Complex Variables Chapter 3 The Basic Transcendental

Functions
3 (Chapter 3) The Basic Transcendental Functions
3.1 The Exponential Function
3.2 Trigonometric Functions

3.3 Hyperbolic Function

3.4 The Logarithmic Function
3.5 Analycity of the Logarithmic Function
3.6 Complex Exponentials
3.7 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
3.8 More on Branch Cuts and Branch Points
1

Complex Variables 3.1 The Exponential Function

Start from exp(z).
a. exp(z) exp(x) when z x R

xn
x 2 x3
e
1 x

...
2! 3!
n 0 n!
x

b. exp(z) is an analytic function

Using

e i
iy

n 0

2n

yn
y 2 n 1
2n y
2 n 1
i
i
cos y i sin y
2n ! n0
2n 1 !
n ! n 0

We define:
e e
z

x iy

zn
z2 z3
e e e cos y i sin y
1 z
...
2! 3!
n 0 n!
x iy

(a) +
(b) u+iv u e x cos y; v e x sin y
So:

u
e x cos y;
x

v
e x cos y;
y

u
e x sin y;
y

v
e x sin y
v

u v

x y
v
u

y
x

exp(z) is an entire function !

2

Complex Variables
Observe:

f f cos i sin u f cos ; v f cos

v
u

arg tan
e z e x cos y i sin y e x cis

So:
Derivative:

; ez ex

d z u
v
e
i
e x cos y ie x sin y e z
dz
x
x

The chain rule

Product

d g z
d
e
ez
g (z )
dz
dz

e z e z e x e x cos y1 i sin y1 cos y 2 i sin y 2

1

e x e x cos y1 cos y 2 sin y1 sin y 2 icos y1 sin y 2 sin y1 cos y 2

1

e x x cos y1 y 2 i sin y1 y 2 ;
1

ez ez ez z
1

So:
And:

z m

e z e z ...e z e mz
m

m 0, integer

e x x cos y1 y 2 i sin y1 y 2
ez
ez ez

e x x cos y1 y 2 i sin y1 y 2 e z z
z
2
2x
z
e
e
e
1

1
ez
z
e

Complex Variables
One more time:

e z e x cos y i sin y e x cis

arg( e z ) y 2k ,

; ez ex

k 0,1,2...

This is a periodic function with imaginary period 2i:

e z0 i 2 k e x0 cos y0 2k i sin y0 2k e x0 cos y0 i sin y0 e z0

ez ex

Re e z e x cos y

Im e z e x sin y

Complex Variables
Note:

e i e iy cos y i sin y

And (after Euler):

e iy 1

ei cos i sin 1

DeMoivers Theorem gives:

i n

e iny cos ny i sinny

e iny 1

LEMMA The derivative of the real part of a complex function of a real variable is the
real part of the derivative of the function. A corresponding statement holds for the
imaginary parts. The preceding can be applied to derivatives of any order, as long
as they exist.
f ( x) u ( x) iv( x)

f n ( x) u n ( x) iv n ( x)

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 1 Find

2t

2t

cos 2t

cos 2t Re e 2t i 2t Re f (t )

Solution
Notice that

f (t )7 2 i 27 e 2t i 2t ;
2 7 1 i

2 7 1 i 1 i 2 7 2 cos i sin 1 i 210 (i )1 i
4
4

6

f (t )7 2 i 27 e 2t i 2t 210 (i)1 i e 2t cos 2t i sin 2t

210 (1 i)e 2t cos 2t i sin 2t 210 e 2t sin 2t cos 2t isin 2t cos 2t
So:

2t

cos 2t

10

e 2t sin 2t cos 2t