NHNG RUI RO TRONG XAY DNG CONG

TRNH NGAM
VA YEU CAU QUAN TRAC - QUAN LY
PGS. TS. NGUYEN BA
KE
Hoi C hoc at va
a ky thuat
Cong trnh Viet Nam
1. YEU CAU CHUNG:
Theo tieu chuan Anh BS 6164-2001 trong qua trnh thi cong
CTN (ao m/ ao kn) thng xay ra cac tnh huong khan cap
sau ay :

at b sut l hoac b sap thanh ho hoac gng ao;

Ket cau chong gi b pha hoai;
B ngap nc ;
Kh oc va no (kh methame/ carbonic);
Thieu dng kh (khi thi cong co dung hi ep);
Chay;
S co khi di chuyen thiet b;
May moc/ thiet b va nguon ien b hong;
Ngng thi cong.

Can phai co bien phap theo doi va kiem tra chat che e
phong nga rui ro/tai bien trong thi cong CTN. Can bo lam cong
tac quan trac phai am hieu chang nhng van e ky thuat thi
cong ma con co hieu biet ve an toan lao ong va moi trng.
Nh vay nhng quan trac trong xay dng CTN bao gom :

Quan trac a ky thuat (cong trnh ho mong + cong trnh

lan can);
Quan trac a chat cong trnh;
Quan trac ve an toan va ve sinh lao ong;
Quan trac ve sinh thai cua nc ngam va moi trng.

Muc ch cua cong tac quan trac la e am bao an toan

va am bao o on nh cho ho ao/ ham va e thc hien
thiet ke co hieu qua kinh te nhat.
o an toan va on nh cua CTN se c am bao bi cac
hoat ong sau :
9

(a) o dch chuyen cua at a xung quanh;

(b) anh gia hieu qua cua moi thanh phan chong gi;
(c) am bao o on nh ho ao/ham cung nh cong trnh
lan can (trong pham vi anh hng).
2. QUAN TRAC HO AO:
nc ta, tuy cha co s tong ket va phan tch co he
thong nhng eu a xay ra s co ln hoac nho trong thi cong
ho ao sau nh sap l thanh, hong he thong chan gi, gay
lun nt hoac sup o nhng cong trnh lan can.
V du Anh [1], trong nhng nam t 1973 - 1980 khi phan tch
nhng s co nghiem trong cua ho ao sau (hn 6m hoac nong
hn) th thay rang :
- Ho ao khong co chan gi chiem 63% cac trng hp;
- He thong chan gi lam viec qua gii han : 20% cac trng hp;
- Chan gi khong ay u : 14% cac trng hp;
- Mat on nh mai doc khi ao m : 3% cac trng hp.
Hn na, tong ket nay cho thay hn 1/3 s co nghiem trong
trong thi ky nay xay ra trong nen at ap hoac nhng ni
ma at a b xao tron do thi cong at.
Trung Quoc[2] trong nhng nam gan ay ch mi phan
tch hn 160 s co ho ao a cho thay co 5 van e can quan
tam (bang 1).
Bang 1. Thong ke cac nguyen nhan gay s co ho
mong sau
Nguyen nhan gaySo lan phatTy
le
%
trong
TT
ra s co
sinh
tong s co
1 Van e thuoc quan
10
6
ly
2 Van e thuoc khao
7
3,5
sat
3 Van e thuoc thiet
74
46
ke
4 Van e thuoc thi
66
41,5
cong
5 Van e thuoc quan
5
3
trac
Qua o ta thay nhng sai lam thuoc thiet ke chiem 46%
trng hp va do thi cong chiem 41,5% trng hp, trong o ac
biet chu y co en 30% trng hp la khi thi cong nen at
yeu vi mc nc ngam cao... gay ton that hang trieu en
hang chuc trieu nhan dan te (tien Trung Quoc), co thng vong

10

ve ngi, lam cham tien o thi cong, tang gia thanh cong
trnh, anh hng xau en sinh hoat bnh thng cua nhan dan
quanh vung gay hau qua khong tot ve mat xa hoi.
Qua ay cho ta thay s quan trong cua viec khao sat, thiet
ke, thi cong, quan trac va quan ly trong cong trnh chan gi
cac ho ao sau, e tranh s co th phai ac biet chu y
nhng khau co ty trong rui ro cao.
Quan trac ho ao va cong trnh lan can (xem hnh 1) la
mot noi dung quan trong khi thi cong ho ao. Tuy theo tam quan
trong ve ky thuat kinh te va moi trng ma ngi thiet ke
ch nh cac hang muc can quan trac thch hp bang phng an
cu the (co thiet ke, thi cong va qui trnh quan trac), co the
tham khao theo bang 2.

Muc ch chnh cua quan trac

Ket qua quan trac trong qua trnh thi cong ho ao giup
ngi thiet ke va thi cong biet c:
+ S ng x cua at va nc trong nen at xung quanh
ho ao e kiem tra / khang nh nhng gia thiet cua thiet ke;
+ Kiem soat s an toan nh thiet lap cac ho s quan trac
va canh bao sm s ng x bat li tiem tang (neu co);
+ Cung cap d lieu co lien quan ti nhng nguyen nhan
gay ra s ng x bat li, nh o co the thc hien c cac
bien phap phong tranh, sa cha, phuc hoi sau s co; ong
thi cung cap nhng d lieu thc tien cho viec quan ly / x ly
bang luat phap.
Yeu cau cua quan trac
+ Cong tac quan trac phai tien hanh theo chng trnh va
quy trnh / quy pham c chap nhan;
+ Can bo / ky thuat vien thc hien quan trac phai co to
chat tot va tinh than trach nhiem cao;
+ T van thiet ke ket cau cong trnh chan gi thanh ho
ao, da vao tnh huong cu the (at nen, loai ket cau chan
gi, phng phap thi cong, ieu kien cong trnh lan can ho
ao...) e a ra tr so canh bao ve tr bien dang, noi lc, toc
o chuyen v, toc o lun....
+ Cac iem quan trac gom co iem at mat at, trong
khoi at quanh va di ay ho ao cung nh tren cac
cong trnh lan can... tao thanh li quan trac vi suat iem o
che phu nhat nh (xem hnh1).

11

Hnh 1. Bo tr cac loai quan trac ho ao va cong trnh lan can

Noi dung quan trac
La chon cac hang muc quan trac cong trnh ho mong can
can c vao cap cong trnh, hien trang ky thuat va tnh quan
trong cua cong trnh lan can cung nh hau qua kinh te - xa hoi
neu xay ra s co... e quyet nh. Co the tham khao kinh
nghiem cua Trung Quoc nh trnh bay bang 2.
Bang 2. La chon hang muc quan trac ho mong
Cap an toan
o
N
Hang muc can quan trac hien trng cong trnh ho mong
Cap I Cap II Cap III
1. ieu kien t nhien ( nc ma, to, nc ung

vv...)
2. Chuyen v ngang nh cua mai at

doc
3. Chuyen v ng nh cua mai at

X
doc
4. Chuyen v ngang cua ket cau chong

5. Chuyen v ng cua ket cau chong

X

6. Lun mat at xung quanh ho mong

X

7. Nt mat at xung quanh ho mong

8. ng suat bien dang cua ket cau

X

chong
9. Nt ket cau chong

10 ng suat va lc truc cua thanh chong

X

.
va neo
11 Lun xuong va troi len cua ay ho
X
X

12

.
12
.
13
.
14
.
15
.
16
.
17
.
18
.
19
.
20
.
21
.

mong
Mc nc ngam

ap lc ben cua at len lng tng

ap lc nc lo rong cua at lng

tng
Lun cua cac cong trnh xung quanh

Chuyen v ngang cac cong trnh xung

quanh
Nghieng lech cua cac cong trnh
xung quanh
Vet nt cac cong trnh xung quanh

Chuyen v va h hai cac thiet b trong

yeu xung quanh
Tnh trang qua tai cua mat at xung
quanh ho mong
Tnh hnh tham, do nc cua ho mong

Chu thch bang 2:

- hang muc bat buoc phai quan trac; O - hang muc nen
quan trac;
X - hang muc co the khong quan trac.
Theo tieu chuan thiet ke cua Trung Quoc :
- An toan cap 1 : Khi hau qua pha hoai (ngi, cua cai) la
rat nghiem trong;
- An toan cap 2 : ... Nghiem trong;
- An toan cap 3 : ... Hau qua khong nghiem trong.
3. V DU QUAN TRAC CONG TRNH THC TE
Cong trnh ho mong cua TNEC (ai Loan) (theo [3])
3.1. Gii thieu cong trnh
Toa nha Trung tam To chc kinh doanh Quoc gia ai Loan
(Taipei National Enterprising Center-TNEC), tren mat at co 18 tang,
va 5 tang ham nh the hien tren hnh 2b. Hnh dang hnh hoc cua
ho ao t thay oi, vi chieu rong la 43m, chieu dai goc Nam
va goc Bac lan lt la 106m va 61m. Dung tng trong at lam
ket cau tng chan ho ao, vi be day tng la 0,9m va sau
35m. o sau ho ao ln nhat la 19,7m. Tang ngam thi cong
theo phng phap t tren xuong (top down) vi tng trong
at c gi bang san cng BTCT day 150mm co tru trung
gian. Cac cong trnh ke can: gom co mot so toa nha lan can

13

nh a the hien tren mat bang hnh 2. Di ay se gii

thieu nhng ac iem cua tng cong trnh (hnh 2a).

Hnh 2. Mat bang cong trnh (a) va bo tr iem quan trac ho

mong
cua toa nha TNEC va mot so cong trnh lan can (b) (theo [3]).
- Cong trnh A: la toa nha 12 tang tren mat at, cao khoang
42m, co mot tang ham va at tren mong be. Toa nha co dien
tch mat bang la 16m 17m, nam rat sat vi ho mong;

14

- Cong trnh B: la nha cao tang, gom co 14 tang tren mat

at va 2 tang ham, cung co ket cau mong be, toa nha nay
cung rat gan vi ho ao ( goc Tay-Nam);
- Cong trnh D: la mot khoi nha 4 tang (can ho) lien khoi
vi nhau. Toa nha a ton tai hn 15 nam roi va mong m
rong ay;
- Cong trnh E: la nha cao tang, gom co 14 tang pha tren
va 2 tang ham at tren mong be nam v tr ch cach tng chan cua ho ao 6m;
- Ba cong trnh C, F va G khong at cac iem quan trac v
xa ho ao.
3.2. Cac bien phap o ac kiem tra thc te cong
trnh
Bo tr cac iem o lun va o o nghieng cua cac toa
nha theo cac hng khac nhau, trong o at 7 iem o nghieng
(B1-7) nha A, B, D va E.
Ngoai ra, con co lap at them cac may khac ( nh I-1, I-2,
va I-3) nam trong than tng e o s chuyen dch ngang cua tng va cua nen at, di chan tng chan va xuong
en lp cat soi, vi o sau 46m di mat at. Bo ba may o
nghieng S I-1, S I-2 va S I-3 va may o bien dang Extensometer Rodtup nhieu iem E-1, E-2 va E-3 c lap at doc theo phan theo
doi chnh pha sau tng chan. Cac iem neo cua moi may
Extensometer c at tai o sau 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 va 30m di
mat at. S thay oi co the ve hng va o ln chuyen dch
cua at o sau di mat at c quan trac nh cach bo
tr cac iem o nh trnh bay tren hnh 2b.
Chu y rang o chnh xac cua may o nghieng
(Inclinometer) la 0,1mm va may o lun (Extensometer) la 1mm.
phan quan sat chnh, nhng iem o o lun c phan oan
1,0m trong khoang cach t 2,0 en 7,5m t tng chan, va
phan oan t 1,5 en 3,0m t khoang xa hn 7,5m en 49m ke
t tng chan ho ao.
3.3. ieu kien a chat cong trnh va a chat thuy
van cua khu vc
Cong trng thi cong nam trong lu vc ai Loan. Noi chung
lu vc ai Loan c tao thanh bi lp day boi tch, co ten goi
la cau truc Sungshan, nam ben tren cau truc Chingmei. Cau
truc Chingmei c tm thay t 5000 en 6000 trc ay va
nam xen ke nhau gia lp cat mn (SM) va set mn (CL) vi
chieu day lp rat day. Cau truc Chingmei, la nguon goc chnh
gom cuoi soi, keo dai en o sau rat ln.
Tren c s ket qua th nghiem co ket mot chieu va lch
s a chat lu vc ai Loan, at set ang xem xet la nen co
ket bnh thng vi he so qua co ket bang 1,05. Nh a thay
15

tren hnh 2b, lp th 3 tai o sau t -8,0m en -33,0m la set

mn (CL) no co anh hng ang ke en ho ao, bi v ay
ho mong o sau 19,7m va o sau cua tng c la 35,0m.
ng suat cat khong thoat nc cua lp nay thu c t th
nghiem khong thoat nc khong co ket (UU) va th nghiem cat
canh hien trng (FV). T so cua ng suat cat khong thoat nc (hoac lc dnh khong thoat nc) vi ng suat hu hieu
ng Su/v 0,36 oi vi th nghiem UU va S u/v 0,32 oi vi th
nghiem FV. Hn na, th nghiem nen ba truc trong ieu kien co
ket khong thoat nc xac nh he so Ko (CKoU-AC) va th
nghiem keo doc truc ieu kien co ket khong thoat nc
(CKoU-AE) c thc hien tren mau at lay o sau lan lt
la 16,25m va 15,75m. T th nghiem CK oU, Ko c lay bang 0,55.
T ket qua th nghiem cho thay rang S u/v oi vi th nghiem
nen mot truc bang 0,29 va th nghiem keo mot truc bang 0,21.
Bien dang doc (1) thi iem pha hoai khi th nghiem nen mot
truc la 2,5% va khi keo mot truc la 10%. Cac ac trng c ban
cua cac lp at trnh bay bang 3.
Bang 3. Nhng
So
o
Loai nhat
sau
at ong/f
m
t
0 - 5,6
CL
3
5,6 - 8,0 SM
11
8,0 CL
3-10
33,0
SM
20
33,0 CL
14
35,0
SM
30
35,0 - Soi > 100
37,5
san
37,5 46,0
> 46,0

ac trng c ban cua cac lp at

Wn:
%

LL

PI

32
25
25 40
24
28
30
-

34
30 38
33
-

23
10 20
21
-

Su:
c':
2 Su/v
kN/m
kN/m2
4455
-

0,32
-

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

o*

Chu thch bang 3:

- CL, SM - set mn, cat mn;
Su - lc dnh khong thoat nc;
c', - lc dnh va goc ma sat trong th nghiem thoat nc.
3.4. Mot so bien dang va chuyen v ien hnh

16

Hnh 4. Chuyen v
uon cua tng tai
iem I-1, I-2 va I-3
giai oan 9 va giai
oan ao th 13

Tren hnh 4 trnh bay ket qua o chuyen v uon cua tng
tai cac iem I-1, I-2 va I-3 giai oan ao th 9 va 13.
Giai oan 9 la luc tien hanh ao at en o sau -15,2m
t ngay 363 en 378 (ke t luc khi cong lam tng) va
giai oan 13 la luc ao cot -19,7m ngay th 445 en 460 tc
en cot ay mong nhng cha lam san tang th 5B5F.
Theo tru a chat tren hnh 3, th o la lp at yeu nhat.
Tuy vay, nha D khong co b anh hng g ang ke do chuyen v
cua tng.
Tren hnh 5a trnh bay ket qua o nghieng cua iem I-1 sau
nhng giai oan do tng ng. Chuyen v ngang ln nhat cua tng la 10,6cm so vi o sau ho ao khoang 0,54%. Tr so
nay la ln hn so vi cac nghien cu cua mot so tac gia
khac (v du cua Clough va O'Rourke) mac du ay a dung tng trong at co o cng tot va cac san lam nhiem vu
chong ngang. ieu nay co the la do thi gian qua dai t
luc ao en luc lam san trong phng phap "tren - xuong". Co
ket hoac t bien cua at a co anh hng en trang thai
bien dang cua tng va at.

17

Hnh 5. Chuyen v cua tng (a) tai I-1 va o lun cua mat at
(b) ngay sau cac giai oan ao
Tren hnh 5b trnh bay o lun mat at, no co dang lom
trong hau het cac giai oan ao. Cho lom nhat cua bieu o
nay cach mep ho ao khoang 11m va t so khoang cach vi
o sau ho mong khoang 0,5. Ni co o lun ln se co anh hng ang ke en chc nang cua cong trnh lan can va se
thay ro khi xem xet bien dang cua 2 nha A va B.
Ve chuyen v cua cac iem trong khoi at co the nhan
biet theo cac vect c xac nh t ket qua o nghieng va o
lun. Tren hnh 6 la ket qua o chuyen v ngang va chuyen v
ng cac giai oan ao th 5 en th 13. Chuyen v ngang
cua at gan tng chan ln hn nhieu chuyen v ng. T
so gia chuyen v ng vi chuyen v ngang tang len khi xa
dan tng chan. Va chuyen v thang ng ln nhat khong
xuat hien tren mat at va chuyen v ng gan au tng
la tng oi nho

18

Hnh 6. Cac vect chuyen v cua at giai oan thi cong

ao at th 5 en th 13
3.5. Tnh trang cua nhng nha lan can

Hnh 7. Bo tr coc phun va cho nha A theo mat bang (a) va

mat ng (b)

19

 ay tom tat gii thieu tnh trang hai nha A va B v qua

o cho ta nhieu bai hoc bo ch.
Khi ao ho ngay 70, toa nha A bat au nghieng sang
pha ho ao. o nghieng the hien kha ro ret do toa nha co
xuat hien nhng vet nt va nghieng sat gan toa nha B. e
co nhng thong tin ve bien dang va nham bao ve an toan cho
cong trnh, ngi thi cong lap tc lap at he thong o ac B-1
va B-2 tren mai nha B e theo doi o nghieng cua toa nha,
va dung bien phap gia co nen bang phng phap coc phun va
sau t 6 en 20m e cai tao at nen gan tng chan (hnh 7).
ang tiec la toa nha nghieng rat ot ngot ngay trong khi phun
va (hnh 8), so oc tren may o B-1 theo hng 1-3 cho thay
rang toa nha nghieng sang pha vung ho ao vi tr so oc
khoang 1/491. So oc theo hng 2-4 bang 1/1011 nghieng sang
pha Bac, bang 1/668 nghieng sang pha ong. ay co le do viec
phun va khong thch hp hoac khong ung luc, hoac co the do
at di mong b pha hoai. Luc nay, toa nha a nghieng kha
nghiem trong, du cha thay co s nt ne ben trong toa nha.
Nhng khi ao cang sau th toa nha lai dan dan quay tr lai va
o nghieng cung giam xuong. giai oan cuoi cung, so oc
cua may o B-1 theo hng 1-3 va 2-4 lan lt la 1/1375 sang pha
ong va 1/4297 sang pha Bac; con so oc tren may B-2 theo hng 1-3 va 2-4 lan lt la 1/1459 sang pha Nam va 1/2864 sang
pha ong.
Hien tng nay co the giai thch bi bieu o o lun
mat at theo hng vuong goc vi canh ab (xem hnh 7 va 9).
giai oan ao au tien, tng chan lam viec nh dam congxon
va o lun be mat ln nhat cua at xuat hien gan tng
(sat vi tng). Nhng o lun be mat ln nhat cua at
gan goc a va b co gia tr ln hn o lun nam gan goc c
va d, do o lam cho toa nha A nghieng sang pha vung ho ao.
Tuy nhien, khi ao cang sau, kieu lom cua bieu o o lun,
nhng ni ma o lun be mat ln nhat cua at a xuat hien
mot so iem cach tng chan co tr so troi hn. Khi o o
lun be mat gan goc a va b lai nho hn o lun be mat
gan goc c va d. Hien tng nay do toa nha A quay nghieng tr
lai. Mat khac, oan ng ac nam v tr gan goc loi cua
cong trng, do o lam cho s chuyen dch cua at t hn
oan ng bd nam v tr gan goc lom va lam cho s chuyen
dch cua at ln hn. ay la nhng l do tai sao ma toa nha b
nghieng sang pha Nam khi ao cang sau, cung nh a thay tren
so oc may B-1 theo hng 2.4 va ngay ca B-2 theo hng 1-3
(hnh 8).

20

Hnh 8. o nghieng cua nha A theo thi gian

Theo so oc may B-3 va B-4 (lap at tai mai cua nha
B) cho thay: oi vi nha B, khi giai oan ao cuoi cung, o
nghieng ln nhat sang pha ho ao bang 1/1637 (vi may o B3), va bang 1/1185 (vi may o B-4) khi ket thuc ao. Ho ao t
co anh hng en toa nha nay. Anh hng khong ang ke
nay co the giai thch bang hai l do nh sau: Du goc ong - Nam
cua toa nha sat vi ho ao nhng lai cat ngang qua hai goc loi
cua ho ao. Anh hng goc co the lam giam o lun be
mat cua at bi v canh o kha nho (ch khoang 22m). Mat
khac, mot phan pha Bac cua toa nha nam trong vung anh
hng cua o lun; tuy nhien, nhng phan con lai la khong b
anh hng. o la nhng l do tai sao ma nha B chu anh hng
khong ang ke bi ho ao.

21

Hnh 9. Phan ng cua nha A theo o lun

4. QUAN LY CONG TRNH HO MONG SAU
Nham han che s co, c quan quan ly nha nc thng
a ra cac bien phap quan ly khac nhau tuy trnh o ky thuat cong nghe va ieu kien at nen cu the. C quan quan ly xay
dng thanh pho Frankfurt (CHLB c) hay Thng Hai a ban
hanh nhng van ban phap quy nh vay.
Do nhan thay co s gan gui ve cong nghe va ieu kien
at nen so vi Ha Noi va thanh pho Ho Ch Minh nen xin gii
thieu Quy nh cua Thng Hai [4] e tham khao (xem phu luc ).

22

PHU LUC

QUY NH TAM THI VE QUAN LY CONG TRNH

HO MONG SAU
CUA THANH PHO THNG HAI

Chng 1: Nguyen tac chung

ieu 1: e tang cng viec quan ly oi vi cong trnh
ho mong sau, am bao viec tien hanh thi cong cong trnh va
s an toan cua cac cong trnh, ng ong ngam lan can,da
vao phap luat cua Nha nc va cua thanh pho, ket hp vi
tnh hnh thc te cua thanh pho e thiet lap Qui nh nay.
ieu 2: Khai niem ho mong sau trong qui nh nay la ch
ho mong co chieu sau ln hn 5m hoac ho mong co chieu
sau khong qua 5m nhng a chat va moi trng xung quanh
cua ho mong la phc tap.
Khai niem cong trnh ho mong sau trong qui nh nay bao
gom cac noi dung nh he chong, ha mc nc ngam, ao
at ...
ieu 3: Qui nh nay ap dung cho cac hoat ong quan ly
cac cong trnh ho ao sau nh khao sat a chat, thiet ke, thi
cong, giam sat, kiem tra trong a ban hanh chnh cua thanh
pho.
ieu 4: S Xay dng thanh pho la c quan quan ly hanh
chnh cong trnh ho mong sau trong thanh pho. Van phong quan
ly xay dng Thng Hai phu trach cong tac quan ly cong trnh
ho mong sau cua thanh pho.
Cac c quan chu quan hanh chnh cua quan, huyen phu
trach cong tac quan ly cong trnh ho mong sau trong a ban
cua mnh.
Cac c quan kiem tra an toan chat lng cong trnh cac cap
phu trach cong tac kiem tra giam sat chat lng cong trnh ho
mong sau thng xuyen.
ieu 5: Thanh pho khuyen khch Chu au t hoac Nha
thau chnh ong bao hiem cho toan bo cong trnh mong sau va
bao hiem trach nhiem cho ben th 3.
Chng 2: Cong tac chuan b
ieu 6: Trc khi khao sat Chu au t hoac Nha thau
chnh phai tien hanh khao sat hien trang cua cac cong trnh,
ng sa, ng ong ngam cung nh cac cong trnh lan can
ang tien hanh thi cong, ong thi cung cap cac tai lieu khao
sat nay cho n v thiet ke, thi cong, quan trac.
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ieu 7: Pham vi khao sat lay bang 3 lan chieu sau ao

mong tnh t mep ho mong.
oi vi ng tau ien ngam, ng ham hoac cong
trnh xay dng co yeu cau ac biet lien ke th phai chap hanh
cac qui nh lien quan cua thanh pho.
ieu 8: Trc khi tien hanh thi cong, Chu au t hoac Nha
thau chnh phai tap hp hop cac n v lien quan nh Thiet ke,
thi cong, giam sat, giao thong cong chnh, cap ien, thong tin
lien lac, quan trac... e gii thieu ho s thiet ke, phng an thi
cong, cac anh hng co the xay ra trong qua trnh thi cong e
trng cau y kien cua cac n v lien quan; tien hanh kiem tra
oi vi cac cong trnh, ng xa, ng ong ngam gan ke co
kha nang chu anh hng; chup anh, quay phim, at moc cam
va ghi chep cu the oi vi nhng v tr co the xay ra tranh cai.
oi vi cac cong trnh chu anh hng co kha nang xay
ra tranh cai th Chu au t hoac nha thau chnh phai co van
ban cam ket oi vi nhng n v xay dng cac cong trnh nay,
ong thi uy thac n v giam nh cong treng tien hanh
giam nh. n v giam nh can anh gia, a ra kha nang
chu tac ong anh hng cua cac cong trnh nay.
ieu 9: Chu au t hoac Nha thau chnh phai tuan thu
cac quy nh quan ly viec nhan va giao thau cua thanh pho
e la chon n v khao sat, thiet ke, giam sat va giam nh
co nang lc, khong c chia thau.
ieu 10: oi vi ho mong co chieu sau ao mong ln
hn 7m hoac co t 2 tang ham tr len hoac chieu sau ao
mong khong qua 7m nhng ieu kien a chat va moi trng
xung quanh phc tap va anh hng nghiem trong en cong trnh
th phng an thiet ke can phai uy thac hoi ong khoa hoc, ky
thuat cua thanh pho to chc chuyen gia e anh gia hoac
tham tra anh gia ket qua cua mot hoi ong khac, sau khi
luan chng tnh kha thi ve ky thuat cung nh kinh te mi c
tien hanh.
ieu 11: Neu xung quanh khu vc thi cong cong trnh co
nhieu cong trnh ang hoac se xay dng th cac Chu au t (n
v xay dng) phai co bien phap e cung phoi hp hp tac,
tranh gay anh hng va ton that oi vi cong trnh lan can.
Chu au t hoac Nha thau chnh cua cong trnh thi cong sau
phai co bien phap ky thuat an toan, ong thi cung vi cac
n v Thiet ke, thi cong, giam sat cua cac cong trnh lien ke
va cac chuyen gia hop ban anh gia bien phap.
Chng 3: Khao sat
ieu 12: n v khao sat phai tien hanh khao sat tai khu
vc cong trnh ho mong sau, tm hieu ieu kien a chat tai khu
vc thi cong cung nh lien ke e cung cap tai lieu a chat e
thiet ke va thi cong cong trnh.
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ieu 13: Chu au t phai cung cap cac tai lieu lien quan
en cac cong trnh lan can, ng xa, ng ong ngam cho
n v khao sat.
ieu 14: n v khao sat can da vao tieu chuan, yeu
cau thiet ke va cong trnh thc te e lap phng an khao sat,
sau khi co s xac nhan cua ngi phu trach ky thuat cua n
v mi c tien hanh khao sat.
Bao cao khao sat phai c viet theo tieu chuan ky
thuat va phng an khao sat a c phe duyet.
ieu 15: n v khao sat phai lam tot cong tac phuc vu
(phoi hp) sau khi giao bao cao khao sat.
Neu trong khi thi cong ho mong sau xuat hien hien tng
bat thng, n v khao sat phai lam tot cong tac phoi hp.
Chng 4: Thiet ke
ieu 16: n v thiet ke cong trnh ho mong sau phai da
vao ieu kien a chat, moi trng xung quanh ho mong, yeu
cau thiet ke cua ket cau chnh va ieu kien thi cong e xac
nh phng an thiet ke.
Phng an thiet ke cong trnh ho mong sau phai bao gom
cac noi dung nh ket cau , ao at, ha mc nc ngam,
bao ve moi trng, quan trac, ong thi phai phu hp vi
yeu cau cua noi dung ho s thiet ke (la ban ve thi cong hay
thiet ke ky thuat ngi dch).
ieu 17: Viec tnh toan thiet ke va phan tch cong trnh ho
mong sau phai tien hanh theo cac tieu chuan, quy nh lien
quan cua Nha nc va thanh pho, e ra yeu cau ky thuat va
bien phap tranh gay ton hai en moi trng xung quanh va
cac cong trnh, ng xa, ng ong gan ke.
Khi thiet ke he thong ha mc nc ngam, can xet en
cac anh hng bat li do viec ha mc nc ngam oi vi cac
cong trnh, ng xa, ng ong ngam lien ke, ong thi cac
bien phap e tranh gay ra s pha hoai tong the.
ieu 18: Neu s dung phng an ket cau ket hp vi
phan ngam cua ket cau chnh th phai ket hp chat che vi
viec thiet ke ket cau chnh e tien hanh thiet ke da tren ho
s kien truc va ket cau, ong thi phai xet en tnh thch ng
ve lun cua ket cau va mong cua ket cau chnh.
ieu 19: Viec thiet ke cong trnh ho mong sau c tien
hanh theo trnh t thiet ke va c che phan trach nhiem ky
thuat, giao nop ban ve thiet ke, cac tai lieu thiet ke va cac
gia tr khong che bien dang, ong thi e ra yeu cau ky
thuat thi cong, th nghiem hien trng va yeu cau quan trac.
ieu 20: n v thiet ke cong trnh ho mong sau can lam
tot cong tac ban giao ky thuat va theo doi trong thi gian thi

25

cong, kp thi nam bat tnh hnh thi cong tai hien trng, khi
phat hien hien trang thc te khong khp vi bao cao khao
sat hoac xuat hien hien tng bat thng phai kp thi cung
Chu au t, n v khao sat, thi cong, giam sat, quan trac
nghien cu e giai quyet, trng hp can thiet can bo sung
yeu cau khao sat va sa cha thiet ke.
Chng 5: Thi cong
ieu 21: Viec thi cong cong trnh ho mong sau can da
vao ho s thiet ke va yeu cau ky thuat cua thiet ke, ket
hp tnh hnh thc te cua cong trnh e lap ho s thiet ke to
chc thi cong hoac phng an thi cong.
Noi dung cua ho thiet ke to chc thi cong hoac phng
an thi cong ngoai bao gom cac noi dung thong thng con bao
gom cac noi dung ve bien phap bao ve moi trng, bien
phap giam sat va bien phap ng cu khan cap.
ieu 22: Ho thiet ke to chc thi cong hoac phng an thi
cong phai tien hanh phe duyet theo quy nh, ong thi khong
c tuy y thay oi phng an a c phe duyet. Neu can
thiet phai chnh sa th phai c s chap thuan cua n v
phe duyet va c s chap thuan cua n v thiet ke ban au.
ieu 23: n v thi cong cong trnh ho mong sau phai tang
cng quan ly an toan chat lng cua hien trng thi cong,
chap hanh cac trnh t quan ly ky thuat, thi cong theo phng
an a c phe duyet, ong thi tien hanh quan trac oi vi
hien trng thi cong va moi trng xung quanh.
Hien trng thi cong phai bo tr thiet b ng cu khan
cap va nhan vien theo yeu cau thiet ke va thi cong.
ieu 24: Chu au t hoac Nha thau chnh phai tang cng
viec giam sat chat lng va quan ly an toan oi vi viec thi
cong ho mong sau, nghiem cam thi cong sai nguyen tac hoac
thi cong ba. Neu phat hien s co cong trnh ho mong sau th
n v gay ra phai bao cao s xay dng hoac n v quan ly
xay dng cua quan huyen theo ung quy nh, ong thi phai
nhanh chong tm ra nguyen nhan va e ra giai phap x ly kp
thi.
ieu 25: n v thi cong cong trnh ho mong sau phai tang
cng quan an toan thi cong, nghiem chnh chap hanh chu an
toan san xuat theo trach nhiem. Hien trng thi cong phai co
bien phap phong no, phong chay, bao ve moi trng, tranh
xay ra s co an toan.
ieu 26: Sau khi hoan thanh viec ao at, n v thi cong
phai tien hanh thi cong phan cong trnh ngam luon, tranh e
khong ho mong trong thi gian qua lau.
Chng 6: Quan trac, giam sat

26

ieu 27: Chu au t uy thac n v giam sat tien hanh

giam sat toan bo qua trnh thi cong cong trnh ho mong sau.
n v giam sat phai da vao cac tai lieu lien quan nh tieu
chuan, ho s thiet ke, y kien giam nh, ho h to chc thi
cong e a ra y kien giam sat, lap e cng giam sat va
cac noi dung chi tiet khi thc thi va to chc tien hanh.
ieu 28: Khi giam sat cong trnh ho mong sau, n v
giam sat phai thc hien cac ngha vu sau:
(1) Kiem tra cac tai lieu ky thuat gom tai lieu khao sat,
thiet ke, thi cong, quan trac;
(2) Kiem tra, giam sat viec hc hien phng an thiet ke,
thi cong, quan trac;
(3) Kiem tra viec thc hien c che am bao chat lng thi
cong va cac bien phap ky thuat;
(4) Kiem tra, giam sat so lieu cac hang muc quan trac;
ieu 29: Viec quan trac ket cau chong ho mong va quan
trac cac cong trnh, ng xa, ng ong ngam lan can nen
uy thac cho mot n v quan trac co t cach phap nhan thc
hien.
Cong tac quan trac cac cong trnh lan can do n v kiem
tra chat lng nha cua thanh pho thc hien, Chu au t hoac
nha thau chnh phai lam tot cac cong tac phoi hp vi cac
n v quan trac, thong nhat phng phap, thi gian quan sat va
tieu chuan ve canh bao va d bao.
ieu 30: n v giam sat can lam tot cong tac giam sat
an toan khi thi cong cong trnh ho mong sau cung nh viec
giam sat moi trng xung quanh.
n v giam sat phai da vao cac tai lieu lien quan nh
bao cao khao sat, ho s thiet ke, ho s to chc thi cong e
lap phng an giam sat, e ra cac gii han canh bao, ong
thi thc hien sau khi co s xac nhan cua ben Chu au t.
Cac so lieu quan trac phai quy pham, chnh xac, ong thi
phai tnh toan x ly kp thi, e ra y kien hp ly, sau khi c
chap thuan th bao cho n v thiet ke, thi cong, giam sat. Sau
khi ket thuc cong trnh th n v quan trac phai nop bao cao
quan trac kp thi cho ben uy thac.
ieu 31: oi vi mua bao lut, mc nc ngam len, xuong
ln, hoac tnh hnh a chat phc tap th n v quan trac phai
tang cng cong tac quan sat o lun, bien dang, s thay oi
mc nc ngam cua ho mong va cac cong trnh xung quanh, khi
xuat hien hien tng bat thng phai bao cao kp thi, ong
thi oc thuc n v thi cong phai co bien phap hu hieu e
giai quyet.

27

ieu 32: n v quan trac phai thong bao ket qua phan
tch so lieu quan trac cho n v thiet ke, nha thau chnh kp
thi, e ra y kien hp ly. Khi so lieu quan trac en gii han
bao ong, can thong bao cac ben lien quan e co giai phap
x ly.
Chng 7: Cac qui nh phu
ieu 33: Cac n v khao sat, thi cong, giam sat neu vi
pham cac ieu lien quan cua quy nh nay se b x phat hanh
chnh theo ieu le quan ly th trng xay dng cua thanh pho
Thng Hai.
ieu 34: S xay dng Thng Hai chu trach nhiem giai
thch cac ieu trong quy nh nay.
ieu 35: Quy nh nay ap dung t ngay 17 thang 9 nam
1998.
******

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Malcom Puller - Deep excavations. A practical manual. Thomas
Telford. London, 1996.
2. ng nghiep Thanh va nnk-X ly va phan tch s co cong
trnh ho ao (Ji keng gong cheng shi gu fen xiyu chu li). (Tieng Trung).
Nha xuat ban cong nghiep xay dng Trung Quoc, Bac Kinh,
1999.
3. C.Y. Ou; J. T. Liao; W. L. Cheng. Building reponse and ground movements
induced by deep excavation. Goetechnique, 50. No3, 2000.
4. ,1998.

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