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Modern Power System Analysis: Solutions Manual To Accompany
Modern Power System Analysis: Solutions Manual To Accompany
MODERN POWER
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3rd Edition
D P Kothari
Professor, Centre of Energy Studies
Deputy Director (Admin.)
Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi
I J Nagrath
SOLUTIONS
Chapter 2
2.1
Fig. S-2.1
FG y
Hr
Fy
=G
Hr
Iy =
\
Hy
2
1
2
2
2
IJ
K
-r I
J
-r K
- r12
- r22
2
1
2
1
1
I
2p y
df = m Hy dy
FG y - r IJ Idf
Hr -r K
F y - r IJ I
=m G
Hr - r K 2p y
2
dl =
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
y 3 - 2 r12 y + r14 / y
mI
dy
2
2p
r22 - r12
Integrating
lint
2p
dy
r2
mI
=
2
2p ( r2 - r12 ) 2
mI
- r12 ) 2
( r22
|RS y
|T 4
y 3 - 2 r12 y + r14 / y dy
r1
4 r2
r1
- r12 y 2
r2
r1
+ r14 ln y r2
1
|UV
|W
Solutions
RS
T
UV
W
r
mI
1 4
( r2 - r14 ) - r12 ( r22 - r12 ) + r14 ln 2
r1
2p ( r22 - r12 ) 2 4
7
m0 = 4p 10 H/m
mr = 1
=
Lint
LMFG r
h NH
1
10 -7
= 2
2
r22 - r12
4
2
r2
r1
IJ OP
KQ
D
= Lext (2); assuming D >> r2
r2
(1)) H/m.
2.2.
Fig. S-2.2
100
= 2.094 mH/km
0.536
2.3 Hy = I/2py
df =
mI
dy
2py
dl = 1 df =
mI
dy
2py
m
dy
I
R
I
=m
ln
l =
2p r y
2p r
L=
m
R
ln H/m
2p r
Fig. S-2.3
2.4 Flux linkage of sheath loop due to cable current = 2 2 107 800
0.5 200
Wb-T/m
ln
7.5
Voltage induced in sheath = 314 0.32 ln
100
V/km
7.5
= 260.3 V/km
Fig. S-2.4
2.5 HP =
FH
IK
I
I
I 1
I
AT/ m 2
=
-1 = 2p 3d 2 p d 2 p d 3
3pd
(direction upwards)
2.6
Fig. S-2.6
V = j X1 I1 + j X12 I2 = j X2 I2 + j X12 I1
I = I1 + I2 ;
I1 =
V
V
; I2 =
j ( X1 - X12 )
j ( X2 - X12 )
Solutions
I =
\
V
j
LM 1
NX -X
1
12
1
X2 - X12
( X - X12 ) ( X2 - X12 )
X = 1
X1 + X2 - 2 X12
OP = V
Q jX
2.7
Fig. S-2.7
FH
1
1
- I ln
22.5
20
20
= 2 107 150 ln
22.5
= 0.353 105 Wb-T/m
lt1 = 2 107 I ln
lt 2 = 2 107 150
IK
FH ln 1 - ln 1 IK
23.1
20.6
FH ln 26 + 1-120 ln 21 + 1120 ln 16 IK
25
20
15
Wb-T/m
0.0176 10 -4 140
106
400
1.76
=
140 mH/km
400
= 0.0044140 mH/km
Mutual inductance =
18.89
0.0764
= 0.346 W/km
D
= 31.4/50
0.01
D = 1.48 m (maximum permissible)
2.10
\
2.11
Fig. S-2.11
Dca =
Deq =
Dsa =
0.01 10 = 0.3162
Dsb =
Ds =
2.12
Dab =
1 4 1 2 ; Dbc =
1 4 1 2 ; Dca =
2 1 2 5
Solutions
Dm =
L = 0.461 log
1.815
= 0.455 mH/km/phase
0.187
2.13
Fig. S-2.13
2d d d = 3
2 d =3
\ d = 2.38 m
2.14 Refer to Fig. 2.16 of the text book.
Case (i)
2pr2 = A
r = (A/2p)1/2 \
r = 0.7788 (A/2p)1/2
3
r d = ( 0.7788) d ( A / 2p )1/ 2
= 0.557 d1/2 A1/4
Self G.M.D =
Case (ii)
3pr2 = A
r = A/3p
4pr2 = A
Self GMD =
r = A/4p
r dd 21/ 2 d
= 1.09
r d 3
= 1.09 (0.7788)1/4
= 0.746 d3/4 A1/8
FH A IK
4p
1/ 8
d3/4
+D=FJAH!
3.1
1
|V| 0
3
Vab = |V| 30
= |V| 90
= |V| 150
= Dbc = D
= 2D
Va =
Vbc
Vca
Dab
Dac
Vab
Vac
Vab
Vac
Fig. S-3.1
FH
IK
1 F
2D
D
r I
=
+ q ln + q ln
q ln
2Fk H
2DK
r
D
1 F
1
D
r
=
q ln + q ln + q ln IK = |V| 30
H
2Fk
2
r
D
1 F
2D
r I
=
H q ln + q ln K = |V | 30
1
D
r
D
qa ln + qb ln + qc ln
=
2F k
r
D
2D
a
2Fk
r
qa + qb + qc = 0
2D
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
D
D
+ qc ln
= 2Fk |V| 30
2r
r
(iv)
LM
N
r
D
D
r
2D
D
ln
30 - ln
- 30
ln
qa
= 2Fk |V| ln
r
2D
r
2r
2D
2r
LM
N
qa =
OP
Q
(v)
(with qa given in v)
(vi)
r
D
30 - ln - 30
2D
2r
F/m
D
r
2D D
ln
2 ln ln
- ln
r 2D
r
2r
2Fk | V | ln
Ia = 2Ff qa 90 A
3.2 Mutual GMD (calculated from the first
transposition cycle)
r = 0.01 m
D ab =
Dca =
4 6 = 4.899
Deq =
OP
Q
Fig. S-3.2
Solutions
D sa =
D sb =
Cn =
3.3
0.0242
= 0.0204 mF/km
3.955
log
0.261
0.0242
= 0.01 mF/km
log ( 4 / r )
log (4/r) = 2.42; r =
In new configuration, Deq =
4
-1
log 2.42
= 0.015 m
4 4 8 = 5.04
0.0242
= 0.0096 mF/km.
5.04
log
0.015
3.4 Here d = 15 m, s = 0.5 m, r = 0.015 m
C=
Deq =
Ds =
C=
15 15 30 = 18.89
0.0242
= 0.0103 mF/km to neutral
18.89
log
0.0866
3.5
Fig. S-3.5
At a certain instant qa = qb = q
3
qa + q b + qc = 0
Vab =
FH
qc = 2q
q=-
775 Fk
775 F 8.85 10 -12
= 1000
ln 1/ 2
ln (1/ 2)
D=7m
D ab =
IK
1
2
0.0025
2
= 775
q ln
+ q ln
- 2 q ln
2Fk
0.0025
2
4
7 28 7 14 =11.772;
r = 0.0138 m
Dbc = 11.772
10
D ca =
Dsa =
Ds = 0.538
0.0242
= 0.0176 mF/km
12.706
log
0.538
Susceptance B = 314 0.0176 106 = 5.53 106
C=
3.7 A =
/km
q
V/m
2Fky
V12 =
V12 =
q
dy
2F k y
q
R
ln
2Fk r
q
2Fk
2F 3.8 8.85 10 -12
=
=
0.00578
V12 ln R / r
ln
0.00328
= 373 1012 F/m
C=
Xc =
Fig. S-3.7
1
1012
=
= 8.54 103 W/km
M C 314 373 1000
3.8 r = 0.01 m
Deq =
C=
5 6 7 = 5.943
0.0242
= 8.72 103 mF/km
5.943
log
0.01
3.9
Fig. S-3.9
The expression for capacitance is derived in Sec. 3.4 [see Eq. (3.4 c)].
r = 0.003 m
D = 0.35 m
Electric stress is maximum at conductor surface.
Emax =
q
2Fkr
11
Solutions
0.0121
= 5.854 103 mF/km
0.35
log
0.003
qmax
150 F 8.85 10 -10
=
(max) =
Cab
5.854 10 -3 10 -6 10 -3
Cab =
Vab
12
= 71.24 kV
12
+D=FJAH"
4.1 Choose Base: 100 MVA
11 kV in generator circuit
220 kV transmission line
66 kV load bus
Reactance
T1 = 0.1 pu
Reactance
T2 = 0.08 pu
Reactance transmission line =
150 100
( 220 ) 2
= 0.31 pu
60
= 0.6 pu MW; 0.9 pf lagging
100
60
= 0.909 0
Voltage V2 =
66
0.6
Current I2 =
25.8 = 0.666725.8 pu
1 0.9
Generator terminal voltage
V1 = V2 + j (0.1 + 0.08 + 0.31) 0.6667 25.8
Load:
Fig. S-4.2
Base:
100 MVA
220 kV in line
220
33
= 33 kV in generator
220
13
Solutions
220
11
= 11 kV in motor
220
FH 100 IK FH 25 IK = 0.287
40
33
100
I = 0.6
X = 0.3 FH
50 K
2
Xg = 0.2
m
100
= 0.375
40
100
= 0.5
XT2 = 0.15
30
50 100
XL =
= 0.103
( 220) 2
XT1 = 0.15
FH IK
14
+D=FJAH#
5.1 |VR | = 11/ 3 = 6.351 kV
fR = cos1 0.707 = 45; q = tan1
(a)
|Z| =
12
= 50.2
10
10 2 + 12 2 = 15.62
|I| =
5.2
a=
b=
c=
d=
1
ZT = 100 67
0
1
0.9 1.5
150 65
?
0.9 1.5
AD - 1 0.813 -1
= 0.001 102.6
=
B
150 65
A = Aa + Bc
B = Ab + Bd
C = Ca + Dc
D = C b + D d
A = 0.9 1.5 1 = 0.9 1.5
AD BC = 1
A=
B=
C=
D=
(i) \ C =
456
= 1.29 mH/km
0.7788 10 -2
3
5.3 (a)
L = 0.461 log
C=
0.0242
= 0.009 mF/km
3
456
log
10 -2
15
Solutions
Z = 32 + j 81 = 87.1 68.4
Y = j 314 0.009 106 200 = 0.00056 90
A = 1 + YZ/2 = 1 + 0.024 158.4 = 0.978 0.5 = D
(b)
FH
B=
yz
Z
= YZ 1 +
6
Y
C=
Y
Z
IR =
50
36.9 = 0.2734 36.9 kA
3 132 0.8
VR = 132 / 3 0 kV = 76.21 0 kV
VS = AVR + BIR
= 0.978 0.5 76.21 0 + 86.4 68.6 0.2734 36.9
= 95.52 7.8 kV
|VS | (line) = 3 95.52 = 165.44 kV
I S = CVR + DIR
= 0.00056 90.2 76.21 0 + 0.978 0.5 0.2734 36.9
= 0.244 28.3 kA
Sending-end power factor = cos (28.3 + 7.8) = 0.808 lagging
Sending-end power = 3 165.44 0.224 0.808 = 56.49 MW
(c) Efficiency of transmission = 50 100/56.49 = 88.5%
|VR| (no load) = 165.44/0.978 = 169.16 kV
(d) Per cent regulation = (169.16 132) 100/132 = 28.15%
Note: As both efficiency and line regulation are poor, compensating
capacitors must be installed at the receiving-end to transmit this amount
of power.
5.4
Fig. S-5.4 a
18 1
= 0.068
2 132.8
16
cos fR = 0.998
IR = 998 + j 68 A
Fig. S-5.4 b
5.5.
Fig. S-5.5
40
0 = 0.1925 0 kA
3 120
= VS 150 75 IS = 69.3150 0.1925 75 = 67.83 24.3 kV
= 0.0025 67.83 65.7 = 0.17 65.7
Is =
VM
IC
|IL| =
10
\
IL = 0.049 24.3 kA
3 67.83
IR = IS IC IL = 0.193 0.1765.70.04924.3
= 0.1497.7 kA
VR = VM 15075 IR= 67.83 24.3 28.8 9.2
= 77.324.28 kV
17
Solutions
220 | VR |
0.93
cos (81.9 d )
|V |2 cos 80.9
141.4 R
141.4
(i)
36 =
220 | VR |
0.93
sin (81.9 d )
|VR|2 sin 80.9
141.4
141.4
(ii)
|VR|
(iii)
2
(iv)
Z /Y =
Zc =
g=
87.1
21.6 = 394.4 10.8
0.00056
1
1
YZ =
87.1 0.00056 158.4
l
200
a = 0.206 103,
(VR/Zc + IR)/2 =
b = 1.084 103
= 0.222 21.7
(VR/Zc IR)/2 = 0.083 109
At the receiving-end (x = 0)
Incident wave, ix1 = 2
VR Zc + I R
cos (w t + f1)
2
= 0.314 cos (w t 21.7)
VR Zc - I R
cos (w t + f2)
2
= 0.117 cos(w t + 109)
At 200 km from the receiving-end (x = 200)
18
ix1 =
VR Zc + I R ax
e cos (w t + b x + f1)
2
ix2 =
VR Zc - I R ax
e
cos (w t bx + f 2)
2
( 0.93) 2
( 0.016 ) 2
+
cos h 2 a l sin h 2 a l
[Exact solution can be obtained numerically]
Let us approximate cos h a l = 1 + a2 l2/2; sin h al = a l
or
1=
1=
( 0.93) 2
FG1 + a l IJ
H 2 K
2 2
( 0.016) 2
a 2l2
FG
H
a 2l 2 =
( 0.016) 2
1 - ( 0.93) 2
or
a 2l2
2
IJ
K
1.
al = 0.0435
Now
cos bl =
0.93
cos h al
1.0445 + 0.9574
= 1
2
0.93 \ b = cos1 0.93/200 = 1.882 103 rad
Zc sin h g l = 20 + j 140 = 141.4 81.9
(a + jb )l = (0.218 + j 1.882) 0.2 = 0.379 83.4
141.4 81.9
B
=
= 373.1 1.5
0.379 83.4
sin h rl
19
Solutions
VR = 220/ 3 0 = 127 0 kV
IR =
50
36.9 = 0.164 36.9 kA
3 220 0.8
Zc =
2
362.2 - 8.85
0.354 81.5
5.10
Fig. S-5.10
20
d = 7.12
QS = QR = |V2|2/X
=
| V1 || V2 |
cos d
X
22 22 22 22
cos 7.12 = 0.622 MVAR
6
6
At bus 1
QG1 = 30 + 0.622 = 30.622
30.622
30
= 0.7 lagging
QG2
At bus 2
= 26.67 + 0.622 = 27.292
27.292
30
= 0.74 lagging
5.11 R = 400 0.035 = 14 W; X = 314 103 400 = 125.6 W
Z = R + jX = 14 + j 125.6 = 126.4 83.6
Y = 314 0.01 106 400 90 = 1.256 103 90
Using nominal-p
1
1
YZ = 1 + 1.256 103 90 126.4 83.6 = 0.9210.6
2
2
B = Z = 126.483.6
From Eq. (5.61) we can write
A=1+
( 275) 2
0.921
cos (83.6 d )
(275)2 cos (83.6 0.6)
126.4
126.4
\ cos (83.6 d) = 0.921 cos 83 = 0.112 \ d = 0.05
From Eq. (5.62)
PR = 0 =
( 275) 2
0.921 ( 275) 2
sin 83.55
sin 83
126.4
126.4
= 47.56 MVAR lagging
5.12 PD + jQD = 2.0 + j 2 tan cos1 0.85 = 2.0 + j 1.24
\ QR =
- jQC
PR + jQR
= j 2.1
= 2.0 j 0.86
= 2.18 MVA, 23.3 leading
pf = 0.918
21
Solutions
Sending-end power =
30
31.8
3 33 0.85
= 0.6175 31.8 kA
Z = 5 + j 20 = 20.62 76
IR =
(33)2
(33)2
cos (76 d)
cos 76
20.62
20.62
(33)2
sin (76 40.1)
20.62
(33)2
sin 76 = 20.28
20.62
QC = (18.59 + 20.28) = 38.87
= 38.87 MVAR leading
From Eq. (5.66) with (q d) = 0
Fig. S-5.13
PR(max) =
(33)2
(1 cos 76) = 40 MW
20.62
22
0.938 (220) 2
= 346.0 MVA
131.2
PD + j QD = 50 + j 50 tan cos1 0.8 = 50 + j 37.5; qR = 36.9
b a = 72.3 1.2 = 71.1
Receiving-end circle
OCR =
Sending-end circle
OCS =
0.938
(238.5)2 = 406.6 MVA
131.2
pf = cos tan1
Solutions
23
Z = 5 + j 25 = 25.5 78.7
5.15
(33) 2
(33) 2
cos (78.7 d)
cos 78.7
25.5
25.5
25.5
15 + cos 78.7
(33) 2
d = 21.9
QR =
(33) 2
(33) 2
sin (78.7 21.9)
sin 78.7
25.5
25.5
(33) 2
[sin 56.8 sin 78.7] = 6.14
25.5
QC = 17.39 MVAR leading
=
Fig. S-5.15
Now
|VR| = 28 kV
PD + j QD = PD (1 + j tan cos1 0.8)
= PD (1 + j 0.75)
PR + j QR = PD + j (0.75 PD 17.39)
24
PR = PD =
0.75 PD 17.39 =
or cos (78.7 d) =
33 28
( 28) 2
cos (78.7 d )
cos 78.7
25.5
25.5
33 28
( 28) 2
sin (78.7 d) =
sin 78.7
25.5
25.5
25.5
28
PD +
cos 78.7 = 0.0276 PD + 0.1663
33
33 28
25.5 0.75
25.5 17.39
28
PD
+
sin 78.7
33 28
33 28
33
= 0.0207 PD + 0.352
Squaring and adding
1 = 1.19 103 P2D + 23.7 103 PD + 0.1516
or
P2D + 19.92 PD 0.713 103 = 0
sin (78.7 d) =
PD =
25
Solutions
+D=FJAH $
6.1
Fig. S-6.1(a)
Fig. S-6.1(b)
For this network tree is shown in Fig. 6.3 (a) and hence A is given by Eq.
(6.17).
This matrix is not unique. It depends upon the orientation of the elements.
1
6.2
YBUS
LM 1
MM 0.04 +- 1j 0.06
=
MM 0.04 + j 0.06
MN 0
-1
0.04 + j 0.06
V12 =
LM 0.5
MM- 00.5
N
A2
B21 V1 B23 V03
(V20 )*
OP
PP
-1
0.02 + j 0.03 P
PP
1
0.02 + j 0.03 Q
0O
- 1P
P
1 PQ
0
1
1
+
0.04 + j 0.06 0.02 + j 0.03
-1
0.02 + j 0.03
- 0.5
1.5
-1
26
Here
A2 =
B21 =
P2 - j Q2
- 5.96 - j 1.46
=
41.602 - 56.3
Y22
Y21
Y
- 13.867 - 56.3
- 27.735
=
; B23 = 23 =
41.602 - 56.3
Y22
Y22
41.602
13.867 27.735
- 5.96 - j 1.46
1.02
+
+
41.602 - 56.3 41.602 41.602
= 0.963 j 0.138 = 0.972 8.15
V21 =
6.3
Fig. S-6.3
YBUS =
LM 0.1445 - j1.56
N - 0.1445 + j 1.56
LM 1 (0.1445 - j156
. )
(1.04)
= M
MM 1.104 ( - 0.1445 + j 156
. )
N
2
Modified YBUS
OP
Q
- 0.1445 + j 1.56
; = = 1/1.04
0.1445 - j 1.56
1
( - 0.1445 + j 156
. )
1.04
.
0.1445 - j 156
1 - 0.1445 + j 1.56
- 2 + j 0.8
0.1445 - j 1.56
(1.04) 0.1445 - j 1.56
= 0.335 j 1.222 = 1.26 74.66
6.4
Z (series) = 0.1 + j 0.7 W/km
(a) Y (shunt) = j 0.35 105 /km
V 12 =
OP
PP
PQ
27
Solutions
TREE
A=
( 220) 2
0.35
105
= j 84.7 105/km
2
100
2
100
= (2.066 + j 14.463) 104/km
Zpu (series) = (0.1 + j 0.7)
( 220) 2
1
= (96.8 j 677.6)/km
Ypu (series) =
Z pu (series)
Ypu
(shunt) = j
The permitive admittance matrix (diagonal matrix) for the system will
be
y10 = j 84.7 105 (100 + 110 + 150) = j 0.3049
y20 = j 84.7 105 (100 + 100) = j 0.1694
y30 = j 84.7 105 (110 + 120) = j 0.1948
y40 = j 84.7 105 (100 + 120 + 150) = j 0.3134
Y = y34 = (96.8 j 677.6)/120 = 0.807 j 5.65
y14 = (96.8 j 677.67)/150 = 0.645 j 4.517
y12 = (96.8 j 677.6)/100 = 0.968 j 6.776
y24 = (96.8 j 677.6)/100 = 0.968 j 6.776
y13 = 96.8 j 677.6/110 = 0.880 j 6.160
LM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MN
OP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PQ
28
YBUS = ATYA
1
2
=
3
4
LM
MM
MN
1
2
3
4
2.493 - j 17.148 - 0.968 + j 6.776 - 0.880 + j 6.16 - 0.645 + j 4.517
- 0.968 + j 6.776 1.936 - j 13.383
- 0.968 + j 6.776
0
- 0.880 + j 6.160
0
1.687 - j 11.615 - 0.807 + j 5.65
- 0.645 + j 4.517 - 0.968 + j 6.776 - 0.807 + j 5.650 2.42 - j 16.63
6.5 PG1 = 0.6; unknowns are @2, @3, QG1, QG2 and QG3.
YBUS =
LM- j10
MM jj 55
N
OP
PP
PQ
OP
PP
Q
j5
j5
j5
- j10
j 5 - j10
From Eq. (6.37) after substituting the relevant data (@1 = 0) we get
1.4 = 10 @2 5@3 ; 1 = 5@2 + 10@3
which give
@2 = 0.12 rad = 6.87, @3 = 0.04 rad = 2.29
Substituting the various values and values of @2 and @3 in Eq. (6.38) and
solving we get
Q1 = 0.040 pu, Q2 = 0.100 pu; Q3 = 0.068 pu
\ Reactive power generations at the three buses are
QG1 = Q1 + 0.6 = 0.640 pu
QG2 = Q2 = 0.100 pu; QG3 = Q3 + 1 = 1.068 pu
Reactive losses on the three lines are
3
QL =
QGi
i =1
1
sin ( 6.87) = 0.598 pu
0.2
P13 =
1
sin 2.29 = 0.200 pu (Notice Pik = PRi)
0.2
P23 =
1
sin 9.16 = 0.796 pu
0.2
1 - cos ( - 6.87 )
= 0.036 pu
0.2
Solutions
Q13 = Q31 =
1 - cos 2.29
= 0.004 pu
0.2
Q23 = Q32 =
1 - cos 9.16
= 0.064 pu
0.2
29
Fig. S-6.5
6.6 (a)
| Vi | | Vk |
sin @ik
Xik
P12 =
1
sin ( @2) = 0.58 pu = 5 sin 6.66
0.2
P13 =
1
sin ( @3) = 5 sin 2.45 = 0.214 pu
0.2
30
P23 =
1
sin (@2 @3) = 5 sin 9.11 = 0.792 pu
0.2
Qik =
| Vi |2
|V | |V |
i k cos @ik
Xik
Xik
1
1 1.04
Q12 =
Q21
Q31
It immediately follows from the load flows of Problems 6.5 and 6.6
(a) that there is no significant change in real power flows but the
reactive power flows have changed significantly.
(b) |V1| = |V2| = |V3| = 1.0 pu; PG1 = PG2 = 1.0 pu, PG3 = 0
@1 = 0, From Eq. (6.37), substituting
P2 = 1.0 and P3 = 1, we get
1 = 10 @2 5 @3 and 1 = 5 @2 + 10 @3
Solving @2 = 0.0667 rad = 3.82
@3 = 0.0667 rad = 3.82
Substituting the values of @2 and @3 in Eq. (6.38) we get
Q1 = 0.022 pu; Q2 = 0.055 pu
QG1 = Q1 + 0.6 = 0.622 pu, QG2 = Q2 = 0.055 pu
QG3 = Q3 + 1 = 1.055 pu, QL = 1.732 1.6 = 0.132 pu
31
Solutions
1 - cos ( - 3.82 )
= 0.011 pu
0.2
1 - cos 3.82
= 0.011 pu
0.2
= 0.044 pu
Q13 = Q13 =
Q23 = Q32
Fig. 6.6 (b) Load flow solution for the sample system
It is noticed from the load flows of Problems 6.5 and 6.6 (b) that
while there are significant changes in real power flows, the changes
in reactive power flows are much smaller.
6.7 (a) (i) V1/V1 = 0.99 or = = 1/0.99
LM- j 5 [1 + 1/(0.99) ]
M= - j 10j 5.1015
.0505
, modified = M
MM
j5
N
2
YBUS
(ii) = = ej3
YBUS
LM
, modified = M j 5 e
MN
- j 10
- j 3
= 587
j5
OP
PP
PP
Q
j 5/ 0.99
j5
= j 5.0505
j5
- j 10
j5
- j 10
j 5 e j 3 = 5 93
j5
- j 10
j5
j5
- j 10
OP
PP
Q
32
Q12 =
1
1/ 0.99
cos 6.82 = 0.014 pu
0.2
0.2
= Q31 = 0.004 pu; Q23 = Q32 = 0.064 pu
Q21 =
Q13
Solutions
33
Remark: With introduction of phase shifting transformer in line 12, the real
load flow changes much more than the changes in reactive load flows.
34
6.8
Fig. S-6.8
RS P - j Q - Y V - Y V - Y V UV
T (V )
W
U
1 R - 1 - j 0 .5
=
- 1.04 ( - 1 + j 3) - ( - 0.666 + j 2) - ( - 2 + j 6 )V
S
Y T 1 0
W
1
R
U
S 2.706 - j 11.62 VW
=
3.666 - j 11 T
V13 =
1
Y33
0 *
3
31 1
33
= 1.025 j 0.095 pu
= 1.029 5.3 pu
32
0
2
34
0
4
35
Solutions
+D=FJAH %
7.1 Data of Ex. 7.2; PG1 = PG2 = 110 MW
From Table 7.1 of the text, for a load of 220 MW optimum schedule is
PG1 = 100 MW, PG2 = 120 MW
Increase in cost for unit 1 is
z
z
110
100
110
= 610 Rs/hr
100
For unit 2
110
120
(i)
(ii)
150
140. 9
159 .1
7.3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
7.4 PG1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
36
For
dC
Vs PG shows a good linear approximation between 0 and
d PG
80 MW to be
dC
= 0.175 PG + 23
d PG
A plot of
IC
1.8 - j 0.45
=
= 0.5294
Ib + Ic
3.4 - j 0.85
Ma1 = 0.5294, Mb1 = 0.4706, Mc1 = 0.5294
Ma2 = 0.4706, Mb2 = 0.4706, Mc2 = 0.5294
37
Solutions
V1 = 1.0 0 pu
V2 = 1 + (2 j 0.5) (0.06 + j 0.24) = 1.319 20
The current phase angles at the plants are
(I1 = Ib Ia, I2 = Ia + Ic)
- 0.95
s1 = tan1 (0.1/ 0.4) = 166; s2 = tan1
= 14
3.8
cos (s2 s1) = 1
The plant power fractors are
pf1 = cos 166 = 0.97; pf2 = cos (20 + 14) = 0.829
From Eq. (7.42)
Load MW
1
04
48
812
1216
1620
2024
20
14
6
14
4
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
Unit number
2
3
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1*
38
Total fuel cost for this period is = Rs 1,27,440 = 00 (See Ex. 7.3) If both
units operate in the light load period also, then Table 7.1 gives PG1 = 20
MW; PG2 = 20 MW
CT = (0.1 202 + 40 20 + 120
+ 0.125 202 + 30 20 + 100) 12
= Rs 20,520.00
Total fuel cost when both units are operating throughout = Rs 1,47,960.
If only one of the units is run during the light load period, it is easily
verified that it is economical to run unit 2 and to put off unit 1. When the
total fuel cost during this period = (0.125 402 + 30 40 100) 12
= Rs 18,000
Total fuel cost = Rs 1,45,440
Total operating cost for this case = 1,45,440 + 400 = Rs 1,45,840
Comparing, we can say it is economical to remove unit 1 from service for
the 12 hours of light load period.
7.10 Inequality constraints are considered employing penalty functions. Modified Lagrangian of Eq. (7.77) becomes
L =
m
)
[C (PGTm ) + W (PmGT) + W(Xm) + W(PGH
m
m
l1m (PGT
+ PmGH PmL PmD) + lm2 (Xm Xm 1 Jm + qm)
m
h0 (1 + 0.5 e (Xm + Xm 1)) (qm e)] (i)
+ lm3 {PGH
FG
H
m
PLm
dc ( PGT
)
L
m
=
+ W(PGT
) lm1 1 m
m
m
PGT
d PGT
PGH
FG
H
PLm
L
m
m
m
1
=
W(P
)
+
l
l
GH
3
1
m
PGm11
PGT
FG L IJ
H l K
m
m M
0
FG L IJ
H q K
1
IJ = 0
K
IJ
K
=0
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Solutions
39
+D=FJAH &
8.1
0.05 50
123 = 50.77 Hz
400
1
f10 - 50
0.04 50
=
or f10 = 51 Hz
3
400 / 3
200
(i)
(ii)
40
2
f20 - 50
0.05 50
=
or f20 = 51 Hz
3
400
800 / 3
8.2
Fig. S-8.2
Ksg Kt = 1
K ps
1
100
1
1
1
=
;
=
;
=
3
1 + 0.9 s 1 + Tps s
1 + 20 s R
1 + Teq s
DF(s) =
100 /(1 + 20 s )
0.01
100
1
1
s
1+
1 + 20 s 3 1 + 0.9 s
0.056 (1 + 0.9 s)
s ( s 2 + 116
. s + 1.91)
. (116
. ) 2 - 7.64 ) 2 = 0.58 j 1.254
s = ( - 116
DF(s) = -
0.056 (1 + 0.9 s)
s ( s + 0.58 + j 1.254) ( s + 0.58 - j 1.254)
R| 0.056 (1 + 0.9 s)
Df (t) = 0.029 2 Re S
|T s (s + 0.58 - j 1.254)
e - ( 0 . 58 +
j 1. 254 ) t
s = - ( 0 .58 + j 1. 254 )
U|
V|
W
Df(t) vs t can be plotted from this equation. The response has now become
oscillatory and is therefore closer to the exact response.
K ps
(1 + Tps s)
8.3 DF(s) = -
1+
(1 + Tsg
0
lim t
s
I
K IF K
1
1
F
+
J
G
s) (1 + T s) H R
s K H 1 + sT K
ps
ps
1
1
1
cycles =
sec.
Ki
50
Ki
41
Solutions
F 1
GH K
F 1
GH K
+ Ki 1 b1 +
p s1
+ Ki 2 b2 +
p s2
1
R2
I
JK
1
R1
I
JK
Df + (Ki1 + 1) DPtie,1 = 1
Solving we get
Df = -
a12 ( Ki 2 + 1)
F 1
GH K
a12 ( Ki 2 + 1) + ( Ki 1 + 1)
+ Ki 1 b1 +
ps1
DPtie, 1 =
I
JK
F
GH
1
1
1
+ ( Ki 1 + 1)
+ Ki 2 b2 +
R1
K ps 2
R2
F
F 1 + K b + 1 I -G
GH K
R JK G K
GH
F 1 + K b + 1 I + (K
+ 1) G
R JK
HK
i1 1
ps
a12 ( Ki 2
ps 2
i1 1
ps1
i1
I
JJ
JK
+ Ki 2 b2 +
1
R2
+ 1)
+ Ki 2 b2 +
F 1
GH K
ps 2
1
R2
Ki K ps
s (1 + Tsg s) (1 + Tt s) (1 + Tps s)
K ps
K ps
1
DF1 (s)
DPtie, 1(s)
R (1 + Tgs s) (1 + Tt s) (1 + Tps s)
(1 + Tps s)
K ps
(1 + Tps s)
I
JK
I
JK
42
LM1 +
OP DF (s)
42.5
33.3
+
N s(1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5s)(1 + 20 s) (1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5s)(1 + 20 s) Q
L
100
1
42.5
100 O
DP
(s) =
+
+ M
P
(1 + 20 s) s
N s(1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5s) (1 + 20 s) (1 + 20 s) Q
1
tie, 1
[s (1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5 s) (1 + 20 s)
+ [42.5 + 100 s (1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5
(1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5 s)
For area 2
[s (1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5 s) (1 + 20 s)
[42.5 + 100 s (1 + 0.4 s) (1 + 0.5
(i)
+ 42.5 + 33.3 s1] DF2 (s)
s)] DPtie, 1 (s) = 0
2F T12
= DPtie, 1 (s) = 0
s
DF1 (s) = DF2 (s) + 20s DPtie, 1 (s)
(4s4 + 18.2s3 + 20.9s2 + 34.3s + 42.5) DF1(s) + (20s3 + 90s2
+ 100s + 42.5) DPtie, 1 (s) = 100 (0.2 s2 + 0.9 s + 1)
4
(4s + 18.2 s3 + 20.9 s2 + 34.3 s + 42.5) Df2 (s) (20s3+ 90s2
+ 100s + 42.5) DPtie, 1 (s) = 0
DF1 (s) = DF2 (s) + 20s DPtie, 1 (s)
(4s4 + 18.2s3 + 20.9s2 + 34.3s + 42.5) DF2 (s) + (80s5 + 364s4
+ 438s3 + 776s2 + 950s + 42.5) DPtie, 1 (s)
= 100 (0.2 s2 + 0.9s + 1)
(4s4 + 18.2s3 + 20.9s2 + 34.3s + 42.5) DF2(s) (20s3 + 90s2
+ 100s + 42.5) DPtie, 1 (s) = 0
From which we get
DPtie, 1 (s) = -
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
43
Solutions
+D=FJAH '
9.1 Z = 5 + j 314 0.1 = 5 + j 31.4 = 31.8 81; L/R =
0 .1
= 0.02 sec.
5
100
100
sin (314t + 15 81) +
sin (81 15) e50t
31.8
31.8
= 3.14 sin (314 t 66) + 2.87e50t
iz =
0.00867
= 5 A
Fig. S-9.3
-j
0.2 + 0.1 + 0.15 + 0.1
IA = 2.386 kA
1
= j 0.8 pu
j 1.25
IB = 1.75 kA
44
(ii) Fault at Q
IA =
-j
= j 3.33 pu = 4.373 kA
0.2 + 0.1
IB =
1
= j 0.8 pu = 1.75 kA
j 1.25
9.4
Fig. S-9.4
Calculation of pu reactances
Gen = 0.1 (12.4/11)2 = 0.127
Motor = 0.15 (25/20) (3.8/3.3)2 = 0.249
Line = 20 25/(33)2 = 0.459;
Transformer T1 = 0.08
Transformer T2 = 0.1 25/20 = 0.125;
Motor Load:
15
= 0.6 MW (Pu) pf 0.9 leading or 25.8
25
0.847 30
= 6.67
j 0.127
45
Solutions
0.847 30
j 0.913
= 0.93 60
Motor current during fault = 0.71 25.8 + 0.93 60
= 0.174 j 1.114 pu = 4.93 kA
9.5 Base: 1 MVA, 0.44 kV; Line reactance =
0.05 1
= 0.258 pu
(0.44)2
0.4
= 0.909 pu
0.44
FG 1
H 0.125 + 0.258 +
1I
2
J = 20.55 pu
0.1K
0.5
= 0.656 kA
3 0.44
0. 4
= 0.8 MW (pu)
0.5
pf = 0.8 lagging or 36.9
Load =
0.8
36.9 = 1 36.9 pu
0.8
1
= j 10 pu
j 0.1
46
9.8
Fig. S-9.8
12 100
= 0.275 pu
( 66) 2
47
Solutions
0.917
j ( 0.583 + 0.1 + 0.275)
= 0.957 90
Post fault current through breaker A = 0.957 90 + 0.545 36.9
= 0.436 j 1.284 = 1.356 pu = 6.522 kA
Current through breaker B due to fault = 0.917/j 0.1 = 9.17 90
Post fault current through breaker B = 9.17 90 + 0.545 36.9
= 0.436 j 9.497 = 9.507 pu
= 8.319 kA
9.9
Fig. S-9.9
1
1
1
1
=
\ X = 2.39 pu
+
+
0.22
0.6 0.4 x + 0.25
48
9.10
Fig. S-9.10
80 100
= 0.66
(110)2
1.59 0.2
= 0.137;
2.32
X2 =
0.2 0.53
= 0.046
2.32
0.53 1.59
= 0.363
2.32
Equivalent reactance = (0.3 + 0.137) || (0.3 + 0.046) + 0.363 = 0.556
X3 =
Fault current
If =
1
= j 1.8
j 0.556
49
Solutions
Let us now determine the part of I f that flows through A and the part that
flows through B
f
= j 1.8
I G1
0.346
= j 0.795
0.783
0.437
= j 1.005
0.783
V2 = 1 ( j 1.005) j 0.3 = 0.6988 0.7
V1 = 1 ( j 0.795) j 0.3 = 0.7615 0.762
IAf = 0.7/j 0.53 = j 1.321
SC MVA through A = 1.321 100 = 132.1
IBf = 0.762/j1.59 = j 0.479
SC MVA through B = 0.479 100 = 47.9
If reactor X is eliminated
Equivalent reactance = (0.3 // 0.3) + (1.59 // 0.53) = j 0.5475
I f = j 1.826
1.59
IAf = j 1.826
= j 1.369 SC MVA = 136.9
2.12
f
I G2
= j 1.8
IBf = j 1.826
0.53
= j 0.456 SC MVA = 45.6
2.12
Fig. S-9.11
1
= j4
j 0.25
1
j 0.12 + j 0.28 + j X
X + 0.4 = 1
X = 0.6 pu
LM- jj2610.67
MN j 10
j 10
- j 26.67
j 10
j 10
j 10
- j 20
OP
PQ
50
Inverting,
LM j 0.0885
= j 0.0613
MM j 0.0749
N
OP
PP
Q
j 0.0613 j 0.0749
\
ZBUS
j 0.0885 j 0.0749
j 0.0749 j 0.1249
f
0
Using Eq. (9.26), V1 = V1 (Z13/Z23) V30
The prefault condition being no load, V10 = V20 = V30 = 1 pu
j 0.0749
1 = 0.4004 pu // ly
\
V1f = 1.0
j 0.1249
V2f = 0.4004; V3f = 0
From Eq. (9.25) If = 1.0/j 0.1249 = j 8.006 pu
S.C. current in line 13
f
I 13
=
0.4004 - 0
V1 f - V3f
=
= j 4.094 pu
j 0.1
z13
1.00
Z11 ( or Z 22 )
1.00
= j 11.299 pu.
j 0.0885
Solutions
51
+D=FJAH
10.1
Fig. S-10.1
Fig. S-10.2 a
Vab1 =
1
[0.8 32.1 + 1.16 150 + 1 107.3]
3
= 0.21 175.3
(line-to-line voltage base)
= Vab1 30 = 0.975 5.3
(line-to-neutral voltage base)
Vab2 =
Va1
52
1
[200 + 200 5 + 200 15]
3
= 197.8 3.3 V
1
=
[200 + 200 125 + 200 135]
3
= 20.2 158.1 V
1
=
[200 + 200 245 + 200 105]
3
= 21.61 10.63 V
Va1 =
Va 2
Va 0
10.4
Fig. S-10.4
Solutions
53
100
120 = 33.3 120 A;
3
Ic = 33.3 60 A; Ia = 0
Ia0 = 0
Ib =
1
[33.3 + 33.3 60] = 19.23 30 A
3
1
=
[33.3 120 + 33.3 180]
3
Ia1 =
Ia2
= 19.23 150 A
10.5
Fig. S-10.5
Iab =
Ibc =
Ica =
IA =
=
IB =
=
Ic =
=
400
= 20 0 A
20
400
120 = 1.6 120 A
250
400
120 = 26.7 120 A
15
Iab Ica = 20 26.7 120
40.58 34.7
Ibc Iab = 1.6 120 20
20.84 183.8
Ica Ibc = 26.7 120 1.6 120
27.54 117.1
1
[40.58 34.7 + 20.84 56.2 + 27.54 2.9]
3
= 27.87 30
IA1 =
1
[40.58 34.7 + 20.84 63.8 + 27.54 122.9]
3
= 13 44.93
=0
IA2 =
IA0
54
1
[Iab + =Ibc + a2Ica ]
3
1
[20 + 1.6 + 26.7] = 16.1 A
=
3
1
=
[20 + 1.6 120 + 26.7 240]
3
= 7.5 74.94 A
Iab1 =
Iab2
Iab0 =
1
[20 + 1.6 120 + 26.7 120]
3
= 7.5 74.94
10.6 Obviously Ia1 = 0
(i)
Va1 = Z11 Ia1 + Z12 Ia2
Va2 = Z21 Ia1 + Z22 Ia2
(ii)
Now
Va1 = 200 0; Va2 = 0
(a balanced 3B supply is assumed)
1
(10 + 15 + 20) = 15 0
3
1
=
(10 + 15 120 + 20 120)
3
= 2.5 j 1.44 = 2.89 150
Z11 =
Z12
1
(10 + 15 120 + 20 120)
3
= 2.5 j 1.44 = 2.89 150
Z21 =
1
(10 + 15 + 20) = 15 0
3
Substituting in (i) and (ii) we get
200 = 15 Ia1 + 2.89 150 Ia2
(iii)
0 = 2.89 150 Ia1 + 15 Ia2
(iv)
Solving (iii) and (iv) for Ia1 and Ia2, we have
Ia2 = 2.67 30; Ia1 = 13.85 0
Currents in load branches
Ia = 13.85 + 2.67 30 = 16.16 + j 1.335 A
Ib = 13.85 120 + 2.67 150 = 9.24 j 10.66 A
Ic = 13.85 120 + 2.67 90 = 6.93 + j 9.32 A
Va0 = Z01 Ia1 + Z02 Ia2
From Eq. (10.40)
Z01 = Z12 = 2.89 150
Z02 = Z21 = 2.89 150
Z22 =
Solutions
55
10.7
Fig. S-10.7
Check VAB
VAB2 =
161.8
14.5 = 93.4 14.5
3
61.8
14.5 = 35.7 14.5
VA2 =
3
93.4
= 4.67 14.5;
IA1 =
20
35.7
= 1.79 14.5
IA2 =
20
IA = 4.67 14.5 + 1.79 14.5
= 6.46 14.5
IB = 4.67 225.5 + 1.79 105.5
= 4.08 156.8
IC = 4.67 105.5 + 1.79 225.5
= 4.08 127.8
VA1 =
56
50
= 0.4
25
Xg2 = 0.4,
XL =
50 50
= 0.052
( 220) 2
50
= 0.16
25
50
= 0.375
25
Fig. S-10.8
50
= 0.1
25
Solutions
Fig. S-10.9
57
58
+D=FJAH
11.1 Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 =
1
= j 1.667 pu
j ( 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.1)
25
= 1.312 kA
3 11
Ia1 = j 2.187 kA; Ia = j 6.56 kA
Va1 = 1 j 0.2 ( j 1.667) = 0.667
Va2 = j 0.3 ( j 1.667) = 0.5
Va0 = j 0.1 ( j 1.667) = 0.1667
Va = 0
Vb = = 2 Va1 + = Va2 + Va0
= 0.667 120 0.5 120 0.1667
= 0.25 j 1.01
Vc = 0.667 120 0.5 120 0.1607
= 0.25 + j 1.01
Base current =
\
11
= 12.83 kV
3
11
= Va Vb = 0.25 + j 1.01 pu
|Vab| = 1.04
= 6.61 kV
3
11
= Vc Va = 0.25 + j 0.101 pu |Vca| = 1.04
= 6.61 k/V
3
Vbc = Vb Vc = j 2.02 pu
Vab
Vca
Fig. S-11.1
|Vbc| = 2.02
59
Solutions
1
= j2
j 0.5
+ = Ia2
= (=2 =) ( j2) = - 2 3 pu
= 1 j 0.2 ( j2) = 0.6 = Va2
= Va Vb
= (Va1 + Va2 + Va0) (= 2 Va1 + = Va2 + Va0)
= (2 = = 2) 0.6
= 1.8 pu = 1.8 11/ 3 = 11.43 kV = Vac
1
= j 3.64
j 0.2 + ( j 0.3 || j 0.1)
= 3.94 + j 4.1
|Ic| = 5.69 pu
60
3
= j 6.25 pu
j (0.2 + 0.2 + 0.08)
- j 3 1
= 4.33 pu
j 0.4
(iii) LLG fault (Ref. Fig.S-11.2 b)
(ii) LL fault If = Ib = Ic =
1
= j 3.89
j 0.2 + ( j 0.211 j 0.08)
Ia2 = j 3.89 0.08/0.28 = j 1.11
Ia0 = j 3.89 0.2/0.28 = j 2.78
Ib = 3.89 150 + 1.11 150 + j 2.78
= 4.33 + j 4.17
|Ib| = 6.01 pu,
Ia1 =
3
= j5
j ( 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.08 + 3 X n )
\
Xn = 0.04 pu
Base Z = 121/25 = 4.84 W
\
Xn = 4.84 0.04 = 0.1936 W
If grounding resistance is used (Rn)
Ia =
3
9
= 5 or
= 25
j 0.48 + 3 Rn
9 Rn2 + 0.23
\
Rn = 0.12 pu = 0.12 4.84 = 0.581 W
With Xn = 0.04 included in generator neutral to ground:
Z0 = j 0.08 + j 0.12 = j 0.2
|Ia| =
Solutions
LL fault
If = Ib = Ic =
- j 3 1
= 4.33 pu
j 0.4
1
= j 3.334
j 0.2 + ( j 0.2 || j 0.2)
Ia2 = + j 1.667 = Ia0
Ib = 3.334 150 + 1.667 150 + j 1.667
= 4.33 + j 2.5
|Ib| = 5 pu
If = 3Ia0 = j 5 pu
11.5
Base 25 MVA, 11 kV
Feeder reactances: Pos. sequence
j 0.4 25
= j 0.083 pu
121
61
62
1
= 1.17 43.4
0.621 + j 0.587
Va1
Va2
Va0
Vb
- j 3 1
= 2.887 pu
j 0.35 + j 0.25
11.7
Fig. S-11. 7
11
0 kV = 6351 volts
3
Neutral solidly grounded (See Fig. S-11.2 b)
VR1 =
IR1 =
6,351
= j 5,013 A
j1 + ( j 0.8|| j 0 .4 )
IR2 = j 5,013
0.4
= j 1,671
1.2
63
Solutions
0.8
= j 3,342
1.2
IY = =2 IR1 + = IR2 + IR0
= 5013 150 + 1671 150
+ j 3,342 = 5.79 + j 5.01 kA
IB = = IR1 + =2 IR2 + IR0 = 5013 30
+ 1671 30 + j 3,342
= 5.79 + j 5.01 kA
IG = IY + IB = j 10.02 kA; IR = 0
(b) This is equivalent to LL case
IR0 = j 5,013
5
= 5.56 (Total). Let there be n motors.
0 .9
5.56
MVA, 0.6 kV;
n
X = X2 = 20%, X0 = 5%.
Rating of eqv. motor = 5.56 MVA, 0.6 kV, X = X2 =
20 5.56
= 20%
5.56
n
n
10
= 0.36 pu;
5.56
X0 = 0.05
10
= 0.09 pu
5.56
Xn = 0.025
10
= 0.045
5.56
0.4
= 0.556 36.9 pu
0.9 0.8 1
64
1
j ( 0.1414 + 0.1414 + 0.225)
= j 1.97
I f = 3 j 1.97 = j 5.91 pu
0.36
= j 1.20
0.593
= j 1.2; Iag0 = 0
Iag1 = j 1.97
Iag2
Positive sequence and negative sequence currents on star side are shifted
by + 90 and 90 respectively from delta side.
\
0.233
= j 0.77
0.593
Solutions
0.05 0.45
= j 0.045 pu
0.5
1
j 0.105 + ( j 0.105 || j 0.045)
= j 7.33
Ia1 =
65
66
Ia2 = j 7.33
0.045
= j 2.20
0.15
Ia0 = j 5.13
0.35
= j 5.131
0.5
0.35
= j 2.2
= j 1.54; I1a0 = 0
0.5
I1a1 = j 7.33
I1a2
In the generator
1
Ia1
= j ( j 5.131) = 5.131; I1a2 = j ( j 1.54) = 1.54
1
I c1 = = I1a1 = 2.566 + j 4.443;
1
= =2 I1a2 = 0.77 j 1.333
Ic2
\
I1c = I1c1 + I1c2 = 3.336 + j 3.11
\
1200 1000
= 1,155 A
3 600
Fig. S-11.9
Solutions
11.10
0.65 0.4
= 0.248;
1.05
0.55 0.3
X2 =
= 0.194; X0 = j 0.55
0.85
1
Ia1 =
= j 2.55
j 0.248 + ( j 0.194 || j 0.55)
0.55
Ia2 = j 2.55
0.744
= j 1.885
X1 =
67
68
Ia0 = j 0.665
Ib = 2.55 150 + 1.885 150 + j 0.665
= 3.84 + j 1.0
Ic = 2.55 30 + 1.885 30 + j 0.665
= 3.84 + j 1.0
If = Ib + Ic = j 2.0 pu
11.11
Fig. S-11.11
1
j 0.4456
= j 2.244
I = 3Ia1 = j 6.732
f
Solutions
69
0.5
= j 1.508
0.744
0.55
= j 1.763
0.7
Ia (A) = j 1.508 j 1.508 j 1.763 = j 4.779 pu
Ib (A) = 1.508 150 + 1.508 30 j 1.763 = j 0.225 pu
Ic (A) = 1.508 30 + 1.508 150 j 1.763 = j 0.255 pu
11.12.
Fig. S.11.12 a
Fig. S.11.12 b
1
1
=4
+
0.62 X
X = 0.42 pu
70
LG fault at bus 1:
Equivalent sequence reactance are:
X1 =
0.2 0.84
= 0.1615
1.04
0.15 0.84
= 0.1273
0.99
0.05 0.12
X0 =
= 0.0353
0.17
X2 =
If = 3 Ia1 =
3 1
= j 9.256 pu
j 0.3241
11.13
ZBUS1 = ZBUS2 =
LM j 0.1
N j 0.1
j 0.1
j ( 0.2 + X 1 )
OP
Q
ZBUS0 =
LM j 0.069 0 OP
N 0 Q
31
= j 11.152 pu
j 0.1 + j 0.1 + j 0.069
From Fig. S-11.13 c, it is clear that all Ia1 and Ia2 flow towards bus 1
from the generator only. The component of Ia0 flowing towards bus 1 from
generator is
Solutions
71
.
j 0.22
F - j 11152
I
H 3 K j 0.11 + j 0.22
j 0.11
= j 1.239 pu
j 0.11 + j 0.22
0.4445 0.3105
= j 0.1828
0.755
X2 = j 0.1828
Ia1 = Ia2 =
Ib = Ic =
1
j 2.735
j 0.3656
- j 3 1
= 4.737 pu
j 0.3656
|If | = 4.737 pu
Va2 = Ia2 z2 = j 2.735 j 0.1828
= 0.5 pu
\
(3 Ia0 = 0)
72
Fig. S-11.14
LM
0.0597
= j M
MM0.0719
N0.0780
0.0903 0.0780
OP
0.0719
P
0.0743P
P
0.1356 Q
0.0780 0.1356
0.0719 0.0743
From the data given, zero sequence reactance diagram is drawn below.
Fig. S-11.15
73
Solutions
Y0BUS
Z0BUS
From Eq. (11.47)
LM - j 22 j 2 j 2.667
- j 22
j2
j4
=M
MM j 2.667 j 4 - j 6.667
N j 4 j 2.667 j 0
LM0.0585 0.0164 0.0332
0.0164 0.0585 0.0417
=j M
MM0.0332 0.0417 0.1883
N0.0417 0.0332 0.0366
OP
P
j0 P
P
- j 6.667Q
0.0417O
0.0332P
P
0.0366P
P
0.1883 Q
j4
j 2.667
31
= j 12.547 pu
j 0.0903 + j 0.0903 + j 0.0585
f
f
= I22
= I 02
= j 4.182
I2f =
I f12
From Eq. (11.49)
f
f
V 11
= V 011 Z1 12 I 12
= 1 j 0.0597 j 4.182 = 0.7503
f
f
V 12 = V012 Z122 I 12
= 1 j 0.0903 j 4.182 = 0.6224
f
f
V21
= V021 Z212 I 22
= 0 j 0.0597 j 4.182 = 0.2497
f
0
V2-2 = V 22
Z222 I f22
= 0 j 0.0903 j 4.182 = 0.3776
f
f
V 01 = V 001 Z012 I 02
= 0 j 0.0164 j 4.182 = 0.0686
f
0
Z022 I f02
V 02 = V 02
= 0 j 0.0585 j 4.182 = 0.2446
V 1f (a) = 0.7503 0.2497 0.0686 = 0.432
V2f (a) = 0.6224 0.3776 0.2446 = 0
(LG fault is on bus 2 phase a)
f
I 12
(a) = 0.864
V1f (b) = 0.7503 120 0.2497 120 0.0686
= 0.3189 j 0.866
f
V2 (b) = 0.6224 120 0.3776 102 0.2446
= 0.367 j 0.866
V1 f ( b) - V2f ( b)
j 0.5
0.0481
=
= j 0.0962 pu
j 0.5
I f12 (b) =
74
+D=FJAH
12.1 Moment of inertia of rotor = 10,000 kg m2
Rotor speed = 3,000 rpm =
GH =
=
\
H =
3,000 2F
= 100 F rad/sec
60
100
1
IM2;
H
0.85
2
1
104 104 F2 106
2
100 F 2 0.85
= 4.19 MJ/MVA
100 2
M = GH/180f =
4.19 100
= 0.0547 MJ-sec/elec. deg
180 50 0.85
60
1
H1 =
3 104 2,500 F2 106
0.8
2
H1 = 4.93 MJ/MVA
m/c 2: M = 3,000 rpm = 100 F rad/sec.
\
\
80
1
H2 =
104 104 F2 106
0.85
2
H2 = 5.24 MJ/MVA
4.93 60
5.24 80
= 4.315 MJ/MVA
Heq =
+
0.8 200 0.85 200
(Base: 200 MVA)
7 80
3 200
+3
= 40.4 MJ/MVA (Base: 100 MVA)
100
100
12.4 R = 0.11 500 = 55 W; X = 1.45 103 314 500 = 227.7 W
Z = 55 + j 227.7 = 234.2 76.4;
Y = 314 0.009 106 500 90 = 0.0014 90
12.3 Heq = 4
1
1
YZ = 1 +
0.0014 234.2 166.4
2
2
= 0.841 2.6
A =1+
F
H
B = Z 1+
1
YZ
6
I
K
= 234.2 76.4 +
= 221.7 77.2
1
0.0014 (234.2)2 117.2
6
75
Solutions
Pe,max =
| A| | V |2
| E| | V |
cos (> =)
| B|
| B|
( 200) 2
(1 cos 76.4)
234.2
= 130.63 MW
Capacitance and resistance neglected
A = 10
B = 227.7 90
Pe, max =
Pe, max =
( 200) 2
(1 cos 90] = 175.67 MW
227.7
12.5
Fig. S-12.5
Pe = 100 sin @
Max. load that can be suddenly switched on = Pes = 100 sin @1
By equal area criterion
@1
F - @1
@1
F -@1
Pes @ @
76
\
12.6
Fig. S-12.6
A1 = 0.6 (@ 2 - @ 1 ) A2 = z
\
\
A2 A1 =
@3
@1
@3
@2
@3
@1
@2
@1
sin @ d @ = 0.049
sin @ d @ - 0.6 (@ 3 - @ 2 )
@ max
@2
77
Solutions
F
180
= 0.487
\ A2, max > A1
\ System is stable
Excursion about the new steady state rotor position
= @3 @2 = 58 36.9 = 21.1
( 200) 2
sin @
150
= 266.7 sin @
12.7
PeI (prefault) =
( 200) 2
sin @
400
= 100 sin @
( 200) 2
sin @
200
= 200 sin @
Max. load transfer corresponds to A1 = A2
PeIII (post fault) =
A1 =
@ 1 + 60
@1
F
60 + 100
180
[cos (@1 + 60) cos @1]
Now
\
Pi = 266.7 sin @1
A1 = (F/3) 266.7 sin @1 + 100 cos (@1 + 60) 100 cos @1
= 279.3 sin @1 + 100 cos (@1 + 60) 100 cos @1
Now
@2
@ 1 + 60
F 266.7 sin @ I
H 200
K
1
78
279.3 sin @1 100 cos (@1 + 60) 100 cos @1 + 200 cos @2 + 4.65
(@2 @1 60) sin @1 = 0
Solving @1 = 28.5
\
Pi(max) = 266.7 sin 28.5 = 127.3 MW
Fig. S-12.7
12.8 @1 = sin1
250
= 30
500
250
= 45.6
350
@m = 180 45.6 = 134.4
@2 = sin1
F
(@c 30) 250
180
= 4.36 @c 130.9
A1 =
A2 =
@m
@c
d 2@
d@
250
=
t
2 = 250/M or
dt
dt
M
1 250 2
@ =
t + @1
2 M
79
Solutions
@c @1 = (F/180) 23 =
t2c (critical clearing time) =
\
tc =
125 2
tc
M
23 F
M
180 125
0.0032 M = 0.056
M sec
Fig. S-12.8
12.9
Fig. S-12.9
1 1.05
sin @ = 1.615 sin @ ; Prefault power = 1
0.65
@0 = sin1
1
= 38.3
1.615
GH
1 4
=
= 4.44 104
180 f
180 50
(0.025)2
( Dt ) 2
=
= 1.41;
M
4.44 10 - 4
@m = F sin1 (1/1.615) = 141.7
80
t
sec
0
0+
0av
0.025
0.05
0.075
1.0
1.0+
1.0av
1.025
1.05
1.075
2.0
2.025
2.05
2.075
3.0
3.025
3.05
3.075
Pm
Pe = Pm sin @
Pa = 1 Pe
1.615
0
0
0
0
0
1.615
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
1.23
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.615
1.324
1.4
1.46
1.501
1.531
1.551
1.563
1.568
1.568
1.562
1.55
0
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.23
0.385
0.324
0.4
0.46
0.501
0.531
0.551
0.563
0.568
0.568
0.562
0.55
D@ deg
1.41 Pa
0
1.41
0.705
1.41
1.41
1.41
0.705
2.115
3.525
4.935
0.543
0.456
0.564
0.649
0.706
0.750
0.777
0.794
0.8
0.8
0.792
0.776
5.478
5.022
4.458
3.809
3.103
2.353
1.576
0.782
0.018
0.818
1.61
2.386
@ deg
38.3
38.3
38.3
39.005
41.12
44.645
49.58
49.58
49.58
55.058
60.08
64.538
68.347
71.45
73.803
75.379
76.161
76.143
75.325
73.71
After fault clearance @ goes through a maximum and then begins to reduce, the
system is stable.
12.10 From Eq. (12.67)
cos @c =
\
@c = 70.54
Pm
pu
1.615
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pe = Pm sin @
pu
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pa = 1 Pe
pu
0
1.0
0.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.41 Pa
0
1.41
0.705
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
D@
@ deg
0.705
2.115
3.525
4.935
6.345
7.755
9.165
10.575
38.3
38.3
38.3
39.005
41.120
44.645
49.58
55.925
63.68
72.845
83.42
Solutions
Fig. S-12.10
12.11
115
. 1
sin@ = 2.3 sin @
0.5
1.15 1
(during fault) =
sin@ = 0.383 sin @
3
1.15 1
PeII =
sin@ = 0.192 sin @
6
PeI (prefault) =
PeII
PeIII (B opens) =
115
.
sin @ = 1.92 sin @
0.6
81
82
A2 =
A3 =
A4 =
z
z
z
z
60
30
75
60
90
75
@1
90
F
30
180
+ 0.383 (cos 60 cos 30) = 0.462
A1 + A2 + A3 = A4
0.462 + 0.202 + 0.250 = 1.92 cos @1 0.02 @1 + 1.806
1.92 cos @1 + 0.02 @1 0.892 = 0
By solving this equation, we can not obtain
@1 < @m hence the system is Unstable. Alternatively, if the axes are
plotted on a graph paper, it can be immediately seen that
A1 + A2 + A3 > A4
hence the system is unstable.
12.12
Fig. S-12.12
M =
GH
1 2.5
=
= 2.78 104 sec2/elect deg.
180 f
180 50
0.8
= 1 36.9 = 0.8 j 0.6
0.8 1
E = 1 + j 0.45 (0.8 j 0.6) = 1.32 15.83
I =
1.32 1
0.8
sin @ = 2.93 sin @ \ @0 \ = sin1
0.45
2.93
= 15.83
II During fault PeII = 0 Choose Dt = 0.05 sec
(0.05) 2
( Dt )2
=
= 9.00
III Post fault PeIII = PeI;
2.78 10 - 4
M
I Prefault PeI =
83
Solutions
t
sec
Pe = Pm sin @
Pm
0
0+
0av
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.15+
0.15av
0.2
0.25
2.93
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
2.93
0
0
0
2.216
2.93
2.93
2.651
Pa = 0.8 Pe 9 Pa
0
0.8
0
7.2
3.6
7.2
7.2
7.2
12.744
2.772
16.659
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.416
0.308
1.851
D@ day
0
3.6
10.8
18.0
15.228
1.431
@ deg
15.83
15.83
15.83
19.43
30.23
48.23
48.23
48.23
63.458
63.362
62.027
1 1125
.
sin @ = 2.25 sin @;
0.5
460
= 0.92 pu
500
During fault:
PeII =
Post fault
PeIII
( 0.05) 2
( Dt ) 2
=
=9
M
2.778 10 - 4
t
sec
0
0+
0av
0.05
0.1
0.15
Pm
Pe = Pm sin @
Pa = 0.92 Pe
2.25
1.125
0.92
0.46
0
0.46
1.125
1.125
1.125
0.496
0.597
0.737
0.424
0.323
0.183
9Pa
0
4.14
2.07
3.816
2.907
1.647
D@
deg
0
2.07
5.886
8.793
@ deg
24.14
24.14
24.14
26.21
32.1
40.9
(Contd.)
84
t
sec
0.15+
0.15av
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Pm
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Pe = Pm sin @
0.982
Pa = 0.92 Pe
0.062
1.15
1.265
1.32
1.327
1.287
1.194
9Pa
0.56
0.543
2.07
3.105
3.6
3.663
3.213
2.466
0.23
0.345
0.4
0.407
0.357
0.274
D@
deg
9.336
7.27
4.16
0.56
3.1
6.313
8.779
@ deg
40.9
40.9
50.24
57.50
61.66
62.22
59.12
52.81
44.04
System is STABLE
1 3.5
= 3.89 104 sec2/elec deg
180 50
3
= 0.06 sec
50
8
= 0.16 sec
Time to circuit breaker opening (8 cycles) =
50
Pm
Pe = Pm sin @
2.0
0.5
1.0
0.25
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.268
0.954
1.095
1.209
1.288
1.333
1.350
1.341
1.305
1.236
1.133
1.0
D@
Pa = 1 Pe 6.426 Pa
0.0
0.75
0.375
0.732
0.046
0.095
0.209
0.288
0.333
0.350
0.341
0.305
0.236
0.133
0
2.41
4.70
0.296
0.61
1.343
1.850
2.139
2.249
2.191
1.959
1.516
0.854
0
2.41
7.11
7.406
6.796
5.453
3.603
1.464
0.785
2.976
4.935
6.451
7.305
7.305
@deg
30.0
30.0
30.0
32.41
39.520
46.926
53.722
59.175
62.778
64.242
63.451
60.481
55.546
49.095
41.79
34.485
85
Solutions
\ System is STABLE.
0.2
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Pm
Pe = Pm sin @
2
0.5
1
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.268
0.318
0.389
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.374
1.474
1.5
1.491
1.478
1.475
1.486
1.5
1.488
1 Pe
6.426 Pa
0
0.75
0.375
0.732
0.682
0.611
0.374
0.474
0.5
0.491
0.478
0.475
0.486
0.5
0.488
D@
@ deg
30
2.41
4.7
4.383
3.926
2.403
3.045
3.213
3.155
3.072
3.052
3.123
3.623
3.136
2.41
7.11
11.493
15.419
30
32.41
39.52
51.013
13.016 66.432
9.971 79.448
6.758 89.41
3.603 96.177
0.531 99.78
2.521 100.311
5.644 97.79
9.267 92.146
12.403 82.879
70.476
\ System is STABLE.
SUSTAINED FAULT
0
2.0
0+
0.5
0av
0.05
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.15
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.35
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.45
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.25
0.268
0.318
0.389
0.458
0.498
0.477
0.37
0.15
0.1502
0.0
0.75
0.3750
0.732
0.682
0.611
0.542
0.502
0.523
0.63
0.85
1.1502
30.0
2.41
4.7
4.383
3.926
3.482
3.226
3.361
4.05
5.462
7.391
2.41
7.11
11.493
15.419
18.901
22.127
25.488
29.538
35.0
42.391
30.0
32.41
39.52
51.013
66.432
85.333
107.46
132.948
162.486
197.486
239.877
86
12.15
0.4 0.4
= 3.59
0.0574
1.2 1
sin @ = 1.5 sin @
0.8
87
Solutions
@0 = sin1
1
= 41.8
1.5
1.2 1
sin @ = 0.334 sin @
3.59
=0
1.2 1
sin @ = 0.453 sin @
2.65
= PeI = 1.5 sin @
PeIII =
Post fault PeIV
4 167
= 4.63 104 sec2/elect. deg
180 50
( Dt ) 2
= (0.05)2 (4.65 104) = 5.4
M
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Pm
Pe
Pa = 1 Pe
5.4Pa
1.500
0.334
1.0
0.223
0
0.777
0.334
0.232
0.768
0
4.198
2.099
4.147
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.454
0.478
1.333
0.546
1.478
2.333
2.951
7.981
12.598
D@
@deg
2.1
6.25
41.8
41.8
41.8
43.9
11.65
17.05
22.45
27.85
33.25
50.15
61.80
78.85
101.30
129.15
36.201 162.4
44.18 198.60
56.778 242.78
299.56
88
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
1.5
0.334
1.0
0.223
0
0.777
0.334
0.232
0.768
0
4.198
2.099
4.147
0.453
0.453
0.453
0.453
0.453
0.348
0.392
0.433
0.453
0.430
0.652
0.608
0.567
0.547
0.57
3.522
3.283
3.061
2.954
3.08
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.144
0.713
0.1435
0.562
1.271
0.144
0.287
0.856
1.562
2.271
0.8
1.550
4.622
8.43
12.26
2.1
6.25
41.8
41.8
41.8
43.9
9.776 50.15
13.05
59.92
16.11
72.97
19.06
89.08
22.14 108.14
21.34
22.89
27.51
35.94
48.20
130.28
151.62
174.51
202.02
237.96
286.16