq c_g kZKi ga Zviv G`k emwZ vcb kl KiwQj| fviZ Dcgnv`ki Abvb Aji
gZv `xNw`b ai Zviv evsjvi z` bMvxi m cvkvcvwk emevm KiZv| dj, z` bMvxi Awaevmxiv
36
wbRì fvlv ZvM Ki m~Yfve Avh fvlv MnY Ki| myZivs, mecvPxb hyM AvhMY h fvlv eenvi KiZ
Ges h fvlvq ew`K M iwPZ nqwQj vbf` Ges mgqi cwieZb Gi AbK cwieZb NU| msZ
nZ cKZ Ges cvKZ nZ Acsk fvlvi Drcw nq| Acsk fvlv nZ Ag ev beg kZK evsjv fvlvi
mw nq| hgb- K>Kv>Kvby>KvbvB|
Qwe : Phvc`
bq I `k kZKi AvM evsjv fvlvi ic wK wQj Zv Rvbevi Kvb Dcvq bB| Ze G kZKjvZ evsjvq
msZ QvovI `yUv fvlv cPwjZ wQj Gi GKwU njv kimbx Acsk Ges AbwU gvMax Acski vbxq
Mo-exq ic hvK ejv hvq cvPxbZg evsjv fvlv| GKB jLK G `y fvlvZB c`, `vnv, I MxZ iPbv
KiZb| evsjv fvlvi Gic cvPxbZg wb`kb cvIqv hvq nicmv` kvx KZK bcvj nZ msMnxZ PviwU cvPxb
e cuyw_Z| Gjv Phvc` bvg cwiwPZ| GLb ch gvU 47wU Phvc` cvIqv MQ| G Phvc`jvi
gaB evsjv mvwnZi Rb nq| cieZx hyM evsjvq mnwRqv Mvb, evDj Mvb I ee c`vejxi Drcw nq|
myZivs, evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi BwZnvmi w`K _K G Phvc`jvi g~j Acwimxg| gvUvgywUfve ejv hvq
h, AvU kZK nZ eviv kZK ch G cuvPkZ eQiB njv evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi cvPxb hyM|
cvPxb evsjvi mvswZK Rxeb, g~jeva I wekvm

cvPxb evsjvi agxq Aev
cvPxb evsjvq Avh ag cwZvi c~e Kvb& ag cPwjZ wQj, m mK mwVK Kvb wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| KviY m
mKj Avw`g Awaevmxì ag-Kgi BwZnvm njv Rbcè cvPxb evsjvi z` b-Mvxi jvKì c~Rv-APbv,
fq-fw, wekvm I msvii BwZnvm| ZLb mgM `kevcx agi cKwZ GKB iKg wQjbv| eis eY, kwY,
Kg, Rbc` BZvwì wewfbZvi m m ag-KgI wewfbZv `Lv w`qwQj| Z`ycwi, Zvì cvPxb aggZ,
msvi, c~Rv-cwZ cfwZ icvwiZ nq Avh agi m wgj wMqQ| GLbI evsjv`ki Mvg-M bvix
RvwZi ga cPwjZ e c~Rv, c~Rv-cveY Avg cj-e, avb Qov, `yev, Kjv, cvb-mycvwi, bviKj, NU, wmu`yi
cfwZi eenvi z` b-Mvxi jvKì `vb| GKBfve gbmv c~Rv, kkvb Kvjxi c~Rv, eY`~Mvc~Rv, lxc~Rv
cfwZ z` b-Mvxi jvKì agxq AbyvbiB cwiPq enb Ki| Lvwmqv, gyv, mvuIZvj, ivReskx, eybv, kei
cfwZ Kgi jvKiv Zvì Avw`g cyiylì gZv AvRI èZvi Avmb ewmq MvQ, cv_i, cvnvo, c-cx
I dj-g~ji c~Rv Ki _vK| cvPxb fviZi gZv ZLbKvi w`b G`k bvbv iKgi aR c~RvI cPwjZ
wQj| aR c~Rv wQj Kgi jvKì wbKU HKi cZxK|
wLc~e PZz_ kZK nZB Dcgnv`ki wZbwU enr agew`K, e I Rb agi cfve evsjv cwZZ nq|
evsjvq hyMi c~e Aew`K Avh agi wKQyUv wevi NUjI wLxq wZb-Pvi kZK ch GLvb Avhew`K ag I mswZi wKQyB cmvi jvf Ki wb| Avgji Zvgkvmb nZ Rvbv hvq h, ga`k nZ Gm
evYiv e`ki bvbv RvqMvq emwZ vcb KiwQj| Zviv ew`K hvM-hvwì Abyvb KiZb Ges e`
AvjvPbv KiZb| Zvì ag-Kg cwiPvjbv I gwì wbgvYi Rb f~wg`vb Ki ivRv-gnvivRviv c~Y ARbi
Pv KiZb| Gfve Qq kZK ew`K ag I mswZi XD evsjvi c~e mxgvbv ch cuQwQj|
37
cvj kvmbi AvgjI ew`K agi cfve cwZcw AUzU wQj| eg I mb ivRvì ccvlKZvi dj GKv`k
I v`k kZK ew`K ag AviI cmvi jvf Ki| G `yB eski ivRv-gnvivRviv cvq mKjB evY ag wekvmx
wQjb| ZLb e ag AbKUv -vb nq wMqwQj| ew`K hvM-h civwYK è-èx I wekl wekl wZw_
b mvb-`vb-avb-wqvKgi cPjb iy nq| RvZKg, wbgY, bvgKiY, Abcvkb, P~ovKiY, Dcbqb,
mgveZb, weevn, Mn cek BZvw` msvi Gfve evOvwj evY mgvR Qwoq co| Gme msvi `ki
ga Qwoq èvi Rb evYiv mivmwi ivi mnvqZv jvf KiwQj|
ew`K I evY ag evsjvi eyK Lye `yZ cmvi jvf KijI Kvjg Gi ga weeZb `Lv `q| Avgj
G`k GKwU bZzb evY agi Avwefve NU| ew`K hyMi è-èxi cwiPq cvq wejxb nq hvq| Zvi
cwieZ bZzb bZzb è-èxi c~Rv iy nq| G mKj èZvì bvgi m ew`K èZvi bvgi wgj wQj|
wK ew`K wqvKvi m Zvì Kvbv wgj wQj bv| G bZzb è-èxiv wQjb g~jZ cyivY I gnvKve
ewYZ è-èx| ZvB G agK civwYK ag ejv nq| vbxq ag wekvmi cfvei dj Avh ag Gic
weeZb `Lv `q| cyivwnZiv ag-Kg cwiPvjbv Kivi mvweK `vwqZ jvf Kib| agxq wqvKvi RwUjZv
eo hvq| èZvi ew`Z `ya I NZ DrmMi cwieZ cewj c_v ew cvq| wewfb cKvi Kzmsvi agi
A wnme `Lv `q|
cvj ce h civwYK ag I msvii wevi `Lv hvq, mb Avgj Zv AviI cmvwiZ nq| m~h MnY, P`
MnY, Dvb v`kx wZw_, Divqb, msvw BZvw` Dcj mvb, ZcY I c~Rv, myLivw eZ, nvjvKv ev eZgvb
Kvji nvwj Drme, Rbvgx, bxwZ cvVi Abyvb cfwZ civwYK wqv-Kjvc G hyM evcKfve `Lv hvq|
civwYK c~Rv cveYi ixwZ-bxwZ I wqvKjvc nZ h mKj ag mc`vqi De nq Zvì ga ee
agvej^xiv mevcv Dj-LhvM| cvj-P`-K^vR hyM ee agi DbwZi cgvY cvIqv hvq wewfb
wjwcgvjvq| cvj ivRvì AbK e agi cvcvlK njI Ab agi bvq ee agi cwZ kvkxj
wQjb| wKy mb ivRvì Aev wfbZi| hwÌ c~ecyiyliv m`vwkei c~Rv KiZb, Zey ivRv jY mb
wQjb cigee| Zuvi mgq nZB ivRKxq kvmbi iyZ wkei cwieZ wezi ei cPjb nq|
hyM ke agI cPwjZ wQj| l kZKi Muvovq gnvivR ebi mnvqZvq c~e evsjvq keag Qwoq
cowQj| mg kZK MoivR kkvsK I Kvgic ivRv fvi-egv-`yRbB wQjb cig ke| jY mb I
Zuvi eskaiMY ee gZvej^x njI KzjèZv m`vwkeK KLbI cwiZvM Kibwb| AvhveZ cvcZ
agvej^xiv mePq cvPxb ke mc`vq| cvj Avgj cvcZ mc`vqI Lye kwkvjx wQj|
GmKj è-èxi c~Rv eZxZ Abvb AviI AbK civwYK è-èxi c~Rv
evsjvq cPwjZ wQj| Gì ga m~h I kw c~RvB wQj mevcv Dj-LhvM|
wLc~e l kZK Rb agi ceZK eagvb gnvexi ivp `k AvMgb
KiwQjb| wK mLvbKvi jvKiv Zuvi agK MnY Kiwb| eis Zuvi mwnZ
`yeenvi KiwQj| ZvB ej Rb agi AMMwZ iva Kiv hvqwb| cvPxbKvj
nZ G mc`vqi jvKiv wbMn bvg cwiwPZ nZv| hyM ch G bvg
eagvb gnvexi
cPwjZ wQj| mgvU AkvKi ivRZKvj Di e Rb mc`vq
we`gvb wQj| wLxq PZz_ kZK bvUvii cvnvocyo GKwU Rb wenvi wQj| mg kZK Di, `wY I c~e
38
e wbMn Rbì cfve wQj mePq ewk| mgZU I cyeab ZvivB wQj msLvMwi| Ziv kZKI evsjvq
Rb ev wbMn msNi ixwZgZv AwZ wQj| Ze cvj hyM iy nevi ci nZ Rb agi cfve Kg GmwQj|
cvPxb evsjvi ag RMZ e ag GKwU wewk vb AwaKvi Ki AvQ|
eyèi gZyi ci evsjvi Kv_vI Kv_vI e ag Qwoq cowQj|
AkvKi ivRZKvjB e ag evsjvq ewk cmvi jvf Ki| I
cieZx mgq e ag cmvi jvf bv KijI Gi Lye ZvoRvo wQj| l
kZKi Muvovi w`K evsjvi c~eZg cv wcyivq gnvhvb e ag mycwZwZ
nqwQj| Kzwgj-v Aj ZLb AmsL e wenvi wQj| cvj eski AvMgbi
dj evsjvq e agi cfve Lye ew cqwQj| Ag kZK nZ GKv`k
kZK ch evsjvq e agiB RqRqKvi wQj| my`xN PvikZ eQii
ivRZKvj Zuvì mwq ccvlKZvq evsjv-wenvi Qvwoq G ag AvRvwZK
MZg ey
ghv`v I cwZv jvf KiwQj| Zuviv AbK e-wenvi wbgvY KiwQjb|
Gì ga agcvji wegkxj gnvwenvi, mvgcyi wenvi I I`cyi wenvi mevcv Dj-LhvM| G mKj
wenvi wZeZ I Abvb Aj nZ AbK eag mK vb jvfi Rb AvMgb KiZb| mvgcyi wenvi
evm KiZb gnvcwZvPvh evwaf`| AvPvh AZxk `xciI wKQyKvj G wenvi evm KiwQjb| evsjv QvovI
ivp Aj, ei`, w`bvRcyi, wcyiv, Kzwgj-v I PMvgI QvU-eo AmsL e wenvi wQj| KqK eQi c~e
Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZZ wKQy msLK wenvii asmvekl cvIqv MQ| Gì ga AZ wekvj AvKwZi wenviwU
kvjeb wenvi bvg cwiwPZ| kxfeì Bnv wbgvY KiwQjb| cvj hyMi ci evsjvq eag mnwRqv agic
Rbwcq nq DVwQj| mgvRi wbg i mnwRqv agi Lye cfve wQj|
cvj ivRvì gZv P` esk I Kvwèi eski jvKivI e wQjb| wKy mb ivRvMYi AvMgbi ci
evsjvq ke I ee ag Ges cvPxb ew`K I civwYK agvbyvb I AvPvi-eenvi cybiyxweZ Kivi Pv Kiv
nq| mb hyMB wez, wke, cveZx cfwZ è-èxi c~Rv iy nq Ges e wn`y gwì wbwgZ nq| dj evsjvq
e agi cZb iy nq| Zvici kl AvNvZ Avm ZzKx gymjgvbì wbKU nZ| v`k kZKi kl w`K
ZyKx AvgYi dj hLb c_g gMa I ci Di evsjvi e wenvi I gwìjv asm nq, ZLbB emsN
fviZi c~ecvi G mekl Avkq vb nZ weZvwoZ nq AvZivi Rb bcvj I wZeZ Mgb Ki|
emsNB wQj e agi cavb K`| KvRB e msNi m m e agI evsjv Z_v fviZel nZ
wejy nq hvq|
cvPxb evsjvq ew`K, civwYK, Rb, e I Abvb agvej^x mc`vq eZgvb _vKjI Gì ga Kjn I
wnsmv-l wQj bv| Zviv cii wgjwgk cvkvcvwk emevm KiZ| wekl Ki cvjivRMY e agi
ccvlK nqI Abvb agi cwZ kvkxj wQjb| cvPxb evsjvq GKgv kkvsKi ciag weli Kvwnbx
AvQ| Aek Gi mZZv mK h_ m`n AvQ| Pxbv Ges wZeZxq Z_ nZ Rvbv hvq h, cvPxb hyM
evsjvi ag Rxeb Lye DbZ wQj Ges ciag mwnzZv evOvwj Pwii AbZg ewk wQj|
GKK KvR : cvPxb evsjvi agxq mc`vqjvi bvg Dj-L Ki|
39
cvPxb evsjvi AvPvi-Abyvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZ

cvPxb evsjvq c~Rv-cveb I Avgv` cgvì cPzi eev wQj| Dgv A_vr `~Mvi APbv Dcj ei` wecyj
Drme nZv| weRqv `kgxi w`b kvevirme bvg GKcKvi bZMxZi Abyvb nZv|
P gvm ev` mnKvi GK aibi Ak-xj Mvbi ixwZ ZLb cPwjZ wQj| nvjvKv ev eZgvb Kvji nvwj
GKwU cavb Drme wQj| x-cyiyl mKj GZ hvM`vb KiZv| KvRvMix c~wYgv ivwZ A-xov nZv|
AvZxq-^Rb wgj wPov I bviKji cZ bvbvwea Lv` MnY m ivwi cavb A wQj| `yZ-cwZc` bvg
GKwU wekl Drme KvwZK gvmi Kv cwZc` AbywZ nZv| G gvmB myLivweZ cvwjZ nZv| vZwZxqv,
AvKvkc`xc, Rbvgx, Aq ZZxqv, `kniv, Mvmvb, gnvAgxZ ecy mvb BZvw` eZgvbi mycwiwPZ
Abyvbjv mKvjI cPwjZ wQj|
G mKj c~Rv-cveY AbywZ bvbvwea Avgv`-Drme eZxZ wn`yagi AbK jwKK AbyvbI cvPxbKvji
mvgvwRK Rxeb wewk vb AwaKvi KiwQj| wki Rbi c~e Zvi gji Rb Mfvavb, cysmeb,
mxgvbqb I kvlxnvg AbywZ nZv| Rbi ci RvZKg, wbgY, bvgKiY, cwKKg, Abcvkb I
AviI AbK DcvPvi cvjb Kiv nZv|
evsjvi wn`yì `bw`b Rxeb agkvi cej cfve wQj| Kvb& wZw_Z wK wK Lv` I Kg wbwl, Kvb&
wZw_Z Dcevm KiZ ne Ges weevn, Aaqb, we`k hvv, Zx_ Mgb cfwZi Rb Kvb& Kvb& Kvj f ev
Af m welq kvi Abykvmb KVvifve cvwjZ nZv|
ZLbKvi w`b evOvwj cyiylì Kvbv mybvg wQj bv| eis Zviv weev`wcq I DZ ej cwiwPZ wQj| wKy
evOvwj gqì myLvwZ wQj| gqiv jLvcovI wkLZ| wkwZ mgvR gvZv I cZxi mvb I ghv`v ek DP
wQj| m hyM Aeiva ev c`v c_v wQj bv| evsjvi gqì Kvbv ^vZ ev ^vaxbZv wQj bv| GKwU gv x
MnYB wQj mvaviY wbqg| Ze cyiyli ga e weevn c_v cPwjZ wQj| AbK xKB mcZxi m GK
Rxeb hvcb KiZ nZ| weaev bvix Rxebi Pig Awfkvc ej weewPZ nZ| gyQ hZ Kcvji wmu`yi Ges mB
m Zvi mg cmvab I Ajvi| weaevK wbivwgl Avnvi Ki me aibi wejvm eRb I KQ mvab KiZ
nZv| mngiY c_v mKvjI cPwjZ wQj| A_vr ^vgxi gZz nj GKB wPZvq xKI Rxe cywoq gviv
nZv| cvPxb evsjvq ab-mwZ bvixì Kvbv wewaweavbMZ AwaKvi wQj bv| Ze, ^vgxi AeZgvb
AcyK weaev x ^vgxi mg mwi AwaKvi `vwe KiZ cviZ|
evsjvi cvPxb agkv bwZK Rxebi Lye DP Av`ki cwiPq cvIqv hvq| GKw`K mZ, kP, `qv, `vb
cfwZ mewea Yi gwngv KxZb Kiv nqQ| Aciw`K, e nZv, myiv cvb, Pzwi Kiv, ci`vi Mgb (cixi
wbKU Mgb) cfwZ gnvcvZK ej MY Ki Zvi Rb KVvi kvw I iyZi cvqwi eev Kiv nqQ|
ewMZ Rxeb G Av`k wK cwigvY AbymiY Kiv nZv Zv ejv KwVb| Ze mgvR Rxeb wKQy wKQy `ybxwZ I
Ak-xjZvi cgvY cvIqv hvq|
40
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. cvPxbKvj _K wekLvZ Kvbv Kvco evsjvq Zwi nZv?
K. iqb
L. ikgx
M. gmwjb
N. ckgx
2. cvPxb evsjvi A_bxwZK Kwl wbfi ejv nq, Kbbv G mgqi.
evsjvi cavb dmj wQj avb
ii. Bz, Zzjv I cvb Pvli Rb evsjvi LvwZ wQj

iii. cavb A_Kix dmj wQj cvU
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. ii
M. ii I iii
N. i I ii

KweZv Mxi QzwUZ gv-evevi mv_ Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZZ kvjeb wenvi cwi`kb hvq| mLvb wMq j Ki
h wenvii gaLvb DuPz wXwei Dci K`xq gwì, Pvicvk e wfzì Rb AmsL K, Ìqvj
UivKvUv AsKb| mewKQz wgwjq Ac~e cvPxb wb`kb|
3. KweZvi `Lv cvPxb wb`kbi ewki mv_ cvPxb evsjvi Kvbv wb`kbi wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq?
K. XvKvi Avkivdcyii
L. PMvgi SIqvwii
M. bIMuvi cvnvocyii
N. euvKzovi ejvovi
4. D cvPxb wb`kb h ewk cwijwZ nq, Zv njvi.
eì wbwgZ
ii. vb mvabvivb
iii. `k we`k h_ LvwZ iqQ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
41
mRbkxj ck:
1. wUbv Zvi evexi eo evb bxjvi weqZ Mvgi evwoZ eovZ GmQ| bxjvi wcZv Mvgi mgkvjx
eemvqx| wZwb we`k mywZe, wm, Jla wgwn PvDj ivwb Kib| Mvg AbK KzwUi wk Mo
DVQ| ìKvwi AbK wRwbl MvgB Zwi nq| Mvgi jvKiv GLbI gvwUi Zwi Kjm, nuvwo-cvwZj
eenvi Ki| Mvg GLbI h_ Kwl Rwg, PviYf~wg, nvU evRvi, eì hvbevnb PjvPji c_ iqQ|
Ggb GKwU Mvg weevn Abyvb Gm wUbv gy| weqi w`b wUbv Lye myì Ki mywZi kvwo, cvq AvjZv,
Kcvj KzgKzg I gv_vq Iobv ci myì Ki Pzji Lvcv euaQ| weq evwoZ fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, mewR,
`wa I xi cwiekb Kiv nqQ| LvIqv-`vIqv kl gmjvhy cvb `qv nq| weevn I Lvevii kl
GKwU QvU Mvbi Rjmvi AvqvRb wQj|
K. Avhì fvlvi bvg Kx?
L. Kxfve evsjv fvlvi Drcw nqQ?
M. DxcK ewYZ Lv` I cvkvK cwiQì mv_ evsjvi Kvbv Avgji wgj Lyu R cvIqv hvq| evLv Ki|
N. bxjvì Mvgi Avw_K KvVvgv ZrKvjxb evsjvi cwZQwe Zzwg wK DwwUi m GKgZ? hyw `vI|
2.
mif evbvRx I c`xc ewYK `yB ez Ges GKB kni emevm Ki| mifi evev Kvcoi eemv
Kib| Zvi `vKvb UvvBji ZuvZ, ivRkvnxi wm I Rvg`vwb kvwo wew nq| eZgvb wZwb mywZ Kvco
I wm kvwo we`k ivwb KiQb| c`xci evev PvDj, wPwb, jeY, gmjv BZvwì eemv Kib| wZwb
wPwb I gmjv Avg`vwb Kib| GKw`b c`xc mifì evwoZ hvq Ges Zvi evbK `L wbR eo
fvBqi mv_ weevni cve `q| c`xciv mifì mK bq weavq D cve evwZj Ki `b
mifi gv- evev|
K. KLb _K evsjvq gy`vi cPjb Avi nq?
L. cvPxb evsjvi gvbyli Aev Kgb wQj?
M. mifi evbi weqi evcvi Zvi gv-evevi gbvfve ZrKvjxb evsjvi Kvb w`KwU dzU DVQ?
evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki, c`xci eo fvBqi weqi evcvi h euvavi mw nqQ Zv ZrKvjxb evsjvi
mgvRi AMMwZi Aivq? hyw `vI|
cg Aavq
gahyMi evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm

(1204 wLt-1757 wLt)
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbi m~PbvKvjK evsjvq gahyMi iy ejv nq| BwZnvm GK hyM _K Ab hyM cek
KiZ nj wekl KZKjv hyMvKvix cwieZb ìKvi| gymjgvbì e weRqi dj ei ivRbwZK
B ay cwieZb Avmwb| Gi dj ei mgvR, ag, A_bxwZ, fvlv I mvwnZ, wkKjvmn wewfb G
`kevmxi Rxeb ec-weK cwieZb Avm|
G Aavq kl Avgiv
gahyMi evsjvi gymjgvb kvmb cwZv cei Dj-LhvM w`Kmg~n eYbv KiZ cvie;
gahyM myjZvwb Avgj evsjvi eskvbywgK kvmb Ges Zuvì ivRbwZK KwZZmg~n evLv KiZ
cvie;
evsjvq AvdMvb kvmbvgj I kvmKMYi KwZZ eYbv KiZ cvie;
evsjvq evi f~uBqvì BwZnvm I cwiPq eYbv KiZ cvie;
gyNj kvmbvgj evsjvq mye`vi I beveì kvmbKvji ivRbwZK w`Kmg~n wek-lY KiZ cvie;
avivevwnKfve gahyM evsjvi gymjgvb kvmKMYi ivRbwZK BwZnvm RvbZ cvie|
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbi m~Pbv

BLwZqvi Dwb gyn` web eLwZqvi LjwR
Ziv kZKi iyZ ZzKx exi BLwZqviDxb gynv` eLwZqvi LjwR evsjvi Di I Di-cwgvsk mb
kvmbi Aemvb NwUq gymjgvb kvmbi m~Pbv Kib| wZwb AvdMvwbvbi Migwki ev AvaywbK `kZ-B-gvMi
Awaevmx wQjb| BwZnvm wZwb eLwZqvi LjwR bvgB ewk cwiwPZ| Zuvi esk cwiPq m^ Zgb wKQy Rvbv
hvq bv| wZwb wQjb RvwZZ ZzKx, esk LjwR Ges ewZ fvMv^lx mwbK|
eLwZqvi LjwR ^xq KgkwZ wekvmx wQjb| 1195 wLv wZwb wbR Rbf~wgi gvqv ZvM Ki RxweKvi
AlY MRbxZ Avmb| GLvb wZwb wknveDwb Nvixi mb wefvM PvKwi cv_x nq e_ nb| LvUv, j^v
nvZ I KzrwmZ Pnvivi Rb wbqB eLwZqvi mbvai `w AvKlY e_ nb| Gic kvixwiK ewk
ZzKxì wbKU Agj ej weewPZ nZv| MRbxZ e_ nq eLwZqvi w`j-xZ myjZvb KzZzeDxb AvBeKi
ìevi Dcw_Z nb| GeviI wZwb PvKwi cZ e_ nb| Gici wZwb e`vDb hvb| mLvbKvi kvmbKZv
gvwjK wnReiDwb ZvK gvwmK eZb mb wefvM wbhy Kib| wKy DPvwfjvlx eLwZqvi G aibi mvgvb
eZbfvMx mwbKi c` my _vKZ cvibwb| AKvj ci wZwb e`vDb ZvM Ki Ahvav hvb| mLvbKvi
kvmbKZv mvgDxbi Aaxb wZwb chebi `vwqZ wbhy nb| eLwZqvii mvnm I eywgvq my nq
43
mvgDxb ZvK eZgvb wgRvcyi Rjvi `wY-c~e KvY fvMeZ I wfDwj bvgK `ywU ciMbvi RvqMxi `vb
Kib| GLvb eLwZqvi Zuvi fwelr DbwZi Drm LuyR cvb| fvMeZ I wfDwj Zvi kwK` nq DV|
eLwZqvi AmsLK mb msMn Ki cvkeZx z` z` wn`y ivR AvgY I jyb KiZ iy Kib| G mgq
Zvi exiZi K_v Pviw`K Qwoq co| AbK fvMv^lx gymjgvb Zvi mb`j hvM`vb Ki| dj
eLwZqvii mbmsLv ew cvq| Gfve cvkeZx Aj AvgY Pvwjq wZwb `wY wenvi GK cvPxi Niv
`yMi gZv vb Avmb Ges AvgY Kib| cwZc Kvbv euvavB w`j bv| `~M Rqi ci wZwb `Ljb h
`~Mi Awaevmxiv mKjB gywZ gK Ges `~MwU eBc fiv| wRvmv Ki wZwb RvbZ cvijb h, wZwb
GK e wenvi Rq KiQb| GwU wQj I`` wenvi ev I`cyix wenvi| G mgq nZB gymjgvbiv G vbi
bvg w`j wenvi| AvR ch Zv wenvi bvg cwiwPZ|
wenvi weRqi ci eLwZqvi AbK abiZmn w`j-xi myjZvb KzZzeDxb AvBeKi m mvvr Kib| myjZvb
KZK mvwbZ nq wZwb wenvi wdi Avmb| AwaK mb msMn Ki wZwb cii eQi bexc ev bw`qv AvgY
Kib| G mgq evsjvi ivRv jY mb bw`qvq Aevb KiwQjb| Mo wQj Zvui ivRavbx, Avi bw`qv wQj Zuvi
wZxq ivRavbx| eLwZqvi KZK wenvi Rqi ci mb mvgvR Mfxi fxwZ we`gvb wQj| è, cwZ I
evYMY ivRv jY mbK ivRavbx ZvM KiZ civgk `b| Zvì kv ZzKx mbv KZK e Rqi my
BwZ AvQ| GQvov weRqxi h eYbv kv AvQ Zvi m eLwZqvii `ni eYbv GKevi wgj hvq| wKy
ZeyI ivRv jY mb bw`qv ZvM Kibwb|
wenvi nZ evsjvq cek KiZ nj
ZwjqvMo I wkKwoMo GB `yB wMwic_
w`q AvmZ nZv| G wMwic_ `yUv wQj
myiwZ| wZwb cPwjZ c_ AMmi njb
bv| wKy AiYgq Aji ga w`q
AMmi nIqvZ eLwZqvii mb`j L
Lfve AMmi nq| kyci `w
Gwoq eLwZqvi LjwR hLb b`xqvi
vicv DcwZ njb, ZLb Zuvi m
wQj gv 17 wKsev 18 Rb Akvivnx
mwbK| GZ AmsLK mb wbq
eLwZqvi LjwRi c e weRq Kx Ki
gvbwP : eLwZqvi LjwRi eweRqi c_
me njv? Kw_Z AvQ, wZwb GZ wc
MwZZ c_ AwZg KiwQjb h, gv 17/18 Rb mwbK ZuvK AbymiY KiZ ciwQj| Avi g~j
mbvevwnbxi evwK Ask Zuvi cvZB wQj |
ZLb `ycyi| ivRv jY mb gavfvR e; cvmv`-ixiv ZLb Avivg Avqm KiQ; bvMwiKMYI wbRì
cvZwnK KvR e| eLwZqvi LjwR ewYKi Qek bMixi vicv Gm cuQvb| ivRv jY mb
ZvìK Ak eemvqx gb Ki bMixi Afi ceki AbygwZ `b| wKy G y``j ivRcvmvì myL
44
Gm nVvr Zievwi Dby Ki cvmv` ixì nZv Ki| AKvr G AvgY Pviw`K n P co hvq| cvmv`
AiwZ iL mKj cvYfq cvwjq hvq| BwZga eLwZqvii wZxq `j bMii ga Ges ZZxq `j ZviYvi Gm DcwZ nq| mg bMix ZLb cvq Aeiy| bvMwiKMY fxZ I m| G Aevq ivRv jY mb
nZvk nq cob| kyi AvgY nZ AvZivi Kvbv Dcvq bvB `L wZwb wcQbi ìRv w`q mcwievi
Lvwj cvq Mvcb bKvhvM c~ee gyxM Rjvi wegcyi Avkq MnY Kib| AKvji ga eLwZqvi
LjRxi cvrMvgx Aewk mb`jI Gm DcwZ njv| webv evavq bw`qv I cvkeZx Aj gymjgvbì
AwaKvi Avm| eLwZqvi LjwRi bw`qv Rqi mwVK ZvwiL m^ HwZnvwmKì ga gZf` AvQ| Ze
eZgvb 1204 wLvB bw`qv Rqi ZvwiL wnme ^xKwZ cqQ|
AZtci eLwZqvi bw`qv ZvM Ki jYveZxi (Mo) w`K AMmi nb| wZwb jYveZx AwaKvi Ki mLvbB
ivRavbx vcb Kib| G jYveZxB gymjgvb Avgj jLbwZ bvg cwiwPZ nq| Mo Rqi ci eLwZqvi
AviI c~e w`K AMmi nq ei` ev Di evsjvq wbR AwaKvi wevi Kib| GLvb Dj-L h, eLwZqvi
LjwR b`xqv I Mo weRqi ci GKwU ^vaxb ivRi AwacwZ njI wZwb mgM evsjvq AvwacZ wevi KiZ
cvibwb| c~ee jY mbi AwaKvi AzY wQj| Zuvi gZzi ci Zuvi eskaiiv AviI wKQyw`b c~e e
kvmb KiwQjb|
Mo ev jLbwZ weRqi `yB eQi ci eLwZqvi LjwR wZeZ Awfhvb ei nb| G wZeZ AwfhvbB wQj Zuvi
Rxebi kl mgi Awfhvb| wKy Zuvi G Awfhvb e_ nj wZwb èKvU wdi Avmb| GLvb wZwb Amy
nq coj 1206 wLv wZwb gZzgyL cwZZ nb| Abygvb Kiv nq Avjx g`vb bvg GKRb Avgxi ZvK
nZv KiwQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbi BwZnvm BLwZqviDxb gyn` web-eLwZqvi LjwRi bvg mec_g Dj-LhvM| Zuvi
cPvi djB G`k c_g gymjgvbì kvmb cwZwZ nq| G kvmb cvq mvo cuvPkZ eQii AwaKKvj
vqx nqwQj (1201-1757 wL:)| ivR Rq KiB eLwZqvi LjwR v wQjb bv| wewRZ Aj Zuvi kvmb
mycwZwZ Kivi RbI wZwb h_vh_ eev MnY KiwQjb| Bmjvg ag I gymjgvb mswZ weKvki Rb
Zuvi f~wgKv wQj Dj-LhvM| Zuvi kvmbKvj e gv`vmv, ge, gmwR` BZvw` wbwgZ nqwQj|
evsjvq ZzKx kvmbi BwZnvm

evsjvq gymjgvb kvmb cwZvi m~Pbv Kib eLwZqvi LjwR| G cei c_g chvq wQj 1204 _K 1338
wLv ch| G hyMi kvmbKZvì cyivcywi ^vaxb ejv hve bv| Guì KD wQjb eLwZqvii mnhvv
LjRx gvwjK| Avevi KD KD ZzKx eski kvmK| kvmKì mKjB w`wj-i myjZvbì Aaxb evsjvi
kvmbKZv nq GmwQjb| cieZxKvj AbK kvmbKZvB w`wj-i weiy we`vn Ki ^vaxb nZ PqQb|
Ze Gì we`vn kl ch mdj nqwb| w`wj-i AvgYi gyL Zv e_Zvq chewmZ nqQ| gymwjg kvmbi
GhyM wQj we`vn-wekLjvq c~Y| ZvB HwZnvwmK wRqvDwb evivbx evsjv`ki bvg w`qwQjb eyjMvKcyi|
Gi A_ we`vni bMix|
eLwZqvi LjwRi gZzi ci Zuvi mnhvvì ga iy nq gZvi | Zuvi mnhvv wZbRb LjRx gvwjKi
bvg Rvbv hvq| Giv nQb gyn` wkiY LjwR, Avjx g`vb LjRx Ges mvgDxb BIqvR LjwR| AbKiB
aviYv wQj Avjx g`vb LjwR eLwZqvi LjwRi nZvKvix| G KviY LjwR Avgxi I mbiv Zuvì bZv wbevwPZ
45
Kib gyn` wkib LjwRK| wZwb wKQyUv kLjv wdwiq AvbZ mg nb| Avjx g`vb LjwRK e`x Kiv
nq| ci Avjx g`vb cvwjq hvb Ges w`wj-i myjZvb KzeyZDwbi mnhvwMZv jvf Kib| wkib LjwRi
kvmbKvj gv GKeQi vqx wQj| Gici 1208 wLv èKvUi kvmbKZvi `vwqZ MnY Kib
mvgDwb BIqvR LjwR| w`wj-i mnhvwMZvq `yB eQi ci wdi Avmb Avjx g`vb LjwR| BIqvR LjwR
^Qvq Zuvi nvZ gZv Qo `b| Avjx g`vb LjwR 1210 wLv ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib Ges wbRi bvg
bb AvjvDwb Avjx g`vb LjRx| Lye KVvi kvmK wQjb wZwb| ZvB Zuvi weiy g wevf evoZ _vK|
LjwR gvwjKiv GK RvU nq we`vn Kib| Gì nvZ wbnZ nb Avjx g`vb LjwR| BIqvR LjwR wZxq
evi gZvq Avmb| wZwb G chvq wMqvmDwb BIqvR LjwR bvg wbq ^vaxb myjZvb wnmve evsjv kvmb
Kib| 1212 _K 1227 wLv ch cvq 15 eQi wZwb evsjvi myjZvb wQjb|
myjZvb wMqvmDxb BIR LjwR

myjZvb wMqvmDxb BIR LjwR wbtm`n LjwR gvwjKì ga mek wQjb| eLwZqvi KZK cwZwZ
evsjvi gymjgvb ivRK kwkvjx I my`p KiZ wZwb mP nqwQjb| kvmbKvhi myweavi Rb wZwb
ivRavbx èKvU nZ Mo ev jLbwZZ vbvwiZ Kib| ivRavbxi cwZiv eev my`p Kivi Rb
embKvU bvg vb GKwU `yM wbgvY Kiv nq| jLbwZ b`x Zxi AewZ nIqvq eemv-evwYRi myweav
wQj| ZvQvov, BIR LjwR eySZ ciwQjb h kwkvjx b-evwnbx Qvov ay Akvivnx evwnbxi c b`xgvZK
evsjvq ivR mcmviY me ne bv| evsjvi kvmb eRvq ivLZ njI b-evwnbxi cqvRb wQj| ZvB ejv
hvq h, evsjvq gymjgvb kvmKì ga BIR LjwRB b-evwnbxi Mvovcb KiwQjb| ivRavbxi wbivcvi
Rb Gi wZb cvk Mfxi I ck cwiLv wbgvY Kiv nq| evwlK ebvi nvZ nZ jLbwZ I cvkeZx AjK
iv Kivi Rb wZwb e Lvj Lbb I mZy wbgvY Kib| wZwb ivv wbgvY Ki mb I cY PjvPji
mye`ve Kib| G ivRc_ wbgvYi dj ivR kvmb I eemv - evwYRiB ay myweav nqwb, Bnv `ki
jvKi wbKU Avkxev`îcI wQj| KviY, Bnv evwlK ebvi Kej nZ Zvì Mn I km iv KiZ|
Dciv Kvhvejx wMqvmDxb BIR LjwRK GKRb mykvmK wnme cwZcb Ki| wZwb ivR wevii
w`KI gbvwbek Kib| cvkeZx wn`y ivRviv, hgb Kvgic, Dwolv, e (`wY-c~e evsjv) Ges wZi
ivRviv Zuvi wbKU Ki cvVvZ eva nb| jLbwZi `wY mxgvi jvLbvi kni kyi Kej cojI ci
wZwb Zv cybiyvi mg nb| Avevmxq Lwjdv Avj-bvwmii wbKU nZ myjZvb wMqvmDxb BIR LjwR
^xKwZc jvf KiwQjb| ZLb Kvbv gymwjg kvmK Lwjdvi ^xKwZc ev digvb bv cj Bmjvg ZvK
ea kvmK ej ^xKvi Kiv nZv bv|
w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwgk wMqvmDxb BIR LjwRi Aaxb jLbwZi gymjgvb ivRi cwZcw wevi KLbI
fvjv PvL `Lbwb| wKy ivRZi cvi Av wec` I mgmvi mgvavb Kivi c~e evsjvi w`K bRi `qv
Zuvi c me nqwb| 1224 wLv wec`mg~n `~i nj myjZvb BjZzrwgk evsjvi w`K `w `b| 1225
wLv gyi wKsev kKi&xMwj wMwiceZi wbKU Dfq mb`j gyLvgywL nj BIR LjwR mwi cve
Kib| Dfqc GK mw nq| BjZzrwgk Lywk nq gvwjK AvjvDxb RvwbK wenvii kvmbKZv wbhy Ki
Ges BIR LjwRK ei kvmK c` envj iL w`j-xZ wdi hvb| wK myjZvb w`j-xZ cZveZbi m
m BIR LjwR cybivq ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| wenvi AvgY Ki mLvbKvi kvmbKZv AvjvDxb RvbxK
weZvob Kiv nq|
46
BIR LjwR jLbwZ wdi GmB eySZ ciwQjb h BjZzrwgk Avevi evsjv AvgY Kieb| wZwb cvq GK
eQiKvj cwZ wbq ivRavbxZ Aevb Kib Ges cvv AvgYi Rb Acv Kib| G mgq w`j-xi
ivRKxq evwnbx Ahvavi we`vn `gb e nq co| BIR LjwR gb Kijb G Aevq w`j-x evwnbxi
c evsjv AvgY Kiv me ne bv| ZvB wZwb G Aemi c~ee AvgY Kivi gb Kib| ivRavbx
jbwZ GKcKvi AiwZ Aevq wQj| Gw`K myjZvb BjZzrwgk cy bvwmiDxb gvngy`K jLbwZ
AvgYi wb`k `b| BIR LjwRi AbycwwZi myhvM wbq bvwmiDxb gvngy` ei ivRavbx jLbwZ
AvgY Kib| G msev` kvbvi m m BIR LjwR AwZ A msLK mb m wbq ivRavbxZ
ZvovZvwo wdi Avmb| kyevwnbx c~eB Zuvi embKvU `yM AwaKvi KiwQj| hy BIR LjwR civwRZ I
e`x nb| ci ZuvK nZv Kiv nq| BIR LjwRi civRq I cZbi dj e`k cyivcywifve w`j-xi
myjZvbi AwaKvi Avm| bvwmiDxb gvngy` eì kvmbKZv wbhy njb|
BIR LjwR wk I mvwnZi GKRb ccvlK wQjb| ZuviB ccvlKZvq Moi Rygv gmwR` Ges AviI
KqKwU gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| Zuvi Avgj ga Gwkqv nZ e gymwjg mydx I mq` Zuvi ìevi Avkq
MnY KiwQjb| G mg mydx I myaxMY e`k Bmjvg cPvi h_ mnvqZv Kib| Zuvì AvMgb I
BIR LjwRi ccvlKZvq jLbwZ gymwjg wkv I mswZi K` cwiYZ nq|
BIR LjwRi gZzi ci _K 1287 wLv ch lvU eQi evsjv w`j-xi gymjgvb kvmKì GKwU c`k
cwiMwYZ nq| G mgq cbi Rb kvmbKZv evsjv kvmb Kib| Guì `k Rb wQjb `vm| `vmì gvgjyK
ejv nq| G KviY lvU eQii evsjvi kvmbK AbK `vm kvmb ev gvgjyK kvmb ej AwfwnZ Ki| wKy G
hyMi cbi Rb kvmKi mKjB ZzKx eski wQjb| G KviY G mgqKvjK ZzKx hyM ejv mePq h_v_
nZ cvi| ZzKx kvmKì mgq w`j-xZ AfixY MvjhvM PjwQj| myZivs, evsjvi gZv `~ieZx c`ki
w`K myjZvbì gbvhvM Ìqvi myhvM wQjbv| cwiYvg evsjvi ZzKx kvmKiv AbKUv ^vaxbfve `k
cwiPvjbv KiZb| c_g ZzKx kvmbKZv wQjb bvwmiDxb gvngy`| wZwb wQjb w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwgki
cy| 1229 wLv bvwmiDxb gvngy` gZzeiY Kij A mgqi Rb evsjvq gZvq Avmb ÌjZ kvnweb-gI`y`| 1236 wLv myjZvb BjZzrwgki gZz nj w`j-xZ MvjhvM `Lv hvq| G myhvM AvIi Lvb
AvBeK jLbwZi gZv `Lj Ki bb| wKy AKvj ciB wenvii kvmbKZv ZzNij ZzNvb Lvbi nvZ Zuvi
civRq NU| ZzNvb Lvb 1245 wLv ch 9 eQi evsjvi kvmbKZv wQjb| Gici gv 2 eQi jLbwZi
gZvq wQjb Igi Lvb|
1247 _K 1251 wLv ch evsjv kvmb Kib RvjvjDwb gvmy` Rvwb| wZwb jLbwZZ kvw wdwiq
AvbZ mg nb| cieZx kvmK wQjb Ahvavi kvmbKZv gvwjK BLwZqvi Dwb BDReK| mxgv Aj
wZwb ivRmxgvi wevi NUvb| h_ kw mq Kivi ci gvmy` Rvwb 1255 wLv gywNmDwb Dcvwa
aviY Ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| wZwb 1257 wLv wbnZ nb| cieZx `yB eQi jLbwZ ^vaxbfve kvmb
Kib gvwjK DDwb BDReK| ci 1269 wLv Kviv c`ki kvmbKZv ZvRDwb Avimvjvb Lvb
jLbwZi wmsnvmb emb| Avimvjvb Lvbi ci evsjvi kvmbKZv nb ZvZvi Lvb| wZwb w`j-xi cwZ AvbyMZ
cKvk KijI KqK eQii ga w`j-xi mv_ evsjvi mK wQb nq hvq| ZvZvi Lvbi ci Aw`bi Rb
evsjvi gZvi emwQjb ki Lvb|
47
cieZx kvmbKZv ZzNwij wQjb gvgjyK ZzKxì ga mek| Di Ges cwg evsjv QvovI XvKv Ges
dwi`cyii ek wKQy Aj wZwb AwaKvi Avbb| mvbviMuvIqi wbKU wZwb bviwKj-v bvg GK `yM Zwi
KiwQjb| mvaviY gvbyli KvQ `yMwU ZzNwiji wKj-v bvg cwiwPZ wQj| ZzNwij gywNmDwb Dcvwa wbq
^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| dj w`j-xi myjZvb ejeb cP AvgY nvbb ZzNwiji Dci| 1281 wLv
ejebi nvZ civwRZ I wbnZ nb ZzNwij| evsjvi kvmbKZviv we`vn Ki ej Gevi ejeb Zuvi Qj eyNiv
LvbK evsjvi Mfbi wnmve wbqvM Kib| cieZx Qq eQi evsjv w`j-xi Aaxb wQj| 1287 wLv
ejebi gZzi ci eyNiv Lvb bvwmiDxb gvngy` kvn bvg wbq ^vaxb myjZvb wnmve evsjv kvmb KiZ
_vKb| G mgq w`j-xi myjZvb wQjb eyNiv Lvbi Qj KvqKvev`|
KvqKvevì gZy msev` eyNiv Lvbi gb f hvq| wZwb Zuvi Ab cy iyKbDwb KvqKvDmK evsjvi
wmsnvmb ewmq wbR mi hvb| KvqKvDm (1291-1300 wLt) `k eQi evsjvi kvmK wQjb| Zuvi Kvbv
Qj bv _vKvq cieZx kvmbKZv nb gvwjK wdiyR BZMxb| wZwb myjZvb wnme bZzb bvg aviY Kib
myjZvb kvgmywb wdiyR kvn| wdiyR kvni gZy nj cy wMqvmDwb evnv`yi kvn evsjvi wmsnvmb emb|
AKvj ciB w`j-xi myjZvb wMqvmDwb ZzNjKi nvZ wZwb civwRZ I e`x nb| ci 1325 wLv
evnv`yi kvnK gyw w`q mvbviMuvIq cvVvb nq| mLvb wZwb evnivg Lvbi mv_ hyMfve kvmbKZv wbhy
nb| jLbwZi Mfbi nb bvwmiDwb Bevwng I Kì Lvb| BDwbK wbqvM Kiv nq mvZMuvIqi Mfbii
c`| 1328 wLv wMqvmDwb evnv`yi we`vn Kij wZwb evnivg Lvbi nvZ wbnZ nb| Gici _K
1338 wLv ch evsjv w`j-xi Aaxb wQj|
evsjvq ^vaxb myjZvbx kvmbi BwZnvm
w`j-xi myjZvbMY 1338 _K 1538 wLv ch `yBkZ eQi evsjvK Zvuì AwaKvi ivLZ cvibwb|
c_gw`K w`j-xi myjZvbi mbevwnbx AvgY PvwjqQ| Pv KiQ evsjvK wbRi AwaKvi Avbvi Rb|
Aekl mdj nZ bv ci nvj Qo w`qQ| G mgq evBii Ab Kvbv AvgYiI Zgb mvebv
wQjbv| ZvB evsjvi myjZvbMY ^vaxbfve Ges wbw G`k kvmb KiZ ciQb| dLiywb gyeviK kvni
gvag ^vaxbZvi m~Pbv njI Bwjqvm kvnx eski myjZvbì nvZ evsjv c_g wwZkxjZv jvf Ki|
^vaxb myjZvbx Avgj (1338 wLt - 1538 wLt)

1338 wLv mvbviMuvIqi kvmbKZv evnivg Lvbi gZy nq| evnivg Lvbi egiK wQjb dLiv bvgi
GKRb ivRKgPvix| cfyi gZzi ci wZwb ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib Ges dLiywb gyeviK kvn bvg wbq
mvbviMvuIqi wmsnvmb emb| GfveB m~Pbv nq evsjvi ^vaxb myjZvwb hyMi| w`j-xi gyn`-web-ZzNjKi
G mgq my`~i evOjvi w`K `w Ìqvi myhvM wQjbv| ZvB mvbviMuvIq ^vaxbZvi m~Pbv njI axi axi
^vaxb Aji mxgv weZZ nZ _vK| cieZx `yBkZ eQi G ^vaxbZv KD Ko wbZ cviwb|
mvbviMuvIqi evBi jLbwZi kvmbK` ZLb w`j-xi kvmbKZvMY kvmb KiZb| Zuviv dLiywbi
^vaxbZv NvlYvK mybRi `Lbwb| ZvB jLbwZi kvmbKZv Kì Lvb I mvZMuvIqi kvmbKZv BDxb
wgwjZfve mvbviMuvI AvgY Kib| wKy Zuviv mdj nZ cvibwb| Kì Lvb dLiywbi mbì nvZ
civwRZ I wbnZ nb|
48
GKRb ^vaxb myjZvb wnmve dLiywb wbR bvg gy`v Rvwi KiwQjb| Zuvi gy`vq Lvw`Z ZvwiL `L aviYv
Kiv hvq, wZwb 1338 wLv _K 1349 wLv ch mvbviMuvI ivRZ Kib| dLiywb gyeviK kvn Zuvi
ivRmxgv `wY-c~e w`K wKQyUv ew KiwQjb| wZwbB mec_g PMvg Rq Kib| Puv`cyi _K PMvg ch
GKwU ivRc_ dLiywb gyeviK kvn Zwi KiwQjb ej Rvbv hvq| 1349 wLv mvbviMvuI UvKkvj _K
BLwZqvi Dwb MvRx kvn bvgvwZ gy`v Rvwi Kiv nq| MvRx kvni bvgvwZ gy`vq 1352 wLv ch
ZvwiL cvIqv hvq| myZivs evSv hvq, dLiywb cy MvRx kvn wcZvi gZzi ci mvbviMvuIqi ^vaxb myjZvb
wnmve wmsnvmb emb Ges 1352 wLv ch wZb eQi ivRZ Kib|
GKK KvR
1. wMqvm Dxb BIR LjRxi m w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwgki weivai KviY wPwZ Ki|
2. K, KLb Ges Kxfve evsjvi ^vaxb mvjZvbvZ cwZv Kib?
3. myjZvb kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvnK evOvwj RvZxqZvevì mv wnmve g~jvqb Ki|
Bwjqvm kvnx esk

mvbviMuvIq dLiywb gyeviK kvn hLb ^vaxb myjZvb ZLb jLbwZi wmsnvmb `Lb KiwQjb mLvbKvi
mbvcwZ Avjx gyeviK| wmsnvmb em wZwb AvjvDwb Avjx kvn Dcvwa MnY Kib| jLbwZZ wZwbI ^vaxb
ivR Mo Zvjb| ci ivRavbx vbvwiZ Kib cvyqvq (wdivRvev`)| Avjx kvn gZvq wQjb 1342
wLv ch| Zuvi `yafvB wQjb nvRx Bwjqvm| wZwb Avjx kvnK civwRZ I wbnZ Ki kvgmywb Bwjqvm
kvn bvg wbq evsjvq GKwU ivResk cwZv Kib| GB ivReski bvg Bwjqvm kvnx esk| Gici Bwjqvm
kvni eskaiMY AbK w`b evsjv kvmb Kib| gvSLvb wKQyw`bi Rb wn`y ivRZi Dvb NUwQj|
1342 wLv wdivRvevì wmsnvmb AwaKvii gvag Bwjqvm kvn Di I Di-cwg evsjvi AwacwZ
nb| mvbviMuvI I mvZMuvI ZLbI Zuvi kvmbi evBi wQj| Bwjqvm kvni ^c wQj mgM evsjvi AwacwZ
nIqv| wZwb c_g `w `b cwg evsjvi w`K| 1346 wLvi c~e mvZMuvI Zuvi AwaKvi Avm| 1350
wLv bcvj AvgY Ki e abiZ nMZ Kiv nq| G mgq wZwb wZ ev Di wenvii wKQy Ask Rq
Ki e abiZ nMZ Kib| DwolvI Zuvi AwaKvi Avm| Ze Bwjqvm kvni iyZc~Y mvdj wQj c~e
evsjv AwaKvi|
BLwZqvi Dwb MvRx kvn 1352 wLv mvbviMuvI-G Bwjqvm kvni nvZ civwRZ nb| mvbviMuvI `Lji
gvag mgM evsjvi AwaKvi mb nq| ZvB ejv nq, 1338 wLv dLiywb gyeviK kvn evsjvi ^vaxbZvi
m~Pbv KijI cKZ ^vaxbZv cwZv Kib Bwjqvm kvn 1352 wLv| evsjvi evBiI wenvii wKQy Ask
PviY, Mvicyi Ges Kvkx Bwjqvm kvn Rq KiwQjb| Kvgici wKQy AskI wZwb Rq Kib| gvUK_v,
Zuvi ivRmxgv Avmvg nZ evivbwm ch wevi jvf Ki| Bwjqvm kvn w`j-xi m mK wQb Ki wbR bvg
Lyrev cvV I gy`v Rvwi Kivq myjZvb wdiyR kvn ZzNjK AZ z nb|
49
c_g w`K w`j-xi myjZvb evsjvi G ^vaxbZv gb bbwb| myjZvb wdiyR kvn ZzNjK 1353 wLv _K
1354 wLv ch Bwjqvm kvni weiy hy Kib| Zuvi Pv wQj evsjvK w`j-xi AwaKvi wbq Avmv|
wK wZwb mdj nbwb| Bwjqvm kvn `yf` GKWvjv `yM Avkq MnY Kib| Gw`K elv Gj Rqi Kvbv
mvebv bB| ZvB wdivR kvn mwi gvag evsjvi ^vaxbZvK gb wbq Bwjqvm kvni mv_ ezZ vcb
Ki w`j-x wdi hvb|
kvmK wnme Bwjqvm kvn wQjb wePY I Rbwcq| Zuvi kvmbvgj ivR kvw I kLjv weivwRZ wQj| wn`y
I gymjgvbi ga cxwZi mK Mo DVwQj| nvwRcyi bvgK GKwU kni wZwb wbgvY KiwQjb|
wdiyRvevì weivU nv^vgLvbv wZwbB wbgvY Kib| G Avgj vcZ wk I mswZ h_ ccvlKZv jvf
KiwQj| wZwb GKRb wbvevb gymjgvb wQjb| wZwb dwKi-ìekì Lye kv KiZb|
Bwjqvm kvn jLbwZi kvmK wnme e AwaKvi KijI wZwb `yB f~LK GKwZ Ki eni evsjvi mw
KiwQjb| G mgq nZB evsjvi mKj Aji Awaevmx evOvwj ej cwiwPZ nq| Bwjqvm kvn kvn-B
evvjv I kvn-B-evOvwj Dcvwa MnY KiwQjb|
kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy wmKv`vi kvn (1358-1393 wLt) evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| wcZvi
gZv wZwbI ` Ges kwkvjx kvmK wQjb| w`j-xi myjZvb wdivR kvn ZzNjK 1358 _K 1360 wLv
ch cybivq evsjv AvgY Kib| wKy GeviI wdivR kvn ZzNjKK e_ nZ nq| wcZvi gZv wmKv`vi
kvnI GKWvjv `yM Avkq MnY Kib| Dfq ci ga mwi gvag i Aemvb NU| mwi kZ Abyhvqx
Rvdi LvbK mvbviMuvIqi kvmb gZv MnYi wb`k `qv nq| wKy Rvdi Lvb G c` MnY ivwR njb bv|
wdivR kvn ZzNjKi m wZwbI w`j-xZ wdi Mjb| mvbviMuvI Ges jLbwZZ Avevi AvMi gZvB
wmKv`vi kvni KZZ AzY iBj| Bwjqvm kvn h ^vaxb myjZvwb cwZv KiwQjb wmKv`vi kvn mfveB
GK AviI k wfwi Dci ùvo KiZ mg nb|
myjZvb wmKv`vi kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy wMqvmDwb AvRg kvn (1393-1411 wL:) Dcvwa MnY Ki
evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| Bwjqvm kvn I wmKv`vi kvn hy weMn I ^vaxbZv ivq wbRì `Zvi cwiPq
w`qQb| wKy wMqvmDwb Avhg kvni KwZZ wQj Ab| wZwb Zuvi cRviK ewZi Rb LvwZ ARb
KiQb| wZwb Zuvi ivRZKvj Avmvg wedj Awfhvb ciY Kib| Rbcyii ivRv Lvb Rvnvbi mwnZ wZwb
ezZ vcb Kib| Pxbv mgvU Bqvsjv Zuvi ìevi cwZwbwa `j ciY Kib| wZwbI fQvi wb`kb
wnme Pxbv mgvUi wbKU g~jevb DcXKb ciY Kib| gvUK_v, Avhg kvn Kvb hy bv RovjI wcZv
Ges wcZvgni Mov wekvj ivRZK AUzU ivLZ ciwQjb| myjZvb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn GKRb
bvqwePviK wQjb| wiqvR-Dm-mvjvZxb M Zuvi bvq wePvii GK AwZ Dj Kvwnbx ewYZ AvQ|
mycwZ wnme myjZvb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvni h_ myLvwZ wQj| Kwe-mvwnwZKMYK wZwb mgvì I kv
KiZb| wZwb Kve iwmK wQjb Ges wbRI dvmx fvlvq KweZv iPbv KiZb| cvimi cLvZ Kwe nvwdRi
m Zuvi cvjvc nZv|
50
gymjgvb wkv I mswZi weKvk Ges evsjv mvwnZi ccvlKZvi Rb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn ei
BwZnvm GK wewk vb AwaKvi Ki iqQb| Zuvi ivRZvKvjB c_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn& gyn`
mMxi BDQyd-RyjLv Kve iPbv Kib| Avhg kvni ivRZKvjB weLvZ mydx mvaK b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjg
cvyqvq Avvbv Mvob| G vb nZB wZwb evsjvi wewfb RvqMvq Bmjvg agi cPvi Ki eovZb| dj
cvyqv Bmjvg wkv I mswZi K` wnme fviZel myLvwZ ARb KiwQj| agwb myjZvbi wbKU nZ
wZwb mecKvi mvnvh jvf KiwQjb| myjZvb gv I gw`bvZI gmwR` I gv`vmv wbgvYi Rb A_ eq
KiZb| Kvbv Kvbv ywU-wePzwZ I e_Zv mI wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn wQjb ei k
myjZvbì AbZg Ges Bwjqvm kvnx eski kl myjZvb| Zuvi gZyi ci nZB G eski cZb iy nq|
ivRv MYk I nvemx kvmb

mvaviYfve ejv nq _vK, evsjvi BwZnvmi `yBkZ eQi (1338-1538 wLt) gymjgvb myjZvbì ^vaxb
ivRZi hyM| Z_vwc G `yBkZ eQii gvSvgvwS A mgqi Rb wKQyUv weiwZ wQj| wMqvmDwb AvRg kvni
gZzi ci Zuvi cy mvBdzwb nvgRv kvn wmsnvmb emb| wKy G mgq AwfRvZì ga gZv `Lj wbq
loh PjZ _vK| wZwb GK eQi kvmb Kivi ci 1412 wLv Zuvi xZ`vm wknveDwbi nvZ wbnZ nb|
wknveDwb myjZvb nq wbRi bvg bb wknveDwb evqvwR` kvn| wK `yB eQii gv_vq 1414-15 wLv
wZwbI lohKvixì nvZ wbnZ nb| G myhvM wn`y AwfRvZ ivRv MYk evsjvi gZv `Lj Kib|
evsjvi myjZvbiv AbK DPc`B wn`yì wbqvM KiZb| AvRg kvni GKRb DPc` AgvZ wQjb ivRv
MYk| Rvbv hvq, MYk c_g w`bvRcyii fvZzwjqv Aji GKRb ivRv wQjb| wZwb myjZvbi ìevi
PvKwi bb| PvKwi wbqB wZwb Mvcb kw mq KiZ _vKb| Zuvi BQ wQj gymjgvbì nwUq cybivq
wn`y kwi gZv cwZv Kiv| G jB wZwb Bwjqvm kvnxi esk DQ` Ki wbR gZvq emb| MYk
AbK mydx mvaKK nZv Kib| gymjgvbì iv Kivi Rb ìekì bZv b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjg Rbcyii
myjZvb Bevwng kwKi wbKU Ave`b Rvbvb| Bevwng kwK mmb evsjvq DcwZ nj MYk fq cq hvb|
Aekl wZwb Avcvm Kib ìek b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjgi mv_| kZ Abyhvqx MYk Zuvi Qj h`yK Bmjvg
ag `xwZ Kib Ges Qji nvZ evsjvi wmsnvmb Qo `b| gymjgvb nIqvi ci h`yi bvg nq RvjvjDwb
gvngy`| myjZvb Bevwng kwK RvgvjDwbK wmsnvmb ewmq wdi hvb wbR `k Rbcyi|
MYk `yevi wmsnvmb emwQjb| c_gevi KqK gvm gv gZvq wQjb| 1415 wLvi gvSvgvwS
Bevwng kwK RvjvjDwb gvngy` kvnK wmsnvmb emvb| Bevwng kwK wdi Mj wbRK wbivc` gb Kib
MYk| ZLb RvjvjDwbK wmsnvmb _K mwiq w`q cybivq wbR gZv MnY Kib| AbK AvPvi-Abyvb
Kwiq QjK Avevi wn`y ag wdwiq Avbb| MYk 1418 wLv gZzeiY Kib| ivRv MYki gZzi ci
wn`y AvgvZMY MYki cy gn`èK e wmsnvmb emvb| wK AwZ AKvji gaB gn`èK
AcmvwiZ Ki RvjvjDwb wZxqevi ei wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| G chvq wZwb GKUvbv 1431 wLv
ch gZvq wQjb| G myhvM kvmKi mgq evsjvi ivRmxgv AbK ew cvq| cvq mgM evsjv Ges
AvivKvb eZxZ wcyiv I `wY wenviiI wKQy Ask AZ mvgwqKfve Zuvi ivRi Afy wQj| ivRi
wewfb UvKkvj nZ Zuvi bvg gy`v cKvwkZ nqwQj| cvyqv nZ wZwb Mo Zuvi ivRavbx vcb KiwQjb|
51
RvjvjDwb gvngy` kvni gZzi ci Zuvi R cy kvgmywb Avng` kvn evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| 1433
wLv Avng` kvn AvgvZeMi loh mvw` Lvb I bvwmi Lvb bvgK xZ`vmi nvZ wbnZ nb| Gfve
ivRv MYk I Zuvi eskaiì cvq wk eQii ivRZi Aemvb NU|
GKK KvR
1. myjZvb wMqvmDxb Avhg kvn wkv-mswZi ccvlK wQjb cgvY Ki|
2. ivRv MYki Dvbi KviY wek-lY Ki|
cieZx Bwjqvm kvnx eski kvmb

kvgmywb Avng` kvni gZzi ci Zvi nZvKvix xZ`vm bvwmi Lvb evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| wK Avng`
kvnK nZv Kivi evcvi h mKj AwfRvZeM bvwmi LvbK Bb `b Zviv bvwmi Lvbi wmsnvmb
AvivnYK Lywk gb MnY KiZ cvijb bv| meZ xZ`vmi AvwacZK Zviv AcgvbRbK gb
KiwQjb| ZvB Zviv HKe nq bvwmi LvbK nZv Kib|
bvwmi Lvb wbnZ nIqvi ci Moi wmsnvmb wKQy mgqi Rb k~b Aevq co iBj| Avng` kvni Kvbv
cy mvb wQjbv| AZci AwfRvZeM gvngy` bvg Bwjqvm kvni GK eskaiK 1452 wLv Moi
wmsnvmb emvb| BwZnvm wZwb bvwmiDwb gvngy` kvn bvg cwiwPZ| Bwjqvm kvni eskaiMY Gfve cybivq
^vaxb ivRZ iy Kib| ZvB G hyMK ejv nq cieZx Bwjqvm kvnx hyM| bvwmiDwb GKRb ` mbvcwZ I
bvqcivqb kvmK wQjb| hkvi I Lyjbv Aj bvwmiDwb gvngy` kvni ivRZKvj gymjgvb mvgvRfy
nqwQj| cwg e, c~ee, Die I wenvii KZKvsk Zuvi mvgvRfy wQj| wZwb wbR bvg gy`vI Rvwi
KiwQjb|
1459 wLv bvwmiDwb gvngy` kvn gZzeiY Kib| Gici Zuvi cy iyKbDwb eieK kvn evsjvi
wmsnvmb emb| wcZvi ivRZKvj _KB eieK kvn kvmK wnme `Zvi cwiPq w`qwQjb| ZLb wZwb
wQjb mvZMuvIqi kvmbKZv| Zuvi ivRZKvj evsjvi ivRmxgv AbK ew cvq| eieK kvni mwnZ Kvgic
ivRi msNli K_v Rvbv hvq| wKy djvdj wK nqwQj Zv mwVK ejv hvq bv| Mv b`xi Divsk Zuvi
mvgvRfy wQj| fvMjcyi Zuvi kvmbKvj gymjgvb mvgvRi Aaxb Avm| wKy gyii cwg AewZ
Rjvjv Rbcyii kvmbKZv gvngy` kvKxi Aaxb wQj| Zuvi mgq G Aj Rq Kiv nq ej gb nq|
PMvgi KZZ wbq MvjhvM wQj| eieK kvni ivRZKvji c_g w`K Bnv AvivKvb mvgvRi Aaxb wQj|
wK kl w`K eieK kvn Bnv cybiyvi Kib| hkvni I Lyjbv Zuvi AwaKvi wQj| wZwb `wY w`KI Zuvi
ivR weZ KiwQjb|
eieK kvnB c_g AmsL Avwewmbxq xZ`vm (nvemx xZ`vm) msMn Ki mbvevwnbx I ivRcvmvì wewfb
iyZc~Y c` wbqvM Kib| wbqvMKZ G nvemx xZv`vmi msLv wQj AvU nvRvi| wZwb meZ ivR GKwU
wbR^ `j MVbi Dk G mKj nvemxì wbq evwnbx MVb KiwQjb| wKy Zuvi G eev fwelZ
mvgvRi Rb wec` WK wbq Avm|
52
myjZvb iyKbDxb eieK kvn GKRb gnvcwZ wQjb| Zuvi wewfb wkjvwjwcZ wbR bvg Ges wewfb ivRKxq
Dcvwai m Avj-dvwRj I Avj-Kvwgj G `ywU Dcvwai Dj-L `LZ cvIqv hvq| G nZ cgvwYZ nq h,
eieK kvn wkv mevP Dcvwa jvf KiwQjb| wZwb ay cwZB wQjb bv, wZwb we`v I mvwnZi
ccvlKI wQjb| wn`y I gymjgvb Dfq agiB wevb I cwZ ew Zuvi ccvlKZv jvf KiwQjb|
enwZ wgk wQjb MxZMvweÙxKv, KzgvimeUxKv, iNyeskUxKv cfwZ Mi jLK| kxK weRq bvgK
weLvZ evsjv Kvei iPwqZv gvjvai emy G mgqi GKRb k cwZ wQjb| evsjv ivgvqYi iPwqZv
Kwevm eieK kvni AbyMn jvf KiwQjb| evmyèI meZ eieK kvni ccvlKZv jvf Kib| G
mgqi gymjgvb Kwe-mvwnwZKì ga Bevwng KvBqyg dviyKx, Avgxi RqbDxb nvivfx, Avgxi wknveDxb
wKigvbx I gbmyi wkivRxi bvg weklfve Dj-LhvM| eieK kvn wewfbfve Kwe I mvwnwZKì mvnvh
KiwQjb| wZwb h GKRb D`vi I Amvc`vwqK gbi bicwZ wQjb Zv wn`y Kwe-cwZì ccvlKZv I
e wn`yK DP ivRc` wbqvM nZ eySv hvq| G w`K w`q eieK kvni bvq D`vi gbvfvevcb kvmK ay
evsjvi BwZnvm bn, fviZeli BwZnvmI `yjf|
eieK kvn GKRb cKZ m`hiwmK wQjb| Moi `vwLj ìIqvRv bvg cwiwPZ weivU I myì ZviYwU
eieK kvn&B wbgvY KiwQjb| G Avgj PMvg Ges cUzqvLvjx Rjvi gxRvM `ywU gmwR` wbwgZ
nqwQj| G mg Kvhvejx weePbv Kij ei myjZvbì ga eieK kvn&K AbZg k ejv hvq|
1474 wLv eieK kvn cijvK Mgb Kib| ci Zuvi cy mvgmywb Avey gyRvddi BDmyd kvn (14741481 wLt) evsjvi myjZvb nb| wcZv I wcZvgni Mov wekvj mvgvR Zuvi mgq AzY wQj| Zuvi ivR cwg
Dwolv Ges c~e wmjU ch weZ wQj|
BDmyd kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy wmKv`vi kvn wmsnvmb emb| wK wZwb Amy nq coj ZuvK AcmviY
Kiv nq| eieK kvni QvU fvB mvBb RvjvjDxb dZn kvn Dcvwa aviY Ki wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib
(1481-1487 wLt)| wZwb wbR bvg gy`v Rvwi Kib| wKy G mgq ivRìevi `yhvM `Lv `q| nvemx
xZ`vmiv G mgq Lye gZvkvjx nq DV| Gì cZvc Kgvbvi Rb RvjvjDxb dZn kvn Pv Kib|
GZ mg nvemx xZ`vm GKRvU nq myjZvbi weiy loh iy Ki| myjZvb kvnRv`v wQjb cvmv`
ix`ji cavb| xZ`vmMY cjvfb viv myjZvb kvnRv`v I Zvi Aaxb cvBKì wbR `jfy Ki|
kvnRv`v ivRcvmvì Afi dZn kvn&K nZv Ki| dZn kvn wbnZ nj evsjvi wmsnvmb Bwjqvm kvnx
eski kvmbKvji cwimgvw NU| evsjvq nvewkì ivRZi m~Pbv nq|
GKK KvR : myjZvb iyKbDxb eieK kvni Kvb& c`c ivRi Rb wnZKi wQj Zv Abymvb Ki|
nvemx kvmb
evsjvi nvemx kvmb gv Qq eQi (1487-1493 wLt) vqx wQj| G mgq G`ki BwZnvm wQj Abvq,
AwePvi, we`vn, loh Avi nZvkvq cwic~Y| G mgq PviRb nvemx myjZvbi ga wZbRb nvemx myjZvbKB
nZv Kiv nq|
53
nvemx bZv myjZvb kvnRv`v eieK kvn Dcvwa wbq c_g evsjvi gZvq emb| wK KqK gvmi gaB
wZwb nvemx mbvcwZ gvwjK Avw`ji nvZ wbnZ nb| gvwjK Avw`j mvBdzwb wdiyR kvn Dcvwa wbq
wmsnvmb emb| GKgv Zuvi wZb eQii ivRZKvji (1487-1490 wLt) BwZnvmB wKQyUv Miegq wQj|
Zuvi gZzi ci gZvq Avmb wZxq bvwmiDwb kvngy` kvn| wKy wKQyKvj (1490-1491 wLt) ivRZ Kivi
ciB wZwb wbnZ nb| GK nvemx m`vi ZuvK nZv Ki kvgmywb gyRvddi kvn bvg wbq wmsnvmb emb
(1491-1493 wL:)| AZvPvix I nZvKvix wnme Zvi KzLvwZ wQj| dj Moi mv jvKiv gyRvddi
kvni weiy we`vn Ki| we`vnxì mv_ hvM `b gyRvddi kvni DwRi mq` nvmb| Aekl
gyRvddi kvn wbnZ nb| Zuvi gZzi m mB evsjvq nvewk kvmbi Aemvb NU|
nvmb kvnx esk

nvemx kvmb DQ` Ki evsjvi wmsnvmb emb mq` nvmb| myjZvb nq wZwb AvjvDwb mb kvn
Dcvwa MnY Kib| GfveB evsjvq mb kvnx esk bvg GK bZzb eski kvmbce iy nq| evsjvi ^vaxb
myjZvbì ga mbkvnx Avgj (1493-1538 wL:) wQj mePq Miegq hyM|
myjZvb AvjvDwb mb kvn wQjb mb kvnx hyMi k myjZvb| wZwb Avie `kxq mq` eski jvK
wQjb| wcZv mq` Avkivd-Avj-mvBbx I fvB BDmydi mv_ wZwb gv nZ evsjvq Avmb Ges ivpi
Puv`cvov Mvg c_g emevm iy Kib| mb kvn ci ivRavbx Mo hvb Ges gyRvddi kvni Aaxb PvKwi
jvf Kib| ci wZwb DwRi nb| GfveB wZwb evsjvi gZvq Avmb|
AvjvDwb mb kvni wmsnvmb AvivnYi c~e nZ mvgvR AivRKZv I wekLjv weivwRZ wQj| ivRi
`vwqZfvi MnYi ci wZwb `k kvw I kLjv cwZvq AvZwbqvM Kib| nvemx Mvxi `ytkvmbi dj
`k AivRKZvi mw nqwQj| cwZwU myjZvbi nZvi cQb Zviv cavb f~wgKv cvjb KiZ| wmsnvmb jvfi
ci mb kvn nvemxì Gic KvhKjvc e KiZ wb`k `b| wK Zviv Zuvi Av`k Agvb Kij wZwb
Zvì nZvi Av`k `b| mb kvni G KVvi eev MnYi dj cvq evi nvRvi nvemx cvY nvivq| evwK
nvemxiv ivR nZ weZvwoZ njv|
AvjvDwb mb kvni cieZx c`c wQj `nix cvBK evwnbxi gZvi webvk| G cvBK evwnbx
ivRcvmvì mKj lohi g~j KvR KiZ| mb kvn cvBKì `j f `b| Zvì RvqMvq mv wn`y
I gymjgvbì wbq GKwU bZzb ix`j MVb Kib|
AvjvDwb mb kvn ivRi KjvYi j ei ivRbxwZ I mgvR eevK nvemxì cfvegy KiZ
hgb mP wQjb, Zwgb ivRavbx cwieZb Ki kvmb eev `p Kib| Mo ivRi wbKUeZx GK
RvqMvq wZwb ivRavbx vbvi KiwQjb| ei myjZvbì ga GKgv wZwbB cvyqv ev Mo eZxZ
Ab ivRavbx vcb Kib| nvemx kvmbKvj MvjhvM
mwKvix Avgxi-Igivnì KVvi kvwi weavb Kiv nq| bxP eskRvZ AZvPvix mKj KgPvixK eiLv Kiv
nq| Zvi cwieZ wZwb kvmb eevi wewfb iyZc~Y I DP c` mq`, gvj, AvdMvb, wn`yìK wbhy
Kib| G mg eev MnYi dj A mgqi gaB ivR kvw I kLjv wdi Avm|
AvjvDwb mb kvni mgq evsjvi ivRmxgv mePq ewk ew cvq| wZwb Kvgic I KvgZv Rq Kib|
Ewolv I wcyiv ivRi wKQy AskI Zvui Kivq nq| Di I `wY wenvii wKQy AskI Zuvi AwaKvi Avm|
54
wZwb AvivKvbxì PMvg _K weZvwoZ Kib| G mgq w`j-xi myjZvb wmKv`vi jv`x evsjv AvgY Kij
wZwb Zv cwZnZ Kib| GKgv Avmvg Awfhvb wZwb mdj nZ cvibwb| Zuvi wekvj ivR me iKg
wbivcv weavb mb kvn mdj nqwQjb| wZwb `xN Qvwek eQi (1493-1519 wLt) ivRZ Kib| G my`xN
mgq mvdji mv_ ivR cwiPvjbv Ki G gnvb myjZvb 1519 wLv gZyeiY Kib|
AvjvDxb mb kvn& mykvmK I `~i`kx ivRbxwZwe` wQjb| kvmb
eevi cybMVb Ges RbKjvY mvabi Dk wZwb h_
D`g, wbv I wePYZvi cwiPq w`qQb| ivRvi Rb ivR RqB
kl K_v bq hyMvchvMx I bvqwfwK kvmbeevI h
Acwinvh, Zv wZwb Dcjw KiwQjb| kvmbKvh cwiPvjbvq I
cRvcvjbi wZwb RvwZ I agi Kvbv cv_K mw Kibwb|
wn`y I gymjgvb-Dfq mc`vqi ga mnv` I mcxwZ vcbi
viv GKwU myz, myì I KjvYgyLx kvmbeevi cwZv Zuvi j
wQj| GRb GKRb Muvov mybx gymjgvb nIqv mI wZwb wewfb
wn`yK hvMZv Abymvi kvmbKvh wbqvM KiwQjb| wn`yw`MK
DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb wZwb ZvìK wewfb DcvwaI c`vb KiZb|
wn`yì cwZ mvBb kvni G D`viZv myzfve kvmbKvh wbevni
wP : kxPZb
wekl djcm~ nqwQj Ges evOvwjì wbR^ HwZn mwZ
mnvqZv KiwQj| Bnv Zuvi ivRbwZK `~i`wkZviI cwiPq enb Ki| mb kvni G agxq D`viZv Zuvi
DivwaKvixìI DrmvwnZ KiwQj| Zuvi kvwc~Y ivRZKvj cRviv myL-kvwZ evm KiZ|
mb kvni wn`y-gymjvgb mcxwZ vcbi cPv ZrKvjxb mgvR-RxebKI cfvweZ KiwQj| Zuvi
kvmbKvjB Avwefve NU ee agi ceZK kxPZbi| mb kvn Zuvi cwZ D`vi gbvfve cvlY KiZb
Ges ZuvK ag cPvi me iKgi mnvqZv Kivi Rb KgPvixì cwZ wb`k `b| mZcxii Avivabv mb
kvni kvmbKvji Avi GKwU Dj-LhvM NUbv| mZcxii Avivabv wn`y-gymjgvb mxwZ cwZvi
GKwU Dj cPv|
evsjv mvwnZi DbwZ I weKvk mb kvni kvmbKvjK BwZnvm Agi Ki iLQ| Zuvi D`vi ccvlKZv
wbtm`n evsjv mvwnZi kxew mvab KiQ| mb kvn hvM Kwe I mvwnwZKMYK DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb
cyivi c`vb KiZb| G hyMi cLvZ Kwe I jLKì ga ic Mv^vgx, mbvZb Mv^vgx, gvjvai emy,
weRq, wec`vm, civMj Lvb I hkvivR Lvb Dj-LhvM wQjb| mb kvni ccvlKZvq Zuviv AmsL
M iPbv Kib| Zuvì wbijm mvwnZ-KxwZ evsjvi BwZnvmK mg KiQ| G mgq gvjvai emy
kxgvMer I cyivY Ges cigki gnvfviZ evsjv fvlvq Abyev` Kib| AvjvDxb mb kvn Aviex I
dvmx fvlviI D`vi ccvlK wQjb|
mb kvn GKRb wbvevb gymjgvb wQjb| wbR ag I mydx mvaKì cwZ Zuvi Acwimxg wbv I fw wQj|
Zuvi ivRZKvj `ki wewfb vb AmsL gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| G mg gmwRì ga Moi QvU
mvbv gmwR` mePq Dj-LhvM| ivR Bmjvgx mswZi weKvki Rb AbK LvbKvn& I gv`vmv wbwgZ
55
nqwQj| cvyqvi gymjgvb mvaK KzZze-Dj-Avjgi mgvwa iYveYi Rb mb kvn cPzi A_ eq

KiZb| mb kvn& Mo GKwU `yM I ZviY, gvj`n GKwU we`vjq I GKwU mZz wbgvY KiwQjb| G
mKj gmwR`, gv`vmv, `yM, ZviY mb kvni vcZ cxwZi cwiPq enb Ki| Zuvi 26 eQii kvmbKvj
e vb-wevb I wkKjvi AfvweZ DbwZ mvwaZ nqwQj| GRb Zuvi kvmbKvjK ei gymjgvb
kvmbi BwZnvm ^YhyM ejv nq|
AvjvDwb mb kvni gZzi ci Zuvi R cy bymiZ kvn bvwmiDwb Aveyj gyRvddi byimZ kvn (15191532 wLt) Dcvwa wbq evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| Zuvi `Zv `L mb kvn Zvi ivRZKvjB kvmbKvhi
wKQy wKQy gZv bymiZ kvnK Qo w`qwQjb| wmsnvmb emI wZwb wcZvi gZv `Zv `LvZ
ciwQjb| G mgq mgM wenvi Zuvi Aaxb Avm| Zuvi mgq fviZ gyNj mvgvR cwZwZ nq| c_g gyNj
mgvU evei evsjv Awfhvbi Rb mb cvVvb| bymiZ kvn c_g eveii mv_ wgZv vcb Kib| ci hy
iy nj mw Ki evsjvi wmsnvmbK wbivc` ivLb| 1531 wLv bymiZ kvn AvZZvqxi nvZ wbnZ nb|
myjZvb bymiZ kvn& Zuvi mgqi GKRb Dj-LhvM kvmK wQjb| RbMYi cwZ wZwb wQjb mnbkxj Ges
m`q| cRvì cvwbK wbeviYi Rb wZwb ivRi e vb K~c I cyKzi Lbb KiwQjb| evMinvUi
wgVv cyKzi AvRI Zvi KxwZ NvlYv KiQ| bymiZ kvni gvbweK Yvejx ZuvK Zuvi cRvì wbKU Rbwcq
Ki ZzjwQj| wn`yivI Zuvi ivR mywePvi jvf KiZ| wn`y-gymjgvb mcxwZ G mgqi ewk wQj| G
wZwb Zuvi wcZvi KwZZK A-vb iLwQjb|
bymiZ kvni kvmbKvji e vcZ-KxwZ wk I mswZi Zuvi Drmvn I ccvlKZvi cwiPq enb
Ki| Moi weLvZ K`g imyj febi cKv wZwb GKwU g wbgvY Kib| Zuvi Dci nhiZ gynì (`t)
c`wP m^wjZ GKwU Kvjv KviyKvh LwPZ ggi ew` emvbv nq| Moi myweLvZ eo mvbv gmwR` ev
evi`yqvix gmwR` Zuvi Avgji KxwZ| bymiZ kvn& Moi A`~i wcZvi mgvwa wbgvY KiwQjb| eagvb Rjvi
gjKvU bMi Ges ivRkvnx Rjvi evNv bvgK vb wZwb `ywU gmwR` wbgvY KiwQjb| Zuvi gnvb Kvhmg~ni
Avi GKwU wb`kb njv mv`yjv-cyi gnvb AvDwjqv gL`yg AvwL wmivRDxbi Miegq gvRvii wfw|
bymiZ kvni Av`k Kex` cigki gnvfviZi wKq`sk evsjvq Abyev` KiwQjb| Zuvi kvmbKvjB kxKi
b`x gnvfviZi Akgacei evbyev` Kib| kxaiI gnvfviZi evbyev` KiwQjb| vb I wkvi
cmvii Rb bymiZ kvn& `ki wewfb vb jvBeixI vcb KiwQjb|
evsjvi cieZx myjZvb wQjb bymiZ kvni cy AvjvDwb wdiyR kvn| wZwb cvq GK eQi gZvq wQjb|
bymiZ kvni mgq _KB Anvg ivRi mv_ evsjvi msNl PjwQj| wdivR kvni mgqI Zv AevnZ _vK|
bymiZ kvni mgqKvj _KB iy nq evsjvi ^vaxb myjZvbx hyMi cZb ce| bymiZ kvni DivwaKvixMY
wQjb `yej| Zuvi QvU fvB wMqvmDwb gvngy` kvn 1533 wLv Zuvi fvBqi Qj wdivR kvnK nZv
Ki wmsnvmb emb| wK ZvZ Aevi Kvbv cwieZb njv bv| eis bymiZ kvni kvmbKvj ivR h
fvbi m~Pbv nqwQj, gvngy` kvni kvmbKvj Zv m~Y nq| Zuvi cuvP eQii ivRZKvji Dj-LhvM
NUbv AvdMvb bZv ki kvn k~ii mv_ msNl| Aekl 1538 wLv ki kvn Mo `Lj Kij evsjvi
`yBkZ eQii ^vaxb myjZvbx hyMi Aemvb NU|
56
GKK KvR : kvmb-bxwZi AvjvDxb mb kvni D`viZv `ki Rb gj eq GbwQj G

K_vi h_v_Zv wbiycY Ki|
`jxq KvR : myjZvb bmir kvni ivRZKvji RbwnZKi Kvhvewj I vcZ KxwZmg~ni GKwU ZvwjKv
cZ Ki|
AvdMvb kvmb I evifu~Bqv (1538 wL: - 1576 wLt)

1538 wLv evsjvi ^vaxb myjZvwb hyMi Aemvb nj GK GK we`wk kwmg~n Mvm KiZ _vK
evsjvK| gyNj mgvU gvqyb A wKQyKvj evsjvi ivRavbxi Ici AwaKvi cwZv Kib| wK kl ch ZuvK
AvdMvb bZv ki kvni KvQ civRq gvbZ nq| evsjv I wenvi mivmwi Pj Avm AvdMvbì nvZ|
AvdMvbì `yB kvLv-k~i AvdMvb I KiivYx AvdMvbiv ek wKQyKvj evsjv kvmb Ki| kl ch gyNj mgvU
AvKei AvdMvbì nvZ _K evsjvi gZv Ko bb| ivRavbx `Lj KijI gyNjiv evsjvi Afi AbK
w`b ch cKZ gZv cwZwZ KiZ cvibwb| G mgq evsjvq AbK eo eo ^vaxb Rwg`vi wQjb| evi
f~uBqv bvg cwiwPZ G mg Rwg`vi gyNjì AwaKvi gb bbwb| mgvU AvKeii mgq gyNj
myev`viMY evi fu~Bqvì `gb Kivi Pv KiI mdj nZ cvibwb| evi f~uBqvì `gb Kiv nq mgvU
Rvnvxii mgq|
AvdMvb kvmb
gyNj mgvU evei I Zuvi cy gvqyb mbkvnx hyMi klw`K _KB Pv KiwQjb evsjvK gyNj AwaKvi
wbq AvmZ| wK AvdMvbì KviY gyNjì G Dk c_g w`K mdj nqwb| AvdMvb bZv ki Lvb
k~ii mv_ hy Rwoq cob mgvU gvqyb| ki Lvbi wcZv nvmvb Lvb k~i wenvi AewZ mvmvivg
Aji RvqwMi`vi wQjb| wcZvi gZzi ci wZwb RvqwMi`vi wnme wbqvM jvf Kib| G mgq wenvii
RvqwMi`vi Rvjvj Lvb bvevjK ej Zuvi AwffveKi `vwqZ MnY Kib ki Lvb|
mgM fviZi AwacwZ nIqvi ^c wQj ki Lvbi| ZvB Mvcb wZwb wbRi kw ew KiZ _vKb| G j
A mgqi ga ki Lvb kwkvjx Pzbvi `yM I wenvi AwaKvi Kib| wZwb 1537 wLv `yevi evsjvi
ivRavbx Mo AvgY Kib| Gevi mZK nb w`j-xi gyNj mgvU gvqyb| wZwb ki Lvbi wcQy avIqv Ki
evsjvi ivRavbx Mo AwaKvi Ki bb| Moi PgrKvi cvmv` I cvKwZK m`h gy nq gvqyb Gi
bvgKiY Kib RvbvZev`| mgvU Mo 6 gvm Avgv` d~wZZ Mv fvwmq `b| G myhvM wbRi kw
evovZ _vKb ki Lvb| w`j-x _K Lei Avm gvqybi mrfvB wn`vj wmsnvmb `Lj Kivi loh KiQb|
G Lei cq gvqyb w`j-xi w`K hvv Kib| G myhvM KvR jvMvb ki Lvb| wZwb IuZ cZ _vKb evii
wbKU Pmv bvg vb| Mv b`xi Zxi G vb gvqyb cuQvj ki Lvb Zuvi Ici Suvwcq cob| AcZ
gvqyb civwRZ nb (1539 wLt)|
gyNj mgvU gvqybK civwRZ Ki ki Lvb ki kvn Dcvwa bb| wZwb wbRK wenvii ^vaxb myjZvb
wnme NvlYv Kib| Gevi evsjvi w`K `w `b wZwb| 1540 wLv gyNj kvmbKZv Avjx KzwjK
civwRZ Ki wZwb evsjv `Lj Kib| G eQiB wZwb gvqybK KbRi wbKU wejMvgi hy P~ovfve
57
civwRZ Ki w`wj-i wmsnvmb AwaKvi Kib| Gfve `xNw`b ci evsjv Avevi w`j-xi kvmb Pj Avm| PMvg
I wmjU ch mgM evsjv`k ki kvni mvgvRfy wQj| ki kvn k~i eski ej G mgqi evsjvi kvmb
wQj k~i AvdMvb eski kvmb|
ki kvni gZzi ci Zuvi cy Rvjvj Lvb Bmjvg Lvb bvg aviY Ki w`j-xi wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wZwb
AvU eQi (1545-1553 wLt) ivRZ Kib| wK Bmjvg Lvbi gZzi ci Zuvi bvevjK cy wdiyR Lvbi
wmsnvmb AvivnYi m m m~i eski ga `jv`wj iy nq| ki Lvbi fvM gyevwiR Lvb wdiyR LvbK
nZv Ki gyn` Avw`j bvg aviY Ki w`j-xi wmsnvmb emb|
fviZeli ivRbwZK NUbvejx nZ G mgq evsjv wewQb wQj bv| ZvB Bmjvg Lvbi gZzi m mB
evsjvi AvdMvb kvmK gyn` Lvb m~i ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| Dcvwa aviY Kib gyn` kvn k~i| G mgq
nZ cieZx Kzwo eQi ch evsjv ^vaxb wQj| gyn` kvn m~i Di fviZ mvgvR wevii Dk gyn`
Avw`j kvn m~ii mwnZ cwZwZvq AeZxY nb| wZwb Rbcyi Rq Ki AvMvi w`K AMmi nb| wK P~ov
chvq wZwb civwRZ I wbnZ nb|
gyn` kvn m~i wbnZ nj w`j-xi ev`kvn Avw`j kvn kvnevR LvbK evsjvi kvmbKZv wbhy Kib| gyn`
kvni cy wLwRi Lvb ZLb Gjvnvev` Aevb KiwQjb| wcZvi gZz msev` cq m m wZwb
wMqvmDxb evnv`yi kvn Dcvwa MnY Ki wbRK evsjvi ^vaxb myjZvb ej NvlYv Kib| wKQyw`b ci wZwb
kvnevR LvbK civwRZ Ki evsjvi wmsnvmb AwaKvi Kib|
G mgq w`j-xi ivRbwZK cwiwwZ h_ NvjvU nq DV| ki kvni eskaiì `yejZvi myhvM gyNj
ev`kvn qvq~b ^xq ivR cybiyvi Kib| wK w`j-xZ Zuvi KZZ cwZwZ njI evsjvq wZwb gyNj AvwacZ
wevi Kivi myhvM cjb bv| gvqybi gZzi ci Zuvi cy AvKei w`j-xi wmsnvmb AvivnY Ki k~i eskxq
AvdMvb bZe`K GK GK `gb Kivi Rb AMmi njb| cvwbc_i wZxq hy (1556 wLt) Avw`j
kvni mbvcwZ wngy gyNj mbì wbKU civwRZ I wbnZ nb| GZ Avw`j kvn AZ `yej nq cob|
AZtci wZwb evsjvi w`K cjvqb Kijb| cw_ga myiRMoi wbKUeZx dZncyi myjZvb wMqvmDxb
evnv`yi kvn KZK GK hy civwRZ I wbnZ nb (1557 wLt)|
evsjv weRqx AvdMvb myjZvb wMqvmDxb evnv`yi kvn Rbcyii w`K AMmi nj gyNj mbvcwZ Lvb-B-Rvgvb
Zuvi MwZiva Kib| K~UKzkjx evnv`yi kvn Lvb-B-Rvgvbi m wgZv vcb Ki evsjvq cZveZb Kib|
Gici wZwb evsjvi evwni Avi Kvbv Awfhvb ciY Kibwb| 1560 wLv Zuvi gZz nq|
wMqvmDxb evnv`yi kvni gZzi ci Zuvi vZv RvjvjDxb k~i wZxq wMqvmDxb Dcvwa MnY Ki evsjvi
wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wZwbI Zuvi vZvi bvq gyNjì m ezZ iv Ki PjZb| 1563 wLv
wZwb kl wbtkvm ZvM Kij Zuvi GKgv cy evsjvi wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wK Zuvi bvg Rvbv hvqwb|
gv mvZ gvm ivRZ Kivi ci ZZxq wMqvmDxb bvg RbK AvdMvb `jbZv ZuvK nZv Ki evsjvi
wmsnvmb AwaKvi Kib| wK wZwbI ewk w`b ivRZ KiZ cvibwb| KiivYx eski ivRv ZvR Lvb KiivYx
wMqvmDxbK nZv Ki evsjvi wmsnvmb wbRK cwZwZ Kib|
58
ZvR Lvb KiivYx I myjvqgvb Lvb KiivYx ki kvni mbvcwZ wQjb| KbRi hy KwZZc~Y Ae`vbi Rb
ki kvn ZvìK `wY wenvi RvqMxi c`vb Kib| Bmjvg kvni ivRZKvj ZvR Lvb KiivYx mbvcwZ I
K~UbwZK civgk`vZv wnme wekl KwZZi cwiPq `b| Bmjvg kvni evjKcy I DivwaKvix wdiyhi mgq
ZvR Lvb DwRi wbhy nb| wdiyhK nZv Ki Zuvi gvZzj gyn` Avw`j m~i wmsnvmb emb| G mgq ZvR Lvb
KiivYx cvwjq wMq vZvì mnvqZvq `wY wenvi cvavb vcb Kib| 1557 wLv ZvR Lvb KiivYx
bvggv evsjvi myjZvb evnv`yi kvn k~ii ekZv ^xKvi Kib| wKQyw`b ci wZwb m~Yic ^vaxb nq cob|
evsjvi wmsnvmbi cwZI Zvi `w wQj| wZwb myhvMi A^lY wQjb| AvZbvgv wMqvmDxb hLb k~i
eski wmsnvmb `Lj Kib ZLb myhvM eyS ZvR Lvb I Zuvi vZviv wMqvmDxbK civwRZ I wbnZ Ki
Mo `Lj Kib| Gfve ZvR Lvb KiivYx evsjvq KiivYx eski ivRZ cwZv Kib|
ZvR Lvb KiivYxi gZyi ci 1565 wLv Zuvi fvB myjvqgvb Lvb KiivYx evsjvi myjZvb nb| G ` kvmK
AvdMvb bZvì Zuvi `jfy Kib| Gfve evsjv I wenvii AwaKvsk GjvKv Zuvi Awafy nq| DwolvZI
Zuvi AwaKvi cwZwZ nq| myjvqgvb KiivYxi we DwRi jv`x Lvbi civgk wZwb gyNj mgvU AvKeii mv_
mymK iv Ki PjwQjb| wZwb mec_g Mo nZ gvj`ni 15 gvBj `wY-cwg AewZ Zvvq
ivRavbx vbvi Kib| 1572 wLv myjvqgvb KiivYxi gZy nj cy evqwR` wmsnvmb emb| wKy
AKvj ciB G AZvPvix myjZvbK nZv Kib AvdMvb m`viiv| Gevi wmsnvmb emb myjvqgvb KiivYxi
wZxq cy `vD` KiivYx| wZwbB wQjb evsjvq kl AvdMvb kvmK| `vD` KiivYx Lye A`~i`kx kvmK wQjb|
wekvj ivR I ab Hkh `L wZwb wbRK mgvU AvKeii mgK fveZ _vKb| GZw`b evsjv I wenvii
AvdMvb kvmKMY cKvk gyNj mgvUi cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk KiZb| wK `vD` ^vaxb mgvUi gZ ev`kvn
Dcvwa MnY Kib Ges wbR bvg Lyrev cvV Kib I gy`v Rvwi Kib|
AvdMvbiv GgwbZB gyNjì ky wQj| Zvi Ici evsjv-wenvi gyNjì AwaKvi bv _vKvq mgvU AvKeii
^w wQjbv| `vD` KiivYxi AvPiY AvKeiK evsjv AvgYi myhvM Ki w`j| c_g AvKei Rbcyii
kvmbKZv gywbg LvbK wb`k `b KiivYx ivR AvgY KiZ| c_gw`K mivmwi AvgY Kibwb gywbg
Lvb| DwRi jv`x Lvbi civgk gywbg Lvbi mv_ Zuvi ezZ wQj| `vD` Lvb DwRi jv`xi civgk gywbg
Lvbi mv_ abiZ w`q Avcvm Kib| wKy AwPiB G Aevi cwieZb nq| `vD` wKQy lohKvixi
civgk fyj evSb DwRi jv`xK| `vDì wb`k nZv Kiv nq ZuvK| jv`xi eywi YB GZw`b gyNj
AvgYi nvZ _K iv cqwQj evsjv I wenvi| gywbg Lvbi Avi euvav iBj bv| gywbg Lvb jv`xi gZzi ci
1573 wLv wenvi _K AvdMvbì nwUq `b| AvdMvbiv BZvga wbRì fZi weev` Ki `yej
nq cowQj| G myhvM gywbg Lvb evsjvi w`K AMmi nb| KiivYxì evsjvi ivRavbx wQj Zvvq|
AvdMvbiv Zvv Qo wcQy nU| Avkq bq Mjx Rjvi mMvg| ivRavbx AwaKvi Ki gyNj mbivI AMmi
nq mMvg-G| `vD` Lvb cvwjq hvb Dwolvq| gywbg Lvb Zvvq gyNj ivRavbx cwZv Kib| G mgq
Zvvq c-M ivM `Lv w`j gywbg Lvbmn AbK gyNj mb G ivM gviv hvb| dj wekLjv `Lv `q| G
Aevi myhvM `vD` KiivYx cwg I Di evsjv cybivq AwaKvi Ki bb| Abw`K fvwU Aji Rwg`vi
Cmv Lvb c~e evsjv _K gyNj mbì nwUq `b| gyNj mbiv Gevi evsjv Qo Avkq bq wenvi|
59
gywbg Lvbi gZz msev` AvMvq cuQvj mgvU AvKei evsjvi kvmbKZv Ki cvVvb Lvb Rvnvb mb Kzjx
LvbK| Zuvi mnKvix wbhy nb ivRv UvWigj| evsjvq cek c_ ivRgnj gyNj mbì euvav `b `vD`
KiivYx| gyNjì mvnvh GwMq Avmb wenvii kvmbKZv gyRvddi Lvb ZzievwZ| 1576 wLv
ivRgnji wbKU gyNj I AvdMvbì ga GK Zzgyj hy nq| ivRgnji hy `vD` KiivYxi P~ov civRq
NU| ci ZuvK gZz` Ìqv nq| Gfve evsjvq KiivYx AvdMvb kvmbi Aemvb NwUq gyNj kvmbi
m~cvZ nq| Aek evi f~uBqvì euvavi gyL gyNj kvmb ewk `~i weZ nZ cviwb|
GKK KvR : evsjvq AvdMvb kvmb Kxfve cwZwZ nqwQj Zv evLv Ki|
evi f~uBqvì BwZnvm

mgvU AvKei mgM evsjvi Dci Zuvi AwaKvi cwZv KiZ cvibwb| evsjvi eo eo Rwg`viiv gyNjì
AaxbZv gb bbwb| Rwg`viMY Zuvì wbR wbR Rwg`vixZ ^vaxb wQjb| Gì kwkvjx mb I b-eni
wQj| ^vaxbZv ivi Rb Guiv GKRvU nq gyNj mbvcwZi weiy Suvwcq coZb| evsjvi BwZnvm G
Rwg`viMY evi f~uBqv bvg cwiwPZ| G evi ejZ eviRbi msLv eySvq bv| aviYv Kiv nq Awbw` msLK
Rwg`viì evSvZB evi kwU eenvi Kiv nqQ|
evsjvi BwZnvm evi f~uBqvì Avwefve lvok kZKi gaeZxKvj nZ m`k kZKi gaeZx mgq|
AvjvP mgq gyNjì weiy huviv wbRì ^vaxbZvi Rb msMvg KiQb, HwZnvwmK `wZ ZuvivB evi
f~uBqv| GQvovI e`k AviI AbK QvULvU Rwg`vi wQjb| ZuvivI gyNjì weiy gv_v Zzj ùvovb|
wK ci Guiv gyNjì ekZv ^xKvi Ki bb| evi f~uBqvì ga Dj-LhvM njb:
evi f~Bu qvì bvg
Cmv Lvb, g~mv Lvb
Puv` ivq I K`vi ivq
evnv`yi MvRx
mvbv MvRx
Imgvb Lvb
exi nvwgi
jY gvwYK
cigvb` ivq
webv` ivq, gay ivq
gyKzìvg, mwRr
ivRv K`cbvivqY, ivgP`
GjvKvi bvg
XvKv Rjvi Aavsk, cvq mgM gqgbwmsn Rjv Ges cvebv,
eov I iscyi Rjvi wKQy Ask|
kxcyi (wegcyi, gyxM)
fvIqvj
mivBj (wcyivi Di mxgvq)
evKvBbMi (wmjU)
wezcyi (evKzov)
fyjyqv (bvqvLvjx)
P`xc (ewikvj)
Pv`cZvc (gvwbKM)
f~lYv (dwi`cyi)
ewikvj Rjvi Ask wekl
c_g w`K evi f~uBqvì bZv wQjb Cmv Lvb| mb kvnx eski Aemvb nj Cmv Lvbi wcZv myjvqgvb Lvb
mvbviMuvI Aj Rwg`vix cwZv Kib| wLwRicyi `yM wQj Zuvi kwi cavb K`| mvbviMuvI I wLwRicyii
wbKUeZx KvZ&ivey Zuvi ivRavbx wQj| `vD` KiivYxi cZbi ci wZwb mvbviMuvI-G ivRavbx vcb Kib|
evi f~uBqvì `gb Kivi Rb mgvU AvKei wekl gbvhvM `b| GRb wZwb 1583 wLv kvnevR Lvb,
1585 wLv mvw`K Lvb, 1586 wLv DwRi Lvb I 1594 wLv ivRv gvbwmsnK evsjvi myev`vi Ki
60
cvVvb| Zuviv Cmv Luvb I Abvb Rwg`vii mv_ eevi hy Kib| wKy evi f~uBqvì bZv Cmv LvbK m~Y
civwRZ Kiv me nqwb| wZwb mgvU AvKeii AvbyMZ ^xKvii wewbgq wbRi AvwacZ eRvq ivLb|
Abw`K wZwb gyNjì weiy ^vaxbZv NvlYv Ki gmb`-B-Avjv Dcvwa aviY KiwQjb|
1599 wLv Ckv Lvbi gZz nj evi f~uBqvì bZv nb Zuvi cy g~mv Lvb| Gw`K 1601 wLv
gvbwmsnK wZxqevii gZ evsjvq cvVvbv nq| Gevi gvbwmsn wKQyUv mdj nb| 1603 wLv g~mv Lvb GK
b-hy gvbwmsni nvZ civwRZ nb| wKy P~ov mvdj ARb Kivi AvM mgvU AvKeii AmyZvi Lei
Avm| mgvUi WvK gvbwmsn AvMvq wdi hvb|
mgvU AvKeii gZzi ci Zuvi cy mwjb Rvnvxi bvg aviY Ki 1605 wLv w`j-xi wmsnvmb AvivnY
Kib| wZwb gvbwmsnK Avevi evsjvq ciY Kib| GK eQi ci 1606 wLv KzZzeyxb KvKvK evsjvi
myev`vi wbqvM Kiv nq| KzZzeyxb ki AvdKzbi nvZ cvY nvivb| Zuvi cieZx myev`vi Rvnvxi KzjxLvb GK
eQi ci gviv hvb| Gi ci Bmjvg Lvb 1608 wLv ei myev`vi wbhy nb|
evsjvi evi f~uBqvì `gb Ki G`k gyNj kvmb cwZv mgvU Rvnvxii ivRZKvji KwZZc~Y Kvh| Avi
G KwZZi `vwe`vi myevì Bmjvg Lvb (1608-1613 wL:)| kvmbfvi MnY KiB wZwb eySZ cvib h, evi
fu~Bqvì bZv g~mv LvbK `gb KiZ cvijB Zuvi c Abvb Rwg`viìK ekxf~Z Kiv mnRmva ne|
mRb wZwb ivRgnj nZ XvKvq ivRavbx vbvi Kivi wmv MnY Kib| KviY, g~mv Lvbi NuvwU
mvbviMuvI XvKvi A`~i wQj| evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj _K XvKvq Avmvi c_ Bmjvg Lvb ek KRb
Rwg`vii AvbyMZ jvf KiwQjb|
evi f~uBqvì gvKvejv Kivi Rb Bmjvg Lvb kwkvjx b-eni Mo Zvjb| g~mv Lvbi mv_ c_g msNl
euva 1609 wLv KiZvqv b`xi c~eZxi hvvcyi| GLvb g~mv Lvbi `yM wQj| hy g~mv Lvb I Abvb
Rwg`vi kl ch wcQy nUb| Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLv XvKvq cek Kib| G mgq _K XvKv nq evsjvi
ivRavbx| mgvUi bvg Abymvi XvKvi bvg ivLv nq Rvnvxi bMi|
Gici cybivq g~mv Lvbi bZZ gyNjì euvav èvi Rb Rwg`viì b-eni GKwZ nq kxZjv b`xZ|
Bmjvg Lvb Gi cwg Zxii wewfb vb mb`j I b-eni ciY Kib| 1611 wLv Bmjvg Lvbi
m Rwg`viì hy iy nq| b`xi c~e cvo AewZ g~mv Lvbi K`g imyj `yMmn Abvb `yM gyNjì
AwaKvi Avm| Aevi wechq g~mv Lvb mvbviMuvI Pj Avmb| ivRavbx wbivc` bq gb Ki wZwb gNbv
b`xZ AewZ Bevwngcyi xc Avkq bb| gyNj mbiv mvbviMuvI AwaKvi Ki bb| Gi dj Rwg`viMY
eva nb AvZmgcY KiZ| Kvb Dcvq bv `L g~mv LvbI kl ch gyNjì wbKU AvZmgcY eva nb|
Bmjvg Lvb g~mv LvbK Abvb Rwg`viì gZv ZuvKI Zuvi Rwg`vwiZ gyNjì Aaxb RvqwMii `vwqZ
w`jb| Gici g~mv Lvb mgvUi AbyMZ RvqwMi`vi wnme evwK Rxeb AwZevwnZ Kib| g~mv Lvbi
AvZmgcY Abvb Rvwg`viMY wbivk nq gyNj mgvUi ekZv ^xKvi Kib| Gfve evsjvi evi f~uBqvì
kvmbi Aemvb NU|
`jxq KvR : cieZx cvq Dj-wLZ QK evi f~uBqvì bvg I mwVK Aj wgj Ki (5wU) :

wgK bs
bvg
61
Aj
gyNj kvmb (1576-1757 wLt)

myev`vwi I bevwe G `yB ce evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq| evi f~uBqvì `gbi ci mgM evsjvq
myev`vwi cwZwZ nq| gyNj c`kjv myev bvg cwiwPZ wQj| evsjv wQj gyNjì AbZg myev| mZi
kZKi c_g w`K _K AvVvi kZKi iy ch wQj myev`vix kvmbi ^YhyM| mgvU AvIiRei ci w`j-xi
`yej DivwaKvixì mgq gyNj kvmb kwnxb nq co| G myhvM evsjvi myev`viMY cvq ^vaxbfve evsjv
kvmb KiZ _vKb| gyNj Avgji GB hyM bevex Avgj bvg cwiwPZ|
mye`vix I bevex Avgj

myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLv evi f~uBqvì `gb Ki mgM evsjvq myev`vwi kvmb cwZv Kib| 1613
wLv Zuvi gZzi ci ek KRb myev`vi evsjvi gZv MnY Kib| Ze 1660 wLv myev`vi gxi Rygjv
gZv MnY Kivi c~e ch Kvb myev`viB Zgb iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ cvibwb| Guì ga Bmjvg Lvb
wPkwZ (1617-1624 wLt) Ges w`j-xi mgvx b~iRvnvbi fvB Bevwng Lvb dZn R (1617-1624wLt)
evsjvi myev`vi wnme `vwqZ cvjb Kib| AZci Lye A mgqi Rb myev`vi wbhy nb `vivi Lvb, gneZ
Lvb, gyKviig Lvb Ges wdZvB Lvb|
mgvU kvnRvnvb gZv MnY Kivi ci evsjvi myev`vi wnme Kvwmg Lvb RywqbxK wbqvM Kib 1628
wLv| mb kvnx hyM nZB evsjvq cZzMxRiv evwYR KiZ| G mgq cZzMxR ewYKì cwZcw AbK
eo hvq| g Zv evsjvi Rb gwK nq ùvovq| Kvwmg Lvb Rywqbx k nvZ cZzMxRì `gb Kib|
Kvwmg Lvbi ci myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb gvmnv`x (1635-1639 wLt) Pvi eQi kvmb Kib| AZtci kvnRvnvb
Zuvi wZxq cy kvn myRvK evsjvi myev`vi Ki cvVvb| myRv Kzwo eQi `vwqZ wQjb| gvUvgywU kvwc~Y wQj
myRvi kvmbKvj| we`wk ewYK Mvxi ga BsiRiv G mgq myev`vii KvQ _K wKQy evowZ myweav jvf
KiwQj| GZ evwYRi cvkvcvwk BsiRì gZvI ew cvq| 1657 wLv mgvU kvnRvnvb Amy nq
coj Zuvi Pvi cyi cZKB mgvU nIqvi Rb we`vn Ki| G mgq AvIiRei mv_ kvn myRvi
iy nq| `yB fvBqi hy 1659 wLv kvn myRv civwRZ nb| civwRZ nq wZwb AvivKvb Mgb Kib|
mLvb ci wZwb mcwievi wbnZ nb|
AvIiRei mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv myRvK `gb Kivi Rb evsjvi ivRavbx RvnvxibMi ch GmwQjb|
ZvB mgvU AvIiRe gxi RygjvK (1660-1663 wLt) evsjvi myev`vii `vwqZ `b| Angì weiy Zuvi
mvdj Zgb Dj-LhvM bv njI KzPwenvi I Avmvg weRq gxi Rygjvi mvgwiK cwZfvi ^vi enb Ki|
Zuvi mgqB KzPwenvi m~Yic c_gevii gZv gyNj mvgvRi Aaxb Avm| Avmvg Awfhvbi viv wZwb
gyNj mvgvRi mxgv Avmvg ch ewaZ Kib|
gxi Rygjvi gZzi ci c_g w`wji Lvb I ci `vD` Lvb Avqx myev`vi wnme evsjv kvmb Kib| AZci
AvIiRei gvgv kvqv LvbK (1664-1688 wLt) evsjvi myev`vi wbqvM Ìqv nq|
62
gvSLvb 1678 wLv mgvU ZuvK w`wj-Z WK cvwVqwQjb| Gici

1679 wLvi mî wZwb wZxqevii gZv evsjvi myev`vi nb|
kvqv Lvb wQjb GKRb my` mbvcwZ I `~i`kx kvmK| wZwb gMì
DrcvZ nZ evsjvi RbMYi Rvbgvj iv Kib| wZwb mxc I PMvg
AwaKvi Ki AvivKvbx Rj`myì m~Yic DrLvZ Kib| myev`vi kvqv
Lvb KzPwenvi, Kvgic, wcyiv cfwZ Aj gyNj kvmb myzfve cwZwZ
Kib| mxgv GjvKvi wbivcviI eev Kiv nq|
Zuvi fq Avmvgi ivRv gyNjì weiy kyZv KiZ mvnm cvbwb| myev`vixi
wP : kvqv Lvb
kl w`K kvqv Lvbi mv_ BsiR B Bwqv Kvvwbi weiva euva|
BsiRì gZv GZ ew cZ _vK h Zviv g G`ki Rb gwK wnme `Lv `q| `xNw`bi Pvi
ci kvqv Lvb evsjv _K BsiRì weZvwoZ Kib| kvqv Lvbi ci GK GK Lvb-B-Rvnvb evnv`yi,
Bevwng Lvb I AvwRgywb evsjvi myev`vi nb| Zuvì mgq evsjvi BwZnvm Zgb NUbvej wQjbv|
kvqv Lvb Zuvi kvmb Avgji wewfb RbwnZKi Kvhvejxi Rb iYxq nq iqQb| Zuvi mgq mvgvRi
me AmsL mivBLvbv, ivv I mZz wbwgZ nqwQj| `ki A_bxwZ I Kwl wZwb AfvweZ mgw
Avbqb KiwQjb| RbKjvYKi kvmbKvhi Rb ay evsjvq bn, mgM fviZelI wZwb LvwZ ARb
KiwQjb| Zuvi mgq è g~j GZ mv wQj h, UvKvq AvU gY PvDj cvIqv hZ|
kvqv Lvbi Avgj evsjvi A_bwZK mgwi g~j wQj wk I eemv-evwYRi cmvi| G Avgj Kwl
KvRi m wk I eemv-evwYRiI h_ DbwZ nq| kvqv Lvb eemv-evwYRi we`kx
ewYKw`MK DrmvwnZ KiZb|
kvqv Lvbi kvmbKvj evsjvi vcZ wki Rb mwekl Dj-LhvM| wewP magvjv, gbvig mvR
mwZ ZrKvjxb XvKv bMix vcZ wki cwZ Zuvi Mfxi AbyivMi mv enb Ki| vcZ wki weKvki
Rb G hyMK evsjvq gyNjì ^YhyM wnme AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| Zuvi Avgj wbgvY Kiv vcZ Kvhi ga
QvU KvUiv, jvjevM Kj-v, wewe cixi mgvwa-ma, nvmbx `vjvb, mdx Lvbi gmwR`, eywoMvi gmwR`, PK
gmwR` cfwZ Dj-LhvM| gvUK_v, Ab Kvbv myev`vi ev kvmbKZv XvKvq kvqv Lvbi bvq wbRi
wZK GZ ewk Rj iL hZ cvibwb| eZ, XvKv wQj kvqv Lvbi bMix|
` myev`vi wnmve Gevi evsjvi gZvq Avmb gywk` Kzjx Lvb (1700-1727
wLt)| c_g ZuvK evsjvi w`Dqvb wnme wbqvM Ìqv nq| w`Dqvbi KvR wQj
myevi ivR^ Av`vq I A_bwZK eev wbqY Kiv| mgvU dLiyL wkqvii
ivRZKvj gywk` Kzjx Lvb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy nb| gywk` Kzjx Lvb hLb esjvq
AvMgbY Kib ZLb evsjvi ivRbwZK I A_bwZK Aev kvPbxq nq cowQj|
G cwiwwZi gyL wZwb AZ mvnwmKZvi mwnZ evsjvq gyNj kvmb cybiyvi
mP nb| ^xq ewZ, wePYZv I eywgv viv wZwb evsjvi BwZnvmi MwZK
cwiewZZ KiwQjb|
wP: gywk`Kzjx Lvb
63
mgvU AvIRei gZzi ci `yej gyNj mgvUMY `~ieZx myevjvi w`K Zgb `w w`Z cvibwb| dj
Gme Aji myev`viMY AbKUv ^vaxbfve wbRì Aj kvmb KiZ _vKb| gywk` Kzjx LvbI AbKUv
^vaxb nq cob| wZwb bvggv mgvUi AvbyMZ cKvk KiZb Ges evwlK 1 KvwU 3 j UvKv ivR^
cvVvZb| gywk` Kzjx Lvbi ci Zuvi RvgvZv myRvDwb Lvb evsjvi wmsnvmb emb| Gfve evsjvi mye`vwi
eskMZ nq co| Avi GiB c_ ai cybivq cwZwZ nq evsjvi ^vaxb kvmb|
beve gywk` Kzjx Lvbi mgq _KB evsjv myev cvq ^vaxb nq co| G mgq myevK ejv nZv wbRvgZ Avi
myev`vii e`j cèx nq bvwRg| bvwRg c`wU nq co eskMZ| myev`vi ev bvwRgMY evsjvi wmsnvmb
em gyNj mgvUi KvQ _K ay GKwU Abygv`b wbq wbZb| ZvB AvVviv kZKi evsjvq gyNj kvmbi
BwZnvm wbRvgZ ev bevwe Avgjic cwiwPZ| Avi cvq ^vaxb kvmKMY cwiwPZ nb beve wnme|
ivR^ msvi gywk` Kzjx Lvbi mevwaK iYxq KxwZ| wZwb f~wg Rwic Ki ivqZì mvg_ Abyhvqx ivR^
wbaviY KiwQjb| ivR^ Av`vqK wbwZ I wbqwgZ Kivi Rb wZwb Dchy eev MnY KiwQjb| wZwb
KgPvixì mvnvh f~wgi cKZ Drcvw`Kv kw I evwYR Kii mwVK Z_ msMn KiZb| G cwZZ ga
ewì viv cRvì nqivwbi Kvbv myhvM wQj bv|
gywk` Kzjx Lvb `ki A_bwZK mgwi Rb eemv-evwYR cmvii iyZ weklfve Dcjw KiwQjb|
RvwZ-ag wbwekl BsiR, divmx I cviwmK eemvqxìK wZwb Drmvn c`vb KiZb| eemvqxiv hvZ
wbw` cPwjZ Ki c`vb Ki Ges Zvì cwZ hvZ Kvbv AwePvi Kiv bv nq mw`K `w ivLvi Rb mswk-
KgPvixì wb`k w`qwQjb| Zuvi ccvlKZvi KviYB evsjvi eemv-evwYR mcmvwiZ nqwQj|
KjKvZv, PzuPzov I P`bbMi wewfb we`kx ewYKì eemvi K` wnme Mo DV|
gywk` Kzjx Lvbi Kvbv cy mvb wQjbv| ZvB Zuvi Kbv wRbvZ-Db-wbmvi ^vgx myRvDwb LvbK (17271739 wLt) mgvU diiyL wkqvi evsjvi myev`vi wbqvM Kib| myRvDwb GKRb ^vaxb bevei ghv`v wbq
wmsnvmb emb| wZwb wQjb GKRb ` kvmK| evsjv, wenvi, Dwolv wZb c`kiB beve nqwQjb wZwb|
wZwb Zuvi AvZxq^Rb I wekvmfvRbì DPc` `vb Kib| Rwg`viì mv_I GKwU mymK Mo Zvjb|
wKy myRvDwbi kl Rxeb myL KvUwb| cvmvì AbK KgKZv Zuvi weiy loh KiZ _vKb| wKy `
nvZ wZwb msKU gvKvwejv Kib| myRvDwbi gZzi ci Zuvi cy midivR Lvb evsjv-wenvi-Dwolvi beve
nb| Zuvi AhvMZvi KviY `kRyo wekLjv `Lv `q| G myhvM wenvii bvqe-B-bvwRg Avjxe`x Lvb
midivRK AvgY Kib| midivR civwRZ I wbnZ nb| gyNj mgvUi Abygv`b bq, evej evsjvi gZv
`Lj Kib Avjxe`x Lvb| Avjxe`xi kvmbKvj (1740-1756 wL:) evsjvq kvw cwZwZ nq|
AbKw`b _KB eMx bvg cwiwPZ gvivwV `myiv evsjvi wewfb Aj AvgY Ki RbRxeb AwZ Ki
ZzjwQj| Avjxe`x Lvb 1742 _K 1751 wLv ch 10 eQi cwZiva Ki eMxì `k Qvov KiZ
mg nb| Zuvi kvmbKvj AvdMvb mbiv we`vn Kij wZwb k nvZ Zv `gb Kib| Avjxe`xi mgq
BsiRmn AbK BDivcxq ewYKi evwYwRK ZrciZv evsjvi wewfb Ask Qwoq co| GKB mv_ Giv
mvgwiK kwI mq KiZ _vK| Avjxe`x Lvb k nvZ ewYKì ZrciZv iva Kib|
Avjxe`x Lvb Zuvi Kwb Kbv Avgbv eMgi cy wmivRDjvK Zuvi DivwaKvix gbvbxZ Kib| Avjxe`xi
c_g Kbv NlwU eMgi BQ wQj Zuvi wZxq fwMi cy kIKZ R beve neb| dj wZwb wmivRDjvi
weiy loh KiZ _vKb| KqKRb AwfRvZi mg_b jvf Kib NlwU eMg| Gì ga ivq `yjf,
64
RMrkV, gxiRvdi, DwgPuv`, ivRej-f cgyLi bvg Kiv hvq| cvmvì fZi G lohK KvR jvMvq evsjvq
evwYR KiZ Avmv B Bwqv Kvvwbi myPZzi BsiR ewYKiv| lohKvixì mv_ Zviv nvZ gjvq|
Aekl BsiRì mv_ hy eva bevei| 1757 mvji 23 Ryb cjvkxi hy bevei mbvcwZ gxiRvdi
wekvmNvZKZv Ki hy AskMnY weiZ _vKb| Amnvqfve civRq NU wmivRDjvi| GfveB cjvkxi
hyi ga w`q evsjvq BsiR kvmbi wfw vwcZ nq| Avi GKB mv_ evsjvi ga hyMiI Aemvb NU|
KvR :
1.
2.
3.
4.
myev`vi kvn myRvi kl cwiYwZ wK nqwQj Zv Dj-L Ki|

myev`vi kvqv Lvbi mgqi vcZ wki wb`kbjv Dj-L Ki|
^vaxb bevex cwZvq myev`vi gywk`Kzjx Lvbi f~wgKv evLv Ki|
wbgi kvmKì bvg mgqKvj Abyhvqx avivevwnKfve mvRvI :
wgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
kvmKi bvg
Bmjvg Lvb
BIR LjRx
kvqv Lvb
AvjvDxb mb kvn
kvgmyxb Bwjqvm kvn
avivevwnK bvg
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. Moi bvg RvbvZvev` K ivLb?
K. kikvn
L. gvqyb
M. Rvnvxi
N. AvKei
2. evi f~uBqvì `gb myev`vi Bmjvg Lvbi wekl Kkji ga wQji.
kwkvjx b-eni Mo Zvjv
ii. ivRgnj _K XvKvq ivRavbx vbvi

iii. Akvivnx evwnbx MVb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
65

nvRxinvU Aji wbevwPZ Pqvigvb bvgvb mvne ek Rbwcq| Zvi GjvKvq wn`y I gymwjg G `yB
m`vqi emevm| wZwb wbR gymjgvb njI hvMZv Abymvi wn`yìKI wewfb KvRi `vwqZ w`Zb| Zvi
G agxq D`viZvi dj GjvKvq mv`vwqK mxwZ Zwi nq|
3. gahyMi Kvbv myjZvbi wkv bvgvb mvneK Zvi KvR AbyciYv hywMqQ?
K. AvjvDxb mb kvn
L. wmKv`vi kvn
M. wMqvmDwb AvRg kvn
N. AvjvDwb wdiyR kvn
4. D myjZvbi KgKvi dji. evsjv mvwnZ PPv bZzb MwZ cvq
i. A`~i`kx ivRbxwZi cwiPq gj
iii. `Zvi mv_ kvmb Kvh cwiPvwjZ nq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
M. i I iii
L. i I ii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1.
Uwjwfkb cvPxb ivgvb hvvì hyi Qwe `LwQj mvnj| m `Lj hyi Kkj wnme GKwU
`ji mbvcwZ Zvi hvvì wewfb Dc`j wef Ki AvgYi cwiKbv KiQ| mbvcwZ G mKj
hvvì Rjc_ AwZ msMvcb wbRì Avovj Ki wec `ji cvmv` AvgY Pvwjq cvmv` `Lj
Ki bq|
K. ivRv MYk w`bvRcyii Kvb Aji ivRv wQjb?
L. Bwjqvm kvnK gahyMi gymjgvb evsjvi BwZnvm c_g evOvwj RvZxqZvevì cev ejv nq Kb?
M. DxcK weRqx mbvcwZi hy Kkji cwZdjb cvV eB Gi Kvb ewi Kg cwZdwjZ nqQ?
evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D ew c_gRxeb wewfb e_ njI fvM I Kgkwi mswgkY ZvK
mdjZv Gb `q? hyw `vI|
2.
cvnvwo Aji cZ GjvKv nvBQwo| hvMvhvM eev mnRmva bv nIqvq mLvbKvi Drcvw`Z cY
mgqgZ evRviRvZ Kiv Kmva| cvnvoi Xvjy RwgZ cPzi Kjv Drcvw`Z nIqvq mjv mgqgZ
evRviRvZ Kiv me nqwb| GKeviB ^g~j Kjv wew nIqv `L zj coyqv `yRq eoyqv Zvi gvK
ejj G Zv `wL BwZnvmi cybivew|
K. evsjvq gymjgvb kvmKì ga K b evwnbxi Mvovcb Kib?
L. evsjvK eyjMvKcyi ejv nqwQj Kb?
M. `yRqi evsjvi BwZnvmi Kvb kvmKi K_v gb co hvq? evLv Ki|
N. D kvmKi kvmbKvjK vcZ wki ^YhyM ejvK hwK gb Ki wK?
l Aavq

mb eski cZb Ges BLwZqviDwb gynv` eLwZqvi LjRxi e weRqi gvag evsjvi ivRgZv
gymjgvbì AwaKvi Avm| dj evsjvi gahyMi m~Pbv NU| gymjgvbì AvMgbi c~e evsjvq evm KiZ
wn`y I e agvej^x gvbyl| GKv`k kZK _K evsjvq Bmjvg ag cPvi Kivi Rb mydx mvaKMY AvmZ
_vKb| evsjvi mvaviY wn`y I eì AbK G mgq Bmjvg ag MnY Ki| Gfve axi axi evsjvq
GKwU gymjgvb mgvR KvVvgv Mo DVZ _vK| G hyM evsjvq wn`y Avi gymjgvb cvkvcvwk evm KiwQj|
dj GK Abi wPv-fvebvq I AvPvi-AvPiY wgkY NUZ _vK| Gfve evsjvq h mswZi weKvk
NUwQj ZvKB ejv nq evOvwj mswZ|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
gahyM evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK I mvswZK cwieZb myjZvb I gyNj kvmKMYi Ae`vb evLv
KiZ cvie|
gahyM evsjvi eemv-evwYR, vcZ I wPKjvi weKvk myjZvb I gyNj kvmKMYi Ae`vb
g~jvqb KiZ cvie|
gahyM myjZvwb I gyNj kvmbvgj evsjvi agxq Aev eYbv KiZ cvie|
gahyM evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi De I weKvk myjZvb I gyNj kvmKMYi Ae`vb wPwZ KiZ
cvie|
gahyM evsjvq gymjgvbì AvMgYi dj evOvwj RxebcYvjx I wPvavivi BwZevPK cwieZbmg~n

DcjwZ mg ne|
myjZvwb I gyNj Avgji Ae`vb I vcZ wb`kbi HwZnvwmK iyZ Abyaveb Ki cwi`kb AvMnx
ne|
mvgvwRK I mvswZK Rxeb

gahyM evsjvi mgvR eevq wn`y I gymjgvb G `yUv agi cfve we`gvb wQj| eZ, G `yUv agK K`
KiB gahyM evsjvi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ Mo DVwQj|
gymjgvb mgvR
gahyM evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbKvj ivi megq KZv wnme kvmK wQjb mgvR Rxeb mevP ghv`vi
AwaKvix| wn`yivI kvmKi G AcwZx mvgvwRK ghv`v I cvavb gb wbqwQj| kvmK, weklZ gymjgvb
mgvR Rxebi bZv wnme myjZvbK KZKjv wekl `vwqZ cvjb KiZ nZv| Rygv Ges Cì bvgvR
LyZev cvV gymjgvb kvmKi GKwU wekl KZe wQj| ZuvK gymjgvb mgvRi bZv wnme wewfb agxq I
mvgvwRK Abyvb hvM w`Z nZv| gymjgvbì HK I agxq PZbvi cmvii Rb kvmKMY wbR wbR ivR
gmwR`, gv`vmv, LvbKvn BZvw` wbgvY KiZb|
67
gymjgvb kvmKMY RgKvjv ivRcvmv` evm KiZb| Zuvì ivRavbxI bvbv iKg gbvgyKi AvwjKvq
mymwZ wQj| Hkh I AvbyvwbKZv QvovI ivRìevii wekl ewk wQj vbx I Yx ewì mgvek|
kvmKMY vb-wevb I wk-mswZi D`vi ccvlK wQjb|
gahyMi evsjvq gymjgvb mgvR eevq DP, gag, I wbg G wZbwU c_K kwYi AwZ wQj| mq`,
Djgv cgyL eweM mgvR h_ cfvekvjx wQjb| agcivqY I wkwZ eww`MK RbMY h_ kv
KiZ| RbmvaviY Qvov gymjgvb kvmKMY ZuvìK wekl kv KiZb| Zuvì cwZ kvi wb`kb wnme
fvZv Ges Rwg eiv Kiv nZv|
DjgvMY Bmjvgx wkvq Awf wQjb| Zuvì ga nZ KvRx, mì Ges Abvb ag welqK KgPvix wbqvM
Kiv nZv| kLMY agxq I AvavwZK welq RbMYK wkv w`Zb| gahyM evsjvq gymjgvb mgvRi
AMMwZi Zuvì Dj-LhvM f~wgKv wQj|
gahyM evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR GKwU AwfRvZ mc`vq Mo DVwQj| hvMZv, cwZfv I vbi viv Zviv
wbRì mvaviY gvbyli Zzjbvq GKwU Avjv`v kwY wnme Mo ZzjwQjb| vb-wevb I wki mvabvi
viv Zviv Zvì RxweKv wbevn KiZb| h Kvbv ew Zvi hvMZv I cwZfv viv ivi ghv`vc~Y c` emZ
cviZb| G myjZvb wMqvmDxb BIR wLjRx I mye`vi gykx` Kyjx Lvbi `v Dj-LhvM| Aek
cieZx mgq G wbqgi ewZg NU| DivwaKvim~ ghv`vc~Y miKvwi c` jvfi bxwZ cPwjZ nq| G hyM
mvgwiK I wePvi wefvMi DPc` KgPvixì wbq miKvwi AwfRvZ kwY Mo DVwQj| wbg kwYi miKvwi
KgPvixì wbq gawe kwYi mw nq| KlK, ZuvZx Ges wewfb kwgKì wbq ZZxq kwY MwVZ wQj|
KlKì AwaKvskB wQj wn`y| KZKjv ckv gymjgvbì Rb GKPwUqv wQj| gymjgvb mgvR KZKjv
mvgvwRK Drme cvjb Kiv nZv| Gjv GLbI gymjgvbMY cvjb Ki| mvb Rbjvf GKwU Avb``vqK
evcvi wQj| gymjgvbMY beRvZ wki bvgKiYK K` Ki AvwKKv bvgK wekl Abyvb cvjb KiZb|
LvZ&bv gymjgvb mgvRi GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ mvgvwRK c_v wQj| weevn gymjgvb mgvRi GKwU wekl
DrmegyLi Abyvb| gjfxiv gymjgvb ixwZ- bxwZ Abyhvqx weevnKvh mb KiZb| be`wZi Rb evmikhvi eev Kiv nZv| evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR evj I weaev weevniI cPjb wQj| gZ`n mrKvi Ges
gZi Dk wewfb mgq gymjgvbMY KZKjv agxq I mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb Ki| Zviv gZ`nK
Kei `q Ges Zvi AvZvi kvwi Rb KviAvb cvV Ki Ges wgjv` covq|
MvgxY Rxeb agxq Drmevw` Ges weq-kv`xi gZv mvgvwRK Abyvb gvj-v mc`vqi DcwwZ wQj
Acwinvh| gymjgvb mgvR mydx I ìek bvg cwiwPZ cxi ev dwKi mc`vqi h_ cfve wQj| wewfb
mgmv nZ gyw jvfi Rb mvaviY gvbyl Zvì `qv ZvweR-KeR eenvi KiZ|
evsjvi GK weivU msLK wn`y I e Bmjvg ag `xwZ nqwQj| agvwiZ ewiv AbKB Zvì c~&eeZx
agi Kvbv Kvbv wekvm I msvi ZvM KiZ cviwb| Gfve wn`y mgvRi iyev` gymjgvb mgvR
cek Ki| cxii ìMvq mvq Avjv Rvjvbv Ges wmwb c`vb AZ mvaviY NUbv wQj|
AwfRvZ gymjvgMY fvRb-wejvmx wQjb| Zvì Lv` ZvwjKvq wewfb gvQ-gvsmi m AvPvii bvgI cvIqv
hvq| Gme Lvevii cvkvcvwk Kveve, iRvjv, Kvgv Avi wNq ivbv Kiv hveZxq gyLivPK Lvevi RvqMv Ki
68
bq| fvZ, gvQ, kvK-mewR evOvMvwj gymjgvbì cwZw`bi Lv` wQj| Lv` wnme iywUi eenvii K_vI
Rvbv hvq| wLPzwi ZLbKvi mgvR GKwU wcq Lv` wQj|
AwfRvZ gymjgvbMY cvqRvgv I Mvj Mjvemn Rvgv ciZb| Zvì gv_vq _vKZ cvMox, cvq _vKZ ikg
I mvbvi myZvi KvR Kiv Pvgovi RyZv| Zviv Zvì Avyj AbKjv gwY-gyv emvbv AvswU eenvi
KiZb| gvj-v I gjfxivI cvqRvgv, Rvgv Ges Uzwc eenvi KiZb| Uzwc Qvov gymjgvbMY mgvR mgvì
jvf KiZ bv| Mwie ev wbg kwYi gymjgvbMY jyw I Uzwc ciZ| AwfRvZ gwnjviv KvwgR I mvjvqvi
eenvi KiZb| Zviv cmvabx eenvi Af wQj bv| Zviv ev I KwZ mvbvi AjsKvi Ges Avyj
mvbvi AvswU ciZb|
AwfRvZ mc`vqi ga Mvb-evRbv I wewfb Avgv` cgv` cPwjZ wQj| G Dk Zviv wewfb mgvekiI
AvqvRb KiZb| AwfRvZ ewMY PMvb LjZ cQ` KiZb| QvU Qj-gqiv Miy bvgK Ljv LjZ
fvjvevmZ| muvZvi, bKvevBP cfwZ Rbwcq Ljv wQj| Kzw Ljv, evwRaiv, RyqvLjv cfwZ mgvR cPwjZ
wQj| evNi Ljv `LI RbMY wekl Avb` jvf KiZ|
e Bmjvg wewZi mv_ mv_ gymjgvb mgvRI weZ nZ _vK| ei gymjgvb mgvR `ywU c_K kwY
weklfve jYxq| GKwU AvMZ gymjgvb, AbwU vbxq agvwiZ gymjgvb| we`k nZ we`kx I vbxq
gymjgvbMYi ga Kw I ixwZ-bxwZi cv_K _vKv mI Dfqi ga Kvbv weiva `Lv `qwb| gymjgvb
kvmKMYi D`viZv Ges vbxq Kw-mswZi cwZ Zuvì ccvlKZvB Gi KviY wQj|
G hyMi c_g w`K PvwiwK Yvejx I mZZvi Rb gymjgvbMY wekl LvwZ ARb KiwQj| cieZx mgq
Zviv agxq AvPiYi KVvi I bwZK gvb eRvq ivLZ e_ nq| Gi dj gymjgvb mgvR `ybxwZ I
AbmjvwgK Kvhvejxi Abycek NU| mvgvwRK Rxeb gymjgvbì bwZK AatcZb kvmb eevKI cfvweZ
KiwQj| evsjvi bevex kvmbi Aemvbi cQb kvmKeMi bwZK AebwZ h_ cwigvY `vqx wQj|
GKK KvR
1. gahyM evsjvi gymjgvbì mvgvwRK Drme I ixwZbxwZi Dj-L Ki|
2. gahyM evsjvi gymjgvbì cvkvK-cwiQ` Kxic wQj?
wn`y mgvR
gahyM evsjvi gymjgvbì cfve, ixwZbxwZ I fveaviv wn`y mgvR Abycek KiwQj| Z_vwc wn`y mgvRi
g~j bxwZjv Ges mvaviY mgvR eevq Zgb Kvb cwieZb Avmwb| G hyMI wn`y mgvR RvwZf` c_v
cPwjZ wQj| wewfb ckvK wfw KiB G c_vi mw| evY, Kvq, ek I k~` mgvR G PviwU
Dj-LhvM eY wQj| G PviwU eYi ga mvgvwRK gjvgkv wQj bv| eYc_v KVvifve cvwjZ nZv| dj
GK eYi mwnZ Ab eYi weevn ev Av`vb-c`vb wbwl wQj|
ag-Kgi evYì GKK KZK wQj| Rxeb I RxweKvi ZvwM` Zviv wewfb ckvq wbqvwRZ nZb|
evYì ga hviv wPwKrmv we`vK ckv wnme MnY KiwQj mgvR Zviv e` ev KweivR bvg cwiwPZ
69
wQj| Kvqiv wQj wn`y mgvRi gag kwYi AMZ| wkv I PvKwii Zviv wQj Dj-LhvM| gymjgvb
kvmbi mgq Kvqiv mvgvwRK Rxeb wekl cwZcw jvf KiwQj| KwlKvR wQj ekì cavb ckv|
Zvì ga AbK eemvI KiZ| mgvRi wbgZg vb wQj k~ìv| GKB ckvq wbqvwRZ ewiv GK
GKwU wbw` vb emevm KiZ| mgvR `vm-eev cPwjZ|
gahyMi evsjvq Rb, weevn I gZz Dcj wn`yiv wewfb mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb KiZ| ZLbKvi hyMi
cPwjZ Abyvbjv eZgvbKvjI iYkxj wn`y mgvR j Kiv hvq| mvb Rbi ci ZvK MvRj w`q
aZ Kiv nZv| h w`b lw c~Rvi AvqvRb Kiv nZv| evY wki Kvw MYbv KiZb| GKgvm ci evjK
Dvb ce cvjb Kiv nZv| Qq gvmi mgq Kiv nZv Abcvkbi eev| AwaKvsk wn`y igYx wbqwgZ Dcevm
I GKv`kx cvjb KiZb|
wn`y mgvR weevn GKwU Dj-LhvM mvgvwRK Abyvb| eY-c_vi Dci wfw Ki wn`y mgvR weevn-ixwZ
cPwjZ wQj| G hyM cY I evjweevn c_vI cPwjZ wQj| mgvR cyiyliv GKvwaK x ivLZ| Ni-RvgvB
_vKvi ixwZI cPwjZ wQj| evsjvq wn`y mgvR GKvbeZx cwieviB wQj AwaK| wcZvi gZzi ci R cyB
msmvii `vwqZ MnY KiZ| ^vgxfw wn`y mgvRi GKwU Dj-LhvM ewk wQj|
G mgq evsjvi wn`y mgvR bvixì Zgb Kvbv AwaKvi wQj bv| ^vgx xK Zvi mw wnme MY
KiZ| Kbv gvZv-wcZv, x ^vgx I weaev mvbì Dci wbfikxj wQj| MnKZvi AbygwZ Pvov gqiv Mni
evwni hZ cviZ bv| AwaKvsk mwi Dci xì Kvbv AwaKvi wQj bv| mgvR mZx`vn c_v
cPwjZ wQj| Ze evsjvq me G c_v evaZvg~jK mvgvwRK ixwZ wQj bv| Z_vwc G hyM AbK bvix wbR
hvMZv I eywgv viv wbRì ^vaxb mvK weKwkZ KiZ mg_ nqwQj| mvswZK I G hyMi
bvixì KwZZ Kg wQj bv| wekvjx cwievi wbqwgZ wk I mswZi PPv nZv| exbv, Zvbcyiv I Abvb
ev`h G hyMi gwnjviv cvi`kx wQj|
cvkvK I Ajvi wnme gqiv cvU I Zyjvi Kvco, AvswU, nvi, bvKcvkv, `yj, mvbvi emjU, mvbvi
kvLv, Kvbevjv, b_, Ab, evRy cfwZ eenvi KiZ| Ajvi weevb gwnjviv eenvi KiZ| G mKj
Ajvi mvbv, icv, nvZxi ùvZ viv wbwgZ nZv Ges gwYgvwYK LwPZ _vKZ| weevwnZ xjvKiv cmvabx
wnme wmu`yi, KvRj, P`b wgwkZ Kix cfwZ eenvi KiZ| AbK cvq b~cyi ciZ| Kejgv wekl
AbyvbjvZB G mKj AjsKvi I cmvabx eenvi Kiv nZ| mvaviY gqiv wbRì Mn mvaviY ekf~lvq
mwZ _vKZ| kvwo Zvì wbZw`bi cvkvK wQj| abx gwnjviv eebx I Iobv eenvi KiZ| cyiylì
mvaviY cvkvK wQj aywZ| AwfRvZ Ges wkwZ ewiv Puvì I cvMox eenvi KiZ| abx ewiv weklZ
eemvqxiv Mjvq nvi, Kvb `yj Ges Avyj AvswU ciZb|
gahyMi evsjvi wn`y mgvRi Lvì mwnZ eZgvb wn`y mgvRi Lvì Zgb Kvbv Dj-LhvM cv_K wQj
bv| fvZ wQj cavb Lv`| GQvov Lv` ZvwjKvq wQj gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, NZ, xi BZvw`|
Mwieì mKvji bvv wQj cvvfvZ| PvDj nZ cZ bvbv cKvi wcVvI Rbwcq gyLivPK Lvevi wQj|
evOvMvwj evYiv Avwgl LZb| ZLb mKj cKvi gvQ cvIqv hZ| c~ee Bwjk I uUwK gvQ Lye wcq
Lvevi wQj| ZiKvixi ga eb, jvD, Kzgov, wSsM, KvKiyj, KPz Drcb nZv| dji ga Avg, KuvVvj,
70
Kjv, Zvj, cuc, bviKj, Bz cvIqv hZ| `ya, bviKji cvwb, Bzim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cKvi
cvbxq mycPwjZ wQj| fvZ, Mg, Bz, o, gay I Zvjim MuvwRq bvbv cKvi g` Zwi nZv| Dj-L, ZLbKvi
mgq wn`y-gymjgvbì Lv` ZvwjKvi ga Zgb Kvbv cv_K wQj bv| Ze Mv-gvsm fY wn`yì wbKU
Pig Aag wnme weewPZ nZv|
wn`y mgvR Kwjb c_v cPwjZ wQj| dj mgvR bvbv AbvPvi Abycek KiwQj| evY, e` I Kvqì
ga G c_vi evcK cPjb wQj| Kwjb c_vi dj mgvR e weevn c_v cPwjZ nq| gahyM evsjvq wn`y
I gymjgvb mgvR Rxeb KZKjv mvgvwRK wekvm Rbjvf KiwQj| RvwZlxiv cuvwR-cyuw_ NU fY
wbaviY KiZb| Gmgq RbMY B`Rvj Ges hv`y we`vq wekvm KiZ|
GKK KvR : gahyM wn`yiv Kx aibi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi-Abyvb cvjb KiZv Dj-L Ki|
A_bwZK Aev I eemv-evwYR

b`xgvZK evsjvi f~wg wPiw`bB cKwZi AKcY Avkxev` cwicy| GLvbKvi Kwlf~wg A^vfvweK Dei| gahyM
GLvbKvi Drcb dmji ga Dj-LhvM wQj avb, Mg, Zyjv, Bz, cvU, Av`v, Rvqvi, Zj, mxg, mwilv I
Wvj| KwlRvZ èi ga wcuqvR, imyb, njy`, kkv cfwZ wQj Dj-LhvM| Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, gvmvei,
LRyi BZvw` djg~ji djbI wQj cPzi| cvb, mycvwi, bviKjI cPzi cwigvY Drcb nZv| Mvjv ev `vvI
Drcb nZv cPzi| gymjgvb kvmbi mgq nZB evsjvq cvU I ikgi Pvl iy nq|
evsjvi A_bwZK mgwi g~j Drm wQj Kwl| Kwl djbi cvPzh _vKjI G mgqi Pvlvev` cwZ wQj
AbybZ| AvaywbK mgqi gZv cvwb mP eev m hyM wQjbv| KlKK AwaKvsk mgqB mPi Rb ewi
Dci wbfi KiZ nZv| Livi weiy Zvì Kivi wKQyB wQjbv|
Kwl cavb `k ej evsjvi Awaevmxi eni Ask wQj KlK| evsjvi gvwUZ KwlRvZ èi cvPzh wQj| dj
D wewfb cY we`k ivbx Kiv nZv| G eemvwqK ZrciZv Kvjg wki I cmvwiZ nq|
gymjgvb kvmbKvj e e wk, wPwb wk, bKv wbgvY KviLvbv BZvw` Mo DVwQj|
e wk evsjvi AMMwZ wQj mwekl Dj-LhvM| GLvbKvi wbwgZ ejv Y I gvbi wePvi h_
DbZ wQj| ZvB we`k Gjvi cPzi Pvwn`v wQj| wbRì eenvii Rb iwOb Kvco Ges we`k ivwb
Kivi Rb mv`v Kvco GLvb Zwi Kiv nZv| XvKv wQj gmwjb bvgK wekLvZ my e wki cavb
cvYK`| BDivc Gi cPzi Pvwn`v wQj| G e GZ my wQj h 20 MR gmwjb GKwU bmi wWevq fi
ivLv hZ| cvUi I ikgi Zwi eI ei KwZZ wQj Dj-LhvM| evsjvq wPwb I o Zwi Ges RvnvR
wbgvY wki evcK cmvi NU|
gahyM evsjvi iKgvix z` wki K_v Rvbv hvq| G cm avZe wki K_v weklfve Dj-LhvM| ZLb
jn wbwgZ èvwì evcK cPjb wQj| KgKviMY wewfb Kwl hcvwZ wbgvY KiZ| GQvov `yavix Zievwi, Qywi,
KuvwP, Kv`vj BZvw` wbZeenvh avZe è Zwi nZv| KjKvZv I Kvwkg evRvi G`ki jvKiv Kvgvb Zwi
KiZ| KvMR, MvwjPv, BvZ cfw Z wki K_vI Rvbv hvq| ei cavb wk wnme jeYi K_vI Rvbv hvq|
71
`k ^YKvi mc`vq wQj| evOvwj KvwiMiiv ^Y, ic, ev, KvV, cv_i, MR` BZvwì KvR wekl
wbcyYZvi mwnZ mv`b KiZ| kL wki Rb XvKvi cPzi myLvwZ wQj| XvKvi kvLvwi cw AvRI mK_v
iY Ki `q|
evsjvi Kwl I wk cYi cvPzh Ges we`k Gjvi evcK Pvwn`vi dj we`ki mwnZ evsjvi evwYwRK
ZrciZv gymjgvb kvmb Avgj Af~Zc~e cmvi jvf KiwQj| evsjvi ivwb cYi ga Dj-LhvM wQj m~wZ
Kvco, gmwjb, ikgx e, PvDj, wPwb, o, Av`v, jv BZvw`| KwlRvZ cYi ga PvDj, ZvgvK, mycvwi,
cvU, dj BZvw` ivwb nZv| wewea Kwl I wkRvZ è QvovI evsjv nZ jeY, Mvjv, Avwdg, bvbv cKvi gmjv,
Jla BZvw` fviZeli wewfb vb Ges wewfb `k cwiZ nZv| ZLb evsjvq `vm eemvI cPwjZ wQj|
eemv-evwYRi wmsnfvMB wQj ivwb| Lye A cwigvY è Avg`vwb Kiv nZv| evsjvi Kvcoi Pvwn`v ew
cvIqvq KuvPvgvj wnme Z~jv Avg`vwb Kiv nZv| evOvwj ewYKiv RivU _K Avg`vwb KiZ Z~jv, Pxb _K
ikg, Bivb _K mwLb è| GQvov evsjvq Avg`vwb Kiv nZv ^Y, ic I g~jevb cv_i|
gymjgvb kvmbi mgq evsjvq ek wKQy mgy` eì I b`x eì Mo DVwQj| PMvg wQj ZLbKvi weLvZ
mgy` eì| Ewolv, mvbviMuvI, Mo, evKjv (ewikvj), gywk`vev`, Kvwkg evRvi, Mwj, wenvii cvUbv I
Ewolvi wccjx Dj-LhvM evwYR eì wQj|
eemv-evwYR ew cvIqvi mv_ mv_ è I UvKv-cqmvi jb`b Ges wnmve-wbKvk ew cvq| ZvB g evswKs
c_vi weKvk NU| G hyM wi gvag we`k jb`b Kiv nZv| mgM gahyM evsjvq è mvgMx mnR jf I
mv wQj| P kZK weLvZ gYKvix Beb eZzZv wjLQb h, mgM cw_exZ evsjvZB mePq mvq
wRwbmc cvIqv hZ| ZviciI mgmvgwqK mvwnZ nZ Rvbv hvq h, `k Hkhkvjx abxi cvkvcvwk cPzi `wi`
jvKI wQj| ZvB èmvgMx mv njI Zv mvaviY KlK I cRvì mnR Kbvi mvg_ wQj bv|
evsjvi wk, eemv-evwYR I Abvb A_bwZK gymjgvb Acv wn`yì cvavb wQj ewk eemvevwYRi vbxq eemvqxì Kvbv KZZ wQjbv| G`ki evwYR wbqY KiZ Aviexq I cviwmK
ewYKiv| b-evwYRi GKPwUqv KZZ wQj ZvìB| cieZxKvj cZzMxR I Abvb BDivcxq ewYKMY
eemvi AvwacZ wevi KiZ _vK|
GKK KvR : gahyM evsjvq Drcvw`Z Kwl I wkRvZ èi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
vcZ I wPKjv
gymjgvb kvmKMY Bmjvgi MieK mycwZwZ KiZ Ges
wbRì ivR Rq I kvmbKvjK iYxq Ki ivLZ evsjvi
wewfb vb wewfb mgq AbK cvmv`, gmwR`, Kei, ìMvn
BZvw` wbgvY KiwQjb| gmwR` wbgvYK gymjgvb kvmKMY
AwZkq c~Yi KvR ej weePbv KiZb| myjZvbx Avgji wbgvY
Kvhi aesmvekli ga GLbI AbK wZwP iqQ|
Qwe : Avw`bv gmwR`, Mo
72
^vaxb evsjvi gymjgvb myjZvbì ivRavbx c_g wQj

Mo, ci cvyqv Ges Gici Avevi Mo| KvRB G `y
kniB c_g gymjgvb evsjvi vcZ wk Mo DVwQj|
1369 wLv myjZvb wmKvvi kvn Avw`bv gmwR`
wbgvY Kib| G gmwRì Di cvk wmKv`vi kvni
Kei wbwgZ nqwQj|
eZgvb XvKv nZ 15 gvBj `~i mvbviMuvIq wMqvmDxb
AvRg kvni (1410 wLt) GKwU Kei AvQ| G Keii
AwZ wbKU cuvPwU ìMvn I cuvPwU gmwR` AvQ| Gjv
cuvP cxii ìMvn bvg cwiwPZ| myjZvb wMqvmDxb
AvRg kvni mgvwa vcZKjvi GKwU myì wb`kb|
myjZvb RvjvjDxbi kvmbKvji Dj-LhvM KxwZ
cvyqvi GK jvLx gmwR`| Gi wbgvYKvj 1418-1423
wLv| cev` AvQ h, ZLbKvi w`b GK j UvKv eq
Bnv wbgvY Kiv nqwQj| ZvB Bnv GK jvLx gmwR` bvg
cwiwPZ nqQ| G gmwR` Avmj GKwU Kei| G mgvwama ZuvK Ges Zuvi x-cyì mgvwnZ Kiv nq| G
gmwRì wkKjvq wn`y vcZ-ixwZi cwZdjb j
Kiv hvq|
eo mvbv gmwRì Avi GK bvg evi`yqvix gmwR`| GZ
enr eviwU ìRv wQj| G gmwR` mvbvjx is-Gi wMjwU
Kiv KviyKvh wQj| meZ GRB Bnv mvbv gmwR` bvg
AwfwnZ nZv| G gmwR`wU Moi eng gmwR`| Avmvg
weRqK iYxq Ki ivLvi Rb mb kvn G gmwR`wU
wbgvY KiwQjb| 1527 wLv bmiZ kvn-Gi wbgvY
KvR kl Kib|
Qwe : wMqvmDxb Avhg kvni mgvwa

mvbviMuvI, bvivqbM
Qwe : GKjvLx gmwR`, cvyqv
Qwe : eo mvbv gmwR` (evi`yqvix gmwR`), Mo
Mo knii mekl `wY cv eZgvb wdiyRvev` Mvg

QvU mvbv gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| G gmwR`wU wQj
AvKvi QvU| Ze G gmwRÌ mvbvjx is-Gi wMjwUi
KviyKvh wQj| meZ G KviYB Bnv QvU mvbv gmwR`
bvg cwiwPZ| AvjvDxb mb kvni Avgji RbK
Iqvjx gyn` Bnvi wbgvZv wQjb|
Qwe : QvU mvbv gmwR`, Mo
73
evMinvU Rjvq Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwa wbwgZ nqQ|

wKse`w Abymvi Lvb Rvnvb Avjx bvgK RbK cxi H
vb emwZ vcb Kib| 1459 wLv mLvbB Zuvi
gZz nq| wZwb myjZvb bvwmiDwb Bwjqvmi mgmvgwqK
wQjb|
Qwe : Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwa, evMinvU
evMinvU Rjvi lvU M^yR gmwR` evsjvi gymjgvb

kvmbKvji Mie ew KiQ| Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwai
wZb gvBj `wY-cwg lvU M^yR gmwR` AewZ| Aek
Gi M^yR lvUwU bn, mvZviwU| c`k kZKi gvSvgvwS
mgq Bnv wbwgZ nqwQj| ZyKx mbvcwZ I Bmjvgi
GKwb mvaK DjyL Lvb Rvnvb G gmwR` wbgvY Kib| GB
vcZ KgwU RvwZmsNi BDbv KZK wekmfZvi
wb`kb wnme (world heritage) ^xKZ nqQ|
K`g imyj Mo AewZ| gnvbexi c`wPi cwZ mvb

c`kbi Rb G febwU wbwgZ nq| bmir kvn Bnv wbgvY
KiwQjb (1531 wLt)| G febi GK K GKwU Kvjv
KviyKvhLwPZ ggi e`xi Dci nhiZ gynì (`t) c`wP
m^wjZ GKL ci vwcZ nqwQj|
Qwe : lvU M^yR gmwR`, evMinvU
Qwe : K`g imyj, Mo
XvKv Rjvi ivgcvj evev Av`gi gmwR` AewZ| 1483

wLv gvwjK Kvdzi dZn kvni ivRZKvj Bnv wbwgZ|
Gjvi evBiI evsjvi bvbv vb e gmwR` I mgvwa-ma
AvQ|
Qwe : evev Av`gi gmwR`, ivgcvj, XvKv
74
gmwR` I mgvwa-ma QvovI G hyMi wbwgZ wewfb

ZviY-K I wgbvi gymjgvb evsjvi vcZ wki
DrK wb`kb| Gì ga iyKbDxb eieK kvn
wbwgZ Moi `vwLj ìIqvRv I AvjvDxb mb
kvni mgvwa-ZviY wekl Dj-LhvM| Moi wdiyR
wgbvi vcZ wki Avi GKwU DrK wb`kb|
AbK gb Kib h nvemx myjZvb mvBdDxb wdiyR
Qwe : `vwLj ìIqvRv, Mo
kvn Bnv wbgvY KiwQjb|

gyNj Avgj evsjvi kvmKMY wkKjvi GK
weqKi Ae`vb iL MQb| AvRI evsjvi e vb
gyNj kvmKMYi wk cxwZi wb`kb we`gvb iqQ|
Zuvì ccvlKZvq emsLK gmwR`, mgvwa feb,
wZma, gvRvi, `yM, I ZviY wbwgZ nqwQj|
vcZ wki weKvki Rb G hyMK evsjvq gyNjì
^YhyM wnme AwfwnZ Kiv nq| gyNj hyMi vcZ
wki wWRvBb I m`h Ab hyMi Pq Avjv`v wQj|
Qwe : eo KvUiv, XvKv
G hyMi gmwRì M^yRjv wQj LuvRKvUv| M^yRi Mvq gvRvBK Kiv nZv| wLjvbi Pvicvk wQj
jZvcvZvi KviyKvR| M^yRi P~ov nZv j^v I m~uPvjv| gmwRì Mvq _vKZ jZvcvZv I dzji AjiY|
gyNj hyMi `vjvb- KvVvi AvKwZ wQj wekvj| G hyM weLvZ BgviZjv Zwi nq XvKvq|
gyNj hyM KvUiv bvg ek KwU `vjvb Zwi Kiv nqwQj| Gjv wQj AwZw_kvjv| XvKvi eo KvUiv wbgvY
Kib kvn myRv| Bnv PKi `wY w`K eywoMv b`xi Zxi AewZ|
Qwe : nvRxM `yM (wLwRicyi `yM) bvivqYM
Qwe : jvjevMi kvnx gmwR`, XvKv
Qwe : QvU KvUiv, XvKv
75
bvivqYM Rjvq kxZjv b`xi cwg Zxi AewZ

nvRxM `yM (eZgvb wLwRicyi `yM bvg cwiwPwZ) meZ
myev`vi gxi Rygjv (1660-1663 wLt) vcb Kib| gM I
cZzMxR Rj`myì AvgY cwZnZ Kivi Rb G `yM Zwi
Kiv nqwQj|
myev`vi kvnRv`v AvRg ek wKQy BgviZ Zwi KiwQjb|
eywoMvi Zxi Nul wZwb GK wekvj KvUiv Zwi KiwQjb|
Zuvi AvgjB jvjevMi kvnx gmwR` Zwi nq|
evsjvq gyNj wkKjvi wevii kvqv Lvbi
bvg mwekl Dj-LhvM| 1663 wLv kvqv Lvb
QvU KvUiv wbgvY Kib| Bnv eo KvUiv nZ 200 MR
`~i AewZ| Gi Afi GKwU gmwR` I GKwU
M^yR AvQ| jvjevMi Kj-v AvRI kvqv Lvbi
kvmbKvjK iY Ki `q| Zuvi kvmbKvji c~eB Gi
wbgvY KvR iy nq| wZwb GwU kl Kivi c`c bb|
Qwe : jvjevMi Kj-v, XvKv
Qwe : nvmbx `vjvb, XvKv
1690 wLv Bevwng Lvbi kvmbKvj Gi wbgvY KvR kl nq| jvjevM `yMi fZi iqQ kvqv Lvbi
Kbv wewe cixi mgvwa-ma| gvej cv_i wbwgZ G mgvwa febwU GLb ch G`k mevwaK myì gymwjg wZ
ma wnme MY Kiv nq| 1676 wLv kvqv Lvb nvmbx `vjvb wbgvY Kib| PK evRvii gmwR`,
eywoMvi Zxi AewZ kvqv Lvbi gmwR` I mvZ M^yR gmwRì mv_ kvqv Lvbi bvg Rwoq AvQ|
evsjvi beveì mgqI e BgviZ wbwgZ nq|
wRbwRiv cvmv` ZuvìB KxwZ| gywk` Kzjx Lvbi
Avgj eMg evRvi gmwR` wbwgZ nq| gywk`vev`
wZwb GKwU KvUiv I gmwR` wbgvY Kib| Pnj
mZzb bvg GKwU cvmvÌ Zuvi mgq Zwi| GwU wQj
GKwU cKv ìevi feb| G mg vcbv QvovI
gyNj Avgj AbK `yM, C`Mvn, nvvgLvbv, wPj-vLvbv
I mZy wbgvY Kiv nq| gyNj hyMi G mKj wk KxwZ
evsjvi mvswZK Rxeb GK my`~icmvix cfve wevi
KiwQj|
Qwe : wewe cixi mgvwa-ma, XvKv
`jxq KvR
cieZx cvq QK Gjvgjvfve c` vcZ KxwZjv Kv_vq AewZ Zv mwVKfve cvk Dj-L
Ki ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
76

wgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
vcZ KxwZi bvg

Avw`bv gmwR`
eo mvbv gmwR`
cixwewei mgvwa
lvU M^yR gmwR`
wMqvmDxb Avhg kvni mgvax
Aevb
XvKv
evMinvU
Mo
mvbviMuvI
cvyqv
agxq Aev
eZgvbKvji gZv m hyMI wn`yiv wewfb agxq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi-Abyvb cvjb KiZ| Avoî I
RuvKRgKi mwnZ wn`yiv wewfb è-èxi c~Rv KiZ| Guì ga jx, mi^Zx, MYk, wke, wkewj, Px,
gbmv, wez, K, m~h, g`b, bvivqY, e, AwM, kxZjv, lx, Mv BZvw` Dj-LhvM| evOvwj wn`yi mvgvwRK
Rxeb `yMc~Rv weklfve Dj-LhvM| wn`yiv `kniv, Mv mvb, Agx mvb Ges gvNx mgx mvbK cwe
ej gb KiZ| agcvY wn`yì wbKU Mvi Rj wQj AZ cwe| Zviv `vjhvv, i_hvv, nvwj BZvw`
agxq Drme cvjb KiZ|
RvwZMZ kwYf` QvovI wn`y mgvR KZKjv agxq mc`vq wQj| hgb ke, kv BZvw`| wn`y RvwZi
ga G mgq ee agi cfveI Dj-LhvM wQj| G mgq wn`y mgvRi Dj-LhvM ewk wQj agxq
AmwnzZv| wn`y mgvRi wewfb agxq mc`vqi ga Kvb mnv` I mcxwZ wQj bv| GK mc`vqi mwnZ
Ab mc`vqi weiva I wel AwZ cwiwPZ NUbv wQj|
gymjgvbivI eZgvb mgqi gZv wewfb agxq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi Abyvb cvjb KiZ| C`yj wdZi I C`yj
AvRnv gymjgvb mgvRi cavb agxq Drme wnme cvwjZ nZv| agcvY gymjgvb gvB cwe igRvb gvm
ivRv ivL Ges ke-B-eivZi w`b Gev`Z e`MxZ ivx hvcb Ki| Drme Abyvb gymjgvbMY Zvì
mvagZ bZzb Ges cwiQb cvkvK mwZ KiZ; GK Abi Mn wMq Kzkj I `vIqvZ wewbgqi gvag
Zvì mnv` I vZZfveK my`p KiZ|
myjZvb, mye`vi I beveMY agxq Drme Dcj RbMYi mvwba AvmZb| wekl Avoîi m
gymjgvbMY bexi (`t) Rbw`b cvjb KiZb| eZgvb mgqi bvq gahyMI gniig Drme cvwjZ nZv| Bnv
wkqv mc`vqi GKwU cavb agxq Abyvb ej cwiwPZ| G Dk wkqviv ZvwRqv Zwi KiZ| gymjgvbì
elcx Abymvi gniigi c_g w`bK beel wnme cvjb Kiv nq| gniigi P` D`qK gymjgvbMY
Avb` I Drmvni m eiY KiZ|
G hyM agcxwZ gymjgvb mgvRi GKwU Dj-LhvM ewk wQj| agcvY gymjgvbMY `wbK cuvP Iqv bvgvR
coZb| GQvov, Zviv wbqwgZ KviAvb I nv`xm cvV KiZb| mgvR agxq wkvi cwZ wekl iyZ `qv
nZv| Qj-gq DfqKB agxq wkv MnYi Rb ge ciY Kiv nZv| mgvR agxq vbi Rb Ges
agxq Abyvbvw` cwiPvjbvi Rb gvj-v mc`vqK wekl iyZ `qv nZv| wewfb evcvi Ges AbK mgmv
mgvavb gvj-vMY nv`xm-Kvivbi wb`k Abyhvqx Kvh mv`b KiZ Dc`k c`vb KiZb| MvgxY Rxeb
agxq Drmevw`Z Ges weq-kvwì gZv mvgvwRK AbyvbjvZ gvj-v mc`vqi DcwwZ wQj Acwinvh|
77
gymjgvb mgvR mydx I ìek bvg cwiwPZ cxi ev dwKi mc`vqi h_ cfve wQj| Zuviv agkv
mycwZ wQjb Ges me`v AvavwZK mvabvq wbgM _vKZb| `ki wewfb vb Zuviv ag mvabvi Rb ìMv
cwZv Kib| kvmKeM I RbMY mKji KvQB Zuviv kvi cv wQjb|
evsjvq Bmjvgi wewZi mv_ mv_ gymjgvb mgvRI weZ nZ _vK| evsjvq gymjgvb mgvR `ywU c_K
kwY weklfve jYxq| GKwU we`k nZ AvMZ gymjgvb, AbwU vbxq agvwiZ gymjgvb| we`kx I
vbxq gymjgvbì ga Kw I ixwZ-bxwZi cv_K _vKv mI Dfq mc`vqi ga Kvbv weiva `Lv
`qwb| gymjgvb kvmKì D`viZv Ges vbxq Kw-mswZi cwZ Zuvì ccvlKZvB Gi KviY wQj|
GKK KvR
1. gahyM gymjgvbì agxq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi Abyvbjv Kxic wQj?
fvlv, mvwnZ I wkv

evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi weKvkI DbwZi Rb myjZvbx I gyNj kvmbKvji Ae`vb weklfAe Dj-LhvM| G
welq c_gB huvi bvg Dj-L Kiv cqvRb wZwb njb Bwjqvm kvnx eski myjZvb wMqvmDwb Avhg kvn
(1393-1411 wLt)| Zuvi kvmbKvjB c_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn gyn` mMxi Zuvi cYqg~jK Kve
BDmyd- RvjLv iPbv Kib| Bnv dvmx iPbvi Abyev`| myjZvbx hyM AviI KRb Kwe dvmx Kvei Abyev`
KiQb| Zuvì ga `jZ DwRi evnivg Lvb I `vbv MvRxi bvg Dj-LhvM|
evsjv fvlvq HwZnvwmK mvwnZ iPbvi c_ c`kK wnme gymjgvbì Ae`vb AweiYxq| Bmjvgi Av`k
AbycvwYZ nq AbK gymjgvb Kwe weRq Kve iPbv KiQb| Gi gyL welq wQj gymjgvbì kZi
YKxZb Kiv| weRq Kve iPwqZvì ga weLvZ wQjb imyj weRq Kve iPwqZv Rqbyxb| ei
gymjgvb Kweiv c`vejx iPbv Kib| Puv` KvRx wQjb evsjv mvwnZi c_g c`vejx Kvei mv| cxii
gvnvZ eYbv Ki G hyM gymjgvb Kweiv AbK Kve evsjvq iPbv Kib| evsjv fvlvq gymjgvbMY
mxZwe`vi PPvI KiwQjb| evsjv mvwnZ mxZwe`vi Dci iwPZ c_g M ivMgvjv iPbv KiwQjb
Kwe dqRyjv-n&| Kwe gvRvj bxwZkv evZv I mvZbvgv M iPbv KiwQjb|
evsjv fvlvi mgw I mvwnZi kewi I gymjgvb Kweì h_ Ae`vb iqQ| e Aviex I dvmx
k Zuviv evsjv fvlvq eenvi KiQb| Avj-vn, Lv`v, bex, cqMî, wKZve BZvw` e k m mgqi
gymjvgb Kwe-jLKì eenvii dj evsjv k fvvi mg nqQ|
myjZvbx hyM wn`y KweivI mvwnZ h_ Ae`vb iL MQb| G gymjgvb kvmKeMi Drmvn I
ccvlKZv wn`yw`MK weklfve AbycvwYZ KiQ| evsjv mvwnZi DbwZ I weKvk mb kvni
kvmbKvjK BwZnvm Agi Ki iLQ| Zuvi D`vi ccvlKZv wbtm`n evsjv mvwnZi kxew mvab
KiQ| G hyMi weLvZ Kwe I jLKMYi ga ic Mv^vgx, mbvZb Mv^vgx, gvjvai emy, weRq, wec`vm
I hkvivR Lvb Dj-LhvM wQjb| G mgq gvjvai emy kxgvMer I cyivY evjv fvlvq Abyev` Kib|
myjZvb mb kvn I bvwmiDwb bymiZ kvni ccvlKZvq Kwe` cigki gnvfviZ evsjvq Abyev` Kib|
78
ee Kwe wnme e`veb `vmi bvg mwekl Dj-LhvM| evsjv fvlvq wZwbB mec_g kxPZbèi
RxebPwiZ M PZb-fMeZ iPbv Kib| P`veZx gbmv gj Kve iPbv KiwQjb|
msZ mvwnZI gymjgvb myjZvbMYi h_ Ae`vb wQj| msZ fvlvi mwnZ evsjv fvlvi mK AZ
Nwb| GRb AbK gymjgvb kvmK Gi cwZ AvMnx wQjb| Zuvì AbK ewMZfve msZ fvlvi PPvI
KiZb| gymjgvb kvmbKvj evsjvi msZ mvwnZi GK weivU K` wQj| ay evsjv I msZB bq, Aviex
I dvmx Kvei PPvI myjZvbx hyM wQj|
gyNj hyM evsjvi mvwnZ I mswZi I h_ DbwZ j Kiv hvq| Ze gyNj kvmKMY myjZvbx hyMi
kvmKì bvq fvlv I mvwnZi cZ Kvbv mnhvwMZv Kibwb| evsjvi Rwg`viMY ^xq cPvq m
HwZn AzY iLwQjb|
gymjgvb hyM cwZewk AvivKvbi m evsjvi ivRbwZK mK wQj| dj AvivKvb evsjv mvwnZi cmvi
NUZ iy Ki| AvivKvb ivRmfvi AbZg k Kwe wQjb `jZ KvRx| AvjvIj wQjb ivRmfvi Avi
GKRb Kwe| Zuvi QqwU KveMi ga cveZx mek| wZwb KqKwU dvmx KveM evsjvq Abyev`
Kib| GQvov, ivMbvgv bvg GKwU mxZkv welqK MI wZwb iPbv KiwQjb|
evnivg Lvb iPbv Kib jvBjx-gRby KveM| Rbvgv I wnZvb evYx Mjv Kwe KvRx nvqvr gvngy`
iwPZ| Kwe kvn Mixeyjv-n wQjb GKRb cwm cuyw_ mvwnwZK|
wkv
evsjvi gymjvgb kvmb Kej ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK B bn, wkvi I iyZc~Y Ae`vb iLwQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbKvj wkvi vi wn`y-gymjgvb mKji Rb Dby wQj| kLì LvbKvn I Djgvì
Mn wkvi K` wnme Mo DVwQj| gymjgvb kvmbi mgq evsjvi me AmsL gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| G
mKj gmwRì mB ge I gv`vmv wQj| ge I gv`vmvi wkv_xiv DPwkv MnY KiZ| evjK-evwjKviv
GK ge I cvVkvjvq jLvcov KiZ| cv_wgK wkv mKj gymjgvb evjK-evwjKvi Rb evaZvg~jK wQj|
x wkvi wekl cPjb wQjbv| gvawgK wkv MnYI gqì Rb evaZvg~jK wQjbv| dj mvaviY
gymjgvb gqiv DPwkv MnY nZ ewZ wQj| kvmKeMi fvlv wQj dvmx| dj G fvlv cvq ivxq ghv`v
jvf KiwQj| beve I gymjgvb AwfRvZeM dvmx fvlv I mvwnZi Drmvn`vZv wQjb| miKvwi PvKwi jvfi
Avkvq AbK wn`y dvmx fvlvq wkv MnY KiZb| gymjgvb wkKMY dvmx I Aviex fvlvq wekl Awf
wQjb| G hyM evsjv fvlv wekl mgw jvf KiwQj| Aviex I dvmx fvlvq A mvaviY gymjgvbiv hb
Bmjvgi avb-aviYv eySZ cvi mRb AbKB evsjv fvlvq cyKvw` iPbv Kib| Zuvì iPbvejx evsjv
fvlv I mvwnZi fvviK mg KiQ|
gymjgvb kvmbi c~e evsjvi wn`y mgvR vb-wevb I wkvi evYì GKPwUqv AwaKvi wQj|
gymjgvbì kvmb-eevq wn`y mgvRi mKj kwYi Rb wkvi vi Dby nq| cvVkvjvq wn`y evjKevwjKviv cv_wgK wkv MnY KiZ| iyi Avevmj wKsev weevbì Mn cvVkvjv emZ| KLbI KLbI
GKB Nii Pvjvi wbP ge I cvVkvjv emZ| mKvj gyx gei wkv_xì Ges weKvj iy Zvi Qvì
79
cvVkvjvq wkv `vb KiZb| weevb jvKiv cvVkvjvi eqfvi MnY KiZb| wn`y evjK-evwjKviv GK
cvVkvjvq wkv MnY KiZ| 6 eQi ch cvVkvjvq wkv MnY KiZ nZv| DP wkv MnYi Rb Uvj
wQj| msZ fvlvi gvag wkv_xK DP wkv MnY KiZ nZv| msZ mvwnZ PPvi Rb bexc, eagvb
cfwZ vbi bvg Dj-LhvM wQj| AbK gwnjv G hyM wkv I msZ PPvi wbRì KwZZ c`kb
KiQb| evYì ga GKwU wekl kwY me`v wbRì RvwZlkv I RvwZwevb PPvq wbqvwRZ
_vKZb| wewfb wkv cwZvb QvovI G hyM mgvR RbMYi ga vb I eyw ewi weKvki Rb
KZKjv mvaviY cwZ cPwjZ wQj, hgb agxq mxZ, Rbwcq jvK-Kvwnbx I bvUK- Muv_v|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1.
Kvb Kve dvmx iPbvi Abyev`?

K. imyj weRq
L. ivMgvjv
M. BDmyd RvjLv
N. mvZbvgv
2. Kb ga hyM wn`y m`vq dvmx fvlvq wkv MnY KiZb?

K. mvwnZ iPbv KiZ
L. PvKwi cZ
M. ckvmwbK KvR KiZ
N. ivRbwZK Dk
wbPi AbyQ`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

wjgbi PvPv AbK eQi ai AvgwiKv mn BDivci KqKwU `k eemv Ki AvmwQjb| wZwb Zvi eemv
cmvii j wbR `k wdi bvivqYM GKwU kvLv Awdm Lvjb| wZwb evsKi gvag eemvwqK jb`b
cwiPvjbv Kib| eemvi myweavi Rb wZwb ewMZ wegvb eenvi Kib|
3. wjgbi PvPvi evwYwRK cmvi evsjvi Kvb Avgji m wgj cvIqv?
K. cvj
L. mb
M. myjZvwb
N. gyNj
4. evwYwRK cmvii djB D Avgj Mo DVwQji. mgy` eì
ii. b`x eì
ii. j eì
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. ii
M. i I ii
N. i, ii I iii
80
mRbkxj ck:
1. iRv mvne PMvgi GKRb eo eemvqx| Zuvi Avg`vwb ivwbi eemv| wZwb RvnvRi gvagB we`k
_K mvbv, icv, `vgx cv_ii Mqbv, ikgx myZv, wewfb `vgx gmjv Avg`vwb Kib| cvkvcvwk wZwb Pv I
cvURvZ è ivwb Kib| MZ mvn wZwb Zvi gqi Rbw`b cvjvI, Kveve, iRvjv I wgwi
AvqvRb Kib| mevB Lvevi Lq LyeB Lywk|
K. gnvfviZ evsjvq Abyev` Kib K?
L. KwlK evsjvi A_bwZK mgwi g~j Drm ejv nq Kb?
M. iRv mvnei evwoi LvIqv-`vIqvi m Kvb Avgji wgj iqQ? evLv Ki|
N. iRv mvnei A_bwZK Aev D Avgji Pq wK mg wQj ej Zzwg gb Ki? hyw `vI|
2. Mvgi zj wkK myaxb ivqi gq Abbv ivq mg kwYZ co| Zvi evex iveqv myjZvbvK Zvi
evev Avi zj cvVveb bv| wZwb ejb h gqì Gi _K ewk cov jLvi ìKvi bB| wkK myaxb
ivq iveqvi evevi wkv mK GB Dw b ejjb h, eZgvb mgq wkvi iyZ Acwimxg Ges
wkv Qvov h Kvbv gvbylB Am~Y| me hyMB wkvi iyZ wQj Ges AvQ|
K. nvmbx `vjvb K wbgvY Kib?
L. Kb gahyMK gyNjì ^YhyM ejv nq? eYbv `vI|
M. iveqvi evevi wkv welqK GB gvbwmKZvi m gahyMi gymwjg wkvi Kx wgj iqQ? evLv Ki|
N. wkK myaxb ivqi gZv jvKì KviYB Kx ga hyM wn`y Qjgqiv wkvq GwMq wQj?
cvVcyKi AvjvK Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
mg Aavq

cvPxbKvj _K fviZxq Dcgnv`kwekl Ki evsjv Aj wQj ab m` c~Y icK_vi gZv GKwU `k| G
Aji ^qs m~Y Mvg A_vr gvbyli Rxebhvcbi Rb hv wKQy cqvRb mewKQyB ZLb G me MvgjvZ
cvIqv hZ| GB ^qs m~Y Mvgi KlKì Z fiv dmj, Mvjv fiv avb, cyKzi fiv gvQ _vKZ| KzwUi
wkI GB Mvgjv wQj mg| ZuvwZì nvZ evbv Kvco BDivci Kvcoi PqI DbZgvbi wQj| Gi
ga RMr weLvZ wQj gmwjb Kvco| ZvQvov Dcgnv`ki Abvb AjI bvbv aibi evwYwRK cY, gmjvi
Rb weLvZ wQj| Gme cYi AvKlYB AbKB G`ki m evwYR KiZ GmQ| BsiR B Bwqv
KvvwbI Dcgnv`k GmwQj eemv-evwYR KiZ| cieZx mgq Zviv G`ki ivxq gZv `Lj KiZ
mg nq| G`k AvMZ Abvb BDivcxq KvvwbjvK civwRZ Ki Ges vbxq kvmKì weiy
bvbvgyLx loh Ki wKfve BsiR eemvqx Kvvbx G Aj BsiR kvmbi m~Pbv KieZgvb Aavq m
welq AvjvKcvZ Kiv nqQ|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
evsjvq BsiR kvmbi cUf~wg evLv KiZ cvie;
cjvkx I evii hyi KviY I djvdj g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
BsiwR kvmb cwZvq wÌqvbx jvfi iyZ evLv KiZ cvie;
wPivqx e`vei cUf~wg I djvdj evLv KiZ cvie;
BsiR kvmbi dj evsjvq ivRbwZK cwieZbmg~n Abyaveb mg ne|
BDivcxqì AvMgb
mvZ kZK _K G Aji m Avie ewYKì eemv-evwYR wQj GKPwUqv| Zviv evwYR KiZ g~jZ
mgy`c_| 1453 wLv KvwUbcvj AUvgvb ZzKxiv `Lj Ki bq| dj Dcgnv`ki mv_ Rjc_
eemv-evwYR e nq hvq| myZivs cvPi mv_ cvvZi eemv-evwYRi Rb wfb Rjc_ Avwevii
cqvRb nq co| g~jZ G KviYB BDivcxq kwjv mgy`c_ Dcgnv`k Avmvi Awfhvb iy Ki|
cZzMxR
cZzMxRì ga h `ytmvnmx bvweK c_g mgy`c_
G`k Avmb Zuvi bvg fvv-Wv-Mvgv| wZwb 1498
wLv 27 g fviZi cwg-DcK~ji KvwjKU eì
Gm DcwZ nb| Zuvi G Dcgnv`k AvMgb eemvevwYR Ges hvMvhvM GK bZzb hyMi m~Pbv Ki|
fvv-Wv-Mvgvi fviZel AvMgbi c_
82
cZzMxRiv eemv-evwYRK g~jab Ki G`k Avmj g g Zviv mvgvR wevii w`K SuyK co| ^
mgqi ga GB BDivcxq ewYKiv Dcgnv`ki cwg DcK~ji KvwjKU, Pj, ev^vB, mvjmwU, ewmb,
KvwPb, Mvqv, `gb, w`D cfwZ eì KzwV vcb KiZ mg nq| 1538 wLv Zviv PMvg I mvZMuvIq
NuvwU wbgvYi AbygwZ jvf Ki| 1579 wLv Mjx bvgK vb Zviv Dcwbek Mo Zvj| Gici Zviv
Dwolv Ges evsjvi wKQy Aj emwZ mcmvwiZ KiZ mg nq| evsjvmn Dcgnv`ki wewfb Aj evwYR
KzwV wbgvYi evcvi AMYx f~wgKv _vKjI cZyMxRì wewfb AcKg I `myZvi KviY evsjvi mye`vi
kvqv Lvb Zvì PMvg I mxci NuvwU `Lj Ki evsjv _K weZvob Kib| ZvQvov cZzMxRiv G`k
AvMZ Abvb BDivcxq kwi mI cwZxZvq civwRZ nq| dj Giv G `k ZvM KiZ eva nq|
Ij`vR ev WvP
njvi Awaevmx Ij`vR ev WvPiv WvP B Bwqv Kvvwb MVb Ki evwYwRi Dk 1602 wLv GB
Dcgnv`k Avm| fviZel Zviv Kvvwbi mb` Abyhvqx KvwjKU, bvMvcg evsjvi PuzPzov I evKzovq evwYR
KzwV vcb Ki| ZvQvov ejvmvi KvwkgevRvi Ges eivbMiI Zviv KzwV vcb Ki| Ij`vR I Aci
BDivcxq kw BsiRì ga eemv-evwYR wbq weiva iy nq Ges GKB m evsjvi kvmKì m
Zviv weiva Rwoq co| 1759 wLv msMwVZ we`vivi hy Zviv BsiRì KvQ kvPbxqfve civwRZ
nq| dj 1805 wLv Zviv mKj evwYR K` wUq fviZel ZvM KiZ eva nq| c_g cZzMxR ci
Ij`vR kwi cZb, fviZ BsiR kwi Dvbi c_ myMg Ki|
w`bgvi
w`bgvi ev WbgvKi Awaevmx GK`j ewYK evwYR Kivi Dk Wwbk B Bwqv Kvvwb MVb Kib|
1620 wLv Zviv `wY fviZi Zvvi Rjvq wevzi Ges 1676 wLv evsjvi kxivgcyi evwYR
KzwV vcb Kib| wKy G`k Zviv jvfRbK eemv KiZ e_ nq| 1845 wLv BsiRì KvQ evwYR
KzwV wew Ki Kvbv iKg evwYwRK mdjZv QvovB w`bgviiv G`k ZvM Ki|
`jxq KvR : cZzMxR, Ij`vR I w`bgviì Dcgnv`k vwcZ evwYR KzwVjvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
BsiR
mgy`c_ BDivcxq ewYKì mvdj, cvPi ab-mì cvPzh, BsiR ewYKìKI G Aj eemv
evwYR DrmvwnZ Ki| GB Dk Bsjvi GK`j ewYK B Bwqv Kvvwb bvg GKwU ewYK msN Mo
Zvj| ewYK msNwU 1600 wLv ivYx GwjRve_i KvQ _K 15 eQi gqvw` cvP GKPwUqv evwYR
Kivi mb`c jvf Ki| GB mb`c wbq Kvvwbi cwZwbwa evwYwRK myweav jvfi Avkvq AvKeii
ìevi nvwRi nb| Gici Kvb nwK 1608 wLv Rgmi mycvwikc wbq evwYR mcmviYi j
mgvU Rvnvxii m mvvr Kib| Zuvi AbygwZ wbq 1612 wLv myivU evwYR KzwV vwcZ nq|
cieZxKvj 1615 wLv c_g Rgmi `~Z nq Rvnvxii ìevi Avmb mvi Ugvm iv| mgvUi KvQ
_K wZwb BsiRì Rb evwYwRK myweav Av`vq Ki bb| 1619 wLt wZwb fviZel ZvM Kib| BZvga
Kvvwb myivU AvMv, Avng`vev` cfwZ vb evwYR KzwV vcb Ki Zvì wfw gReyZ Ki dj|
83
Kvvwb Zvi wZxq evwYR KzwV vcb Ki gmwjgcg| Gici evsjvi evjvmvi AviKwU evwYR KzwV
vcb Ki| Gì kw gk ew cZ _vKj Giv Kigj (gv`vmv kni) DcK~j GKwU `yM wbgvY KiZ
mg nq| evsjvi mye`vi kvn myRvi Abygv`b jvf Ki Zviv 1658 wLv MwjZ evwYR KzwV vcb
Ki| Gfve Kvvwb KvwkgevRvi, XvKv, gvj`nI evwYR KzwV wbgvY Ki|
1668 wLv Bsjvi ivRv wZxq Pvjm cZzMxR ivRKbv Kv_wibi m weqi hZzK wnme jvf
Kib ev^vB kni| A_vfve Pvjm B Bwqv Kvvwbi KvQ cvk nvRvi cvDi wewbgq kniwU wew
Ki `b| cieZxKvj GB ev^vB kniB Kvvwbi cavb evwYR K` cwiYZ nq|
Re PvYK bvg AviKRb BsiR 1690 wLv 1200 UvKvi wewbgq KvjKvZv, myZvbwU I Mvwe`cyi bvg
wZbwU Mvgi Rwg`vix ^ jvf Kib| fvMxi_x b`xi Zxii GB wZbwU MvgK K` KiB cieZxKvj
KvjKvZv bMixi Rb nq| GLvbB Kvvwb 1700 wLv Bsjvi ivRv ZZxq DBwjqvgi bvg Abymvi
dvU DBwjqvg `yM wbgvY Ki| axi axi GwU BsiRì evwYwRK ^v_ iv Ges ivRbwZK ^v_ wevii
kwkvjx K` cwiYZ nq|
BsiR Kvvwbi gZv Aviv ew cvq hLb w`j-xi mgvU dviyLwkqvi Zvì evsjv, ev^vB I gv`vR webv
evwYRi AwaKvi c`vb Kib| GKB m wbR^ gy`v cPjbi AwaKviI Kvvwb jvf Ki| mgvUi
GB digvbK BsiR HwZnvwmK Iig B Bwqv Kvvwbi gnvmb` ev gvMbv KvUv ej Dj-L Kib| GB
AwaKvi jvf Ki BsiR B Bwqv Kvvwb AcwZiy MwZZ AMmi nZ _vK|
GKK KvR :
1 . h wZbwU MvgK K` Ki KvjKvZv bMixi Rb nq Zvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| GLb KvjKvZvi eqm KZ?
2. mgvU dviyKwkqvi KZK BsiRì `qv mb`c c`vbi dj cv AwaKvijvK gnvmb` ev
gvMbv KvUv ej Kb? KviY wjwce Ki|
divmx
Dcgnv`k mekl AvMZ BDivcxq ewYK Kvvwb nQ divmx B Bwqv Kvvwb| 1664 wLv GB
evwYwRK Kvvwb MwVZ nq| 1668 wLv Kvvwb mec_g myivU Ges cii eQi gymwjgcg evwYR
KzwV vcb Kib| 1673 wLv cwPixZ divmx Dcwbek Mo IV|
1674 wLt ci _K Zviv Zvì evwYwRK Kvhg evsjvq mcmvwiZ Ki| Kvvwbi evsjvi myev`vi kvqv
Lvbi KvQ _K Mv b`xi Zxi AewZ P`bbMi bvgK vbwU wKb bq| 1690 _K 1692 wLvi
ga P`bbMi GKwU kwkvjx myiwZ divmx evwYR KzwVZ cwiYZ nq| 1696 wLt Kvvwb GLvb GKwU
kwkvjx `yM vcb KiZ mg nq| wbw` nvi c`vbi kZ 1693 wL: divmxi evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi
evwYR Kivi AwaKvi jvf Ki| cieZxKvj Zviv KvwkgevRvi evjvmvi KzwV vcb KiZ mg nq|
BsiR ewYKiv hLb eemv evwYR `p Aevb ZLb divmxiv G`k Avm| G Aevq BsiRì m
cwZhvwMZvq wUK _vKv Zvì Rb KwVb nq ùvovq| KviY Abvb BDivcxq kwi gZv divmxivI G`k
mgvR vcbi ^c `LZ _vK| dj `yB BDivcxq kw- BsiR I divmxì ga msNl Awbevh nq ùvovq|
84
BsiRì loh, K~UKkj, DbZ iY Kkji KvQ divmxiv civwRZ nq| evsjvi bevei c Aej^b
Kivq 1757 wLt cjvkxi hy BsiRì mvdj ZvìK AviI chy` Ki dj| dj evsjvi divmx
KzwVjv BsiRì `Lj Pj hvq| `vwYvZi KYvUKi hymg~n divmx Kvvwb civwRZ nj Zviv
G`k ZvM Ki| dj BsiRiv fviZel AcwZx kwZ cwiYZ nq|
GKK KvR : cjvkxi hy bevei civRqi m divmx B Bwqv Kvvwbi e_Zvi mK wbYq Ki|
cjvkx hy
1740 _K 1756 wLv ch Avjxe`x Lvb evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi beve wQjb| cwZK~j cwiwwZZI wZwb
mdjfve ivR kvmb KiQb| wZwb Zuvi mgq gvivVv I eMxì `gb Ki ivLZ mdj nb| myKkj BsiR
ewYK KvvwbKI wbqY iLwQjb| wKy Zuvi gZzi ci evsjvi ivRbxwZZ Pig wekLjv `Lv `q|
beve gZzi AvM Zuvi Kwb Kbv Avgbv eMgi cy wmivRDjvK evsjvi wmsnvmbi DivwaKvi gbvbxZ
Ki hvb| 1756 wLt Avjxe`x Lvbi gZz nj Zuvi wcq `wn wmivRDjv 22 eQi eqm bevei gZv
MnY Kib| wmsnvmb emvi ci _K ZvK bvbvgyLx loh I mgmvi gvKvejv KiZ nq| Zuvi c_g mgmv
wQj Zuvi cwievi NwbRbì loh| wekl Ki Avjxe`x Lvbi wZb Kbvi ga R Kbv NlwU eMg
wmivRi beve nIqvq AvkvnZ nq bevei weiy loh wj nb| Gì m hvM `b NvlwU eMgi
Ìqvb ivRv ivRej-f, c~wYqvi kvmbKZv wmivRi LvjvZv fvB kIKZ R Ges Abvbiv| Kkj beve
NlwU eMgK bRie`x Kib| c~wYqvi kvmbKZv kIKZ R we`vnx nq DVj wmivRDjv GK hy
ZvK civwRZ I wbnZ Ki c~wYqv `Lj Ki bb|
beve cvwievwiK loh Kkj `gb KijI Zuvi weiy evBi lohi AviK Rvj weZ nZ _vK| Gi
m RwoZ nq `wk-we`wk ewYK kwY, bevei ìevii cfvekvjx ivRbeM I AwfRvZ kwY, bevei
mbvcwZ gxi Rvdimn Aviv AbK| cZK hvi hvi ^v_ Dvii Rb bevei weiy loh iy Ki|
GB lohKvixiv cjvkx hyi cUf~wg Zwi KiZ _vK|
cjvkx hyi KviY

BwZnvmi hme NUbv GKwU `ki RbMYi fvM fqven wechq NUvZ
cvi, cjvkxi hy G Aji RbMYi Rb Zgwb GK NUbv wQj| GB
NUbvi cQbi KviYjv wbg Dj-L Kiv njv|
cPwjZ wbqg Abyhvqx BsiRiv wmivRD`j-v evsjvi wmsnvmb emvi

ci bZzb beveK Kvbv DcXKb cvVvqwb Ges Kvbv mRbg~jK
mvvZI Kiwb| BsiRì GB eqv`weZ beve z nb|
bevei wblavv mI Zviv KjKvZvq `yM wbgvY AevnZ ivL|

Qwe : beve wmivRDjv
85
BsiR Kvvwb `Ki Aceenvi Kij `kxq ewYKiv wZMZ nZ _vK| beve `Ki Aceenvi
KiZ wbla Kib Ges evwYwRK kZ gb Pjvi Av`k `b| Kvvwb bevei m Av`kI AMvn Ki|
Avjxe`x Lvbi m Pzwi kZ f Ki BsiRiv beveK Ki w`Z A^xKwZ Rvbvq| ZvQvov RbMYK
wbhvZb Kivi gZv aZvI Zviv `LvZ _vK|
ivRv ivRej-fi cy K`vm Zvi cwievii m`mìmn cPzi abm` wbq KvjKvZvq BsiRì KvQ
Avkq bq| ZvK diZ `qvi Rb beve BsiRì wbKU `~Z cvVvb| BsiR Mfbi bevei `~ZK
Acgvb Ki Zvwoq `q| Gi AvM kIKZ Ri we`vni mgqI BsiRiv bevei weiy we`vnxì
mg_b `q|
BsiRì GKi ci GK JZc~Y AvPiY, AevaZv beveK z Ki Zvj| Zvì Dchy wkv Ìqvi
Rb 1756 wLt Ryb gvmi iyZ beve KvjKvZv `Lj Ki bb| hvv c_ wZwb Kvwkg evRvi KzwVI `Lj
Kib| bevei AZwKZ AvgY BsiRiv dvU DBwjqvg `yM ZvM Ki cvwjq hvq| njIqjmn ekwKQy
BsiR AvZmgcY KiZ eva nb| ew``kv _K gyw cq beveK nq Kivi Rb njIqj GK wg_v
Kvwnbxi cPviYv Pvjvq hv BwZnvm AK~c nZv bvg cwiwPZ| GZ ejv nq h, 18 dzU `N 14.10 dzU
c QvU GKwU Ni 146 Rb BsiRK ew` Ki ivLv nq| GZ cP Mig kvmiy nq 123 Rbi gZz
nq| GB wg_v cPvi gv`vR ch cuQ hvq| dj DwRZ nq KvjKvZv `Lj Kivi Rb IqvUmb I KvBf
gv`vR _K KvjKvZvq Pj Avm| Zviv bevei mbvcwZ gvwbKPuv`K civwRZ Ki KvjKvZv `Lj Ki
bq| beve Zuvi Pviw`K loh I ky cwiewZ Ui cq BsiRì m bZRvby I AcgvbRbK mw
KiZ eva nb| Bnv BwZnvm AvjxbMi mw bvg LvZ|
AvjxbMi mwZ meaibi myhvM-myweav cvIqvi ci KvBfi DPvKvLv Aviv ew cvq| bevei `yejZvi
myhvM wbq BDivc msNwUZ melevcx hyi ARynvZ BsiRiv divmxì P`bMi KzwV `Lj Ki bq|
beve G Aevq divmxì m gx vcb Ki BsiRì kvqv Kivi eev bb| GZ KvBf z
nq beveK gZvPyZ Kivi loh wj nq|
GB loh KvBfi m hy nq eemvqx abKzei RMrkV, ivq`yjf, DwgPuv`, ivRv ivRej-f mbvcwZi
gxiRvdi cgyL|
cjvkxi hyi NUbv

cjvkxi hy evsjv Z_v G Dcgnv`ki Rb AZ iyZc~Y HwZnvwmK NUbv| 1757 wLt 23 Ryb fMxi_x
b`xi Zxi cjvkxi AvgevMvb G hy msNwUZ nq| BZvga ievU KvBf Zvi Aevb my`p Ki mwfi
ARynvZ wmivRDjvi weiy hy NvlYv Ki| bevei c `kcwgK gxig`b, gvnb jvj Ges divmx
86
mbvcwZ wmb d cvYcY hy Kib| hy gxig`b wbnZ

nb| bevei weRq Avmb Rb gxiRvdi lohg~jKfve
hy _vwgq `q| gxi g`bi gZz I gxiRvdii
AmnvhvwMZv beveK wePwjZ Ki|
bevei mbvcwZ gxiRvdi hy m~Y AmnhvwMZv
Ki bxie `kKi f~wgKvq wQj| beve KviAvb k Kwiq
kc_ bqvjI gxiRvdii loh _vgwb| bevei mbiv
hLb wekvg wbQ mB mgq gxiRvdii BwZ BsiR
mbiv Zvì Dci Svwcq co| hvi Awbevh cwiYwZ
bevei civRq|
gvbwP : cjvkx hy
bevei cZbi KviY
bevei mbvcwZ gxiRvdi I Zvi mnhvMxì hy AmnvhvwMZv I wekvmNvZKZv|
bevei mbvcwZ _K mfvm` ch mevB `ki ^v_ wemRb w`q, ew ^v_K eo Ki `LQ|
ZiyY bevei AwfZv, `~i`wkZv, wePYZv I `pZvi Afve wQj| wZwb hy `yZ mwVK wmv
MnY e_Zvi cwiPq `b|
mbvcwZ gxidvRii lohi K_v Rvbv mI wZwb evi evi Zvi DciB wbfi KiQb|
BsiRì mK mZKZv, divmx Ges BsiRì loh Gme welq Avjxe`x Lvbi Dc`k
wmivRDjvi KvQ iyZ cvqwb|
bevei ky c wQj HKe Ges iYKkj wQj DbZZi|
ievU KvBf wQj `~i`kx, my I K~U eywmb|
cjvkx hyi djvdj
wmivRDjvi civRq I gZz evsjvq cZ JcwbewkK kvmbi c_ myMg Ki|
hyi dj gxiRvdiK evsjvi wmsnvmb AvivnY emvjI wZwb wQjb bvggv beve, cKZ gZv
wQj ievU KvBfi nvZ|
cjvkx hyi dj BsiRiv evsjvq GKPwUqv eemv evwYRi AwaKvi jvf Ki| divmxiv G`k _K
we`vq wbZ eva nq|
G hyi ci BsiR kwi ^v_ G`ki Av_-mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK cwieZb msNwUZ nZ _vK|
cjvkx hyi my`~icmvix cwiYwZ wQj mgM Dcgnv`k Kvvwbi kvmb cwZv| GfveB G hyi dj
evsjvi Z_v fviZi ^vaxbZv f~jywZ nq|
myZivs, `Lv hvQ h, cjvkxi hy GKwU Lhy njI evsjv Z_v Dcgnv`ki ivRbxwZZ Gi iyZ
Acwimxg|
`jxq KvR : cjvkx cvi beve I BsiR mbvevwnbxi Aevb `wLq GKwU wP AsKb Ki|
87
evii hy (1764)
BsiR ewYK Kvvwb gxi RvdiK h Dk wmsnvmb ewmqwQj Zvì m Dk mdj nqwb| bZzb beve
Kvvwbi cvc A_ c`vb e_ nq `Dwjqv nq co| wbRi gZv iv KiZI ZvK evi evi KvBfi
Dci wbfi KiZ nq| Avevi KvBfi ivRKvh Nb Nb nc bevei cQ` wQj bv| BsiRì weZvobi
Rb gxi Rvdi AviK we`wk Kvvwb Ijv`vRì mv_ AuvZvZ Ki| welqwU BsiRì `w Govqwb|
gxi Rvdii weiy AhvMZv, AwZwi A_ c`vb AgZv Ges Ij`vRì m AuvZvZi AwfhvM ZvK
gZvPyZ Kiv nq| 1760 wLt BsiR Mfbi fvwUvU gxiRvdiK gZv _K mwiq gxi KvwkgK kZ
mvc wmsnvmb emvb| gxi Kvwkgi ^vaxb beve wnme wUK _vKvi BQvi KviY g~jZ evii hy
msNwUZ nq|
evii hyi KviY :

gxi Kvwkg GKRb my` kvmK, `~i`kx ivRbxwZwe` I ^vaxbPZv gvbyl wQjb| wZwb Zuvi cRvì KjvYi cwZ
mPZb wQjb| wZwb PqwQjb BsiRì m mvbRbK Dcvq evsjvi ^v_ iv Ki Avw_K I mvgwiK
`yejZv KvwUq DVZ| G Dk Zuvi MnxZ c`cjvB kl ch evii hyi KviY nq ùvovq|
gxi Kvkg c_g BsiRì ivRbwZK nce Ges ckvmbK cfvegy Kivi c`c MnY
Kib| G Dk wZwb ivRavbx gywk`vev` _K gyi vbvwiZ Kib| wbivcvi Rb `yM wbgvY I
ivRavbxi Pviw`K cwiLv Lbb Kib|
BsiRì mve AvgY cwZnZ Kiv Ges mwbKì BDivcxq mvgwiK cwZ wkv`vbi Rb `yRb
BDivcxq mwbKK cwkK wnme ivLb|
A-Mvjveviyì Rb hvZ Kviv gyLvcx nZ bv nq mRb ivRavbxZ Kvgvb, e`yK BZvw` Zwii
eev bb|
wenvii kvmbKZv ivgbvivqY BsiRì cwZ ewk AvMn `Lvj ZvK c`PzZ I Zvi mw evRqv
Kiv nq|
1717 wLt gyNj mgvUi digvb BsiRì eemv Kivi h myhvM-myweav Ìqv nqwQj Zviv Zvi
Aceenvi Kiv iy Ki| `K bvgi Qvoci Aceenvii dj `wk eemvqxiv wZM nZ
_vK| dj, beve mevi Rb GK eev MnY Ki AvtevwYR mKj DwVq `b| dj BsiR
Kvvwbi KgPvixì GKPwUqv jvfRbK eemvq Amyweav nq| G welq beve KvbviKg Avcvl
KiZ bv PvBj BsiRì m msNvZ Awbevh nq co|
bevei mKj c`c wQj `k I RbMYi ^v_, wKy BsiR ^v_weivax| dj z BsiRiv Gi
cwZKvii Rb cZ nwQj|
1763 wLt z nq cvUbv KzwVi Aa Gwjm cvUbv AvgY Ki `Lj Ki bq| dj BsiRì weiy
AaviY Kiv Qvov bevei Avi Kvbv Dcvq _vK bv| gxi Kvwkg mdj cwZivai gvag GwjmK
cvUbv _K weZvwoZ Kib| 1763 wLt KvjKvZv KvDwj bevei weiy hy NvlYv Ki| gRi
GWvgmi bZZ cwiZ BsiR evwnbxi KvQ wMwiqv, KvUvqv I D`qbvjvi hy beve kvPbxqfve
civwRZ nb|
88
BZvga BsiRiv gxi RvdiK cybivq evsjvi wmsnvmb emvq| gxi Kvwkg civwRZ nqI nZvk nbwb| beve
BsiRì gvKvejvi Rb cwZ MnY KiZ _vKb| wZwb Ahvavi beve myRvDjv Ges gyNj mgvU kvn
Avjgi m GKwZ nq 1764 wL: wenvii evi bvgK vb BsiRì weiy Pig kw cixvq
AeZxY nb| `yfvMg mwwjZ evwnbx gRi gbivi KvQ Pigfve civwRZ nq|
gxi Kvwkgi civRqi KviY evsjvi mvefgZ Dvii kl Pv e_ nq hvq| BsiR kw AcwZiva
MwZZ evsjv Z_v Dcgnv`ki me gZvi wevi NUvZ _vK| G KviY Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm cjvkxi
hyi Pq evii hyi iyZ AbK ewk|
GKK KvR : QKwU mwVK Ki mvRvI
evii hy AskMnYKvixì bvg I `ki bvg
bvg
gxi Kvwkg
mgvU kvn Avjg
gRi gbiv
myRvDjv
`k
Bsjv
evsjv
Ahvav
w`jx
evi hyi djvdj :

GK. G hyi dj gxi Kvwkgi ^vaxbZv ivi kl Pv e_ nq| Dcgnv`k BsiRì cfve cwZcw
ghv`v ew cvq| webv evavq Zviv Dcgnv`k AvwacZ wevii myhvM jvf Ki|
`yB. G hy civwRZ nq Ahvavi beve myRvDjv ivwnjvL cvwjq hvb| w`j-xi mgvU kvn Avjg
BsiRì c hvM `b| gxi Kvwkg civwRZ nq AvZMvcb Kib| 1777 wLt Zuvi gZz nq|
wZb. BsiRiv Ahvavi bevii KvQ _K Kviv I Gjvnvev` nMZ KiZ mg nq|
Pvi. G hyi dj ay evsjvi beveB civwRZ nbwb, Zuvi wg fviZ mgvU kvn Avjg, Ahvavi beve
myRvDjvI civwRZ nb| GB wZb kwi GKm civRq BsiRì ghv`v I kw ew cvq|
cuvP. G hyi dj ievU KvBf w`j-xi mgvUi KvQ _K AvbyvwbKfve evsjv wenvi Dwolvi wÌqvbx jvf
Ki| dj evsjvq BsiR AwaKvi AvBbZ ^xKZ nq Ges Zviv Amxg gZvkvjx nq DVZ _vK|
evii hy gxi Kvwkgi civRq ay bevex AvgjiB cwimgvw NUvqwb, gyNj mgvUi `yejZvI BsiRì
KvQ cwivi nq hvq| dj JcwbewkK kw wnme `yZMwZZ BsiRì AvZcKvk NUZ _vK|
89
Kvvwbi Ìqvbx jvf

1765 wL: gxi Rvdii gZzi ci Zvi cy bvwRg-D`-`jvK kZ mvc evsjvi wmsnvmb emvbv nq| kZ
_vK h wZwb Zvi wcZvi gZv BsiRì wbR^ cyivZb `K Abyhvqx webv Aeva evwYR KiZ wèb Ges
`kxq ewYKì Aeva evwYRi myweav evwZj Ki wèb| evii hyi ci evsjvq BsiR kvmbi c_ myMg
nq| G mgq BsiR Kvvwb gyNj mgvUi KvQ _K evsjvi ivR^ Av`vqi m~Y `vwqZ A_vr Ìqvbx jvf
Ki| 1765 wLt Ìqvwb jvfi ci cKZc BsiRivB evsjvi mwZKvi kvmKic AvZcKvk Ki|
gyNj kvmbvaxb evsjvi Ìqvbi c` Ges mye`vi c` wfb wfb ewi Dci b wQj| gywk` Kzwj Lvb GB
c_v f Ki `ywU c` GKvB `Lj Ki bb| Zuvi mgq K` wbqwgZ ivR^ cvVvbv njI cieZxKvj
AbKB Zv e Ki `b| Avjxe`x Lvbi mgq _K GKeviB Zv e nq hvq| G Aevi cwicwZ
mgvU KvvwbK evrmwiK DcXKbi e`j evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi Ìqvbx MnYi Abyiva Kib| wKy GB
Abyiva Kvvwb ZLb Mvn Kiwb| wKy evii hyi ci 1765 wLt KvBf wZxqevi fviZel Avmj
cwiwwZ cv hvq|
KvBf `k _K wdi c_gB civwRZ Ahvavi beve Ges w`j-xi mgvUi w`K bRi `b| wZwb Ahvavi
civwRZ bevei m gx vcb Kib| Zvi wewbgq Av`vq Ki bb Kviv I Gjvnvev` Rjv `ywU| hyi
wZc~iY eve` Av`vq Kib cvk j UvKv| Aci w`K Ìqvbx kZ m^wjZ `ywU Pzw wZwb Kib| GKwU
w`j-xi mgvU kvn Avjgi m| GZ KvvwbK evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi Ìqvbx `vb Kiv nq| Gi wewbgq
Qvwek j UvKv beve cwZeQi mgvUK cvVveb| GB UvKv wbqwgZ cvVvevi Rvwgb`vi ne Kvvwb|
Aci PzwwU nq gxi Rvdii bvevjK cy beve bvwRg-D`-jvi m| evrmwiK 53 j UvKvi wewbgq
beve Kvvwbi Ìqvbx jvfi mKj kZ gb bb| GB Pzwqi dj h Ìqvbx jvf Kiv nq ZvZ G
Aj Kvvwbi gZv GKPwUqv ew cvq| beve GLb eZ Kvvwbi cbkbvi gv| mgvUI ZvB|
mg gZv Kvvwbi nvZ| Ìqvbxi dj Kvvwbi h Avq ne Zv w`q Kvvwbi mg LiP Kzwjq
eemvi mg cuywR msMn Kiv me| myZivs, Ìqvbxi iyZ mK ejZ nq h,
GK. Ìqvbx jvf Kvvwbi ay ivRbwZK bq A_bwZK I wekvj weRq|
`yB. mgvU I beve DfqB gZvnxb kvmK cwiYZ nb| cKZc Zviv nq hvb Kvvwbi cbkbfvMx
KgPvix|
wZb. Ìqvbx jvfi dj Ges beve KZK c` kZ Abyhvqx nxb evwYRi KviY Kvvwbi KgPvixiv
ecivqv nq IV| Zvì A_ jvf w`b w`b eo hZ _vK| wZMZ nZ _vK `kxq ewYK kwY,
mvaviY gvbyl| Zvì A_bwZK giy` m~Yfve f co|
Pvi. Ìqvbx jvfi dj evsjv _K cPzi A_ m` Bsjv cvPvi nZ _vK| Gi cwigvY GZUvB wQj h
GB A_i ej Bsjvi wk wec-ei cZ nqwQj|
`jxq KvR : BsiR kvmbi m~Pbvq Ìqvbx jvf mePq iyZc~Y NUbv- (`jxq weZK)
90
Z kvmb
ievU KvBf Ìqvbx mbì bvg evsjvi m` jybi
GKPwUqv gZv jvf Ki| w`j-x KZK we`wk ewYK
KvvwbK GB AfvweZ gZv c`vb mw nq Z kvmbi|
A_vr hvZ Ki Kvvwb jvf Ki `vwqZnxb gZv, beve
cwiYZ nb gZvnxb kvmK| A_P bevei `vwqZ _K hvq
lvjAvbv| dj evsjvq GK Af~Zc~e ckvmwbK RwUjZvi mw
Qwe : ievU KvBf
nq| hvi Pig gvmyj w`Z nq G`ki mvaviY RbMvxK|
1770 wLv (1176 ev) MxKvj `Lv `q fqven `ywf, hv iYKvji BwZnvm wQqvii gî
bvg cwiwPZ| Kvvwbi gywk`vevì cwZwbwa wiPvW ePvii fvlvq `ki KqKwU Ask h RxweZ gvbyl
gZ gvbylK fY KwiZQ Zvnv Re bq, AwZ mZ| GB `ywf evsjvi RbmsLvi GK-ZZxqvsk gZzgyL
cwZZ nq|
1765-70 wLt evrmwiK ivR^ Av`vqi cwigvY hv wQj, `ywfi eQiI Av`vq cvq Zvi KvQvKvwQ wQj| dj
Pig kvlY wbhvZb evsjvi gvbyl nZ`wi` I Amnvq nq co| Zkvmb eevq bevei nvZ chv A_
bv _vKvq ckvmb cwiPvjbvq wZwb m~Yi~c e_ nb| mviv`k iy nq wekLjv| GB cwiwwZZ 1772 wLt
Iqvib nwsm Z kvmb eevi Aemvb NUvb|
wPivqx e`ve
jW KYIqvwjmK Kvvwbi kvmb `ybxwZgy I mymsMwVZ KiZ 1786 wLv fviZi Mfbi Rbvij I
mbv cavbi `vwqZ w`q cvVvbv nq| wZwb 1793 wLt wPivqx e`ve ev vqx f~wg eev ceZb Kib|
H eQi 22 gvP wbw` ivR^ cwikvai wewbgq evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi Rwg`viMYK wbR wbR Rwgi Dci
vqx gvwjKvbv `vb Ki h e`ve Pvjy Kiv nq ZvKB wPivqx e`ve ejv nq|
cUf~wg t 1772 wLt Iqvib nwsm ivR^ Av`vqi Rb cuvPmvjv e`ve Pvjy Kib| GB eevq DPnvi
WvK wbq Rwgi e`ve wbjI m AbycvZ ivR^ Av`vq nZv bv| wbw` mgqmxgv _vKvq Rwg`viiv
KlKì KvQ _K cqvRb wbhvZb Ki A_ Av`vq KiZ| A_P KlKì Dbqb ev Rwgi Dbqbi cwZ
Zvì Kvb j wQj bv| dj wbhvZbi fq KlKiv Rwg Qo cvwjq hZ| eQii ci eQi Rwg Abvev`x
_vKvq Rwgi `vg Kg hZ| G Aevq nwsm Rwg`viì m GKmvjv e`ve Pvjy Kib| wKy G
eevqI miKvi, Rwg`vi, cRv Kviv Kvbv aibi DcKvi nqwb| cieZxKvj evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvi
ivR^ mgmv mgvavbi Rb Bsjvi cvjvgU bZzb eev Dvebi cqvRbxqZv Dcjw Ki| 1784 wLt
wcUi Bwqv Gv cvjvgU MnxZ nq| evsjv, wenvi, Dwolvq vqx wbqg-Kvbyb ceZbi gvag w`Ngqvw`
ivR^ eev Pvjyi Rb KvvwbK wb`k `qv nq| 1789 wLt KYIqvwjm Rwg`viì `kkvjv e`ve
w`Z cwZ bb| Bsjvi KZc Rwg`viì m e`vei AbygwZ c`vb Kij KYIqvwjm GB
Abygv`bi cwicwZ 1789 wLt `kmvjv e`ve Pvjy Kib| Ze Gi m GB cwZkywZI wZwb `b h,
Kvvwbi WvBii mfvi Abygv`b cj `kmvjv e`veB wPivqx e`ve cwiYZ ne|
91
1792 wLt mî gvm evW Ae WvBiim KZK Abygv`b jvf Ki| 1793 wLt KYIqvwjm 22 gvP
`kmvjv e`veK wPivqx ej NvlYv Kib|
ewk
wPivqx e`ve Rwg`viìK Rwgi vqx gvwjK cwiYZ Ki Ges Rwg`viMY Rwgi gvwjKvbv ^Z
jvf Ki|
ivRî cwigvY wbw` Ki Ìqvi dj wbqwgZ ivR^ c`vbi wewbgq Rwg`vi Rwg`vix fvMi
wPivqx AwaKvi jvf Ki|
G c_v Pvjy nIqvi dj Rwg`viì ckvmwbK gZv wejy nq| miKvi ^qs kvw iv I wbivcvi
`vwqZ MnY Ki|
bRivbv I weq wd mg~n evwZj Kiv nq|
LvRbv evwK coj Rwg`viì f~wgi wKQy Ask wew Ki ivR^ Av`vq Kivi eev wQj|
djvdj
wPivqx e`ve evsjvi Av_-mvgvwRK KvVvgvZ my`~icmvix cfve dj| KYIqvwjm Rwg`vi wQjb|
wZwb Bsjvi gZv G`kI GKwU Rwg`vi kwY Mo ZzjZ PqwQjb| wKy BDivc Avi
Dcgnv`ki Av_-mvgvwRK KvVvgv I Zvi weKvki aib GK wQj bv| dj evBi _K Pvwcq Ìqv
G eevq myweavi Pq AmyweavB AwaK cwijwZ nq|
myweav :
G eevi cavb myweav nQ miKvii ivR^ Avq mywbw` nIqvi dj miKvi Zvi Avqi cwigvY mK
wbwZ nq| h KviY evRU cYqb, wewfb cwiKbv evevqb Kiv miKvii c mnR nq|
wPivqx e`vei dj m Rwg`vi kwY Kvvwbi GKwb mg_K nq DV| dj wewUk kvmb
`pKiY Ges `xNvwqZKiY Rwg`viiv iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ mg nq|
Rwgi Dci Rwg`vii vqx gvwjKvbv ^xKZ nIqvi KviY AbKB wbR wbR GjvKvq bvbv aibi
RbKjvYg~jK KvR eZx nb| Zviv wbR wbR GjvKvq wkv cwZvb, wPwKrmvjq, Dcvmbvjq cfwZ
cwZv Kib| ZvQvov cRvì KjvYi Rb ivvNvU, cyj Zwi, cyKzi Lbbi gZv KvR QvovI AbK
mvgvwRK KgKvi m Zuviv RwoZ nb|
Rwg`viiv Rwgi gvwjK nIqvi KviY DrmvwnZ nq cwZZ Rwg, RjvKxY Rwg Pvli eev Kib|
dj Drcv`b ewi m m `ki Avw_K Aevi DbwZ nq|
wPivqx e`ve miKviK Rbwcq Ki Zvj, Avevi Rwg`vi kwY KZK mvgvwRK wkv-mvswZK
Dbqb wekl f~wgKv ivLvi KviY cwiewZZ nZ _vK MvgxY mgvR|
`vl :
wPivqx e`vei dj Rwg`vii ^v_ myiwZ nq| Zviv axi axi abxK kwYZ cwiYZ nq| wKy Aci
92
w`K RwgZ cRvì cyivbv ^Z m~Y wejy nq| dj Rwg`vi BQ KijB hKvbv mgq Zvì Rwg
_K DQ` KiZ cviZ| c_g w`K cRv^Z AvBb bv _vKvq Zvì fvMi Rb Zviv m~YfveB Rwg`vii
`qvi Dci wbfi KiZv|
wPivqx e`ve Rwgi mwVK Rwici eev bv _vKvq AbK mgq wbi Rwgi Dci ewk ivR^ avh
Kiv nZv| Rwgi mxgv wbavwiZ bv _vKvq cieZxKvj gvgjv weev` `Lv w`Z|
m~hv AvBb wbw` ZvwiL m~hvi ga LvRbv cwikva weavbi KVviZvi KviY AbK eo eo
Rwg`vix wbw nq hvq| GKgv eagvbi Rwg`vix Qvov wPivqx e`vei mvZ eQii ga Abvb
me Rwg`vix asm nq hvq|
Rwg`vix Avq I ^Z mK wbwZ nq Rwg`viiv bvqe-Mvgvi Dci `vwqZ w`q kni emevm iy
Kib| GBme AbycwZ Rwg`viì bvqe-Mvgvì AZvPvi cRviv AwZ nq IV| dj Rwgi
Drcv`b Kg hZ _vK, Mvgi A_bwZK AevI Lvivc nZ _vK|
Dcgnv`k Rwg wQj AvwfRvZi cZxK| dj wbgeYi AbK ew, mvaviY gvbyl hviv Kvvwbi m
eemv-evwYR Ki cPzi A_i gvwjK nb, Zviv Rwg`vix wKb AvwfRvZi ghv`vjvf e nq IVb|
dj `kxq cyuwR, `kxq wk Mo IVvi mvebv asm nq hvq| Aci w`K KvvwbI mve G`kxq
cwZxi nvZ _K euP hvq|
wPivqx e`vei dj KlKiv mivmwi Rwg`vi KZK kvwlZ nZ _vK| Avevi GB Rwg`vi kwYi
ccvlKZv cq MvgxY mgvR GKwU wkwZ kwY Mo DVwQj, hviv cieZx mgq `k-RvwZ mK mPZb
nq IV| GKB m wewUk KZK m Rwg`vi kwY hviv c_gw`K wewUk mgvRi k wfZ wQj, ZvìB
cieZx cRb cvvZ wkvq wkwZ nq wewUk-ivR DrLvZi Rb ^vaxbZv Av`vjb Suvwcq co|
GKK KvR : wPivqx e`vei dj evsjvi A_bxwZ wKfve wZM nq?
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck :
1. Kvb cZzMxR bvweK c_g mgy`c_ fviZxq Dcgnv`k Avmb?
K. fvv-Wv-Mvgv
L. Kvb nwK
M. mvi Ugvmiv
N. Re PvbK
2. beve wmivRDjv cjvkxi cvi BsiRì weiy AaviY KiZ eva nqwQjb KviYi.
bevei wblavv Agvb Ki BsiRiv KjKvZvq `yM wbgvY AevnZ ivL
ii. Pzw f Ki BsiRiv beveK Ki w`Z A^xKwZ vcb Ki

iii. beve BsiRì m` `Lj KiZ AvMn cKvk Kib
93
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii

AbK eQi AvMi K_v| wmjUi ingvb mvne I Zuvi wZb ez vbxq Rwg`vii wbKU _K mycvwikc
wbq `wY AvwdKvq Mgb Ki evwYwRK myweav jvfi Avkvq mLvbKvi KZci mv_ mvvr Kib| Zviv
GKwU b`xi Zxi A_i wewbgq KqKwU Mvg BRviv wbq KzwV vcb Kib| vbxq KZc ingvb mvne I
Zvi MxK webv evwYR KiviI AwaKvi c`vb Kib|
3. Zvgvi cvVeB G ewYZ Kvb BDivcxq RvwZi evwYR Kvhgi mv_ ingvb mvne I Zuvi ezì MnxZ
eevi wgj iqQ?
K. cZzMxR
L. Ij`vR
M. w`bgvi
N. BsiR
4. D RvwZi KgKvi ga wQji.
mvU AvKeii ìevi nvwRi nIqv
ii. dvU DBwjqvg `yM wbgvY Kiv

iii. webv evwYwRK AwaKvi jvf Kiv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1. gvgyb I Kvgvj `yB fvB| wcZvi gZzi ci Zvì vi MvgUm Gi gvwjKvbv wbq `yB fvBqi ga
evaj eo fvB gvgyb MvgUm cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ MnY Kib Ges QvU fvB Kvgvj msmvi `Lvkvbvi
`vwqZ bq| MvgUm Gi Avq _K KvgvjK msmvi cwiPvjbvi cqvRbxq A_ c`vb bv Kivq
msmvi wekLjv `Lv `q|
K. fvv-Wv-Mvgv Kvb `ki bvweK wQjb?
L. cvPxbKvj AbKB evsjv Aj evwYR KiZ GmwQj Kb?
M. DxcKi gZv fvMvfvwMi mv_ Zvgvi cvV eBqi Kvb NUbvi wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D NUbv evsjvi A_bwZK giy` f w`qwQj? Dii mc hyw `vI|
94
2. ek wKQzw`b ai cjvkcyi Pv evMvbi evwlK Avq DVv-bvgv KiwQj| G Rb evMvb KZc evMvbi Avq
wbw` Kivi j Drcv`b eev KqK eQii Rb KwZcq ewi wbKU eiv `b| G eevq bZzb
BRviv`viiv ewk gybvdv jvfi Avkvq Pv kwgKìK AwZwi mgq KvR KivZ eva Ki AwZwi
cvwikwgK QvovB| G eevi dj Pv evMvb I Pv kwgKì Aevi Dbqbi cwZ Kvbv `w wQj bv
BRviv`viì| evMvb KZc G `yievi nvZ _K gyw cvevi j Ges evMvbi Avq mywb` KiZ
BRviv`viì mv_ vqxfve eiv mv`b Ki|
K. Kvb b`xi Zxi cjvkxi hy msNwUZ nqwQj?
L. AK~c nZv ejZ Kx evSvq?
M. DxcKi bZzb eevi mv_ Zvgvi cvV eBqi Kvb NUbvi wgj LyuR cvIqv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki D e`ve A_bwZK kLjv ivi mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb KiwQj? hyw `vI|
Ag Aavq
BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvq cwZiva, beRvMiY I msvi

Av`vjb
evsjvi KlK GKmgq m~h DVv fvi jvj Kuva QyUZ Zvi dmji RwgZ| wdiZ AMvgx m~hK mvgb
iL| Zvi Ni Ab-ei cvPzh wQj bv, Ze AfveI wQj bv| Afve wQj bv Avb`-Drmei| eviv gvm
Ziv cveY jMB _vKZ| Rvwi, mvwi, KxZb, hvvcvjv Mvb Rg DVZ Mvg-evsjvi mvi Avmi| wKy mg
I Ag kZK BsiR ewYK kwYi AvMvmb Ko wbZ _vK evsjvi KlKi gyLi nvwm, Zvì Avb`Drme|
c_g Zviv asm KiwQj Mvg-evsjvi KzwUi wk, Zvici Zvì bRi co G`ki Dei Rwgi Dci|
AwZwi A_i jvf f~wg ivR^ Av`vq GKi ci GK cixv-wbixv PjZ _vK| h cixvi wbyi ewj nq
evsjvi KlK-mvaviY gvbyl| dj Zxe kvlYi wkKvi Amnvq KlK-mvaviY gvbyli we`vn Kiv Qvov Kvbv
Dcvq _vK bv| G we`vn gvMZ PjZ _vK AvVviv kZKi klvewa _K Dwbk kZKi klva ch|
Gi m m evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR agxq msvi Av`vjbi m~cvZ NU, hv cieZx chvq evcK KlK
Av`vjb ic bq| GKB m cvvZi AvaywbK wPvi XD Gm AvQo co G mgvRi wkwZ gnj|
dj wn`y mgvR hgb wk, mvwnZ beRvMiYi m~cvZ NU, Zgwb De NU gywPv gyeywi| iy nq
Kzmsvi, Muvovwg `~i Ki wn`y agi msvi| gymjgvb wkwZ mgvRI msvii gvag gymjgvb
mc`vqK cvvZ wkvq wkwZ Ki hyMvchvMx Ki Mo ZzjZ GwMq Avmb|
g~jZ AvVviv I Dwbk kZKRyo GB Aji Av_-mvgvwRK ivRbxwZZ eBZ _vK cwieZbi nvIqv| GB
cwieZbi c_g m~Pbv Ki evsjvi KlK, mvaviY gvbyl|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
BsiR kvmbvgj evsjvq cwZiva Av`vjbi cwZ Ges Gi Zvrch wek-lY KiZ cvie;
beRvMiY I msvi Av`vjb wekl eweMi Ae`vb g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
BsiR kvmbi weiy hy I cwZiva Av`vjbi wewfb NUbvcevni ga w`q `kcg Dy

ne;
wewfb msviK I msvi KgKv Rvbvi gvag gywPvq AbycvwYZ ne|
96
cwZiva Av`vjb
dwKi-mbvmx Av`vjb
evsjvi dwKi-mbvmx Av`vjb wQj GKwU wewUkweivax Av`vjb| AvVviv kZKi klva GB Av`vjbi
iy| Gi AvM beve gxi Kvwkg BsiRì m hy dwKi-mbvmxì mvnvh Pvb| GB WvK mvov w`q
dwKi-mbvmxiv bevei c hy Ki| hy civwRZ nq gxi Kvwkg cvwjq MjI dwKi-mbvmxiv Zvì
wewUkweivax Av`vjb Pvwjq hZ _vK| beveK mvnvh Kivi KviY BsiRiv Zvì MwZwewai cwZ Kov
bRi ivLZ _vK|
wPivPwiZ ixwZ Abyhvqx, dwKi-mbvmxiv wfvew ev gyw msMni gvag RxweKv wbevn KiZ| agxq Drme,
Zx_vb `kb Dcj mviv eQi Zviv GK vb _K AviK vb Nyi eovZ| Zvì m wbivcvi Rb
bvbv aibi nvjKv A _vKZ| evsjvq wewUk kvmb cwZvi c~e ch Zviv wQj ^vaxb Ges gy| wKy BsiR
miKvi Zvì Aeva Pjvdivq evavi mw KiZ _vK| Zx_vb `kbi Dci Kivivc Ki, wfv I gyw
msMnK eAvBwb NvlYv Ki| ZvQvov ZvìK WvKvZ-`my ej AvLvwqZ KiZ _vK| dj z nq
dwKi-mbvmxiv BsiRì weiy `xN Av`vjb AeZxY nq| we`vnx dwKi `ji bZvi bvg wQj gRby
kvn| Avi mbvmxì bZvi bvg wQj fevbx cvVK| Zvì AvgYi g~j j wQj miKvwi KzwV, Rwg`viì
KvQvwi I bvqe-Mvgvi evwo| 1760 wLv cwgei eagvb Rjvq mbvmxiv BsiRì weiy c_g
we`vn iy Ki|
1771 wLv gRby kvn mviv Di evsjvq BsiRweivax ZrciZv iy Kib| 1777 wLv -1786 wLv
ch iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi I gqgbwmsn Rjvq BsiRì m gRby kvn e msNl wj nb| Zvi hy
Kkj wQj Mwijv cwZ A_vr AZwKZ AvgY Ki wbivc` mi hvIqv| BsiRì c ZvK P~ovfve
civwRZ Kiv KLbB me nqwb| wZwb 1787 wLv gZzeiY Kij we`vni bZZ MnY Kib gymv kvn,
mvevb kvn, PivM Avjx kvn, Kwig kvn, gv`vi eK&mmn cgyL dwKi| GB bZviv KqK eQi BsiR ckvmbK
ewZe Ki ivL| 1800 wLv Zviv P~ovfve civwRZ nq| Aciw`K mbvmx we`vni bZv fevbx
cvVK 1787 wLv jdUbvU ebvbi bZZ GK`j ewUk mbi AvgY `yB mnKvixmn wbnZ nb|
mbvmx Av`vjbi cavb bZv wQjb wZwb| Zvi gZzi m m mbvmx Av`vjbiI Aemvb NU|
GKK KvR : gxi Kvwkgi civRqi m dwKi-mbvmxì cwZ BsiRì Kov bRii mK Kx?
Gi cwiYwZ Kx njv?
wZZzgxii msMvg :
gxi wbmvi Avjx Iid wZZzgxi Pwek ciMbv Rjvi evivmvZ gnKzgvi
Puv`cyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| Di fviZ I Di-cwg mxgv c`k
hLb Iqvnvwe Av`vjbi Rvqvi PjQ, ZLb cwge evivmvZ Aj
GB Av`vjb wZZzgxii bZZ cej AvKvi aviY Ki| Dwbk
wZZzgxi
97
kZK fviZel gymjgvb mgvR GK agxq msvi Av`vjbi m~cvZ nqwQj| evsjvq Zvi `ywU aviv
cengvb wQj| hvi GKwU Iqvnvwe ev gynv`xqv Av`vjb, AciwU diqwR Av`vjb bvg LvZ| Dfq
Av`vjbi g~j Dk wQj agxq mvgvwRK Kzmsvi `~i Ki gymwjg mc`vqK agxq Abykvmb cvjbi
mwVK c_ wb`k Kiv| evsjvi Iqvnvweiv wZZzgxii bZZ msMwVZ nqwQj| wZZzgxii bZZ cwiPvwjZ
ZwiKvq gynv`xqv Av`vjb wQj Di fviZi mq` Avng` knxì fveavivq AbycvwYZ|
wZZzgxi nR Kivi Rb gv kwid hvb| 1827 wLv wZwb `k wdi Avmb Ges ag msvi KvR
AvZwbqvM Kib| Zuvi GB agxq msvi Av`vjb e gymjgvb wekl Ki Pwek ciMbv Ges b`xqv Rjvi
e KlK, ZuvZx GB Av`vjb mvov `q| dj Rwg`viiv gymjgvb cRvì Dci bvbv aibi wblavv Rvwi
Ki Ges Zvì cwZ bvbv wbhvZbg~jK AvPiY iy Ki| wZZzgxi G AZvPvii weiy KZci KvQ
kvwc~Yfve mywePvi Pq e_ nb| kl ch wZwb I Zuvi Abymvixiv mk cwZivai c_ Aej^b Kib|
1831 wLt bvwiKjevwoqv Mvg wZZzgxi Zuvi cavb NuvwU vcb Kib| wbgvY Kib kwkvjx GK euvki
Kj-v| Mvjvg gvmygi bZZ Mo Zvjb my` kwkvjx jvwVqvj evwnbx|
BsiR, Rwg`vi, bxjKiì viv wbhvwZZ KlKiv `j `j wZZzgxii evwnbxZ hvM w`j ag msvii
Av`vjb GKwU evcK KlK Av`vjb ic bq| dj kvmK-kvlK Rwg`vikwY ev KlKì msNeZv
Ges wZZzgxii kw ewZ kwZ nq DV| kl ch 1831 wLt wZZzgxii weiy BsiR miKvi GK
wekvj mywkwZ mbvevwnbx ciY Ki| gRi Ui bZZ GB evwnbx wZZzgxii bvwiKj evwoqv euvki
Kj-v AvgY Ki| BsiRì Kvgvb e`yKi mvgb exii gZv jovB Ki civwRZ nq wZZzgxii evwnbx|
wZwb hy wbnZ nb| Mvjvi AvNvZ euvki Kj-v Do hvq| GfveB cwimgvw NU GKwU mymsNwUZ KlK
Av`vjbi| wZZzgxi agxq msvi Av`vjbi ga w`q evcK KlK Av`vjb Mo ZzjZ mg
nqwQjb| BsiRì Mvjveviy`, bxjKi, Rwg`viì HKe cwZivai gyL Zuvi euvki Kj-v wQj
`ytmvnm Avi `kcgi cZxK, hv hyM hyM evOvwjK Abvq-AZvPvii weiy mvnm hywMqQ| ciYv
hywMqQ ^vaxbZvi c_ GwMq hZ|
GKK KvR
1| wZZzgxii Kvb Kvb KgKv `ytmvnm Avi `kcgi cZxK|
2| agxq msvi Av`vjb Kxfve KlK Av`vjb cwiYZ njv? Gi cQbi KviY Abymvb Ki|
bxj we`vn
BsiRiv G`k GmwQj eemv-evwYR KiZ| Dcgnv`ki kvmKì `yejZvi myhvM Zviv G`ki
kvmK nq DV| Ze me mgq Zvì eemvqx eyw wQj mRvM| GB mRvM eemvqx eywi KviYB evsjvi
Dei dmji Z Zvì `w co| Zviv GB Dei ZjvZ Lv` dmji (Lvevi dmj) cwieZ evwYR
dmj (evwYRi Rb h dmj) Drcv`bi AvMnx nq DV| bxj wQj Zvì mB evwYwRK dmj|
98
H mgq bxj eemv wQj LyeB jvfRbK| eZ wki DbwZi m m Kvco is Kivi Rb weUb bxji
Pvwn`v Lye eo hvq| ZvQvov AvgwiKvi wewUk Dcwbekjv ^vaxb nq hvIqvi KviY BsiR ewYKì
mLvbKvi bxj Pvl e nq hvq| dj evsjv nq DV bxj mieivni c`vb K`| 1770 _K 1780 wLt
ga BsiR Avgj evsjv`k bxjPvl iy nq|
bxjPvli Rb bxjKiMY KlKi mevrK Rwg eQ wbZ| KlKì bxjPvli Rb AMxg A_ MnY (`v`b)
eva Kiv nZv| Avi GKevi GB `v`b MnY Kij my`-Avmj hZB KlKiv FY cwikva KiyK bv Kb, esk
ciivq Kvbv w`bB FY kva nZv bv| bxjPvl KlKiv ivwR bv nj Zvì Dci Pig AZvPvi Pvjvbv
nZv| evsjv`k bxji eemv wQj GKPwUqv BsiR ewYKì| dwi`cyi, hkvi, XvKv, cvebv, ivRkvnx,
b`xqv, gywk`vev` evcK bxj Pvl nZv|
wRwbm ci g~j ewi m m bxj Pvli LiPI ew cvq| bxjKiiv welqwU weePbvq ivLZ bv| ZvQvov
c_g w`K Zviv Pvwlì webvg~j bxj exR mieivn KijI cii w`K ZvI e nq hvq| dj gvMZ
bxjPvl Pvwlì Rb Ame nq ùvovq|
Dchy ebvi nvZ _K Pvwlì euvPvi Kvbv Dcvq wQj bv| AvBb wQj Zvì bvMvji evBi| AvBb hviv
cqvM Kieb, mme wePviKì ewki fvM wQj bxjKiì ^`kx ev ez| Avevi bxjKiivI AbK mgq
wbRivB AeZwbK (Abvivwi) gvwRU c` wbqvM cZb| dj AvBbi Avkq ev mywePvi cvIqv Pvwli Rb
wQj Ame| GgZvevq bxjKi mvneiv evsjvi Mvgvj ay eemvqx ic bq `v` cZvckvjx GK Awfbe
AZvPvix Rwg`vi icI AvZcKvk Ki| Giv GZUvB wbzi Avi ecivqv nq DVwQj h Aeva bxjPvwlK
nZv KiZI wav Kiwb|
kl ch `qvj wcV VK hvIqv bxj Pvwliv 1859 wLt cP we`vn dU co| Mvg-Mvg KlKiv msMwVZ
Ges HKe nZ _vK| GB me we`vni bZZ `q bxjPvwlivB| hkvii bxj we`vni bZv wQjb bexb
gvae I ebx gvae bvg `yB fvB| MjxZ bZZ `b e`bv_ I wekbv_ m`vi| b`xqvq wQjb gNbv m`vi
Ges b`xqvi PMvQvq we`vni bZZ `b wezPiY wekvm I w`Mî wekvm bvg `yB fvB| vbxq chvqi GB
bZZ evsjvq KlK we`vni Avb Rj DV| KlKiv bxj Pvl bv Kivi c `p Aevb bq| GgbwK Zviv
BsiR gvwRUi Dc`kI AMvn Ki| wkwZ gawe kwY bxjPvwlì cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj gbvfve cKvk
KiZ _vK| wewfb cwKvq bxjKiì AZvPvii Kvwnbx Qvcv nZ _vK| `xbez wgi jLv bxj`cY
bvUKi Kvwnbx Pviw`K Qwoq co|
kl ch evsjvi msMvgx KlKì Rq nq| 1861 wLt wewUk miKvi BwMv Kwgkb ev bxj Kwgkb MVb
Ki| GB Kwgkbi mycvwiki Dci wfw Ki bxj PvlK KlKì BQvaxb ej NvlYv Kiv nq| ZvQvov
BwMv KUv evwZj nq| Gi cwicwZ bxj we`vni Aemvb nq| cieZxKvj bxji weK Kwg bxj
AvweZ nIqvq 1892 wLv G`k bxjPvl wPiZi e nq hvq|
GKK KvR : 1 Kvb Aevi cwZ bxj we`vn NU-Zvi Dci Km vwW cZ Ki|
GKK KvR : 2 evsjvq wPiZi bxj Pvl e nIqvi cvcU Zzj aiv|
99
divqwR Av`vjb
divqwR Av`vjbi cwZvbv nvRx kixqZDj-vn eni dwi`cyii gv`vixcyi Rjvi kvmkvBj Mvg 1782 wLt
RbMnY Kib| wZwb `xN wek eQi gvq Aevb Kib| mLvb wZwb Bmjvg agi Dci jLvcov Ki
AMva cvwZ ARb Kib|
`k wdi wZwb eySZ cvib h evsjvi gymjgvbiv Bmjvgi cKZ wkv _K AbK `~i mi MQ| Zvì
ga AbmjvwgK ixwZbxwZ, Kzmsvi, AbvPvi cek KiQ| Bmjvg agK Kzmsvi Avi Gme AbmjvwgK
AbvPvigy KiZ wZwb `pcwZ nb| GB cwZvi ekeZx nq wZwb Dwbk kZKi c_gva evsjvi
gymjgvbì ga GK agxq-mvgvwRK msvi Av`vjbi m~cvZ Kib| nvRx kixqZDj-vni GB agxq
msvi Av`vjbi bvgB divqwR Av`vjb|
divqwR kwU Aviwe diR (Aek KZe) k _K GmQ| hviv diR cvjb Ki ZvivB divqwR| Avi
evsjvq huviv nvRx kixqZDj-vni Abymvix wQjb, BwZnvm ay ZvìKB divqwR ejv nq _vK| kixqZDj-vn
h diRi Dci wekl iyZ Avivc KiQb, Zv wQj cwe KziAvb ewYZ cuvPwU Aekcvjbxq (diR)
gjbxwZ| GB gjbxwZjv nQ Cgvb ev Avj-vni GKZ I imvjvZ wekvm, bvgvR, ivRv, nR, RvKvZ|
Bmjvg Abbygvw`Z me wekvm, AvPvi-AvPiY I Abyvb ZvM Ki Bmjvg ag hv AekKiYxq, Zv cvjb Kivi
Rb wZwb gymjgvb mgvRK Avnvb Rvbvb| wZwb evsjv Z_v fviZel wewUk kvmb gb wbZ cviwb| wZwb
BsiR ivRZK NYvi PvL `LZb| wZwb fviZelK `viyj nvie A_vr, hyiZ `k ej NvlYv Kib|
wZwb weagx-weRvZxq kvwmZ `k Rygv Ges `yB Cì bvgvR eRbi Rb gymjgvbì wb`k w`qQb|
evsjvi kvwlZ, wbhvwZZ `wi` ivqZ, KlK, ZuvZx, Zwj mc`vq ^Zt~Zfve GB Av`vjb hvM`vb Ki|
kixqZDj-vni Dci `wi` RbMvxi Avv, wekvm, Zuvi AmvaviY mvdj wbgkwYi RbMYi ga `p HK
Mo Zvj| gymjgvbì agxq AvPvi-Abyvb Rwg`viiv evav c`vb KiZ _vK| wZwb cRvì Aea Ki
`qv _K weiZ _vKvi Dc`k `b Ges Rwg`viì me AZvPvii weiy cwZiva Mo Zvjvi Rb cwZ
bb| `kRyo Afve `Lv w`j wZwb byb-fvZi `vweI Dvcb Kib|
Rwg`vikwY bvbv ARynvZ divqwR cRvì Dci AZvPvi iy Kij cRvì ivi Rb wZwb jvwVqvj evwnbx
MVbi wmv bb| 1839 wLt Zvi Dci cywjwk wblavv Rvwi Kiv nq| 1840 mvj wZwb gZzeiY Kib|
Zuvi gZzi ci divqwR Av`vjbi `vwqZ MnY Kib Zuvi hvMcy gyn` gynwmbDxb Avng` Iid `y`y
wgqv| wZwb 1819 wLt RbMnY Kib| wcZvi gZv cwZ bv njI Zuvi mvsMVwbK gZv wQj AmvaviY|
GKK KvR : nvRx kixqZDj-vn h diRi Dci iyZ Avivc Kib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
`y`y wgqvi bZZ divqwR Av`vjb GKvavi GKwU agxq msvi Av`vjbi cvkvcvwk KlKkwYi kvlY
gywi mk msMvg cwiYZ nq| hvi dj GB Av`vjbi Pwi kl ch ay agxq msvi Av`vjbi
ga mxgve iBj bv| BsiR kvmKì Pig A_bwZK kvlY wech evsjvi KlK GB Av`vjbi gvag
kvlYweivax cZ f~wgKvq AeZxY njv| nvRvi nvRvi KlK I Rwg`vi, bxjKi mvneì wbhvZb _K
euvPvi Rb divqwR Av`vjb hvM`vb Ki|
100
`y`ywgqv wQjb divqwRì iy ev Iv`| wcZvi gZzi ci wZwb kvwwcq bxwZ cwinvi Ki mk msMvg
wj nb| divqwRì cwZiva msMvgK `p Ges kwkvjx Kivi j wZwb wbR jvwV Pvjbv wkv jvf
Kib| Zuvi wcZvi Avgji jvwVqvj RvjvjDwb gvj-vK mbvcwZ wbqvM Ki GK my` jvwVqvj evwnbx Mo
Zvjb| Gi Dk wQj Rwg`viì Aea Ki Avivc Ges bxjKiì AZvPvii weiy cwZivai eev
Kiv| GLvb Dj-L, dwi`cyi, cvebv, ivRkvnx, hkvi, gywk`vev`, b`xqv cfwZ gymjgvbcavb Ajjv bxj
Pvli Rb wQj DrK| myZivs G Aj bxjKiMYi AZvPvii gvvI wQj `ytmn| Zuvi bZZ Mvgvj
^vaxb miKvi MVb Kiv nqwQj| KlK cRvmvaviYK wbq ^vaxb miKvii GKUv mbvevwnbxI (jvwVqvj
evwnbx) MVb Kiv nqwQj|
divqwRì miKvieevq c~e evsjvK KZjv njKv ev GjvKvq wef Kiv nq| `y`y wgqv Zuvi Abymvixì
wbq `xNKvjevcx Rwg`vi, bxjKi miKvii weiy GB msMvg Pvwjq hvb| `kxq Rwg`viiv we`wk BsiR
miKvi I bxjKi mvneì m nvZ wgwjq Zuvi weiy GKi ci GK dR`vwi gvgjv `vqi KiZ
_vK| wKy `y`y wgqvi weiy mvx bv cq evievi ZvK gyw w`Z nq| kl ch 1857 mvj fviZi c_g
^vaxbZv hyi Avb Rj DVj BsiR miKvi fxZ-m nq DV| fxZ BsiR miKvi `y`y wgqvK
ivRbwZK e`x wnme KjKvZvi KvivMvi AvUK ivL| 1860 wLt wZwb gyw cvb Ges 1862 wLt GB
`kcwgK wec-exi gZz NU| Zuvi gZzi ci hvM bZZi Afve divqwR Av`vjb `yej nq co|
GKK KvR : 1857 mvji fviZi ^vaxbZv hyi mgq BsiR miKvi fxZ nq `y`y wgqvK Kviviy
Ki| Gi cQbi KviYjv avivevwnKfve mvRvI|
beRvMiY I msvi Av`vjb

beRvMiY
1757 mvj cjvkx hyi ci G Aji A_bwZK, ivRbwZK Aevi cwieZbi GK my`~icmvix BwZ
eq Avb| Avevi Av`k kZKi klva Bsjv wk wec-e Ges dv iqx divwm wec-ei (1789 wLt)
cfveI Gm co G Aji ivRbxwZ I A_bxwZZ| G mgq evsjvi wKQymsLK ew GB ec-weK cwieZbi
msk Avmb| ZvivB evsjvq ibmuv ev beRvMiYi m~Pbv Kib| BDivcxq Av_-mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK
cwieZbi cfve GB wkwZ evOvwjì gb beRvMiYi m~Pbv nq| Gì bZZi cfve `kevmxi ga
AvZmPZbv, AvZghv`veva I ^vZeva Zxefve RvMZ nZ _vK| beRvMiYi cfveB kl ch G
`kevmxi ga RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi cv_wgK wfZ iwPZ nq, hv kl ch evOvwjK Z_v fviZxqì
^vaxbZvi c_ Vj `q|
GB mgq cPwjZ ag, wkv-mswZ, mvwnZ, mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I HwZni weiy GK aibi wPvi wece
m~wPZ nq| GB cwiYwZZ De NU bZzb aggZ (ev ag I be wn`yev`), bZzb wkv, bZzb mvwnZ, bZzb
mvgvwRK Av`k I ixwZbxwZi| GB bZybi gaB evsjvq ibmuv ev beRvMiYi m~cvZ NU| GfveB
Dcgnv`k evsjvq c_g beRvMiYi ev ibmuvi Rb| dj mviv fviZeli ga evsjv nq DV AvaywbK wPvPZbvi K`j| BsiwR wkv I cvvZ fveavivi cfve evOvwj cwiYZ nq cvvZ mfZv I mswZi aviK-
101
evnK| evOvwj eywRxexì AbKB gahyMxq wPv-PZbv cZvLvb Ki hywev`, ew^vaxbZv, evwbK
`wfwK MnY Ki AvaywbK gvbyl cwiYZ nb| GB be fveaviv cmvi B Bwqv Kvvwbi wKQymsLK
D`viPZv ckvmKiI Ae`vb iqQ| Giv `wk fvlv-mvwnZi DbwZi Rb cej Drmvn `wLqQb| nwsm,
Gvjwdbvb, gvjKg gbiv, gUKvd cgyL BsiR ckvmKi AbK fviZevmxK cvvZ fveaviv, vbwevb-`kb DxweZ KivK Zvì bwZK I gvbweK `vwqZ KZe ej gb KiZb| ZvQvov wLvb
wgkbvwiì cwZwZ QvcvLvbvI AvaywbK wkvi fveaviv cmvi Dj-LhvM f~wgKv cvjb mg nq|
ivRv ivggvnb ivq

evsjvi beRvMiYi mv fviZi c_g AvaywbK cyiyl wQjb ivRv
ivggvnb ivq| 1774 wLt Mjx Rjvi ivavbMi Mvg Zuvi Rb|
AmvaviY cvwZi AwaKvix ivggvnb| wekl Ki Aviwe, dviwm, D`y,
jvwUb I wMK fvlvq wZwb Amvgvb `Zv ARb Kib| wZwb e`vm~
I e`vmvimn Dcwblì Abyev` cKvk Kib| Zuvi Abvb iPbvi ga
AvQ Zzn&dvZzj gyRvnwn``xb (GKkiev` mif), gbRvivZzj Avw`qvb
Qwe ivRv ivggvnb ivq
(wewfb agi Dci AvjvPbv), fvPvhi mwnZ wePvi, wn`yw`Mi
cwjK agcYvwj BZvw`| ZvQvov wZwb m^v` Kgy`x, wgivZzj AvLevi I evwYKvj gvMvwRb bvg wZbwU
cwKvi cKvkKI wQjb|
AvaywbK fviZi icKvi ivRv ivggvnb ZrKvjxb mgvRi mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK MwZaviv Mfxifve cheY
Kib| wbRi wPvavivi AvjvK bZzb mgvR MVb cqvmx nb| wZwb wn`y mgvRi mZx`vn, evjweevn,
Kwjb c_v, g~wZc~Rv I Abvb Kzmsvi `~i KiZ cPv Pvjvb| ZvQvov wZwb me Kymsvi `~i Ki Avw`
GKkievì wfwZ wn`yag cybtcwZv KiZ mP nb| wn`yagi msvi Z_v wbR agxq gZev` cPvii
Dk AvZxq mfv bvg GKwU mwgwZ MVb Kib| 1828 wLt 20 AvM wZwb evmgvR cwZv Kib|
1830 wLt wZwb evYmgvRi Dcvmbvjq vcb Kib| Zuvi evmgvR cwZv Dcgnv`ki agxq BwZnvm
GK behyMi m~Pbv Ki| ay mvgvwRK Avi agxq welq bq, wkv weviI Zuvi Ae`vb wQj| wZwb wekvm
KiZb, `ki gvbyli Rb cqvRb BsiwR wkvi| G KviY wZwb wbR msZ cwZ nIqv mI 1923
wLt cvweZ miKvwi msZ KjRi cwZvi weivwaZv Kib| ivRv ivggvnb 1822 wLt KjKvZvq
Avsjv wn`y zj cwZv Kib, hLvb BsiwR, `kb, AvaywbK wevb covevi eev wQj| G`kevmxK
msZ wkvi e`j AvaywbK vb, wevb, `kb wkvi iyZ evLv Ki Mfbi Rbvij jW AvgnvK wPwV
jLb| ZvQvov fviZxqì wkvi Rb BsiR miKvi KZK wbavwiZ 1 j UvKv wZwb msZ I gv`vmv
wkvi eq bv Ki AvaywbK wkvq eq Kivi RbI Ave`b Kib|
1833 wLt GB gnvcyiyl fviZxq ibmuvi mv ivRv ivggvnb ivqi gZz nq| Zuvi gZzi `yB eQi ci 1835
wLt Zvi ^c mdj nq| fviZxqì cvvZ fvlvq wkv Ìqvi miKvwi wmv MnxZ nq|
KvR : ivRv ivggvnb ivqi wjwLZ M Ges cKvwkZ cwKvjvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
102
wWivwRI I Bqvs ej gyfgU

nbwi jyB wWivwRI 1809 wLt 18 Gwcj KjKvZv kni RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv wQjb cZywMR Ges gv
wQjb evOvwj| wWivwRI BsiwR wkvi zj WwfW Wvgi agZjv GKvWwgZ covjLv iy Kib| zj
cavb wkK Wvg wQjb cMwZev`x, msvigy Amvc`vwqK PZbv mg gvbeZvev`x AZ wbvevb
wkK| GB wkKi Av`k wWivwRIK Zuvi wkKvj _K gZz ch cfvweZ Ki iLwQj| h KviY
cieZxKvj wZwb nZ ciwQjb ivRv ivggvnb ivqi hvM Dim~wi| wZwb wQjb ibmuv hyM evOvwj hye
mgvRi ga Avjvob mwKvix Bqvs ej Av`vjbi cev| eqm ZiyY njI wZwb BwZnvm, BsiwR,
mvwnZ, `kbkv Mfxi vbi AwaKvix wQjb| Zuvi `~i`w, ewMZv I wek-lYgZv ZrKvjxb ZiyY
mgvRK evcK cfvweZ KiZ mg nqwQj|
Dwbk kZKi c_gva Ryo wQj ivRv ivggvnb ivqi Av`vjbi aviv| `pfve m avivK euvwPq iLwQj
wn`y KjRi cwZfvevb Qve`, Bqs ej Av`vjbi gvag| huvi bZZ wQjb wn`y KjRi ZiyY
AavcK nbwi jyBm wWivwRI| wZwb Zuvi Qv-Abymvixì ^vaxb gZvgZ e Kivi wkv `b|
Bqvs ej Av`vjbi m`miv G `kevmxK evievi G K_vB evSvZ PqQ h Zviv wewUk KZK kvwmZ I
kvwlZ nQ| G KviY GB ZiyYiv fviZevmxi ^v_weivax me KvRi Nvi weivwaZv KiQ| hgb cm
AvBb, gwikvm fviZxq kwgK ivwb, fviZevmxi ^v_i cwZ D`vmxb 1833 mvji PvUvi AvBb Gì viv
Zxefve mgvjvwPZ nqQ|
ZiyY mgvRi cyivbv avb aviYv cv w`Z wWivwRI 1828 wLt cwZwZ GKvWwg Avmvwmqkb iyZc~Y
f~wgKv ivL| GKvWwg ZiyYì GB wkv Ìqv nq h hywnxb wekvm njv gZzi mgvb| bZzb wPvavivq
cfvweZ ZiyYiv mbvZbcx wn`y Ges Muvovcx wLvbì agwekvmI AvNvZ nvb| dj Giv wWivwRI
Ges Zvi GKvWwgi m`mì cwZ z nq| 1830 wLt wWivwRIi AbyciYvq wn`y KjRi Qviv cv_bb
bvg GKwU BsiwR mvvwnK cwKv cKvk Ki| GZ mgvR, ag, wewfb Kymsvii weiy wb`vm~PK
mgvjvPbv cKvwkZ nZ _vKj KjR KZc GwU e Ki `q| wZwb 1831 wLt wnmcvevm bvgK GKwU
cwKv mv`bv Ges B Bwqv bvg GKwU `wbK cwKv cKvk Kib| H eQiB wWmî gv ZBk eQi
eqm wZwb gZzeiY Kib|
Zuvi gZzi ciI Zuvi c`wkZ c_ AbymiY Ki PjZ _vK Zuvi nvZ Mov Abymvixiv| wWivwRIi gZzi ci
Zuvi Abymvix Qviv wewfb Ae`vb ivLZ _vK| Zuvì ga Dj-LhvM wQjb ivgZby jvwnox, ivavbv_
wmK`vi, cvwiPuv` wg, Kgvnb evbvwR cgyL| gvBKj gaymy`b ` Zuvi Qv bv njI Zuvi Av`k viv
Mfxifve cfvweZ nqwQjb| wWivwRIi Abymvixì Av`vjb CkiP` we`vmvMiKI cfvweZ KiwQj|
GKK KvR : hywnxb wekvm njv gZzi mgvb-Gi AvjvK wWivwRIi KgKv g~jvqY Ki||
103
CkiP` we`vmvMi
cvwZ, wkv wevi, mgvR msvi, `qv`Zv I ZRw^Zvq CkiP` we`vmvMi wQjb Dwbk kZKi evsjvq
GKK ewZ| Zuvi cv wQj cvPxb fviZxq Fwli gZv, kh wQj BsiRì gZv, Avi `q wQj evsjvi
KvgjgwZ gvqì gZv|
GB AmvaviY hyM ceZK gnvcyiyli Rb nqwQj 1820 wLt g`bxcyi
Rjvi exiwmsn Mvg| wZwb Zuvi ZRw^Zv, mZwbv ARb KiwQjb Zuvi
`wi` evY wcZv VvKzi`vm e`vcvavqi KvQ _K| Avi `qi
ggZeva Zuvi gv fvMeZxèxi KvQ _K| `vwiì KviY ivZ evwZ
Rvwjq covi gZv wQj bv| dj wk CkiP` mvi ci _K Mfxi
ivZ ch ivvi Mvm evwZi wbP `vwoq covkvbv KiZb| wZwb
BsiwR msLv MYbv wkLwQjb Zuvi evevi m Mvgi evwo _K cvq
nuU KjKvZvq Avmvi mgq, ivvi cvki gvBj djKi msLvi wnme
YZ YZ|
Qwe : we`vmvMi
AmvaviY gav Avi Aaemvqi Y wZwb gv GKzk eQi eqm msZ mvwnZ, evKiY, bvq, e`v, wZ,
Ajvi BZvw` welq AMva cvwZ ARb KiwQjb| H eqm wZwb dvU DBwjqvg KjRi cwZi
`vwqZ jvf Kib| GKBm wZwb we`vjq cwi`kKi `vwqZI cvjb Kib|
KgRxeb ceki m m wZwb mvwnZ PPvqI gbvhvMx nb| evsjv fvlvq DbZgvbi cvVcyKi Afve
`L wZwb M`mvwnZ iPbv iy Kib| wZwb evsjv M`mvwnZK beRxeb `vb Kib| G Rb ZuvK evsjv
M`mvwnZi RbK ejv nq| wkì jLvcov mnR Kivi Rb wZwb iPbv Kib eY cwiPqi c_g I wZxq
fvM| msZ fvlv wkvK mnR Kivi Rb wZwb evKiYi DcgwYKv iPbv Kib| ZvQvov wZwb AbK
Mi AbyevÌ KiQb|
ay mvwnZ bq, wkv wevi Zuvi KwZZ AmvaviY| msZ wkvi msvi, evsjv wkvi wfwvcb Ges
bvixwkv cmvi AMYx f~wgKv Zuvi Aq KxwZ| ZvQvov zj cwi`kK _vKvKvj Mvg-M 20wU gWj zj,
35wU evwjKv we`vjq vcb Kib| Zuvi cwZwZ we`vjqjvi ga Dj-LhvM njv gUvcwjUb
BbwwUDkb| GLb GwU we`vmvMi KjR bvg LvZ|
wZwb GKRb mdj mgvR-msviKI wQjb| `k cPwjZ bvbv aibi Kzmsvii weiy wZwb iyL ùvovb|
wZwb Kbvwk nZv, eweevn c_vi weiy msMvg wj nb| wZwb wn`y mgvR weaev weevni c KVvi
Aevb bb| Zuvi wbijm cPvi KviY 1856 wLt Mfbi Rbviji mwZg weaev weevn AvBb cvk nq|
we`vmvMi `vb-`vwYi Rb LvZ wQjb| G KviY ZuvK `qvi mvMiI ejv nZv| wZwb h_ mQj bv
njI e Abv_ Qv Zuvi evmvq _K jLvcov KiZv| Kwe gvBKj gaym~`b ì Pig A_Ki mgq
we`vmvMi ZuvK cPzi A_ mvnvh KiQb| Kwe bexbP` mb ZiyY eqm we`vmvMii A_ jLvcov
KiQb|
104
Zuvi gvZfw wQj AmvaviY| gvqi BQvq wZwb Mvg `vZe wPwKrmvjq I we`vjq cwZv Kib| gvqi WvK
mvov w`q Zvi KvQ hvIqvi Rb wZwb GKevi fiv elvq Mfxi ivZ `vgvì b` cvi nq evwo hvb|
GB mgvR meK gnvvbx 1891 wLt 71 eQi eqm cijvK Mgb Kib|
GKK KvR : we`vmvMiK evsjv M`mvwnZi RbK ejvi KviY Abymvb Ki|
nvRx gyn` gnmxb
nvRx gyn` gnmxb 1732 wLt cwgei MjxZ RbMnY Kib| Zuvi
wcZvi bvg wQj gyn` dqRyj-vn| gvqi bvg wQj Rqbve Lvbg| Zvì
Avw` wbevm wQj cvim| nvwR gyn` gnmxbi c~ecyiyl fvM A^lY
Gm Mjx kni emevm iy Ki|
gnmxbi wkvRxeb iy MjxZ| Zuvi MnwkK AvMv wmivRx wQjb
GKRb cwZ ew| wZwb Zvui KvQ Aviwe-dviwm fvlv wkv jvf Kib|
Qwe : nvRx gyn` gnmxb
fvjvbv_ Iv` bvg GKRb mxZweì KvQ mZvi evRvbv I

mxZ kLb| Zuvi DPwkv iy nq gywk`vev`| wcZvi gZzi ci wZwb Mjx wdi Avmb Ges 1762 wLt
`k gY ei nb| wZwb gv, gw`bv Mgb Kib Ges nReZ cvjb Kib| Avie, wgki, cvim gY Ki
wZwb mvZvk eQi ci `k wdi Avmb| Aviwe, dviwm, D`y I BsiwR Ges BwZnvm I exRMwYZ Zuvi AMva
cvwZ wQj|
1803 wLt Zuvi GKgv evbi gZz nj wbtmvb evbi wekvj mwi gvwjK nb wZwb| wZwb AZ mvaviY
Rxebhvcb KiZb| ZLb evsjvi gymjgvbì wQj Pig `yw`b| A_ eq Ki jLvcovi gZv Zvì wQj bv|
wZwb Zuvi mgy`q A_ wkv wevi wPwKrmv Ges `wi` gvbyli Rb eq Kib|
wZwb MwjZ GKwU we`vjq cwZv Kib| XvKv, PMvg, hkvi cfwZ vbi gv`vmvi DbwZ mvabi
Dk cPzi A_ `vb Kib| gZzi Qq eQi c~e 1806 wLt GKwU dv MVb Ki RbwnZKi Kvh mg
mw `vb Kib| gnmxb dvi A_ Zuvi gZzi ci 1836 wLt Mjx gnmxb dv, Mjx `vZe wPwKrmvjq
Ges 1848 wLt MjxZ Bgvgevov cwZwZ nq| G Qvov Mjx, XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnxZ gv`vmv I Qvvevm
cwZv Kiv nq| gnmxb dvi ewi A_ nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb ZiyY DP-wkv jvfi myhvM cvq| Guì
ga evsjvi gymjgvb mgvRK huviv cvvZ wkvi c_ `wLqwQjb, Zuvì AM`~Z mq` Avgxi AvjxI
wQjb| Gfve wZwb Zuvi gZz ciI evOvwj gymjgvbì Rb wkvi c_ myMg Ki hvb| GB `vbkxj
we`vbyivMx gnvcyiyl 1812 wLt 29 bfî MjxZ cijvKMgb Kib|
KvR : RbwnZKi Kvh nvRx gyn` gynmxbi A_ Kv_vq Kv_vq eq nqQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
105
bIqve Ave`yj jwZd

Ave`yj jwZd 1828 wLt dwi`cyi Rjvq RbMnY Kib| wZwb KjKvZv gv`vmvq BsiwR wkv jvf Kib|
wkvRxeb kl Ki wZwb c_g XvKv KjwRqU zj Ges ci KjKvZv gv`vmvq Aavcbv Kib| 1849 wLt
wZwb WcywU gvwRUi c` hvM`vb Kib| 1877 wLt ZvK KjKvZv cwmWwi gvwRU c` DbxZ
Kiv nq| 1884 wLt wZwb miKvix PvKzwi _K Aemi MnY Kib| KgRxeb Zuvi KwZZi Rb miKvi ZuvK
c_g Lvb evnv`yi I ci bIqve DcvwaZ f~wlZ Ki|
wZwb evOvwj gymjgvbì ga BsiwR wkvi wevii cqvRb Ges Zvì BsiwR wkvi iyZ eySZ
cvib| ZvB wZwb gymjgvbì AvaywbK wkvq wkwZ Ki Zvì KjvYi Rb cPv Pvjvb| GB Dk
RbgZ MVbi Rb wZwb 1853 wLt gymjgvb Qvì c BsiwR wkvi mydj kxlK GK iPbv cwZhvwMZvi
AvqvRb Kib| Zuvi cPvq KjKvZv gv`vmvq Avsjv-cvwmqvb wefvM Lvjv nq| mLvb D`y, evsjv wkviI
eev Kiv nq| DP-wkv MnY gymjgvb Qvì mgmvi K_v wZwb miKvii KvQ Zzj aib| Zuvi
cPvq wn`y KjR cwmWw KjR icvi Kiv nj gymjgvb Qviv mLvb covjLv Kivi myhvM cvq|
wZwb XvKv, ivRkvnx, PMvg cfwZ vb gv`vmv vcb Kib| Ave`yj jwZdi cPvi KviY 1873 wLt
gnmxb dvi UvKv ay evsjvi gymjgvbì wkvq eq ne GB wmv MnxZ nq| Zuvi cwZwZ gv`vmvjvZ
agxq wkvi cvkvcvwk BsiwR I AvaywbK cvvZ wkv Pvjy Kiv nq| Ave`yj jwZdi Dj-LhvM KwZZ nQ
1863 wLt KjKvZvq cwZwZ gvnvgWvb wjUvivwi mvmvBwU ev gymwjg mvwnZ-mgvR|
bIqve Ave`yj jwZdi mviv Rxebi Kgi g~j Dk wQj wZbwU :
GK. gymjgvb mc`vqi cwZ BsiR miKvii welfve `~i Kiv;
`yB. gymjgvb mgvRi DbwZ I AMMwZi Rb cqvRbxq c`c MnY Kiv Ges
wZb. wn`y I gymjgvb mc`vqi ga gx cwZv Kiv|
GKK KvR : bIqve Ave`yj jwZdi Kgi Dk wZbwU msc evLv Ki|
mq` Avgxi Avjx
Dwbk kZKi klva evsjvi gymjgvb mgvRi beRvMiYi whwb mePq iyZc~Y Ae`vb iLwQjb wZwb
njb mq` Avgxi Avjx| wZwb cvvZ wkvi gvag evOvwj gymjgvbì mvgvwRK I elwqK DbwZ KiZ
PqQb| cvkvcvwk wZwb Zvì ivRbwZKfveI mPZb KiZ PqQb|
mq` Avgxi Avjx 1849 wLt Mjxi GK mv gymwjg cwievi RbMnY Kib| wZwb KjKvZv wekwe`vjq
_K Gg.G, I we.Gj wWwM jvf Kib| 1873 wLt jbi wj Bb _K evwivwi cvm Ki `k
dib| KgRxeb wZwb wewfb `vwqZc~Y c` AwawZ wQjb| wZwb 1890 wLt KjKvZv nvBKvUi wePvicwZ
wbhy nb| 1909 wLt wZwb jb wcwf KvDwji m`m nb|
evsjv Z_v fviZ wZwbB c_g gymjgvb bZv, whwb wekvm KiZb gymjgvbì Rb GKwU c_K ivRbwZK
msMVb _vKv cqvRb| wZwb wekvm KiZb, gymjvgbì ^v_iv Ges Zvì `vwe-`vIqvi cwZ miKvii
`w AvKlYi Rb wbR^ ivRbwZK msMVb _vKv cqvRb| GB Dk wZwb 1877 wLt KjKvZvq mUvj
gvnvgWvb Avmvwmqkb bvg GKwU mwgwZ MVb Kib|
106
wZwb wewfb c-cwKvq wkv I wewfb gymjgvbì wcwQq covi welqwU wbq jLvjwL Kib| dj
1885 wLt miKvi gymjgvbì wkvi AMMwZi Rb KZjv eev MnY Kib| G KviY wZwb 1884 wLt
KjKvZv gv`vmvq KjR chvq BsiwR wkv Ges KivwPZ GKwU KjR cwZvq DrmvwnZ Kib|
Zuvi weLvZ `ywU M The Spirit of Islam Ges A Short History of the Saracens-G Bmjvg agi
wevbmZ evLv I Bmjvgi AZxZ Miei K_v Zzj aiv nqQ| wZwb wekvm KiZb, AvaywbK fviZi
DbwZi Rb wn`y-gymjvgvb Dfq mc`vqi GKhvM KvR Kiv cqvRb| wZwb 1906 wLt gymwjg jxM
cwZvK ^vMZ Rvbvb| 1912 wLt wZwb gymwjg jxMi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb| mq` Avgxi Avjx bvix
AwaKvii welqI mPZb wQjb|
GKK KvR : mq` Avgxi Avjx gymjgvbì AMMwZi Rb Kx Kx KvR KiQb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
eMg ivKqv
wek kZKi iyZ hLb Ni Ni wkvi Avjv RjQ, evOvwj gymjgvb
gqiv ZLbI wcwQq wQj| gymjgvb mgvRi gqiv me AwaKvi _K
ewZ wQj| jLvcov kLv Zvì Rb GKiKg wbwlB wQj| mgvR
agi bvg Zvì ivLv nZv c`vi Avovj Mne`x Ki|
gymjgvb gqì GB ew``kv _K whwb gywi WvK w`jb, Zuvi bvg,
eMg ivKqv| 1880 wLt iscyi Rjvi wgVvcyKzi DcRjvi cvqive`
Qwe : eMg ivKqv
Mvg Zuvi Rb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Rwniyxb gvnv` Avey Avjx mvei|
gvqi bvg gvmvr evnvZb&bmv mveiv PayivwY| H Aj mvei cwievi wQj AZ mv Ges iYkxj|
gqiv wQj LyeB c`vbwkb| eMg ivKqv Zuvi eo fvB Bevwng mvei Ges eo evb Kwigybmvi KvQ wkv
jvf Kib| ZuvK covkvbv KiZ nZv Mfxi ivZ, hvZ evwoi jvK Ui bv cvq| eo fvBqi GKv
Drmvn wZwb D`y, Aviwe, dviwm, evsjv I BsiwR fvlv wkv jvf Kib| zj wMq wkv MnY Kiv me bv
njI wZwb evsjv fvlvq h_ `Zv ARb Kib| wKkvi eqm _KB wZwb mvwnZPPvq gbvwbek Kib|
mvwnZPPvi welqeI wQj bvix mgvRK wbq| wZwb mgvRi Kzmsvi, bvix mgvRi Aenjv-ebvi KiyY
wP wbR PvL `LQb| hv Dcjw KiQb, Zv-B wZwb Zuvi jLvi ga Zzj aiQb| mgvRK PvL
Avyj w`q `LvZ PqQb bvixì KiyY `kv, Zvì cwZ elgg~jK AvPiYi bgybv| Zuvi Aeiva
evwmbx, civM, gwZPzi, myjZvbvi ^c cfwZ M m wP dzU DVQ|
weevwnZ Rxeb wZwb Zuvi ^vgxi KvQ _K vbPPvi Drmvn jvf KiwQjb| ^vgxi gZzi ci wZwb Zuvi
Rxebi evwK mgqwU bvix wkv Avi mgvRmevq eq Kib| wZwb ^vgxi bvg fvMjcyi GKwU cv_wgK evwjKv
we`vjq vcb Kib| 1911 wLt wZwb KjKvZvq mvLvIqvZ ggvwiqvj D`y cvBgvwi zj vcb Kib|
1931 mvj GwU DP BsiwR Mvjm zj DbxZ nq| Zuvi gZz ch wZwb GB zji cavb wkwKv Ges
mycvwibUbWUi `vwqZ cvjb KiQb|
107
bvixi AwaKvi cwZvi Rb 1916 wLt KjKvZvq Avygvb LvIqvwZb Bmjvg (gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZ) cwZv
Kib| bvixi wkv, Kgmsvb I AvBbMZ AwaKvi cwZvq Zuvi bZZ mwgwZ ewj f~wgKv ivLZ mg nq|
gymjgvb bvixgyw Av`vjbi cw_Kr eMg ivKqvi gb bvixi cwZ mgvRi bvbv AZvPvi I AmwnzZvi
weiy wQj Zxe we`vni myi| wZwb Zuvi Kgi ga Zvi cKvk NwUqQb| 1932 wLt GB gnxqmx bvix
KjKvZvq gZzeiY Kib|
GKK KvR : mgvR bvixì KiyY`kv Dj-L Ki eMg ivKqv h eBjv wjLwQjb Zvi GKwU
ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
DcwZ eZv : beRvMiY Av`vjbi msviKì mK DcwZ ee (jUvwii gvag wbevPb)|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. m^v` Kgy`x cwKvi cKvkK K wQjb?
K. gvBKj gaymy`b `
L. CkiP` we`vmvMi
M. ivRv ivggvnb ivq
N. nvRx kixqZDj-vn
2. dwKi mbvmxiv BsiRì weiy `xN Av`vjb AeZxb nq, KviY BsiRivi.
ZvìK WvKvZ- `my gb KiZ
ii. Zx_vb `kbi Dci Kivivc KiZ

iii. Zvì Pjvdivq euvavi mw KiZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

mPZb I agxq mywkwZ jvKi Afve imyjcyi Mvgi jvKRb bvbviKg Kzmsvi I AbmjvwgK
ixwZbxwZZ Af nq co| KzmsviQb G Aji gvbylì mwVK c_i mvb w`Z GwMq Avmb
Avyj-vn bvgK GKRb mPZb ew|
108
3. Kvb ewi Rxebi wkv KvR jvwMq Avyjv-n Kzmsvigy mgvR MVb GwMq Avmb?
K. nvRx kixqZDj-vn
L. `y`y wgqv
M. wZZzgxi
N. Mvjvg gvmyg
4. D ewi Av`vjbi aiY wQji.
mvgvwRK
ii. agxq
iii. ivRbwZK
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1.
iccyi Aj `wi` KlKì Rxebaviv mQj wQj bv| wewfb wmMviU Kvvwbi jvKRb Zvì GB
AmQj Rxebavivi myhvM wbq ZvìK Pov my` A_ c`vb Ki Amg Pzwi gvag ZvgvK Pvl AvMnx
Ki Zvj| KlKì cv g~j Drcv`b LiPi Zzjbvq Kg nIqvq ZvgvK Pvwliv Kvvwbi ivMvm
_K ei nZ bv ci cwZev`x nq IV| Dci Uwjwfkb ZvgvKi ^v SuzwKi K_v Rb H Aji
ZvgvK Pvwliv Kwig I Rwjji bZZ HKe nq Ges Kvvwbi G aibi KgKvi cwZev` Rvbvq|
K. fviZi c_g AvaywbK cyiyl ejv nq KvK?
L. divqRx Av`vjbi g~j Dk Kx wQj?
M. DxcK mswk Z_jv Zvgvi cvVcyK cwVZ Kvb NUbvi K_v iY Kwiq `q? evLv Ki|
N. D NUbvwU KlKì ^v_ivq KZUzKz hywhy wQj ej Zzwg gb Ki? gZvgZ `vI|
2. myjZvbcyi AjwU cZ Mvgvj| mLvb GLbv bvbv aibi mvgvwRK Kzmsvi weivRgvb| G Mvgi
gqì evwoi evBi hvIqv wbwl wQj| Mvgi eqvR Rvwgjv eMg gqì covjLv KiZ euvav
`b| gqì evwoi evBi ei nIqvK wZwb agxq Abykvmbi cwicx Ges MwnZ KvR gb KiZb|
K. 'The Spirit of Islam' eBwUi jLK K?
L. mUvj bvkbvj gvnvgWvb Gmvwmqkb MVbi Dk Kx wQj?
M. DxcK Rvwgjv eMgi Pwii wecixZ wP cvVcyK cwVZ Kvb gnxqmxi Rxeb cwZdwjZ
nqQ? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki eZgvb bvix-wkvi AMMwZZ D gnxqmxi Ae`vb Ab^xKvh? hyw `vI|
beg Aavq

evOvwjiv KLbB we`wk BsiR kvmKì gb bqwb| dj cjvkx hyi ci ciB G`ki KlKiv we`vnx
nq IV| civaxbZvi GKk eQi ci ^vaxbZv NvlYv Ki G`ki mwbKiv I `kxq ivRivRviv| cieZx
chvq ^vwaKvi ^vaxbZv msMvg Suvwcq co cvvZ wkvq wkwZ ZiyY mgvR| evOvwj ZiyY mk msMvgi
gvag `j `j AvZvwZ w`q Kuvwcq Zvj BsiR kvmbi wfZ| Dcgnv`ki ^vwaKvi ^vaxbZv
Av`vjb mePq Miegq f~wgKv wQj evOvwjì| GB Aavq 1857 wLt c_g ^vaxbZv msMvgmn cieZx
Av`vjbmg~n evOvwj Z_v ZrKvjxb fviZevmxi Miei I AvZZvMi BwZnvm mswfve eYbv Kiv
nqQ|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvi ^vwaKvi I ivRbwZK Av`vjb Ges Gi djvdj g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
wewfb Av`vjb mK RvbZ AvMnx ne;
mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK AwaKvi welq cviwiK gZwewbgq Dy ne|
1857 mvji ^vaxbZv msMvg

cjvkx hyi GKk eQi ci fviZi DIi I c~evj cavbZ wmcvnxì bZZ h evcK mk we`vn
msNwUZ nq, ZvKB fviZi c_g ^vaxbZv msMvg ejv nq| B Bwqv Kvvwbi `xN mgq ai ivRbwZK,
A_bwZKfve Pig kvlY, mvgvwRKfve nq Kiv, agxq Abyf~wZZ AvNvZ, mevcwi fviZxq mwbKì cwZ
elgg~jK AvPiYGmeB gnvwe`vn ev c_g ^vaxbZv msMvgi cUf~wg iPbv KiQ| wbg c_g ^vaxbZv
msMvgi KviYmg~n Dj-L Kiv njv|
ivRbwZK : cjvkx hyi ci _K B Bwqv Kvvwbi ivR wevi, GKi ci GK `kxq ivRjv bvbv
ARynvZ `Lj, `kxq ivRbeMi ga fxwZ, Amvl I Zxe vfi Rb `q| jW Wvjnwm ^Zwejvc
bxwZ cqvM Ki mvZviv, Suvwm, bvMcyi, m^jcyi, fMr, D`qcyi, KivDjx wewUk mvgvRfy Kib| ^Zwejvc
bxwZ Abyhvqx `K cy mwi DivwaKvi nZ cviZ bv| GB bxwZ cqvM Ki KbvUi beve I Zvvii
ivRvi `K cy Ges ckIqv wZxq ivRv evwRivIqi `K cy bvbv mvnei fvZv e Ki Ìqv nq|
wewUki AbyMZ wg Ahvavi beveI GB AvMvmb _K iv cvbwb| Ackvmbi ARynvZ Ahvav wewUk
mvgvRfy Kiv nq| Gme NUbvq `kxq ivRbeM AZ z nb| ZvQvov Wvjnwm KZK w`wj-mgvU c`
wejy Kivq mgvU c` _K ewZ wZxq evnv`yi kvnI z nb|
110
GKK KvR : ^Zwejvc bxwZ Ki Kvb Kvb ivR `Lj Kiv nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
A_bwZK : B Bwqv Kvvwbi kvmb cwZvi m m iy nq Pig A_bwZK kvlY ebv| Kvvwb
ivRbwZK gZv `Lji AvMB G`ki wk asm KiwQj| gZv `Lji ci f~wg ivR^ bxwZi bvg asm
Kiv nq `wi` KlKi A_bwZK giy`| AvBb cqvMi dj AbK ebw` Rwg`vi A_bwZKfve wZM
nb Ges mvgvwRKfve nq nb|
`wi` KlKì Dci AwZwi Ki avh Kivi dj Ges Rwg`vi I ivR^ Av`vqKvixì Zxe kvlYi wkKvi
KlK gnvRbì KvQ FYM nq me^v nq co| Gici wQj KlKì Dci bvbv AZvPvi|
GKw`K evRvi `Lji bvg vbxq wk asm, Aci w`K AwZwi A_ jvfi Avkvq Rwg e`vei bvg
Kwl asm nq| dj evsjvi A_bwZK KvVvgv m~Yi~c asm nq hvq| G Aevi wkKvi mvaviY gvbyl
Kvvwb kvmb-kvlYi weiy we`vnx nq DV|
mvgvwRK I agxq : Dcgnv`ki RbMYi vfi GKwU iyZc~Y KviY wQj mvgvwRK I agxq| AvVviv
kZKi kl fvM Ges Dwbk kZKi c_gva cvvZi cfve, Kvvwbi mgvR msvi RbKjvYg~jK njI
MvUv iYkxj wn`y-gymjgvb Gme gb wbZ cviwb| BsiwR wkv, mZx`vn c_v DQ`, wn`y weaevì
cybivq weevn, wLvb aghvRKì ag cPvi BZvwì dj wn`y-gymjgvb mc`vqi Muvovcxiv kwZ nq
DV| ag I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ wewfbfve msvii KviY y nq Dfq mc`vqi gvbyl|
mvgwiK : mvgwiK evwnbxZ BsiR I fviZxq mbì gaKvi elg we`vni AbZg KviY| BsiR mb I
fviZxq wmcvwnì ga c`we, eZb-fvZvi ga weivU elg wQj| fviZxqì myhvM-myweavI Kg wQj|
ZvQvov c`vbwZi myhvM _KI Zviv ewZ wQj| Zvi Dci wewUk Awdmviì ccvwZZ, JZc~Y AvPiY
wmcvwnì ga we`vni Avb Rvwjq `q|
we`vni cZ KviY wQj agxq Abyf~wZZ AvNvZ| wn`y mc`vqi ga eg~j aviYv wQj, mgy` cvwo w`j
ag b nq| m wn`y wmcvwnìK mgy` cvwo w`q fviZi evBi hy hZ eva Kiv nqwQj| ZvQvov
wn`y-gymjgvb Dfq mc`vqi wmcvwnì eenvii Rb Gbwd ivBdji cPjb Kiv nq| GB ivBdji
UvUv ùvZ w`q KU e`yK cek KivZ nZv| mbì ga evcKfve G Re Qwoq coj h GB UvUvq
Miy I k~Kii Pwe wgwkZ AvQ| dj DfqB agbvki K_v fe we`vnx nq DVj|
^vaxbZv msMvg : we`vni Avb c_g Rj DV cwg ei evivKcyi| 1857 mvji 29 gvP e`yKi
wj Qyo we`vni m~Pbv Kib gjcv bvg GK wmcvwn| `yZ GB we`vn wgivU, Kvbcyi, cvve, Di
c`k, ga c`k, wenvi, evsjvmn fviZi cvq me Qwoq co| evsjv`k XvKv, PMvg, hkvi, wmjU,
Kzwgj-v, cvebv, iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx GB we`vn kvwgj nq|
KvR : evsjv`ki Kv_vq Kv_vq G msMvg Qwoq cowQj evsjv`ki gvbwP GuK m Ajjv
`LvI|
111
we`vnxiv w`wj-`Lj Ki gyNj mgvU wZxq evnv`yi kvnK

fviZeli ev`kv ej NvlYv Ki| GB hy AskMnY
Kib bvbv mvne, Suvwmi ivwb jxevC, Ahvvi eMg
nRiZ gnj, gjwf Avng`Dj-vnmn z ewZ `kxq
ivRbeMi AbK| wewfb vb fviZxq wmcvwn I hyiZ
we`vnx bZviv cvYcY jovB Ki civwRZ nb| GB msMvgi
m RwoZì ewki fvM nq hy kwn` nb A_ev Zvì
duvwmZ Szwjq nZv Kiv nq|
gyNj mgvU wZxq evnv`yi kvnK iyb (gvqvbgvi) wbevwmZ
Kiv nq| ivwb jxevC hy wbnZ nb| bvbv mvne civwRZ
nq Aavb Kib| mvaviY mwbK we`vnxì Dci bg
Avm Pig AgvbweK wbhvZb| XvKvi evnv`yi kvn cvK
Qwe : evnv`yi kvn cvK
Szwjq ivLv nq AbK mwbKi jvk| G aibi exfrm NUbv
NwUq kvmKMvw Rbgb AvZ mwi Pv Ki| dj wbhvZbi ga w`q kl nq fviZi c_g ^vaxbZv
msMvg| 1858 mvji RyjvBqi ga mewKQy kl nq hvq| Ze Gi cfve wQj my`yicmvix|
c_g ^vaxbZv msMvgi iyZ : GB we`vni ZvrwYK iyZI wQj| Gi dj Kvvwb kvmbi Aemvb nq|
wewUk miKvi fviZi kvmbfvi wbR nvZ MnY Ki|
1858 wLt 1 bfî gnvivwb wfvwiqv NvlYvc ^Zwjvc bxwZ Ges Gi m hy Abvb wbqg evwZj
Kiv nq| ZvQvov GB NvlYvc hvMZv Abyhvqx fviZxqì PvKwi c`vb Ges agxq ^vaxbZvi wbqZvmn
hy AskMnYKvixì cwZ gv NvlYv Kiv nq|
wZxq evnv`yi kvnK iyb wbevwmZ Kiv nq| GB we`vni my`~icmvwi iyZ nQ GB we`vni vf _g
hvqwb| GB msMvgi cwicwZ RbMY mPZb nq DV Ges bvbv Av`vjb-msMvgi ga w`q 1947 mvj
BsiR kvmbi Aemvb NUvq|
GKK KvR : Kvb Aevi cvcU 1857 wLv Dcgnv`k wmcvwniv we`vn NvlYv Ki, m
KviYjv wPwZ Ki|
ef (1905 wLt-1911wLt)
evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm efi cfve wQj my`~icmvix| 1905 mvj efK K` Ki wn`y-gymwjg
mc`qi mcxwZ wPiZi b nq hvq| cii ciiK ky fveZ iy Ki| Dfqi ga Awekvm ew
cZ _vK| bZvì D`vi cPv, wewfb h_ ivRbwZK Kgm~wPi dj gvS gvS HKi mvebv Dj
njI kl ch wewUk wef` bxwZiB Rq nq| Dfq mc`qi ciii cwZ Awekvm I kyZvi Aemvb
NU| cwiYwZZ 1947 mvj Dcgnv`k fvM nq|
112
ef cUf~wg : fviZi eojvU jW KvRb 1905 mvji 16 Avei evsjv fvM Kib| GB wefw BwZnvm
ef bvg cwiwPZ| fvM nevi c~e evsjv, wenvi, Dwolv, ga c`k I Avmvgi wKQy Ask w`q MwVZ wQj
evsjv c`k ev evsjv cwmWw| efi GB cwiKbv AbK AvM _KB iy nq wQj| evsjv cwmWwi
AvqZb AbK eo nIqvi KviY 1853 _K 1903 wLt ch Gi mxgvbv cybwebvmi AbK cve wewUk
miKvwi gnj Dcvcb Kiv nq| cKZc 1903 mvj efi cwiKbv MnxZ nq| 1904 mvj fviZ
mwPe GwU Abygv`b Kib Ges 1905 mvji RyjvB gvm efi cwiKbv cKvwkZ nq| GB eQi Avei
cwiKbv evevqb Kiv nq| GB cwiKbvq evsjv`ki XvKv, PMvg, ivRkvnx, Avmvg, RjcvBwo, cveZ
wcyiv I gvj`n wbq MwVZ nq c~e evsjv I Avmvg bvg bZzb c`k| c`ki ivRavbx nq XvKv| Acic
cwg evsjv, wenvi, Dwolv wbq MwVZ nq cwg evsjv c`k, hvi ivRavbx nq KjKvZv|
efi KviY : efi cQb ek wKQy KviY wQj, hv wbP Dj-L Kiv njv
ckvmwbK KviY : jW KvRbi kvmbvgj ef wQj GKwU ckvmwbK msvi| Dcgnv`ki GK-ZZxqvsk
jvKi emevm wQj evsjv cwmWwZ| KjKvZv _K c~evji AvBbkLjv iv I kvmbKvh myzfve
cwiPvjbv Kiv wQj KwVb KvR| h KviY jW KvRb GZ eo AjK GKwUgv ckvmwbK BDwbU ivLv
hywmsMZ gb Kibwb| ZvB 1903 mvj evsjv c`kK `yfvM Kivi cwiKbv Kib Ges 1905 mvj Zv
KvhKi nq|
Av_-mvgvwRK KviY : evsjv fvMi cQb Aviv KviY wQj hvi GKwU A_bwZK, AciwU mvgvwRK| ZrKvjxb
mgq KjKvZv nq DVwQj Av_-mvgvwRK KgKvi cvYK`| wk, KviLvbv, eemv-evwYR, Awdm-Av`vjZ,
wkvcwZvb mewKQyB cwZwZ nqwQj KjKvZvK wNi| hv wKQy DbwZ AMMwZ, mewKQyB wQj KjKvZvi ga
mxgve| dj c~e evsjvi DbwZ evnZ nq| A_P GLvb _K h KuvPvgvj mieivn Kiv nZv Zvi RbI myz
hvMvhvMeev wQj bv| dj c~e evsjvi A_bwZK Aev g g Lvivc nZ _vK| Dchy
wkvcwZvbi Afve wkv, DP wkv MnY KiZ bv cvivi KviY G Aji jvKRb AwkwZ _K hvq|
Kgnxbì msLv w`b w`b eo hZ _vK| G Aevi K_v weePbv Ki efi cqvRb wQj|
ivRbwZK KviY: jW KvRb ay kvmb-myweavi Rb ev c~e evsjvi RbMYi KjvYi K_v weePbv Ki
ef Kibwb| Gi cQb wewUk ckvmbi my`~icmvix ivRbwZK ^v_I RwoZ wQj| jW KvRb evsjvi
ivRbwZK mPZbZv mK mZK wQjb| evOvwj gawe eywRxex kwY gk RvZxqZvev` I ivRbxwZ
mPZb nq DVwQj| welqwU Zuvi `w Govqwb| KsMm bZviv KjKvZv _KB mviv fviZi Av`vjbi
bZZ w`Zb| myZivs KjKvZvK K` Ki wewUkweivax Av`vjb _vwgq Ìqv wQj Gi g~j Dk| wn`y
I gymjgvb mwwjZ kw, HKe evsjv wQj ewUk ckvmbi Rb wec`RbK| dj evsjv fvM Ki GKw`K
evOvwji kwK `yej Kiv njv, Aciw`K c~e evsjvi Dbqbi bvg gymjgvb mc`vqK Lywk Kiv njv|
GfveB KvRb wef` I kvmb bxwZ cqvM Ki hZUv bv c~e evsjvi KjvY, Zvi Pq ewk wewUk gZv
wUwKq ivLvi ^v_ evsjv fvM Kib| Gfve Kkj fviZxq RvZxq HKK `yej Kivi eev Kiv njv|
efi cwZwqv: ef NvlYvi dj evsjvi gvbyli ga wgk cwZwqv `Lv `q| c~e evsjvi
gymjgvbiv beve mwjgyjvni bZZ efK ^vMZ Rvbvq| gymwjg c-cwKvjvI e wefvM mvl
113
cKvk Ki| bZzb c`ki RbmsLvi msLvMwi Ask wQj gymjgvb| myZivs c~e evsjvi wcwQq cov gymjgvb
mc`vq wkv-`xv Ges ckvmwbK I A_bwZKfve wewfb aibi myhvM-myweav cve G Avkvq Zviv
efi cwZ AKz mg_b c`vb Ki|
Aci w`K efi weiy Zxe cwZwqv j Kiv hvq wn`y mc`vqi ga| fviZxq RvZxq KsMmi
bZZ Zviv efi weiy my`p HKe Av`vjb Mo Zvj| Gi cQb KviY mK Kvbv Kvbv
HwZnvwmK ejQb DuPzZjvi gvbyl A_vr cyuwRcwZ, wkwZ gawe, Rwg`vi, AvBbRxex, msev`ci gvwjK,
ivRbxwZwe` Gì ^v_ AvNvZ jvMvi KviY Giv efi Nvi weivwaZv iy Ki| Ze ewMZ ^v_
ivi KviY nvK ev RvZxq HKi gnr Av`k AbycvwYZ nq nvK, efweivax Av`vjb AcwZiva
nq DV| GB Av`vjb myi`bv_ evbvwR, wewcbP` cvj, Aiwe` Nvl, AwkbxKzgvi `, evjMvai
wZjKmn MvLji gZv D`vicx bZvI Ask bb| myL`bv_ evbvwR efK RvZxq `yhvM ej
AvLvwqZ Kib| ef weivax Av`vjb g ^`kx Av`vjb ic bq| Pigcx bZvì KviY GB
Av`vjbi m mk KvhKjvcI hy nq| wewUk miKvi Av`vjbKvixì `gb KiZ bv ci kl ch
1911 mvj ef iwnZ Ki| ivRv cg RR fviZ mdi Gm 1911 mvj w`wj-i ìevi ef iì
NvlYv `b|
ef iì dj wn`y mc`vq Lywk nq, Avi KsMm gb Ki GwU Zvì bxwZi Rq| wKy gymjgvb
mc`vq ef i` cP ggvnZ nq| Zvì wewUk miKvi I KsMmi cwZ Avv b nq hvq| Zviv
`pfve wekvm KiZ iy Ki KsMm gymjgvbì ^v_ ivi Rb bq| gymwjg bZe` GK wewUk miKvii
wekvmNvZKZvi RNb D`vniY ej ge Kib|
efi ci _K wn`y-gymjgvbi gaKvi mK dvUj ai| Gici _KB mvc`vwqK `vvi m~cvZ|
1906 mvj gymwjg jxM MwVZ nj wn`y-gymjgvbi ivRbwZK c_ Avjv`v nq hvq| gymjgvbì Rb gk
^Z RvwZ-wPv Zxe nZ _vK|
GKK KvR : efi wcQb wewUk miKvii ivRbwZK Dk wPwZ Ki|
^`kx Av`vjb
wewUk miKvii efi weiy wbqgZvwK Av`vjb e_ nj KsMmi DMcx Aski bZZ h
Av`vjb Mo DV, ZvKB ^`kx Av`vjb ejv nq| G Av`vjbi g~j Kgm~wP wQj `ywUeqKU I ^`kx|
eqKU Av`vjbi cavb Dk wQj wejwZ cY eRb| g g eqKU kwU evcK A_ eenvi nZ
_vK| eqKU ay wejwZ cYi ga mxgve _vK bv, wejwZ wkv eRbI Kgm~wPZ hy nq| dj ^`kx
Av`vjb wkv RvZxq wkv Av`vjb ic bq| efweivax Av`vjb Kivi Aciva miKvwi zjKjR _K e wkv_xK ei Ki Ìqv nq, h KviY RvZxq wkvcwZvb Mo Zvjvi cqvRb `Lv
`q| RvZxq wkv Av`vjbi dj evsjvi wewfb Aj ek wKQy RvZxq we`vjq vwcZ nq Ges KqKwU
KvwiMwi wkv KÌ Mo DV|
^`kx Av`vjb gk evsjvi wewfb Aj Qwoq co| wejwZ wkv eRbi gZv cY eRbi RbI wewfb
Kgm~wP MnY Kiv nq| vb vb mwgwZi gvag wejwZ cY eRb Ges `kxq cY eenvi kc_ bIqv
114
nq| KsMm bZviv Mvg-M-kni cKvk mfvq wejwZ cY cywoq djv Ges `kxq cY eenvii Rb
RbMYK DrmvwnZ KiZ _vKb| dj wejwZ cYi Pvwn`v Kg hZ _vK| GKB m evsjvi wewfb
Aj G mgq `wk ZuvZe, mvevb, jeY, wPwb I Pvgovi è Zwii KviLvbv Mo DV|
^`kx Av`vjbi m evsjvi wewfb kwYi gvbyl hy nZ _vK| Av`vjbi c Rbmg_b evovevi Rb
evsjvi Rjvq Rjvq wewfb msMVb cwZv Kiv nq, hgb XvKvq Abykxjb, KjKvZvq hyMvi mwgwZ, ewikvj
^`kx eve, dwi`cyi eZx, gqgbwmsn mvabv BZvw` msMVbi bvg G Dj-L Kivi gZv| RbMYK
`kcg Dy Kivi Rb Kwe-mvwnwZKiv `kvZevaK wewfb iPbvc cwKvq wjLZ _vKb| Gme
Dj-LhvM f~wgKv ivLb iex`bv_ VvKyi, wR`jvj ivq I iRbxKv mb cgyL| ewikvji PviY Kwe gyKz`
`vm Mvg Mvg Mvb Mq Av`vjbi c gvbyli gb `kcg RvMvZI mg nb| wewfb c-cwKvjvI
ef weivax I ^`kx Av`vjb iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivL| G ejx, mxebx, hyMvi, AgZevRvi,
mv, wnZev`xmn Ab evsjv-BsiwR cwKvjv ^`k cg I evOvwj RvwZ PZbvq mg jLv QvcvZ _vK|
evsjvi bvix mgvR ^`kx Av`vjbi gvag ivRbxwZZ cZ Ask wbZ iy Ki|
ef Av`vjb c~e ei msLvMwi gymwjg mc`vqi ^v_weivax njI wKQy gymjgvb bZv cv_wgK
chvq mg_b KijI cieZxZ ^`kx eqKU Av`vjb hvM `bwb| ZvQvov ^`kx Av`vjbi m
wn`yagi Av`k-AvPvi Abyvbi cfve _vKvi KviY gymjgvb mgvR G _K `~i _vK| ^`kx Av`vjbi
`p mg_K wQj evsjvi Rwg`vi kwY| KviY evsjvi msLvMwi KlK wQj gymjgvb| Zviv f~wgeevi KviY
Pigfve kvwlZ nwQj| AZvPvwiZ nwQj Rwg`vi I Zvì bvqe-Mvgvì viv| h KviY Rwg`viì
cwZ KlKiv z wQj| Avevi GB Rwg`viì ewki fvM wQj wn`y| Rwg`vii AZvPvi AwZ AbK `wi`
wn`y KlKI efi mg_K wQj|
`jxq KvR : hme ccwKv efi weivax wQj, mjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki| ^`kx
Av`vjbi dj Mo DVv wec-ex mwgwZjvi bvgi cvk Aji bvg cvkvcvwk mvRvI|
gymjgvb mgvR `~i _vKvi KviY ^`kx Av`vjb RvZxq icjvf e_ nq| G Av`vjbi gvag wejwZ
è eRb Av`vjbI mdj nqwb| KviY KjKvZvi gvoIqvwi AevOvwj eemvqx Ges evsjvi MvgMi
eemvqxiv GB Av`vjbi m hy nqwb| mevcwi GB Av`vjb Mvcb mk msMvgi c_ AMmi nj G
Av`vjb _K RbMY `~i mi hvq| dj MYwewQb Av`vjb mdjZvi vi cuQZ e_ nq|
gymwjg mgvR GB Av`vjb _K `~i _vKvi KviY ^vfvweKfve Av`vjb kwkvjx nZ cviwb| mvaviY
gvbyl, GgbwK wbgeYi wn`y mc`vq, `wi` mgvRI GB Av`vjbi gg evSvi Pv Kiwb| dj Av`vjb
meRbxb Ges RvZxq ic jvf KiZ e_ nq| Gi Dci Pj BsiR miKvii Pig `gbbxwZ, cywjwk
AZvPvi| mewKQy wgj kl ch Av`vjb e_ nq|
^`kx Av`vjb ZvrwYK mdjZv bv GjI Gi djvdj wQj my`~icmvix| GB Av`vjbi ga w`q
MYmPZbZvi Rb nq| G Av`vjbB Dcgnv`k wewUkweivax Ges ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi m~Pbv Ki|
Av`vjbi m QvmgvR hy nIqvi KviY Qvì iyZ hgb ew cvq, ZgbB QvmgvR ivRbxwZ
115
mPZb nq DV| fviZi cieZx Av`vjbjvZ Zvì DcwwZi iy GLvb _KB| GB Av`vjbi
AviKwU BwZevPK w`K nQ A_bwZK| Gi dj `kx wk-cwZvb I KjKviLvbv vcbi cwZ AvMn ew
cvq| G`kxq abx ewiv Kj-KviLvbv vcb KiZ _vKb| hgb: ^`kx ZuvZ e, mvevb, jeY, wPwb,
KvMR, PvgovRvZ è BZvwì Drcv`bi Rb wewfb vb AbK Kj-KviLvbv vwcZ nq| H mgq AvaywbK
wkcwZvb hgb ej KvwgKj cwZwZ nq, weLvZ UvUv Kvvwb 1910 mvj UvUv KviLvbv vcb
Kib| ZvQvov Aviv QvULvUv AbK `wk wk KviLvbv GB mgq cwZwZ nq| cvkvcvwk wevb, wkv, fvlvmvwnZ, mswZ PPvi cwZ AvMn Drmvn ew cvq| iex`bv_, wR`jvj ivq, iRbxKv, gyK` `vmi evOvwj
RvwZ PZbvq mg Ges `kvZevaK Mvbjv H mgq iwPZ| iex`bv_ Avgvi mvbvi evsjv Avwg Zvgvq
fvjvevwm Avgvì RvZxq msMxZwU H mgq iPbv Kib|
^`kx Av`vjbi nZvkvi w`K nQ, GB Av`vjbi cwicwZ wn`y-gymjgvbi mcxwZc~Y mK dvUj
ai| bvbv NUbvcevni gvag GB wZZv gk evoZ _vK| ef Av`vjbi ga w`q h fvbi
m~cvZ, ^`kx Av`vjbi gvag Zv Aviv wZ nq| dj mKi GB fvb G`ki ivRbxwZ, mgvR I
RvZxq KgKvi mKj mevZK bwZevPK cfve djZ _vK, hv kl nq 1947 mvj `k wefvMi
ga w`q|
GKK KvR : ^`kx Av`vjbi dj hme `kxq wk vwcZ nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb

wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb : wn`y I gymjgvbi wgwjZ msMvg wnme Dcgnv`ki ivRbwZK BwZnvm
wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb GK iyZc~Y NUbv| Av`vjb `ywU wQj BsiR kvmbi weiy c_g evcK I
RvZxqwfwK MY-Av`vjb| wn`y-gymjgvbi GB HKe Av`vjb wewUk mvgvRi wfZ Kuvwcq `q|
Zzii Lwjdvi ghv`v I Zzii ALZv ivi Rb fviZxq gymwjg mgvR GB Av`vjb Mo Zvj|
Aciw`K AmnhvM Av`vjbi Dk wQj fviZi Rb îvR ARb|
wLjvdZ Av`vjbi KviY : fviZi gymjgvbiv Zzii myjZvbK gymwjg weki Lwjdv ev agxq bZv ej
kv KiZb| wKy Zzii myjZvb wewUkweivax kw Rvgvwbi c Aej^b Kij fviZi gymjgvb mc`vq
weeZ nb| KviY agxq KviY Zviv Lwjdvi AbyMZ, Avevi Abw`K ivRbwZK KviY wewUk miKvii AbyMZ
_vKZ eva| wbR `ki miKvi wnme c_g wekhy fviZxq gymjgvbiv wewUk miKviKB mg_b w`qQ|
Ze kZ wQj h GB mg_bi cwicwZ wewUk miKvi Zzii Lwjdvi Kvbv wZ Kie bv| wKy hy
Rvgvwb ni Mj Zzii fvMwechq NU| hy kl Rvgvwbi c hvM`vbi Rb 1920 mvji mfvmi
Pzw Abyhvqx kvwîc ZziK L-weLwZ Kivi cwiKbv Kiv nq| GZ fviZxq gymjgvbiv ggvnZ nq
Ges fviZxq gymjgvbiv Lwjdvi ghv`v Ges Zzii ALZv ivi Rb Zzgyj Av`vjb Mo Zvj, hv
BwZnvm wLjvdZ Av`vjb bvg LvZ| GB Av`vjb bZZ `b `yB fvB gvIjvbv gvnv` Avjx, gvIjvbv
kIKZ Avjx Ges gIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`|
116
AmnhvM Av`vjb : wewUk miKvii weiy KsMmi AmnhvM Av`vjbi cQb wewfb KviY wQj|
1920 wLt gnvZv Mvx AmnhvM Av`vjbi WvK `b| 1919 wLt msvi AvBb fviZevmxi AvkvAvKvv c~iY e_ nq| ZvQvov wewUk miKvii `gbbxwZi KviY wewUkweivax Av`vjbi bZzb avivi Rb
`q| 1919 mvj miKvi ivIjvU AvBb cvm Ki| GB AvBb hKvbv ewK civqvbv QvovB MdZvi
Ges mv cgvY QvovB Av`vjZ ` `qvi gZv cywjkK Ìqv nq| GB AvBb fviZi meii
gvbylK wez Ki Zvj| Awnsm Av`vjb wekvmx fviZi ivRbxwZZ bevMZ (1917 wLt hvM`vb)
gnvZv Mvxi WvK GB wbcxobg~jK AvBbi weiy 1919 wLt 6 Gwcj niZvj cvwjZ nq| ivIjvU
AvBbi weiy Abvb vbi gZv cvveI Av`vjb Mo IV| 13 Gwcj cvvei AgZmi GK mfvq
Rbvij Wvqvii wb`k e wbi gvbylK wbzifve nZv Kiv nq| BwZnvm GB biKxq nZvhi
NUbv RvwjqvbIqvjvevMi nZvKv bvg cwiwPZ| GB nZvKvi Zì Rb KsMm wewk bZe`K
wbq GK Z` KwgwU MVb Ki| iex`bv_ VvKzi GB bksm nZvKvi cwZev` bvBU Dcvwa eRb Kib|
miKvii `gbbxwZi cvkvcvwk Pj msev`c nc| ZvQvov gnvhyi m A_bwZK gnvg`vi KviY
wbZcqvRbxq wRwbmci g~jew cj mvaviY gvbyli ga evcK Amvl `Lv `q| G Aevi
cwicwZ MvxwR wn`y-gymjgvb Dfq mc`vqK HKe Ki 1923 wLt Awnsm AmnhvM Av`vjbi
Avnvb Rvbvb| 1920 wLt wLjvdZ Av`vjb I AmnhvM Av`vjbi bZe` HKe Kgm~wPi gvag
`yevi Av`vjb Mo Zvjb| 1921-22 mvj ch GB Av`vjb mefviZxq MY-Av`vjb ic bq|
evsjvq wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb : wLjvdZ KwgwU MVbi Rb 1919 mvji 18 wWmî XvKvq GK
mfv AbywZ nq| mfvq KwgwU MVbmn wLjvdZ Av`vjbi bZv gvIjvbv gyn` Avjx I gvIjvbv kIKZ
Avjxi gyw `vwe Kiv nq| AgZmii wLjvdZ KwgwU KZK AvnZ wbwLj fviZ wLjvdZ KwgwUi Awaekb
6 Rb cwZwbwa ciYi wmv MnxZ nq| 1920 wLt wLjvdZ BkZnvi cKvk Kiv nq Ges miKvii
weiy AmnhvM Av`vjbi Avnvb Rvbvbv nq| evsjvi wn`y-gymjgvb HKefve wLjvdZ I AmnhvM
Av`vjb Ask bq| wLjvdZ Av`vjbi bZv gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx I gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`
1920 wLt gvP gvm XvKvq Avmb| XvKvi RbMY Zvì Avj-vny AvKevi I e` gvZig awb w`q ^vMZ
Rvbvq| ZvQvov 19 gvP niZvji w`b gymjgvb mc`vq ivRv Ges wn`y mc`vqi jvKRb Dcvm _vK|
Gw`b XvKvq GK Rbmfv AbywZ nq| mfvq wmv ejv nq h wLjvdZ AzY bv _vKj gymjgvbì
wewUk miKvii cwZ AbyMZ _vKv Ame| 1920 mvji 13 Gwcj RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZvKv iY GK
mfv nq| cvkvcvwk wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb MnxZ Abvb Kgm~wPI cvwjZ nq| mfvq ivIjvU
AvBbi weiy cwZev` Rvbvbv nq| Av`vjbi Kgm~wP Abyhvqx zj-KjR eRbmn 1919 mvji
AvBbi Aaxbi evsjvi eevcK mfvi wbevPb eRb Kivi K_vI ejv nq| evsjv`ki wewfb vb, hgb
: gqgbwmsn, iscyi, ivRkvnx, bvqvLvjx cfwZ Rjvq PwK`vwi Uv w`Z A^xKwZ Rvbvbv nq| miKvii
Ges cywjki bvbv aibi wbhvZb,
`gbg~jK NUbvi ciI evsjvi RbMY GK eQievcx wLjvdZ I
AmnhvM Av`vjb ewj f~wgKv ivLZ mg nq|
117
wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjbi Zvrch :

wLjvdZ I AmnhvM Av`vjb wewfb w`K _K Zvrchc~Y| GB Av`vjbi gvag fviZxq gymjgvbiv
hgb c_gevii gZv wewUkweivax Av`vjb hvM `q, Zgb wn`y-gymwjg mc`vq c_gevii gZv
HKefve Av`vjb bvg| wKQyw`bi Rb njI wewUk wef` I kvmbbxwZ e_ nq| dj wn`ygymjgvb HK I mcxwZi GK ivRbwZK AvenvIqvi mw nq| Aci w`K GB HK wewUk miKviK
kwZ Ki Zvj| GB Av`vjb ay wkwZ gymjgvb hyeKì bq, mviv fviZi RbMYi ga GK
ivRbwZK PZbv Qwoq w`Z mvnvh KiwQj| Ze GB Av`vjb Ges wn`y-gymwjg HK `yB-B wQj
Yvqx| Av`vjbi Aemvbi m m `yB mc`vqi ga Avevi `~iZ mw nZ _vK|
evsjvi mk wec-ex Av`vjb (1911wLt -1930 wLt)

eqKU I ^`kx Av`vjbi e_Zv evsjvi ^vaxbZvKvgx `kcwgK hye mgvRK mk wec-ei c_ Vj
`q| mk msMvgi gvag `k ^vaxb Kivi h Mvcb ZrciZvi m~cvZ NU, ZvKB evsjvi mk wec-ex
Av`vjb ejv nq _vK| GB Av`vjb axi axi wewfb Aj AZwKZ evgv nvgjv, DPc` miKvwi
KgPvix nZv, Mwijv cwZZ Lhy BZvw` NUbvi ga w`q cKvk Pj AvmZ _vK|
1911 mvj _K 1930 mvj ch GB msMvg Rvi`vi njI Gi AMB msMvg iy nqwQj| 1908 wLt
BsiR gvwRU wKsmdvWK nZv Kivi Rb zwìvgi evgv nvgjvi ga w`q mk wec-ex Av`vjb
cKvk AvZcKvk Ki| GB Av`vjb g~jZ kl nq 1930 mvj| Ze Gi ciI wewQbfve mk
AvgYi NUbv NU|
1911 wLt ef iì AvMB evsjvi c_g chvqi mk Av`vjb wKQyUv wwgZ nq co| c_g
chvqi kxlvbxq bZvì ga wQjb Aiwe` Nvl, iex` Nvl, f~c` bv_ ` cgyL| cywjb wenvix `vm
wQjb XvKvi Abykxjb mwgwZi cavb msMVK| Guiv evgv Zwi _K me aibi A msMnmn bvbv aibi
wec-ex KgKvi m RwoZ wQjb| mk AvgY, nZv BZvw` Kgm~wPi gvag Guiv miKviK
ewZe Ki ivL| Aciw`K jdUbvU Mfbi dzjviK nZvi Pv Kiv nq| BsiR gvwRU
wKsmdvWK nZvi Pvq wbqvwRZ cdzj-PvKx AvZnZv Ki Ges aiv covi ci ywìvgi duvwm nq|
GQvov gvwbKZjv evgv nvgjvmn bvbv AwfhvM ek KqKRb wec-exK H mgq duvwm Ìqv nq| ek
KqKRb wec-exK Kvive`x I xcvi ciY Kiv nq| GB mg Pig `gbbxwZi KviY c_g chvq
mk wec-e wwgZ nq hvq| wZxq chvq wec-ex Av`vjb iy nq 1912 wLt| GB Av`vjb
KjKvZvKw`K njI Qwoq co c~e evsjvi wewfb AjI| GB mgq wec-exiv Avevi nZv, evgv nvgjv,
WvKvwZ BZvw` Kvhg iy Kib| GB Dk KjKvZvq Mvcb evgvi KviLvbv vcb Kiv nq| Gi ga
KjKvZv I c~e evsjvi hkvi, Lyjbvq AbKjv mk WvKvwZi NUbv NU| 1912 mvji kli w`K
118
w`wj-Z wec-ex ivmwenvix emyi cwiKbvq jW nvwWsK nZvi Rb evgv nvgjv Pvjvbv nq| nvwWs euP hvb|
wKy wec-ex ivmwenvix emyK aivi Rb BsiR miKvi GK j UvKvi cyivi NvlYv Ki|
c_g wekhyi myhvM evsjvi AbK wec-ex we`k _K Mvcb A
msMni gZv `ytmvnmx PvI KiQb| Guì Dk wQj BsiR
kwi m jovB Ki `k ^vaxb Kiv| Guì ga wQjb evNv hZxb
(hZx`bv_ gyLvcavq) Wv. h`yMvcvj gyLvcvavq, bi`bv_ fvPvh
cgyL| Guiv c_g wekhy BsiR kwi cwZc Rvgvwb _K A
mvnvhi Avkvm cvb| Ze miKvi Mvcb G Lei RvbZ ci Kkj
evNv hZxbmn Zvi mxì MdZvii eev Ki| MdZvii mgq
cywjki m e`yK hy wPwcq bvgi, GK wec-ex kwn` nb| evNv
hZxb wZb wec-exmn AvnZ Aevq e`x nb| e`x _vKvKvj Zuvi gZz
nq| e`x Aci `yB wec-exi duvwm nq, Avi GKRbK hvexeb Kviv`
`qv nq|
Qwe : m~hmb
gZz`, hvexeb Kviv`, wbgg AZvPviI wec-exì Zuvì c_

_K mwiq w`Z cviwb| BsiR miKvii Aaxb PvKwiiZ `kxq
Ges we`wk DPc` miKvwi KgKZvì nZvi cwiKbv AevnZ
_vK| cywjki m Lhy, Pvivv nvgjv, evgvevwR gvMZ
PjZ _vK|
Qwe : cxwZjZv mb
1916 wLt 30 Rvbyqvwi fevbxcyi nZv Kiv nq cywjki WcywU mycvi em PvcavqK| Gfve nZv, L
hyi msLv eo Mj 1916-17 wLt cwZiv AvBb miKvi e jvKK MdZvi Ki| 1922 mvj
MvxwRi AmnhvM Av`vjb cZvnvii m m MdZvi I cywjwk wbhvZb ew cvq| cvkvcvwk ew cvq
wec-exì KgKv| wec-exiv AZvPvix cywjk m`mì nZvi Avnvb Rvwbq jvjevsjv kxlK cPvic cKvk
Ki| 1924 wLt Mvcxbv_ mvnv bvg GKRb wec-ex KjKvZvi cywjk KwgkbviK nZv KiZ wMq fyj Ki
Aci GKRb BsiRK nZv Ki| GB nZvKvi Rb Mvcxbv_K duvwm Ìqv nq| Avwjcyi Rvbi mycvi
e`x wec-exì cwi`kb KiZ Mj cgv` Payix bvg GKRb wec-exi iWi AvNvZ wZwb gZzeiY Kib|
1924 wLt Avei gvm BsiR miKvi ej AwWbv Rvwi Ki| GB AwWbvi ej e wec-ex Kviviy
nj wec-ex Kvhg AbKUv wwgZ nq Avm|
gnvZv Mvx 1930 mvj iy Kib AvBb Agvb Av`vjb| GB Av`vjbi m m evsjvq wec-ex KgKv
Avevi ew cvq| Dj-L, m mgq wec-ex Av`vjb evsjvq mePq ewk kwkvjx wQj Ges evOvwjiv BsiR
ckvmbK ewZe iLQ| evOvwj ZiyYiv gZzfqK ZzQ Ki evievi mk A`vjb Suvwcq coQ|
Ggb GKRb `ytmvnmx wec-ex wQjb PMvgi gvvi`v, huvi Avmj bvg m~h mb (1894-1934)| KjR
Rxeb wZwb wec-exì msk Avmb| mvZK wWwM jvfi ci wZwb DgvZviv DP BsiwR we`vjqi wkK
wnme hvM`vb Kib| Gi gaB wZwb gvvi`v bvg cwiwPZ nq DVb| G mgq wZwb Aw^Kv PeZx,
119
Abyic mb, bMb mbi mnvqZvq GKwU wec-ex msMVb Mo Zvjb| Zuvi msMVb Ges wZwb wbR GKi ci
GK mk Kvhgi m hy nq evievi MdZvi njI cgvYi Afve gyw cq hvb| PMvgK wewUk
kvmbgy Kivi Rb MVb Kib PMvg wec-ex evwnbx| ci GB AvZNvZx evwnbxi bvg nq wPUvMvO wicvewjKvb
Avwg| GB evwnbx GKi ci GK miKvwi cwZvbjv `Lj KiZ _vK| kl ch miKvwi AvMvi jyb
Ki| ^vaxb wPUvMvO miKvi -Gi NvlYv Ìqv nq Ges GKB m wewUk miKvii weiy hy NvlYv Kiv
nq| GB hy wQj Amg kwi hy| m~h mbi wec-exì weiy BsiR miKvi wecyj evwnbx wbqvM Ki|
P~ov hy msNwUZ nq Rvjvjvev` cvnvo| Mvjveviy` dzwiq Mj wec-exiv wcQy nUZ eva nq| ek wKQy
ZiyY wec-ex GB Lhy Ges Abvb Awfhvb wbnZ nb| wec-exiv Mvgi KlKì evwoZ evwoZ Avkq bb|
1933 wLt m~h mb MdZvi nb| 1934 wLt msw UvBeybvji wePvi ZvK duvwmi Av`k Ìqv nq| Pig
wbhvZbi ci 12 Rvbyqvwi ZvK duvwm Ìqv Ges Zvi gZ`n evcmvMi fvwmq Ìqv nq|
m~h mbi wec-ex evwnbxZ bvix hvvI wQjb| Zvi ga Dj-LhvM wQjb Kbv ` I cxwZjZv
Iqv`vi| AmvaviY gavex Qvx cxwZjZv 1900 wLt BUviwgwWqU cixvq c_g vb AwaKvi Kib Ges
wWmwUskb wbq we.G cvm Kib| BZvga wZwb wec-ex KgKvi m Rwoq cob Ges m~h mbi `ji
m hy nb| Ame mvnmx bvix cxwZjZvK Zuvi hvMZvi Rb PMvg cvnvoZjx BDivwcqvb Kve
AvgYi bZZ Ìqv nq| mdj Awfhvb kl wZwb Zvi mx wec-exì wbivc` vb ZvM KiZ mnvqZv
Kib| wKy aiv covi AvM welcvb AvZnZv Kib| cxwZjZv evsjvi mg wec-ex Av`vjbi BwZnvm
GK wKse`w nq AvQb|
PMvgi wec-exì cvkvcvwk KjKvZvq hyMvi `jI h_ mwq wQj| 1930 wLt Wvjnwm vqvi Pvjm
UMvUK nZvi cPv e_ nq| IB eQi wWmî GK Awfhvb wbnZ nb KjKvZv ivBUvm wewsq Kviv
wefvMi Bci Rbvij wmmb| Gi AvM webq emyi nvZ wbnZ nb AZvPvix cywjk Awdmvi jvgv| GB
wec-ex Awfhvbi m RwoZ webq I ev`j AvZnZv Ki Ges `xbki duvwm nq| H eQiB evsjvi Mfbi
RvKmbK nZvi cPv e_ nq| GB cPvi m RwoZ exbv `vmi hvexeb Kviv` nq| 1931 _K
1933 wLt ch mgqi ga g`bxcyi cici wZbRb BsiR gvwRU wec-exì nvZ wbnZ nq|
wec-exì evcK ZrciZv 1930 mvji ga Kg MjI PMvgi wec-exiv Gi ciI GKi ci GK Awfhvb
PvwjqQ| 1934 wLt 7 Rvbyqvwi PMvgi cb gq`vb BsiRì wKU Ljvi AvqvRb mk AvgY
Pvwjq wec-exiv wbRì AwZ Rvbvb w`Z mg nb| Hw`bI `yRb wec-ex wbnZ nb Ges `yRb aiv coj
ZvìK ci nZv Kiv nq|
mk Av`vjb e_Zvi KviY
mk wec-ex Av`vjbi e_Zvi cQb hme KviY iqQ Zvi GKwU nQ MYwewQbZv| GB Av`vjb
cwiPvwjZ nZv mwgwZjvi viv| Gi m hy wQj wKQy msLK wkwZ mPZb hyeK| wbivcvi KviY
mg wec-ex KgKv Mvcb cwiPvwjZ nZv| mvaviY RbMYi Gi mK aviYv wQjbv| mvaviY gvbyli
KvQ mk AvgY, evgvevwR, nZvKv G meB wQj AvZ Avi fqi KviY| dj mvaviY gvbyl wQj Gì
KvQ _K AbK `~i|
120
evsjvi eni RbMvx gymwjg mc`vq GB Av`vjb _K `~i wQj| wec-exì wn`y agxq AvPvi-Abyvbi
cwZ evaevaKZv _vKvq A_vr MxZv k, Kvjxi myL msZ agxq k-vK DPviY Ki kc_ MnY BZvwì
KviY gymwjg mc`vq G Av`vjb hy nIqvK evav ej gb Ki|
msMVbjvK wbivcv I MvcbxqZv ivi Rb QvU QvU `j wef nq KvR KiZ nZv| me `j me
welq RvbZ cviZ bv| dj ciii ga `~iZ mw nq| G KviY AbK mgq mevi m hvMvhvM iv
Ki Kvbv Awfhvb mdj Kiv Ame nq co| mg^qi Afve mvsMVwbK `yejZv `Lv `q| ZvQvov,
mwgwZjv hvi hvi gZv Ki KvR KiZ| GK mwgwZi m Ab mwgwZi Kvbv hvMvhvM wQj bv| dj
mk wec-e Kvbv GKK bZZ bv _vKvq Av`vjb Pj mviv `k wewQbfve| GB wewQbZv Av`vjbi
e_Zvi KviY nq ùvovq|
ZvQvov miKvii KVvi `gbbxwZ I RbwewQbZvi KviY wec-exiv wbivkq Ges KvYVvmv nq co| wewfb
msMVb I bZvì gaKvi Av`ki weiva-ewiZv hgb mk wec-eK `yej KiwQj, Zgb Guì ga Zxe
wefì Rb w`qwQj| G Aevq evsjvi KwgDwb cvwU msMwVZ nj AbK wec-ex GZ hvM`vb Ki|
mk wec-e mdj bv njI wec-exì AvZvwZ, `kcg, mvnm civaxb evsjv Z_v fviZevmxK ^vaxbZvi c_
`wLqwQj| G Av`vjb cZfve mdj bv njI wec-exì Av`k cieZx Av`vjbmg~n ciYv hywMqwQj|
GKK KvR 1 : evsjvi mk wecex Av`vjbi bZvì GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
2 : cwZjZv Kvb mk Awfhvb bZZ `b? Zuvi kl cwiYwZ Kx nqwQj?
îvR I ej cv
1922 wLt gnvZv Mvx AmnhvM Av`vjb cZvnvi Ki wbj KsMmi AbK bZv KvivMvi _K gyw jvf
Kib| G mgq gywcv bZv wPib `vm (wm.Avi. `vm) I gwZjvj bniyi m KsMmi fwelr
Av`vjbi Kgcv wbq gZweiva `Lv `q| wm. Avi. `vm I Zvui mg_Kiv wbevPbi gvag eevcK
cwil`jvZ hvM`vbi c wQjb| KviY H mgq AmnhvM Av`vjbi e_Zvi KviY AvBb Agvb
Av`vjbi cwiek bv _vKvq Zuviv G aibi wmv MnY Kib| ZvQvov Zuvì Dk wQj AvBbmfvq hvM
w`q wbqgZvwK Av`vjbi gvag 1919 wLt msvi AvBb APj Ki Ìqv| wKy KsMmi Mvqv mjb
Zuvì GB cPv e_ nq| GB Aevi cwicwZ 1922 wLv KsMmi GKvski mg_b wm.Avi. `vmi
bZZ MwVZ nq îvR cvwU| wm.Avi. `vm nb G `ji mfvcwZ| gwZjvj bniy nb AbZg mv`K|
KsMmi Afi hviv îvR jvfi Rb îvR cvwUi mg_K wQjb, ZvìK cwieZbcx Ges hviv îvR
cvwUi wec Ask bq Zvì ejv nq cwieZbweivax| GB `yB ci m ay Av`vjbi cv wbaviYi
aib Qvov Avi Kvbv welq Kvbv weiva wQj bv|
îvR `ji weivaxiv AmnhvM Av`vjbi aviv eRvq iL AvBb eqKU Kivi wmv `pcwZ _vK|
Aci w`K îvR `j MVbi cici evsjvi AbK wec-ex myfvlP` emy, nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`xmn AbK
hyebZv GZ hvM`vb Kib|
121
îvR `ji Kgm~wP :

GK. AvBbmfvq cek Ki miKvwi KgKvi weivwaZv Kiv Ges 1919 wLv cYxZ msvi AvBb
AKvhKi Ki `qv;
`yB. miKvwi evRU cZvLvb Kiv Ges gwmfvi cZb NUvbv;
wZb. wewfb cve I wej Dcvcbi ga w`q RvZxqZvev`x PZbv I KgKvK Rvi`vi Kiv Ges
Pvi. we`wk kvmbK Ame Ki Zvjv|
îvR `ji Kvhvewj :

1919 wLv fviZ kvmb AvBb ev gU PgmdvW msvi AvBb Abyhvqx, 1923 wLv wZxqevii
gZv wbevPb AbywZ nq| îvR `j Zvì Kgm~wP Abyhvqx wbevPb AskMnY Ki AvkvZxZ mvdj ARb
Ki| wekl Ki evsjv I ga c`k îvR `j G wbevPb K`xq AvBbmfvq msLvMwi `j wnme
AvZcKvk Ki| gymjgvbì mg_b jvfi KviY AvBb mfvq îvR `ji wfZ k nq Ges Kgm~wP Abyhvqx
miKvii wewfb c`c evav mw Kiv me nq| evsjvq îvR `ji Af~Zc~e weRqi KwZZ wQj `ji
mfvcwZ wPib `vmi| Zuvi Amvc`vwqK PZbv, D`vibxwZ evsjvi msLvMwi gymwjg RbMYi Avv
ARb mg nq| gymwjg mc`vqi mg_b ZuvK Ges Zuvi `jK kwkvjx Ki Zvj|
ej cv ev evsjv Pzw (wWmî, 1923 wLt)

Dcgnv`ki ivRbxwZZ wn`y-gymwjg mgmv Mfxifve Dcjw KiZ mg nqwQjb îvR `ji bZv
wPib `vm| dj evsjvq wn`y-gymwjg mgmv `~i Kivi Rb GB `~i`kx, eveev`x bZv h Pzw mv`b
KiwQjb, BwZnvm Zv ej cv ev evsjv Pzw bvg LvZ| GB mgq evsjvi BwZnvm cavb NUbvB wQj
ej cv| wbtm`n Zuvi GB cPv wn`y-gymwjg HKi c_ ck KiwQj|
wm.Avi. `vm dgyjv bvg LvZ evsjv Pzw mv`bv KiZ hme gymjgvb bZv iyZc~Y f~wgKv MnY KiwQjb
Zuvì ga Dj-LhvM nQb Avyj Kwig, gywReyi ingvb, AvKig Lvb, gwbiyvgvb Bmjvgvev`x| GQvov
mvi Avyi iwng, GK dRjyj nK, nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x mgSvZv Pzw mv`b mnhvwMZv I GZ
^vi c`vb Kib| Aciw`K evsjvi KsMm bZv myfvlP` emy PzwZ ^vi Kib| Zuvì mwwjZ
D`vM ej cv AvbyvwbKfve MnxZ nq|
1923 wLv 16 wWmî ^vwiZ PzwZ gymjgvbì wewfb myweav c`vb Kivi kZB wQj g~j welq| hgb:
GK. ^vqkvmb cwZwZ nj evsjvi cZK mc`vq wbR wbR AwaKvi cve| jvKmsLvi AbycvZ G ^Z
wbevPb c_vq evsjv`k eevcK cwil` cwZwbwaZi eev ne|
`yB : vbxq ^vqkvwmZ cwZvbjvZ cZK Rjvi msLvMwi mc`vq kZKiv 60wU Avmb cve Ges
msLvjNy mc`vq kZKiv 40wU Avmb cve|
122
wZb. miKvwi ì gymjgvbì Rb kZKiv 55 fvM PvKwi msiwZ _vKe|

Pvi. Kvbv mc`vqi agxq welq AvBb cvm KiZ nj Avmbmfvq wbevwPZ D mc`vqi wZb-PZz_vsk
m`mi mg_b _vKZ ne|
cuvP. gmwRì mvgb Mvb-evRbvmn Kvbv wgwQj Kiv hve bv Ges Miy RevB Kivi evcvi Kvbvic
nc Kiv ne bv|
GKK KvR : ej cv Amvc`vwqK PZbvi h cwZdjb NUQ Zvi avivjv cici mvRvI|
ej cvi Aemvb
evsjv`ki ivRbxwZ Ges mgvR wn`y-gymjgvbi ga mvc`vwqK mcxwZ vcbi `wjj wQj ej cv
ev evsjv Pzw| GB Pzwi KviYB gymjgvbi Avv ARb Ki îvR cvwU wbevPb msLvMwiZv jvf mg
nq| Aciw`K nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x KjKvZvi WcywU gqi wbevwPZ nb Ges gymjgvbiv Kcvikb
PvKwi jvf mg nq| evsjv Z_v fviZxq Dcgnv`ki wn`y-gymjgvb mgmv mgvavbi Dk wm.Avi
`vmi GB c`c hgb eveagx wQj, Zgb wQj, cmskbxq| wKy `yfvMg wZwb euP _vKZB wn`y
cwKvjv, iYkxj wn`y-mgvR, MvxwRi mg_K KsMm `j I îvR `jweivax wn`yiv ej cv- Gi
Zxe weivwaZv Ki| Aciw`K, wn`y gnvmfvi w I msMVb bvgK Av`vjb Ges gymjgvbì ZvewjM
I ZvbwRg bvgK Av`vjb mc`vwqK mcxwZ web Ki| 1925 wLt 16 Ryb wPib `vmi AKvjgZzZ
wn`y-gymwjg HKi c_ wPiw`bi Rb e nq hvq| GQvov KsMm Ges Abvb bZe` ej cv-Gi
welq D`vmxb _vK| cii eQi A_vr 1926 wLt KjKvZv Ges ci XvKvq wn`y-gymwjg `vvi KviY Dfq
mc`vqi gaKvi mcxwZ b nj GB Pzw evevqbi mKj c_ iy nq hvq|
GKK KvR : Kvi gZzZ wn`y-gymwjg HKi c_ wPiw`bi Rb e nq hvq| GB HKi Rb Zvi
KvRi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
jvnvi cvei cUf~wg

evj cv AKvhKi nj wn`y-gymwjg HKi mvebv evnZ nq| 1928 wLt bniy wicvUi gvag wn`ygymwjg mgSvZvi cPvI e_ nq msLvjNy mc`vqi Rb c_K wbevPbi ck| wRbvn `yB mc`vqi ga
HK vcb cPvq e_ nq 1929 wLt Dvcb Kib Zuvi weLvZ 14 `dv; Gi ga gymjgvb mc`vqi
^v_ msiYi welqwU wekl iyZ jvf Ki| Gme NUbvi cwicwZ mvc`vwqK PZbv cej nZ _vK
Ges `yB mc`vqi gaKvi `~iZ gk ew cZ _vK| 1930 wLt cKvwkZ mvBgb Kwgkbi wicvU me
ivRbwZK `j cZvLvb Ki| 1930-1932 wLt ch jb AvnZ cici wZbwU MvjUwej eVK wewfb
mc`vqi Avmb msiYi `vwei welq GKgZ nZ bv cvivi KviY mgSvZv QvovB cwimgvw NU| G
mgq wewfb mc`vqi bZe` GB mgmv mgvavbi Rb wewUk cavbgxi Dci Pvc cqvM Kib| wewUk
cavbgx ivgR gvKWvbv mgmv mgvavbi Rb mvc`vwqK ivq`v` NvlYv Kib| mLvb wewfb
mc`vqi Rb wKQy Avmb msiYi eevmn c_K wbevPbi myhvM Ìqv nq| mvc`vwqK ivq`v`
123
wewfb mc`vq I `ji ga Zxe weic cwZwqvi mw Ki| Ze gymjgvbiv cwZev` mI mvc`vwqK
ivqv`v` MnYi wmv MnY Ki| Gici hyivxq miKvi cwZ Ges cv`wkK ^vqkvmb ceZbi ewk
msewjZ fviZ kvmb AvBb 1935 wLt wewUk cvjvgU MnxZ nq| GB AvBb fviZeli kvmbZvwK BwZnvm
GK iyZc~Y `wjj njI GB AvBb Abyhvqx hyivxq eev ceZb Kiv me nqwb| KviY wRbvn GB AvBb
cvweZ hyivxq eevi mgvjvPbv Kib| Aciw`K KsMm mfvcwZ ivR`cmv` Gi Zxe mgvjvPbv Ki
ejb, GB AvBb ^vqkvmbi ^vfvweK AMMwZi Kvbv jY bB| Dfq `jB fviZi Rb AwaKZi
kvmbZvwK I ivRbwZK msvi `vwe Ki| Aciw`K wn`y gnvmfv GB AvBbi weivwaZv Ki| `jjvi
weic cwZwqv mI 1937 wLt GB AvBbi Aaxb cvweZ cv`wkK ^vqkvmb eev KvhKi Kiv nq|
Aciw`K cv`wkK wbevPb ewkifvM c`k KsMm msLvMwi Avmb Rqjvf Ki| G Aevq gymwjg
msLvMwi c`kjvZ gymwjg jxMi m Kvbv iKg AvjvPbv QvovB KsMm gwmfv MVb Ki| ZvQvov
KsMm mfvcwZ RInijvj bniy wbevPb cieZxKvj ge Kib h fviZ `ywU kwi AwZ jYxqGKwU
miKvi, AciwU KsMm| Zuvi G aibi ge gymwjg bZvì ga Zxe weic cwZwqvi mw nq| wg: wRbvn
whwb `xN mgq ai wn`y-gymwjg HKi cPv PvwjqwQjb| wZwb KsMm mfvcwZi eei KviY ivRbxwZi
wfb c_ AMmi nb| 1938 wLt wZwb wmzZ cv`wkK gymwjg jxM mfvq wn`y I gymjgvb `ywU wfb RvwZ ej
Dj-L Kib| Gfve jvnvi cvei AvMB wn`y-gymjgvb Avjv`v RvwZ; GB wPv Kivi dj Zvì Rb
Avjv`v ivi wPviI cKvk NUZ _vK| GB cKvki eve D`vniY nQ 1940 wLt jvnvi cve|
jvnvi cve :
jvnvi cvei AbK AvMB 1930 wLt Kwe Avj-vgv BKevj gymjgvbì Rb Avjv`v ivi K_v Dj-L
KiQb| 1933 wLt Kw^R wekwe`vjqi Qv Payix ingZ Avjx fviZi Di-cwg Aji msLvMwi
gymwjg GjvKvjv wbq cvwKvb bvgK GKwU ivi iciLv Ab Kib| 1937-38 wLt ch gvnv`
Avjx wRbvn gymjgvbì Rb c_K ivi K_v fvebwb| wKy 1937 wLt wbevPbi wZ AwfZv Ges
wbevPbi ci weRqx KsMm mfvcwZi ee wZwb eySZ cvib h msLvjNy gymwjg mc`vq Avkv-AvKvv
wn`y bZeì kvmbvaxb eve ic jvf Kie bv| mvweK ivRbwZK cwiwwZ, AZxZi wZ AwfZv Ges
gymjgvbì ^v_i K_v weePbv Ki 1939 wLt wRbvn Zuvi e AvjvwPZ-mgvjvwPZ w-RvwZ Zi NvlYv
`b| 1940 wLt jvnvi cve g~jZ Zvi GB NvlYvi eve ic Ìqvi c_wb`k Ki|
1940 wLt 23 gvP gymwjg jxMi jvnvi Awaekb GB cvewU
MnxZ nq ej GwU BwZnvm jvnvi cve bvg LvZ|
Dcgnv`ki gymjgvbì ivRbwZK BwZnvm jvnvi cve
AZ iyZc~Y NUbv| gynv` Avjx wRbvn wQjb GB Awaekbi
mfvcwZ| G K dRjyj nK 23 gvPi Awaekb Zuvi iwPZ
cvewU Dvcb Kib| jvnvi cve ejv nq, Kvbv
kvmbZvwK cwiKbv G`k KvhKi ne bv, hw` GwU jvnvi
cve DvwcZ g~jbxwZi Dci cwZwZ bv nq|
Qwe : ki evsjv G K dRjyj nK
124
jvnvi cvei cavb avivmg~nK. fviZi Di-cwg Ges c~e f~-fvMi gymjgvb msLvMwi AjjvK wbq ^vaxb ivmg~n MVb KiZ
ne|
L.
Gme ^vaxb ivi mswk- A ivjv ^vqkvwmZ I mvefg ne|
M. msLvjNy mc`vqjvi mv_ civgk Ki Zvì me AwaKvi Ges ^v_ivi Rb msweavb chv eev
ivLZ ne|
N.
cwZiv, ciiv, hvMvhvM BZvw` welq gZv mswk- A ivRjvi nvZ b _vKe|
Dj-wLZ cvei avivmg~ni Kv_vI cvwKvb kwUi Dj-L bB| wKy ZrKvjxb wewfb ccwKvq
GwUK cvwKvb cve ej cPvi nZ _vK| dj, `yZ G cve cvwKvb cve wnme cwiwPwZ
jvf KiZ _vK|
jvnvi cve msLvMwi gymwjg Ajjv wbq ivmg~n MVb Kivi K_v ejv nqwQj| hvi dj evOvwj
gymjgvb c~evsk wbq GKwU ^vaxb evsjv iv cwZvi ^c `LwQj| wKy 1946 wLt 9 Gwcj w`wj-Z gymwjg
jxMi `jxq AvBbmfvi m`mì GK Kbfbkb bxwZewnf~Zfve wRbvn jvnvi cve mskvabi bvg
wfb GKwU cve Dvcb Kib| GZ gymwjg msLvMwi Ajmg~n wbq GKwU iv MVbi K_v ejv nq|
myZivs, ejv hZ cvi h 1940 wLt jvnvi cvei wfwZ bq, 1946 wLt Gwcj gvm DvwcZ w`wjcvei wfwZ cvwKvbi Rb nq|
jvnvi cvei iyZ
jvnvi cvei cwZ KsMm bZvì ga Zxe cwZwqv mw nq| cwZ RInijvj bniy GB cvei Zxe
wb`v Kib Ges gymjgvbì Rb ^vaxb ^Z Avevmf~wg Ame ej Dj-L Kib| Ze HwZnvwmK mZ GB
h jvnvi cvei ci _K gymjgvb mc`vq wbR^ Avjv`v ivi ^c `LZ _vK| GB cvei
cwicwZ fviZi ivRbwZK-kvmbZvwK Av`vjb GK bZzb avivi Rb nq| w-RvwZ Zi gvag
gvnv` Avjx wRbvn gymjgvbì Avjv`v RvwZ wnme wPwZ KiZ _vKb| m Abyhvqx gymjgvbì Rb
wfb iv cwZv ay mgqi evcvi nq ùvovq| Gici _K gymwjg jxM Ges wRbvni ivRbxwZ ^Z iv
MVb cwqvi w`K avweZ nZ _vK; hvi kl cwiYwZ wQj 1947 mvji AvM gvmi `k wefvM| w-RvwZ
Zi eve cwiYwZZ 14 AvM cvwKvb Ges 15 AvM fviZ bvg `ywU ivi Rb nq|
wefvM-c~e evsjvi ivRbxwZ (1937-1947)

1925 mvj wPib `vmi gZz Ges 1926 mvj KjKvZvq `vv wn`y-gymjgvb mKi weic cwiwwZ
mw Ki| G cwiwwZZ gIjvbv AvKig Luv I ZwgRDwb Lvb cgyL gymwjg bZv KsMm ZvM Kib|
1929 mvj cv`wkK AvBb cwilì wbevPbi ci wbwLj e cRv mwgwZ bvg GKwU `j MVbi wmv
MnxZ nq| G mwgwZi cavb Dk wQj evsjvi KlKi Aevi DbwZ mvab Kiv| dj KlK Av`vjb I
ivRbxwZZ bZzb aviv cewZZ nq| 1935 mvj gqgbwmsn AbywZ cRv mwgwZi mjb G.K. dRjyj nK
wbwLj e cRv mwgwZi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb|
125
cieZx eQi Gi bZzb bvgKiY nq KlK cRv cvwU| KlK cRv cvwU wQj m~Yfve c_K Ges c`k chvq
MwVZ evsjvi ivRbwZK msMVb| 1937 mvj gvP AbywZ wbevPb Zxe cwZwZv nq KlK cRv cvwU I
gymwjg jxMi ga| Ze Kvbv `j GKKfve miKvi MVb Kivi hvMZv ARb e_ nq| dj gymwjg jxM
dRjyj nKi bZZ miKvi MVbi cve MnY Kib| dRjyj nK gyLgx wbhy nb Ges wkvgwi `vwqZ
MnY Kib| G mwwjZ gwmfv wQj `yej| dj KlK cRv cvwU `yej nq co|
wRbvni mv_ dRjyj nKi gZweivai KviY 1941 mvj dRjyj nK gymwjg jxM _K c`ZvM Kib|
dRjyj nKi cwZ msLvMwi m`mì mg_b _vKvq H mvji wWmî gvmB wZwb wZxq gwmfv MVb
Kib| G bZzb gwmfv wQj e`ji mgvek| Gic GKwU gwmfv MVbi gvag dRjyj nK evsjvi
ivRbxwZZ GK bZzb avivi m~Pbv Kib| GB bZzb aviv wQj evsjvi wn`y-gymjgvbi ga mvc`vwqK mcxwZ
cwZv Ki ivRbwZK mgmv mgvavb Kiv| dRjyj nKi wZxq gwmfv 1941 mvj _K 1943 mvj ch
gZvmxb wQj| 1943 mvj fqven `ywf cwZivai Rb cqvRbxq mg_b bv cq dRjyj nK c`ZvM
KiZ eva nb|
1943 mvji 13 Gwcj `kevcx `ywfi cUf~wgZ LvRv bvwRgywb gwmfv MVb Kib| mebvkv G `ywf
evsjvi 30 jvwaK jvK gZzeiY Ki ej aviYv Kiv nq| 1945 mvj bvwRgywb gwmfvi cZb NU|
1946 mvji cv`wkK wbevPb I bZZK K` Ki evsjvi gymwjg jxM `ywU Dc`j wef nq| kl ch
mvnivIqv`x evsjvi gymwjg jxMi bZv wbevwPZ nb| wbevPb gymwjg jxM 114 Avmb Rqjvf Ki| hv
cKvivi cvwKvb `vwei cwZ evsjvi gymjgvbì my mg_bi cwZdjb NUvq|
evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm G wbevPb I wbevPbi dj wQj AZ Zvrchc~Y| 1946 mvj 24 Gwcj
mvnivIqv`x GKwU gwmfv MVb Kib| cKZ c mvnivIqv`x gwmfvi mgqKvj wQj evsjv I fviZi
ivRbwZK BwZnvmi vwjM| wewUk kvmbi Aemvb I `k wefvMi ivRbwZK cwiek KjKvZvi `vv I
^vaxb AL evsjv iv cwZvi cPv I fviZ wefvM wQj G mgqi iyZc~Y NUbv|
AL evsjvi D`vM
1947 wLt wn`y-gymjgvb mK GK iqx `vvq ic bq| GiKg Pig RwUj cwiwwZ gvKvejvq e_
wewUk miKvi fviZxqì nvZ gZv nvii BQv NvlYv Ki| wVK GB iKg cwiwwZZ evsjvi
ZrKvjxb gyLgx nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x hy evsjvi cve Dvcb Kib| G cvei c `p Aevb
bb kirP` emy| cvewU Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm emy-mvnivIqv`x cve bvg LvZ|
1947 wLt 27 Gwcj w`wj-Z AbywZ GK mvsevw`K mjb knx`
mvnivIqv`x Zuvi ee ^vaxb mvefg AL evsjv iv MVbi
welqwU Dvcb Kib Ges Gi c Rvivjv hyw Dcvcb Kib|
gymwjg jxM bZv Aveyj nvwkg eni evsjv ivi GKwU iciLv
cYqb Kib| cieZxKvj kirP` emy Zuvi GK cve AL evsjvK
GKwU mvmvwj wicvewjK wnme Mo Zvjvi Avnvb Rvbvb|
Qwe : nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x
126
emy- mvnivIqv`x Pzw

1947 wLt 20 g ZvwiL KjKvZvq KsMm bZv kirP` emyi evmMn AL evsjvi c GK mfv AbywZ
nq| mfvq AvjvPbvi gvag ^vaxb mvefg AL evsjv ivi c GK Pzw ^vwiZ nq| eni evsjv
ivi c emy-mvnivIqv`x PzwwU ^vi Kib gymwjg jxMi c Aveyj nvwkg Ges KsMmi c
kirP` emy| mfvq DcwZ wQjb gymwjg jxMi nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x, Aveyj nvwkg, dRjyi ingvb,
gvnvv` Avjx, G. Gg gvwjK cgyL bZe`| Aciw`K wn`y bZvì ga DcwZ wQjb kirP` emy,
wKiY ksKi ivq I mZib eLkx| mfvq ^vwiZ PzwwU msw AvKvi wbP Dj--L Kiv njv
GK. evsjv ne ^vaxb I mvefg iv| fviZi evwK Aski m I ivi mK Kx ne Zv m wbRB
wVK Kie|
`yB. wn`y I gymjgvbi msLv AbycvZ AvmbmsLv eb Ki cveqì fvUvwaKvii wfwZ AvBb mfvq
wbevPbi eev _vKe|
wZb. ^vaxb evsjv cve MnxZ nj evsjvi eZgvb gwmfv fO `qv ne| cwieZ AeZxKvjxb gwmfv
MVb Kiv ne| D gwmfvq cavbgxi c` Qvov evwK m`mc` wn`y I gymjgvb mc`vqi ga mgvbfve
eb Kiv ne|
Pvi. mvgwiK I cywjk evwnbxmn mKj PvKwiZ wn`y I gymjgvbi msLv mgvb _vKe| Gme PvKwiZ ay
evOvwjì wbqvM `qv ne|
cuvP. msweavb cYqbi Rb 30 m`mwewk MYcwil` _vKe| Gi ga 16 Rb gymjgvb I 14 Rb wn`y
m`m _vKeb|
AL evsjv cvei e_Zv
AL evsjv cve wbq KsMm-gymwjg jxM Dfq `ji bZvì ga Zxe cwZwqvi mw Ki| c_g w`K
gymwjg jxMi Muvovcx iYkxj bZviv eni ^vaxb evsjv ivi c wQjb| cv_wgK chvq gnvZv Mvx
I gvnv` Avjx wRbvniI GB cvei cwZ gb mg_b wQj| wKy cvewU cKvki m m KsMm I
gymwjg jxMi c_g mvwii bZvì Zxe weivwaZvi KviY welqwU RwUj nq hvq| dj Dfq bZv AL
evsjv iv cwZvi welq gZ e`j djb| gymwjg jxMi iYkxj bZviv c_g w`K Gi mg_K njI
ci Zviv AL evsjvK cvwKvbi Ask Kivi `vwe KiZ _vKb| wekl Ki LvRv bvwRgywb, AvKig Luv
cgyL| AvKig Luv 16 g w`wj--Z wRbvni m GK eVKi ci mvsevw`Kì Rvbvb h AL evsjv gymwjg
jxM mg_b Ki bv| dj emy-mvnivIqv`x cve gymwjg jxMi mg_b nvivq|
eni ^vaxb evsjv iv MVbi cve A_vr emy-mvnivIqv`x cve c_g _KB KsMmi DuPz chvqi
bZvì Zxe weivwaZvi gyLvgywL nq| KsMm bZv RInijvj bniy I mi`vi ej--f fvB cvUjmn e bZv
Gi weivax wQjb| Zuviv KvbvgZB ^vaxb fviZel KjKvZvK nvZQvov Kivi ccvwZ wQjb bv| ZvQvov
cUvj I Abvb LwbR m` mg AvmvgI Zuvì cqvRb wQj| Aciw`K KsMm gymjgvb msLvMwi
AL evsjvq wn`y mc`vq wbivcv wbqI kswKZ wQjb| wn`y gnvmfvi kvgvcmv` hy evsjvi Pig weivax
wQjb| dj hy evsjv cve KsMmi mg_b nvivq|
127
ZvQvov wewfb ccwKv hy evsjvi weiy gvMZ cPviYv PvjvZ _vK| cwg evsjvKw`K evOvwj AevOvwj,
eemvqx, ewYK, cuywRcwZkwY Gi weiy `p Aevb MnY Ki| GgbwK XvKvi wn`y mc`vqi eywRxex
kwYI hy evsjvi wec mvPvi wQjb| GB iKg cwiwwZZ KsMmi K`xq bZZ ^vaxb evsjv cwiKbv
cZvLvb Ki| Aevi cwicwZ evsjv KsMmi KvhKix KwgwUI msLvMwi fvU evsjv fvMi c
cve MnY Ki| Aciw`K Ryb gvmi 3 ZvwiL jW gvDUevUb fviZ wefwi NvlYvq evsjv I cvve
fvMi cwiKbv Kib| Ryb gvmi 20 ZvwiL weavb mfvi msLvMwi m`m evsjv fvMi c ivq w`j
evsjv wefvM Awbevh nq co| 1947 mvji fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb cvve I evsjv fvMi K_v ejv nq|
1947 wLt AvBb Abymvi fviZ fvM nq| 14 AvM Rb bq cvwKvb bvg GK Kwg gymwjg ivi; Avi
15 AvM Rb bq AviKwU ivi, hvi bvg nq fviZ| c~e evsjv cvwKvbi Ask cwiYZ nq
cieZxKvj hv c~e cvwKvb bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| Aciw`K cwg evsjv hy nq fviZi m| GfveB
cvweZ AL ^vaxb evsjv iv MVbi ^c e_ nq hvq|
GKK KvR : hy evsjvi weivaxì weivwaZvi KviY Abymvb Ki|
ewUk kvmb Aemvb

fviZ I cvwKvbi Af~`q
ewUk kvmb Aemvbi c~e K_v : 1942 wLt wcm wgkb cve me gnj cZvLvb Kij mgM fviZevcx Zxe
Amvl `Lv `q| ivRbxwZZI bg Avm Pig nZvkv| Dcgnv`ki evBi G mgq cw_exevcx PjQ
wZxq wekhyi asmh| Rvgvwbi wg iv Rvcvbi fviZ AvgY Avkvq fviZxqì gb AvZi
mw nq| MvxwR fviZ wewUk miKvii DcwwZK GB AvgYi KviY wnme wPwZ Kib| myZivs,
wewUk miKvi fviZ Qvoj Rvcvbi fviZ AvgY cwiKbvi cwieZb nZ cvi| GB wPv Ki Gjvnvev`
AbywZ mjb Zuvi cwiZ cve wZwb BsiRì fviZ Qo hZ ejb| iy nq KsMmi fviZ Qvo
Av`vjb| MvxwRi WvK fviZ Qvo Av`vjb RbMY Suvwcq co| mviv fviZevcx Av`vjb Qwoq co
Ges cej wewUkweivax ic bq| 1942 wLt 8 AvM ev^vBq AbywZ wbwLj fviZ KsMm KwgwUi
HwZnvwmK Awaek gnvZv Mvx GK NvlYvq ejb Avwg Awej^ ^vaxbZv PvB| GgbwK GB ivwi gaB,
DlvjMi AvMB hw` Zv me nq| wZwb Aviv ejb, Avgiv jovB Ki ^vaxbZv ARb Kie| Avi G ne
Avgvì Rxeb kl jovB|
wK BsiR miKvi H mgq KvbvfveB fviZxqì nvZ gZv Qo w`Z cZ wQj bv| eis miKvi GB
Av`vjb `gb Kivi `pcwZv MnY Ki| H w`bB gaivZ KsMmi kxlvbxq bZe` MvxwR, Aveyj
Kvjvg AvRv`, RInijvj bniymn AbK MdZvi nb| miKvi KsMmK eAvBwb NvlYv Ki Ges GK
mvni ga cvq me bZv KvivMvi e`x nb|
bZeì MdZvii Lei Awnsm Av`vjb mswnm Av`vjb cwiYZ nq| bZvì gywi `vweZ me
niZvj, KjKviLvbv, zj-KjR agNU cvwjZ nZ _vK| DwRZ RbZv vb vb ijjvBb Dco
djv, Pj Ub BU cvUKj wbc, ij kb, miKvwi Ni-evwoZ Avb awiq Ìqvi gZv ecivqv
nq DV| bZZnxb Av`vjb RbMYi ^Zt~Z AskMnY mviv fviZ wbqYnxbfve AMmi nZ _vK|
Kv_vI Kv_vI Avqx miKvi, Kv_vI ev RvZxq miKvi MVb Kiv nq| fqven NUbv NU ZgjyK _vbv `Lj
Kivi mgq, gvZwbx nvRiv bvg GK ev cywjki wj mI RvZxq cZvKv `pgywZ ai iL kwn` nb|
128
GB Av`vjbi ci ci 1943 mvj m Kwg `ywf gvbylK w`knviv Ki Zvj| ZvQvov `kevcx
gvivZK gy`vxwZ, `ybxwZ, èg~ji EaMwZ me wgj gvbyli A_bwZK Aev wech nq co| dj
nZvk RbMYi ga wewUkweivax gbvfve Zxe nZ _vK|
GKK KvR : gnvZv Mvxi fviZ Qvo Av`vjbi KviY Abymvb Ki|
hLb `ki Afi ivRbxwZZ Pig nZvkv weivR KiQ, e_ nqQ BsiR Zvovbvi cvYcY cPv, ZLb
hy Ki BsiR weZvobi Rb evOvwjì bZZ `ki evBi MwVZ nq AvRv` wn` dR ev Indian
National Army (INA)| GB mbvevwnbxi bZZ wQjb bZvwR myfvlP` emy| GB evwnbx MoZ mvnvh Kib
AviK evOvwj wec--ex ivmwenvix emy| KsMmi cvb mfvcwZ diIqvW e--Ki cwZvZv myfvl emy KsMm
AvcmKvgx ivRbxwZi wec wQjb| c_g _KB ^vaxbZv ARbi cwZi ck MvxwRi m gZvbK wQj|
wKkvi eqm _K wec--ex gbvfvevcb myfvl emy wQjb Mvxi Awnsm bxwZi weivax| 1937 wLt Mvxi
Abygv`b KsMmi mfvcwZ njI MvxB Avevi wZxq `dvq ZuvK mfvcwZ c` gbvbqb `bwb| wZwb myfvl
emyK G c` wbevPb KiZ wbla Kib| myfvl emy GB wblavv AMvn Kib Ges Mvxi gbvbxZ cv_xK
nvwiq Avevi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb| Mvxi cwZ GB aibi Pvj Rqx myfvl cieZxZ KsMmi ivRbxwZZ
Mvxi mnhvwMZv cZ e_ nb| nZvk nq myfvl emy KsMm Qo diIqvW e-K `j MVb Kib| Zuvi ivRbxwZ
Avcmnxb c_ AMmi nZ _vK| myfvl emyi ivRbwZK KgKv fxZ BsiR miKvi evievi ZuvK Kviviy
Ki| kl ch Kvivgyw jvf Ki 1941 wLt mevi Aj myfvl emy `k ZvM Kib| ZLb wZxq wekhy
PjQ| wZwb c_g BsiRì ky f~wg RvgvwbZ Mgb Kib| mLvb fviZi ^vaxbZvi Rb Rvgvb miKvii
m hvMvhvM Ges mbvevwnbx MVbi Pv Kib| wZwbB c_g fviZxq ivRbxwZwe`, whwb we`wk kwi mvnvh
wbq jovB Ki gvZf~wg ^vaxb KiZ PqwQjb| cwiwwZ AbyK~j bv _vKvq WyevRvnvR Ki GK `ytmvnwmK
Awfhvbi gvag AvUjvwUK I fviZ gnvmvMi cvwo w`q wZwb Rvcvb Avmb| mLvb AevbiZ wec--ex
ivmwenvix emyi mnhvwMZvq Mo Zvjb Rvcvb e`x fviZxq mbvì wbq AvRv` wn`y dR| 1943 wLt wZwb
GB evwnbxi bZZ MnY Kib Ges H eQiB fviZxq f~Li Av`vgvb xc MVb Kib AvRv` wn` miKvi ev
^vaxb fviZ miKvi| 1945 wLt ch GB miKvii mbvevwnbx wewfb iYvb BsiRì weiy weiZi m
jovB Ki| AvRv` wn`y dR Ges myfvl emy ZLb wQj BsiRì KvQ AvZ| myfvl emyi BsiRì weiy
mk msMvg fviZ BsiR miKvii wfZ Kuvwcq `q| GB `ytmvnmx evOvwj bZvi bZZ AvRv` wn` dR
1944 wLt evgv nq fviZ f~wgZ c`vcY Ki| Kvwngv-Bji iYvb exiZ I mvdji m jovB Ki
AvRv` wn`y dR Gme Aj `Lj Ki bq| `yfvMg GB iYvb Rvcvbx evwnbx BsiR evwnbxi Zxe
AvgY gvKvejv KiZ e_ nq wcQy nUj AvRv` wn` dRKI wcQy nUZ nq| 1945 wLt Rvcvbi iyb
ZvM, wgevwnbxi weRq AvRv` wn` dRi AMhvv evnZ nq| e_ nq GK `ytmvnmx evOvwj `kcwgKi
jovB Ki gvZf~wgi ^vaxbZv Dvii cPv| bZvwR myfvl emy mdj nj wfbfve wjLZ nZv fviZi
^vaxbZv msMvgi BwZnvm| ZLwb iwPZ nZv evOvwji `kcg Avi weiZi AviK Miei BwZnvm|
myfvl emy cwZwZ AvRv` wn` miKvi wQj Amvc`vwqK| GB miKvi I mbvevwnbxZ AbK hvM Awdmvi
Ges mbvm`m wQj, hviv wQjb gymjgvb| Zuvi AZ wek mbvcavb kvnbvIqvR wQjb gymjgvb| GB
Amv`vwqK PZbvmg cMwZkxj evOvwj bZv bZvwR myfvl emy wZxq wekhyi ci wbiyk nq hvb| Zuvi
Aavb mK bvbv Kvwnbx cPwjZ _vKjI cKZ mZ GLbI MelYvi welq| bZvwRi Awfhvb e_ njI
Zuvi Awfhvb fviZxq ^vaxbZvKvgx RbMYi ga AvZwekvm I mvnmi mvi KiwQj| wZwb wewUk fviZ
129
`kxq mbvm`mì ga AvbyMZi dvUj aivZ hgb mg nqwQjb, Zgwb Zvì we`wk kvmbi
weiy we`vn ciYv hywMqwQjb|
`jxq KvR : `k ^vaxbi Rb bZvwRK Kvb Kvb `k hZ nq avivevwnKfve Zvi f~wgKv Zwi Ki|
AvRv` wn` dRi e_Zvi ci 1946 wLt ev^vBq b-we`vn `Lv `q| Gme AvjvgZ cgvY Ki h wewUk
miKvii c fviZxqì Avq ivLv gk Ame nq coQ| GB cwiwwZ gvKvejvi Rb wewUk
miKvi GKi ci GK D`vM MnY KiZ _vK| BZvc~e hy PjvKvjxb mgmv mgvavbi cPv bqv
nqwQj| GB Dk 1945 wLt wmgjvq fviZxq bZeì DcwwZZ fviZi Mfbi Rbvij jW Iqvfj
GK cwiKbv ck Kib, hv Iqvfj cwiKbv bvg cwiwPZ| KsMm-gymwjg jxMi ga AeZx miKvii
mvc`vqwfwK cwZwbwai msLv wbq Zxe gZweivai KviY Iqvfj cwiKbv e_ nq|
wZxq wekhy Aemvbi ci Bsjvi mvaviY wbevPb kwgK `j Rqjvf Ki| GB cwieZbi aviv fviZi
ivRbxwZZI cfve dj| kwgK `j fviZi ^vaxbZv `vbi Ges fviZxqì AvZwbqY AwaKvii cwZ
mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| G DkK mvgb iL Bsjvi bZzb cavbgx AvUwj 1946 wLt fviZ mvaviY
wbevPbi K_v NvlYv Kib| mvaviY wbevPb mvgb iL bZZ i dj cv`wkK gymwjg jxM `ywU
Dc`j wef nq hvq| LvRv bvwRgywb wQjb AevOvwj eemvqx I iYkxjì bZv| Aciw`K Aveyj
nvwkg Ges nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x wQjb cMwZkxj evOvwjì bZZ| kl ch mvnivIqv`xB evsjvi
gymwjg jxMi bZv wbevwPZ nb| GB wbevPb gymjgvb ZiyY QvmgvR gymwjg jxMK mg_b `q| cvwKvb
cwZvi `vweK cavb wbevPbx Kgm~wP Ki gymwjg jxM cv`wkK AvBb mfvq Af~Zc~e weRq ARb Ki| GB
wbevPb G`ki ivRbwZK BwZnvm AZ iyZc~Y| KviY G wbevPbi gvag evsjvi gymjgvbì cvwKvb
cwZvi c my ivq NvwlZ nq Ges gymwjg jxM wbRK evsjvi gymjgvbì cwZwbwaZKvix GKgv `j
wnme cgvY KiZ mg nq| Dj-L, eZgvb cvwKvb Ask GB wbevPb gymwjg jxM Mwi fvU cvqwb|
A_vr evOvwj gymjgvbi fvU cvwKvb cve Rqx nqwQj| GB Rqi cQb cavb f~wgKv iLwQjb
nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x I eez kL gywReyi ingvb|
wbevPb-Di Dcgnv`ki ivRbxwZZ wfb cwiwwZi Dei mvebv `Lv `q| wePY AvUwj miKvi
eySZ cvib h mvbRbKfve Lye ewk w`b weUbi c fviZ kvmb Kiv me ne bv| dj 1946 wLt
fviZ mwPe cvw_K jii bZZ GK cwZwbwa`j fviZ Avm| hvK ejv nq KvwebU wgkb| G mgq
w`wj-Z AbywZ gymwjg jxMi Kbfbkb cvwKvb `vwe gb wbq ivRbwZK msKU mgvavbi Rb KvwebU
wgkbi cwZ Avnvb Rvbvq| KsMm I gymwjg jxM bZeì m Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag KvwebU wgkb
g gvm fviZi fwelr msweavb mwKZ mywbw` cve ck Ki|
gxwgkb ev KvwebU wgkb cvweZ cwiKbvq wZb iwewk hyiv MVbi welq Dj-L Kiv nq| h_vK. K` GKwU AeZxKvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv|
L. wewUk fviZ I `kxq ivRjvK wbq GKwU ^vqkvwmZ fviZ BDwbqb MVb Kiv|
M. wn`ycavb Myc, gymjgvbcavb Myc Ges evsjv I Avmvg Myc- G wZb fvM c`kjvK fvM Kiv Ges cZK
Myci Rb GKwU MYcwil` MVb Kiv| Ze kZ Ìqv nq h G cwiKbv MnY Kij mvweKfve KiZ ne|
Gi Askwekl MnY Kiv hve bv|
130
gx wgkb cwiKbvq cvwKvb `vwe AMvn njI gymwjg jxM cwiKbvwU MnY Ki| KviY gymwjg jxM gb
Ki h cwiKbvi ga cvwKvb cwZvi mvebv wbwnZ AvQ| KsMm G cwiKbvq GKKw`K miKvi
MVbi ga AL fviZ MVb `vwei cwZdjb `LZ cvq| KsMm wbR^ evLv Abyhvqx cvewU MnY ivwR
wQj| wKy kl ch KsMm gwwgkb cwiKbv cZvLvb Kij gymwjg jxMI Zv cZvLvb Ki| dj
ivRbwZK msKU mgvavb gx wgkb cwiKbvi cvejv AKRv nq hvq|
eojvU Iqfj gymwjg jxM I KsMm `jK AeZxKvjxb miKvi hvM`vbi Avnvb Rvbvb| KsMmi
bewbevwPZ mfvcwZ bniyi gymwjg jxMi ^v_weivax eei cwicwZ gymwjg jxM miKvi hvM`vbi c~e
wmv evwZj Ki| wKy eojvUi Avnvb bniy miKvi MVb D`vM MnY Ki| Gi cwZev` gymwjg jxM
16 AvM cZ msMvg wèm NvlYv Ki| GB w`b fqven `vvq nvRvi nvRvi wbixn gvbyl wbnZ nq|
mvc`vwqK `vv Ges wn`y-gymjgvb mKi gvivZK AebwZ NUj wewUk miKvi fviZxì KvQ gZv
nvii K_v NvlYv Kib|
wewUk cavbgx AvUwj 1947 wLt deyqvwi gvm NvlYv Kib h 1948 wLt Ryb gvmi c~e fviZxqì KvQ
gZv nvi Kiv ne| gZv nvii `vwqZ cvjbi Rb jW Iqvfj j jW gvDUevUbK
fviZi eojvU wnme cvVvbv nq|
jW gvDUevUb KsMm I gymwjg jxM bZvì m Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag fviZ wefwi wmv MnY
Kib| mvc`vwqK `vv-nvvgv _K `kivi Rb kl ch bZe` `kwefvM mZ nZ eva nb| 3iv
Ryb gvDUevUb myfveB fviZ wefvMi cwiKbv NvlYv Kib| wZwb GI NvlYv Kib h, 1948 wLt c~eB
fviZxqì nvZ gZv AcY Kiv ne| Aciw`K cvwKvb `vwe gb bqvq gymwjg jxM mvl cKvk Ki|
1947 wLt 15 RyjvB jb Kg mfvi GK NvlYvq fviZ-cvwKvb bvg `ywU ^vaxb Wvwgwbqb cwZvi K_v
ejv nq| `yB `ki mxgvbv wbaviYi Rb mvi ivWwKdi bZZ mxgvbv wbaviY KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| 9
AvM ivWwKd Zuvi mxgv ivq`v` mgv Ki Zv fvBmiqi KvQ Rgv `b, hv inmRbK KviY Avjvi
gyL `Lwb| 1947 wLt 18 RyjvB fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb cYqb Kiv nq, hvi wfwZ wewUk kvmbi Aemvb
NU| 1947 mvj 14 AvM cvwKvb Ges 15 AvM fviZ bvg `ywU ivi Rb nq|
`jxq KvR : fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb-Gi gvag Kb `ywU ^vaxb ivi Rb nq- Gi hwKZv Dcvcb Ki|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. 1905 mvj evsjv fvM Kib K?
K. jW KYIqvwjm
L. jW KvRb
M. jW PgmdvW
N. jW ixwWs
131
2. gvvi`v m~h mb Gi bZZ MwVZ wec-ex msMVbi KgKvi ga wQji.
PMvg wec-ex evwnbx MVb
ii. ^vaxb wPUvMvO miKvi Gi NvlYv

iii. wPUvMvO wicvewjKvb Avwg MVb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

wbkvcyi Pv evMvb Pv-kwgKiv Zvì Kg gRyixi cwZev` KiZ ivvq bg wevf KiwQj| Aeiva fvsPzi
PvjvZ _vKj kwgK bZv wKiY Zvì mwnsm Av`vjb cwiZvM Ki wbqgZvwK Av`vjbi Rb Avnvb
Rvbvb|
3. kwgK bZv wKiY Kvb ewi bxwZ viv cfvweZ nqQb?
K. zwìvg
L. gvvi`v m~hmb
M. gnvZv Mvx
N. cywjb wenvix `vm
4. D bZvi KgKvi ga wQji.
wn`y-gymjgvbi HK `pKiY
ii. wbhvZbg~jK AvBbi weiy cwZev`

iii. mZvMn e`xì gyw`vbi `vwe
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1. mvjncyi BDwbqbwU b`xi ZxieZx| MZ eQi ebvq dmj I ivvNvUi evcK qwZ nq| AvqZb eo
nIqvq vY ZrciZvmn wewfb Dbqb KgKvi mgmv mw nwQj| D mgmv mgvavbK GB
BDwbqbK `yBwU Avjv`v BDwbU fvM Kiv nq|
132

K. gyNj mvU wZxq evnv`yi kvnK Kv_vq wbevwmZ Kiv nq?
L. ^Z wejvc bxwZ ejZ Kx evSvq?
M. DxcK efi Kvb KviYwU dzU DVQ? evLv Ki|
N. D KviYwUB Kx efi GKgv KviY gb Ki? gZi mc hyw `vI|
2. Kqv I KYv `yB evb Cì KbvKvUv KiZ evRvi hvq| Kqv Zvi cQì ZvwjKvq we`wk cY ivLjI
KYv we`wk cYK cwiZvM Ki `wk cY Kbvi c gZ `b| Aekl KYv Zvi evb KqvK `wk
cY Kbvi welqwU eySvZ mg nb Ges Dfq `wk cY q Ki evmvq dib|
K. w`j-xi gyNj mvUi c` wejy Kib K?
L. Gbwd ivBdj mbì we`vnx Ki Zzjj Kb?
M. Kvb Av`vjbi wkvq AbycvwYZ nq KYv `wk cY wKbZ Drmvneva Kib? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki Kqvi gZ gvbwmKZv Avgvì A_bwZK AMMwZi c_ Aivq? hyw `vI|
`kg Aavq

fvlv Av`vjb wQj evOvwji mvswZK ^vwaKvi Av`vjb| cieZxKvj GB Av`vjb A_bwZK I ivRbwZK
Av`vjbi Rb `q| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x PZbv weKvki c_g c`c wQj GB Av`vjb| 1947 mvji
AvM gvm cvwKvb cwZvi ci _KB cwg cvwKvwb kvmKMvx msLvMwi evOvwji AwaKvi niYi
Pvq wj wQj| cyiv cvwKvbi gvU RbMvxi 56.40% gyLi fvlv evsjv nIqv mI msLvjwN gv
3.27% RbMvxi fvlv D`yK Zviv ivfvlv wnme Pvwcq w`Z PqwQj| kvmKMvx 1948 mvj
msLvMwi gvbyli gZvgZ Dcv Ki D`y fvlvKB ivfvlv wnme NvlYv Kij| evOvwj eywRxex mgvR
c_gB cwZev` gyLi njv| Zviv Abvq elgg~jK wmvi cwZev` Rvbvq| GfveB fvlv Av`vjbi
m~cvZ| 1952 mvj GB Av`vjb evcK ic jvf Kij| mviv `kevcx Av`vjb Mo DVj| cw_exZ fvlvi
Rb c_g kwn` njb mvjvg, eiKZ, iwdK, Revi Ges AbK| fvlv Av`vjb evOvwj RvwZK ^vaxbZvi
g `xv w`j| hvi ciYvq `xN msMvgi ci Rb wbj Avgvì wcq gvZf~wg-evsjv`k|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
fvlv Av`vjbi Zvrch evLv KiZ cvie;
GKzk deyqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlvi ^xKwZi cvcU Ges Gi ghv`v eYbv KiZ cvie;
bZzb ivRbwZK msMVbi cqvRbxqZv eYbv KiZ cvie;
hydU MVb Ges ZrcieZx NUbvcevn g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
fvlv Av`vjbi cwZ mvb cvlYi gvag fvlvkwn`ì cwZ kv c`kb AvMnx ne;
ivRbwZK Av`vjb mK fve wewbgq Drmvnx nev Ges AciKI Drmvnx Kie|
fvlv Av`vjbi cUf~wg

1947 mvji 14 AvM fviZ Dcgnv`k wef nq cvwKvb mw njv| ZrKvjxb c~e e cvwKvbi
GKwU Ask cwiYZ njv| cvwKvbi `yB Aski ga BwZnvm, HwZn, fvlv, mswZ Kvbv wKQziB wgj
bB| cvq GK nvRvi gvBj eeavbi cwg cvwKvb I c~e cvwKvb (evsjv`k) `ywU f~LK GK Kiv njv
ay agi wfwZ| dj cvwKvb bvgK GB bZzb ivi kvmKMvx c_gB evOvwjK kvlY Kivi Kkj
wnme evsjv fvlvi Ici AvNvZ nvbj| bZzb iv cvwKvbi ivfvlv Kx ne? G ck `Lv w`qwQj 1947
mvj cvwKvb iv mwi c~eB| m mgq gymwjg jxMi cfvekvjx bZv I eywRxexiv cvwKvb iv mw
nj D`y ne cvwKvbi ivfvlv G gg gZvgZ `b| ZLbB W. gynv` knx`yjv-nmn evsjvi eywRxex,
jLKMY Gi cwZev` Ki| cvwKvb iv mw nIqvi ci ciB XvKv wekwe`vjqi c`v_wevb wefvMi
AavcK Aveyj Kvkgi bZZ Zgyb gRwjk MwVZ nq| GwUB wQj fvlv Av`vjbi c_g msMVb| G
msMVbi D`vM 1947 mvji 15 mî fvlv Av`vjbi c_g cywKv cvwKvbi ivfvlv evsjv bv
D`y cKvwkZ nq| cywKvwUZ ivfvlv evsjv `vwei c hyw Dcvcb Kiv nq|
134
Zgyb gRwjki D`vM fvlv Av`vjbK ivRbwZK ic`vbi Rb 47-Gi Avei gvm MwVZ nq c_g
ivfvlv msMvg cwil`, hvi AvnvqK gbvbxZ nb XvKv wekwe`vjqi AavcK b~iyj nK fyTv| ivfvlv
msMvg cwilì cvkvcvwk cvwKvb MYZvwK hyejxM, c~e e eywRxex mgvR, mvsevw`K msN wewfb mfvmwgwZZ evsjvK ivfvlv Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| Gme wKQzK Dc Ki wWmî gvm KivwPZ AbywZ wkv
mjb D`yK wjsqv dvv wnme ^xKwZ `qvi Rb msweavb mfvi KvQ mycvwik Ki|
1948 mvji c_g _KB wkwZ evOvwj mgvR evsjv fvlvi `vwe wbq mvPvi nq IV| G mgq ivfvlv
msMvg cwilì GK mfvq wbgkYx _K DPgvawgK ch wkvi gvag wnme evsjvK MnYi cve
Ìqv nq| 23 deyqvwi 1948 cvwKvb MYcwilì c_g Awaekb BsiwRi cvkvcvwk D`yZ Kvhg iy
nj c~e evsjv KsMm cvwUi m`m Kzwgj-vi axi`bv_ ` Gi cwZev` Kib Ges evsjvKI Awaekbi
AbZg fvlv wnme Afy Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| wKy gymwjg jxMi mKj m`m G `vwe cZvLvb Ki| G
NUbvq c~e evsjvi QvmgvR evcKfve cwZev` KiZ _vK| 26 I 29 deyqvwi 1948 XvKvi mKj wkv
cwZvb agNU cvwjZ nq| 2 gvP `ki QvmgvR eywRxexì DcwwZZ wZxq evii gZ ivfvlv
msMvg cwil` MVb Ki| Gevi AvnvqK gbvbxZ nb kvgmyj Avjg|
ivfvlv msMvg cwilì bZzb KwgwUi Avnvb 11 gvP agNU cvwjZ nq| Av`vjbKvixì `vwe wQj
evsjvK cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv Ges c~e cvwKvbi miKvwi fvlv wnme NvlYv Kiv| agNUi c
ivfvlv evsjv PvB m-vMvbmn wgwQj Kivi mgq cywjki jvwVPvR AbK AvnZ nq| eez kL gywReyi
ingvb, kvgmyj nK, Awj Avnv`, KvRx Mvjvg gvneyemn AbKB MdZvi nb| GB NUbvi cwicwZ 13-15
gvP Avevi agNU cvwjZ nq| Gevi ay XvKv bq, `ki me agNU cvwjZ nq| Zxe Av`vjbi gyL 15 gvP
gyLgx LvRv bvwRgyxb Av`vjbKvixì mv_ AvjvPbvq em GKwU Pzw ^vi Kib| G PzwZ
MdZviKZì gyw, Z` KwgwU MVb, wkvi gvag evsjv, evsjvK ivfvlv Kivi cve AvBb cwil`
Dvcb cfwZ Afy wQj|
1948 mvji 19 gvP cvwKvbi Mfbi Rbvij gvnv` Avjx wRbvn XvKvq Avmb| 21 gvP igbvi
ZrKvjxb imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb mvnivIqv`x D`vb) Ges 24 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi mgveZb Abyvb
wZwb ee `b| `ywU eeB wZwb evsjv fvlvi `vwe AMvn Ki D`yK cvwKvbi ivfvlv wnme NvlYv
`b| mgveZb eei mgq wZwb ej DVjb, D`y Ges GKgv D`yB ne cvwKvbi ivfvlv| DcwZ
Qviv Zxe cwZev` bv bv awb w`q IV| G mgq mviv c~e cvwKvbB fvlv Av`vjb Qwoq co| 1948
mvji 18 bfî cavbgx wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb XvKvq Gm eZvKvj Avevi D`yK ivfvlv wnme NvlYv
`b| Qviv bv bv ej cwZev` Ki DV|
1948 mvj KivwPZ AbywZ wbwLj cvwKvb wkv mjb evsjv fvlv Aviwe nid jLvi cve Ìqv
nq| W. gyn` knx`yjv-n Gi cwZev` Kib| Aviwe nid evsjv jLvi lohi cPv wnme evsjv fvlv
msvii bvg 1949 mvji gvP gvm c~e evsjv fvlv KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| XvKv wekwe`vjq Gi cwZev`
Rvbvq| 1950 mvji 11 gvP Ave`yj gwZbK AvnvqK Ki XvKv wekwe`vq ivfvlv msMvg cwil` MwVZ
nq| 1950 mvji mî gvm MYcwil` KZK MwVZ g~jbxwZ KwgwUi mycvwik ejv nq, D`yB cvwKvbi
ivfvlv ne| `kRyo cwZev` mfv-mgvek PjZ _vK| 1951 mvj cvwKvbi cavbgx wjqvKZ Avjx
135
Lvb AvZZvqxi nvZ wbnZ nj cavbgx nb LvRv bvwRgyxb| 1952 mvj XvKvq LvRv bvwRgyxbi GK
DwK K` Ki fvlv Av`vjb bZzb gvv I mevZK ic jvf Ki| Gfve P~ov chvqi m~Pbv nq|
fvlv Av`vjbi P~ov chvq

bZzb cavbgx LvRv bvwRgyxb 27 Rvbyqvwi cb gq`vb NvlYv `b, cvwKvbi ivfvlv ne D`y| Gi
cwZev` fvlv Av`vjb bZzb Ki iy nq hvq| XvKv wekwe`vjq ivfvlv msMvg cwil` 30 Rvbyqvwi mfv I
Qv agNUi Avnvb Ki| 31 Rvbyqvwi AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM mfvcwZ gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi
mfvcwZZ wewfb ivRbwZK `ji me`jxq mfvq me`jxq K`xq ivfvlv msMvg cwil` MwVZ nq| Gi
AvnvqK wQjb KvRx Mvjvg gvneye| G mfvq 21 deyqvwi `kevcx niZvj, Rbmfv I wevf wgwQj Kivi
wmv bIqv nq| Gmgq nVvr Ki c~e cvwKvbi gyLgx b~iyj Avwgb XvKv kni 144 aviv Rvwi Ki me
aibi mfv-mgvek, wevf wgwQj wbwl Kib| miKvwi G NvlYv cvIqv gvB XvKvq DRbv Qwoq
co| Qviv wKQzZB 144 aviv gb wbZ cviwb|
20 deyqvwi mvq AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi K`xq Kvhvjq me`jxq ivfvlv msMvg cwilì eVK em|
Aveyj nvwkgi mfvcwZZ G mfvq 144 aviv Agvb Kivi wmv wgZ `Lv `q| AwaKvsk m`m c_g
144 aviv Agvb Kivi c wQjb bv| wKy Ave`yj gwZb, Iwj Avnv`, Mvjvg gvneye cgyL bZviv 144 aviv
Agvb Kivi wmv AUzU _vKb| Aekl 144 aviv fvOvi wmv MnxZ nq|
21 deyqvwi mKvj 11 Uvq XvKv wekwe`vjqi AvgZjvq (eZgvb XvKv gwWKvj KjRi PZi) Qvì
mfv Rbmgy` cwiYZ nq| XvKv knii zj-KjRi nvRvi nvRvi Qv-Qvx mgvek hvM `q| KwZcq
bZv 144 aviv f bv Kivi Rb Qvì Abyiva Ki| Ze Qv bZe` wmv AUj _vK| mfvq QvU
QvU `j Qviv wgwQj Ki 144 aviv fvOvi wmv bq| Qv-Qvxiv ivfvlv evsjv PvB k-vMvb w`q wgwQj
KiZ _vKj cywjk Zvì Ici jvwVPvR Ki Ges Kuv`vb Mvm eenvi Ki|
Qv-QvxivI cywjki Ici BU-cvUKj wbc Ki| wez Qviv XvKv gwWKj KjRi mvgb mgeZ
nq MYcwilì w`K AMmi nZ _vKj wgwQj cywjk wj Pvjvq| cywjki wjZ Ave`ym mvjvg, Aveyj
eiKZ, iwdK Dwb Avng`, Ave`yj Revi NUbvj kwn` nb| m mgq MYcwilì Awaekb PjwQj|
wji Lei cq Ave`yi ikx` ZKevMxkmn AvBb cwilì KqKRb m`m Awaekb ZvM Ki NUbvj
DcwZ nb|
eeivwPZ nZvKvi cwZev` ciw`b 22 deyqvwi
MYwevf iy nq| RbZv kwn`ì Rb kvK
wgwQj ei Ki| AveviI wgwQji Ici cywjk I
wgwjUvwi jvwV, wj I eqvbU eenvi Ki| GZ
kwdDi ingvbmn AviI KqKRb kwn` nb|
AbK MdZvi nb| Qviv h vb wjZ wbnZ
nq mLvb Qviv mvivivZ RM 23 deyqvwiZ
K`xq kwn` wgbvi
136
GKwU wZ ev kwn` wgbvi wbgvY Ki| ci cywjk kwn` wgbviwU fO `q| 1963 mvj Avqx kwn`
wgbvii j wkx nvwg`yi ingvbi bKkv I cwiKbvq kwn` wgbvi wbgvY Kiv nq| 1971 mvj gywhyi
mgq cvK nvbv`vi evwnbx kwn` wgbviwU fO w`j 1972 mvj m bKkv Abyhvqx eZgvb kwn` wgbviwU wbgvY
Kiv nq|
ZviciI fvlv Av`vjb AevnZ wQj| cej Av`vjbi gyL cvwKvbi RvZxq cwil` evsjvK
cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv wnme ^xKwZ `q| RvZxq cwil` evsjv fvlv welqwU wbq weZKi GKchvq
Gi m`m Av`jDwb Avngì Ìqv mskvabx cve Abyhvqx D`yi cvkvcvwk evsjvKI AbZg ivfvlv
wnme ^xKwZ w`q wej cvm Kiv nq| 1956 mvji msweavb evsjvK ivfvlv wnme ghv`v Ìqv nq|
fvlv Av`vjbi Zvrch
1952 mvji fvlv Av`vjb evsjv`ki BwZnvm GK AbbmvaviY NUbv| cvwKvb ivi elgg~jK
AvPiYi weiy GwU wQj evOvwj RvwZi c_g cwZev` I we`vn, evOvwj RvZxqZvevì c_g ciYv| 1947
mvj cvwKvb mwi ci _KB evOvwj RvwZ cwg cvwKvwb miKvii Aenjv, ebv, kvlYi RuvZvKj
wc nwQj| gvZfvlv evsjvi cwZ Aegvbbv evOvwji gbK cej bvov w`qwQj| Zviv eySZ ciwQj
cvwKvwbì nvZ Zvì fvlv, mswZ, A_bxwZ wKQzB wbivc` bq| GfveB evOvwji gvS evOvwj
RvZxqZvevì exR ewcZ nq| hvi dj me nq lvUi `kKi ^vwaKvi Av`vqi RvZxqZvev`x ivRbwZK
Av`vjb| hvi nvZ ai ^vqkvmbi `vwe _K ^vaxbZvi `vwe Ges ZviB dj exi evOvwj gywhy Rqjvf
Ki ^vaxb evsjv`ki Afy`q NUvq|
kwn` wèm I AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèmi iyZ
1952 mvji fvlv Av`vjbi cii eQi _K cwZeQi 21 deyqvwi w`bwU evOvwji knx` wèm wnme
D`&hvwcZ nq AvmQ| evsjv`k mwi ci _K 21 deyqvwi ivZ 12Uv GK wgwbU ivcwZ, cavbgxmn
meii RbMY K`xq kwn` wgbvi fvlv knx`ì cwZ cyvN wbe`b Kib| 21-Gi cfvZdwi I
cfvZdwii Mvb evOvwj mswZi AweQ` A cwiYZ nqQ| evsjv`k ^vaxb nIqvi ci GKzk deyqvwi
miKvwi QzwUi w`b NvwlZ nq| Gw`b knx` wèmi Zvrch Zzj ai wewfb Abyvb AvqvRbi ga w`q
evOvwj PZbvK jvjb Kivi cwqv AevnZ ivLv nq|
1952 mvji 21 deyqvwi evOvwj RvwZ ii wewbgq gvZfvlvi ghv`v iv KiwQj| weki BwZnvm Abb
mvaviY NUbv wnme Avgvì fvlv I kwn` wèm AvR AvRvwZK mc`vqi ^xKwZ jvf KiQ| 1999
mvji 17 bfî cvwim BDbvi Awaekb GKzk deyqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèm wnme
NvlvYv Kiv nq| 2000 mvji 21 deyqvwi _K GB wèm AvRvwZK Ab h_vh_fve cvwjZ nQ|
Gfve evsjv`ki fvlv Av`vjb AvRvwZK ghv`vq f~wlZ nq| Avgvì `k z` bMvxi iqQ wfb wfb
fvlv I mswZ| GB z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZi cwZ kv cvlY Ges msiY wewfb c`c MnY Kiv
nqQ|
137
GKK KvR :
1| fvlv Av`vjbi ivRbwZK iyZ wPwZ Ki|
2| kwn` wèmK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèm ejvi KviYmg~n wPwZ Ki|
ivRbwZK ZrciZv
1947 mvj evsjvi we`gvb ivRbwZK fvev`k
1947 mvj cvwKvb mwi mgq c~e evsjvq cavbZ wZbwU ivRbwZK `j ev aviv we`gvb wQj| 1. agxq
Av`kwfwK ivRbwZK avivi cwZwbwaZKvix gymwjg jxM, 2. Amvc`vwqK PZbv I MYZvwK avivi `j
RvZxq KsMm, 3. wec-ex mvgev`x avivi KwgDwb cvwU|
gymwjg jxM I Zvi AMYZvwK KgKv

1947 mvj cvwKvb Rbi ci wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMi bZzb bvgKiY nq cvwKvb gymwjg jxM| bZzb
iv cvwKvbi kvmK `j wnme gymwjg jxMi hvv iy| iy _KB D`yfvlx cwg cvwKvwb bZeMi
cKU `j cwiYZ nq gymwjg jxM| cvwKvb mwi Av`vjb evOvwj bZeì cPv, D`vM I
AvZZvM fyj wMq cwg cvwKvwb gymwjg jxM bZviv evOvwji weiy elgg~jK bxwZ MnY Ki, evOvwji
cwZ Pvjvq `gbbxwZ| kievsjv G K dRjyj nK, nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x, Aveyj nvwkgì gZv gymwjg
jxMi ZvMx evOvwj bZviv DcwZ nb| kvmK`j wnme gymwjg jxM iy _KB AMYZvwK I
AmvsweavwbKfve `k cwiPvjbv KiZ _vK| axi axi gymwjg jxM RbwewQb nZ iy Ki|
1947 cieZx c~e evsjvq iy _KB gymwjg jxM AfixY Kv`j Rwoq co| wgyLx avivq wef nq co
Gmgq `jwU| GKwU aviv wQj mvnivIqv`x-nvwkgcx, AbwU wQj LvRv bvwRgyxb-AvKivg Luv cx| c_g
avivwU wQj D`vi, MYZvwK, msvicx Ges wZxq avivwU wQj iYkxj cwg cvwKvwbì Avven
`vmi| dj G AtKv`j `jwUK mvsMVwbKfve `yej Ki `q| GQvov cwg cvwKvwb kvmKMvx
msvicx avivi bZvì memgq KvYVvmv, Ae`gb Kivi Pv KiZ|
gymwjg jxMi Pig vbxwZi KviY `k gvivZK msKU mw nq| gymwjg jxM miKvi c~e evsjvi DbwZi
w`K mvgvbZg `wcvZ KiZ bv| c~e evsjvi cwZ Zvì elgg~jK AvPiY gB cKU nZ _vK|
A_bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, mswZ cwZwU G elg wQj jYxq| 1948 mvj _K c~e evsjvq gymwjg jxMi
Rbmg_b AwZ `yZ KgZ _vK|
bZzb bZzb ivRbwZK `j
cvwKvb mwi ci _KB gymwjg jxMi AMYZvwK AvPiY, `gbbxwZ, c~e I cwgi ga mxgvnxb elg,
evsjv fvlvi Aegvbbv BZvw` KviY gymwjg jxMi AbK bZv ggvnZ nb| gymwjg jxMi weivax civ
ivRbwZK `j MVb GwMq Avmb| Gmgq c~ei KsMm I KwgDwb cvwU QvovI wccjm wdWg jxM, MY
138
AvRv`x jxM, cvwKvb MYZvwK hyejxM, bRvg Bmjvg, wLjvdZ-B-ivevbx cvwU, KlK-kwgK cvwU BZvw`
msMVb Mo DV| Ze mePq eo cUcwieZb wQj Lv` gymwjg jxMi ga fvOb| evsjvi gymwjg jxMi
msvicx bZviv gymwjg jxM ZvM Ki Mo Zvjb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| G iKg GKwU cvcU c~e
cvwKvb Z_v evsjvq gymwjg jxMweivax GK ev GKvwaK ivRbwZK msMVb Mo DV|
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM _K AvIqvgx jxM
`xNw`b ai gymwjg jxMi GK Ask hviv MYZ wekvmx, msvicx wQj, Zvì cwZ cwg cvwKvwb
g``cy cwZwqvkxj Aci Ask bvbvfve `gb, wbcxob PvjvZ _vK| `k kvmb Pig e_Zvi cwiPq w`q
GB cwZwqvkxj Ask RbMY _K gB `~i mi hZ _vK| Abw`K gymwjg jxMi ewZ bZvì cwZ
Rbmg_b evo| RvZxq bZeì ga mvnivIqv`x, Aveyj nvwkg, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx gymwjg
jxMi cPwjZ bxwZi weiy cwZev` KiZ _vKb Ges bZzb GKwU ivRbwZK `j MVbi cqvRbxqZv
Dcjw Kib| 1948 mvji g gvm XvKvq mvnivIqv`x GKwU weivax `j MVbi Rb AvjvPbvq emb|
GiB avivevwnKZvq cwg cvwKvbi gymwjg jxMweivax bZeì mv_I bZzb `j MVb wbq AvjvPbv
PjZ _vK| bZzb `j MVbi ZrciZv I cwZi ci 1949 mvji 23-24 Ryb XvKvi ivR MvWb Kgx
mjb nq| 300 Rb kxl chvqi cwZwbwa GZ Ask bb| mfvq memZfve c~e cvwKvb AvIqvgx
gymwjg jxM bvg GKwU ivRbwZK `j MVbi wmv MnY Kiv nq| gIjvbv fvmvbxK mfvcwZ, kvgmyj
nKK mv`K, eez kL gywReyi ingvbK hyM mv`K Ki 40 m`mwewk KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| 24
Ryb m` MwVZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi c_g Rbmfv AbywZ nq XvKvi AvigvwbUvjvq|
RbjM _KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM `jwU cv`wkK ^vqkvmbi Ici wekl iyZ w`q 42 `dv Kgm~wP
MnY Ki| G mgq Zvì cavb `vwei ga wQj ivfvlv wnme evsjvi ^xKwZ, GKRbi GK fvU,
MYZ, GKwU msweavb cYqb, msm`xq cwZi miKvi, AvwjK ^vqkvmb Ges c~e I cwgi ga elg
`~ixKiY| evsjvi BwZnvm AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM c_g mdj weivax `j| G `jwU MVbi gvag weivax
ivRbxwZZ h k~bZv wQj Zv c~iY nq| gymwjg jxM I cwg cvwKvwb kvmKì Kzkvmbi weiy ewj
Kî wnme AwPiB `jwU RbMYi Avv ARb mg_ nq| `jwU cieZx 1954 mvji wbevPb hydU
MVb I gymwjg jxMi weiy hydUi wbizk Rq evcK f~wgKv ivL| Gici gymwjg jxM GKwU bvgme^
`j cwiYZ nq|
Rb _KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Amc`vwqK, agwbic ivRbwZK PZbvq wekvmx wQj| dj 1955 mvj
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM _K gymwjg kwU ev` w`q AvIqvgx jxM bvg aviY Ki Ges Abvb agvej^xì
Rb Gi vi Lyj Ìqv nq| 1966 mvj Qq `dv `vwe Dvcbi gvag AvIqvgx jxM cKZB AvIqvgx ev
RbMYi `j cwiYZ nq| Gi ci c~e cvwKvbi ivRbwZK wbqY cyivUvB AvIqvgx jxMi nvZ Pj
Avm| 1970 mvji wbevPb `jwUi msLvMwi Avmb jvf RbMYi evcK Avvi cwiPq `q| AvIqvgx
jxMi bZZB 1971 mvj gywhy Rq jvf Ki evsjv`k ^vaxbZv jvf Ki|
139
hydU Ges cv`wkK wbevPb (1954)

1954 mvji wbevPb I hydU MVb wQj evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvmi iyZc~Y Aavq| g~jZ G wbevPb wQj
cwg cvwKvwb gymwjg jxM kvmK I Zvi `vmiì kvlYi weiy GK evjU wec-e| cvwKvb mwi
KqK eQii gaB gZvmxb gymwjg jxMi wewfb Dc`j, AfixY Kv`j, e_ kvmb, Ajf`
elgg~jK bxwZ cfwZi KviY bZzb bZzb ivRbwZK `j MVb AvekK Ki Zvj| wekl Ki G mgq c~e
evsjvq gymwjg jxM kvmbi Pig e_Zvi dj AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, KlK-kwgK cvwU, c~e cvwKvb
KwgDwb cvwU, bRvg-B-Bmjvgx, cvwKvb RvZxq KsMm cfwZ ivRbwZK `ji Rb nq| c~e _KB
1951 mvj c~e cvwKvb cv`wkK AvBb cwilì wbevPb AbywZ nIqvi K_v _vKjI gymwjg jxM miKvi
civRqi Avkvq bvbv Uvjevnvbv Ki wbevPbi ZvwiL evievi wcwQq `q| Aekl miKvi c~e evsjvq
cv`wkK cwilì wbevPbi ZvwiL avh Ki 1955 mvji 8 gvP|
hydU MVbi cUfywg Ges 21 `dv Kgm~wP
1954 mvji wbevPb c~e evsjvi ivRbwZK `jjvi ga gymwjg jxM wQj cyivZb I eo `j| GQvov c~e
evsjvi cv`wkK miKvi cwiPvjbv KiZ gymwjg jxM| dj 1954 mvji wbevPb m` cwZwZ ivRbwZK
`jjv gymwjg jxMK civwRZ Kivi Kkj wnme RvUe nq wbevPb Kivi cwiKbv bq| GiB
cwicwZ 1953 mvji 14 bfî gqgbwmsn AbywZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi KvDwj hydU MVbi
wmv nq| hydU g~jZ PviwU weivax ivRbwZK `ji mg^q MwVZ nq| 1. gIjvbv fvmvbxi bZZvaxb
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, kievsjv dRjyj nKi KlK-kwgK cvwU, gIjvbv AvZvnvi Avjxi bRvg-B-Bmjvgx
cvwU Ges nvRx `vbki evgcx MYZx `j| wbevPb hydUi cZxK wQj bKv| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi
wbevPbx Kgm~wPi 42 `dvi cavb cavb `vwe wbq hydUi 21 `dv wbevPbx BkZnvi NvlYv Kiv nq| c~e
evsjvi MYgvbyli Avkv-AvKvvK mvgb iL iwPZ GB 21 `dv Kgm~wPi gyL iPwqZv wQjb Aveyj gbmyi
Avng`| GB `dvjv msc ewYZ njv:
1. evsjvK cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv wnme cwZv Kiv|
2. webv wZc~iY Rwg`vwi c_v wejy Kiv I f~wgnxb KlKì ga D Rwg weZiY|
3. cvUwki RvZxqKiY Kiv|
4. Kwli DbwZi Rb mgevq Kwleev ceZb|
5. jeYi KviLvbv vcb|
6. gvnvRi-wkx-KvwiMi kwYi Kgmsvb|
7. Lvj Lbb I mPi eev Ki ebv I `ywfi Aemvb Kiv|
8. wk I Lv` `kK ^vej^x Kiv|
9. AeZwbK I evaZvg~jK cv_wgK wkv ceZb|
140

10. gvZfvlvi gvag wkv`vb, miKvwi I emiKvwi we`vjqi ga f`vf` `~i Kiv Ges mKj
we`vjqK miKvwi mvnvh Kiv|
11. XvKv I ivRkvnx wekwe`vjqK ^vqkvwmZ cwZvb cwiYZ Kiv|
12. kvmb eq nvm Kiv| gxi eZb GK nvRvii ewk bv nIqv|
13. Nyl, `ybxwZ I ^RbcxwZ e Kivi KvhKi eev MnY|
14. Rbwbivcv AvBb I AwWbv cfwZ KvjvKvbyb i`|
15. wePvi wefvMK kvmb wefvM _K c_K Kiv|
16. gyLgxi evmfeb eagvb nvDmK evsjv fvlv MelYvMvi cwiYZ Kiv|
17. 52-Gi fvlv Av`vjbi knx`ì iY knx` wgbvi wbgvY|
18. 21 deyqvwiK knx` wèm wnme miKvwi QzwUi w`b NvlYv|
19. 1940 -Gi jvnvi cve Abyhvqx c~e evsjvK c~Y ^vqkvmb c`vb|
20. AvBb cwilì gqv` KvbvfveB ew Kiv ne bv|
21. AvBb cwilì Avmb k~b nj wZb gvmi ga Dc wbevPb w`q Zv c~iY Kiv|
wbevPbi djvdj
1954 mvji 8 gvPi wbevPb wQj c~e evsjvq c_g Aeva I meRbxb fvUvwaKvii gvag mvaviY wbevPb|
wbevPb kZKiv 37.19 fvM fvUvi fvU `q| 2 Gwcj miKvwifve wbevPbi djvdj cKvwkZ nq| gvU
309wU Avmbi ga hydU 223wU Avmb jvf Ki| gZvmxb gymwjg jxM cvq gv 9wU Avmb, cvwKvb
RvZxq KsMm 24wU, Zdwmwj dWvikb 27wU, LjvdZ ievbx 2wU, wLvb 1wU, e 1wU, Kgywb cvwU
4wU Avmb jvf Ki|
wbevPbi Zvrch
1954 mvji wbevPb wQj gymwjg jxMi Abvq, elgg~jK, e_ kvmbi weiy evOvwji HKe cwZev`|
evOvwj RvwZ G wbevPbi gvag gymwjg jxMK eywSq `q h Zviv c~e evsjvq gymwjg jxMK Avi Pvq bv|
hydUi bZeì RbwcqZv, wekl Ki ZiyY bZZi RbwcqZv c~e evsjvi fwelZ bZZ Zwii c_ myMg
Ki| KviY AbK ZiyY bZvi KvQ gymwjg jxMi eo eo bZZi civRq NU| GQvov hydUi ga
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi mevP Avmb jvf fwelZ Zvì c~e evsjvq ewj bZZ cwZvi BwZ enb Ki|
G wbevPbi gvag c~e evsjvi ivRbxwZZ agwbic avivi mw nq| mevcwi G wbevPbi gvag gymwjg
jxM I AevOvwj bZZi cwZ evOvwji gb evcK Abvv Rbvq| Zviv eySZ cvi cwg cvwKvwb I Zvì
G `kxq `vmiì viv evOvwji cKZ gyw me bq| dj evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x Av`ki wfwZ c~e
evsjvevmx ^vqkvmbi cwZ Zvì c~Y mg_b e Ki|
141
wbevPb cieZx NUbvcevn

hydUi gwmfv MVb
kievsjv G.K. dRjyj nKi bZZ hydUi 14 m`mwewk gwmfv MVb Kiv nq| wZwb gyLgx QvovI
A_, ivR^ I îv wefvMi `vwqZ bb| Abvb m`mì ga Avey nvmb miKvi wePvi, ^v I vbxq
miKvi, mq` AvwRRyj nK wkv, eez kL gywReyi ingvb Kwl, mgevq I cj-x Dbqb wefvMi `vwqZ jvf
Kib|
hydUi gwmfv evwZj I c~e evsjvq K`xq kvmb
hydUi wbizk Rq iy _KB gymwjg jxM mybRi `Lwb| Zviv hydU miKvii weiy loh Avi
Ki| G mgq ki evsjv G, K, dRjyj nK KjKvZv mdi `yB evsjv wbq AveMceY ee w`q K`xq
miKvii weivMfvRb nb| wbevPbx cwZkywZ Abyhvqx 21 deyqvwiK miKvix QzwU I eagvb nvDmK evsjv
fvlvi MelYv cwZvb NvlYv w`j K`xq miKvi z nq IV| K`xq miKvi myhvM LyuRZ _vK
hKvbv ARynvZ hydU gwmfv evwZj KiZ| GgZvevq g gvm K`xq KvivMvii mvgb Kviv KZc
I vbxq RbMYi iqx msNl Ges Av`gRx RyU wgj evOvwj I wenvix kwgKì ga evcK MvjhvM
nq| dj K`xq miKvi hydU gwmfvK AvBb-kLjv iv KiZ e_ ej `vqx KiZ _vK| GKB mgq
wbDBqK UvBgm-G dRjyj nKi GK mvvrKvi weKZ Ki cKvwkZ nq h wZwb c~e evsjvi ^vaxbZv Pvb|
GZ gymwjg jxM miKvi ZuvK ivv`vnx ej NvlYv `q| Aekl K`xq gymwjg jxM miKvi 1935
mvji fviZ kvmb AvBbi 92 (K) aviv ej 1954 mvji 30 g hydU miKvi evwZj Ki c~e evsjvq
Mfbii kvmb Rvwi Ki| G kvmb 1955 mvji 2 Ryb ch envj _vK| gv 56 w`bi kvmbi ci
hydU gwmfvi Aemvb nq| g~jZ gymjxg jxM I cvwKvb K`xq miKvii loh Ges hydUi kwiK
`ji ga Kv`ji KviY Nb Nb miKvi e`j nZ _vK| gv Pvi eQi mvZ gwmfvi cZb nq| Kw`q
miKvi wZbevi Mfbii kvmb Rvwi Ki| hydUi ga gZvi I Kw`q miKvii Pvi dj
MYZvwK eev Mo DVZ cviwb|
GKK KvR : 1954 mvji wbevPb AvIqvgx jxMi f~wgKv wPwZ Ki|
1956 mvji msweavb
msweavb GKwU ivi mevP AvBb| msweavbi gvag GKwU ivi kvmbKvh cwiPvwjZ nq| 1947 mvj
cvwKvb ivi Rb bIqvi ci _KB wewfb chvq `yZ msweavb iPbvi `vwe DV| c~e evsjv _K G `vwe
wQj AviI Rvivjv| c~e evsjvi Rb`vweB wQj bZzb msweavbi gvag c~e evsjvi cv`wkK ^vqkvmb hb
AwRZ nq| wKy cwg cvwKvwb gZvmxb gymwjg jxM miKvi c~e evsjvK Dcwbek cwiYZ KiZ PvBj|
c_g Aevq bZzb iv cvwKvb 1947 mvji fviZ ^vaxbZv AvBb viv cwiPvwjZ nZ _vK| 1946
mvji wbevwPZ MYcwZwbwaì mg^q cvwKvb MYcwil` MVb Kiv nq| GB MYcwilì `vwqZ wQj K`xq
AvBbmfv wnme KvR Kiv Ges bZzb msweavb cYqb Kiv| wKy kvmKMvxi Awbnvq MYcwilì KvR enZ
nZ _vK| Aekl 1949 mvji gvP gvm msweavb iPbvi Rb MYcwil` KZK GKwU g~jbxwZ KwgwU MVb
142
Kiv nq| G g~jbxwZ KwgwUZ c~e evsjvi cwZwbwawQj bMY| bvbv KvjcY Ki g~jbxwZ KwgwU 18 gvm ci
Zvi mycvwik I cwZe`b ck Ki| G KwgwUi mycvwik c~e evsjvi RbMYK mew`K _K ewZ Kiv nq|
dj 1950 mvji mî gvm cwZe`bwU cKvwkZ nj c~e evsjvq evcK cwZev` DV Ges Zviv KwgwUi
mycvwikK cZvLvb Ki| Gici g~jbxwZ KwgwU 1952 mvj wZxq Ges 1953 mvj ZZxq cwZe`b cKvk
Ki| wKy msweavb cYqbi welqwU AgxgvswmZ iq hvq| Aekl 1955 mvji gvP gvm Mfbi Rbvij
cvwKvbi msweavb cYqbi D`vM bb| cwg I c~e Aski bZviv GKwU mgSvZvq AvmZ mg nb|
ZviB wfwZ 1956 mvji msweavb iwPZ nq| 1956 mvji msweavb cYxZ nIqvi ci Pvjy wQj gv `y eQi|
1958 mvj AvBqye Lvb mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Kij msweavb wMZ Kiv nq Ges mB m cvwKvb
mvsweavwbK kvmbi Aemvb NU|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. Kvi bZZ fvlv Av`vjbi c_g msMVb Zgyb gRwjk MwVZ nq?
K. W. KvRx gvZvnvi nvmb
L. AavcK Aveyj Kvkg
M. Rbve Aveyj gbmyi Avng`
N. W. gyn` knx`yjv-n&
2. 1948 mvj wZxqevii gZv ivfvlv msMvg cwil` MwVZ nqi.
fvlv Av`vjbK ivRbwZK ic`vbi Rb
ii. cvwKvb MYcwilì Awaekb evsjvK Afzwi Rb

iii. Aviwe nid evsjv jLvi cwZev` RvbvZ
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. ii
M. i I iii
N. ii I iii

Uwjwfkb jvKR Mvbi Abyvb nwQj| wgw_jv ek AvMn wbq AbyvbwU `LwQj| wKy Zvi QvU fvB wgVzb
KejB Pvbj cwieZb Ki BsiwR KvUzb `LZ Pv KiwQj| wgVzbi gZ Hme Mvbi kvZv nQ Mvgi
jvK| Zvi evbi Gme MvbcxwZ egvbvb jvM|
143
3. wgw_jv Kvb& Av`vjbi PZbvq AbycvwYZ?

K. AmnhvM Av`vjb
L. wLjvdZ Av`vjb
M. fvlv Av`vjb
N. ^vwaKvi Av`vjb
4. D PZbvq AbycvwYZ nq wgw_jv nZ cvibi.
`kcwgK
ii. RvZxqZvev`x
iii. cwZev`x
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1. meyRbMi Aji wbevPb gZvmxb cfvekvjx `ji bZvK gvKvejv I civwRZ Kivi Rb QvU QvU
`jjv GKZve nq| Zviv RbMbi Avkv-AvKvLv evevqbi Rb GK my`xN wbevPbx BkZnvi cKvk
Ki| RbMY D RvUi Dci mvweK Avv iL Zvì c~Y mg_b e Kib| Gi Aekvex dj
wnme wbevPb RvUi bZe` wecyj fvU Rqx nb Ges gZvmxb `ji bZv Pigfve civwRZ nb|
K. AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi c_g mfvcwZ K wQjb?
L. AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Mo Zvjv nq Kb?
M. meyRbMi Aji QvU `jjv ^vaxbZvc~e Kvb wbevPb _K wkv MnY Ki GKZve nq? evLv Ki|
N. gZvmxb I cfvekvjx njB wbevPb Rqx nIqv hvq bv cvVcyKi AvjvK DwwUi h_v_Zv
g~jvqb Ki|
2.
cjvk Zvi ez WwfWi Rbw`b gvevBj dvb gmR BsiwR Ai SHUVO JONMODIN
K_vwU wjL cvVvq| cvvZ fveavivq eo IVv WwfW Zvi ezi KvRwUK mg_b Kiwb| m BsiwRZ
Rbw`bi cPwjZ gmR HAPPY BIRTHDAY Avkv KiwQj|
K. 1948 mvji 24 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi mgveZb Abyvb K D`yK cvwKvbi ivfvlv wnme
NvlYv `b?
L. 1949 mvji c~eevsjv fvlv KwgwU Kb MwVZ nq?
M. cjvki gvbwmKZvq Kvb Av`vjbi cfve j Kiv hvq? evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg wK gb Ki WwfWi wPv-PZbv evsjv fvlv weKvki Aivq? hyw `vI|
GKv`k Aavq

cvwKvb mwi ci _KB kvmbeevq GKaibi îZvwK I AvgjvZvwK ceYZv j Kiv hvq| G Qvov
Gi mv_ hy nq mbvevwnbxi cfve| cvwKvbi ivRbxwZZ mbvevwnbxi nc gB evoZ _vK|
mbvevwnbx kvmb gZv `Lj Kivi myhvM LyuRZ _vK| 1956 mvji 23 gvP Rbvij Bv`vi wgRv
cvwKvb Bmjvwg cRvZi c_g cwmWU gbvbxZ nb| Zuvi mgqKvj mvgwiK evwnbx ivRbxwZZ evcK
cfve ivLv iy Ki| Bv`vi wgRv bvbvfve MYZvwK cwqvq euvav mw Kib| Zvi loh KqKevi
K`xq gwmfvi cZb nq| Gw`K c~e evsjvq AvIqvgx jxM I KlK-kwgK cvwUi Pig DV| GKchvq
c~e evsjv AvBb cwil` weivax `j KlK-kwgK cvwUi AvgY WcywU wKvi kvn` Avjx gv_vq AvNvZ cq
wbnZ nb| Zuvi gZzi dj m MvjhvM Bv`vi wgRvi c mbv kvmb cwZv Kivi myhvM Zwi Ki
`q|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
cvwKvbi ivRbxwZZ mvgwiK evwnbxi nc m cwiwwZ evLv KiZ cvie;
1965 mvji fviZ-cvwKvb hyi cvcU Ges Gi djvdj eYbv KiZ cvie;
ZrKvjxb c~e I cwg cvwKvbi gaKvi elg evLv KiZ cvie;
evOvwji ^vwaKvi Av`vjb Qq `dvi iyZ wek-lY KiZ cvie;
HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvi iyZ evLv KiZ cvie;
11 `dv mK eYbv KiZ cvie;
1969 mvji MY-Afyvbi cwZ I djvdj eYbv KiZ cvie;
`ki ^v_ I AwaKvi Av`vq mPZb ne|
1958 mvji mvgwiK kvmb

1958 mvji 7 Avei cwmWU Bv`vi wgRv gvwjK wdivR Lvbi msm`xq miKvi DrLvZ Ki `k
mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Kib| wZwb `ki msweavb evwZj Kib, K`xq I cv`wkK AvBb cwil` fO `b
Ges gwmfv eiLv Kib| ivRbwZK `jjvK wbwl NvlYv Kiv nq| cavb mvgwiK AvBb ckvmK
wbqvM Kiv nq mbvcavb Rbvij AvBqye LvbK| gRi Rbvij IgivI Lvb c~e evsjvi mvgwiK ckvmK
wbhy nb| Gi wKQzw`bi ga 27 Avei Rbvij AvBqye Lvb Bv`vi wgRvK AcmviY Ki wbRK
cwmWU wnme NvlYv Kib|
AvBqye Lvbi gwjK MYZ
Rbvij AvBqye Lvb 1958 mvj gZv KzwMZ Kivi ci cvwKvbi kvmb I ivRbwZK KvVvgvi Avg~j
cwieZb Kivi D`vM bb| wZwb cPwjZ MYZvwK cwZ cwiZvM Ki GK AyZ I bZzb wbevPb KvVvgv
145
ceZb Kib| Zvui GB wbevPbi g~jwfw wQj gwjK MYZ| gwjK MYZ nQ GKaibi mxwgZ
MYZ, hvZ Kej wbw`msLK jvKi cwmWU wbevPbi AwaKvi wQj| 1959 mvj gwjK MYZ
ceZbi Av`k Rvwi Kiv nq| cv_wgK Aevq gwjK MYZ wQj GKwU Pvi iwewk eev| wbg _K
DP ch ijv wQj: (1) BDwbqb cwil` (Mvg) Ges UvDb I BDwbqb KwgwU (kni), (2) _vbv cwil`
(c~e evsjvq), Znwkj cwil` (cwg cvwKvb), (3) Rjv cwil`, (4) wefvMxq cwil`| GB cwil`jvZ
wbevwPZ I gbvbxZ Dfq aibi m`m _vKZ|
gwjK MYZi AvIZvq cvwKvbi Dfq Ask 40000 Ki gvU 80000 wbevPbx BDwbU wbq `ki
wbevPKgjx MwVZ nq| wbevPKgjxi m`miv gwjK MYZx ev wewW g^vi wQj| RbMYi gwjK MYZx
wbevPb Kiv Qvov Kvb `vwqZ wQj bv| wewW g^vi wQj cKZ wbevPK| ZvivB cwmWU, RvZxq I cv`wkK
cwilì m`m wbevPb KiZb| GB gwjK MYZxì Avv fvU AvBqye Lvb 1960 mvj cieZx cvuP
eQii Rb cwmWU wbevwPZ nb| GQvov wZwb msweavb cYqbi gZvI jvf Kib| 1962 mvji 1 gvP
bZzb msweavb NvlYv Kiv nq Ges 8 Ryb mvgwiK AvBb cZvnvi Kiv nq|
GKK KvR : AvBqye Lvbi gwjK MYZi cKwZ Kgb wQj?
mvgwiK kvmbweivax Av`vjb

1962 mvji 30 Rvbyqvwi mvnivIqv`xK `kweivax lohi AwfhvM MdZvi Kiv nq| G Lei c~e
cvwKvb cKvwkZ nIqvi mv_ mv_ Qviv miKviweivax cwZwqv e Ki| 1 deyqvwi Qviv agNU WvK
Ges wgwQj ei Ki| GKbvMvo 5 deyqvwi ch agNU Pj| GfveB c~e cvwKvb AvBqyeweivax
Av`vjbi m~cvZ NU| 7 deyqvwi miKvi Awbw`Kvji Rb XvKv wekwe`vjq e Ki `q| Qvì
Ici cywjki evcK aicvKo I wbhvZb bg Avm| 1 gvP AvBqye bZzb msweavb NvlYv w`j c~e cvwKvbi
QvmgvR wevf-mgvek I Kvm eRb Ki| Qvì msweavb weivax G Av`vjb eywRxex, wkK,
ivRbxwZwe`ì AbK mg_b e Kib| AvBqye Lvb I c~e evsjvi Mfbi gvbvqg Lvb Qvì Ici
KVvi `gb bxwZ Pvjvb|
1962 mvji AvM gvm kixd Kwgkbi wkvmsv cwZe`b cKvk cj Qv Av`vjb bZzb ic jvf
Ki| G cwZe`bi mycvwik Qvì evcK wZM nIqvi Avkv `Lv `q| dj KVvi Av`vjb iy
nq| G Av`vjb evlwi wkv Av`vjb bvg cwiwPZ| 15 AvM _K 10 mî cwZw`b wevf wgwQj
AbywZ nq| 17 mî niZvj cvjbKvj cywjki wjZ KqKRb wbnZ Ges KqK kZ AvnZ nq| G
Av`vjbi dj kixd Kwgkbi mycvwik wMZ nq| GB Av`vjbi dj Qviv AvBqyeweivax Av`vjbi
AbZg kwZ cwiYZ nq|
1962 mvji 8 Ryb mvgwiK AvBb wMZ Kiv nj `jxq ivRbxwZi AwaKvi wdi Avm| AvBqye Lvb wbRB
Kbfbkb gymwjg jxM bvg GKwU ivRbwZK `j MVb Kib| Gmgq mvnivIqv`x mKj ivRbwZK `ji
mg^q AvBqyeweivax gvPv MVbi Avnvb Rvbvb| dj AvIqvgx jxM, bRvg Bmjvg, bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU,
KvDwj gymwjg jxM I b~iyj Avwgbi bZZvaxb gymwjg jxM wgj bvkbvj WgvwUK dU ev Gb.wW.Gd
146
MwVZ nq| G dUi Dk wQj MYZ cybiyvi I 1956 mvji msweavb wdi hvIqv| Lye ZvovZvwo G
dU RbwcqZv ARb Ki|
1963 mvji wWmî mvnivIqv`x BKvj Kib| 1964 mvji iyZB AvIqvgx jxM GbwWGd _K
ewiq Avm| eez kL gywReyi ingvb AvIqvgx jxMi mvaviY mv`K gbvbxZ nb| Zvui bZZ AvIqvgx
jxMi bZzb hvv iy nq| Gi dj GbwWGd wbwq nq co| 1965 mvji 2 Rvbyqvwi cwmWU wbevPb
AvBqye Lvbweivax GKK cv_x Ìqvi Rb Avevi AvIqvgx jxM, bvc, KvDwj gymwjg jxM, bRvg Bmjvg
cfwZ `j wgj GKwU RvU ev COP (Combined Opposition Party) MVb Ki| gynv` Avjx wRbvni
evb dvZgv wRbvnK Kc-Gi c cwmWU cv_x Kiv nq| wbevPb gwjK MYZxì c~e _KB AvBqye
Lvb wbRi AbyK~j wbq Avmb| RbMY dvZgv wRbvni c evcK Drmvn Dxcbv cKvk Ki| wKy
wbevPb AvBqye Lvb Rqx nb| cwmWU wbevPbi ci RvZxq I cv`wkK cwilì wbevPb nq| mLvbI
AvBqye Lvbi Kbfbkb gymwjg jxM msLvMwiZv jvf Ki|
1965 mvji fviZ-cvwKvb hy

1947 mvj fviZ I cvwKvb Rb wbj KvkxiK K` Ki Zvì gvS ewiZvi m~cvZ nq| fviZ I
cvwKvb DfqB KvkxiK Zvì AweQ` Ask ej gb KiZ| 1947 mvjB Zvì gvS KvkxiK wbq
c_g hy eva| wKy RvwZmsNi nc Zvi Aemvb nq| KvkxiK wbq wZxqevii gZv fviZcvwKvbi ga hy euva 1965 mvj| AvBqye Lvbi `xNw`bi BQv wQj fviZ AvgY Ki Kvkxi `Lj
Kiv| 1965 mvj Kvkxix bZv kL Ave`yjv-nK MdZvi Kiv nj fviZi Kvkxi DRbv Qwoq co|
AvBqye G myhvM MnY Kib| c_g mk Mwijvì Kvkxi Abycek Kwiq MvjhvM mwi Pv Kib|
Aekl 6 AvM cvwKvb evwnbx fviZ AvgY Kij fviZ-cvwKvb hy iy nq| hyi iy _KB
fviZxq evwnbx cvavb jvf Ki| Zviv cvwKvwb evwnbxK AcmviY Ki jvnvii w`K GwMq hvq|
cvwKvwbì Pig G `yw`b evOvwj mbviv Amxg mvnmi mv_ hy Ki jvnvi iv Ki| cvwKvbi
kvPbxq Aevi gyL cvvZ kw I mvwfqZ BDwbqbi nc 17 w`bi gv_vq hy e nq| 1966
mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm mvwfqZ cavbgx KvwmwMbi gaZvq ZvmL` kni fviZ I cvwKvbi gvS
hy weiwZ Pzw ^vwiZ nq| Gi ga w`q fviZ-cvwKvb hyi Aemvb nq|
G hyi dj c~e cvwKvb AvBqyeweivax PZbv cej fve RvMZ nq| KviY hy GUv nq hvq h c~e
cvwKvbi Kvbv cwZiveev wQj bv| AiwZ G Aj hKvbv mgq fviZi AvgYi wkKvi nZ
cviZ| GgbwK G mgq ckvmwbK w`K _K cwg cvwKvbi mv_ c~e cvwKvbi hvMhvM GKevi
wewQb nq co| evOvwj mbviv Rxeb evwR iL jvnvi iv KijI AvBqye Lvb c~e cvwKvbi wbivcv
wbwZ KiZ cvibwb| GQvov, hyi mgq MvUv cw_ex _K wewQb c~e cvwKvb Lv`msKU `Lv `q,
wbZcqvRbxq wRwbmci `vg AZwaK eo hvq| dj mvgwiK I A_bwZK wbfikxjZvmn c~e
cvwKvbi `yejZv cKU nq `Lv `q, hvi cwZdjb `Lv hvq Qq `dv Av`vjb|
c~e cvwKvbi cwZ elg

1940 mvji jvnvi cve Abymvi cvwKvb ivi Rb nq| wKy jvnvi cvei g~jbxwZ Abyhvqx c~e
evsjv c_K ivi ghv`v cvqwb| `xN 24 eQi c~e evsjvK ^vqkvmbi Rb Av`vjb-msMvg Pvwjq hZ
147
nqQ| Gmgq cwg cvwKvwb kvmKiv ivRbwZK, ckvmwbK, mvgwiK, A_bwZK, wkv I mvswZK
c~e cvwKvbi cwZ elg I wbcxobg~jK bxwZ AbymiY Ki| GiB cwZev` c~e cvwKvb A_vr c~e evsjvq
^vwaKvi I ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi m~cvZ NU|
ivRbwZK elg
1947 mvj cvwKvbi Rbi ci _KB msLvMwi c~e cvwKvbK ivRbwZKfve cy Ki cwg
cvwKvbi gyLvcx ivLv nq| jvnvi cve c~Y cv`wkK ^vqkvmbi K_v ejv njI cvwKvwb kvmKiv
c_g _KB G welq Abxnv cKvk Ki| MYZK Dcv Ki îZ, GKbvqKZ I mvgwiKZi gvag
Zviv `k kvmb KiZ _vK| Zviv c~e cvwKvbi Ici DcwbewkK kvmb cwZv Ki mgvR, ivRbxwZ,
A_bxwZ cwZwU mevP kvlY Pvwjq cwg cvwKvbi mgw NUvq| evOvwj ivRbwZK bZeì
Dci `gb, wbcxob Pvwjq c~e cvwKvbi ivRbwZK cwiek APj Ki ivL| evievi eez kL gywReyi
ingvbmn evsjvi RvZxq bZvì Abvqfve Rj e`x Ki ivL| msLvMwi RbMY evOvwj nIqv mI
cvwKvbi gwmfvq evOvwj cwZwbwai msLv wQj LyeB Kg| MYZvwK cwqv evavM Kivi Rb cvwKvwb
kvmKiv RvZxq I cv`wkK cwilì wbevPb w`Z Abxnv cKvk Ki| 1954 mvj hydUi wbevwPZ
miKviK Abvqfve DQ` Ki| cieZx gwmfvjvK evievi fO w`q c~e cvwKvbi kvmbKvh APj
Ki ivL| Aekl cvwKvb miKvi 1958 mvj mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Ki RbMYi MYZvwK AwaKvi Ko
bq|
ckvmwbK elg
cvwKvbi ckvmwbK g~j PvwjKvkw wQj wmwfj mvwfm KgKZvMY| 1962 mvj cvwKvbi
gYvjqjvZ kxlvbxq KgKZvi 954 Rbi ga evOvwj wQj gv 119 Rb| 1956 mvj cvwKvbi
K`xq miKvii 42000 KgKZvi ga evOvwji msLv wQj gv 2900| 1947 mvj KivwPZ ivRavbx
nIqvq mKj miKvwi Awdm-Av`vjZ cwg cvwKvwbiv evcK nvi PvKwi jvf Ki| ejvi Acv ivL bv
cvwKvb K`xq miKvii cvq mKj DPc` cwg cvwKvwbì GKPwUqv AwaKvi wQj| miKvii me
ìi mì ì wQj cwg cvwKvb| fMvwjK `~iZi KviY evOvwji c mLvb wMq PvKwi jvf
Kiv me wQj bv| 1956 mvj ch evsjv fvlvK ivfvlvi ghv`v bv Ìqvq cwZhvwMZvg~jK cixvq
evOvwj Qvì mvdj mnR wQj bv| 1966 mvj c~e I cwg cwg cvwKvb MRUW KgKZv wQj
h_vg 1338 I 3708 Rb Ges bb-MRUW KgKZv wQj h_vg 26310 I 82944 Rb| 1962 mvj
dib mvwfm c~e cvwKvbi cwZwbwaZ wQj gv 20.8%| we`k 69 Rb iv`~Zi ga 60 RbB wQjb
cwg cvwKvbi|
mvgwiK elg
c~e cvwKvbi Ici cwg cvwKvwbì elgg~jK kvmbi AviKwU wQj mvgwiK elg| mvgwiK
evwnbxZ evOvwjì cwZwbwaZ wQj AwZ bMY| c_g _KB mvgwiK evwnbxi kxl c` cvvweiv `Lj Ki
iLwQj| Zviv evOvwjì mvgwiK evwnbx _K `~i ivLvi bxwZ bq| mvgwiK evwnbxi wbqvMi h
KvUv cwZ AbymiY Kiv nq ZvZ 60% cvvwe, 35% cvVvb Ges gv 5% cwg cvwKvbi Abvb Ask
148
I c~e cvwKvbi Rb wbaviY Kiv nq| evOvwji `vwei gyL msLv wKQzUv evojI Zv wQj bMY| 1955
mvji GK wnmve `Lv hvq, mvgvwiK evwnbxi gvU 2211 Rb KgKZvi ga evOvwj wQj gv 82 Rb| 1966
mvj mvgwiK evwnbxi 17 Rb kxl chvqi KgKZvi ga gv 1 Rb wQj evOvwj| G mgq mvgwiK
Awdmviì ga 5% wQj evOvwj| cvwKvbi gvU 5 j Rb mbvm`mi ga evOvwj wQj gv 20 nvRvi
Rb A_vr gv 4%| mvgwiK evRUi I c~e cvwKvbK Mvn Kiv nZv bv| AvBqye Lvbi kvmbvgj
gvU evRUi 60% mvgwiK evRU wQj| hvi wmsnfvM `vqfvi enb KiZ nZv c~e cvwKvbK, A_P c~e
cvwKvbi cwZivi cwZ Aenjv `Lvbv nZv|
A_bwZK elg
c~e cvwKvb cwg cvwKvb KZK mevP elgi wkKvi nq A_bwZK | Zvì kvlYi gvv wQj
fqven| dj c~e cvwKvb KLbI A_bwZKfve ^qsm~Y nZ cviwb| cv`wkK miKvii nvZ
gy`veev I A_bwZK Kvbv wbqY wQj bv| Kì mivmwi wbqY c~e cvwKvbi mKj Avq cwg
cvwKvb Pj hvq| K`xq evsKmn mKj evsK, exgv, evwYwRK cwZvbi mì ì wQj cwg
cvwKvb| dj mnRB mKj A_ cwg cvwKvb cvPvi nq hZ| c~e cvwKvbi cqvRbxq A_ eiv
wQj cwg cvwKvbi Ici wbfikxj| D Avw_K mq cwg cvwKvb Rgv _vKZ weavq c~e cvwKvb
KLbI g~jab Mo IVwb|
cvwKvb ivi mKj cwiKbv cYxZ nZv K`xq miKvii mì ì cwg cvwKvb| mLvb c~e
cvwKvbi cwZwbwa bv _vKvq cwg cvwKvbi kvmKiv c~e cvwKvbK bvh AwaKvi _K ewZ KiZ|
RbjM _K cvwKvb wZbwU cevwlKx cwiKbv MnxZ nq| c_gwUZ c~e I cwg cvwKvbi Rb
eivKZ eq wQj h_vg 113 KvwU I 500 KvwU iywc, wZxqwUZ wQj eiv wQj 950 KvwU iywc c~e
cvwKvbi Rb, 1350 KvwU iywc cwg cvwKvbi Rb| ZZxqwUZ c~e I cwgi Rb eiv h_vg
36% I 63%| ivRavbx Dbqbi Rb eivKZ eq ewkifvM wQj cwg cvwKvbi Rb| 1956 mvj
KivwPi Dbqbi Rb eq Kiv nq 570 KvwU UvKv, hv wQj miKvwi gvU eqi 56.4%| m mgq c~e
cvwKvbi gvU miKvwi eqi nvi wQj 5.10%| 1967 mvj ch Bmjvgvev` wbgvYi Rb eq Kiv nq
300 KvwU UvKv, Avi XvKvi Rb eq Kiv nq 25 KvwU UvKv| e`wkK mvnvh eivi c~e cvwKvb
cvq gv 26.6%| 1947-1970 ch gvU ivwb Avq c~e cvwKvbi Ask wQj 54.7%| A_P ivwb Avq
ewk KijI c~e cvwKvbi Rb Avg`vwb eq wQj Kg A_vr gv 31.1%| ivwbi D A_ cwg
cvwKvbi Avg`vwbi Rb eq Kiv nZv| wk-KviLvbv cwZvi c~e cvwKvbi KuvPvgvj mv njI
wk-KviLvbv ewkifvM Mo DVwQj cwg cvwKvb| c~e cvwKvbi wKQz wk Mo DVjI mjvi
ewkifvMi gvwjK wQj cwg cvwKvwb| dj wk c~e cvwKvbK wbfikxj _vKZ nZv cwg
cvwKvbi Dci| c~e cvwKvb _K ^Y I Kvb cwigvb UvKv-cqmv wbq cwg cvwKvb hZ Kvbv euvav
wQj bv| wKy cwg cvwKvb _K ^Y I UvKv-cqmv c~e cvwKvb Avbvi Dci miKvii wewawbla wQj|
149
wkv elg
wkv I evOvwjiv elg wkKvi nqwQj| cwg cvwKvwbiv evOvwjì wbii ivLvi Pv AevnZ
ivL| cvi cwg cvwKvb wkv wevi evcK cwiKbv MnY Ki| dj c~e cvwKvb wkvi
Dbqbi Kvb Pvq Zviv Kiwb| GQvov evsjvi cwieZ D`yK wkvi gvag Kiv ev Aviwe fvlvq evsjv
jLvi lohi gvag c~e cvwKvbi wkveevq AvNvZ nvbZ PqwQj| wkv LvZ eivi c~e
cvwKvbi cwZ Pig elg `Lvbv nq| 1955 _K 1967 mvji ga wkv LvZ gvU eivi ga cwg
cvwKvbi Rb eiv wQj 2084 wgwjqb iywc Ges c~e cvwKvbi Rb wQj 797 wgwjqb iywc| cvwKvbi
megvU 35wU ewi 30wU cqwQj cwg cvwKvb Ges gv 5wU eiv wQj c~e cvwKvbi Rb|
mvgvwRK elg
ivvNvU, zj-KjR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, nvmcvZvj, WvKNi, Uwjdvb, UwjMvd, we`yr cfwZ
evOvwjì Zzjbvq cwg cvwKvwbiv ewk myweav fvM KiZ| mgvRKjvY I mevg~jK myweav ewkifvM cwg
cvwKvwbiv cZ| dj mvweKfve cwg cvwKvwbì Rxebhvvi gvb AbK DbZ wQj|
mvswZK elg
`yB Aji fvlv, mvwnZ I mswZ wQj m~Y Avjv`v| c~e cvwKvbi Awaevmx wQj gvU RbmsLvi cvq
56%| evsjv fvlv I mswZ wQj nvRvi eQii cyibv| Aci w`K 45% RbmsLvi cwg cvwKvb
wewfb fvlv, RvwZ I mswZ we`gvb wQj| D`yfvlx wQj gv 3.27%| A_P Zv mI msLvMwi evsjv
fvlv I mymg evOvwj mswZK gyQ djvi Pv wj nq cwg cvwKvwb kvmKiv| c_gB Zviv
evsjv fvlvK DQ` Kivi Pv Ki Ges evsjv fvlvK Aviwe eY jLvi loh iy Ki| evOvwj
mswZK mg KiQ iex`bv_i mxZ, bvUK, mvwnZ| evOvwj mswZZ AvNvZ nvbvi Rb iex`
mxZ I iPbvewj wbwl Kivi Pv Ki| cnjv ekvL cvjbK wn`y cfve ej Dj-L Ki mLvbI
evav `vbi Pv Ki|
`jxq KvR : mvgwiK, A_bwZK I wkv c~e cvwKvbi cwZ cvwKvbi K`xq miKvii elg
jLwP cKvk Ki|
Qq `dv I evOvwj RvZxqZvev`

cvwKvwb JcwbewkK kvmb I kvlY _K gyw Kivi Rb eez kL gywReyi ingvb 1966 mvj Qq `dv
Kgm~wP NvlYv Kib| eezi Dk wQj, Qq `dv `vwe Av`vqi gvag c~e cvwKvbK elgi nvZ
_K iv Kiv| g~jZ fviZ-cvwKvb hy Aemvbi ci c~e cvwKvbi wbivcvi cwZ cwg cvwKvwb
miKvii Pig Aenjv, cvkvcvwk ivRbwZK, A_bwZK, ckvmwbK, mvgwiK, wkv cfwZ c~e
cvwKvbi cwZ mxgvnxb elgi weiy eez mvPvi nb| 1966 mvji 5-6 deyqvwi jvnvi
weivax`jxq bZviv GKwU mjbi Avnvb Kib| AvIqvgx jxMi kxl bZvì wbq eez jvnvi
cuQvb| mjb eez HwZnvwmK Qq `dv cve ck Kij mjbi bZe` Zv cZvLvb Kib|
eez mjb eRb Kib Ges Qq `dv mvsevw`Kì mvgb cKvk Ki XvKvq wdi Avmb| 21 deyqvwi
150
eezi bvg Avgvì euvPvi `vwe: Qq-`dv Kgm~wP kxlK GKwU cywKv cKvk Kiv nq| `dvjv wQj
wbgic:
1. jvnvi cvei wfwZ msweavb iPbv Ki cvwKvbK GKwU dWvij iv wnme MVb KiZ
ne| GwU msm`xq cwZi hyiv eev ne| cveqì meRbxb fvUvwaKvii gvag
wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì wbq MwVZ K`xq I cv`wkK AvBbmfv ne mvefg|
2.
dWvij miKvii nvZ _vKe cwZiv I

ciiv welq| Abvb welq _vKe cv`wkK
miKvii nvZ|
3.
K. `ki `yB Aji Rb mnR wewbgq hvM

`ywU gy`v Pvjy _vKe| gy`v jb`bi wnmve
ivLvi Rb `yB Aji Rb `yBwU ^Z U
evsK _vKe| gy`v I evsK cwiPvjbvi gZv
_vKe cv`wkK miKvii nvZ|
A_ev
wP : XvKvi ivRc_ Qq`dvi c wgwQj
L. `yB Aji Rb GKB gy`v _vKe, Ze msweavb Ggb eev ivLZ ne, hvZ GK Aj _K
Ab Aj gy`v I g~jab cvPvi nZ bv cvi| GKwU dWvij wiRvf evsK _vKe Ges `ywU
AvwjK wiRvf evsK _vKe|
4.
mKj cKvi Ki I avh I Av`vqi gZv _vKe cv`wkK miKvii nvZ| Av`vqKZ A_i
GKwU wbw` Ask dWvij Znwej Rgv ne| G viv dWvij miKvi eq wbevn Kie|
5. e`wkK gy`v I e`wkK evwYRi c`kjvi nvZ c~Y wbqY _vKe| e`wkK evwYR I
mvnvhi evcvi c`kjv hywhy nvi dWvij miKvii Rb cqvRbxq e`wkK gy`vi Pvwn`v
wgUve|
6.
AvwjK msnwZ I RvZxq wbivcv ivi Rb c`kjv wbR^ wgwjwkqv ev Avav mvgwiK evwnbx
MVb I cwiPvjbv KiZ cvie|
13 gvP, 1966 AvIqvgx jxMi IqvwKs KwgwUZ Qq `dv MnxZ nevi ci eez Qq `dvi c RbgZ Mo
Zvjvi Rb wewfb vb ee `b| wZwb Qq `dvK Avgvì euvPvi `vwe AvLvwqZ Kib| dj Qq `dvi
c `yZ evcK RbgZ Mo DV| AvBqye miKvi ZvZ AvZwZ nq AvIqvgx jxMi bZv-Kgxì aicvKo
iy Ki| AvBqye Lvb G mgq c~e cvwKvb Gm wewfb Rbmfvq Qq `dvK iv`vnx I cvwKvbi
ALZvi cwZ gwK ej AvLv `b| w`b w`b Qq `dvi RbwcqZv ew cj AvBqye miKvi eezK
MdZvii wb`k `b| eezK MdZvii cwZev` 1966 mvji 7 Ryb `kevcx niZvj cvwjZ nq|
niZvji mgq wgwQj cywjki wjZ AbK jvK cvY nvivq| G NUbvi cwZev` 8 Ryb cv`wkK cwil`
weivax `j IqvKAvDU Ki| 10 g, 1966 mvji ga 3500 Rb AvIqvgx jxMi bZv-KgxK MdZvi Kiv
nq| 1968 mvj eezK HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvq Awfhy Ki UvBeybvj wePvi iy Ki| wKy Gi
151
weiy 1969 mvji MY-Afyvbi gyL eez kL gywReyi ingvbK gyw w`Z miKvi eva nq| 1970
mvji mvaviY wbevPb Qq `dv Kgm~wP wQj wbevPbi g~j Bnvi| G wbevPb Qq `dvi c wbizk weRq
AwRZ nq| Z_vwc Qq `dv Kgm~wP evevqb Kiv me nqwb| 1971 mvji 25 gvP cvwKvwb nvbv`vi
evwnbxi nZvhi ci gywhy iy nj Qq `dv Kgm~wPi Aemvb nq| AZtci `xN bq gvm gywhyi gvag
evsjv`k ^vaxbZv jvf Ki|
Qq `dv Kgm~wP wQj evOvwj RvZxqZvevì P~ov cKvk| GwU wQj evOvwji Avkv-AvKvvi cZxK| evOvwji
gywi mb`| dj Gi cwZ ag, eY wbwekl mKj RbMYi ^Zt~Z mg_b wQj| Qq `dv Av`vjb
KVvifve `gbi dj evOvwj RvwZi ga HKi PZbv `pfve RvMZ nq| evOvwj Zvi ^vwaKvi Av`vqi
Rb mvPvi nq DV|
HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (iv ebvg kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Abvb), 1968
cvwKvb ivi Rbi ci _KB c~e cvwKvbi cwZ cwg cvwKvwbì elg gB evowQj| eez
kL gywReyi ingvbi Rbgvbyli mv_ AwaK mZv ZvuK c~e cvwKvbi RbbZvq cwiYZ KiwQj| Zuvi
ivRbwZK KgKv iy Kivi Rb cwg cvwKvb miKvi evievi ZuvK MdZvi Ki Rj cvwVqQ|
ZviciI eezK G f~LK ^vaxb Kivi cPv _K wieZ ivLv hvqwb| wewfb mgq eezi mv_ bvbv
ckvi, wekl Ki mvgwiK evwnbxi ZiyY evOvwj m`mì hvMvhvM nq| GKchvq wZwb mk wec-ei w`K
AvK nb| 1962 mvj cvwKvb bevwnbxi jdUbvU Kgvvi gvqvg nvmb GK`j mbvm`m wbq
eezi mv_ `Lv Kib| Zuvì mv_ eezi mk Av`vjb wbq gZwewbgq nq| 1963 mvj eez
Mvcb wcyiv Mgb Kib| mLvb wcyivi ivRavbx AvMiZjvq ZrKvjxb KsMm bZv I cieZxKvj wcyivi
gyLgx kPx`jvj wmsni mv_ Zuvi eVK nq| mLvb wZwb kPx`jvji gvag fviZi cavbgx RInijvj
bniyK evZv cvwVq mk Av`vjb mnhvwMZv Kvgbv Kib| Dj-L, 1966 mvj eezi Qq `dv
Kgm~wP c~e cvwKvb evcK RbwcqZv jvf Ki| c~e cvwKvbi ^vqkvmb Rbgvbyli `vweZ cwiYZ nq|
Gw`K mvgvwiK evwnbxZ we`gvb elgi KviY KqKRb evOvwj Awdmvi I mbvm`m Mvcb mk
wec-ei Rb msMwVZ nZ _vKb| wKy cvwKvb miKvii Mvq`v msvi KvQ welqwU cKvk nq co|
mviv cvwKvb ò nvRvi evOvwjK MdZvi Kiv nq| G lohi Rb eezK cavb Avmvwg wnme
Awfhy Kiv nq| ZLb eez Rj e`x wQjb| G gvgjvwU `vqi Kiv nq 1968 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm|
Awfhyì weiy ivci AwfhvM wQj eezi bZZ fviZi wcyiv ivRi ivRavbx AvMiZjvZ
fviZxq miKvwi KgKZvì Mvcb eVK nq| mLvb fviZi mnvqZvq mk Av`vjbi gvag c~e
cvwKvbK ^vaxb Kivi cwiKbv Kiv nq| G Rb gvgjvwUi bvg nq AvMiZjv gvgjv| miKvwi bw_Z
gvgjvi bvg njv iv ebvg kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Abvb|
1966 mvji 9 g Rj e`x eez kL gywReyi ingvbK gyw w`q mvgwiK AvBb RjMU _K Avevi
MdZvi Ki XvKv KvUbgU wbq hvIqv nq| G gvgjvq 35 Rb Awfhy wQjb| eez kL gywReyi
ingvbi mv_ Ab 34 Rb Awfhy wQjb j. Kgvvi gvqvg nvmb, zqvW gywReyi ingvb, Gj.Gm.
myjZvb Dwb Avn`, b~i gvnv`, Avng` dRjyi ingvb wmGmwc, dvBU mvRU gwdRyjv-n, G.we.Gg. Ave`ym
mvgv`, nvwej`vi `wjj Dwb nvIjv`vi, iyj Kzym wmGmwc, dvBU mvRU dRjyj nK, f~cwZ f~lY Payix
(gvwbK Payix), weavb K mb, mye`vi Ave`yi ivvK, nvwej`vi gywReyi ingvb, dvBU mvRU Ave`yi ivvK,
mvRU Riyj nK, G.we.Gg. Lyikx`, Lvb kvgmyi ingvb wmGmwc, wimvj`vi G.K.Gg. kvmmyj nK, nvwej`vi
AvwRRyj nK, gvndzRyj evix, mvRU mvgmyj nK, gRi Wv. kvgmyj Avjg, Kvb gv. Ave`yj gvZvje,
152
Kvb kIKZ Avjx, Kvb L`Kvi bvRgyj `v, Kvb G.Gm.Gg. byiyvgvb, dvBU mvRU Ave`yj
Rwjj, gvneye Dwb Payix, jdUbvU Gg.Gg.Gg. ingvb, mye`vi G.K.Gg. ZvRyj Bmjvg, gv. Avjx
iRv, Kvb Wv. Lyikx` Dwb Avn` I jdUbvU Ave`yi iDd|
AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePviKvh cwiPvjbvi Rb wekl UvBeybvj MVb Kiv nq| 1968 mvji 19 Ryb ejv
GMvivUvq KzwgUvjv KvUbgUi GKwU wekl K gvgjvi bvwb iy nq| mvxi msLv wQj miKvi c
11 Rb ivRmvxmn gvU 227 Rb| cLvZ AvBbRxex Ave`ym mvjvg Lvbi bZZ Awfhyì AvBbRxexì
wbq GKwU wWd wUg MVb Kiv nq| Abw`K hyivR cevmx evOvwjiv weUbi cLvZ AvBbRxex mvi
Ugvm DBwjqvg GgwcK eez kL gywReyi ingvbi AvBbRxex wnme ciY Ki| cvwKvb miKvii
c cavb Kumywj wQjb mveK ciivgx gbRyi Kvì I AvWfvKU Rbvij wU. GBP. Lvb|
UvBeybvji cavb wePvicwZ wQjb Gm G ingvb| Aci `yB wePvicwZ wQjb Gg Avi Lvb I gyKmygyj nvwKg|
29 RyjvB 1968 gvgjvi bvwb cybivq iy nq| mvi Ugvm DBwjqvg 5 AvM eezi c wekl
UvBeybvji eaZv Pvj Ki nvBKvU wiU Ave`b `vwLj Kib|
wePviKvh Pjvi mgq cvwKvbi Dfq Ask AvBqyeweivax Av`vjb `vbv euvaZ _vK| c~e cvwKvb
eez kL gywReyi ingvbi gyw I AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvii `vwe Rvi`vi nq| axi axi c~e cvwKvbi
MY-wevf 1969 mvj Gm MY-Afyvb icvwiZ nq| AvIqvgx jxM, bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwUmn KqKwU
ivRbwZK `j wbq WgvwUK AvKkb KwgwU (DAC) MVb Kiv nq| GiB ga 1969 mvji 15 deyqvwi
AvMiZjv gvgjvi AbZg Awfhy mvRU Riyj nKK wj Ki nZv Kiv nq| Zuvi gZzi Lei cKvk nq
coj 16 deyqvwi 1969 XvKvevmx cP va MR DV| Zuvi gZ`n wbq RbZv ivRc_ c`wY Ki|
69Gi MY-Afyvb mviv c~e cvwKvb Dvj nq DV| cwiwwZ kv KiZ cwmWU AvBqye Lvb 19
deyqvwi 1969 ivIqvjwcwZ GKwU MvjUwej eVKi Avnvb Kib| mLvb gIjvbv fvmvbx I eez kL
gywReyi ingvb eVK hvM`vbi Rb AvgwZ wQjb| AvBqye miKvi eezi hvM`vbi Rb ZuvK cvij
gyw`vbi cve `q| wKy gIjvbv fvmvbxmn c~e cvwKvbi RbMY miKvwi cve cZvLvb Ki `vwe Ki
cyiv AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi Kivi| Aekl AvBqye miKvi c~e cvwKvbi RbMYi KvQ bwZ^xKvi Ki
AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi Ki bq| eezmn gvgjvi mKj Awfhy 22 deyqvwi 1969 gyw jvf Kib|
eezi gyw Dcj 23 deyqvwi 1969 imKvm gq`vb GKwU mseabvi AvqvRb Kiv nq| mB wekvj
Rbmfvq kL gywReyi ingvbK eez DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kiv nq|
AvMiZjv gvgjvi iyZ :
evOvwjì ga RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi yiY GB gvgjv iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiwQj| h Dk AvBqye
miKvi AvMiZjv gvgjv `vqi KiwQj Zv Av` mdj nqwb, eis GwU AvBqye miKvii Rb eygivs nq `Lv
`q| G mgq ivRbwZK bZZ gRjyg RbbZv gvIjvbv fvmvbx GwMq Avmb Ges evOvwj ^v_i gyLcv I
AvZwbqb AwaKvi cwZvi ck eez kL gywReyi ingvb Awemsevw`Z bZv wnmve ^xKZ nq|
153
11 `dv Av`vjb
1968-69 mvj c~e cvwKvb AvBqyeweivax MY-Av`vjb P~ov chvq DcbxZ nq| G evcK MY-Av`vjb
AvIqvgx bZe` Kviviy nj Av`vjbi MwZ wKQzUv wwgZ nq co| G Aevq Qviv Av`vjbi
bZZ MnY Ki, hv MY-Afyvb ic bq| 1969 mvji 5 Rvbyqvwi WvKmy (XvKv wekwe`vjq K`xq Qvmsm`) Kvhvjq QvjxM I Qv BDwbqb (gwZqv I gbb Myc) Ges WvKmyi h_ D`vM WvKmyi ZrKvjxb
mnmfvcwZ Zvdvqj Avngì bZZ me`jxq Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Ki nq|
G Qv msMvg cwil` 11 `dv `vwe wbq MY-Afyvbi WvK `q| G Kgm~wP AwPiB ay Qvì bq, eis
Avcvgi RbMYi Av`vjb AbyciYv mw Ki| 11 `dv `vwei ga eezi Qq `dv Afy wQj| Gi
Abvb Dj-LhvM `vwei ga wQj, XvKv wekwe`vjq KzLvZ AwWbv evwZjmn wkvi myhvM-myweav ew,
evK-^vaxbZv, ew-^vaxbZv I msev`ci ^vaxbZv, enr wki RvZxqKiY, kwgKì bvh gRywi c`vb, UW
BDwbqb MVb, ebv wbqY I Rj mì myz eenvi, Riywi AvBb, wbivcv AvBb I Abvb wbhvZbg~jK
AvBb cZvnvi, wbic ciivbxwZ MnY, Awej^ MdZviKZ bZv-Kgxì gyw|
1969 mvji MY-Afyvb
1968 mvji bfî gvm Qv AmvlK K` Ki h Av`vjb `vbv evua Zv GKmgq QvmgvRi ga
mxgve bv _K Qwoq co kni I Mvgi kwgK-KlK I mvaviY gvbyli gvS| cvwKvbi cwmWU
AvBqye Lvbi îkvmbi weiy Mo DV GK `yevi Av`vjb, hv 1969 mvj MY-Afyvb ic bq| AvBqye
Lvbi cZbK K` Ki cvwKvbi `yB Aski gvbyl c_gevii gZv GKmv_ Av`vjb bvg Ges AvBqye
Lvbi cZbi gvag Av`vjbi mgvw NU| cvwKvb Rbi ci _KB c~e cvwKvbi cwZ RvwZMZ
wbcxob, ebv I elgi weiy fvlv Av`vjb _K iy Ki 1960-Gi `kKi wewfb RvZxqZvev`x
Av`vjb Mo DV| Ebmii MY-Afyvb mwZ mjv cZ cfve iLwQj| Ebmii MY-Afyvb
wQj cvwKvb cwZvi cieZxKvji mePq eo Av`vjb|
1968 mvji bfî gvmi Qv Amvl gIjvbv fvmvbxi bZZ MY-Av`vjb cwiYZ nq| 6 wWmî
Ryjyg cwZiva wèm cvjbi Rb bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU, c~e cvwKvb kwgK dWvikb I c~e cvwKvb
KlK mwgwZ h_ Kgm~wP wnmve cb gq`vb GKwU Rbmfvi AvqvRb Ki| Rbmfvi ci GKwU weivU
wgwQj Mfbi nvDm NivI Ki| mLvb wgwQjKvixì mv_ cywjki evcK msNl nj gIjvbv fvmvbx XvKv
kni niZvj Avnvb Kib| 8 wWmî cavb weivax `jjvi WvK MvUv c~e cvwKvb niZvj cvwjZ nq|
10 wWmî AvIqvgx jxM wbhvZb cwZiva wèm cvjb Ki| 29 wWmî NivI Av`vjbi m~Pbv nq|
1969 mvji 4 Rvbyqwi c~e cvwKvb Qv BDwbqb (gwZqv I gbb Myc), c~e cvwKvb QvjxM I WvKmyi
bZeìv wgj me`jxq Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Kib| Qv msMvg cwil` eezi Qq `dvi mv_ wgwjq
AviI KqKwU `vwe wbq 11 `dv `vwe ck Ki| AwPiB 11 `dv `vweK Avcvgi evOvwj mg_b c`vb Ki|
Ebmii Dvj mgq Qv msMvgi GB 11 `dv `vwe wQj LyeB mgqvchvMx| dj `yZ G Kgm~wPK K`
Ki weivax `jjvi HK cwZwZ nq| 8 Rvbyqvwi cvwKvbi 8wU ivRbwZK `j wgj MYZvwK msMvg
cwil` (WvK) bvgK gvPv MVb Ki Ges 8 `dv `vwe ck Ki|
154
Gici _K WvK I Qv msMvg cwilì h_ D`vM c~e

cvwKvb evcK MY-Av`vjb Mo DV| WvK-Gi Avnvb 14
Rvbyqvwi mgM cvwKvbi niZvj cvwjZ nq| 18 Rvbyqvwi cywjwk
wbhvZbi cwZev` Qv msMvg cwil` agNU cvjb Ki| agNU
PjvKvjxb cywjki mv_ Qvì evcK msNl nq| 20 Rvbyqvwi
wbhvZbi cwZev` Qviv c~e cvwKvb niZvj cvjb Ki|
niZvj cvjbKvj XvKv gwWKj KjRi mvgb QvbZv
Avmv`yvgvb cywjki wjZ wbnZ nb| Avmvì nZvi cwZev`
22, 23 I 24 ZvwiL evcK Kgm~wP NvwlZ nq| 24 ZvwiL mviv
`k niZvj PjvKvj meii gvbyli evcK Xj bvg|
meii gvbyli AskMnY Av`vjb hb MY-Afyvb ic bq| wP : cywjki wjZ wbnZ kwn` QvbZv Avmv`
AveviI cywjki wjZ beg kYxi Qv wKkvi gwZDi wbnZ nq Ges AmsL gvbyl AvnZ nq| Gici w
RbZv miKvwi cwKv `wbK cvwKvb I gwbs wbDR Awdm Avb jvwMq `q| XvKv miKvii wbqi evBi
Pj hvq| 24 Rvbyqvwii ci _K jvMvZvi Av`vjb I niZvj emsLK gvbyl cywjk I mbvevwnbxi wjZ
wbnZ I AvnZ nq|
15 deyqvwi XvKv KvUbgU HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvi AbZg Awfhy mvRU Riyj nKK bksmfve
wj Ki nZv Kiv nq| Riyj nKi nZvi cwZev` 16 deyqvwi Av`vjb `vevbji gZv Qwoq co|
RbZv AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePvicwZi evmfeb Avb awiq `q| weKj GK Rbmfvq gIjvbv fvmvbx NvlYv
`b, `ygvmi ga 11 `dv evevqb I ivRe`xì gyw w`Z ne| cqvRb nj divwm wec-ei gZv Rj
fO gywReK gy Ki Avbe| Aev eMwZK `L miKvi XvKvq KviwdD Rvwi Ki| 18 deyqvwi
mbvevwnbx ivRkvnx wekwe`vjqi ci W. kvgmyvnvK eqvbU PvR Ki nZv Ki|
18 deyqvwii ci _K Av`vjb AviI eMevb nj `ki cwiwwZi evcK AebwZ NU| Aekl AvBqye
Lvb weivax `ji bZvì wbq MvjUwej eVK Avnvb Kij bZviv Zv cZvLvb Kib| AvBqye Lvb
eySZ cvib, AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi I Awfhyì gyw bv w`j cwiwwZ wbqi evBi Pj hve| MYAfyvbi Pvc wZwb 21 deyqvwi NvlYv `b, cieZx cwmWU wbevPb wZwb Avi cv_x neb bv|
HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv _K eez kL gywReyi ingvbi gywi ci Ebmii MY-Av`vjb bZzb ic
jvf Ki| 23 deyqvwii mseabv mfvq eez 11 `dv `vwei cwZ mg_b e Kib Ges Qq `dv I 11 `d
evevqb ewj cwZkywZ `b| 26 deyqvwi AvBqye Lvbi mv_ MvjUwej eVK Qq `dv I 11 `dvi ck
AUj _vKb| Gw`K cwg cvwKvbI AvBqyeweivax Av`vjb evcK AvKvi aviY Ki| MvjUwej
eVKi AvjvPbv evievi e_ nZ _vK| cyiv `k AvBb-kLjv cwiwi AebwZ NU| gvP gvm
mbvevwnbxi MywjZ 90 Rb wbnZ nq| Aekl 10 gvPi eVK AvBqye Lvb msm`xq cwZ ceZb I
cveqi fvUvwaKvii wfwZ wbevPbi K_v NvlYv Kib| 22 gvP AvBqye Lvb c~e cvwKvbi Mfbi
gvbvqg LvbK AcmviY Kib| ZvZI MY-Av`vjb kv bv nq AviI `yevi ic bq| 25 gvP AvBqye Lvb
mbvcavb Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvbi wbKU gZv nvi Kib| Gfve c~e cvwKvb AvBqyeweivax
MYAfyvb mdjZv ARb Ki| Ebmii MY-Afyvb Mvg I knii KlK I kwgKì gvS kYx PZbvi
Dbl NU| c~e cvwKvbi RbMYi ga ^vaxb iv MVbi AvKvv ew cvq| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`
cwic~YZv jvf Ki, hvZ ejxqvb nq ^vaxbZv msMvg evOvwj Svuwcq co|
155
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. K cvwKvb Bmjvgx cRvZi c_g cwmWU gbvbxZ nb?
K. gyn` Avjx wRbvn
L. Bv`vi wgRv
M. AvBqye Lvb
N. gvwjK wdivR Lvb
2. AvBqye weivax Qv Av`vjbi AbZg KviYi.
`kweivax lohi AwfhvM mvnivIqv`xK cvi
ii. Qvì Dci cywjwk wbhvZb

iii. AvBqye Lvb KZK bZzb msweavb NvlYv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

AMYx Kvei mfvcwZi GKivLv gbvfve I AmnhvwMZvg~jK Kvhg Amvl cKvk Kib Kvei mvaviY
m`mMY| gviyd mvnei bZZ m`mMY Zuvì `vwe-`vIqv mfvcwZi wbKU ck Kib| mfvcwZ I Zuvi
ci jvKRb welqwUK AhwK gb Ki cZvLvb Kib| bvhZv cwZvi j gviyd mvne I Zvi
Abymvix m`me` mvPvi nb|
3. gviyd mvnei MnxZ c`c Kvb& HwZnvwmK NUbvi cwZdjb j Kiv hvq?
K. Qq `dv `vwe Dvcb
L. bvkbvj WgvwUK dU MVb
M. AvBqye weivax Av`vjb
N. WgvwUK AvKkb KwgwU MVb
4. D HwZnvwmK NUbvi cwicwZBi.
AvBqye miKvi AvZwZ nq co
ii. eezK MdZvi Kiv nq

iii. evsjv`k ^vaxbZv msMvgi c_ avweZ nq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
156
mRbkxj ck:
1.
welq
gYvjqi KgKZv
K`xq miKvii KgKZv
MRUW KgKZv
bb MRUW KgKZv
c~e cvwKvb
119 Rb
2900 Rb
1338 Rb
26310 Rb
cwg cvwKvb
954 Rb
42000 Rb
3708 Rb
82944 Rb
K. 1965 mvj KvK COP Gi c cwmWU cv_x Kiv nq|

L. gwjK MYZi KvVvgv Kxic wQj?
M. DxcK Dj-wLZ QK cvwKvwb Avgj c~e cvwKvbi cwZ Kvb& aibi elg c`kb Kiv nqQ?
evLv Ki|
N.
Zzwg wK gb Ki D elgB evOvwji ^vwaKvi Av`vjbi GKgv KviY? Zvgvi Dii mc

hyw `vI|
2. iwdK GKwU PjwP `LwQj| QweZ GKwU Aji RbMYi msMvgi NUbv `LvwQj| H Aji
RbMYi mvnm, eyw I m` _vKv mI miKvii GKck bxwZi KviY msm` Zvì Kvb cwZwbwa
bB| Zviv PvKzwi, wkv I A_bxwZ wewfb ewZ| Zvì ebv I kvlYi nvZ _K ivi Rb
GwMq Avmb GK Avcvlnxb bZv| wZwb RYMYi mv_ivi j eemv-evwYR, evsK, cwiPvjbvi
gZv cwZiv I Abvb `ki mv_ mK, meRbxb fvUi gvag Kw`q I AvwjK AvBb mfv
MVb, ivR^ Av`vqi gZv BZvw` D Aji nvZ Ìqvi `vwe Rvbvb|
K. Kvi gaZvq ZvmL` kni fviZ cvwKvb hy-weiwZ mvwiZ nq|
L. gwZDi nZvi cvcU Kx wQj?
M. DxcK ewYZ bZvi `vwebvgvq eezi Kvb Kgm~wPi cwZdjb NUQ- evLv Ki|
N. Zzwg Kx gb Ki D `vwebvgv evsjv`ki ^vaxKvi Av`vjbi cZ KiwQj? hyw `vI|
v`k Aavq

evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi BwZnvm 1970 mvji wbevPb AZ iyZc~Y| cvwKvbi mvgwiK kvmK
hLb eez kL gywReyi ingvbmn c~e cvwKvbi bZeì Dci GKi ci GK wbcxobg~jK AvPiY Ki
ZLbB G`ki RbMY Zvì weiy Av`vjb Mo Zvj| hvi cwiYwZ wQj 1969 mvji MY-Afyvb| G
Afyvb 25 gvP AvBqye Lvb c`ZvM Kij Zuvi Dim~ix Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwKvb MYZ wdwiq
Avbvi Avkvm `b| wZwb NvlYv Kib RbMYi wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì nvZ mvgwiK miKvi gZv nvi
Kie| hvi cwicwZ 1970 mvj wbevPb AbywZ nq| D wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM wecyj weRq ARb
KijI cvwKvbi kvmKMvx wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì nvZ gZv nvi KiZ Mwogwm Ki| GKchvq
Zviv gZv ai ivLZ wewfb Kkj Aej^b Ki Ges kl chvq G`ki wbixn gvbyli Dci AvgY
Ki| hvi cwicwZ eez kL gywReyi ingvbi wb`k c~e cvwKvbi gvbyl gyw msMvg Suvwcq co|
djkywZZ 1971 mvji 16 wWmî evsjv`k kyi `Ljgy nq|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPbi cfve wek-lY KiZ cvie;
gywhy cwiPvjbvq Avqx miKvii f~wgKv eYbv KiZ cvie;
gywhvvì f~wgKv g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
^vaxbZv I wek gvbwP evsjv`k welqwU wek-lY KiZ cvie;
RvZxq cZvKv Zwi Ges Gi eenvi Kkj eYbv KiZ cvie;
evsjv`ki RvZxq mxZ wbaviYi BwZnvm eYbv KiZ cvie;
gywhyi wewfb wZi iyZ evLv KiZ cvie;
gywhyi iyZ Abyaveb Ki `kcg Dy ne;
RvZxq cZvKvi ghv`v ivq mPZb ne;
gywhyi wZ msiY AvMnx ne;
evsjv`k Afy`qi NUbvi avivevwnKZv eRvq iL cvvi Ab KiZ cvie;
^vaxbZv wèm Qwe Ab Ki c`kb KiZ cvie|
1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPb Ges cieZx NUbvcevn

Bqvwnqv Lvb gZvq Gm 1970 mvji 26 gvP GK eZvi fvlY cieZx wbevPb I wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì
nvZ gZv Qo `qvi cwZkywZ `b| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1970 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi _K mecKvi wewawbla
cZvnvi Ki cybivq ivRbwZK ZrciZvi AbygwZ `qv nq| cvkvcvwk 5 Avei RvZxq cwil` I 22 Avei
158
cv`wkK cwilì wbevPbi ZvwiL NvlYv Kiv njI kl ch Zv wcwQq 7 wWmî Ges 17 wWmî
AbywZ nq| Ze 12 bfî c~e cvwKvbi wKQz Aj fqven N~wYSo I RjvQvm nIqvq H me Aj
1971 mvji 17 Rvbyqvwi wbevPb AbywZ nq|
AvBbMZ KvVvgv Av`k

Bqvwnqv Lvb 1970 mvji 28 gvP RvwZi Dk GK fvlY wbevPb-msv AvBbMZ KvVvgv Av`k
KvVvgvi g~j avivjv NvlYv Kib| mLvb wZwb g~jZ RvZxq I cv`wkK cwilì m`mmsLv KZ ne,
fvU`vbi cwqv Kx ne, KZ w`bi ga wbevwPZ cwil` msweavb iPbv Kie Ges cvwKvbi `yBAski
ga mg^q mvabi Rb wekl wKQz w`K Zzj aib| Zuvi NvlYvi wekl w`Kjv wQj:
1. cwg cvwKvb GK BDwbU fO w`q mveK c`kjv cybtcwZv Kiv ne| Gjv 1 RyjvB 1970
mvj cwZwZ ne|
2. 13 Rb gwnjv cwZwbwa wbq 313 Avmbi RvZxq cwil` ne, Avi 621 Rb m`m wbq ne cuvPwU
cv`wkK cwil`|
RvZxq I cv`wkK cwilì Avmb eb
Aj
RvZxq cwil`
cv`wkK cwil`
mvaviY
gwnjv
gvU
mvaviY gwnjv
gvU
c~e cvwKvb
162
7
169
300
10
310
cvve
82
3
85
180
6
186
wmy
27
1
28
60
2
62
Di-cwg mxgv
18
1
19
40
2
42
ejywPvb
4
1
5
20
1
21
K` kvwmK DcRvwZ GjvKv 7
7
gvU
300
13
313
600
21
621
3. wbevPb GK ew GK fvU bxwZ MnY Kiv nq| cvwKvbi `yAski AvBb I A_bxwZwelqK `vwqZ I
gZv wbevwPZ cwZwbwaiv wbaviY Kieb|
4. fvUvi ZvwjKv 1970 mvji Rybi ga Zwi ne|
5. msweavb iPbvi Rb cwilì c_g Awaekb _K 120 w`bi mgq avh Ki `b| G mgqi ga KvR
mgvav KiZ e_ nj cwil` f bZzb wbevPbi K_v Dj-L Kib| GKB m ejv nq, msweavb
iPbv Ges msweavbK mZvwqZKiY ch mvgwiK kvmb envj _vKe| wbevPbi wb`kbvewji cvkvcvwk
msweavbi wfw mK wb`kbv `qv nqQ| AvBbMZ KvVvgv Av`ki 20 bs avivq msweavbi g~j
QqwU bxwZ eua `qv nq| h_v:
K. dWvij cwZi miKvi;
L. Bmjvwg Av`k ne ivi wfw;
M. cveqì fvU cZ wbevPb RbmsLvi AbycvZ cwZwbwaiv wbevwPZ neb;
159
N. gwjK AwaKvi wbwZ KiZ ne;

O. wbw` mgqi ga wewfb GjvKvi gaKvi A_bwZK I Abvb elg `~i KiZ ne;
P. wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv wbwZ KiZ ne|
Bqvwnqv Lvbi AvBbMZ KvVvgv Av`k g~jZ mvefg cvjvgUi e`j GKwU `yej cvjvgUi iciLv
`qv nq| dj c~e cvwKvbi ivRbwZK `jjv Gi mgvjvPbv Ki| Zviv G Av`ki AMYZvwK
avivmg~n ev` `qvi `vwe Rvbvq|
wbevPb eevcbv
1969 mvji 2 RyjvB Bqvwnqv Lvbi NvlYv Abyhvqx cvwKvbi mywcg KvUi wePviK wePvicwZ Avym
mvvii bZZ GKwU wbevPb Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq| G wbevPb Kwgkbi cv_wgK KvR wQj GKwU meRbxb
fvUvi ZvwjKv cZ Kiv| G ZvwjKvi ga c~e cvwKvbi fvUvii msLv wQj 3,12,14,935 Rb Ges
cwg cvwKvbi 2,52,06,263 Rb| G fvUvi ZvwjKvq z` bMvx Awaevmxì Afy Kiv nq|
wbevPb AskMnYKvix ivRbwZK `j
1970 mvj wbevPb AvIqvgx jxMcx `jjv AvIqvgx jxMi m RvUe nq wbevPb KiZ BQv cKvk
KijI `jxq bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb GKKfve wbevPbi K_v NvlYv Kib| dj 1970 mvji
wbevPb ivRbwZK `jjv c_K c_Kfve cv_x gbvbxZ Ki| gvU 781 Rb cv_x wbevPb Ask bb|
RvZxq cwil` AvIqvgx jxMi wQj 162 Rb cv_x Ges Zvì wbevPbx cZxK wQj bKv| wbevPb
AskMnYKvix Abvb ivRbwZK `jjvi ga wQj wbwLj cvwKvb K`xq RwgqvZzj Djgv I bRvg
Bmjvgx (45), Bmjvgx MYZx `j (5), RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx cvwKvb (69), cvwKvb WgvwUK cvwU
(81), cvwKvb gymwjg jxM (Kbfbkb- 93), cvwKvb gymwjg jxM (KvDwj- 50), cvwKvb gymwjg
jxM (KvBqyg- 65) cfwZ|
wbevPbi djvdj
1970 mvji wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq cwil` 162wU Avmbi ga 160wU Avmb jvf Ki| msiwZ
gwnjv Avmb mn AvIqvgx jxM gvU 167wU Avmb jvf Ki RvZxq cwil` GKK msLvMwiZv ARb Ki|
Avevi c~e cvwKvb cv`wkK cwilì 310wU Avmbi ga AvIqvgx jxM gvU 298wU Avmb cq wbizk
msLvMwiZv ARb Ki| m mgq RvZxq cwilì m`mì GgGbG Ges cv`wkK cwilì m`mì
GgwcG ejv nZv| fvUi djvdj g~jvqb `Lv hvq,
gvU c` fvUi ga AvIqvgx jxM c~e
cvwKvb RvZxq cwil` 75.10% Ges cv`wkK
cwil` 70.48% fvU cvq| wbevPbi Ggb djvdj
c~e cvwKvbK GKwU c_K Aj Ges evOvwj
RvwZK GKwU ^Z RvwZ wnme wPwZ Ki|
RvZxq I cv`wkK cwil` AvIqvgx jxM wbizk
msLvMwiZv ARb Kivq G `ji bZZ miKvi
MwVZ nIqv wQj bvqmZ| wKy cvwKvbi mvgwiK
wP : 70 Gi wbevPbi mvdj mnKgx cwiewZ eey
160
kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb AvIqvgx jxMi nvZ gZv nvi Mwogwm Avi Ki| wZwb 3 gvP AbywZe RvZxq
cwilì Awaekb RyjwdKvi Avjx fyvi civPbvq 1 gvP wMZ NvlYv Kib| G NvlYvi m m c~e
cvwKvbi Qv, kwgK, miKvwi-emiKvwi KgKZv-KgPvix Z_v mvaviY gvbyl wevf dU co| wewfb
vb RbZv cvwKvwb mbvì AvgY Ki| msNl ejvK wbnZ I AvnZ nq| Hw`b QvjxMi bZviv
^vaxb evsjv Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Kib| G msMVbi D`vM 2 gvP `kevcx agNU Avnvb Kiv nq|
Gw`bB XvKv wekwe`vjq AvqvwRZ GK Qv mgvek evsjv`ki cZvKv Dvjb Kiv nq| 3 gvP QvjxM
cb gq`vb wevf mgvek Ki| mLvb cavb AwZw_i fvlY `b eez| mgvek QvjxM 5 `dv
cve MnY Ki hv ^vaxbZvi BkZnvi bvg wPwZ Kiv nq| GZ ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`k NvlYv Kiv nq|
GQvov 4 I 6 gvP ch cwZw`b Aaejv niZvj cvjbi NvlYv `qv nq|
Qvì G BkZnvii cwZ mg_b Rvwbq kwgK, KgKZv-KgPvix Z_v Avcvgi RbmvaviY mwqfve niZvj
cvjb Ki| XvKv eZvi I Uwjwfkb wkxiv Abyvb eRb Ki| Qv-wkK, AvBbRxexMY Zvì Kgj
ZvM Ki Av`vjb GKvZZv NvlYv Kib| G wZb w`bi niZvj XvKvmn mgM `ki Av`vjb Zz
DV| wewfb vb msNl cywjki wjZ e jvK AvnZ I wbnZ nq| Bqvwnqv Lvb G cwiwwZZ fxZm nq AMZv 6 gvP eZvi fvlY XvKvq 25 gvP cybivq RvZxq cwilì Awaekb Avnvb Kib| Ze
Zvi NvlYv evsjv`ki wez gvbylK Avk KiZ cviwb| evOvwji Awemsevw`Z bZv eez kL gywReyi
ingvbI m NvlYvq Avv ivLZ cvibwb| dj AvIqvgx jxMi c _K 7 gvP imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb
mvnivIqv`x D`vb) mvgwiK kvmbweivax eni Av`vjb Mo Zvjvi j Rbmfvi AvqvRb Kiv nq|
wbevPbi iyZ
evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`ki Afy`qi cQb 1970 mvji wbevPbi iyZ AbK|
1954 mvji wbevPbi ci GwUB wQj mePq ewk Aeva I wbic wbevPb| 1947 mvji ci _K evOvwj
RvwZ fvlv, mvwnZ, mswZ me h ^vZ `vwe Ki AvmwQj, 1970 mvji wbevPb evOvwji m
^vZevì weRq NU| GQvov c~evji RbMY ^vqkvmbi h `vwe Ki AvmwQ,j Zv cwgvji miKvi
Aea ej NvlYv Ki| G wbevPbi djvdj Qq `dvwfwK ^vqkvmbi `vwei eaZv cgvwYZ nq| mevcwi
Bqvwnqv Lvbi NvlYv Abyhvqx wbevwPZ miKvii nvZ gZv nvii mgq Avmj wZwb Zv bv Ki wbixn
evOvwji Dci mbvevwnbxK jwjq `b| iy nq evsjvi gvbyli gywi mk msMvg, hvi cwiYwZZ 1971
mvji 16 wWmî cw_exi eyK evsjv`k bvg GKwU ^vaxb iv Rb bq|
GKK KvR : ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`ki Afy`q 1970 mvji wbevPb iyZc~Y Kb?
eezi 7 gvPi fvlY
1970 mvji wbevPb wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì nvZ cvwKvbi mvgwiK miKvi gZv nvi bv Kivq,
cvwKvbi ivRbwZK Ab GK AwiZvi mw nq| mviv `kevcx bvbviKg DM, DRbvi ga
eezi 7 gvPi fvlY wQj RvwZi Rb my w`K wb`kbv| c~e NvlYv Abyhvqx 1971 mvji 7 gvP
imKvm gq`vbi mgvek j j RbZvi Xj bvg| eez G mgvek h fvlY `b Zv weki BwZnvm
LvZ nq AvQ| Zuvi eei g~j welq wQj 4wU| h_v:
161
1. Pjgvb mvgwiK AvBb cZvnvi;

2. mbì evivK wdwiq bqv ;
3. MYnZvi Z` Kiv Ges;
4. wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì nvZ gZv
nvi Kiv|
Gi evBi AviI ek wKQz `vwe eezi
fvlY Dvcb Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv`ki
mKj Awdm-Av`vjZ I wkvcwZvb
Awbw`Kvji Rb e NvlYv Kib| G
mgvek mvgwiK miKvii Kov bRi wQj|
wP : eez kL gywReyi ingvbi HwZnvwmK 7 gvPi fvlY
eez ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kij evcK
asmh Pvjvbv ne| ZvB KkjMZ KviY cZfve NvlYv bv w`q civfve evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi
NvlYv `qv nq| NvlYvq wZwb ejb, Avgvi Abyiva, cZK gnj-vq, BDwbqb AvIqvgx jxMi bZZ msMvg
KwgwU Mo Zzjyb| nvZ hv AvQ ZvB wbq cZ _vKzb| gb ivLeb, i hLb w`qwQ, i Aviv èv, G
`ki gvbylK gy Ki Qvoev Bbkvj-vn&| Gevii msMvg Avgvì gywi msMvg| Gevii msMvg ^vaxbZvi
msMvg| wZwb gyw msMvgi Rb mKjK cZ nIqvi Av`kI `b Ges `kK kgy KiZ mevP ZvM
^xKvii Avnvb Rvbvb| Zuvi G fvlY ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` _K eRK bvg cPvwiZ nq, hv evOvwjK
^vaxbZv msMvg AbycvwYZ Ki|
eezi 7 gvPi fvlYi ciw`b _K mviv `k evcK Av`vjb iy nq hvq| Zuvi wb`k Abymvi `ki
zj-KjR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, Kj-KviLvbv me e nq hvq| wez RbZv cvwKvbevwnbxi m`mì wewfb
vb cwZiva KiZ _vK| LvRbv-Uv Av`vq e nq hvq| Ggb cwiwwZZ Bqvwnqv Lvb wUv LvbK
c~e cvwKvbi Mfbi wbqvM Kib| 10 gvP miKvi GK mvgwiK Av`k Rvwi Ki mKj KgKZv-KgPvixK
Kgj hvM `qvi wb`k `b| wKy Gi ciI c~e cvwKvbi meii RbMY AmnhvM Av`vjb AevnZ
ivL| 13 gvP miKvi cybivq mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Ki| 14 gvP cwg cvwKvbi bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fyv
GKwU Aeve cvei gvag c~e I cwg cvwKvbi msLvMwi `ji nvZ gZv Qo `qvi dgyjv
`b| Ze eez Gme K_vq iyZ bv w`q H w`bB 35 `dvwfwK `vwebvgv Rvwi Kib| mLvb Av`vjb
Pvwjq hvIqvi Rb RbmvaviYK wewfb w`K wb`kbv `qv nq|
eezi Av`k Rvwii ci _K ay mbvevwnbx Qvov me AvIqvgx jxMi wbqY cwZwZ nq| Aevi
MfxiZv Dcjw Ki Bqvwnqv Lvb 15 gvP XvKv mdi Avmb| GLvb wZwb eezi mv_ ivRbwZK mgmv
wbq AvjvPbvi cve `b| eez AvjvPbvi Rb ivwR njI AmnhvM Av`vjb cZvnvi Kibwb| 16
gvP _K Bqvwnqv-gywRe AvjvPbv iy nq| Gici 22 gvP nVvr RyjwdKvi Avjx fyv XvKv Avmb Ges
AvjvPbvq Ask bb| Giga 19 gvP cvwKvwb mbiv Rqècyi wbixn gvbyli Ici nvgjv Pvjvj Gi
162
cfve gywRe-Bqvwnqv AvjvPbvK cfvweZ Ki| g~jZ Gmgq AvjvPbv e_ nq hvq| 23 gvP cvwKvbi
cRvZ wèm G`ki Ni Ni cvwKvbi cZvKvi e`j ^vaxb evsjvi cZvKv Dvjb Kiv nq| 24 gvP
AvIqvgx jxMi bZe` msKU mgvavbi kl Pv Kib| wKy AvjvPbv Amgv iL 25 gvP Bqvwnqv Lvb
Mvcb XvKv ZvM Kib| Zvi AvM wZwb mvgwiK evwnbxK wbi evOvwji Ici AvgY Pvjvbvi wb`k w`q
hvb| dj 25 gvP gaivZ evOvwji Ici bg Avm Pig AvNvZ| mw`b ivZ cvwKvwb mbviv e
evOvwjK wbwePvi nZv Ki|
gywhy Ges 1971 mvji ^vaxbZv

7 gvPi eezi NvwlZ Kgm~wP Ges Avnvbi
cwZ mKj ii RbMY HKe nq| c~e
evsjvi mKj Awdm, Av`vjZ, wkvcwZvb,
KjKviLvbv e nq hvq| Bqvwnqv Lvb c~e
cvwKvbi Aev eMwZK `L eez kL
gywReyi ingvbi mv_ AvjvPbv KiZ XvKvq
Avmb| G mgq fzvI XvKvq Avmb|
Aciw`K Bqvwnqv Mvcb AvjvPbvi bvg
KvjcY, cwg cvwKvb _K mb,
Mvjveviy` Gb c~e evsjvq mvgwiK cwZ MnY
Ki| 17 gvP wUv Lvb, ivI digvb Avjx
Acvikb mvP jvBU ev evOvwji Ici bksm
nZvKv cwiPvjbvi bxjbKkv Zwi Ki| 25
wP : 1971 mvji 25 gvPi MYnZv
gvP ivZ cw_exi BwZnvm eeiZg MYnZv,
Acvikb cywjk Kv, wcjLvbv wewWAvi Kv, XvKv wekwe`vjqmn wewfb iyZc~Y RvqMvq AvgY Pvjvq
Ges bksm MYnZv msNwUZ Ki, hv BwZnvm 25 gvPi KvjivZ bvg cwiwPZ| cvwKvb mbvevwnbx 1971Gi 26 gvP c_g cniB (25 gvP ivZ 12 Uvi ci) eezK MdZvi Ki XvKv _K cwg cvwKvb
wbq hvq|
25 gvPi MYnZv
1971 mvji 25 gvP gaivZ evOvwj Z_v cw_exi BwZnvm GKwU KjRbK Aavqi m~Pbv nq| m mgq
cvwKvb mbvevwnbx c~e cvwKvbi wbi, wbixn, ^vaxbZvKvgx mvaviY RbMYi Dci nvgjv Ki Ges
wbevPvi nZvh Pvjvq| cvwKvb Zvì G Awfhvbi bvg `q Acvikb mvP jvBU| 25 gvP G Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv KijI g~jZ gvPi c_g _KB Zviv Gi cwiKbv Ki| GKw`K 16 gvP _K eezi mv_
mgSvZv eVK iy nq Avi Abw`K Rbvij wUv Lvb, g. R. Lvw`g nvmb Ges ivI digvb Avjx
Acvikb mvPjvBU P~ov Kib| 19 gvP _K c~e evsjvq B ej iwRgUi evOvwj mbì
wbixKiY iy nq| G KviY Rqècyi msNl eva| 20 gvP miKvi A Rgv `qvi wb`k Rvwi Ki| H
163
w`b Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvb Zvi mvgwiK Dc`v nvwg` Lvb, Rbvij wUv Lvb, Rbvij cxiRv`v, Rbvij
Igi cgyLK wbq XvKv KvUbgU mvgwiK cwZK c~Yv ic `b| G mgq cwZw`b 6wU _K 17wU ch
wc.AvB.G dvBU evwqs 707 wegvb mb I im` wbq XvKv Avm Ges AmsL mb I Ak evSvB nq
Avmv RvnvR PMvg eì Acv Ki| 24 gvP PMvg eì Gg.wf mvqvZ _K A I im` Lvjvm iy
nq| me cwZ kl 25 gvP MYnZvi Rb eQ bqv nq| gRi Rbvij ivI digvb AvjxK XvKv knii
g~j `vwqZ `qv nq|
XvKv wekwe`vjqi njjvZ AvgY iy nq Mfxi ivZ| Riyj nK nj, RMbv_ nj, ivKqv nj Pvjvq
nZv I cvkweK wbhvZb| 25 gvP ivZ GKBfve MYnZv PjwQj cyibv XvKvq, KPzZ, ZRMuvI, Bwìv
ivW, wgicyi, gvnv`cyi, XvKv wegvbeìi Afi, ivqi evRvi, MYKUzjx, avbgw, KjvevMvb,
KuvVvjevMvb cfwZ vb| GKBfve `ki Abvb RvqMvq MYnZv iy Ki|
25 gvP ivZ XvKvq MYnZv iy nj eez evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib Ges Zv IqvijmhvM
cvwVq `b| eezi NvlYvevYx kvbvgvB PMvgmn `ki wewfb Rjvq cwZiva Mo Zvjv nq| iy nq
cvwKvwb mbvì m evOvwj cywjk, Avbmvi I mvaviY gvbyli GK Amg jovB hv evsjv`ki BwZnvm
gnvb gywhy bvg cwiwPZ|
^vaxbZvi NvlYv
MdZvi nIqvi c~egynZ 26 gvP c_g cni (25 gvP ivZ 12 Uvi ci) eez kL gywReyi ingvb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv `b| GRbB 26 gvP Avgvì gnvb ^vaxbZv wèm| NvlYvwU wQj BsiwRZ,
hvZ wekevmx NvlYvwU eySZ cvib| ^vaxbZv NvlYvi evsjv Abyev`:
BnvB nqZ Avgvi kl evZv, AvR nBZ evsjv`k ^vaxb| Avwg evsjv`ki RbMYK
Avnvb RvbvBZwQ h, h hLvb AvQ, hvnvi hv wKQz AvQ, ZvB wbq iyL ùvovI, mekw
w`q nvbv`vi evwnbxK cwZiva Kiv| cvwKvwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi kl mbwUK evsjvi
gvwU nBZ weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch Ges P~ov weRq ARb bv Kiv ch jovB Pvwjq hvI
(evsjv`k MRU, msweavbi c`k mskvabx, 3 RyjvB 2011)|
^vaxbZvi G NvlYv evsjv`ki mKj vb Z`vbxb BwcAvi Gi UvwgUvi, UwjMvg I UwjwcUvii gvag
cPvi Kiv nq| eezi ^vaxbZvi NvlYv 26 gvP `ycyi PMvgi AvIqvgx jxM bZv Gg. G. nvbvb PMvgi
eZvi K` _K GKevi Ges mvq KvjyiNvU eZvi K` _K wZxqevi cPvi Kib| eez kL gywReyi
ingvbi ^vaxbZv NvlYv Ges Gi cwZ evOvwj mvgwiK, AvavmvgwiK I emvgwiK evwnbxi mg_b I AskMnYi
Lei ^vaxbZvKvgx RbMY DxweZ nq|
`jxq KvR
1| ^vaxbZv NvlYvi welqey Zwi Kiv|
2| evOvwjiv Kb ^vaxbZv hy iy Ki, Zv eYbv Kiv|
164
evsjv`k miKvi (gywRebMi miKvi) MVb

1971 mvji 25 gvP cvwKvb mvgwiK evwnbx MYnZv iy
nj cv_wgKfve c~e cwZ I mvsMVwbK ZrciZv QvovB
c~e cvwKvbi gvbyl Zvì weiy cwZiva Mo Zvj|
gywhy myzfve cwiPvjbvi Rb 10 Gwcj MwVZ nq
evsjv`ki c_g Avqx miKvi| G miKvi kc_ MnY Ki
17 Gwcj gnicyi Rjvi e`bv_ Zjvq| kc_ Abyvb
wecyjmsLK `wk-we`wk mvsevw`K I MYgvb ew
DcwZ wQjb| miKvii cavb wQjb eez kL gywReyi
ingvb| Zuvi bvg Abymvi e`bv_Zjvi bvgKiY Kiv nq
wP : evsjv`k miKvii (gywRebMi miKvi)

kc_MnY
gywRebMi Ges Avqx miKviI cwiwPZ nq gywRebMi miKvi bvg| G miKvi MVbi gv `yB Nv ci
cvwKvwb evwnbxi wegvb gywRebMi evgvelY Ki Ges gnicyi `Lj Ki bq| dj gywRebMi miKvii
mì ì KjKvZvi 8 bs w_qUvi ivW vbvwiZ nq|
gywRebMi miKvi
ivcwZ
DcivcwZ
:
:
cavbgx
A_gx
îv, vY I cybevmb, Kwlgx
ciiv, AvBbgx I msm`welqK
cavb mbvcwZ
wPd Ae vd
WcywU wPd Ae vd
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
eez kL gywReyi ingvb

mq` bRij Bmjvg (eezi AbycwwZZ Avqx
ivcwZ Ges c`vwaKviej mk evwnbx I gywevwnbxi
mevwabvqKi `vwqZ MnY)
ZvRDxb Avng`
Gg. gbmyi Avjx
G.GBP.Gg Kvgiyvgvb
L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`
Kbj (Ae.) Gg.G.wR Imgvbx
j. Kbj (Ae.) Ave`yi ie
Myc Kvb G.K L`Kvi
evsjv`ki Avqx miKvii 12wU gYvjq ev wefvM wQj| Gme wefvMi gvagB hyKvj mvgwiK I
emvgwiK hveZxq ckvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|
Aeiy evsjv`k
26 gvP _K 16 wWmî evsjv`k Ryo cvwKvb mvgwiK evwnbx wbhvZb, MYnZv Avi aesmjxjvq gZ
DVwQj| Acvikb mvP jvBU bvg XvKvq h MYnZvi iy Ki, Gi cavb j wQj XvKv wekwe`vjqmn
G`ki QvmgvR, wkwZ gawe kwY hviv Amvc`vwqK ivRbxwZZ wekvmx Avi msLvjNy wn`y mc`vq|
KviY cvwKvwb kvmKMvx wekvm KiZ, c~e cvwKvb Av`vjb-msMvgi cQb wn`yì nvZ iqQ, Avi
Gì Bb hvMvq fviZ|
165
hwÌ 25 gvP wRiv AvIqvi cvwKvb mbvevwnbxi Awfhvb iy Kivi K_v, Z_vwc ivZ mvo GMviUvi w`K
mbvevwnbx KvUbgU _K ewiq hvq c~e wbavwiZ Me| XvKvmn mviv `k `Lj`vi cvwKvwb evwnbx
evcK Awfhvb iy Ki| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Riyj nK nj, mwjgyjvn gymwjg nj, RMbv_ nj Ges e
wkKi AvevwmK feb AvgY Ki Ges AbKK nZv Ki| ivRvievM cywjk jvBb, wcjLvbvi BwcAvi nW
KvqvUvimn ivRavbx XvKvi wewfb GjvKvq UvsK, Kvgvb, gwkbMvb w`q nvgjv Ki| iy nq BwZnvmi
wbKZg MYnZvi| eezi 7 gvPi fvlY Dy nq mvaviY RbZv XvKvi ivRc_ evwiKW Ìqvi Pv
Ki| Amxg mvnm wbq BwcAvi I cywjk evwnbx cwZiva Mo Zvj| wKy AvaywbK A mwZ cvwKvwb
evwnbx Abvqvm fO dj GB cwZiva|
cyibv XvKvi bIqvecyi, ZuvwZ evRvi, kvLvix evRvi GjvKvq emevmKvix wn`y RbMvxi Ici cvwKvb
mbvevwnbxi vf h ewk wQj Zv GLvbvKvi wbzi MYnZv, wbhvZb Avi aesmh _K evSv hvq| cwg
cvwKvwb kvmKMvxi `wZ wn`ygvB AvIqvgx jxMi mg_K Ges wn`yiv nQ cwe cvwKvbi
ALZvi cwZ gwKîc| Avi Gì cQb iqQ fviZi AvbyK~j I mg_b| Ggwb Awekvm _K
MYnZv Avi bvix wbhvZbi wfZi w`q cvKevwnbxi Zxe wn`y wel, Avvk Avi fqsKi NYvi cKvk NU|
AvKwK AvgY wbixn, Amnvq bMievmx AvZivi Kvbv myhvMB cvqwb|
miKviweivax Av`vjbi KviY cvKevwnbxi ivlvbj co XvKv wekwe`vjq| AavcK W. Mvwe` P` è,
W. gybxiyvgvbmn kZ kZ Qv nZv Kiv nq| wjwe Aevq W. RvwZgq n VvKziZv `yw`b ci XvKv
gwWKvj KjR gviv hvb| cyibv XvKvq wekl Ki kvLvixevRvi, ZuvwZ evRvii wn`y AaywlZ GjvKvi
Aev wQj fqven| XvKvevmx `yt^cI fveZ cviwb Zvì Rb Kx eei, bksm, ckvwPK AvgY Acv
KiQ| XvKv kni cwiYZ nq gZzcyixZ| Pviw`K Kej AvZbv`, Amnvq gvbyli nvnvKvi|
Kej ivRavbx XvKv kni bq, evsjv`ki cZ Mvg ch cuQ hvq cvKevwnbx| gywhyi bq gvm
`Lj`vi cvwKvwb evwnbx I Zvì G`kxq `vmiiv 30 jvL evOvwjK nZv KiwQj| AvovB jvLi AwaK
gv-evb cvwKvwbì cvkweK wbhvZbi wkKvi nqwQj| cwiKwZfve G`kK gavk~b Kivi Rb
cvKevwnbx eiY mvwnwZK, wkx, Kwe, wkK, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, cKkjxK wbggfve nZv Ki|
wbhvZb, nZv, AwMmshvM, jyb BZvw` Aciva Kg cvwKvb mbvevwnbxK mnhvwMZv KiQ ivRvKvi,
Avjeì, Avjkvgm I kvw KwgwU| cvwKvwb mvgwiK Rvvi mnhvMx G`kxq eweM GKK_vq
^vaxbZvweivax kw wnme cwiwPZ| cavbZ RvgvZ Bmjvgx, gymwjg jxM, bRvg Bmjvgx, c~e cvwKvb
KvDwj gymwjg jxM cfwZ `ji mg_Kiv gywhyi mwq weivwaZv Ki| GB `jjv gvbeZvweivax
AcivaI AskMnY I mnhvwMZv KiQ|
^vaxbZvweivaxì AcZrciZv
ivRvKvi (iRvKvi) evwnbx Mo ZzjwQj cvwKvb miKvi| 1971 mvji Ryb gvm j: Rbvij wUv Lvb
c~e cvwKvb ivRvKvi AwWbv Rvwi Kib| iyZ Avbmvi, gyRvwn`ì wbq GB evwnbx MwVZ nq| ci
cvwKvbcx AbK GB evwnbxZ hvM `q| GB evwnbx MVb Rbvij wbqvRxi iyZc~Y f~wgKv wQj|
166
ivRvKviì cwkYi gqv` wQj GK mvn| ivRvKviì Uwbs w`Zv cvwKvb mbvevwnbx| `Lj`vi
evwnbxi `vmi wnme Zviv gywhvvì weiy hy KiQ| ivRvKvi evwnbx QvovI Avjeì bvg AviI
GKwU fqi evwnbx wQj| RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxi Qv msMVb Bmjvgx QvmNi m`mì wbq Avj-eì
evwnbx Mo Zvjv nq| Abvb Bmjvgx QvmsMVbi bZv-Kgxì wbq Avj-kvgm evwnbx MwVZ nq| evOvwj
eywRxex nZvi cavb `vwqZ wQj Avj-eì evwnbxi Ici| ZvB GB evwnbx wQj AZ wbzi I wnsm cKwZi|
Avj-eì evwnbxi cavb wQjb eZgvb RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxi Avgxi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx| gywhyi weivwaZvq
c_g h msMVbi Rb nq Zv njv kvw KwgwU| ivRavbx XvKvmn mviv `k kvw KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| c~e
cvwKvbi Mfbi Rbvij wUv Lvbi ccvlKZvq Ges RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx, KvDwj gymwjg jxM, RvgvqvZ
Ijvgvq Bmjvg, gymwjg jxM cfwZ `ji Drmvn I AskMnYi ga w`q kvw KwgwU wevi jvf Ki|
AZvPvi, wbhvZb I MYnZvq GB msMVb `Lj`vi evwnbxi wek mnPi wQj| KvDwj gymwjg jxMi
mfvcwZ LvRv LqiywbK AvnvqK Ki XvKv bvMwiK kvw KwgwU MwVZ nq| GB KwgwUZ RvgvqvZ
Bmjvgxi bZv Mvjvg Avhg, gjfx dwi` Avn`, GGmGg mvjvqgvb cgyL wQjb|
cvwKvb mbvevwnbx cvov gvwU bxwZ Abyhvqx evsjv`ki me m`-cwZvb asm Ki w`Z PqQ| h
KviY wkvcwZvb, `vKvb-cvU, Ni-evwo, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`, gwì Kvbv wKQyB Zvì nvZ _K invB
cvq wb| Zvì j wQj GB f~Li gvbylì nZv Ki Kej f~wgi `Lj bIqv| cvK evwnbxK G mg
gvbeZvweivax AcKg mnvqZv KiQ G`kxq wKQy `vjvj P|
GKK KvR : cvwKvbevwnbxi `vmi wQj Kviv? Zviv cvwKvbevwnbxi mv_ msMwVZ nq MYnZv I
wbhvZb Kx f~wgKv iLwQj Zv Dj-L Ki|
gywRebMi miKvii Aaxb ckvmb I hy :
1970-71 mvji wbevPb weRqx RvZxq I cv`wkK cwilì m`m viv gywRebMi miKvi MVb Kiv nq|
gywhy cwiPvjbv Ges evsjv`ki c wek RbgZ mw Kiv wQj G miKvii cavb Dk|
evOvwj KgKZvì wbq miKvi ckvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbv Kib| GZ gvU 12wU gYvjq ev wefvM wQj|
Gjv nQ cwZiv, ciiv, A_-wk I evwYR gYvjq, gwcwil` mwPevjq, mvaviY ckvmb, ^v I
KjvY wefvM, vY I cybevmb wefvM, cKkj wefvM, cwiKbv Kwgkb, hye I Af_bv wkweii wbqY evW
BZvw`| gywRebMi miKvi weki wewfb `ki iyZc~Y kni (KjKvZv, w`wj, jb, IqvwksUb, wbDBqK,
Knvg) evsjv`k miKvii wgkb vcb Ki| Gme wgkb evsjv`k miKvii c cPviYv I mg_b
Av`vqi Pv Ki| miKvi wePvicwZ Avey mvC` PayixK wekl `~Z wbqvM `q| wZwb gywhyi c wek
bZZ I RbgZi mg_b Av`vqi Rb KvR Kib| 10 Gwcj gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nIqvi ci gywhy
cwiPvjbvi Rb mvgwiK, emvgwiK RbMYK wbq GKwU gywhvv evwnbx Mo Zvjvi D`vM MnY Kiv nq|
10 Gwcj miKvi 4wU mvgwiK Rvb evsjv`kK fvM Ki 4 Rb mi Kgvvi wbhy Ki| 11 Gwcj Zv
cybwbavwiZ Ki 11wU mi wef Kiv nq| G Qvov ek wKQz mve-mi Ges wZbwU weMW dvm MwVZ nq|
Gme evwnbxZ cvwKvb mbvevwnbxZ KgiZ evOvwj mbv KgKZv, mbvm`m, cywjk, BwcAvi, b I
wegvbevwnbxi m`mMY hvM`vb Kib| cwZwU miB wbqwgZ mbv, Mwijv I mvaviY hvv wQj| Giv
gywhvv ev gywdR bvg cwiwPZ wQj| Gme evwnbxZ `ki Qv, hyeK, bvix, KlK, ivRbwZK `ji
167
Kgx -mg_K, kwgKmn wewfb ckvi gvbyl Ask wbqwQj| wewfb cwkY Kvc cwkY kl hvvMY `ki
Afi cek Ki cvwKvwb mvgwiK QvDwb ev Avvbvq nvgjv Pvjvq| gywhy miKvii Aaxb wewfb
evwnbx QvovI ek KqKwU evwnbx `ki Afi ^Zt~Zfve Mo DVwQj| G me msMVb vbxqfve
cvwKvwb evwnbx Ges ivRvKvi evwnbxi weiy hy iyZc~Y Ae`vb iLwQj| hgb: UvvBj Kv`wiqv
evwnbxi K_v iYxq nq AvQ| 1971 mvj gywhvvMY gywRebMi miKvii bZZ `kK cvwKvwbì
`Ljgy Kivi Rb iY hy KiQb, AbKB `ki Rb cvY w`qQb, AbK AvnZ nqQb|
`jxq KvR : gywRebMi Avqx miKvii Kvhg wPwZ Kiv|
gywhy I wewfb msMVb
`xNw`bi ivRbwZK Av`vjb-msMvgi dmj gnvb gywhy| ^vfvweK KviYB gywhyK K` Ki
ivRbwZK `jjvi ga bvbv gZf` j Kiv hvq| evg ivRbwZK `jjvi eo Ask gywhyi c
_vKjI GKwU Ask weiy wQj| Ab w`K cvwKvwb Av`k wekvmx Bmjvwg ivRbwZK `jjv Kej
gywhyi weivwaZv KiQ ZvB bq, Zviv cvwKvb mbvevwnbxK AZvPvi, wbhvZb I MYnZvq mnhvwMZv
KiQ Ges cZ AskMnY KiQ| gywhy bZZ`vbKvix ivRbwZK `j njv AvIqvgx jxM| eezK
ivcwZ I ZvRDxbK cavbgx Ki MwVZ c_g evsjv`k miKvi h_ hvMZv, `Zv I `~i`wi m
gywhy cwiPvjbv Ki| 1971 mvji mî gvmi c_g mvn mggbv evg ivRbwZK `jmg~n wbq
AvIqvgx jxM GKwU Dc`v cwil` MVb Ki| GB KwgwUZ Afy nqwQjb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb
fvmvbx (bvc-fvmvbx), gwY wms (evsjv`ki KwgDwb cvwU), gbvib ai (evsjv`k bvkbvj KsMm),
wP : gywhyi mgq gywRebMi cevmx evsjv`k miKvii Dc`v KwgwUi eVK
AavcK gyRvddi Avng` (bvc-gyRvddi) Ges AvIqvgx jxM _K cavbgx ZvRDxb Avng` I
ciivgx L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`| Ze wcwKs cx wnme cwiwPZ gvnv` Zvqvnvi bZZvaxb c~e
cvwKvb KwgDwb cvwU Ges c~e evsjvi KwgDwb cvwU (gwZb-AvjvDxb) gywhyi weivwaZv Ki|
cvKevwnbx I Zvì G`kxq `vmiì AZvPvi, wbhvZb, nZv G`ki RbMYK AviI ewk HKe
KiQ| ^Zt~Zfve Qv, KlK, kwgK, bvix, wkK, Kwe, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, wkxmn wewfb ckvi
gvbyl gywi msMvg kvwgj nq|
168
Qv
gywhvvì ga msLvq mePq ewk wQj Qv| `ki wewfb Aj cvwKvb evwnbxi weiy cv_wgK cwZiva
Mo Zvjvq AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki Qviv| KjR, wekwe`vjqi Qvì cvkvcvwk zjcoqv wKkviI gywhy
AskMnY KiQ| Zviv hyi cwkYi Rb mxgv cvwo w`q fviZ hvq| gyywhy cwiPvjbvKvix evsjv`k
miKvi Qv-hyeKì Rb cwkY I Ai msvb Ki| AwaKvsk gv wZb mvni cwkY Avi nvjKv
A wbq Amxg mvnm, gbvej Avi `kcg Dy nq kyì Ici Suvwcq coQ gywmbvi `j|
KlK
gywhy KlKì Ae`vb wQj AZ Miegq| ^vaxbZv jvfi Rb hKvbv ZvM ^xKvi cZ wQjb
Zviv| kyi weiy cwiPvwjZ cwZwU AvgY Zviv wQjb wbew`ZcvY| ewMZ jvf-wZi wnmve Zuvì
KvQ iyZ cvqwb| GKUvB jhKvbv g~j ^vaxbZv ARb KiZ ne|
bvix
gywhy bvixì f~wgKv wQj Mievj| 1971 mvji gvPi c_g _KB `ki cwZwU Aj h msMvg
cwil` MwVZ nq, ZvZ bvixì wekl Ki Qvxì AskMnY wQj ^ZtZ| `kK ^vaxb KiZ cyiyli
cvkvcvwk bvixiI iyZc~Y Ae`vb wQj| hyi bq
gvm KqK j gv-evb cvK evwnbxi AZvPvii
wkKvi nq| Zuvì eez Kbvi bvq ggZvq
m^vab KiQb exivbv ej| Gi evBi
weivUmsLK bvix gywhvvì Avkq w`q, Lvevi
w`q, Rxebi SzuwK wbq A jywKq iL, mev
w`q, bvbvfve mnvqZv KiQb| Ggb Kx cZ
hy bvixi AskMnYi `vI Kg bq| gywhy
exiZi ^xKwZîc `yRb bvix exi cZxK LZve
ARb Kib| GKRb Zvivgb wewe, AbRb Wvvi
wmZviv eMg| mviv `k AviI AbK bvix gywhvv
wewfb iYvb cvwKvbevwnbxi gvKvejv KiQb|
wP : ^vaxbZv msMvg bvixiv
MYgvag
evsjv`ki gywhy MYgvagi f~wgKv Acwimxg| msev`c I ^vaxbevsjv eZvi K` G evcvi AMYx
f~wgKv cvjb Ki| 26 gvP PMvg eZvii wkx I mswZKgxiv ^vaxbevsjv eZvi K` Pvjy Kib| ci
GwU gywRebMi miKvii Zveavb cwiPvwjZ nq| ^vaxbevsjv eZvi K` msev`, `kvZevaK Mvb,
gywhvvì exiZMv_v iYvbi bvbv NUbv BZvw` `k I RvwZi mvgb Zzj ai mvaviY gvbylK hy
AskMnYi j AbycvwYZ Ki; gywhvvì mvnm hywMq weRqi c_ myMg Ki| GQvov gywRebMi
miKvii cPvi mji Zveavb cKvwkZ cwKv gywhy wewk f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
169
cevmx evOvwj
cevmx evOvwjiv gywhy bvbvfve mvnvh-mnhvwMZv Kib| wewfb `k Zviv gywhyi Rb A_ msMn
KiQb| evsjv`ki c mg_b Av`vq cvjvgU m`mì wbKU QyU wMqQb, wewfb AvRvwZK msvq
cwZwbwa`j ciY KiQb, cvwKvbK A Mvjveviy` mieivn bv KiZ miKvii wbKU Ave`b KiQb|
G weUbi cevmx evOvwjì f~wgKv weklfve DjL| gywhyi c RbgZ MVb Zviv KvR
KiQb|
wkx-mvwnwZK-eywRxex
gywhyi g~j wbqvgK kw wQj RbMY| Z_vwc hy gvbylK Dy Kivi wkx-mvwnwZK- eywRxex,
wewfb mswZ Kgxi Ae`vb wQj LyeB cksmbxq| GgbKx wbRi I cwievii m`mì Rxebi SzuwK wbqI
bvbvfve gywhvvì AbycvwYZ KiQb| ccwKvq jLv, ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` Lei cvV,
`kvZevaK Mvb, gywhywfwK Mvb, KweZv cvV, bvUK, Kw_Kv, Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKzji AZ Rbwcq
Pigc Abyvb Ges Rj-vì ìevi BZvw` gywhyK GMwq wbZ mnvqZv Ki| Gme iY
gywhvvì gvbwmK I bwZK ej ai ivLZ mnvqZv KiQ, mvnm RywMqQ, RbMYK kyi weiy
`y`gbxq KiQ| myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`, mvsevw`K wmivRyxb nvmb, mwjbv cvifxb, wPwKrmK Wv. dRj
ivwe, XvKv wekwe`vjqi wkK wMqvm Dwb Avng`mn Ggwb AMwYZ YxRbK nZv KiQ
cvwKvbevwnbx| Zuvì Ag~j Rxebi wewbgq G`k kgy nqQ|
RbmvaviY
mvaviY RbMYi mvnvh-mnhvwMZv I ^vaxbZvi cwZ HKvwK AvKvvi djB gv bq gvmi hy evOvwji
^vaxbZv ARb me nqQ| cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi gywgq wKQy msLK `vmi eZxZ mevB Kvbv bv
Kvbvfve gywhy AskMnY Ki| mvaviY gvbyl gywhvvì Avkq w`qQ, kyi Aevb I PjvPji
Z_ w`qQ, Lvevi I Ilya mieivn KiQ, mev w`qQ I LeivLei mieivn KiQ| evsjv`ki gywhy
mvaviY RbMYi cvkvcvwk z` bMvxi RbMYI GZ AskMnY Ki| AbK gywhy kwn` nb| Avgvì
gywhyi wk jvL kwnì ga mvaviY gvbyli msLv wQj AwaK| Gì ii wewbgq Avgvì GB ^vaxb
gvbwP, jvj-meyR cZvKv|
^vaxbZv ARb ivRbwZK ewZi Ae`vb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv ARb ivRbwZK ewZi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wewfb ivRbwZK `ji bZeM
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv ARb AbK ZvM^xKvi KiQb| bvbv AZvPvi-wbcxob mn KiQb| ivRbxwZwe`MY
^vaxbZv msMvgi iy _K kl ch RxebevwR iL ivRbwZK ZrciZv Pvwjq MQb|
eez kL gywReyi ingvb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi g~j bZZ wQjb eez kL gywReyi ingvb| Zuvi mviv Rxebi KgKv,
Av`vjb-msMvg wb`wkZ nqQ evOvwji RvZxq gywi j| GB j wbq wZwb 1948 mvj QvjxM Ges
1949 mvj AvIqvgx jxM cwZvq D`vMx nb| 48 I 52-i fvlv Av`vjb wZwb ewj f~wgKv cvjb Kib|
170
wZwb wQjb fvlv Av`vjbi c_g Kvive`xì ga

AbZg| Kx msm`, Kx ivRc_, evsjv fvlv I
mswZi c Zuvi K wQj me`v mvPvi| 1954
mvji hydU wbevPb, 1956 mvji msweavb evsjv
fvlvK ivfvlv wnme ^xKwZ`vb, 1958 mvj
Rbvij AvBqye Lvbi mvgwiK kvmbweivax
Av`vjb, 1966 mvj Avgvì euvPvi `vwe Qq `dv
Kgm~Px ck I Qq `dvwfwK Av`vjb, 69 Gi MYQwe : eez kL gywReyi ingvb
Afy vb, 1970 mvji mvaviY wbe v Pb
AvIqvgx jxMi bwRiwenxb weRq, 1971 mvji AmnhvM Av`vjb _K ^vaxbZvi NvlYv I ^vaxbZv ARb
GKQ f~wgKv cvjb Kib RvwZi wcZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb|
cvwKvbi Pwek eQii ga 12 eQi wZwb KvivMvi KvwUqQb| 25 gvP wbi evOvwjì Ici
cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbx mk AvgY Suvwcq coj 26 gvP 1971 c_g cni (25 gvP ivZ 12Uvici)
wZwb mivmwi ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| msMvgi c_ ai 1971 mvji 7 gvP Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlY wZwb
gywhyi WvK w`qQb| Zuvi bvgB Avgvì gywhy cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb wQjb gywhyi mevwabvqK I
gywRebMi miKvii ivcwZ| Zuvi ewj I Avcvmnxb bZZ Avgiv ^vaxbZv cqwQ| eez kL gywReyi
ingvb njb ^vaxbZvi gnvbvqK I ^vaxb evsjv`ki cwZ|
ZvRDxb Avng`
gywhyi mgq ZvRDxb Avng` AvIqvgx jxMi mvaviY mv`K wQjb|
wZwb wQjb eez kL gywReyi ingvbi wek I Nwb mnPi| gywhy
cwiPvjbvi Rb MwVZ gywRebMi miKvii (10 Gwcj, 1971) cavbgxi
`vwqZ cvjb Kib GB gnvb bZv| 1971 mvji 11 Gwcj wZwb eZvi
fvlY gywRebMi miKvi MVbi K_v cPvi Kib| eezi AbycwwZZ
gywhy
Qwe :ZvRDxb Avng`
cwiPvjbvq wZwb mdjfve bZZ c`vb Kib| gywhy cwiPvjbvi Rb MwVZ Dc`v KwgwUi wZwb AvnvqK
wQjb| evsjv`ki gywhyi BwZnvmi m Zuvi bvg Avxfve hy|
mq` bRiyj Bmjvg
mq` bRiyj Bmjvg wQjb AvIqvgx jxMi AbZg kxl bZv| wZwb
gywhy PjvKvjxb gywRebMi miKvii DcivcwZ wQjb| eezi
AbycwwZZ mq` bRiyj Bmjvg fvicv ivcwZi `vwqZ cvjb
Kib| 1971 mvj gywhyK eMevb I mdj Kivi Rb wZwb
mKji cwZ Avnvb Rvbvb| mq` bRiyj Bmjvg gywhyi GKRb
AbZg msMVK I cwiPvjK wQjb|
Qwe : mq` bRiyj Bmjvg
171
Kvb Gg. gbmyi Avjx

Kvb Gg. gbmyi Avjx AvIqvgx jxMi GKRb kxl bZv Ges
eezi LyeB Nwb wQjb| wZwb gywhyi mgq gywRebMi miKvii
A_gx wQjb| gywhyKvjxb Lv`, e, A cwkYi A_i
msvb cfwZ iyZc~Y `vwqZ Zuvi Ici b wQj| wZwb mdjfve G
`vwqZ cvjb Kib|
Qwe : Kvb Gg. gbmyi Avjx
G.GBP. Gg. Kvgiyvgvb

G.GBP.Gg. Kvgiyvgvb AvIqvgx jxMi AviGKRb kxl bZv|
gywhyi mgq wZwb miKvii îv, vY I cybevmbgx wQjb| m
mgq wZwb fviZ Avkq bqv j j kiYv_xi Rb vY msMn,
vYwkwei vY weZiY Ges cieZx mgq kiYv_xì cybevmb BZvw`
iyZc~Y `vwqZ AZ mdjZvi m cvjb Kib| evsjv`ki
gywhy Ges ^vaxbZv ARb Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg|
Qwe : G.GBP. Gg. Kvgiyvgvb
Abvb bZe`
Abvb bZeì ga ^vaxbZv ARb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi
f~wgKv wQj Dj-LhvM| wZwb HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (1968-69)
_K eez kL gywReyi ingvbi gywi evcvi Mo IVv Av`vjb I
69-Gi MY-Afyvb iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Kib| gywhyi mgq fviZ
Aevb Ki wewfb `ki cwZ evsjv`ki gywhyi mg_b `vb I cvk
ùvovbvi Avnvb Rvbvb| GQvov AavcK gvRvddvi Avng` (bvcgvRvddvi) I KwgDwb cvwUi KgiW gwb wmsn gywhy iyZc~Y
f~wgKv cvjb Kib| gywhy mwVKfve cwiPvjbvi Rb MwVZ Dc`v
Qwe : gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
KwgwUZ G wZb bZv m`m wQjb|
gywhy wekRbgZ I wewfb `ki f~wgKv
1971 mvj evsjv`ki gywhy cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi bviKxq Zve wek weeKK bvov `q|
cvwKvbevwnbx I ^vaxbZvweivax G`kxq `vmiì viv msNwUZ jyUZivR, AwMmshvM, alY, nZvhi
weiy wek weeK RvMZ nq| wewfb `k wb`v I cwZev` Rvbvq Ges gywhyi cwZ mg_b e Ki| 25
gvPi KvjivZ Ges cieZx mgqi bviKxq nZvh mK wekRbgZ mvPvi nq IV| MvUv weki RbMY
cZ I civfve evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyK mg_b Rvbvq|
fviZi f~wgKv : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hy mivmwi mg_b Rvbvq cwZekx iv fviZ| 1971 mvji 25
gvPi KvjivZi exfrm nZvKv I cieZx bgvm ai cvwKvwb `Lj`vi evwnbx h bviKxq MYnZv, jyb I
172
asmh Pvjvq fviZ Zv wekevmxi wbKU mv_Kfve Zzj ai| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi BwZnvmi m
fviZi ArKvjxb cavbgw BwìvMvxi bvg IZcvZfve RwoZ| wZwbB c_g evsjv`ki gywhyK
AvRvwZK cwimi cwiwPwZ Ki Zvjb Zuvi wbijm Kg ZrciZvi fZi w`q|
fviZi RbMY I miKvi cvq GK KvwU kiYv_xK Avkq, Lv`, e, wPwKrmv, gywhvvì Ak Ges
cwkY w`q mvnvh Ki| evsjv`ki gywhyi kl chvq 1971 mvji 3 wWmî cvwKvb fviZ wegvb
nvgjv Pvjvq| cvwKvbi AvgYi cwicwZ evsjv`k Ges fviZ miKvi gywevwnbx I fviZxq
mbvevwnbxi mg^q h_ Kgv MVb Ki| fviZ 6 wWmî ^vaxb iv wnmve evsjv`kK c_g ^xKwZ
c`vb Ki| fviZi e mb evsjv`ki gywhy cvY nvivq|
mvwfqZ BDwbqb I mgvRZvwK ivi f~wgKv : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hy fviZi ci mevwaK Ae`vb ivL
Aaybv wejy mvwfqZ BDwbqb (eZgvb ivwkqv)| cvwKvb evwnbx KZK evsjv`k MYnZv, AwMmshvM,
bvix-wbhvZb e Kivi Rb mvwfqZ ivcavb cvwKvbi cwmWU Bqvwnqv LvbK Avnvb Rvbvb| wZwb
BqvwnqvK evsjv`ki RbcwZwbwaì nvZ gZv nvii RbI ejb| mvwfqZ ccwKv,
cPvigvagjv evsjv`k cvwKvb evwnbxi wbhvZbi Kvwnbx I gywhyi AMMwZ cPvi Ki wek RbgZ
mwZ mnvqZv Ki| RvwZmsN gvwKb hyivi cvwKvbi c hyei cve mvwfqZ BDwbqb
fUv (weivwaZv Kiv) c`vb Ki evwZj Ki `q| wKDev, hyMvk-vwfqv, cvjv, nvwi, eyjMwiqv,
PKvk-vfvwKqv, c~e-Rvgvwb cfwZ ZrKvjxb mgvRZvwK ivjv evsjv`ki gywmsMvgK mg_b Rvbvq|
MU weUbi f~wgKv : 1970 mvji wbevPbi ci _K iy Ki 1971 mvji gywhyi w`bjvZ weUbi
cPvi gvag wekl Ki wewewm Ges jb _K cKvwkZ c-cwKv evOvwjì Dci cvwKvb nvbv`vi evwnbxi
wbgg wbhvZb, cwZiva, evOvwjì msMvg, fviZ Avkq bIqv kiYv_xì KiyY Aev, cvwKvb evwnbxi
MYnZv Ges gywhyi AMMwZ mK wek RbgZK RvMZ Ki Zvj| wewUk miKviI Avgvì gywhyi
evcvi LyeB mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| Dj-L, jb wQj ewnwek gywhyi c cPvii cavbK`| ZvQvov
jb RbMnYKvix weLvZ msMxZwkx RR nvwimb gywhyi mg_b wekRbgZ mw I `vbmnvqZv Kvhg
cwiPvjbvi j hyivi wbDBqK kni 40,000 jvKi mgvMg evsjv`ki gywhy gvbeZvweivax
KgKvwfwK Mvb cwiekb Kib| weUb QvovI Awjqv, cwg Rvgvwb, dv, BZvwj, Rvcvb I KvbvWvi
cPvigvagjv cvwKvbnvbv`vi evwnbxi weiy wekRbgZ mwZ mvnvh Ki|| BivK evsjv`ki
gywhyi c mg_b Rvbvq| gvwKb hyivi RbMY, cPvigvag, KsMmi AbK m`m G `ki
gywhyi c mvPvi wQj| Ze weki Kvbv Kvbv `k evsjv`ki gywhyi wec Aevb wbqwQj|
RvwZmsNi f~wgKv : wekkvw I wbivcv iv Kiv RvwZmsNi g~j j I Dk| evsjv`ki wbevwPZ
MYcwZwbwaì nvZ gZv bv w`q mvgwiK kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb hLb evOvwj wbab Zrci, ZLb RvwZmsN
ejZ Mj bxie `kKi f~wgKv cvjb Ki| bviKxq nZvh, gwjK gvbevwaKvi jNbi weiy RvwZmsN
Kvbv KvhKi eev MnY KiZ cviwb| cKZc fUv gZvmb cuvPwU enr kwai ivi evBi
RvwZmsNi wbR^ D`vM Kvb eev MnY Kivi gZvI wQj mxwgZ|
173
^vaxb evsjv`ki Afy`q :

gywhyi iy _KB fviZ Avgvì bvbvfve mnvhmnhvwMZv KiQ| weklfve 1971 mvji 21 bfî
gywevwnbx I fviZxq evwnbx wgj h_ Kgv MVb wQj
AZ iyZ NUbv| cvwKvb 3 wWmî fviZ AvgY Kij
hyi ZxeZv ew cvq| 6-16 wWmî gywevwnbxi m
fviZi mbv, b, wegvbevwnbxI cvwKvb evwnbxi weiy
hy hvM `q|
Qwe : cvwKvb evwnbxi AvZmgcY
h_ evwnbxi mycwiKwZ cej AvgY AvbyvwbK AvZmgcYi c~eB nvbv`vi cvwKvwb evwnbxi bwZK
civRq NU| Aekl 1971 mvji 16 wWmî weKj PviUv GKzk wgwbU XvKvi imKvm gq`vb
(mvnivIqv`x D`vb) cvwKvbi Bvb Kgvi AwabvqK jt Rbvij Avgxi Ave`yjv-n Lvb wbqvRx cvq 93
nvRvi mbmn evsjv`k I fviZi h_ evwnbxi c~evjxq cavb j: Rbvij RMwRr wms Aivivi KvQ
wbtkZ AvZmgcY Kib| evsjv`k miKvii cwZwbwaZ Kib Myc Kvb G.K. L`Kvi| wk j knx`,
KqK j gv-evbi mxgvnxb K, wbcxob Avi ZvMi wewbgq GB gnvb ^vaxbZv ARb me nqQ|
weki gvbwP mMie vb Ki wbqQ ^vaxb, mvefg iv MYcRvZx evsjv`k|
^vaxb evsjv`ki Af~`q
wek BwZnvm evsjv`ki gywhy LyeB Zvrchc~Y NUbv| evsjv`k nQ ZZxq weki ga c_g `k, h `k
mk gywhyi gvag ^vaxbZv ARb KiQ| 1947 mvj _KB cvwKvwb kvmKMvx viv c~e evsjvi
RbMY mecKvi AZvPvi, kvlY, elg, RvwZ wbcxobi wkKvi nqQ| wKy G f~Li msMvgx gvbyl
Abvqi weiy iyL ùvovq| 1971 mvji 16 wWmî weRq ARbi ga w`q Gi cwimgvw NU| 1971
mvji 7 gvP HwZnvwmK fvlY evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi cavb bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb
^vaxbZvi h WvK `b Ges 26 gvP AvbyvwbKfve ^vaxbZvi h NvlYv c`vb Kib, 16 wWmî Zv eve
c~YZv cvq| gywhyi bq gvm evsjv`ki mvaviY gvbyl gywhvvì mecKvi mnhvwMZv Ki| dj
gywhy nq ùvovq evOvwji kwkvjx RvZxqZvev`x PZbvi ewntcKvk| gywhy G Aji evOvwj Ges G
f~L emevmKvix Abvb bMvxi RbMYi ga bZzb h `kcgi Rb `q, Zv _K AbycvwYZ nq hy
kl RbMY wea `k cybMVb Ges mg evsjv`k cwZvq AvZwbqvM Ki| gywhyi gvag evOvwji
nvRvi eQii ^cc~iY njv| evsjv`ki gywhy weki wbcxwoZ, ^vaxbZvKvgx RbMYK AbycvwYZ Ki|
174
evsjv`k bvgi BwZnvm

Avgiv Rvwb, Avgvì `ki bvg evsjv`k| Ze msweavb Abyhvqx bvg njv MYcRvZx evsjv`k| GB
bvgiI GKUv BwZnvm AvQ| ejvi Acv ivL bv, `ki bvgi m f~Li mxgvbvi mK AZ
iyZc~Y| Avi bvbv mgq Gi mxgvbvi e`j nqQ|
cvPxbKvj Avgvì evsjv`k bvbv Rbc` wef wQj| Zv GB Mi iyi w`K AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
gnvfviZ Ges wMK HwZnvwmK Ujwgi jLvq evsjv bvgi Dj-L cvIqv hvq| Zvi AbK ci 1342 mvj
kvgmDxb Bwjqvm kvn mec_g evsjvi wZbwU cavb K` jLbwZ ev jYveZx (Mo), mvZMuvI (ivp) I
mvbviMuvI (e)-K GK Ki ^vaxb evsjv cwZv KiwQjb| Gi ^vaxbZv 200 eQi vqx nqwQj|
Bwjqvm kvni Dcvwa wQj kvn-B-evvjv, kvn-B-evvwjqvb, myjZvb-B-evvjv| Avi ZLb _K mgM
evsjv Aj evvjvn bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| ivRavbx njv mvbviMuvI| gyNj Avgj mgvU AvKeii mgq
_K evsjvi cwiPq nq myevn evsjv bvg| Ze BDivcxqiv weklfve cZzwMRiv evjv bvg AwfwnZ
KiQb GB AjK| Ze BsiRiv ejZb ej|
BsiR B Bwqv Kvvwbi kvmbvgj evsjv bvg c_K c`k Kiv nq| evsjvi Aaxb wQj wenvi, Dwolv
Ges QvUbvMcyi| cieZxZ 1905 mvj eZgvb evsjv`k I fviZi Avmvg wbq c~ee I Avmvg bvg
bZzb c`k MVb Kiv nq| Av`vjbi gyL 6 eQi ci ef evwZj Ki BsiR miKvi| 1947 mvj
BsiR kvmbi Aemvb nj cwg e fviZ Avi c~e e cvwKvbi Afy nq| cvwKvb AvgjI
1956 mvj Aewa AvRKi evsjv`k c~e e bvgB cwiwPZ wQj| cvwKvb miKvi c~e e cwieZb Ki
c~e cvwKvb bvgKiY Kij eez Gi weivwaZv Kib| eez ejb, evsjv bvgi `xN BwZnvm HwZn
AvQ| ZvB evsjvi bvg cwieZbi c~e MYfvUi gvag GB Aji gvbyli gZvgZ MnY KiZ ne|
1971 mvj iqx gnvb gywhyi ga w`q weki gvbwP mMie cwZwZ nq evsjv`k|
RvZxq cZvKvi BwZnvm
evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKv Avgvì AnsKvi Avi
Miei cZxK| AbK i Avi ZvMi wewbgq jvjmeyRi GB cZvKv G`ki RbMY ARb KiQ|
RvZxq cZvKvi meyR AvqZ evsjv`ki meyR
cKwZi cZxK, Avi ei jvj is gywhy Rxeb
DrmMKvix knx`ì ii cZxK|
wP : gywhyi mgq RvZxq cZvKv
wKy 1971 mvj gywhyi mgq eeZ cZvKvq jvj e evsjv`ki gvbwP AwZ wQj| gvbwP LwPZ
cZvKvi gvag mviv wekK Rvwbq Ìqv nqwQj h Kvb f~L ^vaxb evsjv`k iv cwZv Kiv ne|
gvbwP LwPZ GB cZvKv Avgvì msMwVZ, GKwZ I HKe KiQ| evsjv`ki c_g RvZxq cZvKv
wWRvBb KiQb wkebvivqY `vm| wZwb wQjb ZrKvjxb Kzwgj-v QvjxMi mUvwi| m mgqi cfvekvjx
QvbZvì wbq MwVZ ^vaxb evsjv wec-ex cwil` wkebvivqY `vmK cZvKv Zwii `vwqZ `q| 1970
mvji 6 Ryb Mfxi ivZ AZ Mvcbfve XvKv wekwe`vjqi Riyj nK nji 118 bî K cZvKv
Zwii KvR mb Kib wkebvivqY `vm|
175
1971 mvji AwMSiv gvP hLb Dvj mviv `k, m mgq XvKv
wekwe`vjqi Kjv febi cwg w`Ki MU wkebvivqY `vmi
wWRvBbKZ evsjv`ki RvZxq cZvKv 2 gvP, 1971 c_gevii
gZv Dvjb Kib QvbZv Av.m.g. Avyi ie| G hb
evsjv`ki AvbyvwbK ^vaxbZv NvlYvi c~eB cvwKvb ivK
cZvLvbi kvwgj| eezi WvK BZvga mviv `k iy nqQ
AmnhvM Av`vjb| 23 gvP cvwKvbi cRvZ wèm NU Mj
wP : eZgvb RvZxq cZvKv
Afvebxq NUbv| XvKvmn `ki wewfb kni cvwKvbi cZvKv
cvovbv njv| e evwo-Ni Dovbv njv evsjv`ki cZvKv| cvwKvbi cZvLvZ cZvKv Avi wdi
AvmZ cvi wb| wk j knx` Rxeb w`qQb evsjv`ki cZvKvi ghv`v ivi Rb| ^vaxbZvi ci eez
1972 mvj cUzqv Kvgiyj nvmvbK `vwqZ `b RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBb P~ov Kivi| cUzqv Kvgiyj nvmvbi
nvZB Avgvì RvZxq cZvKv eZgvb ic jvf KiQ|
RvZxq cZvKv GKwU RvwZi Avkv-AvKvvi cZxK| RvZxq cZvKvi mvbi m ivi mvb-ghv`v
Avwfve hy| evsjv`ki GKRb bvMwiK wnme GB cZvKvi mvb iv Kiv Avgvì cwe KZe|
GKK KvR : RvZxq cZvKv evsjv`ki mvefgZi cZxK-Gi cQbi hywhyjv wPwZ Ki|
RvZxq msMxZi BwZnvm
Avgvi mvbvi evsjv, Avwg Zvgvq fvjvevwmmsMxZwU Avgvì RvZxq
msMxZ| 1905 mvj wewUk miKvi evsjvK wef Ki c~ee I Avmvg
bvg GKwU bZzb c`k mw Ki| Gi cwicwZ 1906 mvj iex`bv_
VvKzi G msMxZ iPbv Kib| wek kZKi c_g `yB `kK ^`kx
Av`vjbi mgq GwU AZ Rbwcq wQj| ef (1905) weivax
ivRbxwZwe`, ^`kx Kgx I wec-exiv evOvwj RbMYK `kcg Dy Kivi
gvag wnme MvbwU cPvi Ki| wKy wek kZKi weki `kK AvwjK
RvZxqev` wwgZ nq coj G MvbwUi cPjb Kg hvq| 1971 mvji
gywhyi mgq MvbwUi cybiyxeb NU| MvbwU 1971 mvji 3 Rvbyqvwi
XvKvq GK wekvj Rbmfvq Ges ci 3 gvP QvjxM I kwgK jxM AvqvwRZ
wP : iex`bv_ VvKzi
Rbmfvq cybivq MvIqv nq| XvKvi imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb
mvnivIqv`x D`vb) eez kL gywReyi ingvbi HwZnvwmK mvZB gvPi fvlYi cvvj MvbwU MvIqv nq|
gywRebMi evsjv`ki cevmx miKvi GB MvbwUK evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ wnme ^xKwZ `q Ges
gywhy PjvKvj MvbwU ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` _K wbqwgZ cwiewkZ nq| ^vaxbZvi ci mvsweavwbKfve
(AbyQ` 4.1) Avgvi mvbvi evsjv MYcRvZx evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZic NvwlZ nq| Mvbi c_g 10
jvBb K msMxZ Ges c_g 4 jvBb h msMxZ wnme cwiekbi weavb ivLv nq|
176
evsjv`ki RvZxq msMxZ :

Avgvi mvbvi evsjv, Avwg Zvgvq fvjvevwm|
wPiw`b Zvgvi AvKvk, Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cvY evRvq euvwk\
I gv, dvb Zvi Avgi eb NvY cvMj Ki,
gwi nvq, nvq i
I gv, ANvb Zvi fiv Z Avwg Kx `LwQ gayi nvwm\
Kx kvfv, Kx Qvqv Mv, Kx mn, Kx gvqv Mv
Kx AvuPj weQvqQ eUi g~j, b`xi K~j K~j|
gv, Zvi gyLi evYx Avgvi Kvb jvM myavi gZv,
gwi nvq, nvq i
gv, Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb nj, I gv, Avwg bqb Rj fvwm\
RvZxq msMxZ cwiekbi AvbyvwbKZv
K. ^vaxbZv wèm, weRq wèm I knx` wèmi gZv wekl w`bjvZ m~Y RvZxq msMxZ cwiewkZ
ne|
L. ivcwZ/cavbgx hme Abyvb cavb AwZw_ wnme DcwZ _vKb, mme Abyvb Zuvì AvMgbi I
cvbi mgq m~Y RvZxq msMxZ cwiewkZ ne|
M. Kvbv we`wk ivcavbi mvb MvW Ae Abvi c`vbKvj ivcwZK Awfev`b c`vbi mgq c~Y RvZxq
msMxZ cwiewkZ ne| G aibi Abyvb c_g AwZw_ `ki RvZxq msMxZ Ges ci evsjv`ki
RvZxq msMxZ cwiewkZ ne| wKy AwZw_ miKvi cavb nj Kej c_g Pvi jvBb cwiewkZ ne|
N. evsjv`k we`wk `~Zvevmjvi miKvwi Abyvb Kej c_g Pvi jvBb cwiewkZ ne| Abyvb c_g
evsjv`ki RvZxq mxZ Ges ci mswk- `ki RvZxq mxZ cwiewkZ ne|
O. ivcwZ, cavbgx I K~UbwZK wgkb AvqvwRZ Abvb mKj Abyvb, wekl Abyvb I Rbmfvq
Abygvw`Z wewa Abyhvqx RvZxq msMxZ cwiewkZ ne|
RvZxq wZ
RvZxq wZma
gywhy j j bvg bv-Rvbv knx`ì Agi wZi
Dk wbwgZ RvZxq wZma| GwU XvKv kni _K 35
wK:wg: Di-cwg mvfvi AewZ| cwZ gCbyj
nvmbi bKkv Abyhvqx RvZxq wZma wbgvY Kiv nq|
mvZwU Rvov wfyRvKvi `qvji gvag QvU _K eo nq
avc avc mawU 150 dzU DPZvq cuQQ| mgM wZma
Qwe : RvZxq wZma
177
cvYi m`h I Mvxh ewi Rb cqvRb Abyhvqx wewfb Dcv`vb eenvi Kiv nqQ| wZi g~j
e`xZ hZ nj ek `xN DuPz-wbPz c_, cfgU I GKwU Kwg jKi Dci wbwgZ mZz cvi nZ nq| GB
mewKQy&B Avmj Avgvì `xN ^vaxbZv msMvg wewfb Av`vjb-msMvgi cZxK| cvkB iqQ MYKei,
huvì Ag~j Rxebi wewbgq G`k kygy nqQ| g~j wZma mvZ Rvov `qvj, g~jZ evOvwji Miegq
msMvgi cZxK| GB ivRbwZK NUbvjv njv 1952, 1954, 1956, 1962, 1966, 1969 Ges 1971|
ejvi Acv ivL bv, GB mvZwU iyZc~Y mvji gaB Avgvì gyw msMvgi BwZnvm wbwnZ| 1952 fvlv
Av`vjb _K 1971 Gi gnvb gywhy ch NUbvi djB civaxbZvi ksLj fO evOvwj ^vaxbZv ARb
mg nqQ| Avi RvZxq wZma evievi Avgvì mB gnvb knx`ì K_vB gb Kwiq `q| 1972 mvj
RvZxq wZmai wbgvYKvR iy nq| 1982 mvj wZbwU chvq Zv mb nq| evOvwji AnsKvi, Mie Avi
ghv`vi cZxK GB wZma|
AcivRq evsjv
evOvwji cwZev`x gbvfve I gywhvvì jovKz PZbvi
g~Z cZxK AcivRq evsjv| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kjvfeb
PZi 6 dzU DuPz ewì Ici wbwgZ| g~j fvhi DPZv 12
dzU, c 8 dzU I evm 6 dzU| evsjv`ki cwZwU
MYZvwK Av`vjb-msMvg QvmgvRi iyZc~Y Ae`vb
iqQ| evnvbi fvlv Av`vjb _K GKvii gywhy
cwZwU msMvg Qvì Miegq ZvMK iYxq Kivi Rb
AcivRq evsjv wbgvY Kiv nq| gywhvv fvi mq`
Qwe : AcivRq evsjv
Ave`yj-vn Lvwj` GwU wbgvY Kib| 1973-1979 mvj
ch GB fvvhi wbgvYKvR Pj| GB fvh Amgmvnmx wZbRb ZiyY gywhvvi Aeqe Ac~e `Zvq
dzwUq Zvjv nqQ| `yBRb ZiyY ivBdj nvZ kyi gvKvejvq `pcwZ Avi Jlai evM Kuva ZiyYx
gywhvvì mevq wbew`ZcvY| AcivRq evsjv evsjv`ki QvmgvRi ciYvi Drm nq _vKe|
gywRebMi wZma
gnvb gywhy bZZKvix gywRebMi miKvii wZi cwZ
mvb Rvwbq Kzwqv Rjvi gnicyi GB wZma wbgvY
Kiv nq| wZma 24wU c_K wfyRvKwZi `qvj evKvi
avivevwnKfve ew cq mekl DPZvq wi nqQ| 24wU
wfyRvKwZi `qvj njv 24 eQii cvwKvwb JcwbewkK
kvlYi cZxK| 1947 mvj _K G`ki RbMY Zvì
bvh AwaKvi Av`vq g msMwVZ nqQ| GKchvq `p
gbvej Avi msK wbq gywhyi ga w`q `kK ^vaxb
KiQ| KviY GLvbB kc_ wbqwQj ^vaxb evsjv`ki
c_g miKvi| cwZ njb Zvbfxi Kwig|
Qwe : gywRebMi wZma
178
eywRxex wZma
evOvwj RvwZK gavk~b Kivi lohi Ask wnme
gywhyi mgq AMwYZ eywRxexK nZv Kiv nq| cvwKvb
mbvevwnbxK gvbeZvweivax GB eei KvR mnvqZv KiQ
ivRvKvi I Avjeì evwnbx| cvK evwnbx P~ov civRqi
`yw`b c~e 14 wWmî AmsL eywRxexì nZv Ki|
Zuvì wZK Agi Ki ivLvi Rb XvKvi wgicyi kwn`
eywRxwe wZma wbgvY Kiv nq| Gi cwZ wQjb gvdv
Avjx Kzym| 1972 mvj GB wZmai wbgvYKvR kl nq|
Qwe : eywRxwe wZma
wkLv wPib
gywhy AvZ`vbKvix exi knx`ì Agi wZ wPi RvMiyK
ivLvi Rb HwZnvwmK mvnivIqv`x D`vb 1997 mvji 26
gvP wkLv wPib vwcZ nq|
1971 mvji 7 gvP eez Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlY GB vb
_KB gywi msMvg I ^vaxbZv msMvgi WvK w`qwQjb|
iyZc~Y welq njv, bq gvmi iqx hyi ci 16
wWmî cvwKvb `Lj`vi evwnbx AvZmgcY KiwQj GB
mvnivIqv`x D`vb| evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi iRZRqx
Dcj mvnivIqv`x D`vb wkLv wPib vcb Kiv nq|
Qwe : wkLv wPib
ivqievRvi eaf~wg
gywhyi mgq nvbv`vi cvwKvb evwnbx I Zvì G`kxq
`vmiiv j j gvbyl nZv KiQ| mviv `kB Qwoq
AvQ AMwYZ eaf~wg I MYKei| 1971 mvj ivqievRvi
GjvKvwU wQj ek wbwiwewj| RbemwZ Lye GKUv PvL coZ
bv| Kvjykvn cyKzicvo _K Mvj gmwR` ch `N cvq wZb
wKjvwgUvi ne| gvP gvm _KB ivqievRvi eaf~wgZ
cwiYZ nq| GLvb gvbylK ay nZv Kiv nqQ Zv bq,
AMwYZ jvk Gb djv nqQ GB eaf~wgZ| gywhyi bq
Qwe : ivqievRvi eaf~wg
gvm GLvbKvi BULvjvi ivv w`q jvKRb nuvUvPjvi mvnm
KiZ bv| 1971 mvji 18 wWmî ivqievRvi eaf~wgi mvb cvIqv hvq| mw`b GB eaf~wgi wewfb MZ
_K cPzi MwjZ I weKZ jvk Dvi Kiv nq| GLvb `ki k mvbì wbggfve nZv Kiv nqQ|
Guì ga AavcK, mvsevw`K, mvwnwZK, wPwKrmKi jvkB AwaK wQj| eywRxexì nZvKv Avjeì I
ivRvKviiv cavb f~wgKv cvjb Ki| ivqievRvi DviKZ jvki AwaKvsk GZUvB weKZ nq co h cwiPq
Rvbv me nqwb| Ze h KqKRbi cwiPq Rvbv me nqQ, Zuviv njb- AavcK gybxi Payix, mvsevw`K
mwjbv cvifxb, Wv: dRj ivwe cgyL|
179
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. 1970 mvji wbevPb c~e cvwKvbi cv`wkK wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM KZwU Avmb cqwQj?
K. 167
L. 198
M. 267
N. 298
2. ^vaxb evsjv Qv msMvg cwil` MwVZ nqwQji.
wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì nvZ gZv nvi Mwogwm Kivq
ii. RvZxq cwilì AvZ Awaekb wMZ Kivq

iii. wekwe`vjq Qvì fwZ wd ew Kivq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

K ivi kvmKkwYi weiy RbMYi hwK gywmsMvg L iv K ivi AZvPvwiZ I Avkqnxb
gvbylK Avkq, Lv`, e I wPwKrmv w`q mvnvh Ki Ges Zvì `ytL `y`kvi K_vI weki KvQ Zzj ai|
3. evsjv`ki gywhyi mgq Kvb ivi f~wgKv DxcKi L ivi f~wgKvi gZv wQj?
K. Pxb
L. fviZ
M. bcvj
N. gvqvbgvi
4. D ivi MnxZ KgKvi dji.
^vaxbZv jvf Zivw^Z nq
ii. gvbevwaKvi iwZ nq

iii. ewn:wek evsjv`ki wbhvZbi wP cKvwkZ nq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
180
mRbkxj ck:
1.
AvaywbK MYZvwK weki cw_Kr Aevnvg wjb MYZi BwZnvm GKwU iYxh bvg| `qv, mijZv,
DcwZ eyw, evwMZv I wgw eenvi ZuvK weki Av`k Pwi cwZwZ KiQ| ivRbxwZ wZwb
Abb cwZfvi ^vi iL wMqQb| GBfve GKRb gnbZx gvbyl wbRi cwZfvq AvgwiKvi cwmWU
c` jvf mg_ nqwQjb| wZwb ^v_v gvbyli cvkweKZvi nvZ _K gvbylK gyw w`qwQjb| cw_exi
MYZ I gywKvgx gvbyli Rb Zvi HwZnvwmK fvlY 'Government of the people, by the people
and for the people' AvRI ZuvK Agi Ki iLQ|
K. gywRebMi miKvii cavbgwi bvg Kx wQj?
L. Acvikb mvP jvBU ejZ Kx evSvq?
M. DxcK ewYZ Avevnvg wjbi Pwi I KgKv Kvi cwZQwe j Kiv hvq evLv Ki|
N. D bZvi ewj I Avcvlnxb bZZ Avgiv ^vaxbZv cqwQ g~jvqb Ki|
qv`k Aavq

26 gvP evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv wèm| eez kL gywReyi ingvb 1971-Gi GB w`b evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv
NvlYv Kib| ^vaxbZv NvlYvi ci cvwKvb mbvevwnbx 1971-Gi 26 gvP c_g cniB (25 gvP ivZ 12
Uvi ci) eezK MdZvi Ki XvKv _K cwg cvwKvb wbq hvq| gywhyi bq gvm wZwb KvivMvi
e`x wQjb| cvwKvb miKvi Zuvi weiy iv`vnxZvi AwfhvM mvgwiK Av`vjZ wePviKvR iy Ki|
cnmbi wePvi Zuvi weiy duvwmi ivq `qv nq| 1971-Gi 16 wWmî P~ov weRq ARbi ciI eez
cvwKvbi KvivMvi e`x wQjb| wZwb euP AvQb wK-bv ZvI `ki gvbyl RvbZ bv| eezi Rb DM,
DrKvq wbgwZ wQj mviv `ki gvbyl| Aaxi Acv, Ke Avmeb gnvb bZv Aekl 1972-Gi 10
Rvbyqvwi eez `k wdi Gjb| GB Aavq eezi kvmbKvji iyZc~Y NUbvewj mK Avgiv
AvjvPbv Kie|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
hywea `ki cybMVb Kvhg eYbv KiZ cvie;
msweavb cYqbi cUfwg evLv KiZ cvie;
eezi kvmbKvji Dj-LhvM NUbvcevn eYbv KiZ cvie;
RvwZi wcZvi cwZ kvkxj ne;
`ki msweavbi cwZ kvkxj ne|
eezi `k div (^`k cZveZb)

1972 mvji 10 Rvbyqvwi `k divi AvM cvwKvb _K mivmwi eezK jb wbq hvIqv nq
cvwKvb evwnbxi wekl wegvb| AZtci wewUk ivRKxq KgU wegvb w`wj-nq wZwb XvKvq Avmb| XvKvq
gnvb bZvK Rvbvbv nq Af~Zc~e Awfb`b| fvjvevmvq wm njb eez| wbR Kuv`jb, RbZvKI
Kuv`vjb| Awemsevw`Z bZvi cwZ RbMYi AveMgq Awfb`b wQj ^Zt~Z| cyivZb wegvbeì _K
igbv imKvm gq`vb ch j j RbZv DcwZ nq wcq bZvK GK bRi `Lvi Rb|
imKvm gq`vb eez Zuvi eZvq m` ^vaxb ivi
AvKiYxq I bxwZwbaviYx welq w`Kwb`kbv c`vb Kib|
hywea `k cybMVb, bexb iv wnme weki Abvb
ivi ^xKwZ Ges evsjv`k ivi cKwZ mK wZwb
ee `b| wZwb ejb, evsjv`k GKwU Av`k iv
ne| Avi Zvi wfw wekl Kvbv agxqwfwK ne bv|
ivi wfw ne MYZ, mgvRZ, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I
agwbicZv|
wP : 1972-Gi 10 Rvbyqvwi eezi ^`k cZveZb
182
msm`xq cwZi miKvieev

gywhyi m~PbvjM MwVZ evsjv`k miKvii ivcwZ wQjb eez kL gywReyi ingvb| wKy evsjv`ki
miKvieevi aib Kx ne, GB mK Kvbv wmv MnY Kiv nqwb| ^`k cZveZbi ciw`bB 1972
mvji 11 Rvbyqvwi eey gwmfvq `xN AvjvPbvi ci Avqx msweavb Av`k Rvwii gvag `k
msm`xq cwZi miKvieev ceZb Kib| 12 Rvbyqvwi eez kL gywReyi ingvb cavb wePvicwZ Avey
mv`vZ gvnv` mvqgi wbKU ivcwZ wnme kc_ MnY Ki mv_ mv_B c`ZvM Ki cavbgxi `vwqZ
MnY Kib| GKB w`b ivcwZ wnme wbqvM jvf Kib wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix|
GB eev msm`xq MYZi cwZ Zuvi Mfxi Avvi cwiPq enb Ki| 1972 mvji 12 Rvbyqvwi _K 1975
mvji 15 AvM eezi bZZ evsjv`k miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| GB miKvi gv wZb eQi mvZ gvm wZb
w`b `vwqZ cvjbi myhvM cvq| GB ^Zg mgq wZwb cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi asmh _K `kK Mo
Zvjv Ges AvRvwZK ^xKwZ Av`vqi gvag ewnwek mvbRbK fveg~wZ wbgvY Abb mvaviY Ae`vb ivLb|
hyi ci Kxfve `k Mo Zvjv njv

^vaxbZv-cieZx evsjv`ki Aev wQj fqven| AvwiK A_ k~b nvZ hvv iy Ki eez miKvi|
cvwKvb evwnbxi cvovgvwU bxwZi KviY evsjv`k f~L GK wea Rbc` cwiYZ nq| ckvmb, fZ
AeKvVvgv mewKQyB wQj wech| AvRvwZK fviZ I fyUvb eZxZ Kvbv iv evsjv`kK ^xKwZ
`qwb| mvgwMKfve cwiwwZ wQj AZ nZvkvRbK| evsjv`k ^vaxb iv wnme AwZ wUwKq ivLZ
cvie wK bv m welq mskq `Lv `q|
bq gvmi gywhy cvwKvb mbvevwnbx I Zvì G`kxq `vmi ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjkvgm MYnZv, bvix
wbhvZbi cvkvcvwk m` webi GK asmjxjvq gZ DVwQj| mviv `k cvq 43 j emZevwo, 3 nvRvi
Awdm feb, 18 nvRvi cv_wgK we`vjq, 6 nvRvi nvBzj I gv`vmv, 9 kZ KjR feb I 19 nvRvi MvgxY
nvU-evRvi Rvwjq `q|
cwiKwZfveB cvwKvwbevwnbx hvMvhvMeevI asm Ki `q| 274wU QvU-eo moK mZz I 300wU ij
mZz asmcv nq| ijIq Bwb, ewM I ij jvBbiI evcK wZmvab Ki| gvBb cyuZ ivLvi KviY
beìjv eenvi Kiv me nqwb| P~ov civRqi c~e cvwKvb mbvevwnbx evsKmg~n iwZ KvMRi
bvUjv Rvwjq `q| MwQZ ^Y jyU Ki wbq hvq| dj evsKjv Znwejk~b nq co|
cybevmb I cybMVbi KwVb `vwqZ wbq KvR iy Ki miKvi| ckvmwbK KvVvgv fO covq iWm mvmvBwU
Ges vY I cybevmb KwgwUi gvag Rjv _K Mvg chvq ch vYmvgMx weZiY Kiv nq| 1972 mvji
iyZ cybevmb Kvhgi Rb miKvwi wnme gvwmKwfwK GK Pvwn`vc Zwi Kiv nq| GZ cwZ gvm
Lvì cqvRb wQj `yB j _K AvovB j Ub, wmgUi Pvwn`v GK j Ub, XDwUb jvMe cvk nvRvi
Ub, KvVi cqvRb cvk nvRvi Ub Ges Ilyamn Abvb wbZcqvRbxq mvgMxi Pvwn`v wQj `yB j Ub|
eez kL gywRe miKvicavb wnme 14 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 c_g msev` mjb miKvii Riywi KgcwiKbv
Dcvcbi cvkvcvwk weki mKj iv, ^vaxbZvwcq gvbyl I AvRvwZK cwZvbmg~nK D`vi mvnvh c`vbi
Avnvb Rvbvb|
183
`jxq KvR : gywhyi mgq cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbx KZK G`k Kx Kx wZmvab nqwQj Zvi Dci
GKwU msw cwZe`b Zwi Ki|
Dbqb, cybMVb I cybevmb Kvhg

Kwli Dbqb
^vaxbZvi ci ci evsjv`ki kZKiv 85 fvM RbMYi RxweKv wQj Kwli Ici wbfjkxj| RvZxq Avqi
AaKiI ewk AvmZ KwlLvZ _K| ZvB eez Kwleevi Dbqb wekl gbvhvM w`qwQjb| hgb,
K) 25 weNv ch Rwgi LvRbv gIKzdmn c~ei mg eKqv LvRbv gIKzd Ki `b|
L) GKwU cwievi mevwaK 100 weNv ch Rwgi gvwjKvbv wbaviY Kib|
M) evBk jvLi AwaK KlK cwievi cybevmb Kiv nq|
mì mxgveZv mI eez gvbemì Dbqb wkvi Ici iyZvivc Kib| miKvii `vwqZ
MnYi gv Qq gvmi ga wZwb ^vaxb `ki DchvMx wkveev Mo Zvjvi KvhKi D`vM MnY Kib|
GB j wewk wevbx W. gynv` KzìZ-B-Ly`vi bZZ 1972 mvji 26 RyjvB wkv Kwgkb MVb Kib|
wkvi Dbqb
wkv eez Riywi wfwZ wKQy c`c MnY Kib| wZwb 900 KjR feb I 400 nvBzj
cybwbgvY Kib| c_gevii gZv mKj cv_wgK we`vjqK miKvixKiY Kib| Gi dj Gme zj KgiZ
1 j 65 nvRvi wkKKi PvKwiI miKvwi Kiv nq| gywhyi mgq wkKì cvIbv 9 gvmi eKqv
eZb cwikva Kib| miKvwi wekwe`vjqmg~n ^vqkvmb c`vbi Rb RvZxq msm` 1973 mvji
wekwe`vjq AvBb cvm Kib|
moK, ij I wegvb hvMvhvMi Dbqb

gywhyi mgq asmcv mKj weR-mZz Riywi wfwZ cybwbgvY iy nq| 1974 mvji ga `ki
hvMvhvMeev GKUv mvlRbK Aevq DbxZ nq| XvKv-AvwiPv moKi eo eo moK mZzjvmn 97wU bZzb
moK mZz wbgvY Kiv nq| nvwW weRmn asmcv Abvb ij mZzjvI Pvjy nq| hgybv b`xi Ici mZz
wbgvYi cwiKbv MnY Kiv nq| 1974 mvji 4 bfî hgybv mZzi cv_wgK mveZv cwZe`b cZ Kiv nq|
wegvb hvMvhvMi I h_ iyZ Ìqv nq| AfixY I AvRvwZK Dfq iyU wegvb Pvjy, ZRMuvI
wegvbeì eenvi DchvMx Kivi KvR `yZ mb nq| 1972 mvji 7 gvPi ga XvKvi m PMvg, wmjU,
hkvi I Kzwgj-vi wegvb hvMvhvM KvhKi nq| XvKv-jb iyU 1973 mvji 18 Ryb c_g dvBU Pvjy nq|
c_g cuvPmvjv cwiKbv

bexb iv wnme `xNgqvw` Dbqb cwiKbv cYqbi Rb 1972 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm miKvi cwiKbv
Kwgkb MVb Ki| hywea `k cybMVb, `vwi` nvm, cewi nvi 3% _K 5.5%-G DbxZ Kivi Rb
eev MnY Kiv nq| Lv` Drcv`b ^qsm~YZv ARb Ges gv^q e`wkK mvnvhi Ici wbfikxjZv nvm
Kivi D`vM MnY Kiv nq| G Qvov mvgwMK A_bwZK Dbqbi j wbq c_g cuvPmvjv cwiKbv (19731978) 1973 mvji 1 RyjvB _K KvhKi nq|
184
KvR : hywea `k cybMVb Kx Kvhg MnY Kiv nqwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
msweavb cYqb 1972

cUf~wg
msweavb GKwU ivi mevP `wjj| GB `wjj wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ nZ cvi| evsjv`ki msweavb GKwU
wjwLZ `wjj| `xN msMvg, ZvM Avi ii wewbgq evsjv`ki RbMY GB msweavb jvf Ki| Dj-L Kiv
hZ cvi, fviZ I cvwKvb 1947 mvj ^vaxbZv ARb Ki| `yB eQi fviZ msweavb cYqb mdj njI
cvwKvbi mgq jMQ bq eQi, ZvI Zv KvhKi nqwb| Acic gv bq gvm mw`Qv, AvwiKZv Avi
RbMYi KvQ Ìqv cwZkywZi cwZ mr _K mswZg mgq weki AbZg k msweavb cYxZ nqQ
eezi miKvii bZZ|
evsjv`ki msweavb cYqbi Dk miKvi 1972 mvji 23 gvP MYcwil` Av`k Rvwi Ki| 1970
mvji wbevPb Z`vbxb c~e cvwKvb _K wbevwPZ RvZxq I cv`wkK cwil` m`mì wbq MYcwil`
MVb Kiv nq| evsjv`ki Rb msweavb cYqbB wQj MYcwilì GKgv KvR| ZvB MYcwilì AvBbmfv
wnme `vwqZ cvjbi Kvbv myhvM wQj bv| GB Av`kwU 1971 mvji 26 gvP _K KvhKi Kiv nq|
GB Av`k Rvwii ga w`q msweavb cYqbi AvbyvwbK KvR iy nq| AvIqvgx jxM cvjvgUvwi cvwU
eezK MYcwilì `jxq bZv wbevPb Ki| MYcwilì c_g Awaekb em 1972 mvji 10 Gwcj|
webv cwZwZvq MYcwilì c_g wKvi wbevwPZ nb kvn Ave`yj nvwg` Ges WcywU wKvi c` wbevwPZ nb
gvnv` Dj-vn| `yZZg mgqi ga msweavbi Lmov cYqbi Rb GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| W. Kvgvj
nvmb GB KwgwUi AvnvqKi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| KwgwUi m`mmsLv wQj 34| Lmov msweavb 1972-Gi
11 Aveii ga KwgwU P~ovfve cYqb kl Ki| 18 Avei _K msweavb wej mK MYcwil`
mvaviY AvjvPbv iy nq| `xN mgq ai Avjvc-AvjvPbvi ci 1972 Gi 4 bfî msweavb wej MYcwil`
cvm nq| 1972-Gi 16 wWmî c_g weRq wèm msweavb KvhKi nq| MYcwil` msweavbi Dci ee
ivLZ wMq eez ejb, GB msweavb knxì i wjwLZ, G msweavb mgM RbMYi Avkv-AvKvvi g~Z
cZxK nq euP _vKe| GLvb Dj-L cvwKvb msweavb cYqb KiZ mgq jMwQj cvq bq eQi (1947
mvj _K 1956), fviZi mgq jMwQj cvq wZb eQi (1947 _K 1949)| wKy eezi miKvi gv
`k gvm evsjv`kK GKwU msweavb Dcnvi w`Z mg nq|
msweavbi ewk
1972-Gi msweavb wQj GKwU wjwLZ `wjj| evsjv I BsiwR Dfq fvlvq msweavb iwPZ nq| Ze evsjvK g~j
fvlv wnme MnY Kiv nq| GB msweavb GKwU cvebv, 11wU fvM, 153wU AbyQ` Ges 4wU Zdwmj wQj|
msweavbi c_g fvM cRvZi ewkmg~n, wZxq fvM iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~n, ZZxq fvM gwjK
AwaKvimg~n, PZz_ fvM wbevnx wefvM, cg fvM RvZxq msm`, l fvM wePvi wefvM, mg fvM wbevPb,
Ag fvM gnvwnmve wbixY I wbqK, beg fvM Kg Kwgkb, `kg fvM msweavb mskvab I GKv`k fvM
wewea welqvewj AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|

1.
185
mevP AvBb : MYcRvZx evsjv`ki mevP AvBb njv evsjv`ki msweavb| ZvB msweavbi m
mvgmnxb Kvbv AvBb cYqb Kiv hve bv| msweavb NvlYv Kiv nqQ cRvZi mKj gZvi
gvwjK RbMY| Kej msweavbi Aaxb _K RbMYi c m gZv cqvM Kiv hve|
2. iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ : msweavbi cvebvq PviwU Av`kK MnY Kiv nq iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
wnme| G cm msweavb Dj-L Kiv nq ... h mKj gnvb Av`k Avgvì exi RbMYK RvZxq
gywmsMvg AvZwbqvM I exi kwn`w`MK cvYvrmM KwiZ Dy KwiqvwQj RvZxqev`, MYZ,
mgvRZ I agwbicZv mB mKj Av`k GB msweavbi g~jbxwZ nBe|
K. RvZxqZvev` : cvwKvb Avgji agwfwK RvZxqZvev` gywhyi ga w`q evwZj nq hvq| Gi
wecixZ fvlv I mswZK K` Ki evOvwj RvZxqZvevì Rb| Amvc`vwqK PZbv njv evOvwj
RvZxqZvevì wfw|
L. mgvRZ : eez Zuvi ivRbwZK Rxeb me mgq mvaviY gvbyli A_bwZK gywi K_v ejQb| `ytLx
gvbyli gyL nvwm dvUvbvi Rb msMvg KiQb| gywhvvì GKUv eo Ask wQj wbgwe cwievii
mvb| ^vaxbZvi ci `ki gvbyli ^c wQj mvgvwRK-A_bwZK gwjK Pvwn`v c~iY iv
cqvRbxq eev be| ZvB msweavb mgvRZK iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wnme MnY Kiv nq| g~jZ
gvbyli Ici gvbyli kvlYnxb mgvR MVbi Rb mgvRZvwK A_bwZK eev Pvjy KivB wQj Gi
j|
M.
MYZ : cvwKvb ivi bvMwiK wnme GB Aji RbMY 1947 _KB Kvbv MYZvwK AwaKvi
cvqwb| msweavbi Dj-L Kiv nq, evsjv`k ivwU ne GKwU MYZvwK cRvZ| iv cwZwU
bvMwiKi gwjK gvbevwaKvi I ^vaxbZvi wbqZv _vKe| wbevwPZ RbcwZwbwai gvag ckvmb
cwiPvwjZ ne|
N. agwbicZv : msweavb agwbicZvi A_ wQj mvc`vwqKZv cwinvi Kiv| Kvbv agK ivRbwZK
ghv`v `vb bv Kiv| ivRbwZK Dk agK eenvi Kiv hve bv| iv Kvbv agK ccvlKZv c`vb
Kie bv| cwZwU bvMwiKi agxq AwaKvi I AvPvi-Abyvb cvjbi ^vaxbZvi wbqZv è iv|
3. gwjK AwaKvi : bvMwiKi ewZ weKvki Rb wKQy AwaKvii wbqZv _vKv Riywi| hvZ Ki ew
^vaxbZvq KD nc KiZ bv cvi| ZvB msweavb gwjK AwaKvimg~nK AjNbxq I cwe ej
NvlYv Kiv nqQ|
4. GKKw`K miKvi : GB msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv`k GKKw`K kvmbeev ceZb Kiv nq| evsjv`k
Kvbv c`k ev AivR bB| K`xq miKvii Aaxb mviv `ki ckvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|
5. gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvi : msweavb gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvieev MnY Kiv nq| GB eevq
gwcwil`K msmì wbKU `vqx _vKZ nq| ivcwZ kvmbZvwK cavb| Ze ivi mKj wbevnx
gZv cavbgx I gwmfvi Ici b wQj| ivcwZ bvggv cavb|
6. GK Kwewk AvBb cwil` : msweavb GK Kwewk AvBb cwilì eev Kiv nq| mivmwi
wbevPbi gvag 300 Rb m`m I msiwZ gwnjv Avmb 15 Rb m`m wbq AvBb cwil` MwVZ ne|
AvBb cwil` RvZxq msm` ej AwfwnZ ne|
7. `ywieZbxq : GB msweavb mskvabi GK wekl cwZ Aej^b Kiv nq hv mvaviY AvBb cYqb cwZi
186

gZv mnR bq| msweavb mskvabi RvZxq msmì gvU m`mmsLvi `yB-ZZxqvsk m`mi fvU
cqvRb ne| msweavb mskvabx wej ivcwZi mwZi Rb ck Kiv ne| 7 w`bi ga ivcwZ wej
mwZ èb| 7 w`b AwZv nj mwZ w`qQb ej ai bqv ne|
8.
^vaxb wePvi wefvM : msweavb GKwU ^vaxb wbic wePvi wefvM cwZvi Dj-L AvQ| wbevnx wefvM
_K wePvi wefvMK c_Ki gvag wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv wbwZ Kie iv| msweavbi weavbvewj
Abyhvqx cavb wePvicwZ Ges Abvb wePvicwZ ^vaxbfve wePviKvR cwiPvjbv Kieb|
9. mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZ wbwl : msweavbi g~jbxwZi m wgj iL agwfwK ivRbxwZ wbwl Kiv nq|
agi bvg KD hvZ wef` Zwi KiZ bv cvi|
eez miKvii Rb mePq iyZc~Y mvdj njv ^Zg mgqi ga evsjv`ki Rb GKwU msweavb
cYqb Kiv| weki Abvb `ki Zzjbvq DbZgvbi Ges mywjwLZ `wjj GB msweavb| m` ^vaxb `ki
RbMYi Avkv-AvKvvi cwZdjb NUQ msweavbi weavbvewji ga| bexb ivi c_Pjvi
g~jbxwZmg~n AvjvKewZKv wnme KvR KiQ|
GKK KvR : 1972 mvji msweavbi cavb ewkjv DjL Ki|
e`wkK mK
ZZxq weki m` ^vaxb GKwU iv wnme evsjv`ki AwZ I Dbqb wbwZ KiZ ciivbxwZi f~wgKv
wQj AZ iyZc~Y| eezi 10 Rvbyqvwi 1972 `k wdi Avmvi c~e fviZ I fyUvb Qvov Avi Kvbv
ivi ^xKwZ cvqwb evsjv`k| cvwKvb I Zvi wgì evsjv`kweivax cPviYvq weki AwaKvsk iv
ZLbI wev| Abw`K hywea `k cybMVb AvRvwZK mc`vqi mvnvh-mnhvwMZv jvf Riywi nq
co| eez Zuvi `xN ivRbwZK AwfZv I gav w`q Dcjw KiQb h evsjv`ki ciivbxwZZ `ywU
welqK iyZ w`Z ne|
c_gZ : ^xKwZ Av`vqi gvag AvRvwZK cwigj evsjv`ki MnYhvMZv ew Kiv|
wZxqZ : `k cybMVb we`wk mvnvh-mnhvwMZv wbwZ Kiv|
bexb ivwUi ciivbxwZ wbaviKi f~wgKvq wQjb ^qs eez| wZwb me mgq ^vaxb I RvUwbic
ciivbxwZi K_v ejQb| wZwb ciivbxwZi w`K-wb`kbv w`Z wMq ejb, Avgiv evsjv`kK `wY
Gwkqvi myBRvijv wnme Mo ZzjZ PvB| 1972 mvji msweavb ciivbxwZi iciLvq eezi wPvfvebvi cwZdjb j Kiv hvq| ciivbxwZi g~j K_v njv, kvwc~Y mnvevb Ges mevi m ezZ, KviI
m kyZv bq| mvgvRev`, Dcwbekev` I eYevì weiy weki wbcxwoZ RbMYi c _vKe
evsjv`k|
evsjv`ki Rb ^xKwZ Av`vqi KvRwU Lye GKUv mnRmva wQj bv| KviY, cvwKvbi eix cPviYvq gymwjg
wekmn Pxb evsjv`k mK bwZevPK gbvfve cvlY KiZ| eezi mdj bZZ 1974 mvji gaB
evsjv`k weki AwaKvsk iv I RvwZmsNmn cvq mKj AvRvwZK msvi ^xKwZ jvf Ki| mvaviY
cwilì memZ wmv Abyhvqx 17 mî, 1974 RvwZmsNi 136Zg m`m wnme evsjv`k hvM`vb
187
Ki| eez 1974 mvji 25 mî RvwZmsNi mvaviY

cwilì 29Zg Awaekb c_gevii gZv Avgvì gvZfvlv
evsjvq fvlY `b| dj AvRvwZK chvq evsjv fvlv jvf Ki
bZzb ghv`v| eezi kvmbKvj iyZc~Y `ywU iv AvbyvwbK
^xKwZ `qwb| `k `ywU njv Pxb I mw` Avie| `yUv `ki
mB mK ^vfvweK KiZ eez AvwiK D`vM MnY
KiwQjb| Pxb axi axi evsjv`k welq BwZevPK `wfw
cvlY KiZ iy Ki| ^xKwZ bv w`jI Pxb evwYwRK Pzw
Qwe : RvwZmsN evsjv fvlvq eezi fvlY
Ki Ges ebvZì Rb evsjv`k mvnvh ciY Ki|
Abw`K evsjv`k Bmjvwg mjb msvi m`mc` jvfi ga w`q weivU msLK gymwjg `ki mg_b
ARb Ki| hwÌ mw` Avie ^xKwZ `qwb| Z_vwc K~UbwZK hvMvhvMi dj mw` Aviemn gacvPi
`kjvi KvQ evsjv`ki fveg~wZ ek Dj nq IV| myZivs, NUbvcevni weePbvq ejv hvq, Pxb I
mw` Aviei ^xKwZ Kej mgqi evcvi wQj gv|
eez miKvi weki mKj ivi m mKi evsjv`ki RvZxq ^v_K mevi Dci vb
w`qQb| gywhy bvbvfve mvnvh mnhvwMZv Kivq fviZ, mvwfqZ BDwbqbmn Abvb mgvRZvwK
`kjvi m evsjv`ki AvwiK ezZc~Y mK Mo IV| ^vaxbZvi ci evsjv`ki AwZ wUwKq
ivLvi msMvg fviZ miKvi wegvb, RvnvR _K iy Ki Lv`km, cUvwjqvg I wbZcqvRbxq mvgMx mvnvh
I Aby`vb wnme c`vb Ki| 1972 Gi Ryb gvm ch cv we`wk mvnvhi kZKiv 67.01 fvM c`vb Ki
fviZ| ejvi Acv ivL bv, fviZxq mvnvh Qvov evsjv`kK eo aibi gvbweK wechq _K euvPvbv me
nZv bv| ZZxq weki we`wk mvnvh MnYKvix GKwU iv nIqv mI fviZ evsjv`ki cybMVb wecyj
cwigvY mvnvh c`vb Ki|
wKy evsjv`ki Pvwn`v wQj AviI evcK| fviZi mvai ga GB Pvwn`v c~iY me wQj bv| AwaK
A_bwZK mvnvhi Rb miKvi mvwfqZ BDwbqbmn c~e BDivci `kjvi Ici wbfi KiZ nqQ|
mgvRZvwK `kjv Zvì mxwgZ mì KviY evsjv`ki cvk ùvovZ cviwb| cieZxZ evsjv`kK
A_bwZK mvnvhi Rb cyuwRev`x I gymwjg `kjvi Ici AwaK wbfi KiZ nqQ| gywhyi weivwaZv
Kivq eez miKvi c_g w`K gvwKb mvnvh MnY A^xKwZ Rvbvq| eez miKvi `ki ^v_ cyuwRev`x I
gymwjg weki `kjvi m mymK vcb KvhKi D`vM MnY KiwQjb| Zvi ciI eezi
kvmbvgj evsjv`k weki 130wU ivi ^xKwZ ARb Ki| G Qvov RvwZmsN, KgbIqj_ I Bmjvwg
mjb msvi m`mc`mn 14wU AvRvwZK msMVbi m`mc` jvf Ki|
evsjv`ki c_g mvaviY wbevPb, 1973

^vaxb evsjv`k c_g mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ nq 1973 mvji 7 gvP| evsjv`ki msweavb KvhKi nIqvi
ci MYcwil` fO `qv nq| ^vaxbZv jvfi ^ mgqi ga eezi miKvi mvaviY wbevPbi wmv MnY
Ki MYZi c_ iyZc~Y Ae`vb ivL| wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM wbizk weRq ARb Ki| RvZxq msmì
msiwZ gwnjv Avmbmn 315wU Avmbi ga AvIqvgx jxM 306, RvZxq mgvRZvwK `j (Rvm`) 2wU,
evsjv`k RvZxq jxM 1wU Ges ^Z m`miv 6wU Avmb Rqjvf Kib| eezi evcK RbwcqZv Ges
188
gywhy bZZ`vbKvix `j AvIqvgx jxMi RbwcqZv Ges gywhy bZZ`vbKvix `j AvIqvgx jxMi wbevPbx
djvdj ^vfvweK ejB RbMY MnY Ki| eezi bZZ 1973-Gi 16 gvP bZzb gwmfv MwVZ nq|
ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cwZi ceZb

1975-Gi 25 Rvbyqvwi `k ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cwZi ceZb Kiv nq| ivcwZ mKj gZvi AwaKvix
nq cob| GB eevq gwcwil` I RvZxq msmì Kvbv gZv wQj bv| msweavbi PZz_ mskvabxi
gvag miKvi cwZi cwieZb Avbv nq| GB mskvabx Abyhvqx ivcwZ RbMYi cZ fvU 5 eQii
Rb wbevwPZ neb| wZwb BQvbyhvqx DcivcwZ, cavbgx, gx Ges Abvb miKvwi wefvMi KgKZv wbqvM
I eiLv KiZ cvieb| GQvov evsjv`ki Rb RvZxqwfwK GKwU ivRbwZK `j MVbi KZZI
ivcwZK c`vb Kiv nq| RvZxq ivRbwZK `j MVbi ci Abvb ivRbwZK `j evwZj I eAvBwb NvlYv
Kiv ne| 1975-Gi 24 deyqvwi ivcwZ eez kL gywReyi ingvb Abvb ivRbwZK `j fO w`q
evsjv`k KlK kwgK AvIqvgx jxM (evKkvj) bvg GKwU RvZxq ivRbwZK `j MVb Kib| GB `ji
Pqvigvb njb eez Ges mvaviY mv`K njb Gg. gbmyi Avjx|
PZz_ mskvabxi gvag miKvieevi cwieZb bvbv weZKi Rb `q| GB eevi wec ejv nq, Gi
dj RvZxq msmì gZv Le nq, ivcwZK Amxg gZv c`vb Kiv nq Ges GKK ivRbwZK `j MVb
Ki m~Y AMYZvwK eev ceZb Kiv nq| eez bZzb miKvi cwZi mxgveZvi welq m~Y
mPZb wQjb| wZwb mvgwqKfve GB eev MnY KiwQjb| `ki Av_-mvgvwRK I AvBbkLjvi Riywi
cwiwwZ gvKvejvq msweavbi PZz_ mskvabx Awbevh nq co| AvRvwZK ivRbwZK cwiwwZI PZz_
mskvabx MnY AbycvwYZ KiwQj| Dj-L, weki mgvRZvwK `kjvZ GKK ivRbwZK `j eevi
bwRi iqQ| wKy evsjv`k bZzb miKvieev cyivcywi KvR Kivi c~eB 1975 Gi 15 AvM bksm
nZvKv msNwUZ nq| myZivs GB eevi fvjv-g` w`K mK aviYv ev AwfZv ARb me nqwb|
15 AvMi wbgg nZvKv

15 AvM, 1975 evsjv`ki BwZnvm Kjgq GKwU w`b| NvZKiv GB w`b RvwZi wcZv I cuvP cwievii
m`mì wbgg I bksmfve nZv Ki| wk ivmjKI euvPZ `qwb NvZKi eyjU| eei nZvh gZ
DVv Lywbiv wQj mbvevwnbxi wec_Mvgx wKQy m`m| c`vi Aivj wQj mvgwiK, emvgwiK lohKvixiv| 15
AvM wbgg nZvKvi ZvivB wQj myweavfvMx| `wk-we`wk AbK fvKvx eezK mveavb
KiwQjb| ivcwZi Ggb AiwZ evwoZ emevm gvUB wbivc` bq| ewMZ wbivcv wbq wZwb KLbv
kwZ wQjb bv| AwePj Avvq ejZb, AvgvK Kvbv evOvwj gvie bv|
15 AvM, mw`b fvii Avjv ZLbI fvjvfve dzU IVwb| Avogvov fO RM DVQ XvKv| RvwZi
wcZv mcwievi Nywgq AvQb avbgwi 32 bs moKi 677 bs evwoZ| NvZKi `j UvsK, Kvgvb,
gwkbMvbmn AZvaywbK gviYv wbq ivvq bg Avm| UvMU eez, Zuvi cwievi Ges AvZxq-cwiRbK
nZv Kiv| AvbygvwbK mvo 5Uvi w`K eezi evmfeb AvgY iy nq| gRi gwnDwb, gRi `v, gRi
cvkv, gRi b~ii bZZ NvZKiv eezi evwo NivI Ki dj|
Rvi Ki Lywbi `j eezi evwoZ cek Kij| ZLb fvii Avjv AbKUv cwivi| Mvjvwji k
AvZwZ avbgwi Awaevmxiv| bxj bKkv Abyhvqx LywbP Suvwcq coj RvwZi wcZvi cwievii Ici|
189
wPrKvi, nMvj Avi wji k Nyg fvO eez cwievii| GK GK nZv Ki cwZwU m`mK| wk
ivmjI invB cvqwb| GKRb NvZK kL ivmjK Ni DciZjv _K wbP wbq Avm| fq KvZi, wenej
nq co 8 eQii wk ivmj| gvqi KvQ hvevi Rb Kuv`Z iy Ki| wbzi NvZK ivmjK Dci wbq
wj Ki nZv Ki| bMvb _K eezi eyK j Ki wj Ki NvZKi `j| Zuvi eyK 18wU wji
AvNvZ cvIqv hvq| nZv Kiv nq eezi mnawgYx eMg dwRjvZzbmv gywRe, cy kL Kvgvj, kL Rvgvj,
wkcy kL ivmj| cyea~ myjZvbv Kvgvj I ivRx Rvgvj, mnvì kL bvmi, KlKbZv Ave`yi ie
miwbqvevZ, hyebZv kL dRjyj nK gwb I Zuvi Atmv x AviRy gwb, eex miwbqvevZ, myKv evey,
Avwid, Avyj bCg Lvb wiUzmn cwievii 18 Rb m`mK| eezi `yB Kbv kL nvwmbv I kL invbv
`ki evBi _vKvq cvY euP hvb|
gv mvo wZb eQii kvmbvgj eez ^vaxb iv wnme evsjv`ki AMhvvi wfw wbgvY KwZZi
cwiPq `b| ZviciI evsjv`ki icKvi, G`ki me gvbyli AwZ wcq bZvK Gfve Rxeb w`Z njv|
Ggwb KiyY, wbgg, `qwe`viK nZvi bwRi wek BwZnvm bB ejj Pj| eezi nZvi loh `wkwe`wk P Ges mvgwiK I ivRbwZK eweM RwoZ wQjb| Lywb Pi bZZ wQjb L`Kvi gvkZvK
Avng`| eezi ggvwK nZvKvi KviY weki PvL Avgiv KZN RvwZZ cwiYZ nqwQ| gZv
`LjKvixiv evsjv`ki BwZnvm _K eez I Zuvi KxwZ gyQ djvi Pv Ki| Zvì Pv mdj nqwb|
KviY evsjv`k _K eezK wewQb Ki evsjv`ki BwZnvm iPbv me bq| Kwe Ab`vki ivq KwU
cOwZi ga w`q m K_vB ejQb,
hZKvj ie cv hgybv
Mix gNbv engvb,
ZZKvj ie KxwZ Zvgvi
kL gywReyi ingvb|
GKK KvR : eezi wbgg nZvKv evOvwj RvwZi Rb wbKZg KjwZ AavqDwZi h_v_Zv
wbicY Ki|
L`Kvi gvkZvKi ivgZv `Lj

eez wbgg nZvKvi ga w`q evsjv`ki ivRbxwZZ Pig bivRKi Aev mw nq| LywbPi
mnvqZvq ivgZv `Lj Kib L`Kvi gvkZvK Avng`| Aea gZvK vqx Kivi Rb wZwb c_g ^vaxb
`k mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kib|
190
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. eez 1971 mvji KZ ZvwiL MdZvi nb?
K. 25 gvP
L. 26 gvP
M. 27 gvP
N. 28 gvP
2. eez cavbgxi `vwqZ Kb cvjb Kib?

K. msm`xq MYZ wekvmx wQjb ej
L. `k cyYMVbi Rb
M. ivRvKviì kvw `qvi Rb
N. ^vaxb iv cwiPvjbv KiZ

K ivi igk, Ave`yjv-, wjv MvgR I Agj eoyqv mevB Zvì c~Rv, C`, eo w`b I e cywYgv BZvw`
Abyvb ^vaxbfve aygavg Ki cvjb Ki| iv KvDK Kvbv wekl ccvlKZv `q bv|
3. K iv 1972 Gi msweavbi Kvb ewkwU cKvk cqQ?
K. MYZ
L. agwbicZv
M. RvZxqZvev`
N. mgvRZ
4. ewk gvbylK `q
K. agxq ^vaxbZv
L. A_bwZK ^vaxbZv
M. mvgvwRK ^vaxbZv
N. mvswZK ^vaxbZv
mRbkxj ck:
1.
ivmji ez ievU evsjv`k Gm gy| G`ki meyR cKwZ Zvi Lye cQ`| Ze ievUi Lye K
jMQ eo eo `vjvbi cvk bvsiv ew `L| Zvì `k gvbyli Lv`, e, wkv, evmvb
BZvwì Pvwn`v c~iY iv cqvRbxq eev bq| Zvì msweavbi g~j j kvlYnxb mgvR MVb|
ivmj ej, Avgvì msweavb gvbevwaKvi I ^vaxbZvi wbqZv AvQ Ges wbevwPZ cwZwbwai gvag
miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| RbMYi mivmwi fvUi gvag RvZxq msm` MwVZ nq| ivi mKj wbevnx gZv
cavbgxi nvZ| Ze ivcwZ mevP mvbi AwaKvix
K. eez Ke ^`k cZveZb Kib ?
L. eez Kb msm`xq cwZi miKvi eev ceZb Kib?
M. ievU Gi `k 72 Gi msweavbi Kvb ewkwU j Kiv hvq evLv Ki|
N. ivmji K_vq 72 Gi msweavbi AvswkK ewk dzU DVQ- g~jvqb Ki|
PZz`k Aavq

Lv`Kvi gvkZvK : BwZnvmi KjRbK Aavq
15 AvMi wbgg nZvKvi ci c~e cwiKbv Abyhvqx Lv`Kvi gvkZvK Avng` ivgZv `Lj Ki bb|
cvq wZb gvmi gZv gZvq wQjb gvkZvK| `xNw`b eezi m ivRbxwZ KiQb| eezi Avv I
wekmfvRbì AbZg wQjb gvkZvK| wZwbB eezi mv_ RNb wekvmNvZKZv Kijb| wZwbB G`ki
BwZnvm Rb w`qQb KjwZ Aavq|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
mvgwiK kvmbi m~cvZ Ges cieZx ivRbwZK NUbvcevni eYbv KiZ cvie;
cwmWU wRqvDi ingvbi kvmb Avgji Dj-LhvM w`Kjv eYbv KiZ cvie;
1982 mvji mvgwiK kvmb Ges ZrcieZx NUbvcevni m cwiwwZ mK g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
Gikv` miKvii ckvmwbK msvii iyZc~Y cwieZbjvi evLv KiZ cvie;
1990 mvji MY-Afyvbi cUf~wg Ges djvdj evLv KiZ cvie;
evsjv`k MYZi Zvrch Ges Gi cqvM mK BwZevPK gbvfve c`kb Kie|
gvkZvKi ^Kvjxb kvmbKvj evsjv`ki ivRbxwZZ fqven wechq eq Avb| gywhyi gvag
evsjv`ki mg ARb gyQ djvi Pv Kiv nq Ges cvwKvbi fveavivi cybtcwZv iy nq| gZv `Lj
Ki cuvP w`bi gv_vq gvkZvK ^vaxb evsjv`k c_g mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kib| 15 AvM RvwZi Dk
fvlY wZwb iy Kijb, wemwgj-vwni ivngvbi ivwng w`q Avi kl Kijb, evsjv`k wR`vev` ej|
fvlY eezi nZvKvK HwZnvwmK cqvRb AvLvwqZ Ki ejb, ... `kevmx GK kvmiyKi
cwiwwZZ Ae e`bvq wZj wZj wbtkl nq hvwQj| `ki kvmbeev cwieZb mKj gnji Kvg
nIqv mI weavb Abyhvqx Zv me bv nIqvq miKvi cwieZbi Rb mvgwiK evwnbxK GwMq AvmZ
nqQ| mk evwnbx cig wbvi m Zvì `vwqZ mb Ki mvgb mvebvi GK ^Yvi DbvPb
KiQb|
mvgwiK evwnbxi wKQzmsLK Aemicv I eiLvKZ wbg I ga chvqi Awdmvii lohK gvkZvK cyiv
mvgwiK evwnbxi Afzvb wnme eYbvi Pv Kib| Avi GB wbzi eei nZvKvK wZwb mvebvi ^Yvi
ej AwfwnZ Kib| gvkZvK bvbviKg fqfxwZ `wLq AvIqvgx jxM bZvì wbq gwmfv MVb Kib|
KD KD Drmvnx wQjb bv Ggb bq| Ze Rxebi fq `wLqI gvkZvK RvZxq Pvi bZvmn AbKK
ekxf~Z KiZ cvibwb| 17 AvM MdZvi nb cavbgx gbmyi Avjx| 22 AvM MdZvi nb ZvRDxb
Avng` I mq` bRiyj Bmjvg| Kvgiyvgvb, Avym mvgv` AvRv`, Kvievb Avjxmn cvq 20 Rb bZvK 23
AvM MdZvi Kiv nq| AviI AmsL bZv-KgxK MdZvi Kiv nq, hviv gvkZvKi bZZ gvbZ ivwR
192
nbwb| gywhy bZZ`vbKvix RvZxq Pvi bZvK Pig g~j w`Z nqQ| K`xq KvivMvi e`x Aevq
mq` bRiyj Bmjvg, ZvRDxb Avng`, Kvgiyvgvb I gbmyi AvjxK 3 bfî bksmfve nZv Kiv nq|
KvivMvii fZi XzK wbggfve RvZxq Pvi bZvK hviv nZv Kij Zvì MdZvi Kiv njv bv; Kvbv
wePvi njv bv| evsjv`ki BwZnvm AviKwU KjRbK Aavq hy njv|
gvkZvK G mgq bvbv cwZwqvkxj D`vM bq, hv gywhyi PZbvi m Kvbvfve gj bv| hgbgywhyi iYawb Rq evsjv evwZj Ki `b| cvwKvb wR`vev` Gi AbyKiY evsjv`k wR`vev`
m-vMvb Pvjy Kib| iwWI cvwKvbi bvq Kijb iwWI evsjv`k|
gvkZvKi mePq wb`bxq RNb KvR njv 1975-Gi 20 AvM GKwU Av`k Rvwi| GB Av`k Abyhvqx
eez I Zuvi cwievii m`mì nZvKvixì wePvi Kiv hve bv| Kvbv mf mgvR GB aibi AvBb
nZ cvi bv h nZvKvixì wePvi Kiv hve bv|
gvbeZvweivax GB Kvjv AvBb BbWgwbwU Aav`k, 1975 bvg 1975-Gi 26 mî evsjv`k MRU
G cKvwkZ nq| BbWgwbwU Aav`k ejv nq, 1975-Gi 15 AvM miKvi cwieZbi Rb hme cwiKbv
ev Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kiv nqQ Ges hviv Gi mv_ RwoZ, Zvì weiy kvw weavbi Rb Kvbvic
AvBbi Avkq bIqv hve bv| ay ZvB bq, Lv`Kvi gvkZvK 15 AvMi LywbPK `k-we`k DPc` I
wewfb myhvM-myweav w`q cyiZI Kib|
AvM nZvKvi ci gvkZvK I Zvi mnhvwMiv gZvK vqx I wbivc` Kivi Rb mbvevwnbxi Ici
wbqY cwZvi Pv Ki| GiB Ask wnme mbvevwnbxi cavb Rbvij K Gg kwdDj-vni PvKwi ciiv
gYvjq b Kiv nq| 25 AvM gRi Rbvij wRqvDi ingvbK mbvcavb wnme wbqvM `b
gvkZvK| fviZ cwkYiZ weMwWqvi GBP Gg Gikv`K gRi Rbvij c` c`vbwZ w`q mbvevwnbxi
Dccavb wnme wbqvM `qv nq|
gvkZvK miKviK ^xKwZ `vbKvix c_g iv cvwKvb| eezi wbgg nZvKv RyjwdKvi Avjx fzvi
Avbì mxgv wQj bv| fzv LywbPK Awfb`b RvwbqQb, KviY GUv wQj Zvi KvQ cvwKvbi weRq, hv
1971 mvj nvivbv fzL wdi cvIqvi kvwgj| Pxb I mw` Avie evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `q h_vg 16 I 31
AvM, 1975| Rbmg_bnxb gvkZvKi mvgwiK miKvii cZb nq 1975 mvji 3 bfî|
Lvj` gvkviidi Afzvb I cvv Afyvb

15 AvM nZvKvi dj `k Pig ivRbwZK k~bZvi cvkvcvwk mbvevwnbxZ `Lv `q bivRKi
Aev| gvkZvKi c GB cwiwwZ gvKvwejv Kiv me wQj bv| KviY eez nZvKvi m hy
mbv KgKZv I mwbKì m loh KiB gvkZvK gZv `Lj KiQb| ZvB GB mwbKì Ici Zuvi
Kvbv wbqY wQj bv| efeb Aevb Ki LywbP iv gZvq wbRì AvwacZ cwZv Ki bq| GZ
Ki mbvevwnbxZ PBb Ae Kgv GKevi fO co|
DPc` mvgwiK KgKZvì `vwei gyLI bewbhy mbvcavb Rbvij wRqv mbvevwnbxZ ksLjv cwZvi
Kvbv D`vM bbwb| KviY 15 AvM nZvKi m RwoZì mnvqZvq wRqv mbvcavbi c` jvf
193
KiQb| myZivs Zvì weiy k Aevb bIqv wRqvi c me wQj bv| Ggwb cwiwwZZ wRqvi
wbwqZv mbvevwnbxi ga Amvl AviI evwoq `q|
mbvevwnbxi wPd Ae Rbvij vd weMwWqvi Lvj` gvkviid mbvevwnbxi ga bZZi msKU wbimb
D`vMx nb| wZwb DPc` mvgwiK KgKZvì m Avjvc-AvjvPbv Kijb| kl ch wmv wbjb
mvgwiK Afyvb Qvov PBb Ae Kgv cwZv me bq| Kbj mvdvqvZ Rvwgj GB Afzvb iyZc~Y f~wgKv
cvjb Kib|
cwiKbv Abyhvqx 1 bfî Lvj` gvkviid wek KqKRb Awdmvii m Mvcb eVK wgwjZ nb| cvv
Afzvbi P~ov wmv Abyhvqx 2 bfî ivZ efeb _K c_g B ej iwRgUi mbiv
mbvwbevm wdi hvevi ga w`q Afzvb iy nq| 3 bfî fvi ivZ wRqvDi ingvbK Mne`x Kiv nq|
Lvj` gvkviidi m ivxq gZv `Lj wbq L`Kvi gvkZvKi `b ìevi PjZ _vK| GKchvq
Rbvij Imgvbxi civgk 15 AvM nZvKvi Lywb P cwievi cwiRbmn evsKKi Dk XvKv Qo
hvq| 4 bfî mKvj Lvj` gvkviid eei, bksm RjnZvi K_v RvbZ cvib|
1975 mvji 3 bfî Mfxi ivZ `kZvMi c~e NvZKi `j cwmWU gvkZvKi AbygwZ wbq
eAvBwbfve XvKvi K`xq KvivMvi Afi cek Ki mLvb e`x Aevq _vKv gywhy bZZ`vbKvix
RvZxq Pvi bZv mq` bRiyj Bmjvg, ZvRDxb Avng`, Kvb Gg. gbmyi Avjx I G. GBP. Gg.
KvgiyvgvbK bksmfve nZv Ki| gvkZvK bvbv iKg fqfxwZ `wLqI RvZxq Pvi bZvK Zvi miKvii
gx c` MnY mZ KivZ cvibwb| h KviY Lywb P KvivMvii fZi GiKg bviKxq nZvh NUvj| G
nZvKv wQj 71-Gi gywhy civwRZ, ^vaxbZvweivax `kxq I AvRvwZK Mvxi mwwjZ loh I
bxjbKkvi evevqb| Dfq nZvKvi g~j Dk wQj evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv Ges mk gywhyi ARbmg~n
asm, `kK bZZk~b Ges cvwKvwb fvev`k cwZv Kiv| 15 AvM I 3 bfîi nZvKv GKB Mvx
msNwUZ Ki|
4 bfî Lvj` gvkviid GK NvlYvq Rvbvjb h wRqvDi ingvb mbvcavbi c` _K c`ZvM
KiQb| gvkZvKi Ici Pvc mw Kib ZuvK c`vbwZmn mbvcavb wbqvMi Rb| gZvi cvjve`j
gvkZvKK mZ KivZ h_ eM cZ nq| kl ch 5 bfî gvS ivZ gvkZvK gZv ZvM KiZ
eva nb| GB cwiwwZZ Lvj` gvkviid I AfyvbKvix Awdmviiv ZrKvjxb cavb wePvicwZ Avey mv`vZ
gvnv` mvqgK ivcwZi `vwqZ MnY Abyiva Kib| 6 bfî wePvicwZ mvqg efebi ìevi
K ivcwZ wnme kc_ MnY Kib| gvkZvK I wRqvK gZv _K mwiq Ges efebK Lywb
Pì Kej _K gy Ki Lvj` gvkviid ivgZvq Zuvi KZZ cwZv KiZ mg nb| mvnmx, exi
gywhvv wnme mbvevwnbxZ Lvj` gvkviidi RbwcqZv I MnYhvMZv wQj| gywhy K dvmi
Kgvvi wnme eevi myL hy Ask bb| wKy mvgwiK Afzvbi bZZ wZwb e_ nqQb| 3-4
bfî, gv Pviw`bi Rb wZwb ivgZvq Zuvi wbqY cwZv KiZ ciwQjb| 7 bfî Kbj (Aet)
Avey Zvnii cvv Afzvb gZvPzZ nb Lvj` gvkviid| ci Lvj` gvkviid I Zuvi Nwb
mnhvMxì nZv Kiv nq|
194
wePvicwZ mvqgi miKvi

wePvicwZ mvqgi ivcwZ wnme kc_ MnYi cii w`b 7 bfî cvv Afyvb NU hvq| wRqvDi ingvb
Mne`x _vKv Aevq Uwjdvb Kbj ZvniK Abyiva Kib ZuvK gy Kivi Rb| exi gywhvv Zvni
gywhy evgvi AvNvZ GKwU cv nvivb| wRqv RvbZb RIqvbì ga Zvnii evg ivRbxwZi AbK
mg_K wQj| ivRbwZK mg_bi Rb Zvni RvZxq mgvRZvwK `jKI GB Afyvb m Kib| GwU
mvgwiK evwnbx I evsjv`ki BwZnvmi GKwU AbvKvwZ Aavq| cwiKbv gvZveK 6 bfî gaivZ
Zvnii bZZ Lvj` gvkviidi weiy Afyvb iy nq| mbiv wRqvK Mne`x Aev _K gy Ki
Avbj wRqv Kbj ZvniK eyK Rwoq Zuvi cvY euvPvbvi Rb abev` Rvbvb| Kvbv evav QvovB mbiv
wRqvK mbvevwnbxi cavb NvlYv Ki|
wRqvi gZvq wdi Avmvi ga w`q gvkZvKI Avkv KiwQjb wZwb ivcwZ c` AwawZ neb| wKy
wRqvi mg_bi Afve gvkZvK gZvi K` Avi AvmZ cvijb bv, ivcwZi c` wdi cjb bv|
efeb ivcwZ c` wePvicwZ mvqg _vKjI, cKZ gZv wQj mbvwbevm; mbvcavb Rbvij wRqvi
nvZ| h KviY wePvicwZ mvqg Zuvi mgq Kvbv wmvB ^vaxbfve MnY KiZ cvibwb| RvwZi Dk
Ìqv fvlY wZwb mvaviY wbevPbi gvag MYZvwK miKvi MVbi cwZkywZ w`qwQjb| wKy Zv iv
KiZ cvibwb| 1977 mvji 21 Gwcj wRqvDi ingvb ejc~eK AvbyvwbKfve ivcwZi c` `Lj Ki
bb| Aek Gi AbK c~eB mvqgi miKvi AKvhKi nq co| wbevPb AvqvRbi Rb wZwb wePvicwZ
mvviK `vwqZ w`qwQjb ivRbwZK `ji m AvjvPbv Kivi Rb| wKy mvvi wbevPb AvqvRb AvMnx
wQjb bv, eis wZwb Rbvij wRqvK Bb hywMqQb gZv `Lj| cwZ`vb w`ZI wRqv KvcY Kibwb|
mvviK wZwb DcivcwZ c` wbqvM w`qwQjb|
wRqvi gZv msnZKiY bvbv c`c

wRqvDi ingvb GKRb DPvwfjvlx mvgwiK KgKZv wQjb| GKRb gywhvv wnme mbvevwnbxZ Zuvi
RbwcqZv wQj| ^vaxbZvi ci eez miKvi ZuvK ^ mgqi ga AbKjv c`vbwZ w`q gRi Rbvij
c` DbxZ Kib| ZuvK 1972 mvji Ryb gvm mbvevwnbxi WcywU wPd Ae vd wbqvM Ìqv nq|
gywhy Ae`vbi ^xKwZ îc eez ZuvK exi Dg Dcvwa c`vb Kib| gv 40 eQi eqm ivgZvq
Avmxb nq wRqv `yZZg mgqi ga Zuvi gZvK vqx Kivi Rb wKQy c`c MnY Kib|
Avey Zvnii wePvi

7 bfî mbvwe`vn I iv`vwnZvi AwfhvM 1975 mvji 24 bfî Kbj (Ae:) Avey ZvniK
MdZvi Kiv nq| GKB m RvZxq mgvRZvwK `ji (Rvm`) wecyjmsLK bZv-Kgx MdZvi iy nq|
KviY IB mgq Zvni ev ivRbwZK `j wnme Rvm`B Kej wRqvi gZvK Pvj KiZ cviZ| evcK
wbivcvi ga XvKv K`xq KvivMvi Zvnii wePvi iy nq 1976 mvji 21 Ryb| wekl mvgwiK UvBeybvj
Mvcb wePviKvR kl nq 1976 mvji 17 RyjvB| GB UvBeybvji Pqvigvb wQjb cvwKvb diZ mbv
KgKZv Kbj BDmyd nvq`vi| UvBeybvj ZvniK gZz`v`k c`vb Ki| cnmbi wePvii ivq Abyhvqx
Zvnii duvwm KvhKi nq 1976 mvji 21 RyjvB| wePvi PjvKvjxb cvqB UvBeybvji Pqvigvb Kbj BDmyd
195
nvq`vi efeb Rbvij wRqvi m `Lv KiZb| AbK mgq ai `yRb kjvcivk KiZb| GZ Ki
Zvnii kvw neB fvejI duvwm ne Zv KD fveZ cviwb| Zvnii duvwmi ci Kbj BDmyd c`vbwZ
cq weMwWqvi nb| gvgjvi wPd cwmwKDUi G wU Gg AvdRvjK cieZxKvj nvBKvUi wePvicwZ c`
wbqvM `b| 7 bfî Afyvbi Aciva ZvniK duvwm Ìqv njv| A_P GB Afyvbi mePq eo
myweavfvMx wQjb wRqv wbR| Zvni huvi Rxeb euvwPq wQjb, Z_vKw_Z wePvii bvg Zuvi nvZB Zvnii
Rxebvemvb nq|
mbvevwnbxZ wbqY cwZv

Afyvb-cvv Afyvb evsjv`k mbvevwnbxZ evcKfve m`n-Awekvm, hv AvvnxbZvi Rb `q| 1975
mvji 15 AvM, 3 bfî I 7 bfî cvq wZb gvmi ga wZbwU mvgwiK Afyvb PBb Ae Kgv fO
co| mekl Afyvb mbvevwnbxi fZi icvZ nq ewk, weklfve Awdmviì ga AvZ Qwoq
co| GB Afyvb mvaviY mwbKì m-vMvb wQj wmcvB wmcvB fvB fvB, Awdmviì i PvB Ges wmcvnx
wmcvnx fvB fvB, mye`vii Ici Awdmvi bvB| Awdmvi I RIqvbì ga i KviY mbvevwnbxZ
ksLjv ej wKQy wQj bv| GQvov ckvMZ myhvM-myweav wbqI mbvevwnbxZ `xNw`b hver Amvl wQj|
wRqv h_v_ Dcjw KiwQjb h mbvevwnbxZ ksLjv cwZvB Zuvi cavb `vwqZ| KviY mbvevwnbxB wQj Zuvi
gZvi Drm| Zuvi gZv MnYi Kvbv AvBbMZ eaZv wQj bv| wZwb wbRi ^v_, gZvq wUK _vKvi Rb
mbvevwnbxK bvbv aibi myhvM-myweav c`vb Ki Zz Kivi Pv Kib| wmcvwnì gvbmZ cvkvK,
Lvevi, A I mvRmivgi eev Kiv nq| AwdmviìI gvb-ghv`v ew Kiv nq| eez miKvii
Zzjbvq wRqv eY mvgwiK eq ew Kib| 1974-75 mvj cwZiv evRU wQj 75 KvwU UvKv| wRqv Zv
cvq wZbY ew Ki Kijb 206 KvwU 20 jvL UvKv| 1976-77 mvj AviI ew Ki 219 KvwU 40 jvL
UvKv Kiv nq|
msweavb mskvab
wePvicwZ mvqgi KvR _K ejc~eK ivcwZi c` `Lji wZb w`bi gv_vq 23 Gwcj, 1977 mvgwiK
digvb Rvwi Ki gywhyi PZbvq cYxZ evnvii msweavbi Avg~j cwieZb Kib|
K. evsjv`ki bvMwiKì cwiPq wQj evOvwj wnme| wRqv G`ki bvMwiKì bZzb cwiPq w`jb
evsjv`wk|
L.
msweavbi iyZ cvebvi c~e wemwgj-vwni ingvwbi iwng GB kjv hy nq|
M. ivxq g~jbxwZ agwbicZv wejy Ki ejv njv, mekwgvb Avj-vni Dci c~Y Avv I wekvmB ne
hveZxq Kvhvewji wfw|
N.
g~jbxwZ mgvRZ-Gi evLv Ìqv njv A_bwZK I mvgvwRK mywePvi wnme|
O.
e`wkK mK welq ejv njv, iv Bmjvwg msnwZi wfwZ gymwjg `kmg~ni ga vZZ mK
msnZ, msiY Ges Rv`vi KiZ mP neb|
P. gyw msMvgi cwieZ ^vaxbZv hy eenvii wmv nq|

wRqvi msweavb mskvabi cavb Dk wQj gywhy ev AvIqvgx jxMweivax `j I ewi mg_b jvf Kiv|
196
mvgwMKfve evsjv`k iv I RbMYi cwiPqi Ici agxq Qvc cKU Ki Zvjv| gywhyi PZbvi
wecixZ cvwKvwb PZbvK wdwiq Gb wRqv Zuvi gZvK vqx KiZ PqQb|
Nivqv ivRbxwZ Pvjy

mvgwiK miKvi ivRbwZK Amvl nvmi Rb 1976 mvji 28 RyjvB ivRbwZK `jwewa Rvwi Ki|
wekl wKQy kZ ivRbwZK `j MVb I ivRbwZK ZrciZv Pvjvbvi AbygwZ Ìqv nq| AvBb Abyhvqx
mvgwiK miKvii Abygv`b Qvov Kvbv `j ivRbxwZ KiZ cvie bv| Kvbv Kvbv ivRbwZK `jK
AbygwZ c`vb wRqv wejî bxwZ MnY KiwQjb| 57wU ivRbwZK `j Abygv`bi Rb Ave`bc `vwLj
Kij 23wUK Nivqv ivRbwZK ZrciZv Pvjvbvi AbygwZ Ìqv nq|
MYfvU :
ZZxq weki AbK `kB mvgwiK kvmKiv Aea gZv `Lji ci MYfvUi AvqvRb Ki| Dk gZv
`LjK GKcKvi eaZv c`vb Kiv| wePvicwZ mvqgi KvQ _K gZv `Lji cii w`b 1977 mvji 22
Gwcj RvwZi Dk Ìqv fvlY cwmWU Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb 30 g MYfvU AvqvRbi NvlYv `b|
hv nuv/bv fvU bvgI cwiwPZ| 30 g 1977 AbywZ MYfvU Rbvij wRqv Ges Zuvi bxwZ I Kgm~wPi cwZ
RbMYi evcK mg_b `Lvbvi Pv Kiv nq| wbevPb evbvqvUfve kZKiv 88.5 fvU`vZv fvU c`vb
KiQb ej miKvwi wewZ Dj-L Kiv nq|
ivcwZ wbevPb, 1978

mvgwiK kvmbi Aaxb RbMYi cZ fvU ^vaxbZvi ci c_gevii gZv ivcwZ wbevPb AvqvRb Kiv
nq| 1978 mvji 3 Ryb wbevPbi ZvwiL wbaviY Kiv nq| wbevPb cavb cwZx wQjb `yRb : Rbvij
wRqv I Rbvij Imgvbx| BZvga wbevPbK K` Ki `ywU RvU Mo IV| RvZxqZvev`x dUi cv_x
wQjb wRqv, Abw`K MYZvwK HK RvUi cv_x wQjb Imgvbx| ivcwZ wbevPb RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx,
gymwjg jxM, Bmjvgx WgvwUK jxM, mvgev`x `j (Zvqvnv), c~e evsjvi KwgDwb cvwU wRqvK cZ
mg_b Rvbvq| Imgvbxi c wQj AvIqvgx jxM, KwgDwb cvwU, RbZv cvwU, bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU
(gvRvddi), MY AvRv`x jxMmn AviI wKQy `j|
bvbv iKg cwZK~jZv mI AvIqvgx jxM GB wbevPb Ask bq| wRqvi m Amg cwZwZvq Imgvbx h
ci DVeb bv G wbq Kvbv m`n wQj bv| wRqv I Zuvi mg_Kì KvQ eo Pvj wQj wbevPbK `kwe`k Kxfve MnYhvM Kiv hvq| wRqv KviPzwci gvag c` fvUi kZKiv 76.63 fvM fvU cq
ivcwZ wbevwPZ nb| ImgvbxK `Lvbv nqwQj gv 21.70 fvM fvU| GB wbevPbi ciI mvgwiK kvmb
_vKvq RbMY MYZvwK AwaKvi wdi cvqwb|
bZzb ivRbwZK `j MVb

gZv `Lji ci Abvb mvgwiK kvmKì bvq Rbvij wRqvI ivRbwZK `j MVbi wPv KiQb|
AvIqvgx jxMweivax wkweii ivRbwZK mg_b wbq wRqvi hvv iy| gywhyi mgq cvwKvbcx RvgvqvZ
Bmjvgx, bRvg Bmjvgx, gymwjg jxMmn agxq `jjvi evsjv`kweivax f~wgKvi KviY ^vaxbZvi ci
197
agwfwK ivRbxwZ wbwl NvlYv Kiv nq| wRqv `vjvj AvBb evwZj Ges agwfwK ivRbwZK `j MVbi
mvsweavwbK Aivq `~i Ki ^vaxbZv weivaxì ivRbxwZ Kivi myhvM Ki `b| wRqv 1978 mvji 1
mî evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `j, (weGbwc) bvg GKwU bZzb ivRbwZK `j MVb Kib| wZwb wbRB GB
`ji Pqvigvbi `vwqZ wbjb| ^vaxbZvweivax, evgcx, Wvbcx wewfb `j I ew weGbwcZ hvM `q|
g~jZ wewfb myhvM-myweavi Avkvq wRqvi Avkcvk AbK ivRbxwZwe` wfo KiwQjb| wRqv ZuvìK c`c`we w`q bvbvfve cyiZ KiQb| wRqvi Avgj Dc`v/gxi GKUv eo Ask AvBqye I Bqvwnqvi Nwb
mnhvMx wQjb| Avevi AbK ^vaxbZvi weivax f~wgKvq wQjb| wRqv ^vaxbZvweivax kvn AvwRRK
cavbgx wbqvM Kib|
RvZxq msm` wbevPb 1979

ivcwZ Rbvij wRqvDi ingvbi NvlYv Abyhvqx 1978 mvji 18 deyqvwi RvZxq msm` wbevPb AbywZ
nq| wRqvi bZZvaxb weGbwc 207wU Avmb jvf Ki| evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM (gvjK) 39wU Avmb cq
weivax `ji `vwqZ cvjb Ki| weivax `ji bZv-Kgxiv wbevPbx cPviYvq bvbv iKg evav-gwKi gyL
co| cKZc mvgwiK miKvii Aaxb wbevPb Kwgkb ^vaxbfve `vwqZ cvjb KiZ cvi wb|
cg mskvabx AvBb 1979

1979 mvji 5 Gwcj evsjv`k msweavb cg mskvabx AvBb RvZxq msm` MnxZ nq| GB mskvabxZ
1975 mvji 15 AvM eez I Zuvi cwievieMK nZvi ci _K 1979 mvji 9 Gwcj ch
AmvsweavwbK miKvijv h mg mvgwiK AvBbmn wewfb Av`k, Aav`k, cweavb Rvwi Ki, Zvi
mewKQyBKB AvBbMZ eaZv Ìqv nq cg mskvabxi gvag| 1979 mvji 9 Gwcj wRqv mvgwiK AvBb
cZvnvi Kib|
BbWgwbwU AvBb
BbWgwbwUi AvwfavwbK A_ ùvovq KvDK wbivc` Kiv ev wbivcv weavb Kiv| mvgwiK miKvi KvìK
wbivcv w`Z PqQ? hviv RvwZi wcZv I Zuvi cwievieM, RvZxq Pvi bZvK nZv Ki Aeafve Ai
Rvi gZv `Lj KiwQj? evsjv`ki Kvbv Av`vjZ GB me Acivaxi weiy AvBbMZ eev bIqv
hve bv GB gg BbWgwbwU ev wbivcv weavb Kiv nqwQj| ejvi Acv ivL bv| nZvKvi wePvi Kiv
hve bv gg mvsweavwbK wbqZv Ìqvq weki KvQ evsjv`kK nq Kiv nqQ| GwU GKwU gvbeZvweivax
AvBb| Rbvij wRqv Gi ceZK| cieZxZ kL nvwmbvi miKvi 1996 mvji 12 bfî RvZxq msm`
BbWgwbwU AvBb evwZj Kib|
Dbqb Kgm~wP
me mvgwiK miKviB c~eeZx miKvii weiy bvbv AwfhvM Zvj wbRi gZv `Lji eaZv Ìqvi Pv
Ki| wRqv Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv mvdji m cPvi-cPviYv Pvjvb h eezi Avgj `ki Kvbv Dbqb
nqwb; G `ki DbwZ, myL-mgw mewKQyB KiQb wRqv| wZwb 1977 mvji 30 Gwcj 19 `dv bxwZ I
Kgm~wP NvlYv Kib|
198
wRqvi Kgm~wPZ mevP AMvwaKvii wfwZ Kwl Dbqbmn Lv` ^qsm~YZv, bvixi ghv`v, mKji Rb
wPwKrmv, kwgKì DbwZ, `ybxwZgy mgvR, ag, eY, Mv wbwekl mKj bvMwiKi AwaKvimn ek wKQy
Rbwcq Kgm~wP wQj| Zuvi mgq AviI wKQz miKvwi wKQy Dbqb Kgm~wP evcK cPvi jvf Ki| Gi ga Lvj
Lbb, Mvg miKvi, hye mgevq K`, MYwkv Dj-LhvM|
Lvj Lbb
wRqvi Avgj mePq ewk AvjvPbv nqQ Lvj Lbb Kgm~wP ev Lvj KvUv wec-e| 1979 mvji 1 wWmî
hkvii Djkx h`ybv_cyi Lvj KvUv Kgm~wPi m~Pbv nq| Ze Lvj Lbb Kgm~wP Kwli Dbqb my`yicmvix cfve
djZ e_ nq|
Mvg miKvi
cwZwU Mvg _vKe GKwU Mvg miKvi| vbxq mgmv, AvBb-kLjv cwiwwZ chvjvPbv, MYwkvmn Mvgi
Dbqb mnvqZv Kie Mvg miKvi| 1980 mvji 30 Gwcj mvfvii wRivevZ c_g Mvg miKvi cwZv Kiv
nq| mwZKvi A_ Mvg miKvi ^vaxbfve Mvgi Dbqb Ae`vb ivLZ cviwb| KviY Mvg miKvii Kvbv
Avw_K gZv wQj bv|
MYwkv
MYwkvi cqvRbxqZv wbq Kvbv weZK bB| 57 j wkv_xK cVb-cvVbi DchvMx Kivi j wbq
wRqvi miKvi 1980 mvji 21 deyqvwi MYwkv Kgm~wP MnY Ki| h_vh_ cwiKbv I mg^qi Afve
MYwkv Kvhg m~Y mdj nZ cviwb|
wRqv wkLvZi Dbqb emiKvwi LvZK DrmvwnZ Kib| AbK mgq ivi gvwjKvbvaxb wk bvggv g~j
ewgvwjKvbvq Qo `b| ZviciI we`wk wewbqvM Lye GKUv ew cvqwb| wRqvi Avgj MZvbyMwZKfve
RvZxq Avq, ivR^ Avq I gv_vwcQy Avq wKQyUv evojI mgvR abx-`wiì eeavb ew cvq eY|
cvi wRqvi Avgj we`wk mvnvh I Avg`vwbwbfi A_bxwZ ccvlKZv jvf Ki| h KviY Ki duvwK,
Kvjv UvKv, Kwgkb GRU, we`k A_ cvPvi NUbv evoZ _vK| bvbv iKg Avw_K myhvM-myweav c`vb Ki
wRqv kni I Mvg GK bZzb gawe kwY Mo Zvjb| GB be awbK Mvx wQj wRqvi mvgwiK kvmbi
myweavfvMx| eemv I wki bvg evsK _K wekvj AsKi UvKvi FYi A_ AbK KvwUcwZ eb hvq
ivZvivwZ| GKmgq GB KvwUcwZivB FYLjvwcZ cwiYZ nq| `ybxwZ Ges gZvi Aceenvii Rb RvZxq
mì weivU Ask b nqQ| mxgvnxb mvgwiK eq ew RvZxq DbqbK evavM KiQ| 1975-76
mvji Zzjbvq 1976-77 mvj Lv` Drcv`b nvm cvq cvq 8 jvL Ub| 1979 mvj `k f~wgnxb KlKi
msLv ew cq 51 fvM ùvovq| Rvjvwb, we`yrmn ikbi Pvji `vg ew cvIqvq mvaviY gvbyli
Rxebhvcb ek KwVb nq co| mvgwiK kvmbi Aaxb `ki mvaviY RbMYi Av_-mvgvwRK Aevi Zgb
Kvbv DbwZ nqwb|
199
e`wkK mK
AfixY bxwZi m wgj iLB cwmWU Rbvij wRqv ciivbxwZ cYqb Kib| wZwb gymwjg `kmg~ni
m mK Dbqb Rvi Ìqvi welqwU msweavb Afy Kib| ciivbxwZ cwieZbi hwKZv wnme
evsjv`k ivi gymwjg cwiPqK eo Ki Zvjv nq| h KviY Rbvij wRqv iy _KB iyk-fviZweivax
Aevb MnY Kib|
fviZi m evsjv`ki mK ek kxZj, eix I wZ nq co| cviwiK m`n, Awekvm Avi
AvvnxbZvi KviY `y`ki mKi AebwZ nq| weklfve dvivv euva I mxgv msNl evsjv`ki
ivRbxwZK D Ki Zvj| dvivv euva wbq `k-we`k fviZweivax cPviYv evcK AvKvi aviY Ki|
Rbvij wRqv RvwZmsNmn wewfb AvRvwZK msvq dvivv euvai welq Dvcb Kib| fviZ Bwìv
Mvxi miKvii cwieZbi ci gveviRx `kvB gZvq Gj wRqvi m mKi Dbqb nq|
wRqvi mgq evsjv`k-Pxb mK h_ DbwZ nq| hwÌ cwqvwU iy nqwQj eezi AvgjB| 1975
mvji g gvm Pxbi m evwYR PzwI mvw`Z nq| gvkZvK gZvq _vKvKvjxb 31 AvM, 1975 Pxb
evsjv`kK ^xKwZ c`vb Ki| wRqvi Pxb mdii ga w`q `y`ki mK AviI ezZc~Y nq DV|
cvwKvbi m mK Dbqb wRqv wekl D`vM MnY Kib| iv`~Z wewbgqi ga w`q 1976 mvji
Rvbyqvwi gvm `y`ki ga K~UbwZK mK vwcZ nq| eezi Avgj cvwKvbi KvQ `vweKZ
mì wnmv I AevOvwj cvwKvwb bvMwiKì diZ bevi welq AgxgvswmZ _K hvq| wRqvi AwZgvvq
cvwKvbcxwZi KviY ^ mgq `y `ki ga UwjhvMvhvM, wegvb I b hvMvhvM, evwYR Pzw I
DPchvqi fQv mdi mb nq| cvwKvb miKvi I evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvweivax ivRbwZK `jjv
evievi cvwKvbi m KbdWvikbi `vwe Zvj| Zviv RvZxq msMxZ, RvZxq cZvKv cwieZbmn Bmjvwg
kvmbeev ceZbi c cPviYv Pvjvq| wKy msLvMwi ^vaxbZv wcq evOvwji `p gbvfvei KviY
Rbvij wRqv G mKj welq AMmi nbwb|
wRqv mw` Aviemn gacvP, `~icvP Ges cwgv `kjvi m mK Dbqb Pv Kib| `wY Gwkqvi
`kjvi ga AvwjK mnhvwMZv ewi Rb wRqv 1980 mvj mnhvwMZv msvi cve Kib| hwÌ
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi ci ci eez c_g AvwjK mnhvwMZv dvivgi cqvRbxqZvi K_v ejb| kl
ch 1985 mvj mvK MVbi ga w`q evsjv`ki cve `wY Gwkqvi Abvb ivi KvQ ^xKwZ cvq|
wRqv nZvKv
cvq mvo cuvP eQi evsjv`ki ivgZv wRqvDi ingvbK K` Ki AvewZZ nqQ| `kj ivRbxwZZ
mvgwiK kvmbi weiy Amvl _vKjI eo Kvbv Av`vjb ZuvK gvKvejv KiZ nqwb| `gb-cxob Avi
fqfxwZi KviY weivax `j Zuvi weiy Av`vjb Mo ZzjZ cviwb| ZvB ivRbwZK Av`vjb wbq wRqvi
fvebvi wKQy wQj bv| Ze mvgwiK evwnbxi ga wRqvK gZvPzZ Kivi Dk cvq mZivwU Afyvb nq|
cwZevi wZwb we`vnx Awdmviì weiy KVvi kvwg~jK eev wbqQb| Afyvbi m hy kZ kZ
mbvm`mK gZz` Ges PvKwiPzZ Kiv nq| ZviciI mbvevwnbxi fZi _KB Zuvi Rxebi Ici AvgY
200
GmQ| ivRavbx _KB cvq 170 gvBj `~i eì bMix PMvg 1981 mvji 30 g mvwKU nvDm GK
Afyvb ZuvK nZv Ki KwZcq mbvm`m|
wePvicwZ mvvii miKvi

cwmW Rbvij wRqvi nZvKvi ci msweavb Abyhvqx DcivcwZ wePvicwZ Ave`ym mvvi fvicv
ivcwZi `vwqZ MnY Kib| kc_ MnY Abyvb mbvcavb GBP Gg Gikv` DcwZ _K 78 eQi eq
mvvii cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk Kib| msweavb Abyhvqx ivcwZi c` k~b nj 180 w`bi ga wbevPbi
eev KiZ ne| 1981 mvji 21 mî ivcwZ wbevPbi ZvwiL avh Kiv nq|
evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `j ivcwZ wbevPb wePvicwZ mvviK gbvbqY `q| wKy msweavb Abyhvqx
DcivcwZi jvfRbK c` _vKvq wbevPb ùvovZ cvieb bv| msm` weGbwci msLvMwiZvi Rvi 6
mskvabxi gvag NvlYv Kiv njv DcivcwZi KvR jvfRbK bq| myZivs mvvii wbevPb Kivi Avi AvBwb
evav _vKj bv| mbvcavb Rbvij Gikv` AwZgvvq AvbyMZ `LvZ wMq NvlYv w`jb h mbvevwnbx
wbevPb wePvicwZ mvvii c _vKe| wbevPb AvIqvgx jxMi cv_x wQjb W. Kvgvj nvmb| weGbwc
cv_x mvvi miKvwi myhvM-myweavmn wbevPbx cfve wevii Pv Ki| weivax `j wbevPb KviPzwciI
AwfhvM Zvj| gvU fvUvii kZKiv 55.47 fvM fvU `vb Kib| wePvicwZ mvvi c` fvUi kZKiv
65.80 fvM fvU jvf Ki ivcwZ wbevwPZ nb| Zuvi wbKUZg cwZ`x W. Kvgvj nvmb cqQb kZKiv
26.35 fvM fvU|
wbevwPZ nq mvvi 28 bfî 1981 weqvwj-k m`mi wekvj gwmfv MVb Kib| wKy wRqvi gZzi ci
weGbwci ga `jxq Kv`j Pig AvKvi aviY Ki| Gi m A_bwZK msKU Ges AvBb-ksLjvi AebwZi
KviY mvvii Rb ckvmb Pvjvbv KwVb nq co| mxgvnxb `ybxwZi KviY mvvi gv mvo wZb gvmi
gwmfv evwZj Kib| Gme KiI mvvi kl iv KiZ e_ nb| mbvcavb Gikv` ejc~eK wbevwPZ
ivcwZ mvviK gZvPzZ Kib| Aeafve gZv `Lj Ki Rbvij Gikv` 1982 mvji 24 gvP _K
mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Ki ejb `ki ^vaxbZv I mvefgZ AzY ivLvi j Ges mvgwiK, ckvmwbK I
A_bwZK msKU nZ RbmvaviYK gy Kivi Rb mk evwnbxK `ki kvmbfvi MnY KiZ nqQ|
Aea gZv `LjKvixiv Ggwb bvbv ARynvZ ivgZv `Lj Ki wbRì DPvKvv PwiZv_ Ki| iyZc~Y
welq njv Gikv` 1982-1990 ch kvmbKvj RbmvaviYK msKUgy Kivi cwieZ wZwb bZzb bZzb
msKU mw KiQb|
mvgwiK Afyvb : Rbvij Gikvì miKvi

j: Rbvij mBb gyn` Gikv` 1982 mvj gZv `Lj Ki 1990 mvj ch evsjv`k kvmb Kib|
1983 mvj ch wZwb wQjb cavb mvgwiK AvBb ckvmK Avi 1983 mvji 11 wWmî _K 1990 mvji 6
wWmî ch wQjb ivcwZ| Gikv` A mgqi Rb wePvicwZ Avnmvb Dwb PayixK (27 gvP, 1982
_K 10 wWmî, 1983) ivcwZ c` AwawZ ivLb| myweavRbK mgq ZuvKI AcmviY KiZ wav
Kibwb| GKB mv_ Gikv` RvZxq msm` evwZj Kib|
201
ckvmwbK msvi
Gikv` gZvq Gm emvgwiK ckvmbi Ici wbqY cwZvi D`vM bb| wZwb 1982 mvji 28 Gwcj
ckvmwbK cybMVb KwgwU MVb Kib| GB KwgwUi mycvwiki wfwZ wZwb ckvmwbK KvVvgvZ wKQy cwieZb
Kib|
K.
DcRjv eev : _vbv ckvmbK cqvRbxq msvi Ki DcRjv eev ceZb Kiv nq| DcRjvq
wbevwPZ RbcwZwbwai Aaxb miKvwi Avgjvì gvag ckvmb cwiPvwjZ ne| 1982 mvj 7 bfî
45wU _vbvK DcRjv Kivi ga w`q GB eevi hvv iy| chvqg 460wU _vbv DcRjvq cwiYZ
nq| 1983 mvj 14 gvP _vbvi cwieZ DcRjv bvgKiY Kiv nq|
L. gnKzgvK Rjv NvlYv : ckvmbi weK`xKiYi Rb gnKzgvK Rjvq DbxZ Kivi wmv bIqv nq|
GB cwicwZ evsjv`kK gvU 64wU Rjvq fvM Kiv nq|
M.
wePvieevi msvi : wePvieevq wKQy iyZc~Y c`c bIqv nq| DcRjvq c_K gvwRU I
gyd Av`vjZ cwZv Kiv nq| GQvov iscyi, hkvi ewikvj, Kzwgj-v, PMvg Ges wmjU nvBKvUi
vqx e cwZv Kiv nq| wKy mywcg KvUi ivqi KviY XvKvi evBii ejv evwZj Kiv nq|
Gikv` wkv, Kwl, f~wg, JlabxwZ cfwZ wKQy c`c wbqwQjb| wKy bxwZjvi Rbweivax avivi
KviY mvgwMKfve mvaviY gvbyli mg_b cvqwb| KviY cKZ mydj RbMY cvqwb| Gikv` ckvmbi wewfb
i mvgwiK evwnbxi KgKZvì evcKfve wbqvM w`Z iy Kib| Dk miKvwi AvjgvZi Ici
mvgwiK wbqY cwZv Kiv|
Dbqb KgKv
Gikv` bvbvfve wbRK GKRb Rbìw` bZv wnme Dcvcbi Pv KiQb| mfv-mgvek I miKvwi
cPvigvag ejv nqQ Gikvì Dbqb Kgm~wPi j MvgxY RbMvxi fvMi cwieZb| 1983 mvji 17
gvP wZwb RbMYi mvweK KjvY 18 `dv Kgm~wP NvlYv Kib| RvZxq msnwZ _K iy Ki Ab, e,
evmvb, Kgmsvbmn ciivbxwZ ch mewKQyB Gi Afy wQj|
miKvwi Uwjwfkb, iwWI, msev`c Dbqb KgKvi evcK cPviYv Pvjvbv njI mvgwMKfve Zuvi Avgj
`ki A_bwZK Aev gvUB mvlRbK wQj bv| cKZ Dbqb bv nIqvi cavb KviY `ybxwZ Avi mxgvnxb
jyUcvU| Gikvì mgq e`wkK mvnvh wbfiZv nZvkvRbKfve ew cqQ| 1980-81 mvj Dbqb
evRUi 65 kZvsk wQj we`wk mvnvhwbfi, 1988-89 mvj ew cq ùvovq 126.3 kZvsk| FYLjvwc
mswZZ mvgwiK-emvgwiK Avgjv I `jQyU ivRbxwZweìv jvfevb nqQb| Lv` Drcv`b, wRwWwc, Mo
cew me wQj wbgMvgx| Ze mvgwiK LvZ eq ew cqQ| KviY wbRi gZvi wfZ kwkvjx Kivi Rb
evcKfve mvgwiK evwnbxi myhvM-myweav ew KiwQjb|
e`wkK mK
e`wkK mKi Rbvij Gikv` bZzb wKQy Kibwb| wZwb Rbvij wRqvi c_B AbymiY Kib|
fviZi wecixZ Pxbi m mymK AviI `p Kivi D`vM bb| weklfve mvgwiK evwnbxi cwkY,
Aki Rb Pxbi Ici wbfikxjZv ew cvq|
202
cvwKvb, mw` Avie, BivKmn gymwjg weki m mnv`c~Y mK AevnZ _vK| Ze wZwb AwZgvvq
gvwKbcx wQjb| gvwKb miKviK my Kivi Rb XvKv _K mvwfqZ K~UbxwZKK ewnvi Kib|
fviZi m mKi Gikv` DRbv cwinvii Pv Kib| wZwb fviZi m we`gvb mgmvi
mgvavb Kvbv D`vM bbwb|
e`wkK mKi Gikvì GKwU eo mvdj njv mvK MVb| `wY Gwkqvi mvZwU cwZekx iv
GKwZ nq cwZv Ki `wY Gkxq AvwjK mnhvwMZv msv (mvK)| GB msvi c_g kxl mjb
1985 mvji wWmî XvKvq AbywZ nq|
MYfvU
mvgwiK kvmKì MZvbyMwZK c_v Abyhvqx GikvÌ ejc~eK gZv `LjK eaZv Ìqvi Rb MYfvUi
AvqvRb Kib| Gikv` ivRbwZK `jjvi weivwaZvi KviY ivcwZ I RvZxq msm` wbevPb KiZ e_
nb| Aekl 1985 mvji 21 gvP MYfvU AbywZ nq| ^vfvweK KviYB mvaviY RbMY GB wbevPb Kvbv
AvMn `Lvq wb| ZviciI Rbvij Gikv` c` fvUi kZKiv 94.14 fvM fvU jvf Kib| mvgwiK I
emvgwiK Avgjvì KvimvwRi KviY Zuvi c wecyj fvU cvIqv me nq|
ivRbwZK `j MVb
gZv `LjK cvKvcv Kivi Rb Gikv` GKwU ivRbwZK `ji cqvRbxqZv Abyfe Kib| 1984 mvji
RyjvB gvm Rb`j bvg GKwU bZzb ivRbwZK `j MVb Kib| GB `ji AmsMVb wnme Mo DV
bZzb evsjv QvmgvR, bZzb evsjv hye msnwZ, bZzb evsjv kwgK dWvikb BZvw`| myweavev`x, `jQyU wewfb
bZvKgx wbq Rb`j MwVZ nq| Gici wZwb 1985 mvji 16 AvM cwZv Kib RvZxq dU|
Rbmg_bnxb wKQy ivRbwZK `j I bZv dU hvM `b| Aekl 1986 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi Rbvij
Gikvì ivRbwZK `j RvZxq cvwUi hvv iy nq|
wbevPb
1986 mvji 7 g ZZxq RvZxq msm` wbevPb AbywZ nq| GZ Gikvì RvZxq cvwU, AvIqvgx jxMi
bZZ 8 `jxq RvU Ges RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxmn gvU 28wU `j AskMnY Ki| weGbwci bZZvaxb 7 `jxq
RvU wbevPb eRb Ki| wbevPb RvZxq cvwU gvU 300 Avmbi ga 153wU Avmb cq Rqjvf Ki|
AvIqvgx jxM GKKfve 76wU Avmb jvf Ki wZxq eng `j wnme RvZxq msm` weivax`jxq Avmb
MnY Ki| wbevPbi ci AvIqvgx jxMmn Abvb `j Gikvì weiy wgwWqv Kzi gvag weRq wQwbq
bqvi AwfhvM Dvcb Ki| cheKMYI G AwfhvMi h_v_ZvK mg_b Kib| 1986 mvji 15
Avei ivcwZ wbevPb AbywZ nq| cavb weivax `jjv wbevPb eqKU Ki| cnmbg~jK G wbevPb
Gikv`K ivcwZ NvlYv Kiv nq|
ivag Bmjvg
Rbvij Gikv` msweavbi 8g mskvabxi gvag BmjvgK ivag ej NvlYv Kib| GB mskvabxi
gvag wZwb Bmjvgcx `jjvi mg_b jvfi Pv Kib| g~jZ ivRbwZK Dk Gikv` GB mskvabx
Avbb| ejvi Acv ivL bv BmjvgK ivag Kiv wQj gnvb gywhyi PZbvi cwicx|
203
îvPviweivax Av`vjb
^vaxbZvi ci evsjv`ki kvmKì ga mePq ewk Qv-RbZvi cwZiva, Av`vjb, msMvg, niZvj gvKvejv
KiQb Rbvij Gikv`| 1982 _K 1990 ch Gikv`-weivax Av`vjb Qviv iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
G XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qviv mvgwiK kvmbi weiy hKvbv Kgm~wPZ iyZc~Y Ae`vb ivLb| h KviY
Gikv` wewfb mgq XvKv wekwe`vjqmn Abvb wekwe`vjq Awbw`Kvji Rb e NvlYv Kib|
Gikv`weivax Av`vjb ivRbwZK `jjv wewfb RvU Mo Zvj| AvIqvgx jxM cavb kL nvwmbvi bZZ
8 `jxq RvU I ivk` Lvb gbbi bZZ evg msMVbi 5 `jxq RvU Mo DV (hv cieZxZ 15 `jxq
RvU icvwiZ nq)| Abw`K weGbwc bx eMg Lvj`v wRqvi bZZ 7 `jxq RvU Mo DV|
Av`vjb `gb Rbvij Gikv` `gb, cxob, AZvPvi I nZvi c_ eQ bb| Qv-RbZvi wgwQj cywjki
UvK Zzj Ìqv, mivmwi wj Kivi NUbvI Kg nqwb| 1983 mvji 15 deyqvwi cywjki wjZ Rvdi,
Rqbvj, gvRvj wbnZ nb; e bZvKgx AvUK nq| Qv Av`vjb `gb Gikvì bZzb evsjv QvmgvR
mvmi c_ Aej^b Ki| 1985 mvji 13 deyqvwi Gikvì Qv msMVbi nvZ XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv
ivDdzb emywbqv wbnZ nb| Gikv`weivax Av`vjbK eMevb Kivi Rb 22wU Qv msMVb wgj MwVZ nq
me`jxq Qv msMvg cwil`|
1987 mvj gvSvgvwS mgq cavb ivRbwZK`jjv Dcjw Ki h Gikvì weiy Awfb Kgm~wP Qvov
Av`vjb mdj ne bv| Dj-L, 1986 mvj AbywZ RvZxq msm` wbevPb Ges ivcwZ wbevPbi ci _KB
Gikv` miKvii weiy mKj ivRbwZK `j, mvaviY RbMY Ges bvMwiK mgvR wevf dU co|
Gikvì c`ZvM I GKwU A_en wbevPbi `vweZ weivax `j `yevi MY-Av`vjb iy Ki| 1987 mvj
msm` _K GKhvM weivax `j c`ZvM Kij wWmî RvZxq msm` fO Ìqv nq| 1988 mvji 3 gvP
PZz_ RvZxq msm` wbevPbi AvqvRb Kiv nq| AvIqvgx jxM, weGbwcmn `ki cavb `jjv wbevPb eRb
Ki| fvUviwenxb, `jwenxb G wbevPb RvZxq cvwU 251wU Avmb cq weRqx nq| miKvi AbyMZ Av.m.g.
iei bZZvaxb mwwjZ weivax RvU (Kc) cvq 19wU Avmb| evwK Avmbi 3wU Rvm` (wmivR), 2wU wdWg
cvwU Ges 25wU ^Z cv_xiv cvb|
beBqi MY-Afyvb I Gikvì cZb

`xN bq eQii cvq cyiv mgqUvB RbMY Rbvij Gikvì weiy Av`vjb KiQ| AvIqvgx jxMi bZZ
15 `jxq RvU, weGbwci bZZ 7 `jxq RvU, kwgK KgPvix HK cwil` (c), AvBbRxex mg^q cwil`,
mwwjZ mvswZK RvU, KlK msMVbmn Gikv`weivax PZbv `ki cZ Aj ch cuQ hvq| niZvjAeiva ckvmb GKcKvi weiZv `Lv `q| Av`vjbi GK chvq 1987 mvji 10 bfî eyK I wcV
MYZ gyw cvK, îvPvi wbcvZ hvK jLvmn XvKvi wRwcI-Gi wbKU wRiv cqU cywjki wjZ b~i
nvmb wbnZ nb| GZ RbMY AviI z nq IV|
1987 mvji 12 bfî kL nvwmbv I Lvj`v wRqvK MdZvi Ki Ges 27 bfî Gikv` miKvi `k
Riywi Aevi NvlYv `b| 1988 mvji 24 Rvbyqvwi PMvg kL nvwmbvi GK mgvek wbwePvi RbZvi
204
Dci wj Pvjvq, Ai Rb kL nvwmbv iv cvb| Gi weiy mgM `k cwZev`gyLi nq IV| 1990 mvji
10 Avei weivax RvU I `jjvi mwPevjq NivI Kgm~wP ivRbwZK AbK D Ki Zvj| Gw`b
wgwQj wj elY 5 Rb wbnZ Ges wZb kZvwaK AvnZ nq| avivevwnK Av`vjbi c_ ai 1990 mvji 27
bfî XvKv wekwe`vjqi wUGmwmi cvk cywjki wjZ Wv: kvgmyj Avjg Lvb wgjb wbnZ nj
Gikv`weivax Av`vjb MY-Afyvb ic aviY Ki| 27 bfî miKvi Riywi Aev I KviwdD Rvwi Ki|
27 bfî mvsevw`Kiv msev`c e Ki `b| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv-wkKMY wgwQj ei Ki KviwdD
I Riywi AvBb Agvb Kib| ivRc_ Pj hvq RbZvi `Lj| XvKv cwiYZ nq wgwQji kni| GgZvevq
weivax ivRbwZK 3 RvUi iciLv Abyhvqx nvBKvUi cavb wePvicwZ kvnveyxb Avng`K cavb Ki
AeZxKvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv nq| 1990 mvji 6 wWmî Zuvi KvQ Gikv` gZv nvi eva nb|
Qv-RbZvi GB MY-Afyvbi ga w`q Gikvì cZbi dj `xN îkvmbi Aemvb NU|
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. K BbWgwbwU Aav`k, 1975 Rvwi Kib?
K. Lv`vKvi gvkZvK Avng`
L. Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb
M. weMwWqvi Lvj` gvkviid
N. wePvicwZ mvqg
2. gZv mymsnZKiY Rbvij wRqvDi ingvbi wekl Kkji ga wQji.
mvgwiK evRU ew Kiv
ii. AfixY ivRbwZK KgKvi m~Pbv Kiv

iii. mvK MVbi D`vM MnY Kiv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii

AMYZvwK miKvi ivgZvq Gm Zvi mgfvevcb ew KZK msNwUZ MYnZv, AmvsweavwbK gZv `Lj
BZvw` Aea KvRi wbivcv I eaZv `q| Ges GKB mv_ Zvì Acivai wePvii c_ iy Ki msm`
GKwU AvBbI cvk Ki|
205
3. DwcKi KgKv evsjv`ki msweavbi Kvb mskvabxi mv_ mvgmc~Y ?

K. c_g
L. wZxq
M. PZz_
N. cg
4. GB mskvabxi gvag
i.
AvBbi kvmb iy nq
ii. ewnwek `ki fveg~wZzY nq

iii. mvgvwRK Rxeb evavM nq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
L. i I ii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
1.
GKwU PjwP mvgwiK kvmbweivax GK MY-Afyvb gvbyli Rvqvi `L Gwjb wewZ nqwQj|
mvgwiK kvmbi wbcxob gvbyl wQj wbhvwZZ I Aeiy| dj wewfb ivRbwZK `j, mvaviY RbMY,
KlK, kwgK, AvBbRxwe, Wvvi, mvswZK RvU wevf dU co| Zvì gyL wQj MYZi gywi
-vMvb| cywjki euvav-wj Kvb wKQyB ZvìK `gvZ cviwQj bv| Dci Gme euvav -wecw RbMYK
AviI w Ki Zvj, Pvwiw`K ay wgwQj Avi wgwQj|
K. DcRjv eev Kvi mgq cewZZ nq ?
L. BbWgwbwU AvBb ejZ Kx eySvq ?
M. DxcK ^vaxbZv cieZx Kvb Afyvbi ewk dzU DVQ evLv Ki|
N. GB Av`vjbi gvag G`k MYZ gyw cvq g~jvqb Ki|
c`k Aavq
wekmfZv
Avw`g hyMi gvbyl KwlKvR RvbZ bv| eb eb Nyi Nyi djg~j msMn KiZ| GB wQj Zvì Lv`| Gici
gvbyl cv_i fO Nm Nm avivjv A Zwi KiZ kL| m mgq cv_iB wQj Zvì GKgv nvwZqvi| m
KviY G hyMK cv_ii hyM ejv nZv| cv_i hyMi c_g chvqK ejv nZv cyibv cv_ii hyM ev cyivcjxq
hyM| G hyM gvbyl cv_ii A w`q `jefve c wkKvi KiZ| Giv Avbi eenviI RvbZ|
cyibv cv_ii hyM kl nq gvbyl hLb KwlKvR kL, GKB m kl nq Zvì hvhvei Rxeb| G hyMK ejv
nq bZzb cv_ii hyM ev bevcjxq hyM| Kwli cqvRb GhyM gvbyl b`xi Zxi emevm iy Ki|
Ni-evwo wbgvY KiZ kL| GfveB gvbemfZvi iy| GB Aavq Kxfve gvbyl avc avc mfZvK GwMq
wbq MQ ZviB mZ Kvwnbx, hvK Avgiv ewj BwZnvm m welq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
GB Aavq kl Avgiv
cvPxb wgkixq mfZvi gweKvki aviv eYbv KiZ cvie;
bxj bì Ae`vb DjLc~eK cvPxb wgkii iv I mgvRi eYbv KiZ cvie;
wek mfZv weKvk cvPxb wgkixq mfZvi iyZc~Y Ae`vbmg~n g~jvqb KiZ cvie;
wmz mfZvi Avwevii Kvwnbx I fMvwjK Aevb RvbZ cvie;
wmz mfZvi ivRbwZK, Av_-mvgvwRK I agxq Aev eYbv KiZ cvie;
mfZvi weKvk wmz mfZvi bMi cwiKbv, wkKjv I fvhi eYbv KiZ cvie;
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvji eYbvc~eK wMK mfZvi Dei cUf~wg eYbv KiZ cvie;
mvgwiK bMiivi aviYv c`vbc~eK MYZvwK bMiiv mK evLv KiZ cvie;
wekmfZvi AMMwZZ wMK mfZvi wkv, mswZ, ag, `kb I wevbi Ae`vb eYbv KiZ cvie;
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvj DjLc~eK cvPxb ivgvb mfZv eYbv KiZ cvie;
ivg bMix I ivgvb kvmbi wewfb avc mK evLv KiZ cvie;
wkv, mvwnZ I wjLb cwZi weKvk cvPxb ivgvb mfZvi Ae`vb wek-lY KiZ cvie;
mfZvi weKvk cvPxb ivgvb mfZvi vcZ, fvh I wevbi Ae`vb eYbv KiZ cvie;
wek mfZvq cvPxb ivgvb mfZvi ag, `kb I AvBbi cfve AvjvPbv KiZ cvie;
wek mfZv mK vb jvfi gvag cvPxb BwZnvm I HwZni cwZ kvkxj ne|
wekmfZv
207
wgkixq mfZv
cUf~wg : AvwdKv gnv`ki Dic~e Ask eZgvb h `kwUi bvg
BwR, mB `kiB cvPxb bvg
wgki| wL: c~e 4000 A wgki
c_g mvgvRi De NU| hvi
GKwU wQj Di wgki (wbg wgki)
AciwU wQj `wY wgki (DP
wgki)| wL:c~e 5000 _K 3200
mvsKwZK wP
wgkixq mfZv
gm cUwbqv mfZv
A ch bxj bì AeevwnKvq
GKwU ivi De nq| m
gvbwP : cvPxb wgkixq mfZv
mgqUvK cvPxb wgkii BwZnvm
cvK-ivReskxq hyM ej| G mgq _K wgki cvPxb mfZvq wewfb iyZc~Y Ae`vb ivLZ iy Ki|
Gici wL:c~e 3200 A _K c_g ivReski kvmb Avgj iy nq| H mgq _K wgkii HwZnvwmK hyMi
m~Pbv nq| GKB mgq wbg I DP wgkiK GKwZ Ki bvigvi ev gbm nb GKvavi wgkii c_g bicwZ
Ges cyivwnZ| wZwb c_g dvivI-Gi ghv`vI jvf Kib| Gici _K dvivIì Aaxb wgki cvPxb
wekmfZvi AMMwZZ GKi ci GK Dj-hvM Ae`vb ivLZ mg nq|
fMvwjK Aevb: wZbwU gnv`k viv wNi _vKv wgkii fMvwjK Aevb AZ iyZc~Y| `kwU Gwkqv,
AvwdKv I BDivc gnv`k viv cwiewZ f~gamvMii DcK~j AewZ| Gi Di f~gamvMi, c~e jvwnZ
mvMi, cwg mvnviv giyf~wg, `wY my`vb I Abvb AvwdKvi `k| Gi gvU AvqZb cvq Pvi j eMgvBj|
mgqKvj : wgkixq mfZv 2500 eQiiI ewk mgqKvj ai vqx nqwQj| cvPxb wgkii wbiewQb I `xN
BwZnvmi m~Pbv nq wL:c~e 5000 A| wekl Ki bevcjxq hyM|
Ze wgkixq mfZvi Mvovcb nq gbmi bZZ, hv cvq wZb nvRvi eQi ai ^gwngvq Dj wQj| wL:c~e
`kg kZK wjweqvi GK eei RvwZ dvivIì wmsnvmb `Lj Ki bq| 670-662 wL: c~ev Avwmixqv
wgki AvwacZ wevi Ki| 525 wL: c~ev cvim wgki `Lj Ki wbj cvPxb wgkii mfZvi m~h
AwgZ nq|
iv I mgvR : cvK-ivReskxq hyM wgki KZjv QvU QvU bMi iv wef wQj| GjvK bvg ejv nZv|
wgkii c_g ivRv ev dvivI (gbm ev bvigvi) mgM wgkiK wL: c~: 3200 A HKe Ki GKwU iv Mo
Zvjb| hvi ivRavbx wQj `wY wgkii gwm| ZLb _K wgki HKe iv I ivReski De| wgkixq
ci-I k _K dvivI ki Rb| dvivIiv wQj AZ gZvkvjx| Zviv wbRìK m~h èZvi eskai gb
KiZb| dvivI c`wU wQj eskvbywgK| A_vr dvivIqi Qj nZv DivwaKvi m~ dvivI|
GKK KvR : wgkixq mfZvi Dvb-cZbi GKwU avivevwnK PvU Zwi Ki|
208
ckvi Dci wfw Ki wgkii mgvRi gvbylK KqKwU kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq| hgb- ivRcwievi, cyivwnZ,
AwfRvZ, wjwcKvi, eemvqx, wkx Ges KlK I f~wg`vm kwY|
wgkii A_bxwZ g~jZ wQj Kwlwbfi| Drcvw`Z dmji ga Dj-LhvM wQj Mg, he, Zzjv, cuqvR, wcP
BZvw`| eemv-evwYRI wgki wQj AMMvgx| wgki Drcvw`Z Mg, wjjb Kvco I gvwUi cv wU xc,
wdwbwkqv, wdwjwb I wmwiqvq ivwb nZv| wewfb `k _K wgkixqiv ^Y, ic, nvwZi ùvZ, KvV BZvw`
Avg`vwb KiZ|
bxj b` : wgkii bxj bì Drcw AvwdKvi jK wfvwiqv _K| mLvb _K b`wU bvbv `k nq wgkii
ga w`q f~-gamvMi Gm coQ| BwZnvmi RbK nivWvUvm h_v_B ejQb wgki bxj bì `vb| bxj
b` bv _vKj wgki giyf~wgZ cwiYZ nZv| cvPxbKvj cwZeQi bxj b` ebv nZv| ebvi ci cvwb mi
Mj `yB Zxi cwjgvwU co Rwg Dei nq hZ| Rg _vKv cwjgvwUZ RbvZv bvbv aibi dmj|
mfZvq wgkixqì Ae`vb : cvPxb mfZvq wgkixqì Ae`vb A^xKvi Kivi Dcvq bB| Zvì agxq wPv,
wk, fvh, wjLb cwZ KvMRi Avwevi vb wevbPPv-mewKQyB Zvì Ae`vb mg| wgkixqì
ewk nQ h Zvì Rxeb Ggb Kvbv w`K bB hv agxq wPv I wekvm viv cfvweZ bv|
wgkixqì agwekvm : meZ cvPxb wgkixqì gZv Ab Kvbv RvwZ Rxebi mKj GZUv agxq
wbqg-Kvbyb Abykvmb viv cfvweZ wQj bv| m KviY gvbemfZvi AbK avbaviYv, ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPviAbyvbi Rb cvPxb wgki| Zviv Roei c~Rv KiZ, g~wZ c~Rv KiZ, Avevi RxeRyi c~RvI KiZ| wewfb
mgq Zvì agwekvmi cwieZb NUQ| wgkixqì aviYv wQj, m~hèZv i ev Avgb i Ges cvKwZK
kw, km bxjbì èZv Iwmwim wgwjZfve mgM cw_ex cwiPvwjZ Kib| Ze Zvì Rxeb m~hèZv
i Gi iyZ wQj AbK ewk|
GKK KvR : wgkii A_Kix ivwbhvM dmj I wki Avg`vwbKZ cYi QK Zwi Ki|
wgkixqiv gb KiZ gZ ew Avevi GKw`b euP DVe| m
KviY `nK ZvRv ivLvi Rb Zviv gwg Ki ivLZ| GB wPv
_K gwgK ivi Rb Zviv wcivwgW Zwi KiwQj| dvivIiv
Ckii cwZwbwa wnme `k kvmb KiZb| Zuviv wQjb cavb
cyivwnZ Ges Abvb cyivwnZìI Zuviv wbqvM KiZb|
wk : wgkixqì wPKjv weklfve ewPc~Y I HwZnvwmK
Qwe : wcivwgW
w`K _K iyZc~Y| Abvb `ki gZv wPwkI Mo DVwQj
agxq wekvm _K| Zviv mgvwa Avi gwìi `qvj mvRvZ wMq wPwki m~Pbv Ki| Zvì wcq is wQj
mv`v-Kvjv| mgvwa, wcivwgW, gwì, cvmv`, cgv` Kvbb, mvaviY Ni-evwoi `qvj wgkixq wPwkxiv
AmvaviY Qwe GuKQb| Gme Qwei ga wgki ivRbwZK, agxq, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Rxebi Kvwnbx dzU
DVQ|
wekmfZv
209
Kviy wkI cvPxb wgkixq wkxiv AmvaviY `Zv ARb KiwQjb| Avmevec, grcv, mvbv, iycv, g~jevb
cv_i LwPZ ZRmc, Ajvi, gwgi gyLvk, `bw`b eenvh wRwbmc, nvwZi ùvZ I avZzi èvw` wgkixq
Kviy wki AmvaviY `Zvi cgvb enb Ki|
GKK KvR : wgkixq wkxiv hme vcbvi `qvj Qwe GuKQ Zvi GKwU PvU Zwi Ki|
fvh : cvPxb wekmfZvq wgkixqì gZv fvh wk
AmvaviY cwZfvi Qvc Avi KD ivLZ mg nqwb|
evcKZv, ewP Ges agxq fveavivq cfvweZ wekvj
AvKvii cv_ii g~wZjv fvh wk Zvì kZi cgvY
enb Ki| cwZwU fvh gvbyl A_ev RxeRyi meB agxq
fveaviv, AvPvi Abyvb, gZ`kv viv cfvweZ wQj| cwZwU
wkB wQj Avmj agxq wkKjv| mek fvh nQ wMRvi
AZzjbxq wsK&m| wsK&m nQ Ggb GKwU g~wZ, hvi
`nUv wmsni gZv wKy gyL gvbyli| wgkii mePq eo
wcivwgWwU nQ dvivI Lydzi wcivwgW| gwìjvZ wgkixq
fvh vcZi Ac~e wb`kb cwZdwjZ nqQ|
Qwe : wsK&m
wjLbcwZ I KvMR Avwevi : wgkixq mfZvi AbZg cavb ewk wQj wjwc ev Ai Avwevi| bMi
mfZv weKvki m m wgkixq wjLbcwZi De NU| cuvP nvRvi eQi c~e Zviv mec_g 24wU
ebeYi eYgvjv Avwevi Ki| c_g w`K Qwe GuK Zviv gbi fve cKvk KiZ| GB wjLb cwZi bvg
wQj wPwjwc|
GB wPwjwcK ejv nq nvqviwM-wdK ev cwe Ai|
wgkixqiv bvj LvMov RvZxq MvQi L _K Zviv KvMR
evbvZ kL| mB KvMRi Dci Zviv wjLZ| wMKiv GB
KvMRi bvg `q cvwcivm| h k _K BsiwRZ ccvi
ki Drcw| GLvb Dj-L, bcvwjqvb evbvcvUi wgki
Rqi mgq GKwU cv_i AvweKZ nq, hv imUv vb bvg
cwiwPZ| hvZ wMK Ges nvqviwM-wdK fvlvq AbK jLv
wQj, hv _K cvPxb wgkii AbK Z_ Rvbv hvq|
Qwe wjLb cwZ
wevb : wgkixq mfZv wQj Kwlwbfi| m KviY bxj bì c-veb, beZv, cvwbcevni gvc RvqvifvUv BZvw`
QvovI Rwgi gvc Zvì KvQ iyZc~Y welq wQj| Gmei m RvwZlkv I A kvi wQj Mfxi
hvMvhvM| dj G `ywU we`v Zviv Avq Ki wQj cqvRbi ZvwM`| Zviv AsK kvi `ywU kvLv RvwgwZ
Ges cvwUMwYZiI cPjb Ki| wgkixq mfZvi gvbyl hvM, weqvM I fvMi eenvi RvbZ| wL:c~e 4200
A Zviv cw_exZ c_g mi cwKv Avwevi Ki| 365 w`b eQi G wnmvei AvweviKI Zviv| cvPxb
wgkii Awaevmxiv mgq wbaviYi Rb m~h Nwo, QvqvNwo, RjNwo Avwevi Ki|
210
agi KviY wgkixqiv wevbPPvq AvMnx wQj| Zviv cijvK wekvm KiZ Ges dvivIiv cieZx RbI ivRv
neb GB wekvm Zvì wQj| ZvB Zviv dvivIì `n ZvRv ivLvi cwZ Avwevi Kib| G KviYB gwg
Zwi iy nq| wgkixq wevbxiv ivmvqwbK cwqvq wewfb cwZZ gZ`n cPb _K iv KiZ mg nq|
wPwKrmvkvI cvPxb wgkixqiv wekl AMMwZ jvf KiwQj| Zviv PvL, ùvZ, cUi ivM wbYq KiZ
RvbZ| AvcPvii gvag wPwKrmv Kivi we`vI Zvì Rvbv wQj| Zviv nvo Rvov jvMvbv, rwci MwZ
Ges bvwoi `b wbYq KiZ cviZ|
wgkixqiv `kb, mvwnZPPvI KiZ| Zvì iPbvq `ytL nZvkvi Kvbv cKvk wQj bv| Zviv Avkvev`x wQj|
Zvì jLvq me mgqB Avbì cKvk `Lv MQ|
GKK KvR : wgkixq Kwleevi m RvwZlkv Ges A kvi Kx mK?
wmz mfZv
cUf~wg : wmzbì AeevwnKv Aj Mo DVwQj ej GB mfZvi bvg ivLv nq wmz mfZv| wmy mfZvi
mswZK AbK mgq niv mswZ ev niv mfZv ejv nq _vK| GB mfZvi Avwevi Kvwnbx
PgKc`| eZgvb cvwKvbi wmz c`ki jviKvbv Rjvq gnv`viv kni DuPz DuPz gvwUi wXwe wQj|
vbxq jvKiv ejZ gov gvbyli wXwe (gnv`viv
K_vwU gvbI ZvB)| evOvwj cZZwe` ivLvj`vm
e`vcavqi bZZ cyivZ wefvMi jvKiv H
vb e ci aesmvekl AvQ fe gvwU
LuyoZ _vK| AcZvwkZfve ewiq Avm Zvg-ev
hyMi wb`kb| GKB mgq 1922-23 wLv
`qvivg mvnvbxi cPvq cvvei cwg w`K
gUvMvgvix Rjvi niv bvgK vbI cPxb
mfZvi wb`kb AvweKZ nq| Rb gvkvji bZZ
cyivZ wefvM Abymvb Pvwjq Aviv e wb`kb
Avwevi Kib| gnv`viv I nivq Dfq Aj
GKB mfZvi Dblj Ges wmz mfZv
Dcgnv`ki cvPxbZg mfZv|
wby mfZv
iyZc~Y cZAj
gvbwP : wmz mfZv
fMvwjK Aevb : Dcgnv`ki cvPxbZg mfZvi bvg wmz mfZv njI Gi wewZ wQj wekvj GjvKv
Ryo| gnv`viv I nivZ GB mfZvi wb`kb mePq ewk AvweZ nqQ| Zv mI H mfZv ay
wmz b`xi AeevwnKv ev H `ywU knii ga mxgve wQj bv| cvwKvbi cvve, wmz c`k, fviZi
cvve, ivRvb, RivUi wewfb Ask GB mfZvi wb`kb cvIqv MQ| HwZnvwmKiv gb Kib h cvve
_K Avie mvMi ch wexY fMvwjK GjvKv Ryo wmz mfZv Mo DVwQj|
GKK KvR : fviZ I cvwKvbi Kvb Kvb Aj wmz mfZvi wb`kb cvIqv MQ? Ajjvi
Avjv`v Avjv`v ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
wekmfZv
211
mgqKvj : wmz mfZvi mgqKvj mK HwZnvwmKì ga wewfb gZf` iqQ| cwZMYi gZ,
wLc~e 3500 A _K wLc~e 1500 A ch G mfZvi Dvb-cZbi Kvj| HwZnvwmKiv gb Kib,
Avh RvwZi AvgYi dj wL:c~e 1500 A_ev 1400 A wmz mfZvi Aemvb NU| Ze wmz mfZv
asmi mKI wfb gZI iqQ| gwUgvi Bjvi gb Kib, GB mfZvi mgqKvj nQ wLc~e 2500
_K wL c~e 1500 A ch|
ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK Aev : wmz mfZvi RbMYi ivRbwZK Rxeb I kvmbcYvwj mK wKQyB Rvbv
hvq bv| gnv`viv nivi bMi webvm cvq GKB iKg wQj| Gjvi asmvekl `L wbwZfve evSv
hvq h c~e cwiKbv Abyhvqx DuPz wfZi Dci knijv wbgvY Kiv nqwQj| knijvi GK cvk DuPz wfwi
Dci GKwU Ki bMi`yM wbgvY Kiv nZv| Pviw`K _vKZ cvPxi viv myiwZ| bMii kvmbKZviv bMi `yM
emevm KiZb| ckvmwbK evwoNiI `yMi ga wQj| bMii wQj cekvi| `yM ev weivU AvwjKv `L gb
nq GKB aibi K`xf~Z kvmbeev hyM hyM ai bMi `ywUZ cPwjZ wQj| GB ckvmb RbMYi Rxebhvv
wbqY KiZ|
wmz mfZvi hyM gvbyl mgvRe cwiek emevm KiZ| mLvb GKK cwievi cwZ Pvjy wQj| wmz
mfZvi hyM mgvR kYxwefvM wQj| me jvK mgvb myhvM-myweav cZ bv| mgvR abx I `wi` `yB kwYZ
wef wQj| KlKiv Mvg emevm KiZ| kni abx Ges kwgKì Rb Avjv`v-Avjv`v evmvbi wb`kb
cvIqv MQ|
cvkvK-cwiQì Rb Zviv g~jZ myZv I ckg eenvi KiZ| wmz mfZvi mgvReev wQj gvZZvwK|
gwnjviv LyeB kwLb wQj| Zvì wcq AjsKvii ga wQj nvi, evjv, AvswU, `yj, weQv, evRye Pzwo, evjv,
cvqi gj BZvw`| Zviv bKkv Kiv `xN cvkvK ciZ| mgvRi cyiylivI AjsKvi eenvi KiZ|
A_bwZK Aev : wmz mfZvi A_bxwZ wQj g~jZ Kwl Ges Drcb dmji Dci wbfikxj| ZvQvov
A_bxwZi Avi GKwU eo w`K wQj ccvjb| Kwl I ccvjbi cvkvcvwk grcv wbgvY avZzwk, eqbwk,
AjsKvi wbgvY, cv_ii KvR BZvw`ZI Zviv h_ DbwZ jvf KiwQj| GB DbZgvbi wk cY weqi
Dk wmz mfZvi ewYKiv we`ki m evwYwRK hvMvhvM iv Ki PjZ| ewYKì mv_
AvdMvwbvb, ejywPvb, ga Gwkqv, cvim, gmvcUwgqv, `wY fviZ, ivRcyZbv, RivU cfwZ `ki
m evwYwRK hvMvhvM wQj|
agxq Aev : wmz mfZvq Kvbv gwì ev gVi wP cvIqv hvqwb| h KviY Zvì agwekvm mK
my aviYv Kiv me bq| Ze Zvì ga h agwekvm wQj, m welq m`n bB| gwì Dcvmbv Mni
AwZ bv _vKjI vb vb AmsL cvovgvwUi bvixg~wZ cvIqv MQ| aviYv Kiv nq, Zviv H aibi
èxg~wZi c~Rv KiZ| wmzevmxì ga gvZc~Rv Lye Rbwcq wQj| ZvQvov Zviv è-èx gb Ki e,
cv_i, mvc Ges ccvwLi DcvmbvI KiZ| wmzevmxiv cijvK wekvm KiZ| h KviY gZi Kei Zvi
eenvi Kiv wRwbmc I AjsKvi iL w`Z|
GKK KvR :
1| wmz mfZvi gwnjvì wcq AjsKvii GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
2| wmz mfZvi wewfb wki mgwi m eemv-evwYRi mgwi Kx mK?
212
wmz mfZvi Ae`vb : cw_exi cvPxbZg mfZvjvi ga GKwU nQ wmz mfZv| wbg GB mfZvi
Ae`vb AvjvPbv Kiv njv |
bMi cwiKbv : wmz mfZvi GjvKvq hme kni AvweKZ nqQ Zvi ga niv I gnv`viv mePq
eo kni| Nievwo meB cvov gvwUi ev iv` cvovbv BU w`q Zwi| knijvi evwoNii bKkv _K mnRB
evSv hvq h wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv DbZ aibi bvMwiK mfZvq Af wQj| niv I gnv`vivi bMi
cwiKbv GKB iKg wQj| bMixi fZi w`q Pj MQ cvKv ivv| ivvjv wQj mvRv| cZKwU evwoZ
Lvjv RvqMv, K~c I mvbvMvi wQj| Rj wbvkbi Rb QvU QvU b`gv mshy Kiv nZv g~j b`gv ev
cqtcYvwji mv_ ivvNvU cwivi cwiQb ivLv nZv| c_i avi wQj mvwie jvcv|
cwigvc cwZ : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv èi IRb cwigvc cwZi DveK wQj| Zvì GB cwigvc
cwZi Avwevi mfZvi Rb iyZc~Y Ae`vb ej weewPZ| Zviv wewfb è IRbi Rb bvbv gvci wfb
wfb AvKwZi evULviv eenvi KiZ| `vM KvUv j w`q `N gvcvi cwZI Zvì Rvbv wQj|
wk : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxì wk mK AvjvPbv KiZ Mj c_gB grwki K_v ejZ nq| Zviv
Kzgvii PvKvi eenvi RvbZ Ges Zvi mvnvh myì gvwUi cv evbvZ cviZ| cvjvi Mvq AbK mgq
myì myì bKkv AuvKv _vKZ| ZuvwZiv eqbwk cvi`kx wQjb| avZzi mvnvh Avmevec, A Ges
AjsKvi Zwii Kiv nZv| Zviv Zvgv I wUbi wgkY ev Zwi KiZ wkLwQj| KvwiMiiv iycv, Zvgv, ev
cfwZi ZRmc Zwi KiZ| ZvQvov mvbv, iycv, Zvgv Bjvg I ev BZvw` avZzi AjsKvi ZwiZ Zviv
cvi`kx wQj| AjsKvii ga AvswU, evjv, bvKdzj, Mjvi nvi, Kvbi `yj, evRye` BZvw` wQj Dj-LhvM|
wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv jvnvi eenvi RvbZ bv| avZz Qvov `vwg cv_ii mvnvh AjsKvi wbgvY wkiI
weKvk NU| nvwZi ùvZmn Abvb nwkiI ` KvwiMi wQj|
`jxq KvR : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv h h wk cvi`kx wQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
vcZ I fvh : wmz mfZvi Awaevmxiv iyZc~Y Ges
PgrKvi vcZ kjxi wb`kb iL MQ| mLvb `yB K
_K cuwPk Ki evwoi mvbI cvIqv MQ| Avevi Kv_vI
`yB wZb Zjv Nii AwZ AvweZ nqQ| gnv`vivi
vcZi Dj-LhvM D`vniY njv enr wgjbvqZb h
wgjbvqZbwUi 80 dzU RvqMv Ryo Zwi nqwQj| ZvQvov
weivU GK cvmvì mvb cvIqv MQ| nivZ weivU
Qwe : enr mvbvMvi
AvKvii kmvMviI cvIqv MQ| gnv`vivZ GKwU
enr mvbvMvi-Gi wb`kb cvIqv MQ hvi gvSLvb wekvj PevPvwU wQj muvZvi KvUvi DchvMx|
fvhwkI wmz mfZvi Awaevmxì `Zv wQj| cv_i Lvw`Z fvhi msLv Kg njI mjvi kwK
I KvwiMwi `Zv wQj Dj-L Kivi gZv| G hyM gvU 13wU fvh g~wZ cvIqv MQ| Pzbvcv_i Zwi GKwU
wekmfZv
213
g~wZi gv_v cvIqv MQ| gnv`vivZ cvIqv MQ bZiZv GKwU

bvix g~wZ| GQvov gvwUi Zwi QvU QvU gvbyl Avi cg~wZI cvIqv
MQ| niv gnv`vivZ cv Dj--LhvM wkKg njv wewfb
aibi cvq 2500 wmj| agxq I eemv-evwYRi cqvRb Gjv
eeZ nZv|
KvR : QK c~iY Ki
wmz mfZvi vcZ
cvwvb
Qwe : mxjgvni
wMK mfZv
cUf~wg : wMmi gnvKwe nvgvii BwjqW I IwWwm gnvKve `ywUZ ewYZ PgKc` Kvwnbx ga jywKq _vKv
mZK LuyR ei Kivi A`g BQv DrmvwnZ Ki Zvj cZZwe`ì | Dwbk kZKi kl nvgvii Kvwnbx
Avi KweZvqB Zv mxgve _vK bv, ewiq Avm Gi wfZii mZ BwZnvm| CwRqvb mvMii xccy Ges
Gwkqv gvBbii cwg DcK~j AvweZ nq GK DbZZi cvPxb bMi mfZv| mvb gj gnvKvei Uq
bMixmn GKkZ bMixi asm ci| hvK ejv nq CwRqvb mfZv ev cvK KvwmKvj wMK mfZv|
wU xc, wMm Dcxci g~j f~L, Gwkqv gvBbii cwg DcK~j Ges CwRqvb mvMii z` z` xc wbq
Mo DV GB mfZv| GB mfZvi Awaevmxiv wQj mgkvjx GK mswZ-HwZni AwaKvix| GB mfZvK
`ywU fvM fvM Kiv nqQ| h_vGK. wgwbqb mfZv; wU xc h mfZvi De| Gi vqxKvj aiv nqQ wLc~e 3000 _K wLc~e
1400 A ch|
`yB : wZxqwU nQ gvBwmwbq ev GwPqvb mfZv; wMmi g~j f~L `wY Aj AewZ gvBwmwb bMii bvg
Abymvi Gi bvgKiY nq| GB mfZvi vwqZ wQj wLc~e 1600 _K wLc~e 1100 A ch| aviYv Kiv
nq ebv A_ev we`wk AvgYi dj GB mfZvi Aemvb NU|
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvj: wMm `kwU AvwWqvwUK mvMi, f~gamvMi I CwRqvb mvMi viv cwiewZ|
wMK mfZvi m `yBwU mswZi bvg RwoZ| GKwU njwbK AciwU njwbwK| wMK Dcxci cavb
kni G_K K` Ki Mo DVQ njwbK mswZ| Aciw`K wMK exi AvjKRvvii bZZ wgkii
AvjRvw`qvK K` Ki wMK I AwMK mswZi wgkY Rb nq bZzb GK mswZi| BwZnvm G mswZ
njwbwK mswZ bvg cwiwPZ|
mvgwiK bMi iv vUv : cvPxb wMm h AmsL bMiiv Mo DVwQj Zvi GKwU wQj vUv| G bMi ivi
Aevb wQj `wY wMmi cjvcbmvm bvgK Aj| Abvb bMi iv _K vUv wQj Avjv`v| vUvbì
cKwZ wek-lY Kij `Lv hvq, mgiZ viv Zviv cfvw^Z wQj| gvbyli gvbweK DbwZi w`K bRi bv w`q
mvgwiK kw mqi w`K Zvì `w wQj ewk| wL:c~e 800 A `xN hyi ci Wvixq hvviv vUv `Lj
KiZ mg nqwQj| GB civwRZ vbxq AwaevmxìK f~wg `vm ev njU ejv nZv| Giv myhvM
214
cjB we`vn KiZ| civwRZ Awaevmx hviv f~wg`vm nZ eva nqwQj Zvì msLv wQj AbK ewk| dj
gZv wUwKq ivLv Avi we`vn `gb Qvov vUvi ivRvì gv_vq Avi Kvbv wPv wQj bv|
vUvbì Rxeb vUv ivi RbB wbqvwRZ wQj| vUvi mgvR Zwi nqwQj hyi cqvRbK wNi|
miKvii g~j Dk wQj hyi Rb bvMwiKì cZ Kiv I hy cwiPvjbv Kiv| mvgwiK w`K AZwaK
gbvhvM Ìqvi KviY mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK, A_bwZK Ges mvswZK Zviv wQj AbMmi|
MYZvwK bMi iv G_ : cvPxb wMm c_g MYZi m~Pbv nq G_| Ze c_g w`K G_ wQj
ivRZ| wL: c~e mvZ kZK ivRZi cwieZ GK aibi AwfRvZZ cwZwZ nq| gZvjv Pj Avm
AwfRvZì nvZ| `k kvmbi bvg Zviv ay wbRi ^v_B `LZv| dj mvaviY gvbyli gb vfi mw
nq| hwÌ Zvì c gZv `Lj Kiv me nqwb| wKy Zvì bvg wKQy jvK gZv nvZ wbq bq|
Zvì ejv nZv UvBivU| RbMYi ga Amvl Ges ewZ KlKì ga we`vni mvebv `Lv `q|
dj mvZ wLc~evi gvSvgvwS mgq iveevq GK cwieZb Avm| AvM AwfRvZ cwievii mvbMYB
AwfRvZ ej MY nZv| GLb A_i gvb` AwfRvZ wnme ^xKwZ Ìqv njv|
`k gvivZK msKUi mgq me kwY memZfve
KqKRbK msvii Rb Avnvb Rvbvq| Zvi ga mePq
LwZgvb wQjb AwfRvZ eski Rb bqv mvjb| wZwb wKQy
bZzb AvBb cYqb Kib Ges wMK AvBbi KVviZv nvm
Kib| wZwb FY _K KlKì gy Kivi Rb AvBb cvm
Kib| Zvui mgq AbK A_bwZK msviI Kiv nq|
mvjbi ci RbMYi KjvY Zvì AwaKvi Ìqvi Rb
GwMq Avmb wcwmm&UUvm Ges wKm_wbm| Zviv RbMYi
KjvYi Rb AbK AvBb cvm Kib| Ze P~ov MYZ
cwZv nq cwiwKmi mgq| Zvi mgqK wMK mfZvi ^YhyM
ejv nq _vK| 460 wL: c~ev gZvq Gm wZwb 30 eQi
ai ivRZ Kib| wZwb bvMwiKì me ivRbwZK AwaKvii
`vwe gb bb| wZwb G mgq ckvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefvM
bvMwiKì Aeva AskMnYi AwaKvi cwZv Kib|
bvMwiKì ga _K wbhy Rywi wePvii `vwqZ cvjb KiZ|
Qwe : cwiwKm
cwiwKmi hyM G_ me DbwZi Pig wkLi AvivnY Ki| 430 wL:c~e A G_i fqven
gnvgvwiZ GK PZz_vsk jvK gZzeiY Ki| GB gnvgvwiZ cwiwKmiI gZy NU| Zuvi gZzi ci ciB
G_i `yfvM iy nq|
vb-wevb, `kb, mvwnZ I ivRbxwZ me wek mfZvq AweiYxq Ae`vb ivLv bMiiv G_i cZb
nq mvgwiK bMiiv vUvi KvQ| Dfq ivi ga `xNgqvw` h hy msNwUZ nq Zv BwZnvm
cjvcbwmqvi hy bvg cwiwPZ| wL:c~e 460 _K 404 ch gvU wZbevi GB hy msNwVZ nq| GB hy
`yB iv ciii wgì wbq RvU MVb Ki| G_i wg iv wbq MwVZ RvUi bvg wQj Wwjqvb
jxM| Aciw`K vUv Zvi wgì wbq h RvU MVb Ki Zvi bvg wQj cjvcbmxq jxM| GB giYcY
hy G_i gvb-ghv`v I ^vaxbZv wejxb nq hvq| wL:c~e 369 A G_ Pj hvq vUvi Aaxb| Gici
bMiiv w_e&m& AwaKvi Ki bq G_| wL: c~e 338 A gwmWvbi (wMm) ivRv wdwjc w_e&m& `Lj Ki
wbj G_ gwmWvbi Aaxb Pj hvq|
wekmfZv
215
`jxq KvR : RbMYi KjvYi Rb G_i hme gYxlx wewfb msvi I AvBb cvm Kib, Zuvì
bvgi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
mfZvq wMmi Ae`vb : fMvwjK KviY wMK bMi ivjv GK Acii _K wewQb nq _vKjI Zvì
mswZ wQj Awfb| ivRbwZK AbK _vKv mI Zviv GKB mvswZK HwZni DivwaKvix ej gb
KiZ| Zvì fvlv, ag, mvwnZ, Ljvayjv-mewKQy Zvì GK mswZi eb Ave Ki iLwQj| GB
mswZi wewfb g~j Ae`vb wQj G_i| Avi GB mswZi bvg nQ njbxq mswZ|
wkv : wkv mK wMK vbx-Yxiv wewfb aviYv cvlY KiZb| Zviv bwZK I agxq wkvi cwZ iyZ
w`qQb| Zvì KD KD gb KiZb mywkwZ bvMwiKi nvZB kvmbfvi Ìqv DwPZ| miKvii Pvwn`v
I j Abyhvqx wkveev _vKv DwPZ| wkvi g~j Dk wQj AvbyMZ I kLjv wkv `qv| ^vaxb
Mxmevmxi Qjiv mvZ eQi eqm _K cvVkvjvq hvIqv Avmv KiZ| abx ewì Qjì 18 eQi ch
jLvcov KiZ nZv| KvwiMi Avi KlKi Qjiv cv_wgK wkv cZ| `vmì mvbi Rb we`vjq hvIqv
wbwl wQj| gqivI Kvbv cwZvb hq jLvcov KiZ cviZ bv|
`jxq KvR :
QK c~iY Ki
G_i bvMwiKì KjvY K Kx Kib
mvjb
cwiwKm
mvwnZ : mvwnZi cvPxb wMmi mw AvRI gvbemgvR g~jevb m`| nvgvii gnvKve BwjqvW I
IwWwm gnvKvei Ac~e wb`kb| mvwnZ P~ov weKvk NUwQj bvUK iPbvq| weqvMvK bvUK iPbvq
wMKiv wekl cvi`kx wQjb| GmKvBjvmK GB aibi bvUKi RbK ejv nq| Zuvi iwPZ bvUKi bvg
cwgw_Dm evD| wMmi k bvUKvi wQjb mvdvwKm| wZwb GKkwUiI ewk bvUK iPbv Kib| Zuvi
weLvZ bvUKi ga ivRv Aqw`cvDm, AvwMvb I BjKUv AbZg| Avi GKRb weLvZ bvUKvii bvg
BDwiwcw`m| Gwivdbmi wgjbvK I e iPbvq wekl LvwZ wQj| BwZnvm iPbvqI wMKiv KwZZ
`wLqwQj| BwZnvm iPbv G mgq _K iy| nivWUvm BwZnvmi RbK bvg cwiwPZ wQjb| nivWUvm
iwPZ BwZnvm-msv c_g eBwU wQj wMm I cvimi ga hy wbq| _ywKWvBWm wQjb wevbmZ
BwZnvmi RbK| Zuvi eBwUi wkivbvg wQj ` cjvcbwmqvb Iqi|
ag : wMKì eviwU è-èx wQj| wewfb cvKwZK kw c~Rv QvovI Zviv exi hvvì c~Rv KiZ| wRDm
wQj èZvì ivRv| Avcvjv wQjb m~h èZv, cvwmWb wQjb mvMii èZv| G_bv wQjb vbi
èx| eviRbi ga GB PviRb wQjb k| ivi wb`k cyivwnZiv agxq `vwqZ cvjb KiZb| Wjvm
xc AewZ Wjwdi gwì wewfb bMi ivi gvbyl mgeZ nq GK m Avcvjv èZvi c~Rv KiZ|
`kb : `vkwbK wPvi wMm Af~Zc~e DbwZ nqwQj| cw_ex Kxfve mw nqQ, cwZw`b Kxfve Gi
cwieZb NUQGme fveZ wMq wMm `kbPPvi m~cvZ| _vjm wQjb c_g w`KKvi `vkwbK| wZwbB c_g
m~hMnYi cvKwZK KviY evLv Kib| Gici wMmi hywev`x `vkwbKi Avwefve NU| Gì ejv nZv
216
mwd| Giv wekvm KiZb h P~ov mZ ej wKQy bB| cwiwKm Gì

Abymvix wQjb| mwUm wQjb G `vkwbKì ga mePq LvwZgvb|
Zvi wkvi g~j w`K wQj Av`k iv I mr bvMwiK Mo Zvjv| Abvq
kvmbi cwZev` Kivi wkvI wZwb `b| mwUmi wkl c-Uv wMK
`kbK Pig DbwZi w`K GwMq wbq hZ mg nb| c-Uvi wkl
GwiUjI GKRb eo `vkwbK wQjb|
wevb : wMKiv c_g wevbPPvi m~cvZ Ki wLtc~e 600 A| cw_exi
gvbwP c_g Ab Kib wMK wevbxiv| ZvivB c_g cgvY Kib h,
cw_ex GKwU Mn Ges Zv wbR Kc_ AvewZZ nq| wMK RvwZweìv m~h
I P`MnYi KviY wbYq KiZ mg nb| Puvì wbR^ Kvbv Avjv bB|
eR I we`yr wRDmi vai KviY bq, cvKwZK KviY NU| GB mZ
ZvivB c_g Avwevi Kib| RvwgwZi cwZ BDwKW c`v_we`vqI cvi`kx
wQjb| weLvZ MwYZwe` wc_vMvivm, wPwKrmv wevbx wncvUmi
h_ LvwZ wQj|
Qwe : mwUm
vcZ I fvh : wMK wki wekl Ki vcZ I fvh wekl DbwZ nqwQj| wMK wPwki wb`kb
grcv AvuKv wPi ga `Lv hvq| vcZi myì myì wb`kb wMmi wewfb vb Qwoq AvQ| eo eo
i Dci Zviv cvmv` Zwi KiZ| Avi cvmvì jv Ac~e KviyKvhLwPZ _vKZ| cv_bb gwì ev
èx G_bvi gwì vcZ KxwZi AbZg k wb`kb| G_i Avvcwjm vcZi myì wb`kbi
fMvekl GLbI PvL co|
wMK fvh cw_exi wkKjvi BwZnvm GK ^YhyMi Rb w`qwQj| m hyMi cLvZ fv wkx wQjb gvBib,
wdw`qvm I cvKwmUjm|
Ljvayjv : wkì Ljvayjvi cwZ wekl bRi `qv nZv| we`vjq Zvì Ljvayjvi nvZLwo nZv| kixiPPv
Ljvayjvi cwZ wMKì h_ AvMn wQj| Drmei w`b wMm bvbv aibi xov cwZhvwMZv nZv| Gi ga
mePq weLvZ wQj èZv wRDmi mvb AbywZ cwZhvwMZv|
AwjwK xov cwZhvwMZvq wMmi k xovweìv Ask wbZ| GZ òSuvc, gj-hy, PvKv wbc, ekv
Qvov, gywhy BZvw` welq cwZhvwMZvi eev _vKZ| weRqxì RjcvB MvQi Wvj-cvZvq Zwi gvjv w`q
cyiZ Kiv nZv| cwZ Pvi eQi cici GB Ljv AbywZ nZ| G Ljvq wewfb bMiivi Ljvqvoiv Ask
wbZ| GB LjvK wNi wMK bMiivjvi ga kyZvi e`j mnv`c~Y gbvfve Mo DV|
GKK KvR : wMK mfZvi weLvZ gYxlxì bvgi ZvwjKv cZ Ki|
ivgvb mfZv
cUf~wg : wMmi mfZvi Aemvbi AvMB BZvwjZ UvBevi b`xi Zxi GKwU wekvj mgvR I mfZv Mo
DV| ivgK K` Ki Mo DVv GB mfZv ivgxq mfZv bvg cwiwPZ| c_g w`K ivg GKRb ivRvi
kvmbvaxb wQj| G mgq GKwU mfv I wmbUI wQj| ivRv îvPvix nq DVj ZvK gZv _K mwiq wL:
c~e 510 A ivg GKwU cRvZ cwZwZ nq| ivgvb mfZv cvq QqkZ eQi vqx nqwQj|
wekmfZv
217
fMvwjK Aevb I mgqKvj : BZvwji gvSvgvwS cwgvsk ivg bMi AewZ| BDivc gnv`ki `k
BZvwji `wY f~ g amvMi _K Di w`K Avm& ce Z gvjv ch weZ Z |
BZvwj I hyMvm-vwfqvi gvSLvb AvwWqvwUK mvMi| AvwWqvwUK mvMi Zxi BZvwji Di-c~e Ask Mo
DVwQj cvPxb mgyèì GwWqv| BZvwji cwgvskI f~gamvMi AewZ| mvMii G AskK cvPxbKvj ejv
nZv GUzvb mvMi| Kwl weKvki myhvM wQj ej cvPxb ivg wQj Kwlwbfi `k| dj ivgi Avw`
Awaevmxì m AbycekKvixì msNl mvaviY welq wQj| h KviY Gme msNvZ-msNli ga w`q
ivgvbiv hvv RvwZZ cwiYZ nZ _vK|
ivgxq BwZnvm chvjvPbv Kij `Lv hvq, bvbv Dvb-cZb, NvZ-cwZNvZi ga w`q wL:c~e 753 A ivg
bMix cwZwZ| 476 wL: Rvgvb eei RvwZjvi nvZ kl ch ivgvb mgvRi P~ov cZb nq|
ivg bMix I ivgvb kvmbi cwiPq : iyZc~Y UvBevi b`xi DrmgyL _K cvq eviv-Ziv gvBj `~i mvZwU ceZ
kwYi Dci ivg AewZ| G Rb GK mvZwU ceZi bMixI ejv nq| wL:c~e 2000 A h B`v-BDivcxq
Mvwi GK`j gvbyl BZvwjZ emevm iy Ki| ZvìKB jvwZb ejv nZv| Gì bvg Abymvi fvlvi bvgI nq
jvwZb fvlv| jvwZb ivRv ivwgDjvm ivg bMixi cwZv Kib| Zuvi bvg Abyhvqx bMii bvg nq ivg|
ivgi MYZ GKw`b cwZwZ nqwb| avc avc bvbv msvi msMvgi ga w`q ivg MYZ cwZwZ nq|
HwZnvwmKiv ivgxq BwZnvmK KqKwU fvM fvM KiQb| h_v: wL: c~e 753-510 A ch wQj ivRZi
hyM| G hyM mvZRb mgvU `k kvmb Kib| G hyMi mekl mgvU UviwKDwbqvm mycviKvmK gZvPzZ
Kivi ci ivg cRvZi m~cvZ| GB cRvZvwK kvmb eev Pj wL:c~e 500 _K wL: c~e 60 A
ch| ivg cRvZvwK kvmb cwZwZ nj RbMY we`vnx bZv eyUvm Ges Aci GK ewK RbcwZwbwa
wnme kvmbi myhvM c`vb Ki| ivRZi cZbi ci ivgi RbMY `yfvM wef nq ci| cvwUwmqvb
A_vr AwfRvZ kwY| Avi wc-weqvb hviv mvaviY bvMwiK| z` KlK, KvwiMi, ewYKiv wc-weqvb kwYfy|
GKK KvR :
ivgxq mfZvi eYbv KiZ hme b`x-mvMi-cvnvoi Dj-L AvQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZ Ki gvci
Kvb vb Gjvi Aevb Zv wb`k Ki|
cRvZi c_g 200 eQi wQj cvwUwmqvb I wc-weqvbì ga msNvZi BwZnvm| mgvR wc-weqvbiv ewZ
kwY wQj| AwaKvi ewZ wc-weqvbiv gvMZ msMvg KiZ _vK| kl ch wc-weqvbiv wKQy AwaKvi Av`vq
KiZ mg nq| wc-weqvbì `vwei gyL ivgvb AvBb msKwjZ nZ _vK| wL:c~e 450 A wc-weqvbiv
evcvZ 12wU AvBb wjwLZfve cYqb Ki| Av`vjbi P~ov weRq wnme `yRb Kbmvji ga GKRb
wc-weqvbì c _K wbevPbi wmv MnxZ nq| Gfve ivgvb cRvZ MYZi w`K AMmi nq|
ivg cRvZ cwZwZ njI g `kwU mgvRev`x kwic AvZcKvk KiZ _vK| ^ mgqi ga ivg
mgM BZvwji Dci cfve wevi Zrci nq| 146 wL: c~e A _K 46 wL:c~e A ch ivgvb mfZvi
AKvi hyM| abx-`wi` msNvZ, `vm we`vn, gZvi i KviY Pig wekLjv, nvbvnvwb, mwnsmZvq Db
nq DV ivg|
ivgi A_bxwZ wQj `vmì Dci wbfikxj| AgvbywlK wbhvZb `vmiv vUvKvmi bZZ we`vn NvlYv
Ki| `yB eQievcx Zviv Zvì we`vn wUwKq ivLZ mg nq| 71 wL: c~e A vUvKvm wbnZ nj
we`vni Aemvb nq| Pig wbhvZb bg Avm `vmì Dci|
218
AfixY wekLjv QvovI iqx hyI Rwoq co ivg| dj DPvKvx mvgwiK bZviv gZvq AvmZ
_vK Ges ivg Mnhy& Qwoq co| gZvi i GKchvq mgSvZvi wfwZ wZbRb bZv GKhvM
gZvq Avmb, hv BwZnvm qx kvmb bvg cwiwPZ| wekvj ivg mgvRK wZb fvM Ki kvmbi `vwqZ bb
Avwfqvm wmRvi, gvK GUwb I jwcWvm| jwcWvmi `vwqZ wQj AvwdKvi c`kmg~n, Avwfqvm wmRvii
`vwqZ wQj BZvwjmn mgvRi cwg Ask, GUwbi `vwqZ wQj c~evj| Ze wZbRbi kvmb ewk w`b
vqx nqwb| KviY cZKiB AvKvv wQj ivgi GKQ AwacwZ ev mgvU nIqvi| dj Lye kxNB Avevi
gZvi jovB iy nq hvq| Avwfqvm wmRvi civwRZ Ki jwcWvmK, Gw`K gvK GUwb wgkii
ivRKbv wKIcUvK weq Ki Zuvi kw ew Ki| wKy Avwfqvm wmRvii m gZvi civwRZ
nb| gZv `Lj Ki Avwfqvm wmRvi AMvvm wmRvi bvg aviY Ki wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| BwZnvm
wZwb GB bvgB ewk cwiwPZ| 14 wLv AMvvm wmRvii gZz nq| Zuvi mgq mePq Dj-LhvM
NUbv whwLi Rb| AMvvm wmRvii gZzi ci ci ivg Avevi wekLjv `Lv `q| we`wk AvgY, wekl
Ki Rvgvb eei Mvjvi AvgY Zxe nZ _vK| ZvQvov AfixY gZvi Kv`ji KviY ivgvbì
kw q nq hZ _vK| ivgi kl mgvU ivwgDjvm AMvzjvm Rvgvb eei Mvi Zxe AvgY cwZnZ
KiZ e_ njb 476 wLv ivgvb mgvR P~ov cvZb NU| BZvga wLvb agi AMhvv iy nq Ges
Rvgvbì Dvb NU|
mfZvq ivgi Ae`vb : ivg wk, mvwnZ, `kb, vcZ me wMKì viv cfvweZ wQj| Zviv GB me
welq wMKì AbymiY I AbyKiY KiQ| Ze mvgwiK msMVb, kvmb cwiPvjbv, AvBb I cKkj we`vq
Zviv wMK I Abvb RvwZi Dci kZ ARb KiZ mg nqwQj| G AvaywbK wek ivgvbì KvQ
wecyjfve FYx|
wkv, mvwnZ I wjLb cwZ : G mgq wkv ejZ eySvZv Ljvayjv I exiì wZ K_v eYbv Kiv| hy
weMni ga w`q ivgi hvv iy nqwQj| myZivs Zvì me wKQyB wQj hyK K` Ki| ZviciI DP
kwYfy ivgvbì wMK fvlv wkv wQj GKwU dvkb| dj Gì AbKB wMK mvwnZK jvwZb fvlvq
Abyev` Kivi `Zv ARb Ki| ivgi AwfRvZ hyeKiv wMmi wewfb weLvZ we`vcxV wkvjvf KiZ hZ|
`jxq KvR : ivgi qx kvmb Avgj K Kvb Aji kvmK wQjb Zv QK Dj-L Ki|
kvmKi bvg
kvwmZ Ajmg~n
1|
2|
3|
m hyMi Dj-LhvM mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb weklfve bvg Kiv hvq c-yUvm I Uii| Giv `yRb wgjbvZK
bvUK iPbvi KwZZ ARb KiwQjb| mvwnZ mePq DbwZ `Lv hvq AMvvm wmRvii mgq|
G hyMi Kwe nvivm I fvwRj h_ LvwZ ARb KiwQjb| fvwRji gnvKve BwbW e fvlvq Abyev` Kiv
nqQ| Iwf` I wjwf G hyMi LvZbvgv Kwe| wjwf BwZnvmwe` wnmeI weLvZ wQjb| weLvZ HwZnvwmK
UvwmUvmI G hyM RbMnY KiwQjb|
vcZ, fvh I wevb : ivgvb vcZi AbZg ewk wQj Gi wekvjZv| mgvU nvwWqvbi Zwi
aggwì cvbw_qb ivgvbì vcZi GK AmvaviY wb`kb| 80 wL: ivgvb mgvU wUUvm KZK wbwgZ
wekmfZv
219
Kjvwmqvg bvUkvjv wQj, hLvb GK m 5600 `kK

emZ cviZ| vcZKjvi cvkvcvwk ivgxq fvhi Pig
DrKl mvwaZ nqwQj| ivgxq fviMY è-èx, mgvU,
`Z, cyivYi wewfb Pwii g~wZ Zwi KiZb gvej
cv_ii|
wevb ivgvbiv Zgb Kvbv Ae`vb ivLZ bv cvijI
wevbxì ga KD KD iyZc~Y Ae`vb ivLZ mg nb|
Gì ga eo wc-wb wevb mK wekKvl cYqb Kib|
GZ cvq cuvPk wevbxi MelYvKg vb cqQ| ZvQvov
Qwe : Kjvwmqvg
wPwKrmv wevb ivgbxqì Ae`vb wQj| wevbx mjmvm
wPwKrmv wevbi Dci eB jLb| GQvov wPwKrmvkv Mvjb iydvm Amvgvb Ae`vb iLQb|
ag, `kb I AvBb : ivgvbiv agxq I wMKì viv cfvweZ wQj| AbK wMK è-èxi bvg cwieZb nq
ivgvbì è-èx nqQ| ivgvì AbZg cavb èZvi bvg wQj RywcUvi| Abvb iyZc~Y è-èxiv nQ
Rybv, bcPzb, gvi&m, fvjKvb, fbvm, wgbvfv, evKvm BZvw`| ivgxq ègwì cavb cyivwnZ wQj huviv agxq
AvPvi-Abyvb cwiPvjbv KiZb| Ze ivgvbì ciKvji cwZ wekvm wQj bv| AMvvm wmRvii mgq _K
Cki wnme mgvUK c~Rv Kivi ixwZ Pvjy nq| Dj-L, G mgq wLvb agi ceZK wh wLi Rb nq|
cieZxKvj ivgvb agi cvkvcvwk wLag wevi jvf KiZ _vK| AbK ivgvb GB ag `xv MnY Ki|
GZ mgvU z nb KviY wLagi Abykvmb gb PjZ Mj mgvUK Avi Ckii gZv c~Rv Kiv hvq bv|
dj ivgvb mgvUiv GB ag cPvi e Ki `b Ges wLxq agMnYKvix ivgvbì Dci wbhvZb iy Kib|
wKy mgvU KUvbUvBb wLvb ag MnY Kib Ges GB agK ivgvb miKvwi ag cwiYZ Kib|
AbK gb Kib h ivgxq `kb wMK `kbi Dci wfw Ki Mo DVwQj| ZeyI ivgxq `kb wmmiv,
jywUqvm (wL: c~e 98-55 A) Zuvì mywPwZ `vkwbK gZev` viv Ae`vb ivLZ mg nqwQjb|
ivg vBKev`x `kb h_ Rbwcq wQj| wL: c~e 140 A ivWm xci cvbwUqvm GB gZev` c_g
ivg cPvi Ki|
wekmfZvi BwZnvm ivgvbì mek Ges iyZc~Y Ae`vb nQ AvBb| wL: c~e cuvP kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq
ivgvbiv dR`vwi I Ìqvwb AvBbjv myyfve GKm mvRvZ mg nb| Rvwwbqvb wL: c~e 540 A
12wU ev cvZ mec_g AvBbjv Lv`vB Ki jLv nq Ges RbMYK `Lvevi Rb cKvk Szwjq ivLv
nq| ivgxq AvBbi `wZ mKj gvbyl mgvb| ivgvb AvBbK wZbwU kvLvq fvM Kiv nqQ| hgbGK. emvgwiK AvBb : GB AvBb cvjb Kiv ivgvb bvMwiKì Rb evaZvg~jK wQj| GB AvBb wjwLZ
AwjwLZ `yB iKg wQj|
`yB : RbMYi AvBb : G AvBb mKj bvMwiKi Rb chvR wQj| ZvQvov ewMZ AwaKvi ivi welqwU GB
AvBb wQj| Ze Gi gvag `vm c_vI ^xKwZ jvf Ki| wmmiv G AvBbi cYZv|
wZb: cvKwZK AvBb : G AvBb g~jZ bvMwiKì gwjK AwaKvi ivi K_v ejv nqQ|
AvBb cYqbi ivgvbì Ae`vb wPiiYxq| AvaywbK wekI m~Yfve ivgvb AvBbi Dci wbfikxj|
wLxq Qq kZK mgvU RvmwUwbqb c_g mg ivgvb AvBbi GK msMn I msKjb cKvk Kib|
220
Abykxjbg~jK ck
ewbevPwb ck:
1. wgkixqiv mec_g KqwU ebeY Avwevi Ki?
K. 23 wU
L. 24 wU
M. 25 wU
N. 26 wU
2. wgkixqì KvQ ag GZ iyZc~Y wQj Kb?

K. wgkixqiv me ag viv cfvweZ wQj
M. cyivwnZiv `k kvmb KiZ
L. AwfRvZ m`vq agi iyZ w`Z

N. wgkixqiv ag wekvmx wQj

AwjwK xovi Dvabx Abyvb wewfb `ki cwiekbv `L mxgv I Zvi cwievi Avwff~Z nq| Abyvb `L
mxgvi GKwU mfZvi K_v gb coj Ges m Zvi zji GKwU mvswZK Abyvb Kie ej Dvabx Abyvb
_K aviYv bq|
3. mxgvi Kvb mfZvi K_v gb co?
K. ivgvb
M. PwbK
L. MxK
N. wmz
4. G aibi AvqvRb wewfb `ki ga Mo DVZ cvii. A_bwZK HK

ii. mvswZK fve wewbgq
iii. ivRbwZK mgSvZv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK?
K. i
M. i I ii
L. ii
N. i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck:
KlK iwng wmjU wUjvi Xvji AvMvQv I Rj cwivi Ki mLvb Pvlvev` iy Kib| c_g w`K
mdjZv bv cjI wZwb AviI D`gi mv_ Ab KlKì wbq KvR Pvwjq hZ _vKb| KqK eQii
gaB KlK iwng fvjv dmj cvb Ges Zuvi Aevi ek DbwZ nq| KlK iwngmn Abvb KlKiv wUjv
KU mgZj Ki Pvlvev` iy Kib| mLvb cvKvevwo, KviLvbv gmwR`, we`vjq BZvw` vcb Kib|
K. Kvb ivRv ivg bMix cwZv Kib?
L. ivg wZb Rbi kvmb wUKwb Kb? eYbv Ki|
M. KlK iwng I Zvi mnhvwMì ga wgkixqì Kvb ewki cwZdjb NUQ? evLv Ki|
N. KlK iwngi GjvKvi vcZmg~n Kx cvPxb wgkixq vcZi Abyic? gZvgZ `vI|
mgv

9 10 27 History of BD Bangla

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

9 10 27 History of BD Bangla

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW KZK 2013 wkvel _K

beg-`kg kwYi cvVcyZKi~c wbavwiZ

evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

[cKvkK KZK me^Z msiwZ]

c_g cKvk : Avei, 2012

cvVcyK cYqb mg^qK

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

miKvi KZK webvg~j weZiYi Rb

cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm (wLtc~e 326-1204 wLt)

cvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I mvswZK BwZnvm

gahyMi evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm (1204 wLt-1757 wLt)

gahyMi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I mvswZK BwZnvm

evsjvq BsiR kvmbi m~Pbvce

BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvq cwZiva, beRvMiY I msvi Av`vjb

BsiR kvmb Avgj evsjvi ^vwaKvi Av`vjb

fvlv Av`vjb I cieZx ivRbwZK NUbvcevn

mvgwiK kvmb I ^vwaKvi Av`vjb (1958 - 1969)

mii wbevPb Ges gywhy

eez kL gywReyi ingvbi kvmbKvj (1972-1975)

mvgwiK kvmb I cieZx NUbvcevn (1975- 1990)

wP : Dqvix-eUki cv cvPxb HwZnvwmK wb`kb

BwZnvm I HwZni aviYv, ^ic I cwimi evLv KiZ cvie;

BwZnvmi Dcv`vb I cKvif` eYbv KiZ cvie;

BwZnvm cvVi cqvRbxqZv AvjvPbv KiZ cvie;

BwZnvm I HwZni cwZ AvMnx ne|

evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

BwZnvm I HwZni aviYv

evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

BwZnvm cvVi cqvRbxqZv

evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

L. wjIcv db& ivsK

2. Dqvix-eUki cv cZZvwK wb`kbmg~n cgvY Kii.

cvPxbKvj _KB evsjv`k grwk mg wQj

ii. e cvPxb Avgj evsjv`k bMi mfZv Mo IV

DxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

3. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi BwZnvmi h Dcv`b `LZ cvq Zv njvi.

4. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`kb Ki RvbZ cvie, cvPxb evsjvii.

ii. A_bwZK BwZnvm

cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

gvbwP : cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

cvPxb evsjvi Z_ Abymvb Rbc`jvi iyZ evLv KiZ cvie;

cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv

2. Zvgwj Rbc`wU wQji. mgy` DcK~jeZx Lye wbPz I Av`

DxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI :

4. D Rbc`wU cvPxb evsjvi iyZc~Y Rbc`, KviY GwUi.

mfZvi cvPxbZg wb`kb

ii. mg bMix wnme cwiwPZ

cvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

Qwe : kvjeb wenvi

K. MoivR kkvsKi ivRavbx wQj KvbwU?

cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm (wLtc~e 326-1204 wLt)

cvPxb evsjvi iyZc~Y ivResk I Zuv`i kvmbKvj mK eYbv KiZ cvie;

cvK cvjhyMi evsjvi ivRbwZK cwiwwZ evLv KiZ cvie;

`wY-c~e evsjvi ivRmg~n mK eYbv KiZ cvie;

cvPxb evsjvi kvmbeev mK AewnZ ne|

cvPxb evsjvi iyZc~Y ivResk I kvmb-eev

cvPxb evsjvi ivRbwZK BwZnvm (wLtc~e 326-1204 wLt)