IntroductiontoComposite

Introduction
to Composite
MaterialsandStructures
NachiketaTiwari
Nachiketa
Tiwari
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur

Lecture1
Introduction

OverviewofLectures
Module

Lecture Numbers

1,2,3

Introduction toComposites

4,5,6,7,8,9

Fibers,Matrices andFillers

10,11,12,13,14

Contents

ManufacturingofComposites andTerminologies

15,16,17,18,19,20, 21 Unidirectionaland ShortFiberComposites

22,23,24

OrthotropicLaminates

25,26,27

Laminated Composites

28,29,30, 31,32

FailureofComposites

33,34,35,36,37,38,
39 40
39,40

ThermalStresses, MoistureStresses,
Hygrothermal Stresses and Closure
HygrothermalStressesandClosure

Lecture Overview
LectureOverview
Whatarecomposites?
Importanceandareasofapplication
Classification
Advantagesoffiberreinforcedcomposites

Whatarecomposites?
p
Composite:Twoormorechemicallydifferent
p
y
constituentscombinedmacroscopically to
yield a useful material
yieldausefulmaterial.
Examplesofnaturallyoccurringcomposites
Wood:Cellulosefibersboundbyligninmatrix
Wood: Cellulose fibers bound by lignin matrix
Bone:Stiffmineralfibersinasoftorganicmatrix
permeated with holes filled with liquids
permeatedwithholesfilledwithliquids
Granite:Granularcompositeofquartz,feldspar,
andmica
d i

What are composites?

Whatare
composites ?
Someexamplesofmanmadecomposites
Concrete:Particulatecompositeofaggregates
p
gg g
(limestoneorgranite),sand,cementandwater
Plywood:Severallayersofwoodveneerglued
Plywood: Several layers of wood veneer glued
together
Fiberglass:Plasticmatrixreinforcedbyglassfibers
Fiberglass: Plastic matrix reinforced by glass fibers
Cemets:Ceramicandmetalcomposites
Fibrouscomposites:Varietyoffibers(glass,kevlar,
graphite,nylon,etc.)boundtogetherbya
polymericmatrix

These are not composites!

Thesearenotcomposites!
Plastics:Eventhoughtheymayhaveseveral
p
fillers,theirpresencedoesnotalterthe
physicalpropertiessignificantly.
Alloys:Herethealloyisnotmacroscopically
Alloys: Here the alloy is not macroscopically
heterogeneous,especiallyintermsofphysical
properties.
Metalswithimpurities:Thepresenceof
Metals with impurities: The presence of
impuritiesdoesnotsignificantlyalterphysical
properties of the metal
propertiesofthemetal.

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Automotiveindustry:Lighter,stronger,wear
resistance,rustfree,aesthetics
Carbody
Brakepads
Brake pads
Driveshafts
Fueltanks
Hoods
Spoilers

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Aerospace:Lighter,stronger,temperature
resistance,smartstructures,wearresistance
Aircraft:Nose,doors,struts,trunnion,fairings,
cowlings, ailerons, outboard and inboard flaps,
cowlings,ailerons,outboardandinboardflaps,
stabilizers,elevators,rudders,fintips,spoilers,
edges
Rockets&missiles:Nose,body,pressuretanks,
frame fuel tanks turbo motor stators etc
frame,fueltanks,turbomotorstators,etc.
Satellites:Antennae,frames,structuralparts

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Sports:Lighter,stronger,toughness,better
g
p gp p
aesthetics,higherdampingproperties
Tennis
Bicycles
Badminton
Boats
Hockeyy
Golfing
Motorcycles
Motorcycles

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Transportation&Infrastructure:Lighter,
g
g
p g
stronger,toughness,damping
Railwaycoaches
Bridges
Shipsandboats
Dams
Truckbodiesandfloors
RVbodies

Where are composites used?

Wherearecompositesused?
Andmanymoreindustrysectors
Biomedicalindustryy
Consumergoods
Agriculturalequipment
Agricultural equipment
Heavymachinery
Computers
Healthcare

Classification of Composites
ClassificationofComposites
Engineered
i
d
Composites

Particulate

Random
Orientation

Fibrous

Preferred
Orientation

SingleLayer

Continuous&
LongFibers

Unidirectional

BiDirectional

MultiLayer

Discontinuous
&ShortFibers

Random
Orientation

Preferred
Orientation

Laminate

Hybrid
Laminate

R f
References
1.

Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Agarwal,

B D and
B.D.
d Broutman,
B t
L J.,
L.
J John
J h Wiley
Wil & Sons.
S

2
2.

Mechanics
M
h i off Composite
C
i Materials,
M
i l Jones,
J
R M.,
R.
M McGraw
M G
Hill.

3.

Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Daniel, I.

M and Ishai,
M.
Ishai O.,
O Oxford University Press.
Press