0 B33 KMBN FLQe 2 B 3 BN QM 5 ZB Gs 2 NWC

2010
Gio trnh PLC S7-200

Siemens
Gio trnh gii thiu tng quan v s dng plc S7-200 hng Siemens, vai tr v
v tr ca plc trong h thng iu khin t ng. Cc lnh c bn ca plc , v d
v bi tp p dng.
Th.s Pham Phu Tho

12/25/2010
TT C in t
Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)
MC LC
Mc lc
01
Li m u
04
Chng 1: Tng quan v PLC.
05
1.1.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.2.3.
1.2.4.
05
05
05
06
06
06
Gii thiu
Qu trnh pht trin ca k thut iu khin
H thng iu khin l g?
H thng iu khin dng rle in
H thng iu khin dng plc
iu khin dng plc
Chng 2: Cu hnh phn cng PLC S7-200
11
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4.
2.1.5.
2.1.6.
2.1.7.
2.1.8.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.
2.2.5.
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.3.5.
2.3.6.
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13
19
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
29
30
30
32
33
Cu trc phn cng

B iu khin lp trnh plc S7-200
Cc thnh phn ca CPU
Kt ni iu khin
Truyn thng gia PC v PLC
Ci t phn mm
Hiu v s dng logic trong PLC
S dng bng Symbols
Khi kt ni Terminal
Cu trc b nh
H thng s
Cc khi nim x l thng tin
Phn chia b nh
Cc phng php truy nhp
M rng vo/ra
Nguyn l hot ng ca PLC
Cu trc chng trnh
Thc hin chng trnh
Quy trnh thit k h thng iu khin dng plc
Ngn ng lp trnh
S dng phn mm Step7-Microwin
Bi tp
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Chng 3: Tp lnh lp trnh PLC Siemens S7-200

3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.4.
3.1.5.
3.1.6.
3.1.7.
3.1.8.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
3.2.5.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.5.
3.5.1.
3.5.2.
3.5.3.
3.5.4.
3.5.5.
3.5.6.
3.6.
3.7.
Bit logic
Tip im thng h
Tip im thng ng
Lnh OUT
Lnh Set
Lnh Reset
Tip im pht hin cnh ln
Tip im pht hin cnh xung
Bi tp
Mt s lnh tip im c bit
Tip im SM0.0
Tip im SM0.1
Tip im SM0.4
Tip im SM0.5
Bi tp
B nh thi_Timer
TON
TONR
B m_Counter
CTU
CTUD
Lnh so snh
Theo byte
Theo word
Theo doubleword
Theo s thc
Bi tp v d
Bi tp
Hm di chuyn d liu
Hm chuyn i
Chng 4: Bi tp thc hnh.

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
Kho st t iu khin dng S7-200

Panel iu khin
Cm bin cng nghip
iu khin tun t dng Timer
iu khin m dng Counter
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34
34
34
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
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39
39
39
39
41
41
42
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4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
4.13.
4.14.
4.15.
iu khin n giao thng v n chiu sng

Bng ti dng ng c DC
ng c AC 1 phase
ng c AC 3 phase
Xylanh dng valve in kh nn
Bng ti v cn gt dng kh nn
Bng ti v tay gp
ng h thi gian thc
Chng trnh con
Bi tp tng hp (Np thay th bi thi cui kho)
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93
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LI M U
PLC c s dng rng ri trong cc nh my x nghip, vi bn v
tnh n nh cao. Hin nay, rt nhiu trng hc a plc vo ging dy t nhiu
bc hc. Ti liu hng dn s dng v lp trnh c nhiu tc gi bin son rt
phong ph.
Nhm phc v cho qu trnh ging dy ca bn thn, tc gi bin son ti
liu lp trnh plc ca hng Siemens (dng S7-200) dnh cho hc sinh khi k thut
trnh c bn. Ti liu tham kho cc manual ca hng Siemens, cc ti liu trn
mng v ca cc ng nghip khc.
Trong chng 4, tc gi gii thiu h thng cc bi tp thc hnh vi m t
y gip hc vin c th d dng thc hnh ti nh (c y thit b). Nu gp
kh khn, tc gi sn sng h tr.
Tuy dnh nhiu thi gian, nhng chc chn cn nhiu thiu st, rt mong
cc bn c gi gp ti liu ny hon chnh hn.
Trn trng cm n tham kho ti liu ny, mi ng gp xin vui lng gi
v e-mail: phutho.pham@gmail.com
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CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V PLC
I.
GII THIU:
B iu khin lp trnh PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) c sng to

t nhng tng ban u ca mt nhm k s thuc hng General Motor vo nm
1968. Trong nhng nm gn y, b iu khin lp trnh c s dng ngy cng
rng ri trong cng nghip ca nc ta nh l 1 gii php l tng cho vic t ng
ha cc qu trnh sn xut. Cng vi s pht trin cng ngh my tnh n hin nay,
b iu khin lp trnh t c nhng u th c bn trong ng dng iu khin
cng nghip.
Nh vy, PLC l 1 my tnh thu nh nhng vi cc tiu chun cng nghip cao
v kh nng lp trnh logic mnh. PLC l u no quan trng v linh hot trong iu
khin t ng ha.
II.
QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA K THUT IU KHIN:

1. H thng iu khin l g?
H thng iu khin l tp hp cc thit b v dng c in t. N dng vn

hnh mt qu trnh mt cch n nh, chnh xc v thng sut.
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2. H thng iu khin dng rle in:

S bt u v cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut c bit vo nhng nm 60
v 70, nhng my mc t ng c iu khin bng nhng rle in t nh cc b
nh thi, tip im, b m, relay in t. Nhng thit b ny c lin kt vi nhau
tr thnh mt h thng hon chnh bng v s cc dy in b tr chng cht bn
trong panel in ( t iu khin).
Nh vy, vi 1 h thng c nhiu trm lm vic v nhiu tn hiu vo/ra th t
iu khin rt ln. iu dn n h thng cng knh, sa cha khi h hng rt
phc tp v kh khn. Hn na, cc rle tip im nu c s thay i yu cu iu
khin th bt buc thit k li t u.
3. H thng iu khin dng PLC
Vi nhng kh khn v phc tp khi thit k h thng dng rle in. nhng
nm 80, ngi ta ch to ra cc b iu khin c lp trnh nhm nng cao tinh
cy, n nh, p ng h thng lm vic trong mi trng cng nghip khc nghit
em li hiu qu kinh t cao. l b iu khin lp trnh c, c cun ha theo
ngn ng Anh Quc l Programmable Logic Controller (vit tt l PLC).
4. iu khin dng PLC
a. Cc khi chc nng

Mt PLC c khi Module Input, khi CPU(Central Processing Unit) v
khi Module Output. Khi Module Input c chc nng thu nhn cc d liu
digital, analog v chuyn thnh cc tn hiu cp vo CPU. Khi CPU quyt
nh v thc hin chng trnh iu khin thng qua chng trnh cha trong
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b nh. Khi Module Output chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin t CPU thnh d

liu analog, digital thc hin iu khin cc i tng.
V d: iu khin ng c theo s bn di
iu khin bng Rle in
iu khin bng PLC
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b. Cc chng loi PLC:

Hin nay, mt s PLC c s dng trn th trng Vit Nam:
- M:Allen Bradley, General Electric, Square D, Texas Instruments,
Cutter Hammer,
- c: Siemens, Boost, Festo
- Hn Quc: LG
- Nht: Mitsubishi, Omron, Panasonci, Fanuc, Mashushita, Fuzi,
Koyo,
V nhiu chng loi khc.
Cc sn phm nh: Logo!, Easy, Zen, cng c ch to ra p
ng nhng yu cu iu khin n gin.
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c. u th ca h thng iu khin dng PLC:

-
iu khin linh hot, a dng.
Lng contact ln, tc hot ng nhanh.
Tin hnh thay i v sa cha.
n nh, tin cy cao.
Lp t dn gin.
Kch thc nh gn.
C th ni mng vi tnh gim st h thng.
d. Hn ch
-
Gi thnh (ty theo yu cu my).
Cn mt chuyn vin thit k chng trnh cho PLC hot

ng.
Cc yu cu c nh, n gin th khng cn dng PLC.
PLC s b nh hng khi hot ng mi trng c nhit

cao, rung mnh.
e. Cc ng dng ca PLC:
- iu khin cc qu trnh sn xut: giy, ximng, nc gii kht,
linh kin in t, xe hi, bao b, ng gi,
- Ra xe t t ng.
- Thit b khai thc.
- Gim st h thng, an ton nh xng.
- H thng bo ng.
- iu khin thang my.
- iu khin ng c.
- Chiu sng
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- Ca cng nghip, t ng
- Bm nc.
- Ti cy.
- Bo gi trng hc, cng s,
- My ct sn phm, v chai,
- V cn nhiu h thng iu khin t ng khc.
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CHNG 2:
CU HNH H THNG
I.
CU TRC PHN CNG:

1. B iu khin lp trnh (PLC)
PLC l b iu khin lp trnh v c xem l my tnh cng nghip.
Do cng ngh ngy cng cao v vy lp trnh PLC cng ngy cng thay i,
ch yu l s thay i v cu hnh h thng m quan trng l b x l trung
tm (CPU). S thay i ny nhm ci thin 1 s tnh nng, s lnh, b nh, s
u vo/ ra(I/O), tc qut, v vy xut hin rt nhiu loi PLC.
PLC ca Siemens hin c cc loi sau: S7- 200, S7- 300, S7- 400.
Ring S7- 200 c cc loi CPU sau: CPU 210, CPU 214, CPU 221, CPU 222,
CPU 224, CPU 226, . Mi nht c CPU 224 xp, CPU 226 xp c tch hp
analog.
Trong ti liu ny trnh by cu trc chung h S7 200, CPU 224.
Tng s I/O max tng i ln, khong 256 I/O. S module m rng
ty theo CPU c th ln n ti a 7 module.
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Tch hp nhiu chc nng c bit trn CPU nh ng ra xung, high

speed counter, ng h thi gian thc, . .v.v.
Module m rng a dng, nhiu chng loi nh analog, x l nhit ,
iu khin v tr, module mng ..v.v.
2. Cc thnh phn CPU:
a. c im ca CPU 224:
-
Kch tht: 120.5mm x 80mm x 62mm
Dung lng b nh chng trnh: 4096 words
Dung lng b nh d liu: 2560 words
B nh loi EEFROM
C 14 cng vo, 10 cng ra.
C th thm vo 14 modul m rng k c modul Analog.
Tc x l mt lnh logic Boole 0.37s
C 256 timer , 256 counter, cc hm s hc trn s nguyn v s

thc.
C 6 b m tc cao, tn s m 20 KHz
C 2 b pht xung nhanh kiu PTO v PWM, tn s 20 KHz ch

cc CPU DC.
C 2 b iu chnh tng t.
Cc ngt: phn cng, theo thi gian, truyn thng,
ng h thi gian thc.
Chng trnh c bo v bng Password.
Ton b dung lng nh khng b mt d liu 190 gi khi PLC b

mt in.
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b. Cc n bo trn PLC:
-
SF: n bo hiu h thng b hng (n ).

RUN: PLC ang ch lm vic (n xanh).
STOP: PLC ang ch dng (n vng).
I x.x, Q x.x: ch nh trng thi tc thi cng
(n xanh).
c. Cng tc chn ch lm vic:

-
RUN: cho php PLC thc hin

chng trnh trong b nh, PLC s
chuyn t RUN qua STOP nu gp
s c.
STOP: PLC dng cng vic thc
hin chng trnh ngay lp tc.
TERM: cho php my lp trnh
quyt nh ch lm vic ca PLC.
Dng phn mm iu khin RUN,
STOP.
3. Kt ni iu khin:
Cho cc model ca S7-200 sau:
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Xc nh cc c im ca PLC hng Siemens
Kt ni dy cho PLC hot ng
Cp ngun:
Ch : phn bit loi cp ngun nui cho PLC.
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Loi DC ngun nui c k hiu l M, L+

Loi AC ngun nui c k hiu l N, L1.
Ng vo:
Gi s cn kt ni 1 cng tc, hoc 1 nt nhn cho ng vo PLC
Chn 1M, 2M ni chung vi chn M.

Chn L+ ni vo 1 u ca tip im, u cn li ca tip im ni vo
cc ng vo I trn PLC.
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Ng ra:
Kt ni PLC iu khin n Light, iu khin Relay, cc c cu chp hnh
khc,
Chn 1L, 2L ni vo ngun dng.

Tng ng ra t PLC ni vo 1 u ca ti, u cn li ca ti ni vo ngun
m.
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CPU 224 DC/DC/DC

L+
M
1M 1L+ 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 2M 2L+ 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1
M L+
PS
OUTPUT
DC/DC/DC
SIEMENS S7-200
INPUT
1M 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 2M 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 M
L+
L+
M
CPU 224 AC/DC/RELAY
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Cc ng vo thng dng l:
-
Nt nhn, cng tc gt, ba chu,
Cc loi cm bin: quang in, tim cn, in dung, t, kim loi,

siu m, phn bit mu sc, cm bin p sut,
Cng tc hnh trnh, cng tc thng.
Rorary Encoder.
Rle in t.
Sensor nhit .
B kim tra mc
Cc thit b c iu khin ng ra:

-
ng c DC .
ng c AC 1 pha v 3 pha.
Van kh nn.
Van thu lc.
Van solenoid.
n bo, n chiu sng.
Chung bo gi.
ng c Step Servo.
Bin tn.
Qut thng gi.
My lnh.
ng c pht in.
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4. Truyn thng gia PC v PLC

S7-200 s dng cng truyn thng ni tip RS 485 vi jack ni 9 chn
phc v cho vic ghp ni vi thit b lp trnh hoc vi cc trm khc ca
PLC. Tc truyn cho my lp trnh kiu PPI (Point To Point Interface) l
9600 baud.
PC/PPI Cable
SIEMENS
123
38.4K 0 0 0 Switch 4 :1=10bit
1 2 3 4 5 6
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19.2K 0 0 1
0=11bit
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Cng truyn thng:

4
5
9
3
8
2
7
1
6
Chn
Gii thch
Ni t
24 VDC
Truyn v nhn d liu
B trng (khng s dng)
Ni t
5 VDC
24 VDC
Truyn v nhn d liu
B trng (khng s dng)
Ghp ni S7 200 vi my tnh PC qua cng RS 232 cn c cp

kt ni PC / PPI vi b chuyn i RS 232 / RS 485.
Gn 1 u cp PC / PPI vi cng truyn thng 9 chn ca PLC cn

u kia vi cng truyn thng ni tip RS 232 ca my PC. Nu
cng truyn thng ni tip RS 232 vi 25 chn th phi ghp ni
qua b chuyn i 25 chn / 9 chn c th ni vi cp truyn
thng PC / PPI.
Chn cc thng s truyn thng.
Tc truyn: 09.6k.
D liu truyn: 11 bit.
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5. Ci t phn mm
Nhn Enter vo biu tng Setup.
Sau , xc nhn cc thng tin bng cch nhn cc tip OK, NEXT,
CONTINUE,
Restart my tnh, sau khi ci xong.
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6. Hiu v s dng Logic ladder trong PLC

Mch t duy tr iu khin ng c Motor gm 2 nt nhn Start_PB v
E_Stop
7. S dng bng Symbols
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8. Khi kt ni terminal
Dng vt dp thc hin nh hnh v, s ni v ly khi kt ni terminal ra.

Khi lp vo th k ngay Terminal c cht v n ng vo rnh c sn.
9. Bi tp
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II. CU TRC B NH
1. H thng s:
Trong x l cc phn t nh, cc ng vo / ra, thi gian, s m, PLC s
dng h thng nh phn.
a. H thp phn
H thp phn vi c s 10 gm cc ch s l: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Gi tr cc ch s trong h thp phn ph thuc vo gi tr ca tng ch s v
v tr ca n. Trong h thp phn v tr u tin bn phi l 0; v tr th 2 l 1;
v tr th 3 l 2; tip tc cho n v tr cui cng bn tri.
b. H nh phn
H nh phn l h s dng c s 2, gm 2 ch s l 0 v 1. Gi tr thp
phn ca s nh phn cng c tnh tng t nh s thp phn. Nhng c s
tnh lu tha l c s 2.
c. H bt phn.
H m ny c 8 ch s t 0 n 7. Cng nh cc h m khc, mi
ch s trong h c s 8 c gi tr thp phn tng ng vi v tr ca n.
d. H m thp lc phn
H m thp lc phn s dng c s 16, gm 16 ch s l: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. Trong A tng ng 10; B tng ng 11; C
tng ng 12; D tng ng 13; E tng ng 14; F tng ng 15. Gi tr thp
phn ca s thp lc phn c tnh tng t nh cc h m khc nhng c
s tnh l 16.
e. Bng m:
Bng m nh phn 4 bits tng ng cho cc ch s thp phn t 0
n 15 v cc ch s thp lc phn t 0 n F
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Nh phn
Thp phn
Thp lc phn
0000
0001
0010
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0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
10
1011
11
1100
12
1101
13
1110
14
1111
15
2. Cc khi nim x l thng tin:

Trong PLC, hu ht cc khi nim x l thng tin cng nh d liu u
c s dng nh: Bit, Byte, Word, Double Word.
Bit: l 1 nh c gi tr logic l 0 hoc 1.
Byte gm 8 bit
MSB
LSB
Word(t n): 1 t gm c 2 byte.
Byte thp
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Byte cao
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Double word: gm c 4 byte.
Byte cao nht
Byte thp nht
1 Kb(Klobyte) = 210 bits

1Mb(Megabyte) = 220 bits
1Gb(Gigabyte) = 220 bits
3. Phn chia b nh:

B nh S7 200 chia lm 4 vng nh:
Vng chng trnh c dung lng 4 Kwords c s dng lu gi
cc lnh chng trnh.
Vng tham s: min lu gi cc t kha, a ch trm.
Vng d liu: lu gi d liu chng trnh: kt qu php tnh, hng s
c nh ngha trong chng trnh. L 1 vng nh ng. N c th
truy nhp theo tng bit, byte, word hoc double word.
-
Min V (Variable): V0.x V5119.7 (x = 0 - 7)
Vng m cng vo (I): I 0.x > I 15.x (x = 0 - 7)
Vng m cng ra (Q): Q 0.x > Q15.x (x = 0 - 7)
Vng nh ni (M): M 0.x > M 31.x (x = 0 - 7)
Vng nh c bit(SM): SM 0.x > SM 179.x (x = 0 7
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Vng i tng:
-
Timer: T0 -> T255
Counter: C0 > C255
B m cng vo tng t: AIW 0 AIW 30
B m cng ra tng t: AQW 0 AQW 30
Thanh ghi (Accumulater): AC 0, AC1, AC2, AC3
B m tc cao: HSC0 -> HSC5
4. Cc phng php truy nhp:

a. Truy nhp theo bit:
Tn min + a ch byte + . + ch s bit
V d: V5.4
Truy sut cc vng khc; V d: I0.0; Q0.2; M0.3; SM0.5
b. Truy nhp theo byte:
Tn min + B + a ch byte
V d: VB5
Truy sut cc vng khc; V d: IB0; QB2; MB7; SMB37
c. Truy nhp theo Word(t):
Tn min + W + a ch byte cao ca word trong min.
V d: VW;
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Nh vy VW4 gm 2 byte VB4 v VB5 gp li trong VB4 ng vai

tr l byte cao, cn VB5 ng vai tr l byte thp trong word VW4.
-> VW4 = VB4 + VB5
Truy sut cc vng khc; V d: IW0; QW4; MW40; SMW68
d. Truy nhp theo doubleword(t kp):
Tn min + D + a ch byte cao nht ca mt double word trong
min.
V d: VD2
->VD2 ch t kp gm 4 byte VB2, VB3, VB4, VB5 thuc min V,
trong byte VB2 c vai tr l byte cao nht, byte VB5 c vai tr byte
thp nht trong VD2.
Truy sut cc vng khc; V d: ID0; QD3; MD100; SMD48.
5. M rng vo / ra:
-
CPU 224 cho php m rng nhiu nht 14 module k c module analog.
Cc module m rng tng t v s u c trong S7-200.
C th m rng cng vo / ra ca PLC bng cch ghp ni thm vo n

cc module m rng v pha bn phi ca CPU lm thnh mt mc xch.
a ch ca cc module c xc nh bng kiu vo / ra v v tr ca
module trong mc xch.
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Cch t a ch cho cc module m rng CPU 224.
III.
NGUYN L HOT NG CA PLC
1. Cu trc chng trnh:

Cc chng trnh cho S7-200 phi lun c mt chng trnh chnh
(Main Program).
Nu c s dng chng trnh con v chng trnh x l ngt th c
vit tip sau chng trnh chnh.
2. Thc hin chng trnh:

PLC thc hin chng trnh theo chu trnh lp. Mi vng lp c gi
l vng qut, mi vng qut bao gm cc bc
sau:
-
c cc ng vo ra b m
Thc hin chng trnh
CPU t kim tra, truyn thng
Chuyn d liu t b m ra cc ng ra
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 29/94
TT C in t
3. Quy trnh thit k h thng iu khin dng PLC

chng trnh gn gng, d quan st v khng nhm ln a ch
trong qu trnh tho chng trnh, thc hin cc yu cu sau:
Hiu r nguyn l hot ng ca h thng
Xc nh c bao nhiu tn hiu vo / ra
Lp bng phn phi nhim v I / O
Xy dng gii thut hoc Grafcet
Vit v kim tra chng trnh chy demo
Kt ni thit b v kim tra h thng hot ng
4. Ngn ng lp trnh
a. Ladder Logic: LAD (Ladder): l phng php lp trnh hnh
thang, thch hp trong ngnh in cng nghip.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 30/94
TT C in t
b. Statement List: STL (Statement List): l phng php lp trnh

theo dng dng lnh ging nh ngn ng Assemply, thch hp cho
ngnh my tnh.
c. Function Block: FBD (Flowchart Block Diagram): l phng

php lp trnh theo s khi, thch hp cho ngnh in t s.
Phn mm h tr lp trnh y nht hin ny l Step7-Micro/Win 32 V4.0.

Ngoi ra, S7-200 cn kt ni thch hp vi nhiu loi mn hnh HMI ca
Siemens nh loi TP, OP, TD, v cc loi mn hnh khc.
Ti liu ny ch yu gii thiu v cc lnh lp trnh dng dng Ladder.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 31/94
TT C in t
5. S dng phn mm Step7-Microwin.
Vo phn mm lp trnh: Nhn double click vo biu tng Step7 trn mn

hnh desktop hoc vo menu Start --> Program.
M chng trnh mi: vo File --> New
Kim tra giao tip PLC vi my tnh: chn PLC --> type --> Read PLC,
mn hnh khng bo li v xc nhn loi PLC khi giao tip thnh cng.
Lu chng trnh: vo File --> Save v Save As khi mun lu chng trnh
vi tn khc. Phi t tn v chn th mc khi lu.
Ly chng trnh t PLC: File --> Upload
Np chng trnh vo PLC: File --> Download, mn hnh bo Download

was secessful th np thnh cng chng trnh.
Mi cu lnh c vit 1 netword. Ng ra lnh OUT ch s dng 1 a

ch trn 1 ln.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 32/94
TT C in t
Kim tra chng trnh hot ng: chn Debug --> Start Program Status.
Chy chng trnh: chn PLC --> Run --> Yes.
Dng chng trnh: chn PLC --> Stop --> Yes.
6. Bi tp
a. Kt ni PLC vi my tnh v s dng cc cng c c bn ca phn mm
Step7-Microwin.
-
Thc hin lp t theo hng dn trong mc s 4 ca chng I.

Lu : khi tho hoc lp cp lin kt gia PC v PLC phi tt
ngun cho PLC.
M mt chng trnh mi.

Khai bo CPU.
Vit mt chng trnh n gin,v d:
Np chng trnh xung PLC bng cch s dng cng c

download.
Chy chng trnh bng cch chuyn PLC sang ch RUN.
Kim tra chng trnh hot ng bng cch chn ch Debug.
b. Thay i a ch cc tip im v thc hin thao tc tr li, v d chuyn ng

ra t Q0.1 thnh Q0.3
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 33/94
TT C in t
CHNG 3:
TP LNH LP TRNH PLC SIEMENS S7-200

I.
BIT LOGIC(CC LNH TIP IM)

1. Tip im thng h
L
A
D
Tip im thng h s ng khi gi

tr ca bit c a ch l n bng 1.
Ton hng n: I, Q, M, SM, T, C, V.
V d:
Bnh thng ti tip im ny s h mch, khi c tn hiu mc 1 ( 24VDC )

vo I0.1 th lm tip im ny ng li.
S dng khng hn nh s lnh tip im trn cng 1 a ch.
C th mc ni tip hoc song song nhiu lnh tip im.
Mch ny s ng khi ch I0.3 hoc c I0.1 v I0.2 cng ng.
2. Tip im thng ng
L
A
D
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Tip im thng ng s ng khi gi

tr ca bit c a ch l n bng 0.
Ton hng n: I, Q, M, SM, T, C, V.
Trang 34/94
TT C in t
V d:
Bnh thng ti tip im ny s ng mch, khi c tn hiu mc 1 ( 24VDC )

vo I0.1 th lm tip im ny s h ra.
S dng khng hn nh s lnh tip im trn cng 1 a ch.
C th mc ni tip hoc song song nhiu lnh tip im.
Mch ny s h khi c I0.4 v I0.5 hoc c I0.1 v I0.2 cng ng.

3. Lnh Out
L
A
D
Gi tr ca bit c a ch l n s bng
1 khi u vo ca lnh ny bng 1
v ngc li.
Ton hng n: Q, M, SM, T, C, V.
Ch s dng 1 lnh Out cho 1 a
ch.
Lnh xut tn hiu iu khin ng ra hoc cho cc lnh trung gian.

V d:
Ng ra bng 0 khi ch 1 trong 2 ng vo = 0. Bng 1 khi c 2 ng vo ny =1.

V d ny thc hin trn cc nt iu khin l cng tc gt.
Khi kt ni 2 ng vo I0.1 v I0.2 bng 2 nt nhn th phi vit chng trnh
c t duy tr.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 35/94
TT C in t
C th vit chng trnh s dng cc tip im trung gian l M.
4. Lnh Set
L
A
D
Gi tr ca cc bit c a ch u tin l n s
bng 1 khi u vo ca lnh ny bng 1. Khi
u vo ca lnh bng 0 th cc bit ny vn
gi nguyn trng thi. Trong s bit l gi
tr ca i.
i: IB, QB, MB, SMB, VB, AC, hng s.
5. Lnh Reset
L
A
D
Gi tr ca cc bit c a ch u tin l n s
bng 0 khi u vo ca lnh ny bng 1. Khi
u vo ca lnh bng 0 th cc bit ny vn
gi nguyn trng thi. Trong s bit l gi
tr ca i.
i: IB, QB, MB, SMB, VB, AC, hng s.
Lnh Set v Reset lun c s dng i i.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 36/94
TT C in t
V d:
y khi chy chng trnh I0.1 v I0.2 c th nghim nh l 2 nt nhn.

6. Tip im pht hin cnh ln
L
A
D
Tip im pht hin cnh ln s pht ra mt

xung khi u vo tip im P c s chuyn
i t mc thp ln mc cao.
rng ca xung ny bng thi gian ca
mt chu k qut.
8. Tip im pht hin cnh xung

L
A
D
Tip im pht hin cnh xung s pht ra

mt xung khi u vo tip im N c s
chuyn i t mc cao xung mc thp.
rng ca xung ny bng thi gian ca
mt chu k qut.
Mch pht hin cnh ln.
Mch pht hin cnh xung.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 37/94
TT C in t
Xo cc bit.
9. Bi tp
Thc hin vit chng trnh theo cc m t trong cc bi tp sau:
a. iu khin mt i tng (nh l: ng c, van solennoid, n, chung, qut,
) chy v dng bng mt cng tc gt.
b. iu khin mt i tng (nh l: ng c, van solennoid, n, chung, qut,
) chy v dng bng hai nt nhn ON v OFF. V d: Nhn nt ON, n
A sng. Nhn nt OFF n A tt.
c. Nhn c 2 nt ON1 v ON2 th n A sng. Nhn 1 trong 2 nt OFF1 hoc
OFF2 th n A tt.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 38/94
II.
TT C in t
MT S LNH TIP IM C BIT

1. Tip im SM0.0
Tip im lun lun ng.
2. Tip im SM0.1
Tip im pht ra 1 xung khi PLC chuyn t ch STOP sang RUN.
Netword 2
3. Tip im SM0.4
Tip im to xung lin tc, vi chu k l 60 giy. 30 giy u mc thp, 30
giy sau mc cao.
4. Tip im SM0.5
Tip im to xung lin tc, vi chu k l 1 giy. 0.5 giy u mc thp, 0.5
giy sau mc cao.
5. Bi tp
a. Kim tra hot ng cc tip im SM0.0; SM0.1; SM0.4; SM0.5. Xem
hng dn trong ti liu.
b. Kim tra hot ng tip im P v N. Xem hng dn trong ti liu.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 39/94
TT C in t
6. Khi chuyn ch hot ng t STOP sang RUN th n A sng. Nhn nt RESET

th n A tt.
7. iu khin n A sng tt vi chu k l 1 giy bng 2 nt nhn ON v OFF.
8. Nhn nt Open th n A sng tt vi chu k 1 giy ng thi ca m, gp cng tc
hnh trnh GH1 th n A v ca dng.
Nhn nt Close th A sng tt vi chu k 1 giy ng thi ca ng, gp cng tc
hnh trnh GH2 th n A v ca dng.
Ca ang hot ng nhn nt Stop th ca dng.
9.
Khi nhn nt ON ln 1 th n A sng, nh tay ra n B sng. Nhn nt ON ln 2 th

n C sng, nh tay ra th n D sng.
Nhn nt OFF c 4 n cng tt.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 40/94
TT C in t
B NH THI_TIMER
III.
1. TON
L
A
D
Khi ng vo chn IN ln mc 1 th b nh thi Ton

hot ng m thi gian, khi thi gian m c ln
hn hoc bng gi tr t trc PT th cc tip im
ca b nh thi tc ng. Cc tip im thng h
s ng v cc tip im thng ng s h.
Khi ng vo chn IN xung mc 0 th thi gian m
c s b reset i, b Ton ngng hot ng v tip
im ca b nh thi thng h s h v tip im
thng ng s ng.
Ton hng: Txxx
Ton
1ms
T32, T96
10ms
T33 -> T36; T97 -> T100
100ms
T37 -> T63; T101 -> T255
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 41/94
TT C in t
2. TONR
L
A
D
Khi ng vo chn IN ln mc 1 th b nh thi Tonr

hot ng m thi gian, khi thi gian m c ln
hn hoc bng gi tr t trc PT th cc tip im
ca b nh thi tc ng. Cc tip im thng h
s ng v cc tip im thng ng s h.
Khi ng vo chn IN xung mc 0 th thi gian m
c s khng b reset i, b Tonr ngng hot ng
v cc tip im ca b nh thi gi nguyn trng
thi.
Ton hng: Txxx
1ms
10ms
100ms
Tonr
T0, T64
T1 -> T4; T65 -> T68
T5 ->T31; T69 -> T95
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 42/94
TT C in t
Lu :
B nh thi Tonr khng t Reset khi u vo IN=0. Do mun Reset phi dng
thm 1 lnh netword 4.
Bi tp:
1. Nhp v kim tra hot ng b Ton. Ch phn bit loi b nh thi v
phn gii. Tham kho trong ti liu.
2. Nhn nt ON n A sng, sau 5 giy n A t tt.
Nhn nt OFF n A tt.
3. Nhn nt Start ng c khi ng ch sao, sau 3 giy chuyn sang ch
tam gic. Nhn nt Stop ng c dng.
4. Nhn nt ON motor_1 hot ng, sau 4 giy motor_2 hot ng, sau 4 giy
motor_3 hot ng. Nhn nt OFF c 3 motor cng dng.
5. Cm bin SS tc ng, ca m ra. Gp cng tc hnh trnh GH1 ca dng,
sau 3 giy ca t ng li. Ca dng khi gp cng tc hnh trnh GH2.
6. Nhn nt ON motor quay thun, sau 5 giy chuyn sang quay nghch, sau 7
giy t dng. Nhn nt OFF motor dng.
7. Nhn nt ON van in t A hot ng, cm bin SS2 tc ng th van A
dng, van B hot ng. Cm bin SS3 tc ng th van B dng, motor M hot
ng trong 4 giy. Sau motor M dng, van C hot ng. Khi cm bin SS1
ngng tc ng th van C dng. Chu k mi t ng lp li.
Nhn nt OFF th h thng dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 43/94
TT C in t
B M_COUNTER
IV.
1. CTU
L
A
D
CTU m ln s sn ln u vo chn CU
Khi gi tr m c ln hn hoc bng gi tr t
trc PV th cc tip im ca b CTU ny tc ng.
Cc tip im thng h s ng v cc tip im
thng ng s h.
Khi u vo chn R ln mc 1 s reset cc gi tr m
c v cc tip im thng h s h v cc tip
im thng ng s ng.
Ton hng:
Cxxx = C0 C47, C80 C127
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 44/94
TT C in t
2. CTUD
L
A
D
CTUD m ln s sn ln u vo chn CU
CTUD m xung s sn ln u vo CD.
Khi gi tr m c ln hn hoc bng gi tr
t trc PV th cc tip im ca b CTU ny
tc ng. Cc tip im thng h s ng v
cc tip im thng ng s h.
Khi u vo chn R ln mc 1 s reset cc gi tr
m c v cc tip im thng h s h v
cc tip im thng ng s ng.
Ton hng:
C48 C79
V d:
Bi tp:
1. Nhp v kim tra hot ng b CTU v b CTUD. Ch phn bit loi b
Counter v cc chn m xung. Tham kho trong ti liu.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 45/94
TT C in t
2. Nhn nt ON n A sng tt vi chu k 1 giy (dng SM0.5), m s ln chp

tt t n A, 10 ln n A dng. Khi nhn nt OFF n A dng lin.
3. Nhn nt ON th motor chy, m 4 sn phm t cm bin S1 th motor t
dng. Sau 3 giy th motor t lp li chu k mi. Nhn nt OFF th motor
dng.
4. Nhn nt Start th motor_1 hot ng, gp cm bin S1 th motor_1 dng v
motor_2 hot ng. Lc ny m s sn phm t S2, 5 sn phm th
motor_2 dng. Sau 3 giy th chu k mi t ng lp li. Nhn nt Stop th h
thng dng.
5. Cm bin S1 bo c xe ng vo, cm bin S2 bo c xe ng ra. Bnh
thng khi cha xe th n xanh sng, n tt. Khi m 10 xe th n
xanh tt v n sng.
6. Nhn tn hiu khi ng Start th ng c hot ng, cm bin S1 m tt c
s sn phm, cm bin S2 ch m cc sn phm h. Khi m 10 sn phm
th ng c t dng. Sau 3 giy th h thng t ng lp li.
Nhn nt Stop th ng c dng. Nhn nt Start th ng c hot ng tip
tc.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 46/94
V.
TT C in t
LNH SO SNH_COMPARE
1. Compare Byte
L
A
D
Tip im ny s ng khi gi tr trong thanh ghi

n1 bng gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
Ton hng: n1, n2 l 1 byte.
n1 > hoc = gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
n1 < hoc = gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
n1 khc gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
n1 ln hn gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
n1 nh hn gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 47/94
TT C in t
2. Compare Word
L
A
D
Tip im ny s ng khi gi tr trong thanh

ghi n1 bng gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
Ton hng: n1, n2 l 1 word.
ghi n1 > hoc = gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
ghi n1 < hoc = gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
ghi n1 khc gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
ghi n1 ln hn gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
ghi n1 nh hn gi tr trong thanh ghi n2.
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 48/94
TT C in t
3. Compare Doubleword
L
A
D

Ton hng: n1, n2 l 1 d-word.
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 49/94
TT C in t
4. Compare Real
L
A
D

Ton hng: n1, n2 l 1 s thc.
V d:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 50/94
TT C in t
5. BI TP V D
LAD
STL
Network 1
LDI=
5,
Q0.0
Network 2
LDB>=
=
3,
Q0.1
Network 3
LDR=
=
4.50,
3.56
Q0.5
network 1 ng ra Q0.0 ln mc 1 l do n1 bng n2.

network 2 ng ra Q0.1 xung mc 0 do n1 nh hn n2
network 3 ng ra Q0.1 xung mc 0 do n1 khng bng n2
6. Bi tp
a. Nhp cc hm so snh ( So snh ln hn hoc bng, so snh nh hn hoc
bng, so snh bng, dng loi so snh theo word. ) vo v kim tra hot
ng. Tham kho trong ti liu v gio vin. Ch phn bit cc loi so snh.
b. m sn phm t I0.1 v bo s lng sn phm theo yu cu sau:
-
Khng c sn phm n A sng.
T 1 10 sn phm, n B sng.
T 11 20 sn phm, n C sng.
T 20 sn phm tr ln n D sng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 51/94
TT C in t
c. iu khin 4 n A, B, C, D sng dn. Thi gian chuyn i l 1 giy. Dng

SM0.5 cho b m v so snh t b m.
d. iu khin 4 n A, B, C, D sng dn. Thi gian chuyn i l 1 giy. Dng
e. iu khin 6 n giao thng vi sng 6 giy, xanh sng 4 giy, vng sng
2 giy. Bng cch v gin thi gian v so snh.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 52/94
TT C in t
VI.
HM DI CHUYN D LIU_MOV
L
A
D
Hm MOV-B ly gi tr trong IN v cha ra

OUT.
Ton hng: IN, OUT : 1 byte
Hm MOV-W ly gi tr trong IN v cha ra

OUT.
Ton hng: IN, OUT : 1 word
Hm MOV-DW ly gi tr trong IN v cha

ra OUT.
Ton hng:IN, OUT : 1 d-word
Hm MOV-R ly gi tr trong IN v cha ra

OUT.
Ton hng: IN, OUT : 1 s thc 32 bit.
V d 1:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 53/94
TT C in t
V d 2:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 54/94
TT C in t
VII. LNH CHUYN I_CONVERT

L
A
D
Hm B-I ly gi tr trong IN (1 byte ) chuyn

thnh 1 word v cha ra OUT.
Ton hng: IN : 1 byte.
OUT: 1 word
Hm I-B ly gi tr trong IN (1 word ) chuyn
thnh 1 byte v cha ra OUT.
Ton hng: IN : 1 word.
OUT: 1byte.
Hm I-DI ly gi tr trong IN (1 word )
chuyn thnh 1 d-word v cha ra OUT.
OUT: 1 d-word.
Hm DI-I ly gi tr trong IN (1 d-word )
chuyn thnh 1 word v cha ra OUT.
Ton hng: IN : 1 d-word.
OUT: 1 word
Hm DI-R ly gi tr trong IN (1 d-word )
chuyn thnh 1 s thc 32 bit v cha ra OUT.
Ton hng: IN : 1 d-word.
OUT: 1 s thc 32 bit
Hm BCD-I ly gi tr trong IN (1 word dng
s BCD ) chuyn thnh 1 word dng s
nguyn v cha ra OUT.
OUT: 1 word.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 55/94
TT C in t
Hm I-BCD ly gi tr trong IN (1 word dng

s nguyn ) chuyn thnh 1 word dng s
BCD v cha ra OUT.
OUT: 1 word.
Hm TRUNC ly gi tr trong IN (1 d-word
dng s thc 32 bit ) chuyn thnh 1 d-word
dng s nguyn v cha ra OUT.
Ton hng: IN:1 s thc 32 bit.
OUT: 1d- word
1. BI TP V D
LAD
STL
Network 1
LD
I0.0
TRUNC
4.59,
VD0
Khi I0.0 ln mc 1 th hm TRUNC

ly gi tr ti IN l 4.59 dng s thc
chuyn sang dng s nguyn c gi
tr l 4 cha ra OUT ti thanh ghi
VD0
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 56/94
TT C in t
Chng 4:
BI TP THC HNH
Bi tp
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Ni quy xng An
ton lao ng. T chc
trang b ni lm vic.
S7-200
Kho st t iu khin
dng PLC S7-200.
Ni quy xng:
-
i hc ng gi, tc phong nghim chnh, cp v giy dp ng ni quy nh.
Khng ht thuc, n ung, a gin.
Ch thc hnh trn cc thit b, phn mm c s cho php ca GVHD.
Khi c s c thit b phi bo ngay cho GVHD.
C thc gi gn, bo v ti sn, thit b.
Khng c t thay i, di chuyn, mang thit b ra khi phng.
Thu dn ngn np, v sinh sch s khi hc xong.
An ton lao ng:

Tng quan
Hc vin ch c lm vic trn trm di s gim st ca gio vin.
Nm vng cc thng s trong bng thng s ca tng phn t.
in
Ch kt ni hoc tho cc dy cp khi ngt in.
Cc u ni in c i dy hoc tho ra ch khi ngun in c
ngt.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 57/94
TT C in t
S dng in p thp n 24V DC.

Kh nn
Khng c vt qu p sut cho php 8 bar.
Khng c bt ngun kh nn ti khi cc anh hon thnh v lp rp
m bo tt c cc ni ng kh.
Khng c tho ng ng dn khi c p sut.
c bit phi ch cn thn khi bt ngun cng tc kh nn. Cc xylanh
c th i ra hoc co vo ngay lp tc khi bt cng tc ngun kh nn.
C kh
Lp t an ton tt c cc phn t khi vn hnh.
Khng c can thip bng tay cho ti khi my c dng hon ton.
Thng s
Gi tr
Ap sut lm vic
6 bar
in p ngun
220VAC
Tn hiu vo s
24 VDC
Tn hiu ra s
24 VDC
T chc trang b ni lm vic

-
Mi b my tnh, b PLC s dng cho 1 hoc 2 hc vin.
Hc vin s dng cc m hnh c quy nh trong tng bi hc.
u gi hc vin ly PLC, dy ngun v nhn dy cp t GVHD.
Cui gi hc vin tt my tnh, thu dn v tr cp li cho GVHD.
Tng quan v PLC

-
Hc vin c ti liu trc trong chng I v chng II.
Ghi nhn cc thc mc v trao i vi gio vin.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 58/94
TT C in t
Kho st t iu khin dng PLC S7-200
Cc vn cn kho st:
-
Th.s Phm Ph Th
CP cp ngun 1 phase v v tr lp t ngun nui ca PLC.

CP cp ngun 3 phase v cc cu ch.
B ngun chuyn i tn hiu t 220 VAC thnh 24 VDC.
Cc Terminal c in p 24VDC
Cc terminal c in p 220VAC
Cc chn terminal dng kt ni ng vo.
Cc chn terminal dng kt ni ng ra.
Cc chn terminal dng kt ni tn hiu analog.
Cc Relay.
Cc Contactor.
Trang 59/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
2
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp t, lp trnh v kim
tra hot ng cc thit b
trn panel iu khin.
S7-200
Cho panel iu khin nh hnh v: Cc thit b thng c s dng trn panel bao
gm cc nt nhn Start, Stop, Reset, ; Cc cng tc Auto, Man, Cng tc chn
thit b iu khin; nt nhn E-Stop; cc n bo trng thi iu khin,C th dng
nhiu thit b tu theo yu cu iu khin.
Thc hin:
-
V s u dy giao tip gia cc thit b trn panel vi plc.
u dy giao tip.
Kim tra kt ni ( Hc vin + Gio vin)
Lp trnh PLC iu khin.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 60/94
TT C in t
Nt nhn thng c dng ng hay m mt mch in. N gm hai loi.

1. Nt nhn thng m
trng thi khng tc ng, mch
khng c ni. Khi nt nhn b tc ng
mch s c ng li v khi thi tc ng
do s n hi ca l xo mch s t ngt.
K hiu
Nt nhn thng m
2. Nt nhn thng ng
trng thi khng tc ng, mch
s c ni. Khi nt nhn b tc ng
mch s c ng li v khi thi tc ng
do s n hi ca l xo mch s t ngt.
K hiu
Nt nhn thng ng
3. Cng tc chuyn mch

Khi tc ng th mch thng m s
chuyn sang thng ng v mch
thng ng s chuyn sang thng
m.
K hiu
Nt nhn chuyn mch
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 61/94
TT C in t
S mch E-Stop (s mch tham kho_khng thc hnh u ni).
Bi tp thc hin:
1. iu khin mt i tng (nh l: ng c, van solennoid, n, chung, qut,
) chy v dng bng mt cng tc gt.
2. iu khin mt i tng (nh l: ng c, van solennoid, n, chung, qut,
) chy v dng bng hai nt nhn ON v OFF.
3. iu khin o chiu quay motor (loi xoay chiu 3 pha) bng 3 nt nhn
FOR(chy thun), REV(chy ngc li), STOP(dng). Mi thi im ch
chy mt chiu.
4. Nhn c 2 nt PB1 v PB2 th ng c chy. Nhn 1 trong 2 nt STOP_1 v
STOP_2 th ng c dng.
5. Nhn nt FOR th n A sng, nhn nt REV th n B sng. Nhn nt STOP
c 2 n cng tt. Mi thi im ch c mt n sng.
6. bi tp trn, c thm 2 n bo A v B. n A bo khi i tng chy, n
B bo khi i tng dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 62/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp t, lp trnh v kim
tra hot ng cm bin
cng nghip.
S7-200
I. GII THIU
Cm bin c s dng rt rng ri trong cc quy trnh iu khin, t dn
dng n cng nghip, cng dng dng chung thng l:
-
Xc nh v tr ca b my, v tr phi, v tr xylanh.

Mc cht lng.
Xc nh mu sc phi.
Xc nh phi dng kim loi, t, nha, hay trong sut.
o nhit , m, ph; Bo khi, bo chy,
Xc nh vng an ton lm vic ca my.
II. MT S CM BIN HIN I DNG TRONG CNG NGHIP

Cc loi cm bin trong cng nghip thng c 03 u dy ra vi mu dy
c quy nh c th theo chun quc t, mt s loi c 02 u dy, mt
s loi c 4 u dy (c manual c hng dn chi tit).
- Dy mu nu (Brown BN) hoc mu (Red RD): cp ngun
dng 24VDC.
- Dy mu en (Black BK): ng ra ca tn hiu, c 02 loi npn hoc
pnp.
- Dy mu xanh dng (Blue BU): cp ngun m, ni 0 VD.
1. Cng tc hnh trnh:
Gii thiu mt s loi thng dng:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 63/94
TT C in t
Hot ng:
Cng tc hnh trnh l mt dng cng tc, nhng khc vi cng tc thng
l tc ng bng tay, cn cng tc hnh trnh c tc ng bng b my
hay cc c cu di chuyn, mc ch xc nh hnh trnh i ca my hay c
cu, gi chung l cng tc hnh trnh.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 64/94
TT C in t
Cng tc hnh trnh c 02 tip im bn trong l dng thng ng v

thng h.
Khi tc ng th 02 tip m ny o trng thi vi nhau.
V d:
2. B cm bin t:
K hiu:
+
Output
Output
in p nh mc: 10 30 VDC.
Tn s hot ng: 800Hz
Dng ng ra: 400mA
Khong cch tc ng: ty theo tng loi m khong cch tc ng
khc nhau, nh: 2mm, 4mm, 8mm, 10mm,18mm.
a s cm bin t c th tc ng khi a mt vt bng kim loi n
gn, mt s t ch tc ng khi mang vt c t tnh n gn.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 65/94
TT C in t
3. B cm bin in dung:
+
Output
in p nh mc: 10V 30V DC .
Tn s: 100Hz.
Dng in ng ra: 200mA.
Khong cch tc ng: Tu tng loi cm bin m c cc khong cch

tc ng 2mm; 4mm; 8mm; 10mm n 18mm.
Vt tc ng: kim loi, cht lng.
4. Cm bin quang:
+
Output
in p nh mc: 10V 30V DC .
Tn s: 200Hz.
Dng in ng ra: 400mA.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 66/94
TT C in t
Khong cch tc ng:

o Loi phn x: 50mm n 600mm
o Loi thu pht ring kiu che chn: 20cm n 20m.
Mt s cm bin dng pht hin khong cch xa.
5. Cm bin si quang
Khong cch tc ng 30 - 80mm.

Ngun in 24VDC.
Ng ra tc ng PNP
Kt ni dng 4 chn.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 67/94
III.
TT C in t
LP T
1. Cm bin (Input module).
Phn cng tc hnh trnh:

Lp t ging nh lp t cng tc bnh thng. (dng tip im
thng h).
Lu : lp t xong phi th nghim hot ng ca cc thit b ny.
Mt s bi tp cn thc hin:
1. Sau khi nhn tn hiu khi ng ON, cm bin S1 ch khi pht hin c sn
phm th i tng chy. i tng dng khi nhn nt OFF hoc cm bin S2
pht hin c sn phm.
2. iu khin o chiu quay motor (loi xoay chiu 3 pha hoc 1 chiu ) bng 3
nt nhn FOR(chy thun), REV(chy ngc li), STOP(dng). Mi thi
im ch chy mt chiu.
3. Bi tp trn, c 3 n bo A, B, C. Bo ng c chy thun, chy nghich,
dng.
4. Khi nhn nt ON th i tng 1 chy, cm bin S1 tc ng th i tng 1
dng, i tng 2 chy. Cm bin S2 tc ng th i tng 2 dng, i
tng 1 hot ng li. Nhn nt OFF c 2 i tng cng dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 68/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
4
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp trnh iu khin delay

dng b Timer.
S7-200
c v tm hiu hot ng cc b nh thi.
Nhp vo my tnh v d phn b Timer, np v kim tra chng trnh hot

ng.
Phn tch v s dng c cc b nh thi.
1. Gt cng tc SW1 ln, sau 5 giy n A sng. Gt cng tc xung n A tt.
2. Nhn nt ON n A sng, sau 5 giy n A t tt. Khi n A ang sng, nhn
nt OFF n A tt.
3. Cm bin SS tc ng, ca m ra. Ca di chuyn gp cng tc hnh trnh
GH1 ca dng, sau 3 giy ca t ng li. Ca dng khi gp cng tc hnh
trnh GH2.
4. Nhn nt ON motor_1 hot ng, sau 4 giy motor_2 hot ng, sau 4 giy
motor_3 hot ng. Nhn nt OFF c 3 motor cng dng.
6. Cm bin SS tc ng, ca m ra. Ca di chuyn gp cng tc hnh trnh
GH1 ca dng, sau 3 giy ca t ng li. Ca dng khi gp cng tc hnh
trnh GH2.
Bi tp bn di s dng b Tonr.
8. Nhn nt khi ng ON ng c bn trn hot ng 15s th dng, nhn
nt dng OFF th ng c dng. Nhn ON th ng c hot ng tip, 15
giy th ng c t dng. Nhn nt Reset th xo thi gian nh thi.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 69/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
5
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp trnh iu khin m
sn phm dng b
Counter.
S7-200
c v tm hiu hot ng cc b m.
Nhp vo my tnh v d phn b Counter, np v kim tra chng trnh hot

ng.
Phn tch v s dng c cc b m.
1. Nhn nt ON n A sng tt vi chu k 1 giy (dng SM0.5), m s ln chp
tt t n A, 10 ln n A dng. Khi nhn nt OFF n A dng lin.
2. Nhn nt ON th motor chy, m 4 sn phm t cm bin S1 th motor t
dng. Sau 3 giy th motor t lp li chu k mi. Nhn nt OFF th motor
dng.
3. Nhn nt Start th motor_1 hot ng, gp cm bin S1 th motor_1 dng v

motor_2 hot ng. Lc ny m s sn phm t S2, 5 sn phm th
motor_2 dng. Sau 3 giy th chu k mi t ng lp li. Nhn nt Stop th h
thng dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 70/94
TT C in t
4. Cm bin S1 bo c xe ng vo, cm bin S2 bo c xe ng ra. Bnh

thng khi cha xe th n xanh sng, n tt. Khi m 10 xe th n
xanh tt v n sng.
5. iu khin h thng m sn phm nh hnh bn.
Bng ti M1
Bng ti M2
Cm bin S1
Cm bin S2
Khi nhn nt khi ng Start th c 2 bng ti cng chy. Sn phm c m

ring bit bi cc cm bin S1 v S2. m 3 sn phm t S1 th bng ti
M1 dng v 5 sn phm t S2 th bng ti M1 dng. Sau 3 giy chu k mi t
ng lp li.
Nhn nt Stop th h thng dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 71/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
6
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp trnh iu khin n
giao thng v cc n
chiu sng.
S7-200
Tham kho ti liu lnh so snh.
Nhp vo cc lnh so snh v kim tra hot ng.
a. Nhp cc hm so snh ( So snh ln hn hoc bng, so snh nh hn hoc
bng, so snh bng, dng loi so snh theo word. ) vo v kim tra hot
ng. Tham kho trong ti liu v gio vin. Ch phn bit cc loi so snh.
b. m sn phm t I0.1 v bo s lng sn phm theo yu cu sau:
i.
Khng c sn phm n A sng.
ii.
T 1 10 sn phm, n B sng.
iii.
T 11 20 sn phm, n C sng.
iv.
T 20 sn phm tr ln n D sng.
c. iu khin 4 n A, B, C, D sng dn. Thi gian chuyn i l 1 giy. Dng

n
t(s)
0
1
2
3
4
5(reset)
Th.s Phm Ph Th
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Trang 72/94
TT C in t
d. iu khin 4 n A, B, C, D sng dn. Thi gian chuyn i l 1 giy. Dng

n
t(s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11(reset)
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
e. C th t cc tnh hung iu khin n a dng tu theo yu cu.

n
t(s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9(reset)
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
f. Lp trnh iu khin n giao thng:

Gi s cn iu khin n giao thng ti ng t giao l bng 1 cng tc gt
I0.3. Trong n X1 sng 4 giy, V1 sng 2 giy, X2 sng 5 giy v V2
sng 2 giy.
Quy tc chung:
1 sng (giy) = X2 sng + V2 sng = 7 (giy)
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 73/94
TT C in t
2 sng (giy) = X1 sng + V1 sng = 6 (giy)
Gin thi gian nh sau:

0
10
11
12
Dng tip im pht xung SM0.5 to xung pht v b Counter m xung.

Sau dng lnh so snh theo word cho php cc n sng/tt.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 74/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
7
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp t, lp trnh v iu
khin bng ti hot ng
dng ng c DC.
S7-200
Cho ng c DC 24VDC v hai Relay.
Khi cp ngun 24VDC vo th ng c hat ng. Khi o 2 chn cp ngun th

ng c hot ng theo chiu ngc li.
Ch : ngun cp cho motor phi c dng in ln hn dng hot ng ng c.
Thc hin:
-
V s u dy giao tip gia PLC -- 2 Relay Motor 24VDC, o chiu

quay.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 75/94
TT C in t
u dy giao tip.
S mch t Relay ra ng c DC
Hoc theo s sau:

L+
M
R1
DC
R2
L+
M
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 76/94
TT C in t
Nu ng c hot ng 1 chiu: dng 1 relay; khi cn iu khin ng c DC hot

ng 02 chiu, th dng 02 relay.
Lu : Lp t xong phi th nghim hot ng ca ng c DC.
C th dng lnh n gin nh sau:
Yu cu:
-
Nhn nt For th motor quay theo chiu thun.
Nhn nt Rev th motor quay theo chiu ngc li.
Nhn nt Stop th ng c dng.
Mi thi im motor quay theo 1 chiu.
M t qui trnh hot ng:

Cm bin S2
Cm bin S3
Cm bin S1
H thng gm c 3 cm bin S1, S2 v S3. Bng ti chy theo chiu thun v chiu
ngc li.
iu khin bng ti hot ng theo theo yu cu sau:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 77/94
TT C in t
Khi nhn nt Stop th bng ti dng.
Nhn nt Reset xo cc thng s.
Nhn tn hiu khi ng Start, bng ti ch khi c tn hiu cm bin S1 th hot

ng.
Khi gp cm bin S2 th bng ti dng.
Sau 2 giy th bng ti tip tc chy.
Bng ti dng khi gp tn hiu S3.
Mi ln sn phm tc ng vo S2 th h thng t m ln 1.
3 sn phm th bng ti t dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 78/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
8
C 02 loi:
-
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
iu khin o chiu quay

ng c 1 pha AC.
S7-200
Loi ng c vn nng
Loi ng c khng ng b
Cho ng c 1 phase AC.

Kt ni t PLC giao tip qua Relay iu khin ng c theo s v yu cu sau:
Phn b dy trong ng c 1 phase AC.
R_cun chy
R_cun
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 79/94
TT C in t
Nguyn tc chung:
-
Chn 1 v 3 u chung, cp ngun AC 1 phase vo chn 1+3 v 2 th ng c

quay theo chiu thun (tm gi).
Chn 1 v 2 u chung, cp ngun AC 1 phase vo chn 1+2 v 3 th ng c

quay theo chiu ngc li.
Thc hin:
-
V s u dy giao tip gia PLC -- 2 Relay Motor 1 phase, o chiu

quay.
H1: S giao tip t plc ra relay
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 80/94
TT C in t
H2: S giao tip t relay ra ng c AC 1 phase
u dy giao tip.
Yu cu:
-
Nhn nt Stop, motor dng hot ng.
Nhn nt For th motor quay theo chiu thun.
Nhn nt Rev th motor quay theo chiu ngc li.
Mi thi im motor quay theo 1 chiu.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 81/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
9
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp t, lp trnh v iu
khin ng c AC 3
phase.
S7-200
Gii thiu:
S mch in t PLC ra Relay nh cc bi hc
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 82/94
TT C in t
S mch in t Relay ra cc Contactor
S mch ng lc giao tip vi ng c.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 83/94
TT C in t
1. Nhn ON ng c quay theo chiu thun, sau 5s ng c ngng 2s sau

chuyn qua quay nghch. Nhn OFF ng c ngng hot ng.
2. Nhn ON ch cm bin 1 (cb1) tc ng, ng c quay thun. Khi cm bin 2
(cb2) tc ng th ng c ngng, sau 2s khi c tc ng ca cb1 th ng c
quay nghch. Khi c tc ng ca cb2 th ng c ngng.
Trong qui trnh ng c ang chy nhn OFF th ng c ngng.
M rng:
iu khin khi ng sao-tam gic:
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 84/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
10
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
iu khin cc xylanh
dng van in kh nn.
S7-200
M t bi tp:
H thng gm cc xylanh c thit k hnh bn.
1. Khi gt cng tc th xylanh chy ti, khi gt cng tc tr li th xylanh t rt
v v tr ban u.
2. Khi nhn nut Start th xylanh chy ti, khi nhn nut Stop th xylanh t rt v
v tr ban u.
Ch : Nguyn l hot ng cc xylanh.

3. Nhn nt PB1 th xylanh chy ra, gp cm bin ngoi th xylanh t dng.
Nhn nt PB2 th xylanh chy vo, gp cm bin trong th xylanh t dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 85/94
TT C in t
4. Mi ln nhn nt khi ng Start, xylanh chy ra, gp hnh trnh ngoi th

xylanh t rt v. Gp hnh trnh trong th xylanh t dng. (iu khin xylanh
tng t nh o chiu quay ng c, dng 2 ng ra.)
5. Khi nhn nt Start th xylanh chy ti, sau 5 giy xylanh t rt v.
6. Khi nhn nt Start th xylanh chy ti, gp cm bin Gh1 th xylanh t rt v,
gp Gh2 th chu k mi tip tc. Xylanh ch dng khi nhn nt Stop.
7. Khi nhn nt Start th xylanh_1 chy ti, gp cm bin Gh1 th xylanh_2 chy
ti, gp cm bin Gh3 th xylanh_2 chy li, gp cm bin Gh4 th xylanh_1
chy li.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 86/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
11
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp t v lp trnh iu
khin bng ti v cn gt
dng kh nn.
S7-200
Cho m hnh nh hnh bn di:
M hnh gm c:
-
Mt bng ti dng ng c DC.
Mt cn gt dng kh nn.
Cc cm bin si quang.
iu khin m hnh hot ng nh sau:

-
Nhn nt Start, h thng sn sng hot ng.
Khi c phi u bng ti th vn chuyn phi n v tr kim tra mu phi, nu

phi mu th tip tc di chuyn phi n cui bng ti.
Nu phi mu en th cn gt v bng ti chy y phi ra ngoi.
H thng t ng lp li khi phi c ra khi h thng.
Nhn nt Stop h thng dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 87/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
12
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp t v lp trnh iu
khin bng ti v tay gp
dng kh nn.
S7-200
Cho m hnh nh hnh bn di:
M t:
H thng hot ng gn ging vi m t trong bi 11, ch m rng thm phn tay
gp dng kh nn nh sau:
-
Khi phi i n cui bng ti (cm bin pht hin), tay gp s di chuyn theo qui
trnh sau:
o i xung v delay 1 giy.
o Gp
o i ln
o i ra ngoi
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 88/94
TT C in t
o i xung v delay 1 giy

o Nh
o i ln
o i vo bn trong.
-
Chu k mi t ng lp li.
Nhn nut Stop th h thng dng.
Ch :
Khi xylanh di chuyn i ln/xung v i ra/vo th nh v bng cc cm bin t.
Khi xylanh gp/nh khng c cm bin cho nn phi dng thi gian thay th.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 89/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
13
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
ng h thi gian thc
S7-200
Cc i lng ny c tnh theo ngy dng lch.

Ci t thi gian thc:
Ci mc thi gian bt u hot ng cho PLC.
Chn PLC --> Time Of Day Clock --> Set.
Truy sut d liu t ng h thi gian thc trong PLC.
// Lnh ny ch cn thc hin 1 ln trong c chng trnh.

// Khi thc hin lnh trn, vi T = VB0 th cc gi tr thng s c phn b nh
sau:
Nm
0 99
VB0
Thng
1 12
VB1
Ngy
1 31
VB2
Gi
0 23
VB3
Pht
0 59
VB4
Giy
0 59
VB5
Khng s dng.
Th trong tun
1 7 (1: ch nht)
VB7
Do : mun truy sut i lng no th phi dng nh tng ng vi i lng

.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 90/94
TT C in t
Gi tr T c th thay i c, khi ta phi truy sut cc i lng theo gi tr T

mi.
Cc gi tr ny c nh dng BCD, mun s dng c phi dng du #
V d:
C th thay i gi lc Set ng h th chng trnh hot ng, hoc so snh vi

gi mi.
Dng cc VB khc truy sut cc i lng khc.
Bi tp:
1. ng 8h, chung t reo, sau 10 giy t dng.
2. n A sng lc 6h ti v tt lc 5h30 sng.
3. ng 6h sng, n A sng tt chu k 1 giy, sau 5 giy th chung reo v t
dng sau 3 giy.
4. iu khin chung bo gi lm vic nh sau:
-
ng 7h30; 11h30 chung reo trong 8 giy.
ng 9h; 9h15 chung reo trong 4 giy.
Ch nht chung khng reo.
L 30/4 v 2/9 chung khng reo.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 91/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
14
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Lp trnh chng trnh

con
S7-200
c v tm hiu nguyn l s dng chng trnh con.

Nhp v kim tra hot ng v d trong phn l thuyt.
Cc bi tp cn thc hin:
1. iu khin n A hot ng 2 ch khc nhau:
-
Gt I0.0 ln 1 th n A sng.
Gt I0.1 ln 1 th n A chp tt vi chu k 1s.
Gt c 2 cng tc ln hoc xung th n A tt.
2. iu khin n giao thng ti ng t giao l theo yu cu sau:

-
Gt cng tc I0.0 ln 1 th 3 n -xanh-vng chy theo ch t ng

theo thi gian l 6-4-2 giy.
Gt cng tc I0.0 xung th ch cn n vng chp tt vi chu k 1 giy.
3. C 3 ng c c iu khin theo yu cu sau:

Khi chn ch AUTO
-
Nhn nt vo Start ng c M1 hot ng, sau 3 giy ng c M2 hot

ng, sau 3 giy ng c M3 hot ng.
Nhn nt Stop c 3 ng c cng dng.
Khi chn ch MAN

-
C 3 nt nhn iu khin 3 ng c ring bit, khi nhn nt nhn no th

ng c chy, bung tay ra ng c dng.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 92/94
TT C in t
Bi tp
15
Ni dung
Thit b
LT
TH
Tng
Bi tp tng hp
S7-200
(Np chm im bi thi

cui kho).
Hc vin thc hin v bo co cho gio vin.

Lu : Dng bi tp ny c th thay th cho k thi thc hnh cui kho.
iu khin n giao thng.
Yu cu:
Khi bt cng tc ch sang AUTO:
-
T 6h00 n 22h00 th: cc n giao thng ti ng t giao l hot ng

bnh thng theo tun t: xanh vng. Thi gian cc n sng l
6 4 2 giy.
Ngc li th: ch c 02 n vng sng/tt vi chu k l 1 giy.
Khi bt cng tc ch sang MANUAL:

-
Nhn nt PB1 th ch c n 1 v xanh 2 sng, nu nhn nt PB2 th

ch c n 2 v xanh 1 sng.
Nhn nt PB2 th 2 n vng s sng tt vi chu k l 1 giy.
Th.s Phm Ph Th
Trang 93/94

0 B33 KMBN FLQe 2 B 3 BN QM 5 ZB Gs 2 NWC

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2010

Gio trnh PLC S7-200

Th.s Pham Phu Tho

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

Chng 1: Tng quan v PLC.

Chng 2: Cu hnh phn cng PLC S7-200

Cu trc phn cng

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

Chng 3: Tp lnh lp trnh PLC Siemens S7-200

Chng 4: Bi tp thc hnh.

Kho st t iu khin dng S7-200

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

iu khin n giao thng v n chiu sng

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

TNG QUAN V PLC

B iu khin lp trnh PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) c sng to

QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA K THUT IU KHIN:

H thng iu khin l tp hp cc thit b v dng c in t. N dng vn

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

2. H thng iu khin dng rle in:

a. Cc khi chc nng

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

b nh. Khi Module Output chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin t CPU thnh d

iu khin bng PLC

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

b. Cc chng loi PLC:

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

c. u th ca h thng iu khin dng PLC:

iu khin linh hot, a dng.

Lng contact ln, tc hot ng nhanh.

Tin hnh thay i v sa cha.

n nh, tin cy cao.

Kch thc nh gn.

C th ni mng vi tnh gim st h thng.

Gi thnh (ty theo yu cu my).

Cn mt chuyn vin thit k chng trnh cho PLC hot

Cc yu cu c nh, n gin th khng cn dng PLC.

PLC s b nh hng khi hot ng mi trng c nhit

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

CU TRC PHN CNG:

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

Tch hp nhiu chc nng c bit trn CPU nh ng ra xung, high

Kch tht: 120.5mm x 80mm x 62mm

Dung lng b nh chng trnh: 4096 words

Dung lng b nh d liu: 2560 words

C 14 cng vo, 10 cng ra.

C th thm vo 14 modul m rng k c modul Analog.

Tc x l mt lnh logic Boole 0.37s

C 256 timer , 256 counter, cc hm s hc trn s nguyn v s

C 2 b pht xung nhanh kiu PTO v PWM, tn s 20 KHz ch

Cc ngt: phn cng, theo thi gian, truyn thng,

ng h thi gian thc.

Chng trnh c bo v bng Password.

Ton b dung lng nh khng b mt d liu 190 gi khi PLC b

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

SF: n bo hiu h thng b hng (n ).

c. Cng tc chn ch lm vic:

RUN: cho php PLC thc hin

Ti liu: Lp trnh PLC (SIEMENS S7-200)

Xc nh cc c im ca PLC hng Siemens

Kt ni dy cho PLC hot ng