Eurocode 3 for Dummies

The Opportunities and

Traps
a brief guide on element design to
EC3
Tim McCarthy
Email tim.mccarthy@umist.ac.uk

Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

Slides available on the web

http://www2.umist.ac.uk/construction/staff/
mccarthy/index.htm
Follow the link from my home page
From 21 March 2003

21/03/2003

2003 Tim McCarthy

Overview
Eurocode 3
n
n

Current status
Coverage

Pitfalls
n

Major and minor

differences with
BS5950

Element Design
n

Beams, Struts

Capacity comparisons
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Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

EC3 Current Status

21/03/2003

2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

E-SCI News March 2003

21/03/2003

Eurocode terminilogy
EN EuroNorm
n

mandatory standard

ENV EuroNorm Voluntaire

n

You can use it if you wish

DD Draft for development

DC Draft for public comment
prEN
n

PrePre-EuroNorm between DD and EN

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2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

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EC3 Current Published Status

DD ENV 19931993-1-1:1992 Eurocode 3. Design of
steel structures. General rules and rules for
buildings (together with United Kingdom
National Application Document)
DD ENV 19931993-1-2:2001 Eurocode 3. Design of
steel structures. General rules. Structural fire
design (together with United Kingdom National
Application Document)
DD ENV 19931993-1-3:2001 Eurocode 3. Design of
steel structures. General rules. Supplementary
rules for cold formed thin gauge members and
sheeting
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Other ECs Published Status

prEN 19941994-1-1:2002 Design of composite steel
and concrete structures. Part 1.1 General rules
and rules for buildings. Stage 49 Examination
Document
DD ENV 19981998-3:1997 Eurocode 8: Design
provisions for earthquake resistance of
structures. Towers, masts and chimneys

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2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

Potential pitfalls
Terminology
n

Restricted vocabulary

Change in symbols
n

More logical symbol name

conventions
Lots of subscripts

Changes in values
n

Young
Youngs Modulus etc

Multiple documents
n

Need to consult more than

one part

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Manchester Centre for Civil

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Terminology
BS5950
Force
Capacity
n

Mc

Design strength
n

py

2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

Mc,Rd

Yield strength
n

Dead load
Live load
Wind load

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EC3
Action
Resistance

fy

Permanent load
Variable load
Another variable load

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Terminalogy
BS5950 in wonderland
Words evolved over
time
Inconsistent at times
No link with concrete
structural codes

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EC3
Vocabulary consistent
with meaning
Consistent across all
Eurocodes
Easy to translate

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Symbols
BS5950

Eurocode

Elastic Modulus

Wel

Plastic Modulus

Wpl

Radius of
Gyration
Torsion constant

J
H

It
Iw

Warping constant

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Manchester Centre for Civil

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12

Changes in Values
Young
Youngs Modulus
n
n

Changes in load
factors

BS - 205000 N/mm
N/mm
EC - 210000 N/mm
N/mm

Shear modulus
n
n

BS 79000 N/mm
N/mm
EC - 81000N/mm
81000N/mm

Many extra load

combinations in EC
n
n

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Manchester Centre for Civil

BS 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk
EC 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk

Main variable action

Secondary variable
action

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Axes redefined in Eurocodes

Major axis is y-y
Vertical axis is z-z
X direction is along
the member
This is consistent with
most FE and Frame
analysis software
EC3 Definitions

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2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

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14

BS Section classification
= (275/py)0.5

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15

prEN1993 Classification
Different
outstand
Different
= (235/fy)0.5

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Manchester Centre for Civil

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16

Multiple documents
The DD ENV 1993:11993:1-1 contained all the
information in one 300 page document.
It also contained the National Application
Document
prEN1993prEN1993-1-1 Contains member and
frame design but omits fasteners
prEN1993 must be read in conjunction
with the UK National Annex
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Element Design
Beams
n
n
n

Moment capacity/resistance
Shear
Deflections

Compression members z
Lateral Torsional Buckling u

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Manchester Centre for Civil

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18

Moment Resistance
BS5950

EC3

Class 1 and 2
n M = p S
c
y

Class 1 and 2
n M
c,Rd = fy W pl /M1
n
M1 = 1.05 in UK
Class 3
n M
c,Rd = fy W el,min /M1

Class 3 semi-compact
n M = p Z or
c
y
Mc = pySeff
Class 4 slender
n M = p Z
c
y eff
Low shear
n F < 60 % P
v
v
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Manchester Centre for Civil

Class 4
n M
c,Rd = fy W eff,min /M1
Low shear
n V
Ed < 50% VplRd
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Shear Resistance
BS5950
Pv = 0.6 py Av
Shear area
n

Av = tD

EC3
Vpl,Rd = Av (fy/ 3)/
3)/M1
Shear area
n
n

Shear buckling if
n

d/t > 70
70

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2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

Av = A 2btf +(tw+2r)tf
Approx = 1.04tD

Shear buckling if
n

hw/tw > 72
72

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10

Deflections
BS5950
Serviceability LS
n
n
n

EC3 ? EN1990
Serviceability LS

Imposed load only

Span/360 - brittle
Span/200 - generally

n
n
n

n
n
n

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Manchester Centre for Civil

Permanent action, 1
Variable action, 2
PrePre-camber, 0
max < L/ 250
2 < L / 350 brittle
2 < L / 300 generally

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Deflections
BS5950
Serviceability LS
n
n
n

EC3 ? EN1990
Serviceability LS

Imposed load only

Span/360 - brittle
Span/200 - generally

n
n
n

n
n

max = 1 + 2 - 0
1
2

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2003 Tim McCarthy

Manchester Centre for Civil

Permanent action, 1
Variable action, 2
PrePre-camber, 0
max < L/ 250
2 < L / 350 brittle
2 < L / 300 generally

0
max

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11

Compression Members
Nb,Rd= A fy/M1
is a reduction factor
depends on

Pc = Ag pc from
Tables 23 and 24
pc is a function of
BS5950 requires a
large number of
tables

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Manchester Centre for Civil

nonnon-dimensional
slenderness
PerryPerry-Robertson
approach

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Compression members

N b , Rd = a A f y M 1
? =

f + f

1
2

2 0.5

? 1

but

f = 0,5 1 + a ? 0,2 + ?

= a A f y Ncr
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0.5

= 1 , 1 = E f y

Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

24

12

Compression members

N b, Rd = a A f y M 1

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Example
UC 203x203x60 of grade S275 is axially loaded and
pinned at each end of its 6m length.
A = 76.4 cm
cm, flange thickness, tf = 14.2mm, radius of
gyration about minor axis, izz = 5.2 cm, depth, h =
209.6mm, width b = 205.8 h/b=
h/b= 1.01 => H section
Table 3.1:
3.1: tf = 14.2mm < 40mm therefore fy=275N/mm
fy=275N/mm
for S275 grade
E = 210000 N/mm
N/mm
Slenderness - zz=
zz= 600/5.2 = 115 <180 OK
a=1.0, implies 1=(E/fy)0.5 = 86.8
( zz/ 1) a0.5= 115/86.8 = 1.324

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13

0.38

1.32

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Example
UC 203x203x60 of grade S275 is axially
loaded and pinned at each end of its 6m
length.
Figure 6.3 factor, = 0.38
NbRd = 0.38*1.0*76.4*10
0.38*1.0*76.4*10*275/1.05
= 760kN
BS5950 786kN

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14

But
EC loads are typically 5% lower than BS
Scaling the capacity by this figure gives:
EC3 = 760/0.95 = 800 kN
EC3 stronger than BS at 786 kN

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LTB BS5950:2000
and
Mx Mb/mLT
Mb = pb modulus
pb from LT
LT = uv
W
uv
Class 1 & 2: W = 1.0

Mx Mcx

Class 1 & 2: Mb = pbSx

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Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

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15

LTB BS5950:2000
Mx Mb/mLT
and
Mb = pb modulus
pb from LT
LT = uv
W
uv
Mb = pbSx

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Mx Mcx

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BS 5959 Table 18 mLT

When = 0
mLT = 0.6

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Manchester Centre for Civil

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16

BS5950 - mLT for UDL

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pb from Table 16

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Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

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17

EC3 LTB

1.0 For UB, UC

Same approach as for Compression

M b .Rd = LT wW pl . y f y / M 1

? LT

LT + LT LT
2

1.05

2 0 ,5

2
LT = 0,51+ LT (LT 0.2) + LT

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EC3 LTB

2
LT = 0,51+ LT ( LT 0.2) + LT

LT = 0,34 for rolled UCsections

W ply.fy

LT = 0,49 for rolled UB sections

The non-dimensional slenderness

M cr = C1

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2003 Tim McCarthy

2 EI z
L2

I w L2GI t
+
I z 2 EI z

Manchester Centre for Civil

LT = M pl .Rd / M cr

Where C1 results from the

bending moment diagram

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18

EC3 LTB
Moment factor, C1 loaded between
restraints

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37

EC3 LTB
Moment factor, C1, due to end moments

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Manchester Centre for Civil

& Construction Engineering

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19

Same curves as before!

M b .Rd = LT wW pl . y f y / M 1

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Example
Uniform moment unbraced length 3m
UB 610x229x140 S275
BS Mb = 1100 kNm
EC3 MbRd = 960kNm
For comparison scale by 1/0.95
n

MbRd scaled = 1010 kNm < than BS

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20

Summary of LTB
BS5950 splits calculations between
strength and equivalent moment
EC3 combines equivalent moment and
section properties to give a reduction
factor
EC3 uses EXACT same buckling curves
for LTB and Strut buckling
EC3 look awful but is easily programmed
in a spreadsheet
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Conclusions
Eurocodes are not that difficult
They are just a little different
Rationalises terminology across materials
and countries
The EFTA region is 10 times bigger than
UK
Eurocodes are not going to go away this
time
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Questions??
1.

2.

How quickly will the take up be in the

UK?
Ans:
Ans: It should be quicker than the
switch from BS449 to 5950 was since
both EC3 and BS5950 are limit states
codes. EC3 will become mandatory.
What does EC3 say about effective
lengths?
Ans:
Ans: The EC3 guidance is not as
helpful as BS5950 Table 22. EC3
gives the general approach for effective
lengths in frames which results in the
same values as Table 22

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Questions??
1.

2.

How is Europe progressing with

using EC3?
Ans:
Ans: The German speaking countries
have already adopted the DDENV as a
DIN. Benelux countries are well
advanced. The rest are planning the
implementation.
What
Whats in EC3 about sway, lambda
crit etc?
Ans:
Ans: There is a lengthy section in the
prEN on frame stability. On initial
viewing, this looks very like the
BS5950:2000 approach. See Section 5
of the prEN for the full details

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22