Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
.
.
.
) (
.
.
.
.
.
,
, )
( geothermal
.
,
)
( alpha centori ,
3,4 ) ,(1 121040.7 ,
260.000 ,
5-10
.
:
) ( 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
" " ) ( sky lab) ( nimbus7
) ) habel
) ( Nasa . , ,
6000 ) 6300
( 3101391 , 110
/pc2318136561.doc
-1-
101998
310333 21106.
610149.6 ) (1 ") " Astronomical Unit
25 .( 3
. 32 30
27
30 .
24
) ( 1:
1 ) :( core
- 10 159.95) %28.8-%23
310200 ( %40
%15 10 101.35 - /
%90
) ( H ) ( He .
) ( X ) (
61020-61015 -6107
6108 610 22 -610.
3
2 ):(Radiative Zone
10 326.9 ) %47 (
. 120-70 /
.3 610 .
.
3
3 ):(Convective Zone
10 208.7) %30 (
4-10 / 3
2-10
.
3
-2-
.
) ( Sunspots
).( Pores
1000 -
1500 4500 - 4000 .
-410
510 .
) ( Faculae
.
11 22 89 178 .
,
. .
6 ) :(Chromosphere
) ( Colorsphere 1000 ,
) ,( Ca
5000
20.000 .
. .
) (Flares
. 100
) ( Prominences .
12 / 1980
40 9 102.5 2 )
.(7
7 ) :(Corona
/pc2318136561.doc
-3-
,
. .
) .( Solar Wind
, %91.3 %8.7
.
6 102-6 10 ) ,(7
500/ ,
.
. .
,
.
:
, ) (H11
) (24He ) ( E
) (n 01 ) ( e+
.
1
2
) (1 H )(1 H
) ( 31H .
H+e
H + 11H
He + 10n + E
He + 10n + E
H + 11H
H + 21H
H + 21H
H + 31H
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
.
) E=mc2 erg (10
=E ) (
:
=m
8
=c ) 10 300 /(
: 109 ,
12 1021.5 /.
) Gamo (20 6 10800
24 1017.2/
27 1017.2/ .
6 1020
.
/pc2318136561.doc
-4-
, )Electromognatic
( radiation waves
,
) 1( 3 10300/ ,
.
.
) 3 10300/ ( .
) ( .
)( )
(UM 6-10 )(nm 9-10
10-10
) (.
" "
, 3 10300 ,
" ",
, ) , ,,
( , ,
,
.
) (
,
.
:
)(1 ) (um ) (A
)( )(
. 10-10.
C
/pc2318136561.doc
-5-
) ( Hz/ =F
:
=F ) /(
= C )1 (=
3 10300/
= ) ( Lambda
C
6
1 )( = 3 10( ( =5 10)( = 10 )( =10
15
9 )( = 12 10 )( =13 10 )( =10
/pc2318136561.doc
-6-
: /1 /
( ) .nm(
)
) (F ) .Hz (
X
HX
SX
UV
EUV
FUV
NUV
VL
IR
NIR
FIR
MW
)
(
).nm(
10-2 10-4
0.1 10-2
1 0.1
200 1
300 200
320 300
320
380
420
490
540
590
650
380
420
490
540
590
650
760
10 607
10 - 310
7
10 510
9
10 610
10
10 810
12
10 - 1010
6
)(F
).Hz(
103
12
103 -
19
103 1910 3
17
103 1810 3
18
10 1.53 17103
15
10 1510 1.5
10
15
15
10 9.4
14
10 3.95
14
103
14
10 3 1410 3
10
10 3 1210 3
8
10 3 1110 3
7
10 3 910 3
5
10 - 710 3
11
) ,( F
"/" ) ( Hz, Hertz:
6
) ( KHz , Hz 3 10 ) ( MHz ,Hz 10
) ( GHz .Hz 9 10
/pc2318136561.doc
-7-
) (1
.
,
,
) ,( Photons
,
7) . ( 56
320 -
,
,
%7 ,
.
) ( Regions /1/ /2 /:
-1 : ) ( Gama
0.01.
-2 ) : ( x-rays 1-0.01.
) ("HX", Hard x ray )
.( "SX", soft x ray
-3 ) : ("Ultra Violet"UV
320-1 .
, : ) ""EUV
(Extrem Ultra Violet ) "FUV"Far Ultra
(Violet ) .( Ultra Violet "NUV" Near
% 7
, .
-4 ) 3 ) (White Visable Ray ( 77-67
760-320 .
) ,(1
) 11 .( 49
%44
.
-5 ) :(Infra Red Ray
6 10-760 ,
, : )"Infra Red "NIR
(Near %37 ,
) (""Far Infra Red FIR %11
, ,
.
/pc2318136561.doc
-8-
-6
-7
-8
-9
,
, ,
, ,
) .(3
) .(Rainbow
,
,
.
.
).(7
.
,
. ,
, ,
-380
670 , ,
380 670
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
, 5 4
12 ,
) (
/pc2318136561.doc
-9-
.
-
, ,
,
- ,
,
,
,
) 3 .( 73-67
,
,
, ,
,
.
:
) (Power ,
" " ,
,
)" ( Cal" Colorie
"
, 14.5 15.5
10 4.4855 4.1855 ".
) 1 ( 2 ) , ,,
......, ( . " : / 2 / 2
) ( Ly, Langley
/ 2 / , ) ,
(Samual P. Langley1906-1834
. , ,
, -
/ 2 / ) / 2 (
/ 100 / 2 1000 /
.
)101023892( )
0.2389( )1/= 0.23892 ( .
3 "/ 1.43352) "2
/( / ) 697.6/ .(2
/pc2318136561.doc
- 10 -
, , .
,
.
,
,
.
,
:
-1
.
-2
,
,
,
,
.
"
" ,
,
, )Radiant
( Energy
273.15 , .
/pc2318136561.doc
- 11 -
,
3) ((Internal Energy ,(55-48
,
.
)(
)( ,
,
,
,
) Radiation
,(Equilbrium
, )(
,
,
,
.
) ,( Heat Energy
) ,( Potential Energy ) ,(Energy Kinetie
) ( Energy Chemical
,
,
) 8 ( 10-9
:
) +(
/pc2318136561.doc
- 12 -
) :(Radiation Laws
)(
)
(
)(Black bodies
)(Opaque
.
) (1 ) (E
)1 (2
) 1 ( :
) (Tk4
/ 2 E= Tk . e 4
= : 11 10 8.123/ 2 ) 5.667
12- 10/ ,2 , = Tk ,(4 :
=e ,272.15+ ) (Emissivity
,
) ( grebodies
.
) (e ,
e
98%
95%
96%
92%
85%
92%
Hudson (1969) :
) (2 ) ( Wien Displacement Law
) , (1928-1964 "
" .
:
/
/pc2318136561.doc
Max
=
289
8
Tk
- 13 -
= Max :
.
= Tk
) (3 ) " (Weins Scond Law
)( )1 (2
) 1 (
)1 (37 :
5
/ CTk = Emax
2
14 / . )
=C 101.8435
( 11-101.286 / 2 .
) (4 ) (Kirchhoffs Law
) (E ) (a ) (
) (T :
E
=T)( F,
a
"
) ( E ): ( a
E=a
.
.
)
/pc2318136561.doc
- 14 -
(Snow Bindess
.
) (O2 ) (O3 )(Co2
) (H2o ) (N2o
.
) (
:e
e
e
-90%
98%
91%
0.90
95%
0.90
-82%
99.5%
0.90
0.96
0.90
0.92
0.970.92
0.98
Lockwood (1979) : )Batton (1984
,
,
5800 , 288 , :
/pc2318136561.doc
=289
Max
8
Tk
- 15 -
0.5 )( ,
) ,(Solar Short Radiation
10
)( , )
.( Terrestrial Longwave Radiation %99
4-0.15 , %99
100-3 ,
)8 5 ,8 40,8 .( 24
:
Tk510-141.8435= Emax
1 2 10121
3/ , 1 2
0.03653/ .
3 103.313.
:
Tk4 10 E= 80123
1 2 , 0.56/.
,
) (Income Solar Radiation
)
(Insolation )(Income Solar Radiation
)Outgoing
(Trrestrial Radiation ). ( Terrestrial Back Radiation
/ / ) 90(
) (O2
100 10 ) (O3
55 10
320 200
960 .
10 )(H2O
8 000 1 000
/pc2318136561.doc
- 16 -
)(Co2
12 000
17 000 13 000
4 000
) (CH4 2500 7000 )
(NO2 400 7000 "
"
14000-8000 6000-4000 -17000
21000 ) (
). (Atmospheric Windows
Co2 ) (H2O
, ) ( ,
,
, ,
, " ".
Co2 ) ( H2O
20- 35
)3 35, 59 .(121
" ."Atmospherc Effect "
," Greenhouses Effect
,
.
)3 59,35 .(121
14000-8000 ,
,
,
,%19 ,
%20 ,
%6 , %4
, ,
.
/pc2318136561.doc
- 17 -
,
, ,
,
.
:
1 2
:
I
d2
1 I=k
d2
=1
:
=D ) ( )(
=K
) (
2
2 / )2/ (
)Income Solar
(Radiation ) (Insolation
"
) (Extra Terrestrial Radiation
.
:
-11
) 4=r2(I10
o
4 d2
T4
=Io
/pc2318136561.doc
- 18 -
= ) 8.132 11-10 / (4
= T ) (5800
= rs ) 6955 710 (
= d
) 149.6 1110 ( = 3.14
:
/ 2)/(=1.989
4 3.14 149.6)(10
) (k 4.4504
2610/.
)(
"
. "Solar Constant
)
) (Smithsonuoi Intitution
(Abbteto
2
1.9997 / ) 1395 / (). (30
)(Johnsos
%1.5 1.94/ ) 1353
) ( NASA
%1.5/ (2 1971
)( American Society for Testing Materials ), 25
(33 , 32 , ,
)( Frohlich 1977
,
)(Marinar
) (Nimbus
1.5 1373) 1.5 1.968/ ) (2
.(34,25 "
)( )1 (2
, ,
) 1(
,
) 6 10 149.6( 1.94/
)/ 2( 1353/ .2
, )
( ,
,
)1 (2 )1(,
:
/pc2318136561.doc
1.49
- 194 r2
r2
=I
= 0.485
= r :
= r2
= 4 r2
%2 0.5 11
.
)8 . (25
(
)
) (EUV 0.2
%99
1000-0.2 )9 .(38
)25 . (7
) (MWO "
22-11
)( .
) (%2 1
.
/pc2318136561.doc
- 20 -