SRI / Series / Fourier Series

PERIODIC FUNCTION

If its function values repeat at regular intervals of the independent variable.

Definition
If function f is define for every x and its properties is
f (t + 2 L ) = f (t )
then f is a periodic function.

period

Functions

Period

sin x

cos x

sin nx

2
n

cos nx

2
n

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 1
Sketch the graph of y = sin x .
Solution

Amplitude

y = sin x

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

Example 2

Sketch the graph of

g (t ) = sin t ,
0 t <,
g (t ) = g (t + ).

Solution
g(t)
1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 3

Sketch the graph of

0 t <,
t ,
f (t ) =
2 t , t < 2 .
f (t ) = f (t + 2 )

Solution
f(t)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 4

Define analytically the periodic function.

f(t)
3

10

13

3
Solution

3t / 4, 0 < t < 4,

f (t ) = 7 t , 4 < t < 10,

3,
10 < t < 13.

f (t ) = f (t + 13)

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

Example 5

Sketch the graph of

2 sin t ,
f (t ) =
0,

0 < t <,
< t < 2 .

f (t ) = f (t + 2 )
Solution
f(t)
2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 6

Sketch the graph of

3, 0 < t < 4,

f (t ) = 5, 4 < t < 7,
0, 7 < t < 9.

f (t ) = f (t + 9)
Solution

f(t)
5
3
4

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

HARMONICS
Definition

A function f(x) expressed as a series of a number of different sine components.

Types

1.

First harmonic or fundamental

Largest period
y = A1 sin x
-

2.

Second harmonic
y = A2 sin 2 x
-

3.

Third harmonic
y = A3 sin 3x

Generally

y = An sin nx
where
-

n : n-th harmonic

An : Amplitude

2
: Period
n

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

ODD & EVEN FUNCTION

ON
Even Functions

If f ( x ) = f ( x )
Symmetrical about the y-axis.

Odd Functions

If f ( x) = f ( x )
Symmetrical about the origin.

Products Of Odd And Even Functions

(even)
(odd)
(even)

(even)
(odd)
(odd)

= (even)
= (even)
= (odd)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 1

Show that f (t ) = t 2 is an even function.

Solution

f (t ) = (t ) 2 = t 2 = f (t )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 2

Show that f ( x) = 4 x3 is an odd function.

Solution

f ( x) = 4( x)3 = 4 x 3 = f ( x)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 3

State whether the following functions are odd, even, or neither.

(a)
x 3 cos x
cos 2 x cos 3x
(b)
x sin nx
(c)
Solution

(a)
(b)
(c)

(odd)
(even)
(odd)

(even)
(even)
(odd)

=
=
=

(odd)
(even)
(even)

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

Example 4

State whether the following functions are odd, even, or neither.

(a)

(b)

(c)
2
1
_4

Solution

(a)
(b)
(c)

even function
odd function
neither

_2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

FOURIER SERIES

Represent a period function in terms of sinus and/or cosines of different

frequencies.

Two basic theorem :

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
d
f ( x) = dxd f ( x)
dx

f (x) of period 2
write down as f ( x) = f ( x + 2 )

We may find the Fourier series of a function with period over periodic intervals
other than 2 .

Therefore in generally :
f (x) of period 2 L , then f ( x ) = f ( x + 2 L )

Each cycle is completed in 2 L seconds.

1
The frequency f hertz given by f =
.
2L

If the angular velocity radians per second, is defined by = 2f , then

2

=
=
2L
L

period
2L

Definition
f ( x) =

1
a0 + an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

where a0 , an and bn are Fourier coefficients.

In generally
f ( x) =

1
n
n
a0 + an cos
x + bn sin
x
2
L
L
n =1
n =1

In Long Notation
f ( x) =

1
a0 + a1 cos x + a2 cos 2 x + L + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2 x + L
2

where

a1 cos x + b1 sin x
a2 cos 2 x + b2 sin 2 x
an cos nx + bn sin nx

:
:
:

1st harmonic
2nd harmonic
n-th harmonic

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

FOURIER COEFFICIENTS (FULL RANGE)

Periodic
Function

Fourier Coefficients

a0

an

bn

Fourier Series of Period 2

Fourier Series of Period 2L

f ( x), < x 0,
f ( x) = 1
f 2 ( x), 0 x < .
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 )

f ( x), L < x 0,
f ( x) = 1
f 2 ( x), 0 x < L.
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 L)

a0 =

an =

bn =

a0 =

f ( x)dx

f ( x) cos nxdx

1 L
f ( x) sin nxdx
L L
n
1 L
= f ( x) sin
x dx
L L
L

bn =

1 L
f ( x) cos nxdx
L L
n
1 L
= f ( x) cos
x dx
L L
L

an =

1 L
f ( x)dx
L L

f ( x) sin nxdx

in each case n = 1, 2, 3, K
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 1

Obtain a Fourier series to represent the following periodic function.

0, < x 0,
f ( x) =
3x, 0 x < .
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 ).
Solution

L =
1 L
f ( x)dx
L L
1
= f ( x)dx

a0 =

1 0

(
0
)
3 xdx
+
dx

1 3x 2
=
2
=

3
1 3
0 =

2
2
2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

1 L
1
a n = f ( x) cos nxdx = f ( x) cos nxdx
L L

1 0

= (0) cos nxdx + 3x cos nxdx

0

Integration by tabular method!

Sign

du / dx

dv

3x

cos nx

1
sin nx
n
1
2 cos nx
n

1 3x
3

= sin nx + 2 cos nx
n
n
0

1 3
3
3
sin n + 2 cos n 0 2 (1)

n
n
n

3
= 2 (cos n 1)
n

bn =

1 L
1
f
(
x
)
sin
nxdx
=
f ( x) sin nxdx
L L

1 0

= (0) sin nxdx + 3x sin nxdx

0

Integration by tabular method!

Sign

du / dx

dv

3x

sin nx

1
cos nx
n
1
2 sin nx
n

1 3x
3

cos nx + 2 sin nx

n
n
0

1 3
3
3

cos n + 2 sin n 0 0 = (cos n )

n
n
n

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

an =

3
n 2

10

(cos n 1)

n = 1, 3, 5, K

n = 2, 4, 6, K

an =

( 1 1) =

n
3
a n = 2 (1 1) = 0
n
2

6 1

n2

3
bn = (cos n )
n
n = 1, 3, 5, K

n = 2, 4, 6, K

3
1
(1) = 3
n
n
3
1
bn = (1) = 3
n
n

bn =

So Fourier series is
f ( x) =

1
a0 + an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

3 6
1
1
1

cos x + cos 3x + L + 3 sin x sin 2 x + sin 3 x L
4
9
2
3

3 6 cos(2n 1) x
sin nx
3
(1) n +1

+

2
n
4 n =1 (2n 1)
n =1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 2

Given

(a)
(b)

< x 0,
0,
f ( x) =
sin x, 0 x < .
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 ).
Sketch the graph of f(x) over 3 x 3 .
Then, find the Fourier series.

Solution
f(x)

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

a0 =

11

f ( x)dx

1 0

(
0
)
sin xdx
dx
+

1
= [ cos x]0

=
=

an =
=

[ (1) (1)]

f ( x) cos nxdx

1 0

(
0
)
cos
nx
dx
sin x cos nx dx
+

1 1

0 + [sin( nx + x) sin(nx x)] dx

2 0

1
[sin(n + 1) x sin(n 1) x] dx
=
2 0

1
=
2
=

cos(n + 1) x cos(n 1) x
+

n +1
n 1 0

Trigonometric Identity
cos ax sin bx
= 12 [sin(a + b) x sin(a b) x]

1 cos(n + 1) cos(n 1)
1
1
+
+

2
n +1
n 1
n +1 n 1

Valid only for ( n 1) being non-zero. So we need to look at separate case when n = 1 .
n = 3, 5, 7, K :

an =

n = 2, 4, 6, K :

an =

1
1
1
1
1
+
+

=0
2 n + 1 n 1 n + 1 n 1

1 1
1
1
1

2 n + 1 n 1 n + 1 n 1
1 2
2
=

2 n + 1 n 1

2
n 1
2 1
= 2
n 1
=

1
2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

n =1

a1 =

12

1
=
2

bn =

sin x cos xdx

1
2

sin 2 xdx

1
2 cos 2 x
0

1
(1 1) = 0
4

f ( x) sin nxdx

1 0
(0) sin nxdx + sin x sin nx dx

1
[cos(n 1) x cos(n + 1) x] dx
=
2 0

1 sin(n 1) x sin( n + 1) x
=

2 n 1
n + 1 0

Trigonometric Identity
sin ax sin bx

1 sin(n 1) sin( n + 1)
=

2 n 1
n + 1

= 12 [cos(a b) x cos(a + b) x]

Similar with an .
Valid only for ( n 1) being non-zero. So we need to look at separate case when n = 1 .
n = 3, 5, 7, K

bn =

1
(0 0) = 0
2

n = 2, 4, 6, K

bn =

1
( 0 0) = 0
2

n =1

b1 =

1
2

sin x sin xdx

(1 cos 2 x)dx

1
=
2

sin 2 x
x 2

1
( 0 0 + 0)
2
1
=
2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

13

So Fourier series is
f ( x) =

1
a0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

1
2
1
cos 2nx
+ sin x 2
2
n =even n 1

1
2 1
1

+ sin x cos 2 x + cos 4 x + L

15
2
3

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 3

Sketch the following function.

0, 1 x < 0,
f ( x) =
x, 0 x < 1.
f ( x) = f ( x + 2).
Then, find the Fourier series.
Solution
f(x)

1 L
f ( x) dx
L L
1 1
= f ( x)dx
1 1

a0 =

0 dx + x dx
0

x2
=
2 0
=

1
2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

14

n
1 L
a n = f ( x) cos
x dx
L L
L
1
1 0
n
n

x dx + x cos
x dx
= 0 cos
0
1 1
1
1

Integration by tabular method!

Sign

du / dx

dv

cos n x

1
0

1
sin n x
n
1
2 2 cos n x
n

x sin n x cos n x
=
+
n 2 2 0
n
1

sin n cos n
1
+ 2 2 0 2 2
n
n
n
1
= 2 2 (cos n 1)
n

n
1 L
f ( x) sin
x dx

L L
L
1
1 0
n
n

= 0 sin
x dx + x sin
x dx
0
1 1
1
1

bn =

Integration by tabular method!

Sign

du / dx

dv

sin n x

1
0

x cos n x sin n x
=
+ 2 2
n
n 0

cos n sin n
+ 2 2 00
n
n
1
=
(cos n )
n
=

1
cos n x
n
1
2 2 sin n x
n

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

an =

1
n 2

bn =

15

(cos n 1)
1

n = 1, 3, 5, K

an =

n = 2, 4, 6, K

an =

n = 1, 3, 5, K

bn =

n = 2, 4, 6, K

bn =

n
2

1
n 2
2

(1 1) =

2 1

2 n2

(1 1) = 0

1
(cos n )
n
1
1 1
( 1) =
n
n
1

(1) =

1 1

n

So the Fourier series,

f ( x) =

n
1
n
a0 + an cos
x + bn sin
x
L
2
L
n =1
n =1

cos 3 x cos 5 x
sin 2 x sin 3 x
1 2

1
2 cos x +
+
+ L + sin x
+
L
4
9
25
2
3

1 2

4 2

cos(2n 1) x 1
sin n x
+ (1) n +1

2
n =1
n
(2n 1)
n =1

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

16

FOURIER COEFFICIENTS (ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS)

Fourier Series of Period 2

Even Functions
Odd Functions

Fourier Coefficients

a0

an

a0 =

an =

f ( x)dx

a0 =

2 L
f ( x)dx
L 0

2 L
f ( x) cos n x dx
L 0
2 L
n
= f ( x) cos
x dx
L 0
L

an =

Fourier Series of Period 2L

f ( x) cos nxdx

bn

a0

an

bn

bn =

f ( x) sin nxdx

2 L
bn = f ( x) sin n xdx
L 0
n
2 L
= f ( x) sin
x dx
L 0
L

in each case n = 1, 2, 3, K
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 1

Given a periodic function

5, x < 0,
f ( x) =
0 x < .
5,
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 ).
(a)

Sketch the graph of f(x).

(b)

Determine whether f(x) is an even, odd or neither function.

(c)

Show that bn =

(d)

Obtain the Fourier series.

(e)

Calculate the sum of the series

10
(1 cos n ) .
n

1 1
+ L
3 5

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

17

Solution

(a)
f(x)
5

(b)

The given function is an odd function.

(c)

bn =

n
2 L
f ( x) sin
x dx

L 0
L
2
= 5 sin nx dx
0

2 5

= cos nx
n
0
=

(d)

10
(1 cos n )
n

Since f(x) is an odd function,

a0 = a n = 0 .
bn =

10
(1 cos n )
n
n = 1, 3, 5, K

bn =

10
[1 (1)] = 20 1
n
n

n = 2, 4, 6, K

bn =

10
[1 1] = 0
n

So the Fourier series,

f ( x) =

1
a 0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

20
1
1

sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x + L

3
5

20 sin(2n 1) x
=

n =1 2n 1

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

(e)

18

When
x = 2

f ( 2 ) = 5

Thus,
sin(2n 1) 2

n =1 2n 1

f ( 2 ) =

20

5=

20

(1) n +1

n =1 2n 1

20 1
1

1 + (1) + (1) + L
3
5

1 1
=1 + L
4
3 5
=

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 2

A periodic function defined as

4 x + 4
f ( x) =
4 x + 4
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 )

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

x < 0
0 x <

Sketch the graph of the function.

Determine whether the function is an even odd or neither function.
Then, find the Fourier series.
By choosing an appropriate values for x, deduce the sum of the infinite series
1 1
1
1+ +
+
+L
9 25 49

Solution

(a)
f(x)

(b)

The given function is an even function.

(c)

Since the function is an even function, bn = 0 .

a0 =

2 4

(4 x + 4 )dx = x 2 + 4x
2

= 4
0

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

an =

19

(4 x + 4 ) cos nxdx

Sign

du / dx

dv

4 x + 4

cos nx

1
sin nx
n
1
2 cos nx
n

4
2
1
= (4 x + 4 ) sin nx 2 cos nx

0
n

n
=

8
n 2

(1 cos n )

n = 1, 3, 5, K

an =

n = 2, 4, 6, K

an =

8
[1 (1)] = 16 12
2
n
n
8
n 2

[1 1] = 0

So the Fourier series,

f ( x) =

1
a 0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

16
1
1

cos x + cos 3 x + cos 5 x + L

9
25

16 cos(2n 1) x
= 2 +
n =1 (2n 1) 2
= 2 +

(d)

When

x=0

f (0) = 4(0) + 4 = 4

Thus,
cos(2n 1)(0)
n =1 (2n 1) 2

f (0) = 2 +

16

4 = 2 +

16

2
8

=1+

(2n 1)
n =1

1 1
1
+
+
+L
9 25 49

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

20

Example 3

Find the Fourier series for the function defined by

f ( x) = 4 x 2 ,

2 x2

Solution

This is an even function, so

a0 =
=

bn = 0

1 L
f ( x)dx
L L

OR

1 2
(4 x 2 )dx

2 2

2 2
(4 x 2 )dx

0
2
2

8
= 8 0
3
16
=
3

8
1 8
8 8

2 3
3

1
16
= 16
2
3
16
=
3

an =

2 L
f ( x)dx
L 0

x3
= 4 x
3

x3
1
= 4 x
2
3
2
=

a0 =

n
2 L
f ( x) cos
x dx

L 0
L
2 2
n
( 4 x 2 ) cos
x dx

2 0
L

Integration by tabular method!

Sign

du / dx

4 x2

2x

dv
n
x
cos
2
n
2
x
sin
n
2
n
4
2 2 cos
x
n
2
n
8
3 3 sin
x
n
2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

21

2(4 x 2 )
n
4(2 x)
n
8(2)
n
=
sin
x 2 2 cos
x + 3 3 sin
2
n
2
n
2
n

x
0

16
16

= 0 2 2 cos n + 3 3 sin n 0 0 0
n

n
16
= 2 2 (cos n )
n

n = 1, 3, 5, K

an =

16
16 1
(1) = 2 2
2 2
n
n

n = 2, 4, 6, K

an =

16
16 1
(1) = 2 2
2 2
n
n

So the Fourier series,

f ( x) =

n
n
1
a 0 + a n cos
x + bn sin
x
L
L
2
n =1
n =1

n
(1) n +1
x
cos

2
2
n
n =1

8 16
+
3 2

8 16
1
1
3

x L
+ 2 cos x cos x + cos
3
2
4
9
2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOURIER SERIES FOR HALF RANGE SERIES

The given function over only half of the range.

Can be extend as an

1.

Odd function

half-range sine series

2.

Even function

half-range cosine series

3.

Neither function

half-range series

The Fourier coefficients, a0 , an and bn for half range series are same as the
Fourier coefficients for odd and even functions.

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

22

Example

Given

f ( x ) = 2 x,
0< x <
f ( x) = f ( x + 2 )
y
2

Solution

(a)

(b)

(c)

Half-range cosine series

cosine terms

a0

an

bn = 0

Half-range sine series

sine terms

a0 = 0

an = 0

bn

Half-range series

cosine terms

sine terms

a0

an

bn

y
2

y
2

y
2

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

23

Example 1

A function f (x) is defined by

0 x < 2 ,

< x < .
2

0,
f ( x) =
3,

f ( x) = f ( x + 2 ).
y
3

Represent the function as

(a)
half-range sine series,
(b)
half-range cosine series.
Solution

(a)

Half-range sine series is an odd function

y
3

So a0 = an = 0

bn =
=

f ( x) sin nxdx

2 /2

+
0
sin
3 sin nxdx
nxdx

/2
0

2 3

= cos nx
n
/2
=

6
n

cos n cos 2

n = 1, 3, 5, K

bn =

6
6 1
(1 0) =
n
n

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

24

n
, we need to look at alternate even values of n .
2

Because of the

n = 2, 6, 10,

bn =

6
6
(1 (1)) =

n = 4, 8, 12,

bn =

6
(1 1) = 0
n

So the half-range Fourier sine series,

1
f ( x ) = a0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1
6
2 sin 2 x sin 3 x sin 5 x

+
+
+ L
sin x
5

2
3

6
sin 3 x sin 5 x

= sin x sin 2 x +
+
+ L

3
5

(b)

Half-range cosine series is an even function

y
3

So bn = 0

a0 =

f ( x)dx

2 /2
0 dx + 3 dx

2
= [3x]

2
3
3

2
=3

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

an =
=

25

f ( x) cos nxdx

2 /2
0 cos nxdx + 3 cos nxdx

/2
0

2 3

= sin nx
n
/2
=

6
n

sin n sin 2

n = 2, 4, 6, K

Because of the

an =

6
( 0 0) = 0
n

n
, we need to look at alternate odd values of n.
2

n = 1, 5, 9, , :

an =

6
6 1
(0 1) =
n
n

n = 3, 7, 11, :

an =

6
6 1
(0 (1)) =
n
n

So the half-range Fourier cosine series,

3 6
cos 3 x cos 5 x

f ( x) = + cos x +

+ L
2
3
5

3 6
cos(2n 1) x
= + (1) n
2 n =1
2n 1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 2

Find the half-range Fourier cosine and sine series for

f ( x) = x , 0 x < .
Solution

(a)

Half-range cosine series

y

So bn = 0 .

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

a0 =
=

26

f ( x)dx

xdx

2 x2
=
2 0
=

an =

x cos nxdx

2 x
1

= sin nx + 2 cos nx
n
n
0

2
1
1
+

sin
n
cos
n
0
(1)

2
n
n 2
n
2
= 2 (cos n 1)
n
=

n = 1, 3, 5, K

an =

n = 2, 4, 6, K

an =

2
n
2

2
n 2

(1 1) =

4 1

n2

(1 1) = 0

So the half-range Fourier cosine series,

f ( x) =

1
a 0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

4
cos 3x cos 5 x

+
+ L
cos x +
2
9
25

4 cos(2n 1) x
=
2 n =1 (2n 1) 2
=

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

(b)

27

Half-range sine series

y

So a0 = an = 0

bn =

x sin nxdx

2 x cos n x sin nx
=
+ 2
n
n 0

2 cos n sin n

+
0 0
2

n
n

2
= (cos n )
n
=

n = 1, 3, 5, K

2
1
bn = (1) = 2
n
n

n = 2, 4, 6, K

2
1
bn = (1) = 2
n
n

So the half-range Fourier cosine series,

1
a0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1
2
2
= 2 sin x sin 2 x + sin 3x sin 4 x + L
3
4
sin 2 x sin 3 x sin 4 x

= 2 sin x
+

+ L
2
3
4

sin nx
= 2 (1) n +1
n
n =1

f ( x) =

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

28

Example 3

Determine a half-range Fourier cosine series for

f ( x) = 2 x , 0 x < .

Solution

Cosine series is an even series, so bn = 0

a0 =

an =

f ( x)dx =

2 xdx =

[x ]

= 2

2 x cos nxdx

4 x
1

= sin nx + 2 cos nx
n
n
0

4
1
1
sin n + 2 cos n 0 2 (1)

n
n
n

4
= 2 (cos n 1)
n
=

n = 1, 3, 5, K

an =

n = 2, 4, 6, K

an =

4
8 1
(1 1) =

2
n2
n
4
n 2

(1 1) = 0

So the half-range Fourier cosine series,

f ( x) =

1
a0 + a n cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

8
cos 3 x cos 5 x

+
+ L
cos x +

9
25

8
cos(2n 1) x
=
n =1 (2n 1) 2
=

SRI / Series / Fourier Series

29

Example 4

Find the half-range Fourier sine series for

f ( x) = x 2 , 0 x < 1 .
Solution

Half-range sine series is an odd function, so a0 = an = 0

2 L
n
f ( x) sin
x dx

L 0
L
n
2 1
x dx
= x 2 sin
1 0
1

bn =

2 1

Sign

du / dx

dv

x2

sin n x

2x

1
cos n x
n
1
2 2 sin n x
n
1
cos n x
3 3
n

0
x 2 cos n x 2 x sin n x 2 cos n
=2
+
+
n
n 2 2
n 3 3

2
cos n 2 sin n 2 cos n
=2
+ 2 2 +
0 0 3 3
3 3
n
n
n
n
2
cos n 2 cos n
=2
+
3 3
3 3
n
n
n
2
cos n

=2
+ 3 3 (cos n 1)
n
n

2
8
2 1
4
3 3 = 3 2
n n
n n

n = 1, 3, 5, K

bn =

n = 2, 4, 6, K

2
21
1

bn = 2
+ 3 3 (1 1) =
n
n n

So the half-range Fourier sine series,

1
f ( x ) = a0 + an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n =1
n =1

2
4
sin 2x 1
4 sin 3x
+ 3 2
L
1 2 sin x

2

3 3 3