Power System Representation

using One Line Diagrams

 One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram

One Line Diagram Symbols

OLD Symbols

Impedance Diagram from One line

diagram

Four Bus power system

One Line Diagram

Reactance Diagram

Admittance Diagram

Reactance Diagram

Admittance Diagram

 In power system engineering we are

concerned with the analysis of the power
system down to the major loads and this
will mean that the analysis will stop at the
distribution system voltages.
Many distributions feeders attached to a
single bus in a distribution substation are
lumped into a single load.

Per unit system

Sbase: System MVA base is the same
throughout the entire power system (say
100 MVA)
The MVA base is a number used to
convert loads, generated power and loss
quantities to per unit power quantities.

Per Unit quantity

Per Unit Quanitities

Analysis of a power system in

per unit: Steps
1) Convert all three phase bus load MW
and MVAR, generator MW and MVAR, to
three phase per unit quantities using the
3phase system base.
2) Convert all actual resistance, inductive
and capacitive reactance values to per unit
using the Zbase for each particular part of
the power system where each r, x etc. is
located.

 3) Carry out all calculations in per unit,

solving for the per unit bus voltage
magnitudes and bus phase angles, line
currents, and transmission losses.
4) Convert from per unit back to actual
MW, MVAR, MVA, and KV.

T1

T2

G1

Line 1

G2

Section D

Section A
Line 2

Section B
Line 3

T3

Section C

Seven Bus Case: One-line

System has
three areas

44 MW

-42 MW
-31 MW
0.99 PU
3

1.05 PU
1

106 MW -37 MW
AGC ON

62 MW

1.00 PU

-32 MW

Case Hourly Cost

16933 $/MWH

94 MW
AGC ON
-14 MW

32 MW
79 MW

Top Area Cost

2
40 MW
20 MVR

80 MW
30 MVR

110 MW
40 MVR

38 MW
-61 MW
1.04 PU

31 MW

-77 MW
5

8029 $/MWH
-39 MW

40 MW

1.01 PU
130 MW
40 MVR

168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW
1.04 PU
6

Area left
has one
bus

20 MW

-20 MW

40 MW
1.04 PU

20 MW

200 MW
0 MVR Left Area Cost
4189 $/MWH
200 MW AGC ON

-20 MW

Right Area Cost

4715 $/MWH

200 MW
0 MVR

201 MW AGC ON

Area right has one

bus

Area top
has five
buses

Summary
One Line Diagram or Single Line Diagram
is a graphical representation of the power
system
OLD is the starting point for Power System
Analysis
Equivalent circuits are different from OLDs
Power system analysis programs give
different techniques to create OLDs