1

TNH TON TI U KCH THC TNG CHN TRONG LC

VI RNG BUC V TIN CY
PHAN CH HIU, BI C NNG
Hoc vi n Ky thu t qun s, 236 Hong Quc Vit, H Ni.
D: 0932380884, Email: phanchihieuxd@gmail.com
Tm tt: Thit k ti u kt cu thng chi xem xet cac yu t u vo dang tin
inh, trong khi o ban cht cac yu t ny l ngu nhin. Bi bao trnh by mt vi kt
qua nghin cu khi ti u kt cu tng chn t kiu trong lc theo hm muc tiu l
trong lng cc tiu, co k n rng buc l tin cy vi gia thit cac bin u vo l
ngu nhin phn b chun v c lp tuyn tnh. Phng phap a s dung l s kt hp
cua thut toan ti u tin hoa vi phn (Differential Evolution - DE) vi phng phap
xp xi b c m t trong ly thuyt tin c y xac inh chi s tin c y cua kt cu v
cac iu ki n n inh v bn. Kt qua nghin cu l tin c y v co th s dung cho thit
k kt cu tng chn kiu trong lc trong thc t.
A study on optimizing the retaining wall with the reliability constrains
Abstract:
Input data in optimal design process is often predetermined, however, it is essentially
accidental. Some results of optimal research, in which, the minimum mass of structure
is considered as objective function and the random variables (with normal distribution,
linearly independent properties) are included in restrictive condition. The Differential
Evolution method (DE) and the first order approximate method (used to calculate the
realibility index of strength and stability conditions) are combined. The result is
reliable and could be applied to design gravity walls.
1. M u
Kt cu tng chn t trong lc dng chng nn t p hoc mai t sn
ni, c s dung rng rai trong xy dng giao thng, thuy li, bn cang... Trong thit
k tng chn t, cn chon m t ct hp ly cua tng - l m t ct bao am cac iu
ki n hp ly v ky thu t v kinh t. Tuy nhin, theo truyn thng, vi c thit k tng
chn t mi chi dng lai cac iu ki n hp ly v ky thu t, c kim soat theo trang
thai gii han [1], trong o kch thc m t ct c chon thng da trn cac thit k
inh hnh hoc theo kinh nghi m, cha hng ti iu ki n hp ly v kinh t. M t
khac, cac iu ki n rng bu c khi tnh toan nh v y lai xut phat t nhng iu ki n
tin inh, trong khi thc t cac yu t u vo i vi kt cu lai l cac ai lng ngu
nhin. Nu s dung cac iu kin rng buc tin inh co k n cac h s am bao
tnh an ton cho phng an chon khi tnh toan ti u kt cu, th vn cha khng ch
ho c anh gia c mc an ton cua kt cu, ho c co th vn con lang ph (m c d
a ti u) do la chon h s cha hp ly.
Trong bi bao ny trnh by vi c dng thu t toan tin hoa vi phn DE tnh ti
u kt cu tng chn trong lc co k n tnh ngu nhin cua cac bin u vo lin
quan n nn t v v t li u cua kt cu. Theo o, cac iu kin rng buc tin inh
c thay bng cac iu kin rng buc v tin cy th hi n qua cac chi s tin
c y. Phng phap xp xi b c m t trong ly thuyt tin c y c s dung tnh chi
s tin c y cua cac phng an (ca th) trong qua trnh tnh toan ti u theo DE.
2. Bi ton ti u kch thc tng chn t kiu trng lc
2.1. Bai toan tng quat tinh tng chn trong lc va ham muc tiu khi ti u

Bi toan thit k tng chn t kiu trong lc theo truyn thng c trnh by
cu th trong [1]. V c ban, tng chn kiu trong lc l kiu tng chn t da chu
yu vo trong lng ban thn cua tng chng lai ap lc cua khi t sau tng (ap lc
t) duy tr s n inh cua no. Cac lc tac dung ln kt cu bao gm: trong lng
ban thn tng, ap lc t chu ng, bi ng, lc ma sat gia lng tng v ay mong
vi t. tnh toan ap lc t chu ng pha sau tng, nhiu m hnh tnh toan c
a ra nh ly lun ap lc t cua Coulomb hay Rankine. Trong bi bao s dung cng
thc c a ra t ly lun cua Coulomb tnh toan v b qua anh hng cua ap lc
t bi ng.
Muc tiu cua bi toan ti u tng chn l xac inh cac kch thc hnh hoc c
trng cua tng kt cu trong lng cc tiu:
G( X) Min
(1)
Cac iu ki n rng bu c v c hoc vi cac ai lng u vo l tin inh/ngu
nhin ln lt c cu th hoa cac muc sau y.
2.2. Cac iu kin rang buc tin inh
Theo [1], nghim toan n inh cua bi toan tng chn t c da trn bn
tiu ch:
Mg
l
1,5
+ Nghim toan n inh lt: k0
(2a)
Ml
Qct
t
1,3
+ Nghim toan n inh trt: k0
(2b)
Qt
B
B
+ Nghim toan lch tm: e (vi t); hoc e (vi a)
(2c)
6
4
+ Nghim toan ng sut ay mong: 1 [R]
(2d)
Trong o: Ml - Mmen gy lt; Mg - Mmen chng lt, mmen gi; Qt - lc gy
trt; Qct - lc chng trt; e - c ly t im tac dung cua hp lc trn ay mong n
trung tuyn cua ay mong; B - chiu rng ay mong; - ng sut ln nht tai ay
mong; [R] - ng sut cho phep cua t nn.
Nh vy, i vi bi toan ti u tin inh, co cac rng buc nh sau:
B
(3)
Mg 1,5Ml (a) ; Qct 1,3Qt(b) ; e (c); 1 R(d) ; X D
6
2.3. Ti u vi iu kin rang buc v tin cy
Tuy nhin, theo quan im v tin cy th khi tnh nh trn phng an chon vn
tn tai kha nng kt cu bi pha hng vi mt xac xut no o do tnh ngu nhin cua cac
bin u vo [2],[3]. Cu hi kha nng kt cu a ti u bi pha hng vi xac xut l bao
nhiu khng th tra li c nu khng xet n cac iu kin rng buc v tin cy.
a) Khi nim v khong an ton v ch s tin cy ca phn t kt cu
Khoang an ton M cua phn t kt cu l hiu gia kha nng cua phn t R v
trang thai cua no di tac ng cua nguyn nhn bn ngoi Q [2]:
M=RQ
(4)
Do ban cht ngu nhin cua Q & R nn M cng l ai lng ngu nhin. Gia thit
cac ai lng ngu nhin xet trong pham vi nghin cu ny l c lp thng k v tun
theo lut phn b chun th M cng l ai lng ngu nhin phn b chun nh trnh
by trn hnh 1.

3
f(r)
g(q)

h(m)
g(q)

f(r)

P(M<0)
Q

R
(a)

rq

m M

(b)

Hnh 1. ng cong phn b cua cac ai lng ngu nhin R, Q, M.

Theo [2], khi chiu tac ng cua bn ngoi co ba kha nng xay ra i vi phn t
kt cu:
- Trang thai an ton:
M > 0 hay
R > Q;
- Trang thai h hng : M < 0 hay
R < Q;
- Trang thai gii han: M = 0 hay
R = Q;
Khi bit gia tri trung bnh v lch chun cua cac ai lng Q v R ta co th xac
inh c cac c trng xac xut cua M theo cac biu thc sau:
M R Q
(5)
M R2 Q2
Chi s tin cy cua kt cu c inh ngha theo biu thc:
M
R Q

M
R2 Q2

(6)

Xac sut pha hoai i vi phn t kt cu c xac inh:

Pf

h m .dm

(7)

Trn hnh 1.b gia tri cua Pf l din tch phn c gach cheo. Khi gia tri ln th
xac xut pha hoai i vi phn t kt cu nh v ngc lai, nh th co th dng trc
tip chi s tin cy anh gia trang thai cua kt cu khi cho trc xac sut khng
pha hng Ps = 1- Pf.
b) Xc nh ch s tin cy trong trng hp tng qut
Trong thc t hm biu din trang thai cua phn t kt cu l hm nhiu bin v
phi tuyn, vic xac inh chnh xac chi s tin cy hoc xac xut pha hoai P f theo
cng thc (5) l rt kho khn. Do vy thng s dung phng phap gn ng: phng
phap xp xi bc mt - FORM, phng phap xp xi bc hai - SORM v phng phap m
phng Monte-Carlo [3]. Di y s trnh by phng phap xp xi bc m t.
Cho hm trang thai H(X), vi X = { x 1, x2,,xn} trong o (xi) l cac ai lng
ngu nhin phn b chun c xac inh bng xi & xi , khi ny gia tri trung bnh v
lch chun cua H theo phng phap xp xi bc m t c xac inh bng biu thc sau:
H H X ; X x1 , x2 ,..., xn
(8)
H
H
xi
i 1 xi

(9)

c) Cc iu ki n rng bu c v tin c y
Trn c s trnh by muc a v b, trong trng hp s dung chi s tin cy
xac inh trang thai cua phn t kt cu th bi toan ti u (1) co cac iu kin rng buc
l tin cy theo [2] tng ng vi cac iu ki n tai (3) s c vit nh sau:

l (a); t (b); e (c); (d); X D

(10)

Trong cng thc (10), cac ky hiu: l- Chi s tin cy v lt; t - Chi s tin
cy v trt; e - Chi s tin cy v lch tm; - Chi s tin cy v cng ;
[] - Chi s tin cy ng vi mt gia tri xac xut khng pha huy cho trc; {X}- Tp
cac bin thit k; D - Min xac inh cua bin {X}.
3. Thut ton tin ha vi phn - DE v cc bc gii bi ton
giai bi toan trong lng cc tiu cho bi toan tng trong lc co th s dung
nhng thut toan khac nhau trong [2]. Trong bi vit ny dng thut toan tin hoa vi
phn DE c cp n trong [4].
Ton b thut toan nh trnh by trn hnh 2 gm hai modun chnh:
- Modun ti u theo thut toan DE.
- Modun tnh hm muc tiu (1) v cac iu kin rng buc.

Hnh 2. S thut toan ti u DE co cac rng bu c v tin c y

Khi xy dng qun th ban u, t bin v lai ghep, modun th hai c s dung
tnh v kim tra tnh cho phep cua mi ca th - phng an thit k.
Qua trnh tin hoa c thc hin cho n khi iu kin dng tha man.
iu kin dng thut toan:
np

GMin

G
i 1

np

(11)

Mt chng trnh co tn Oppro c vit bng ngn ng Matlab cho phep giai
bi toan i vi tng chn t trn c s thu t toan a trnh by trn. Cac tham s
iu khin dng trong thut toan DE gm: S ca th np = 15; H s t hp sai s F= 0,9;
Xac xut lai ghep Cr = 0,75; Tiu chun dng =10-3.
4. V d s
4.1. Xy dng bai toan
Tin hnh giai bi toan cua v du 3, 4 trong [1], vi cac thng s: Chiu cao tng
H l 6m, cach mep inh tng 1m co mt tai trong phn b u cuc b rng 1,5m, chiu
dy lp t tng ng cua no l 1m, chiu rng inh tng B 1, chiu rng chn tng
B2 (B1 v B2 l cac bin ti u), tng chn co trong lng ring bt v chiu mt ap lc
t chu ng Ea, bi toan ny b qua ap lc t bi ng. Nhng thng s ban u cn
thit thit k tng cho trong bang 1, s bi toan trong hnh 3.
Bng 1. Gia tri trung bnh cua cac thng s v lch chun tng ng
Cac ai lng
n vi
Ky hiu
Gia tri TB
lch
Trong lng ring cua t
kN/m3
18
0,18

3
Trong lng ring tng chn
kN/m
22
0,22
bt
Goc ni ma sat cua t

40
4,0

H s ma sat ay mong
f
0,45
0,045

Trong qua trnh xy dng bi toan con chp nhn nhng gia thit rng: Cac thng
s cho trc l cac ai lng ngu nhin phn b chun c c trng bng gia tri
trung bnh v lch chun.
B1

1(m)

1.5(m)

H=6(m)

htd=1m

B2

B1

B3

Hnh 3. Kt cu tng chn t dang trong lc.

Thc hi n khao sat theo hai n i dung sau:
(1) Giai bi toan ti u tin inh, so sanh kt qua tnh toan ti u vi bi toan thit
k truyn thng (v du 3, 4 ti liu [1]). Sau o tnh toan v anh gia v tin c y cua
hai phng an ny trn quan im ngu nhin.
(2) Giai bi toan ti u co rng bu c v tin c y vi cac mc yu cu v
xac sut an ton (tng ng l tri s []) khac nhau anh gia anh hng cua cac iu
ki n nghi m toan n kt qua.
4.2. Kt qua va nhn xt
a) N i dung kho st 1: Kt qua c cho bang 2.
Bang 2. Kt qua giai bi toan ti u tin inh v anh gia tin c y cac phng an
Kt qua thit k
Kt qua kim tra
TT Bi toan B1; B2; B3
l;
t;
e;
;
e(m);
k0t
G (kN/m)
(m)
Ps(%) Ps(%) Ps(%) Ps(%)
egh(m)
1
Ti u 0,569; 1,371; 165,568 3,383; 1,125; 0,2298; 7,792; 1,300 0,282;
tin inh
0,000
99,96 87,18 59,10 100
0,323
2 V du ti 0,800; 0,600; 224,400 4,071; 1,811; -1,4333; 8,5137; 1,460 0,593;
li u [1]
1,200
99,99 96,49
7,5
0,433
100
Nhn xet:
+ Khi thit k ti u, khi lng vt liu s dung giam ang k (36%). Hnh dang
m t ct ngang tng thch hp trong bi toan ny co dang lng tng vung goc vi
ay mong (B3=0).
+ Kim tra 2 phng an theo iu ki n tin c y:
- Bi toan ti u tin inh cho kt qua thp iu ki n nghi m toan l ch tm
t
(Ps = 59,10%) v nghi m toan n inh trt (Ps = 87,18%); khi o e v k0 ti m c n cac
gia tri gii han tng ng.
- Bi toan v du ti li u [1] cho tin c y thp nht iu ki n nghi m toan
l ch tm (Ps = 7,5%). iu ny cng hon ton ph hp vi kt qua kim tra ti li u
[1], trong o phng an thit k khng am bao iu ki n nghi m toan l ch tm.
b) N i dung kho st 2: Kt qua c cho bang 3.
Bng 3. Kt qua giai bi toan ti u vi cac gia tri khac nhau cua [].

TT

Ps

[]

B1; B2; B3 (m)

G (kN/m)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

90% 1,285 0,500; 1,796; 0,000 184,657 4,858 1,555 1,285 6,941
92% 1,404 0,500; 1,828; 0,000 188,250 5,054 1,630 1,404 7,309
94% 1,553 0,500; 1,901; 0,000 191,472 5,258 1,697 1,553 7,859
96% 1,750 0,500; 1,982; 0,000 196,831 5,555 1,805 1,750 8,863
98% 2,056 0,553; 2,074; 0,000 209,918 6,103 2,056 2,084 10,134
99% 2,328 0,591; 2,230; 0,000 225,226 6,712 2,328 2,453 12,395
99,5% 2,575 0,608; 2,438; 0,000 240,326 7,266 2,575 2,787 15,324
99,9% 3,100 0,687; 2,827; 0,000 277,220 8,197 3,100 3,311 23,222
Nhn xet:
+ Trong moi mc yu cu v tin c y, hnh dang m t ct ngang tng c
chon u co dang lng tng thng goc vi m t ay (B3 = 0).
+ Cac gia tri nghi m toan v l ch tm v nghi m toan v n inh trt at
ho c xp xi gia tri gii han. mc yu cu xac sut an ton trung bnh (Ps 96%),
nghi m toan v l ch tm at gii han trc, con mc yu cu xac sut an ton cao
(Ps > 96%) th nghi m toan n inh trt lai nhay cam hn.
+ Khi tng chi s tin cy gii han (tng xac sut an ton yu cu), yu cu v vt
liu tng ln nhng khng tuyn tnh vi mc tng cua chi s tin c y, mc tng
cng ln khi gia tri Ps cng gn 1.
+ Lng vt liu cua bi toan theo thit k truyn thng trong [1] tng ng vi
phng an la chon 6 trong bang 3 l phng an co cac iu ki n nghi m toan tha
man Ps 99%.
5. Kt lun
- Vi cng cu ti u khi giai bi toan thit k tng chn t trong lc khng chi
cho kt qua theo muc tiu ti u (v trong lng v t li u) m con chi ra c hnh
dang thch hp cua m t ct tng chn. Cu th i vi trng hp kt cu hnh 3,
hnh dang c la chon l lng tng vung goc vi m t ay.
- Khi at c nghim ti u ng thi mt trong cac trang thai nhy cam nht cua
h cng at ti gii han. Cac chi s tin cy cho tng iu ki n nghi m toan co th
phan anh c yu t anh hng chnh n thit k.
- Cn cn nhc khi chon chi s tin cy cho phep i vi mc quan trong cua
tng cng trnh cu th v tri s ny anh hng nhiu n gia tri cua hm muc tiu khi
giai bi toan ti u kt cu.
Ti li u tham kho
[1] Nguyn Quang Chiu, Thit k tng chn t, Nh xut ban giao thng vn tai,
H Ni, 2004.
[2] L Xun Hunh, Tnh ton kt cu theo l thuyt ti u, Nh xut ban Khoa hoc v
Ky thut, H Ni, 2006.
[3] Phan Vn Khi, C s nh gi tin cy, Nh xut ban Khoa hoc v Ky thut, H
Ni, 2001.
[4] Bi c Nng, Phan Ch Hiu, Tnh toan ti u kch thc cua coc ng b tng
ct thep, Tap ch a ky thu t, s 3-2013, tr.46-50.