Upravljanje Otpadom U Zemljama U Razvoju

_____________________________________________________ 5
1.
1.1 ? ______________________________________________ 5
1.2
___________________________________________ 7
1.3
_________________ 8
1.3.1
___________________________ 8
1.3.2
_____________________________ 12
1.3.3
_________________________ 15
1.3.4
MFA _____________________ 20
1.3.5
MFA ________________________ 22
2.
3.
1.4
STAN ________________________________________ 24
1.5
______________________________ 26
__________ 29
2.1
___ 29
2.2
_________________ 30
2.3
_______________________ 33
2.4
39
2.5
_______________________________________ 41
2.6
___________________________ 45
2.8
_________________________________ 47
___________________ 50
3.1

__________________ 51
3.1.1
_________ 52
3.1.2
( )
____________________________________________ 57
3.2
e emje ooe oao oaa ____________ 64
3.2.1
aa oaa ________________________________________ 65
3.2.2
ea ooa ja ooe oa __ 66
3.2.3
ea a ______________________________________ 67
3.2.4
eo ae ___________________________________________ 69
3.2.5
ej aa oaa ________________________________ 70
3.2.6
pH eo _________________________________________ 73
3.2.7
eo oae/eoae aeje ______________________ 73
3.2.8
Tooa o (aoja eo) oaa _______________ 73
1

4.
5.
____________________________________ 75
4.1
_________ 75
4.2
___________ 81
______________ 83
5.1
__________________ 85
5.1.1
____________ 86
5.1.3

_______________________________________ 88
5.2
__________________________ 89
5.3
_________________________ 90
5.3.1
____________________________________________ 93
5.3.2
/ ________________________________________ 94
5.3.3
: ______ 96
5.3.4
_______________ 99
6.
________________________________________________ 102
6.1
______________________________ 106
6.2
_____________ 108
6.3
NIMBY not in y back yard ______ 112
6.4
_________________ 115
6.4.1
__________ 115
6.4.2
____________________________________ 118
6.5
___________________ 121
6.5.1
____________________________ 121
6.5.2
______________________________________ 122
6.5.3
______________________ 123
6.5.4
_____________________________________ 123
6.5.5
________________________________ 124
6.5.6
________________________________________ 125
6.5.7
_________________________________ 125
6.5.8
_________________________ 125
6.5.9
__________________________ 126
6.5.10 _____________________ 129
6.5.11
_____________ 131
6.6
_________________________________________ 134
6.6.1
____________________ 134
6.6.2
____________________ 137
6.6.3
______________________________ 141
2

6.7
_________ 142
6.7.1
_______________________ 142
6.7.2
_______________________ 143
6.7.3
____________________ 143
6.7.4
______________________ 144
6.7.5
_________________ 145
6.7.6
_________ 146
6.8
() i _________ 146
6.8.1

______________________________________________ 147
7.
________________________ 152
7.1
__________________ 152
7.1.1
___________________________________ 152
7.1.2
_____ 177
7.2. ______________________ 202
7.2.1
______________________________________ 202
7.2.2
_________________________________ 220
7.2.3
() ___________ 231
7.3. Tee eoe a ea oao o oaa ____ 242
7.3.1
ee __ 250
7.3.2
Eje oea _________________ 275
7.3.3
e a eaae ____________________________ 287
7.3.4
aooao oa e eaa oaa _____ 298
7.3.5
Too eeea eao _____________________ 304
7.3.6
e eo eaa oaa ____________________ 308
8.
___________________________________________ 320
8.1
? __________________ 324
8.2

_______________________________________________________ 326
8.3

______________________________________________ 327
8.4
______________ 328
8.4.1
___________________ 328
8.4.2
__________________________________ 328
8.4.3
- ____ 328
8.4.4
______________ 329
8.4.5
_____ 329
8.4.6
/ ____ 330
3

8.4.7
8.4.8
8.4.9
8.5
_____________________________ 330
______________________________ 331
____________________________ 331
________ 331
8.6

_____________________________________________________ 332
8.7
__ 333
__________ 335
9.
9.1
____________________ 337
9.2
,
__________________________________________________ 338
9.2.1
_____________________ 338
9.2.2
____________________________________ 340
9.2.3
____________ 340
9.2.4
___________________ 350
9.2.5

_____________________________________ 353
9.2.6
_______________ 355
9.2.7
____________________________ 362
9.2.8

___________________________________________________ 363
10.
____________________________________________ 365
1.
1.1 ?
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14
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19
1.3.4
MFA

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21

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1.7 : (1) , (2)

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STAN
STAN ( Substance Flow Analysis

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(material flow analysis - MFA) NORMS 2096
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Assessments). (.
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24

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25
1.5
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XIX
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28
2.
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2.3
2001.( Eurostat; , 2006; ,
2004)
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: -15+EFTA , , , ,
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32
2.3
2004.
, 1,2 .

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( , OECD, Eurostat, CycleOpe)
33

2.1 ( CycleOpe)
: 2004
( )
OECD
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CIS ( )
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( OECD)
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30 (4)

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37

2.2.
(Lacoste 2006)

( (
( 15
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GDP
(kg
)

(kg
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< US$ 5.000
US$ 5.000 - US$15.000
> US$ 20.000
20
20-70
130-300
150-250
250-550
350-750

;
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38
20 40
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2.4

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41

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(Eurostat; , 2006; EEA-ETC/RWMs 2006,2007)
1995 1996
2004 2005
%
(1000
(1000
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187.706
111.535
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45.000
60.000(
50.000
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66.000
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42

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43

OECD (
) 120
125 (,
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( 15, 36 )
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(, , ): 125
( ,
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44
2.6

(,
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45
2.12 - (
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2.000 kg
, 20 kg .
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700 kg OECD.
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340 kg
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internally
externally.
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48

EECCA

- ( ,
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EECCA
.
EECCA
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2.14 1996. 2004.

(EEA-ETC/RWM Eurostat; EEA-ETC/RWM,
2006; , 2006; , 2006; , 2006;
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49
3.

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51
3.1.1
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3.1 (, 2008)
53

7
,
3.1.
,
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.
3.1 10 (Vuji et al., 2010)

(.

)
(kg/st/dan)
(kg/st/god)
(47311 .)
1,09
399
(56734 .)
0,67
246
(9406 .)
0,60
219
(68315 .)
1,03
378
(6785 .)
1,08
394
(140081 .)
0,91
333
(37319 .)
0,48
174
(191928 .)
0,91
333
(252783 .)
1,44
527
(1403359 .)
1,05
385

. ,
10.300 t ,
2.560 t, 1.230 t .

,
50 t.
54
12000
10382
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
2560
1230
897
496
363
269
125
51
40
3.1 7 ,
(Vuji et al., 2010)

, 0,48
kg 1,44 kg .
3.2 kg/st/dan (Vuji et al.,

2010)
55

1400
1200
1000
1176
1065
1018
900
800
743
637
605
600
510
400
200
0
Sep
2008.
Nov
2008.
Dec Jan 2009. Feb

2008.
2009.
Mar
2009.
Apr
2009.
Maj
2009.
3.3 (/)- (Vuji et

al., 2010)

,

.

,
.
3.3
.
, 7.443.183
2.603.567 . ,

0,95 kg/st/dan . 3.2
.
56

3.1 (Vuji
et al., 2010)

(kg/st/dn)
2.789.791 2.375.352
2.645.557
2.603.567
0.95
t/god
t/god
t/god
t/god
3.1.2 ( )

.
500 kg
:
1.
2.
3.
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);
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500 kg 50 80 l 35
120 l, 6-8 1,1 m3.
/,

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kg, ,
m3 l.
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57

,
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, :
1.
500 kg;
2. - ,
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, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
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, , .
: (,
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, 20mm, ,
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59

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, , , , , , , ,
. ,

.

.
,

, .

3.3. ,
, .
3.5 (, 2008)
60

3.3 , % (Vuji et al.,
2010)

24.85
20.14
20.20
13.37
16.16

32.69
32.90
27.57
30.17
36.32

4.26
3.33
5.42
5.25
4.72
2.78
4.13
5.99
5.07
2.95
2.99
3.31
5.83
6.13
4.25
0.96
0.29
0.82
0.71
0.46
-
0.63
0.70
0.57
0.65
0.54
-
-
1.10
0.83
2.10
1.64
1.00
0.14
0.11
0.28
0.15
0.33
- Al
1.99
3.85
4.25
3.71
3.17

4.37
4.31
5.91
6.40
6.24

3.05
3.15
4.03
5.04
2.88

4.41
4.70
2.98
7.49
4.45
0.57
1.13
0.42
1.04
0.50
4.53
4.09
3.32
4.48
4.15
10.69
13.03
10.33
8.70
11.88

6,68
10,00
11.29
9.70
7,5

30,93
30,56
27.34
32.40
34,4

10,78
7,90
8.07
5.00
9,3
6,84
4,74
5.04
4.64
6,3
8,97
6,12
11.13
8.02
9,4
1,74
0,71
0.80
1.38
0,8
-
1,20
0,62
1.24
0.95
1,0
-
-
1,98
1,38
1.09
1.61
1,2
0,40
0,57
0.68
0.22
0,3
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4,58
3,01
4.78
3.26
4,9

5,61
9,18
8.45
7.30
6,7

4,73
5,77
3.68
4.56
4,8

5,31
5,67
3.68
6.87
3,7
0,61
0,36
0.41
0.67
0,4
3,67
4,08
3.72
5.19
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5,98
9,32
8.61
8.24
6,1

61

.
40% 60% .
,
10%.
( ,
)
4% - 7%. ,
20 mm, 20 mm,
, , , .
, , . ,
10%
.
. ,
2% 10%. ,
,
1% 2%. ,

.
.
,

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,
.
3.6 (Vuji et al., 2010)

62
3.7 (Vuji et
al., 2010)
,
43%
, , 31,22%,
.
, 14,98%,
9,35%. ,
20 mm, 8,60%, (7,29%),
(5,23%), (5,02%), (3,98%), (1,81%) (0,60%).

.
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63

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.
3.2 E EMJE OOE OAO OAA
aaeaja oaa eaa oo eo a aoj
ojeoae eao ea aaa oao. aaee
oaa o e oe a e eje.
e ooe oaa aaj:
aa oaa.
ea ooa ja ooe oa.
ea a.
eo ae.
eje aaee oaa :
ej aa oaa.
pH eo.
eo oae/eoae aeje.
Tooa o (aoja eo).
64
3.2.1
aa oaa
Mae eo oje ooe o oao o oaa,

ooo ooo aa oaa eaa aaj oje a
oaaa oo a a oaa.
eo oeee aje oo a a oaa e oeje ao
=
100
(3.1)
e je:
% - ae eo aje oa,
i aa ojee aje,
u a aa oaa (oa).
eoo e oaa je eoooja a ae aaa ae
aaee eo e j. aeoj ae aa
je ooo aa a oee oj eaa.
Taea 3.4 oeee aaa oaa a ae ee (Zhang et al., 2010)
ea
Oa
a
a
A
Jaa
oeja
aaa
aa
oaja
eaa
ajaa
Aaja
Meo
oaa
oa
Maaa
Eoaoe
52,6
9,5
25,0
34,0
28,0
24,0
32,0
35,0
14,0
29,0
47,0
51,0
38,0
34,0
29,0
30,0
a
ao
6,9
21,2
34,0
33,0
24,0
47,0
20,0
26,0
34,0
20,0
23,0
15,0
13,0
21,0
15,0
32,0
aa oaa
aa ao
7,3
11,5
12,0
13,0
8,0
3,0
9,0
19,0
22,0
15,0
4,0
6,0
7,0
11,0
17,0
7,0
65
1,6
1,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
6,0
10,0
4,0
12,0
4,0
7,0
6,0
8,0
7,0
2,0
10,0
Mea
Oao
0,5
14,6
8,0
3,0
7,0
13,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
3,0
5,0
3,0
3,0
4,0
2,0
8,0
31,1
42,2
16
12
28
7
26
12
13
29
14
19
31
23
35
13,0
3.2.2
ea ooa ja ooe oa
ea ojea ooe oa je aa aaea, e

ea a aoa oe ooo a ae ea oee oj
e ojaj eo ea oaa (aae, eao ajae
.). Oa ooa aoe oeje oo oeoaa, aooaa,
eooaa, ooo ee eeeaa o eao
aaa oao. a aeoj aa je oe eo
eja a e aje oao oa.
a 3.8 Oe eja oje aja oao oa (Tchobanoglous

et al., 1993)
66
3.2.3
ea a
ea a eaa jea o oo aaeaa a oae

eae a oj e oejea, oj oe ao eaa,
eaaj oe a a a eojaa, oaae oaa oe, ao
a oa ee oeo ooa a eooae .
ea a e oeje aoaoj e a oo ee
oa, a aaa e kg/m3, t/m3 kg/l.
sr
m1 - m2
V
(3.2)
e je:
sr
- ea a,
m1 - aa oaaa a ao,
m 2 - aa ae (t),
V - aea ae.
ea a a o ee e oje ooeaa,
oooo aaa ao oaaa. a oaa oj e
eee oaaa ee e oe o 90150 kg/m3, ao oaaa
ae oeje a oe o 180 kg/m3. ao oa, ajae
aoa a ooee ea oeaa oe o 350420 kg/m3.
a eojaa, o oj e eoo ajae oaa oo
eaaje oe e a o 1000 kg/m3 e.
67
a 3.9 ea a oao oaa (Christensen, 2011)
e oje ooeaa oee ae o oa oaa

oe e aae ojee ooee (o eja oa), o o
o-ej ooa o oa eae e eo o oae
oa. oeo, ooj eeja aea ee e, o e ee
a a aja, ao o a ae aaae.
Taea 3.5 ea a oje ooeaa oao oaa (Vesilind et al.,
2002)
ea a (kg/m3)
130-500
150-300
15-35
500
250
200
40-130
20-25
15
300-420
40-100
90
30-45
300-950
aja
Oa o ae
ae oa
oe
ao
aeaj a
ao
aa - eaa
ET aaaa
ae ee
ao
Te
Meae oee
Aje oee
eeo, ea
68
3.2.4
eo ae
ao oaa eaa ao ojo oaa oej

oea a oeee eae oaa, eoa ao
eaa aooe ae , ao o eoa
oje. eo ae oa e oeje aa e oe aa oaa e
oe ea. ee oaa e oaa a eeaaa o 77C
105C e o e e oe eoa oaa aa. ao oeee
aje oaa oe a e a ao oa ooeaa e,
a e a o a o oao ea eao oa.
ea oaa eae, ao aa oeje e ee oo
7%, o ao ao aoa ajaa aoea ea 20%.
Oa ao oaaa a oo aaaoj oaaa oe
e aa oo oe:
W
m1 m2
100
V
(3.3)
e je:
W - oa ao (%),
m1 - eoa aa oa (g),
m 2 - aa aoo o oa (g),
V - aea oa (cm3).
aeoj ae a je a oea oe eo a eo ae
ojea ooe oao oaa a o eeaa, ooo
e aaa aoa.
69

3.6 eo ae a ojeae ooee oao oa (Vesilind et al., 2002)
aja
eo ae (%)
Oe
oea eo
Oa o ae
50-80
70
ae oa
30-80
60
a
4-10
6
ao
4-8
5
aa
1-4
2
ao
1-4
2
Te
6-15
10
Meae oee
2-4
3
Aje oee
2-4
3
a
1-4
2
oa
8-12
10
eeo, ea
6-12
8
OMA OTA 15-25
20
OE
eje aaee oaa oe je oaa a e aa

ao o a aae. o , oe je oeae
oae eoae e eeeaa, eae ooe o a
ojee aje oa, oeae pH eo, ao eaa
ej aa oaa a o eeeaa.
3.2.5
ej aa oaa
ej aa ooeaa oje aaaj oa oa je eoa

aa aaea, e ea o aeaaa oo a oo
ooo oee e a eaa oaa ao o
eaja, ooae, eaa oao. ajee e aae
ejo aaa oaa ooe a oeae eeeaa:
ea (C), ooa (H), eoa (O), aoa (N) oa (S).
eaje aae oe aee, oaeaj oeae e
ea eeeaa o ooa (P), aja (Al), oa (Fe),
aja (Ca) oa. aeoj ae ae aaee
eo ejo aaa a ojee aje oao oa.
70
oa
6.594
3.000
273
605
1.863
2.096
21.522
1.025
6.000
71
313
559
1.540
187
22.800
347
24.900
422
4.160
1.330
3.140
1.830
416
30.900
2.940
11.900
774
77.700
918
1.310
118
898
101.000
1.200
14.600
686
180
246
11.100
1.220
8.850
672
75
1.000
944
21.100
1.480
2.360
12.700
1.980
15.000
1.900
3.120
5.550
310
1.030
12.700
2.310
19.000
1.840
Ca
3.590
69.000
1.750
66.800
397
38,2
1.000
319
Fe
4.400
1.760
1.430
372
125
1.000
724
Al
340
762
190
270
1.000
643
66.000
879
7.750
75,6
1.000
631
52.000
442.100 259.400 3.946.000
57.000
706
96
55.000
1.090
274.500
42.000
2.300
988
50.000
394.800 369.900
54.000
32.000
111
52.000
113.000
477.000
6.050
17.300
105.000
448.000 430.000
3.970
Te
65.900 137.800 348.000
ao
0
Oaa aa
60.000
ET aaaa
C-
73.000
ao
84.000
aeaj
a
342.000
ao
375000
oe
772.000 409.000
ae
oa
799.000
Oa o ae
aja
654.000 613.000 521.000
Taea 3.6 ej aa aja oao oaa ae mg/kg (Riber et

al., 2009)
Na

Taoe, eeoj ae a oa aae oja e oaa aa
eoo eeao oao o oaa e ao oaa oj
eoaje ao ae eaaje. oa o ejo aa
oao o oaa oje oo aae oa a
oojea a ea ea oaa Aj. oojee
,,Oberpullendorf-u, jeo o oojea oja je ea aaa, oeje
ae jee a ea ea, ao a je o ooje
aaa oaea a e jee a ea. Aao ooa a
ea je ea aaa oao o oaa. ea je
aaa ejo aaa a oaa oojea a ea
ea, ao ae aa oojea. a oo aeo oa
oeaje a aa je oe ej aa oao
o oaa.
Taea 3.7 ej aa oaa ao ee ae eaaje (Skutan &
P.H. Brunner, 2006)
TA TAE
A MATEJA
g/kg ao oaa
AA
MATEJA
g/kg ao oaa
E - C
g/kg ae aeje
EC
g/kg e aeje
TOC
oa e
g/kg ae aeje
TOC
oa e
g/kg e aeje
AOTN
g/kg ae aeje
AOTN
g/kg e aeje
AMJMCd
g/kg ae aeje
AMJMCd
g/kg e aeje
OOOPb
g/kg ae aeje
OOOPb
g/kg e aeje
Oberpullendorf
I
Oberpullendorf
II
Kirchdorf
Wien
eo
eae
62424
62686
68410
7381
0
700
37618
37459
31610
2621
0
300
22210
22229
2576,2
35517
35543
37611
21310
21427
---
---
180
34117
34141
---
---
260
6,60,38
6,70,95
6,80,33
10,60,62
10,71,4
9,90,50
7,61,6
11,03,2
7,84,5
12,22,6
17,65,1
11,46,5
360140
27069
400150
570220
420110
580230
72
2648
,5
3581
2
6,70,
46
9,10,
64
10,2
3,5
13,8
4,8
2501
00
3401
40
180
260
4,7
6,7
6,6
9,4
540
770
3.2.6
pH eo
eo pH eaa ao oo aea oe
oa a eoja, a a aea ojaa oea eaaje oaa a
eojaa. Meee pH eo oa e oeoj ej
aaoj oaa, ao o oaa ao ooa oj o.
3.2.7
eo oae/eoae aeje
Oaa aja oa aoj e o eo oja a

oa ooeaa, ao aaa oa eaao. o
aoa, eooo je e aaa oeaa
a aeja (VS), eja ooa eoa (), ooa
ooa eoa () a a e (TOC). o
aaaa oa ooe oa, eo aa e aajo ea,
a je o aoa eooo aae ooa oe ooe
oeaa oa eaaje, oeo aa je a oa a
eoj. a e, ao eaae oae aeje oa aj
eo oja e oo ee oo 60% oo a eo . ao
oaa aja a aj ooo eaaj, eo e
aajo aje.
eo eoa aeja oa oaea e oe a
a. je, o e ea eaaj ajaje
eoae aeje. oea aa e oaa a o eoae
aeje oja e eee ao oeeo eaa oaa, o
eaje, e eoae aeje eaaj aaja o
o e.
3.2.8
Tooa o (aoja eo) oaa
Tooa o ooeaa aa oao oa eaa

a aae, e ea o o e eoa a
ea oaa. Tooa o aoja eo e oo oeje
aoaoj oa oo aoea. oaa aa oaa e
aoea o eoa oa eeje oooee a oaj
a e oeje a oo oeaa eeae aoe, ao
oea aoeaa. Tooa o e aaa kJ/kg MJ/kg.
aeoj ae ae e eo a oo o oje
aja oao oa.
73

Taea 3.8 Tooa o ooe oao oaa aea MJ/kg (Vesilind
et al., 2002)
oa ooa o (MJ/kg) ae
aja
aje
Oa o ae
2,5
ae oa
5.9
oe
14.6
ao
aeaj
a
ao
10.6
ET aaaa
32.5
Oaa aa
36.1
ao
0.1
Te
18.5
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22.9
27.2
11.2
12.2
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2010.
2011.
2012.
2013.
2014.
5,0
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30,0
[%]
4,0
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25,0
[%]

2010.
2011.
2012.
2013.
2014.
0,0
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[%]
0,0
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405
( )

24

600

,
100 US$.
, , ,
, , ,
( )
.
,
.

,
.
,
,
50 , 75%
, , , .
91

5.4. (Lacoste,
2006) ( )
15
(1)+

(2)
8.500
5.200
3.700
2.000
3.500
9.800
32.700 40.000
3.850
350
450
350
310
1.200
6.500
1.930
3.300
2.000
1.500
1.000
510
1.690
10.000
2.350
1.204
1.750
75
278
121
797
3.975
1.750
16.854
9.300
5.275
3.628
4.441
13.487
11.5
9.6
53.175 46.030
28
11.000 17.000
(1) : 30% , 20% , 20% , 20%

(15).
(2) .
5.5. ,
( ) (Lacoste, 2006).
,
* ( )

35.000
10.000 (1)
20.000 (2)
28
: 30%
: 50%
* end of life
(W)

.
, ,
65 , 28.000
.
92
5.3.1
OECD
.
(Plastics Europe),
15% (22,5%
).
EPA ,
5,5%.
,
3 ( , ),
22,5 . 1980.
,
.
,
(PET ), .
2002. 340.000 .
,
100.000
, 681.000 2003. .
5.6. (Lacoste, 2006).
( )
(2002.)
(2004.)
PET -
(2003.)
3.130
340
870
235
682

,
,
169
2003. .
93
5.3.2
74% ,
30% , 49,5% , 46% , 44%
36,5% . 2004.
46,5 ( )
99,5 50,3
83 .
5.2.
2004. ( ) (Lacoste, 2006).
2004. ,
(CEPI), 52
( 15 + + +
+ ).
10% 100 %
.
41,5% (1991. ) 54% (2004. ).
( 50%
) (, ).
2% 3%
.
94

( 15),
.
5,3 2004.
. , , ,
. 1990.
. 2004. ,
170 .
5.7. 2004. e
(Lacoste, 2006).
2004.
( )
51.970
49.074
11.359
14.465
47.467
36.647
2.754
13.574
58.988
75.121
20.613
4.480
7.850
9.837
2.081
94
2.422
1.876
2
549
1.776
1.940
224
60
170.473
174.495
5.3. / 2004. (
) (Lacoste, 2006).
95

,
, ( 5
2004. 2005. (> 40%) 17
).
.
,
. (,
, ) ,
(68% 2000 2004. ).

,
, .
- .

.
5.3.3
.
, ,
.
(post
consumption waste end-of-life - 10 , 15
-, ,
.) 50%
, 25% () 25% .
85% - 75%
, 85% 2006. , 95% 2015.
.
2005. ,
(1,13 )
450 . 405,5
. ,
. ,
. ,
60 70%.
2005. ,
.
96

5.8. - (
) (Lacoste, 2006).
-
( )
87,2
28,8
30

30,07
15,5
9,3

CIS (Commonwealth
46,7
1,2
11,7
of Independent States)
147,3
26,3
7,6
75,9
6,4
13,7

13,1
0,2
0,3

1,9
0,1
0,4
2,6
0
1
405,5
78,6
74
( )
7,6 , . 20% .
,
,
15 .

( 40%), ( 30%)
( 20%).
() 40% ( ~80%) 50% -.
3
. , -
2,5 .
30% (750.000
). ,
2004. 1,2

.
, 2
, 13% .
2004. ( )
6 3 .
, ,
15
.
97

95%
( ).
40% .
460.000 .
,
(
15 ).
, (, , , )
2004. 49,5% 55%
.
2004. ,
2
, .
3,2 ,
86% .

.

, (
20% ),
, , ,

.
.
2004. .
5.9.
( ) (Lacoste, 2006).

( )
: 24
15.000
*
2.000
3.200
2.000
2.000

*
98

.
, ,
.
.
2003.
( , strip lights
LED),
.
, , -,
,
.
5.3.4
,

OECD (, , )
.
, (, ,
) ,
.
W Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, ,
,
(, , , , , ), , ,
(, , )
(, , , , ).
United States Bureau of Mines 2001.

,
, 2 .

.
22% , 20% , 14% , 7%
, 6% 2% . 10
135.000
.
99

,
,
,
, .

.
2002. ,
4 kg ( ,
, ).
, 7 kg
-, 13,5 kg
, .
.

. -
, 25%
, 3% 100%
. - ,
.
,
( ,
OECD ).

.
5.10. (W)
( ) (Lacoste, 2006).
(W)
( )
W
/.
/.
2.125
(2002.)*
1.100
104
(2004.)**
900
(1998.)
1.700
(2004.)
118
17
(1997.)
66
(2003.)
60
(2003.)
*
** W ( , )
100

.
. ,
, ,
XXI . ,
,
,
.

.
.
( )
(2 ) ( ).

.
101
6.
:
1.
2.
3.
;
, ;
(after-care-free ) , ,
,
(Brunner and
Recheberger, 2004).
3R, (Reuse, Reduce, Recycling ),

, ,
.

.
,
() () 1 10
, ()
100 ,
.
(
)
,

. ,
.
GDP, , ,
. ,

.

. ,

.
102

6.1. ,
(Brunner and Felner, 2006)
(2002. .) (2003. .) (2002. .)

MSW
[t/god.]
850.000
450.000
1,400.000
[mil]
1,56
2
10
MSW/
[kg/stan./god.]
545
225
140
MSW//
[kg/stan./dan]
1.5
0.6
0,4
MSW
[106 /god.]
169
7.5
6,6

[/t]
200
18
10
MSW

[/stan./god.]
16
3,8
0,7

[/stan.]
27.3001)
1.3601)
3701)
(GDP)
[%]
0,40
0,28
0,18
MSW/GDP

[%

< 0,01
5 - 10
40 - 50
]

- N
[g N/stan./god.]
7
41
170

[kg C2/
27
98
92
(2stan./god.]
)

[%]
25
7
6
2)

[m/stan./god.]
0,14
0,23
0,21

[kg/stan./god.]
167
185
129

3)
1)
IMF (2005)
2)

3)

103
6.1. (Brunner and Fellner, 2006)

104

, .
25 , .
4 , 2 .

.
.
105
6.1

(". ", . 54/92). 1992.

,
.
,
,
, 99/31/EC
26. 1999. on the landfill of waste.
NIMBY
not in my back yard, -
.

, NIMBY
.

:
1. 20 ;
2.
;
3. , ,
,
;
4.
7 ,
,
, ;
5.
;
6. .

;
106

:
1. 1,5 km
2. 400 m ,
.
:
1)
;
2) 0,5 km ;
3) 0,5 km , ,
;
4) 1,5 km
;
5) 0,5 km ,
;
6) 3,2 km ;
7) 2 km
;
8) 2 m
0,00001 cm/;
9) 0,1 km , , ,
6,0 m,
14%.
,
:
1)
2)
3)

( ) 40 m;

;
.
107
6.2

- .
- :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
;
( );
;
;
;
;
,
;
;
;
- .

, .
,
,
( , )
, .
,

,
.
, , ,
, , .
108

,
, ,
, ,
.
10%, .

,
.

.

, .
,

, .

,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
.

- ,

, ,
.
109

,
.

.

,
,

.

, , ,
, ,
,
.

.
(
).

, ,
.
,
. ,
.
.
110

.

.
.
.
. , ,

.
- ,
.

. ,
.
.

,

( ).
111
6.3 NIMBY NOT IN Y BACK YARD

,

.
.

. , feedback

.

. , ,
.
().
(
),
. ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
. .
.

.
. ,

.

,
(.
,
; )
,
(.
)
, .
112

, .
. 6.2. NIMBY

,
, .

.

.
,
, , (Petts in
press).
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
;
, , ,
, , ;
, .

( )
;

.
,
/.
,
.

;
,
, .
113

6.2. NIMBY (Gilaberson, 1988)
;
;
, 25.000
, 25.000
; ;

,
.
,
.
.
:
1)

;
2)

; / ,

;
3) ,

.
( )
,

input-a , ,
, .
114

,
.
,

.

,
.

,
, 1989.
, .

, ,
.
, .
,
,

.
6.4
6.4.1

, ,
. ,

.
,
.

. :
115

1.
CCL (Copacted Clay Layer) -
50 cm 10 cm,
.
cca 18%
(
), .

.
.
GCL (Geosynthetic Clay Liners)
.

. HDPE .
,

.
TRISOPLAST - , ,
.
.
5-10 cm .
GCL -
.
2.

.
, HDPE (High Density Polyethylen)
. 2 mm
/,
.
,
:
1) Textured ;
2) Micro spike .
116

.
,
.
.
3.
,
,
,
.
.
, .
,

50 cm. ,

,
.

.

.
,
.
500 g/m2
,

(
CBP-). .
, PP () UV .
117
6.4. (
CBP )
6.4.2
,
-
.

,
:
1) ;
2) -
;
3) (
);
4) .
1.

.

.
.
,
.
118

2.
- PC-
,
. ,
.
.
.
-
,
.
.
, , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
- .

.

,
.
- : ,
, , . ,

.

,
: , , .

.
119

3.

,
,
.
-
( )

, ,
, ,
.
, -
,

.
4.

.
, ,
.

.

,
,

.
120

,

.

,
.
,
,

.
.
,
-
.
.
6.5

Landfill operational guidance Working Group on
Landfill, ISWA, 2010
.
6.5.1

.
: ;
; ;
;
; ; ;
(ISWA, 2010).
121

6.3.
6.5.2
: ,
, , , ,
, .
6.5.

. ,
.
122
6.5.3

.
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
6.5.4

. ,
, (ISWA 2010).
,

. ,
.
,
.
, ,
, , ,
, .
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
123

6.5.5
, ,
,
(Tchobanoglous and Kreith, 2002).
, .
. ,

,
.

,
. ,

. ,
.
.

.
.
,
.

,
.

(ISWA 2010).
124

6.5.6

.
.
.
,
,
.
,
, : ,
, ,
, (ISWA 2010).
6.5.7
( )
, .
,
.
.
, .
6.5.8

.

(<1%).

.
-,
. , , ,
,
, .

.
, .
125

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.5.9
;
, ;
;
;
.

/
.
.
,
. :
,
;
;
, , , ,
; ,
(ISWA 2010).
,
, .

.
.
,

.
, .
126

:
1.
;
2.
( ,
);
3.
3 ;
4.
;
5.
;
6.
.
1.
.
: , ,
, , ,
(, ,
.).
,
: /
( 50% ),
,
- (H2S). H2S
,

.
. ,

.
,
. ,
,
H2S.
.
.
127

,
.
2.

.
, .
, :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
;
;
;
;
( );
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
( )
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
3.

. ,
,
.
128
6.5.10
,
.
, .
.

.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
BPK5 HPK;
;
;
;
(SS).
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
;

;

;
;
.
,
. .
.

.
,
.
, ,
,
.

.
.
129

.
.
,
.
.

.
(Fe) (Mn),
.
.
(ISWA, 2010).
,
. ,

.
, .
,
.
6.4
TK

>

,

,

130
6.5.11
,
.
1. ,
;
2. ;
3. SBP ;
4. ;
5. ;
6.
7. .
, ,

( ):
1. ;
2. /
;
3. ;
4. ;
5. .
.
.
() , :
1. ;
2. ( );
3. ( ).
,
. .
, ,

.
131

:
1. ;
2.
;
3. ;
4. .
,
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
BOD5 = 10.000 mg/l;

COD = 18.000 mg/l;
SS = 500 mg/l;
TKN = 400 mg/l;
NO3 = 25 mg/l.
,
.
,
.
, :
1.
2.
3.
4.
COD = 1.000 mg/l;

BOD5 = 500 mg/l;
= 50 mg/l;
SS = < 350 mg/l.
,
:
1. ;
2. ;

, .
,
.
( )
( ). ,
,

.
132

.
, ,
.

.
,
, :
1.
;
2. ;
3. .
, ,

:
1.
,
"" ;
2.
.

.
,
COD
( ).

, :
SBR
1. a a ;
2.
;
3.
.
, , SBR-

.
133
6.6

.

. ,
, , 25
100
(Wuebbles and Hayhoe, 2002). (LFG)
.

,
, .
6.6.1
:
, , ,
.
1.
,
.

.

, , , ,
,
.
,
.
.
134
6.1.
(Tchobanoglous and Kreith, 2002)
2.
.
,
.
,
- .
, ,
.
,

.
, ,

(Vujic et al, 2010).
3.

,
, (Christensen, 1996).
135

,
25 % (Emcon, 1980), 20 % (Chobanoglous et al,
1993), 26 % (DeWalle et al, 1978).

,

(Tchobanoglous and Kreith, 2002, Christensen, 1996),
.

.
4.

.
. .
(Hartz et al, 1982),
30 C 41 C, (El-Mashad et al,
2004),
50 C.
, ,
20 C
, (Gendebien et
al, 1992). 20 C
30 C (Christensen et al, 1996). ,
, ,

(Vujic et al, 2010).

. ,
,
.
5.

.
.
, . 20
, ,
.
136

, .
,
(Crawford and Smith, 1985).
6.6.2

, .
,
,
.
,
, , , ,
,
.
,
, ,
. .

. ,
,
. ,

(NH4Cl),
. .
.
20 30 ,
.
1. I -
, ,

: , .
-.
( 20% 80%
),
. I .
137

,
,

(Tchobanoglous and Kreith, 2002).

C6 H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
(6.1)
2. II - ,
.
,
, ,
. , pH .
,
,
.
- . , ,
, .
, , (,
)
. ,
.
-
:
ae
celulaze
1)
proteaze
2)

amilaze
3)
4)
.
,
, , ,
, -, , (H2).
, C2
.
138

Farquhar (1973),
: 50-70% C2 11 23 , 90% C2 40 .
:
1. II. : ;
2. II. ( C2 H2).
C6 H12O6 CH3COOH + C2 H5COOH + CO2 + H2
(6.2)
C6 H12O6 C3 H7COOH + 2 CO2 + 2 H2
(6.3)
3. III - , ,
III
II
. pH 7
( ) .
.
.
- ,
. III
180 500.
(Farquer and Rovers, 1973).
4. IV - , ,
III IV ( C2 CH4):
C6 H12O6 3 CO2 + 3 CH4
(6.4)

:
Cv Hw Ox Ny Sz + [v - (w/4) - (x/2) + (3y/4) + (z/2)]H 2O
[(v/2)+(w/8)-(x/4)-(3y/8)-(z/4)]CH 4 +
[(v/2)-(w/8)+(x/4)+(3y/8)+(z/4)]CO 2 + yNH 3 + zH 2S
139
(6.5)

6.6
.
6.6. (ATSDR, 2001).
IV
. 45-60 % , 40-60
% - 2-9 % .
20 ,
50 . , ,
.
140
6.6.3
,
, 6.5.
6.5 (Tchobanoglous and Theisen and Vigil, 1993).
45-60
40-60
2-5
0,1-1
0,1-1

(NMOC)
0,01-0,6
0-1
0-0,2
0-0,2
.
.
C2
(0,02 %). ,
.
79 % . ,
.
21 % . ,
.
.
NMOC- .
. NMOC-
-,
-, , --,
, , --, .
( , ,
)
.
.
-
.
,
: 30 70 % .,
10 50 % ., 1 % ., 5 10 % .,
<<1 g/m3 .
141
6.7
,
.

,

.
.

.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
;
;
;

.
.
6.7.1

.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
,
;
pH;
BOD5;
COD;
TOC;
;
(Ntot);
(N3-N)
(NH4-N*).
142
6.7.2

,
.
:
1.
2.

.

.
.
.
, (
),
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6.7.3
;
pH, ;
BOD5, COD, ;
TOC;
;
;
;
.

.
, ,
, , e
. ,
.
143

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6.7.4
pH, ;
5, ;
TOC;
;
;
.

:
1.
2.
;
.

( ).
(data loger).

: , ,
.

. ,
, -
.

, - ( ), ,
. -,
, .,
.
,
.
.
144

.
25% (LEL)
100% LEL . LEL
5% (/).
, ( 10 ,)
o . 100 m.
150 mm
HDPE 50 mm.

.
. ,
,
, , ,
.
( 30 m2) .

.
.
.
6.7.5

. (
)
,
.
(
).
, 2.000 m2
. .
145
6.7.6

.
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
();
();
();
( );
( ).
,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
6.8 () I
,
.

,

.

,
.

.
.
,
, .
146

,
, ,

,
. ,

, , 255.000 m3
,
6 .

.
,
.
6.8.1

,
.
:
1.
;
2. (
);
3. (
).
1.
()
,

,

.

,
,
.
147

,
,
.
, 2008.
569 .

.

,
. ,

.
2.
,
, ,

.

, ,
, :
1.

;
2. ,

;
3.

;
4. .
148
6.7.
6.8.

, ,
()
,
.
149

- ,
.
3.

,

.

.

,

, ,
.

HDPE .
HDPE ,
.
.
,
.

, .
20 cm
,
, .
,

.

,

, ,
.
150
6.9.
151
7.
7.1
7.1.1

. :

.
:
(x1) = 100 x1/x0 [%],
(7.1)
x1 ,
x0 .
:
(x1) = 100 x1/(x1+y1) [%],
(7.2)
x1 ,
y1 .

.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
/.
.
.
152

7.1.1.1

.
.

. ,
.
. ,
. ,

.
( ).

.

:
: ,
, , .
: ,
, .
: , ,
, .
, ,
. , .
,
. , , ,
.

. 7.1.
.
,
, , .
,
( )
.
153

.
(Vesilind et al., 2002).
,
. .
,
,
.
7.1. (Christensen .., 2011)

. ,

.
154

90%,
.
1 t/(m2 h).
0,4 t/( m2 h) 80% (Diaz et al., 1982).
25 - 30 s
. , 2,7 m,
45% , . 8 rpm (Alter and Crawford,
1976).

,
(Barton et al., 1985).
10 mm , 32% 34%,
, 10 - 160 mm, 90% 95%.
,
.
Vesilend et al. (2002) Barton et al. (1985).

, (
7.2.).

.
, 8-40 mm.

(30 - 50 mm). 1/600 1/800
min., .
155
7.2. (Schubert, 1975)

,
, ,
( . 7.3.).
.
,
. .
,
.
.
156
7.3. (Christensen, 2011)

.

( 7.4.).

.
.
.
.
157
7.4. (Christensen., 2011)

,
.
.
,
. ,
, ,

.
158

7.1.1.2

.
. (, ,
) ,
(, , , )
.
. .

.
(, m/s),
(L, kg/m3)

.

:
Q = L 3600 (kg/h
(7.3)

Q- (kg/h);
- (m2);
- (m/s);
L- (kg/m3).
2.5-5.0 m/s.
, , , ,

.
.

, . ,
.
,

.
159

.
,
.

.
, .
. 7.5.
7.5. (Christensen., 2011)

160

7.1.
.
.
,

.
7.1.
(Bilitewski et al., 1991)

(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
38.3
31.4
6.9
82.0
8.2
5.6
2.6
68.3
3.8
1.4
2.4
36.8
0.4
0.16
0.24
40.0
0.09
0.03
0.06
33.3
0.5
0.2
0.30
40.0
4.6
3.6
1.0
78.3
5.0
4.7
0.3
94.0
4.8
2.45
2.35
51.0

16.8
7.4
9.4
44.3

0.4
0.05
0.35
12.5

1.3
0.5
0.8
38.5
7.1
0.4
6.7
5.6
8.7
4.4
4.3
50.6
100.0
62.2
37.8

:
, (
7.6.). 15
.
.
. .
.
.

, ,
. ,
.
161
162

, ,
. 7.7.
. .

( 7.8.)
.
, .

, .
,
.
(Keller, 1977).
163

7.9. .

.
.
.
164

(Keller, 1977).
7.1.1.3

: , .

: , .

( 7.10.).
.
.
,
.
165

,
, , ,
.
,
.
7.1.1.4
( 7.11.).
Fe

. , ,

. ,
.
.
166

,
. 7.2.
,
.
10 100 mm.

.
7.2.
(Bilitewski et al., 1991)

(%)
(%)
,
48,1
98,9
,
35,2
87,6
16,7
100
167
7.1.1.5

,
.
.
(.
).
168

( .
7.12.). 1889. ..
. ,
.
, 1970-,

. 100%

(Hoberg and Schulze, 1988).

.
.
169

,
.
, .
. ,
. 7.3.
(Hoberg and Schulze, 1988),

.
7.3.
(Hoberg and Schulze, 1988)
(10-6/m)
35,00
lCug*
18,50
lgSi*
31,00
lg*
16,50
4,82
9,00
60,00
22,20
16,00
16,90
8,70
*

(g/cm3)
/
(m2103kg)
2,70
2,80
2,70
2,63
11,34
8,73
8,96
1,74
8,40
7,14
7,30
12,96
6,61
11,48
6,23
0,43
1,03
6,90
12,76
1,90
2,37
1,19
7.1.1.6

.
, UV
, ,
. a .
,
.

,
, .
170

.
( , , )
. ,
26 .
: ,
(, , ).
.
99.7%.
7.1.1.7
,
.

1959.
. ,
0,85 t 1,00 t . ,

,
. ,
,
, . ,
, .

. 100% ,

. :
, , .
pH .
,
.
.

.
,
, .
.
171

7.1.1.8

. 30 - 40
,
, , .
.
:
.
.

98% . PVC
.
.
(Hardtle et al., 1988): (PE)<0.98
g/cm3< ()<1.05 g/cm3 < (PVC).
CCl2
(220 g/l).
. (Hardtle et al., 1988)
(: 1.0 g/cm3)
,
98%. PS PVC,
2% PS. .
CCl2 PS PVC 89%.

.
.

. ,

.
172

.
,
( 7.13.).

, .

,
.
1 t/h (Bahr
et al., 1980). .
(. , , ) 1 5%.
80 85% PE, 2 10% PS 8 15% PVC.
100% P 2 3% PS.
PVC .
( PVC PS) 100%
PVC. PS 95% ,
PVC P. PVC
. ,
0,2 m3 .
36 kWh/t.
173
174

7.1.1.9
,

.
,
,
.

,
, .

.
,
.
,
.
:

(
7.14.).
, , ,
.
175
,
.
, .

.

(95%) (~4%).
1,0 1,5 (t/p/h) Gallenkemper and Doedens,
1988).
(
35%). 0,7 1,2 t/p/h.
( )

, 0,7 1,0 t/p/h (Gallenkemper and Doedens,
1988).

0,45 0,7 t/p/h.
176
.
.

.
.

. , ,
.

.
7.1.2
7.1.2.1

,
.
,
.
,
, , .

, ,
,
.
,

.

,
.
,
,
.
177

4140 kg, ,
.
.

( ).

,
. ,
,
.

.
7.4. ,
(ASTM, 1989)
0,9144x 1,2192x 1,2192 ,

1,656 2,346 kg/m3 ,
1,656 2,76 kg/m3 ,
4 7
1,5875 x 0,0508 cm,
6 15 (#13),
.
,
.

,
.

. ,
.

, ,

.
7.4.
178

7.1.2.2

: ,
.
,
.
1.

, , .
. :
-,
,
.
.
.
, ,
, ,

.

.
. ,
.
, ,
(. ,
)
, , .
. ,
,
10%. ,
,
-, ,
.
179

2.
,

.
. ,
.

.
.
Deinking . Deinking
,
.
deinking
,
. deinking
, ,
, .
.

,
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
3.
,

.
180

.
,
,
,
.

.
,

.
.
,

. .
,
.
,
.
. .
, , ,
, .

.
.
,
. ,
,
20,000
. , : ,
,
.
,

.
, ,

.
181

,
( ) ,
.

,

( ).

,
,
,
. .

.

.
,

.
4.
,
50
33 ,
.

6 8

:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ( ,
-, );
4. ;
5. ;
6. .
182

,
, .

( ),
( )
.

,
.

. :
, ,
, ,
, , , .
, ,
, , , , .
, -
,

.

.

.
183

7.5.
(Tcholobanoglous et al., 1993)
11
38
40
42

,

2
,
.
,
5%
0,5
, ,
,

, 1,0
(%)
(%)
10
2,0
2,0
5,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
184

7.1.2.3

1 7, ,
(
7.6.).
7.6. ,
(Selke,1990)
,
1 PET
7
EFTA

2 HDPE
31
,

/
3 PVC

5

4 LDPE
33
,
, ,
5 PP
10
,

6 PS
10

7 -
4

PET HDPE.
(1) (PET) ( , , ,
, .). PET
,
, (

).
185

PET

,
.
,

,
,
.

1991.
.
(2) (HDPE) ( , ,
, , ,
, , , .).

.
( ,
),

. HDPE
, .
, HDPE
.

,

. ,
,
, , .
HDPE
.
, .

,
. , ,

, . HDPE
, ,
, , , .
186

(3) (PVC) ( , ,
(, , ), ,
, , .). PVC
, (
) .
PVC
(
), PVC
,
.
PVC :
, ,
, , ,
, , .
, ,
.
PVC
.

PVC . PVC
(Environmental Protection
Agency EPA) ; (National Recovery
Technologies - NRT). EPA NRT
,

. , ,

.
(4) (LDPE) ( ,
, ,
, * ). 1988. ,
1,6 (),
0,5
, ,
.

,
16%.

, .
187

.
LDPE HDPE
. ,

,
. Procter&Gamble

.
,
. ,
.
LDPE ,
( HDPE
PP),
,
.
(5) (PP) ( ,
, ,
).
, ,
,
.
, PP
10 13%
HDPE
.
PP
, ,
, ,
, .
PP ,
.
(6) (PS) ( ,
, ,
).
,
, ,
. , ,
, .
188

PS
.
, , ,
. ;

,
. PS
,
, , , .

,
.
(7) ( ,
, ).

(
).
, .
,
( ),

.
,
, , .
,

.
PET
, .

. ,
130 770 .
,
PET HDPE ,
7.15.
189
7.15. PET HDPE

.
.
PET
. ,
.
.

.
, ;
,
.
. ,
PET , HDPE
. ,
. ,
, (
), , ,
.
190

. ,
PET/HDPE .

0,5%.
. HDPE
PP ( .),

.
. PET
PET
. .
PET , .
,
.
,
.
,
,

.
. .
.
, ,
.

,
.
,
.
.
.
.

.
0,5%,
.
191

.
7.7. (ASTM, 1989)
(%)
()
97 100
0 3
0 1
0 3
()
0 5
95 100
0 5
0 5
0 10
0 15
85 100
0 10
7.8.

(
15,25x15,25x30,48 cm
1% 15,25x15,25x30,48 cm
)
1,27; 0,05% 1,27
>1,9 cm
(,
;
.)
> 1,9 cm

;
( .)
(, ,
) 5%
(,
US -
.)

25% 1,9 cm

, , ,
, ; ;

;
, ,
, , - .
192

. ,
,
,
.

,
.
,
.
. ,

,
.
7.1.2.4 ()

.

,

. ,
.
, ,

.

.
,
(
2 3 ).
193

.

,

. , ,
,
. , 96%
, 4%
.
,
,
.
1,65 ;

, .
,
. ,
, ,

,
. ,
,
,

.
,
,

,
.
.

( PCB ,
)
(
). ,
,
, .

.
194

,
.
, " ",
.
,
.
(
)
.
7.1.2.5 -
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
( ).
.
, ,
, ,
, , eddy-current .

7.9.
,
,
.
,
, , , , ,
.
195

7.9. : (Kaplan et al.,1987)
(%)
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
35
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
,

,
,
,
50
, ,
,

)
,
, ,
61
, ,
, ,
,
,
,

,

27
,
,
,
,

18
,

27
,
, ,
196

,
, . .

,
.
" "; ,
. .

,
"".
7.1.2.6 Electronic waste separation
(W)

. W
2005. , .
W
,
.
.
2008. 4 kg
.
.
5 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
;
;
() ;
;
.
,
.
, .

,
.
197

, , ,
,
( ).
,
. ,

,
.
:
1. ;
2. CRT-;
3. ICT, .
1.
7.16.

, .
, , , .

.

.
7.16.
198

, .

, .
.
2003. .
10 , 2013.
,
, 2020.
.
,
.
,
.
7.17.
199

2.
CRT
CRT
.
, .

.

,
.
7.18.

,
,

.
3.
ICT
ICT
, , ,

200

.
, (
),
LCD .
7.19..
, , .
,
,
, ,
, .
7.19.
201
7.20. ICT
7.2.
7.2.1
.
,
, , .
, (
, , ), ,

.
.
.

.
,
. -,
, ().
:
(, ,
) -
(. ).

.
202

, ( ) , ,
.
:

:
( ,
,
);
N, P, S;
Cu, F, Zn
Ni;

.
2. pH
pH .
3.
,
.
1.

.

.
:
1. (25-40 C)

, .
2. (35-65C)

, .
.
62C.
203

35 55C
.
.
65C,
, 80C.
, .
,
( 7.1.).
, .
,
, ,
.
.
, .
70C ,
.
.
7.1.
( ) (Diaz, 2007)
3. ( )
,
. ,
.
, ,

.
204

4.
, .
, .
, -.

,

.
.
.
,

.
.

.
, , pH
, , .
.
1. C/N
,

(C/N).
. C/N 25-30
.
( C/N), .

C2 .
, C/N 20:1,

(NH3(g)).
pH ( 8-9).
, ,
.
.
205

, ,
,
. , C/N
,
C2.
C/N ,
. , C/N ,
(, ,
, ).
2.
, , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
. (N), P, K, Mg, S, F, C, MN, Zn, Cu, C,
.
C, H
.
(C),
(N), (P) (K), (C),
(Mn), (g), (Cu), . (C)
.
3.

.
70-90C.
, .

. ,
, .

70C (Diaz, 2007).
, ,
, .

55C (Christensen, 2011).
206

4. pH
pH 3 11
. , pH 5,5 8,0.
pH ,
.
, , pH .
pH ( 5,0)
( ),
.
,
pH 8,0-8,5.
5.
,
.

. ,

.
,
,
. ,
( 20,9% 2 0,03% C2, /).

, C2
2.
, 15 20%, C2
0,5 5%. 15%,
,
.

.
,
.
, ,
.
( ). ,
,
, .
207

6.

.
,
.
40 70%.
60% .
3540%.

, ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
, , .
, (
30%)
.
7.

.
.
.

.
, ,
13 mm 50 mm.
, , 50 mm.
, ,
0.15 m, .
208

.
,
.

.

.

CH4, NH3, N2, ,
. 7.10.
.
7.10.
(Christensen, 2011)
C2
CH4
N2
NH3
N
C
N2S
SSL4
CH2CL2
CH3CLl

(ppm)
0-50%
2-47%
300
10-26
0-500
5-25
0,002
3,3
0-0,009
0-0,028
0,2

(ppm)
0-50%
0-900
1-12
10-12
10-100
120
0,0005-0,0008
0,0004
0,0001
0,0003-0,0005
0,001 PPm
- (C2)
,
(CH4) - (N2)
.
.
209

, , , ,
.

: ,
, -, ,
.
,
.
.
.

.

3 :
I.
II.
III.
7.2.
.
II
III
IV
VI
7.2. (Pichtel, 2005)
210

(,
, , ).

:
,
,
, .

.
,
,
1 3 .

.
, .
II
.
.
.
. a
. ,

,
.
:
1.
2.
:
a)
b) .

.
:
a)
b) .
211

a.
. 1,5
1,8 m. (), ,
, .
.
.
7.21. (Pichtel,
2005)
, ,

.
.

. -
.
.

.
212

, ,
. ,
2 .

.

.

,
.

. ,
.
()
(). ,
().
.
,
.
3 6 .
7.22. (Techobanoglous, 2002)

.
.
.
213

.

().
:
10,2 15,2 cm
.
, 1,5 2,7 m.
.
.

.
.
. 20 30 m , 3 6 m
1,5 2,5 m .
15 20 cm.

.
.

:
.

.
.

: .

.
. 45 m
2 4 m , 0,1 1
.
214
7.23. (Pichtel, 2005)
.

.
.
.
.
, 2/3 ,
1 10 ,
2 3 .
.

,
.
.
.
.
6 28 , 1 2
.
.

.
1500 m3.
, ,
. .
215

,
.
.
7.24. (Tchobanoglous, 2002)

.
, , .

.

. 1 3 m,
6 m 50 m. ,
, .
.

, .
,
, .

.
216
, .

.
.
.
, .
14 .
.

. .
, (
), .
,
.
100 1000 m3.

.
, 20 40
m3. , 6 8
3 5 .
.
, .
.
, 8 15 ,
.
, , .
4 5 m , 3 4 m ,
30 m . .

.
, ,
.
.
217

.
2-3 , 6 .
7.25. (Techobanoglous, 2002)
III -
,
.
,
. .

, .
, .
,
.
.
2,4 m. , 1,8 m 4,8
6,1 m .
:
1.
2. (, , ,
) ,
3. ,
.
218

( )
.
7.11.
.
,
.
7.11.
(Environment Agency, 2009)
(mg/kg )
Cr
Cd
Cr(VI) Cu Hg Ni
Pb
Zn
As
()
1
70
150 0,7 60 120 500
( )
3
250
500
3 100 200 1800 ( )
1,5
90
1
20 120 300
70
*
0,4
1000 0,8 30 120 4000 25
(NF
3
120
300
2
60 180 600 18
U44-051)
1,5
70
100
1
50 150 400
( II)
500
200 500 2000
1,5
0,5
150 1,5 50 140 500
( I)
(
10
500
10
600 10 200 500 2500 10
II)
1
50
60
0,3 20 100 200 15
0,7
70
70
0,4 25
45
200
( )
22
250
300 1,5 90 150 500
( )
3
300
400 2,5 100 200 1000 ( )
UK (PAS 100)
1,5
100
200
1
50 200 400
0,7
70
70
0,4 60 120 500
*
*
219

:

,
.
,
,
.

, .
.
.
7.2.2

10 ,
. , ,
,
. ()

.
( )
.
4
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
,
. ,
, .

, , -.
.

.
- .
.
- ,
- (Christensen, 2011).
220
N2, SO2
SN4, SO2
7.3. 4
(Neves, 2009)
,
, .
.
: , (.
), , ,
.
221

. 60 99%.

, .
,
( ).
1 78 .
.
.
.
. ,
, . ,

.
.
,
-, .
7.12.
7.12. (Seadi, 2008)
(%)
CH4
50-75
-
C2
25-45

H 2
2 (20C) -7 (40C)
2
<2
N2
<2
NH3
<1
H2
<1
-
H2S
<1
-
.
.

( ).
222

.

( 7.13.).
7.13. (Appels, 2011)

(m3/kg )

()
0,22
()
0,22

0,21
0,21
0,12
0,13

0,14
0,37
0,28
0,10
(
/ ),
,
.
( )
.
7.14.
(Pschl, 2010)
- (%)

33
50

40
48
, ,
.
(, ).
.

.
223

( )

.

:
1.
2.
1.
, ,
.

:

.

,
, .

.

.
/ .

. ,

(, , .).
,
.
, , .
224

2.
.
(
55C (50-65C)
35C (20-44C)).
( 30-40% , 10-25%
).

.

: .
7.26. () () (Schnrer,
2010)

.
.
.

.
, ,
,
.
5% ( ).

.
, 1-8 .
20-25% ,
.
225

(Schnrer, 2010).

, .

60%,
.
.

.
.
33% 45%.
() (
)
.

.

.

(Appels, 2011).
()
,
.

.
.
.
,
.
, .
226
7.4.
(Schnrer, 2010)
(

),
.

.
.
, .
( ,
, , )
, .

(Seadi, 2008).
/
.
.
.
227

.
/ .

.
.
:

,
.

(, , - ).
.

.
.

.

.
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,

.
228

.
.
.
.

.

.

.
.

.
. ,
64%.
.

.

,
.

.

:
:

.
.
:
.
.
.
229
:

.

95%.
:
.
.

-
.
, .
:

/
.
.
.

,
, .

.

,
.

.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
230
7.2.3
;
;
;
;
.
()
-

.

.
-
.
- ()

.
:

;

;

.
20-35%
.

60%.

.

.
231

:

. :
1.
2.
( , ,
,
(RDF/SRF),
.

.
RDF :
, ,
RDF .

.

.
( ,
, , ).

.
,
(),
.
(/)
()
.
.
,
.

.
232

-

.
.
- :
1. - ,
RDF-,
.
2. - ,
, RDF .
RDF- .

( - )
RDF/SRF , ,
.
RDF/SRF
, .
: ,
, .
,
.
80 mm,
40 mm.
.

. -
(eddy current ).

(near-infra red ).
()
(). ,
, :
4-5
, 9-10 .
233

.

3-4 .
,
4-6 .

.

RDF-.

.
.

,
. 7.27.

/ .

.
.
RDF
.
:
.
RDF .
.

.

, .

. /
<60mm .
234

,

, ,
.
()
.
.
- .
.
.
.
100%

(5-50%)
. (3-25%)
(, .)
Kompostiranje
( 4-6 )
(oko 4-6 nedelja)
25-60%
5-15%
20-30%
7.27. (Mller & Bockreis, 2011)

-,
.
RDF-, , , ,
.
.
()
().
, .

.
.
- ,
().
235

,
. 7.28.
.
100%
RDF
(5-50%)
(325%)
(, .)
(1-3 )
25-60%
70-120 m3 /
RDF,

5-15%


,
.

.
RDF- ,
, .
7-10 C2.
,
.
,
.
()

RDF-
.

. .

.
236

,
, .
.

.
.
.
.

.
100%
( 1-3 )

20%
RDF
l
erije
(40-50%) (2-4%)
20-30%

.
. ,
.

.
,
.

,
,
. ,
.
237

,
.
.
(Velis et al.,
2009):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
,

.

.
//

.
( )

,

.

( , , )
,
.

.

,
, 2000-10000 m3/t
. , CH4, NH3 N2
(VOCs) , BTEX (,
, , ), (Fricke et al., 2005).
,
. 7.15.

- .
238

,
,
,

.

(), ,
. 7.5.
.

.

.
.
,
.
()
,
.
RDF-a

(
OC<
55g/
)
7.5.
(Wallmann et al., 2006)
239

7.15. ,
(Fricke et al., 2005).

Koliina gasa
TOC (mg/Nm3)
TOC (g/t)
N2O(g/t)
Neprijatni mirisi
(OU/m3)
PCDDF (ng
TE/Nm3)
(mg/Nm3)
NH3 (mg/Nm3)
20/40
55
100
5000-9000
50-200
400-800
< 100
2000-6000
50-200
200-600
< 100
500
10 000-30000
10 000-30000
0,1
<0,1
<0,1
10/30
<10
<10
30-100
100-300

(
),
,
. .
-

.
.
240

7.16. ( ) (Christensen, 2011;
Weichgrebe et al., 2007; Fricke et al., 2005)
SS
(mg/l)
COD
(g/l)
BOD
(g/l)
N,
(g/D
PTOT
(mg/l)
AOX
(mg/l)
Cu
(mg/l)
Zn
(mg/l)
2000-10000
150-500
2000-10000
80-2000
33-700
20-70
7-17,2
3,5-33,5
1,1-7,5
0,2-1,2
0,4-2,5
10-12
2,5-6,2
0,8-2,0
0,4-1,6
0,1-1,0
2-12
1,2-3,2
1,4-2,5
1,2-2,9
40-160
0,17
13-32
3,4-8,5
17-85
20-56
0,1-2,2
0,4-1,0
0,4-0,5
0,1-2,1
0,5-2,0
< 0,1-2,0
0,2-3,0
0,2-1,2
0,2-4,8
0,06-0,22
4,1-13,0
0,9-4,6
0,3-10,0
0,2-1,0
0,2-1,6

- ,

.
.

.
,
.
.
RDF
, .

.
241

(. )
(1,5
t/m3 w/w),
. o (
10 - 8 m/s).

.
(. )
.
7.17.
(Stegmann and Heyer, 2001)
25 000 40 000
[mg/kg TS]

1 500 3 000
[mg/kg TS]

150 200
[L/kg TS]GB21
TS: Total solids
GB21: 21
1 000 3 000
90%
150 300
90%
0 20
90%
7.3. TEME METOE A TETMA OMAO TO

OTAA
e eoe a oaa j e
ooaaj ojae eeje oaa, eoe
aee eaae oaaa oaa ao oea aoeaa eo
ae.
oo oaoa ea a aae oao,
ajee o ,
oje ao ajaa ea aja oa
ooe.
242

eaaj aa ee o
, oj e oe:
ee e oja e je ea eojo
ooa ( aoe a ea oaa e oe
oo ae oe a eojaa, o oaaa oea
oj ae eaj a e eoj);
oo a ojae eeje eoj oa;
oo a ojae j eeeaa oea,
oj o ;
eja o a j a e e
;
ee oee a oo aee ooa oaa.
, a e ee
eae oaa:
eaaja ooj a oa o ajaa a

ooe oaa, eeaaa 100 300C.
a a - a oe
, eeaaa 250
- 700C, e e oja eaa aa aea ao o
ooa (H2), e-ooa (CO) ooa oe
oeae ae. eaa
o oeee oe
, a oja je ooa a e oaja
oo. e
500 - 1000C je ea e
.
eaa oe a eo oea ojoj e
oje oj
oo. ao ,
oaja e oja aa 800
1450C.
e oa oee ae e e ao o
oeo eo oea oe a o ooo ee
.
243

Taea 7.18 oojea eoa oojea a eaj oao oaa,
oao oaa aaaoo a (EC-IPPC, 2006)
a oj
a
eaj
oao
oaa
aae
Mt/god
Aja
0,5
0,1
eja
17
2,4
0,3
0,02
aa
32
2,7
0,1
0,3
0,07
0,1
2101
11,748
203
1,0
eaa
59
13,4
312
1,23
23
0,63
11
aja
32
1,71
0,15
oa
1,2
aja
1,13
0,03
ea
30
2,5
0,1
oaja
11
5,3
0,1
0,19
ea
aja
17
2,97
0,12
11
0,42
oea
11
0,65
ajaa
29
3,29
11
14
0,1
467
49,7
93
5,28
57
1,66
ea
aa
a oj
a
aae
eaj
Mt/god
oao
oaa
244
a oj
a
eaj
aaao
o a
aae
Mt/god
(
ea)
0,1
*eoe oa
7.6 eaja oao oaa a eoe ee (EC-IPPC, 2006)
Tee eoe o a e oe a ea ee o ee a
oaa:
oa oa - oj je eoo ea
eoo ea oa oa (. ao oeee aje
RDF)
j eoaa oa
Oaa oa
oea eaaa oa oa (aaaje)
e oa
Tea aoe a oa oojea o oeeo a e a

e oa e e aee a oaa.
aa je a oeo ojeoae oojea a e oa,
oe eaa e oaa oja e e a oaj a ea,
eooo je eao oe e aaee eae a oo oaa.
245
ej aa oaa
ooo () aa oaa
ee aaee oaa (aoj eo, eo ae
.)
aeoj ae je aa aaea oe eo ea
oje ej eeeaa oao oao oa, ao
aao oea eaaa oa oa. oe oa,
ea ao eo, eo ae eea a e e
oaa.
Taea 7.19 eo ej eeeaa a ae e oaa (EC-IPPC, 2006)
oa
aaao
aaee
Oaa oa
oa
ao eo
7 15
1 42
2 14
(MJ/kg)
oa (%)
15 40
0 100
3 97
eeo
20 35
0 100
1 60
e (% ..)
18 40
5 99
30 35
oo (% ..)
15
1 20
25
Ao (% ..)
0,2 1,5
0 15
14
eo (% ..)
15 22
/
10 25
o (% ..)
0,1 0,5
/
0,2 1,5
o (% ..)
0,01 0,035
0 50
0,1 1
o (% ..)
0,1 1
0 80
0,05 4
o (% ..)
/
0 80
ea oaaa
Jo (% ..)
0 50
ea oaaa
Ooo (mg/kg ..)
100 2 000
0 200 000
4 1 000
aj (mg/kg ..)
1 15
0 10 000
0,1 50
aa (mg/kg ..)
200 700
/
10 1 800
(mg/kg ..)
400 1 400
/
10 5 700
a (mg/kg ..)
15
0 40 000
0,05 10
Taj (mg/kg ..)
< 0,1
/
0,1 5
Maa (mg/kg ..)
250
/
300 1 800
aaj (mg/kg ..)
4 11
/
10 150
(mg/kg ..)
30 50
/
3 500
oa (mg/kg ..)
3 10
/
8 35
Ae (mg/kg ..)
25
/
1 35
o (mg/kg ..)
40 200
/
1 800
ee (mg/kg ..)
0,21 15
/
0,1 8
PCB (mg/kg ..)
0,2 0,4
o 60%
0,01 0,13
PCDD/PCDF (TE/kg)
50 250
10 10 000
8,5 73
246

oo ojeoae e oojea a aoeae oaa, eoj je
e a a oaa o e oe aaea
oaa. Taoe, eoe oee o eeao oaa eoo
aaa, oaj ooeo oe oj ee a a a
oojea.
oe oa, a oa oao ea oeeo ooje a
e oa, eooo je a aooaa oa ea a
eoe aaee. a e, eeea eo, ooo oa
ooa o oaa oa a oa a eo a
oje je oae oojea ojeoao. Moa e oa aa a
ao eae a eo eeaa oaa, je je oao a oa
eo ea a e eo ae eea, a a o ao
oejao eoa, e je oa a e eee eo.
Oeee aeoje oaa, ao o ae oa aao ao
ea, o a ae oae eoe aejae, e oa
ooe a oee eaje.
ej oj oaj ooa ojeoa
e oojea a e ea :
oea oa ooa o oa ajae 6 MJ/kg a e

eoe oo oe.
oea oa eeao oaa eoo aaa
oa aoaa a ea aaaa.
eooo je a aaee oejao
jo oaa oj e ea ooje.
oa oa oaa e e aa o 50.000 oa, o
eee ajaje o oaa oj e oo oojee e
e e 20%.
Tooa o
Moo a e oaa oao oea aoeaa e oo
oaaa oa, a o eo oja ej
aaea oaa oj e aoea, o oj ajaj eaa
eoa oa ooa o (Hd). Too oea eaje oa o
aaaa ae oaa aoa. Eeea eo
oee ae eaa a e oe oe ooe o.
oa ooa o (Hg) e o ee ao eeja o je
ae oja je oooea oo aoea oa (oaa).
247

oo aoeae oaea o oaje ea oa
ojae CO2, ooo SO2, e oo oea e oa o oaje
aoa. oa ooa o je o aj aa e oe ooe
o ooe eeje aae aaae ae aaja ooa
oe aoeaa.
eo e ee ooa o oaa e ae eea (Hbvp) ao oa
ooa o e aeje oa. Hbvp e oeje a ee a:
=(
(7.4)
e je:
P aaj eea o 1 oa e aeje
Msv aa oe oja je aaa oja 1 oaa e
aeje
o a, eo Hbvp a oa oa e ee oo 20.000 kJ/kg o
je a e a eo a a oe o ea.
oa oa ao oejao oo je o oj aaeaa
eoa eeoe ao e aje o oeoa o oa.
aaae ao eo oao oaa eaa oe
oe oe ee ee oo e eaeao o
oe. o je a e oee ajeeeaj o a aa a
e aeaj e oejae ajaje oje o a a ea.
Oeae aaea oaa ao oa, ajaje e o
eo eae eo o e ae oojea. Me, oo
a ajee je oe ae e e,
oe e eoe a oe aaea.
oaae e ajjeoaje o o aao eea
aaea (aea ae oea):
A: eo eea (oa ao aoeaa)

C: eo aae aje
W: eo ae oa
248

o aj oa ooa o (Hd) e oeje ao:
=
(7.5)
eoa a oa oa e a oee oa
aj a eoa o eoa oo ao eo, oe
e aoa a je eo a Hbvp = 20.000 kJ/kg, e eoa
jeaa oaje:
0 000
(7.6)
ae a oeea a oaa o oj aaeaa

eaa oejao oo oe e oe a jeoaa a
oee . Tanner-oo jaaa (a 7.30). oo e aj
oaa a e eo ao o oe aeea aaea aae
oeeo e oa. Teoe, oa je ooa a aoeae oo
eo aooaaj eee: W < 50%, A < 60% C > 25%.
a 7.30 jaa a ae oo oea oaa ao oejao

oa (World Bank, 1999)
249

ej aj a a oeae aea oaa eoo
aoeaa, jee a e oeo oaaj e aje (oa oa,
aa, a ao, e eo .) a e eo eea, eo
aae aje eo ae a a o . oa ooa o a a
aeoj oaa e oe oe aoaoj e a oo
e ooje ea oaaa. a oo oje oaaa,
oeje e oea oa ooa o a eoa oa.
Taea 7.20 oa oa ooa o a oeee aje oa (World Bank,
1999)
ao
Maea ooa
Ooe aja
eo
%
e ee aa
oaa aa
Hg
Hd
aja
aeje
o
o
W%
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
%
A%
C%
aa
45,0
66
34
13,3
20,7
17.000
1.912
oa oa
aa
23,1
29
71
7,8
63,2
33.000 20.144
Te
3,5
33
67
4,0
63,0
20.000 11.789
a ao
12,0
47
53
5,6
47,4
16.000
6.440
oa a
1,4
11
89
25,8
63,2
23.000 14.265
o
8,0
35
65
5,2
59,8
17.000
9.310
Mea
4,1
6
94
94,0
0,0
0
-147
ao
1,3
3
97
97,0
0,0
0
-73
e
1,0
10
90
90,0
0,0
0
-245
aeja
e ee
0,6
32
68
45,6
22,4
15.000
2.584
o - oe
100,0
46,7
53,3
10,2
43,1
7.650
7.3.1 ee
e ee eoe a ea oaa eeao oaeaj aoeae
o oaa ojaa eeje. ajee e ojea ooa
eeja eaa / e eo oee oe
oe ae o ea a ejae j ae
ojeaa. a 7.31 aa je oa ea eooo oa
aoeaa oaa.
250
a 7.31 Oa ea oa a aoeae oaa (World Bank, 1999)
Teooja eaje
ajaj eo oojea a eaj jee e a aoeae
oaa, oj e oe oe e aeoje: aoeae eeoeo
oaa oa o je aoeae eoo eao
ooeoao oaa.
o o a ea je eooa eea oaa ( eoa
aoj e), oa e e ao aaj a oeoj .
Oaa eooja je ooj oe, aa e eooe oe
ooa je a ea a a oaa o a aaa
aoje eo. e oj oe oaj e aoe aaj
o , a ae ae.
aoeae eoo eao ooeoao oaa aea
aae ee oaa, eae aeo oae, o je aeo
ooaje. o oa oaa eooje je oae ae
a aoj e.
251

Aeao eee a oaa je aoeae oao
oj, a je oo oa eooja ea ea je jo e aa.
aoeae oao oj oe oa aeaa a oee
e jo oaa.
a oeea eooja a aoeae oao oaa a
ea a, eooo je a e ee aee, e
oaaa o o oojea a o eao a aje ae
e a oa. Teo je ao aa eaja a
aoeae oaa a oeoj a e oee
aee. oe oa, e a aoeae oaa oa ojeoa ao
a e oe o aa eooee oe oaa, oooo NOx
oa jeea ao o o. Moaj e ee aeae
ee a eaa oe aoeaa, ooo e ee aaaa
aoa a o eeaaa aeaa aaj eoa,
eo eae eaja aoa, oaa oo
aa a aoeae oao oaae oo oaa a ee. a oaj
a e oe oo aoeae oaa oaja aoa,
ao a aaj eoa ea aoa. aeo
e e eaje ojaee e ae ao oea eaje
oao oaa.
eea oaa
ao o aea oaa e aao ea a
eaj, oae ooeaja oaa e ao oea
aoeaa oe eooa.
oae
Oa e oe
ooao.
oa
aeo,
aoa,
ea,
o aoao oae ooaaj aaae oaa a

eae aejae, oa ooa a eaj oa oj e
eo eoje. aej oe oaa , aeaj
e eea ooa. o eao oae je ooo a
aoeae oao oj, a e oe e o
aoeaa oaa ao e o a jeo ao.
o ea aoeaa a oeoj , oa e oe ea e
oaa, aaa ea. Me oe oa, a oj e
oa oa e, oo a o, jeoao oae
a e o eaa aa oa oe.
252
o oae
Aoao oae
o eao oae
e oaa
7.32
omoeaja
Oee ooeaje oaa e oea oea je e eooa.
ao e ooao oe aoeaa, eooo je aeao eae
oaa e ao oea eaje. o jeoaj eooja
eaje, oaj oe e oo oja eae oe oaa ao.
Meae
aae
7.33
aae, ooo eae e oe e aa je a ea

oa aao oaa. a eaj oao oj, eae
je aea eoo a o eeaa.
253

eaja a oeoj ee
oeoa eao aa e a oeoj , oja eo
ojee aejaa a aoeae o e. a aje oa je
o, oj e ae eo o eee e. a e oa o
oo aoea a o eeaaa.
eeo (j eaoe aje oaa) a a eee
ae/oe eea e oeo oao ooa a eeo.
eea o eo e ojeoaa je ao a eao aoje
oa jeaeo a a eooa a aoeae. eea
oe eea a ojee oee oe ooj eoo aja
ee: eae ae, aa, oa oeo, aja
aa. o e eaoa ao ooee
aoa oje oe o.
Taea 7.21 eo eaje a oeoj (World Bank,
1999)
eo
Mae
ea oee a eo oae
aae oaa.
Teooja e aoo eje, a
oaae eae a aooaa
ee aae.
aa oo
aoa je a ee ajaje
oaaa eao
aa oaa eoe aoo.
o.
Ooaa ea eao
o 85%.
aa e oe aea a
aaeo o 1200 t/a (50 oa o
a).
eao a oaoo e
eao oj oe oao e e aaj a aoea ojea
oaa oaoo a. Maeja e eo o e
oajo a o ao. e je ao ooea aoa
oje, aa ooje eea a oe o.
a oe o 1 o 5 eaa e 8 o 20 eaa e.
aae e ee o 2,4 t/dan o o 480 t/dan.
254

o a aa je a eo o eaoa a oeo eeo,
o eaoa oo oj, a je ao eao ea
oee o 80%. ao je ee aaaa aoa ao ao a
o eaj a ao a, a oaj e e ao oaje
ooa a aao aoeae. oaoa e e oe ooa a
oeo eeo, e e a ea aa a aoeae, a
oaooj e e ao aoeae. a oaj a a eoa ao
aejaa ae.
Taea 7.22 eo eoa oaoe e (World Bank, 1999)

eo
Mae
ea oee a eo
Mae ea eooja a
oae ee oaa.
eaj.
oe e ea eao
aa oo oaaa
o 80%.
eao o.
aoa je a ee
Maaa aae ae e
ajaje aa oaa
je oae a o 480
eoe aoo.
t/dan (20 t/h).
eaja oao oj
eaja oao oj e aa a e e e
ee oeae a oo j ao. eao e oo
aoj o eao a oj je ooe aoa eo, oj
a oj aao aejaa, ao o j ea, ea
ea aeja.
Oaa eooja a oa o aaea aa je a
ea aoeaa: aae oa a ao eao, oa
ea eao, eo oe aa oa ea.
aa aa oe eooje je o ae a eea oaa,
ae e, oooj o, aaj eea, . o eeoee
aaee oao oaa, oe oeoa oa o
aea.
255

Taea 7.23 eo eoa eaje oao oj
(World Bank, 1999)
eo
Mae
eao aa
oo oaaa, e
Teo, eoajea
jeoao aja
eeo aa eooja a
eaj oao oaa
Ooaa ea eao
o 90%
eao o ae
oe ee aaa
ooa a aa oa
oaa, oj oo aeaj
eae oa oe
eea eea.
o e oa
oaj ojeao
aj aoe eaoo ea
eea
eea a a aoje, ea, aoeje oa ojee oj e
a aje o o a a oea a a
aoeae oaa, ao a e oe eao ee, aao
aoeae.
eoae eee e a a eo oojea, oa e oa
ao aa a aj eee. o e a ao a e
ooa a ea oa oj e e ea. e a eejo
eoae eee, oe a ea oe a oe
oee aoo aa oaa. eea ea a aee
oe aaea oaa, oao aa, eao aoeaa,
aa eo e.
eea eao a e oe ojeae aoe eje, o
oe eao a , a ajea e je eea eoa
oa, eao a e e oojee ae. oj eja a o
eoo aoa, j eee, aa oaa, aea
aae oea ae eo aao oeee
a aoj eoa. ao o a eee
oj oeaa e ee o jea o e.
256

Jea o aea a ee je eoae eee, ao e
ooa aeaa a oo a ea oeeeo eee,
a eee oja e oa a ae ae ooaa
aooaaj ea ea ae e. Maao 6070%
e eee e eje a ee o aoeaa, a a
oa oeeee, oa eo eee ea a e oa ao
e oeeo aje aoeae oo aoeae ae eea.
ajaje oeeeo aoo aeaj ea e a
oo aa ao o oeee oe aaa ooa eao
a e ooea oea oa oaje oa ea aoeaa,
ao o aaa oe eao oaa. ao e ooa
aooaaja ja aa, oa ooa aa e
eao a e ea o 1,52,0% e oe eee. oo aa
e oo oo o oee oa o 1015 m/s.
e
e eaa ooa a aoeae, oa aao aoeaa,
eao a ojeoa ao a e oo o ee aaaa
eaja aoa a o eeaaa. ea, aea
eoeja e eao a aj o aaa ae
eea oj aaj a oe e, oj aeaj ooo o eao
oeeee e ao eao aoa a e.
Teao a e a oaa a o ae o 3,5 4,0
m/s. o ooa aoa aoj oo aoeaa a
eoj e o eoaaaje aeoje oaa, aoo
eo oea eee.
o a oaa a e jee aj eao ea a oo
aa, oj ooaa eeo eae aoa a oja oaa
a a ea oo a aoeae o oaa o e.
oe ooe e aoeaa eao a e ojeoa ao
eaja aoa ao e eo aeo ea
oo aa e. e eao a e eea a oeae
oe oo ooa.
eaja aoa
ao o oe o e a a, eo aoa (2030%) e
o ooa aa o e. e ao e
aaj o oojee ooe e e o a a
ea oo a aoeae.
257
eaja aoa o o ee eae eao, je

e oa a aa aaj eoa ao aje
(eao e oe oea a 13%).
a NOx (2040% aa e ee 2030% o aa).
aje e eeae oa (oea a aeo oo
a aa aaja eoa).
aje e ooaa ae ooa eje.
Ma e o eoja eaoj oo a
aoeae, oa o oje.
aje e oa o aa oj a e a
eaae.
oaae eaje o aa a oeae eooe

eo ao a aj a o e. Oea a eoo
aeae aa eao a e o o o aoo ao
oaa. Teao a e oo aeae ao aa a 10C o
o 145C, ao o aaa ao oaa.
ojae eeje o oaa
aa eeja eaje o oaa je oo oee
oaa ao oa a ojae eeje. eajo oaa o e
a eje eaa a eoja oa oe ae oo oo,
e e aj e eje aoa aee ae.
ao oo eeje oj e ooaaj e eaoa,
oaj e aa e aa e a oo aaeo. O e
e oja e e o, a a e eeja oe o a ojae
oe oe a , oee ae a ae je a ojae
eee eeje.
aja oea a o aa oao eeeo a,
oaea:
a a j eeje ., oo
eeee ee ee oo ejaa.
o oo eeje (a eeje eaoa oaa
je oa oaa).
ee a oa eeje oo oooa a ooaa.
258

a eaa eao oee oojea a eaj oaa
a o aje oee ojee eeje. ooa eee
eeje a a ea eao, a ea oo eo, o
e oa oa a ejae aa jeo eejo, a je a eaa
oa, a oeo ea eoo aaja je
eao a.
ej
ao e e oaj aa a 200C e, ao
e oa e eooja a ea aoa.
Eoo oojea e eao ooa e ojaa
eeje oaje e.
ooo a oaj eeje (a oa) eao a
o e o oje aje oe oja a eeje e e
oja eaoa.
aa e a eeje o a oao ejae, oojee a
eaj eao a e oojee ee, ao
e e eoe oo a aoe ee.
Ao ooj e a oaj oe oe, je a aa,
oojee eao a e aa ao a oo oe oe
ae.
Moo aje oea eeje, a oao ejae, oee

ae a o a ojea. oje e ee a aeoje:
oje a ojae oe oe, oo ao oo (o o).

Oaj oje e aoe o ao je oe oee ooe
(aee a ooe).
oje a ojae ae o a.
oje a ojae ae, eee eej oje eej
oe a oo.
oje a ojae oe oe
oje a ojae oe oe je a jeoao aja, ao
a a, je jeoaa a a oaae. Te, oa e
oa aa a oo o o aa. eee e oa oa,
o 100 - 160C, oe aejaa a eea
ao o oa ao a ojea. Eao oao ojea
oe o 80%. oeo je aa eeao oae
oe a aee.
259

Eeja oo o aa e eo ojea eo a a
o oe oj oa oo eej o aje a oa
(o e ejaa). o o je ooje o ojea
eae ooe.
a 7.34 o oe oe (World Bank, 1999)
Toa oa e oo o oa ea a ejae
oaaa ja aoa. aa e ooj oo eee a
eea eej, oje e oeje a oojee a aee, o
eaa ooa eoo a aee aoa e
eaaa.
aee e oe oe e oo oa eoa aa
oea, eaoa - oa a aaaa eaa
ooe oeo ee oe oe. aa oa o o
ee oa ao aa e eje a, a o o aa o
eejea. Ao je oa oa ea oa, o e eao
ao je ae eee eaa.
oje a ojae ae o a
Ao je oa e a oao ejae, a ooj oea a oeo
ao, o e oje a ojae ae o a (). a je
oje a ojae oe oe, o o aj aea e ae e
ooo aoa. ao o ao a ojea
a ooe, aa a eea o o 120 o
250C. aa aae oa oa oa, je ae a ao e
oaj oa.
260

je oja je oea aa ao e
e oo oo a e eooe. oje oe o
eao o 80%, oeo je oaea eeao oe oja e
aa oje.
oje oo a aej o eoo a eaea a
ojea e ooo aoa, aoe je oeo e
ooa e ae a ao ojea. oea aa e oa
oa a aj eee, aaee ae.
aj eee
oje ae je jea o ooea ea a ae
oe e. ao oaa o eo a , ao ae
o oeo ejaa. ao o eoe oo a
e ejaa, oo e eooea aaj a 160220C e
eaa e a eaae aoa. eo ojea a aee
aea ooj o o 3040 m. oe eo ojea e oe
e ooao eao. ooao eee aa oo 20
eaa e ooa eo eao. eee oeo eea
e a e ae ea a e oe o je e oe.
ooa aoe
ea aoe
7.35
aae ae
oeo eeje a ojea oe aeo ea eo o
ojea a ojae oe oe. Me, ooj oo e
oo oea oao ojea e oo ooe oe
o aa. oje ae oa aja a a ea a
aoeaa oaa ao e e o oea oe ao o
eoja, ooja, aae, a eo oao aa, eooa
aooo, e oae oaae.
261

o ooje eoje e oe a e eja
aja a eee aaee ae, je oojee e oe
oao o ao oa oja oe a oje oee o
oa. aa ojea oeo oaa ao oa e aje oe
aaja oa, oj oaj a oo oe oe o oo
eeae ooje, a eao eeaaa.
ooa oa o aa oaaa aaee ae a o
400C a o o 40 aa. Teeaa oe oja e aa
oje e ao oaa a eeaaa o 125130C, ao e
oao ooje ajaj eoa ojea.
o ae
oee eeje ao ojea je oo ao ao oe.
ao oe ooaa eej o eee eeje, ae,
oaj eeje, ae oe oe. eejaa oo a aa
ojea e aoj , oja aoe eee aaj
ae e eej, oja e ae aoe ee eej
eeaoa. a oe ae o a e oe o
o a eaa ooe eo e o oe ee ejaa
e aaje.
a 7.36 ao oe (World Bank, 1999)
ea ae
eeae ao eee eeje
aa e oo ao eea eeja, oe je o o 35%
oe eeje oaa, a ooe e oa aa oeao
aao o. Oaa oea ae je ooa oo je
oojee oao aeo o ooaa ja oja je oea
oea aa.
262

aa e oo ao eea eeja, o e oeaoa
a. eea a ooe oeao je a ao
eeaaa a je aaa a oaae. Paa ej je
ao oa oa a.
ooao eeae ooe eee eeje
aa e oo oaja ooe eee eeje, oe je
o o 85% eeje oaa. a aja ojeo a
eaj, o e o a eee eeje o 2025%
ooe eeje o 6065%. o oe oaje, o e aoaa
a oao a. oa a e oeje a oo
eeae ooa aae eo, oja je ao oa oe
eje ee.
ooao eeae oee ae eee eeje
oo oee ae eee eeje, a eee
eeje e ee oe o 20 35 %, a o oe eaoae
ae e. Too oea, aa oa ae oa o o
, o aje a e e ajae 10% ae o a aa.
eea eee eeje oee ae, oeaa e
eaoa a. Moe a a ao oeaoa a aaea
oo oo ao, aa je oeo oe e eaoa aa
e eea aaea (a eeaa).
7.37
263

aeo e e eje ojaee e eooje oje e
eo oe a, ao ee o ae eooja a oje e
aa a e e aja ea o.
1. oeoao aoeae oaa (eaja)
eaja aoeae oaa o ooa oa, eaa
eoa oe eooj, oja je oea a e aja jo e 100 oa
ojaa eeje oaa. oaj aoeaa oaa
aeee Eeoj 1870 oe. O aa, ooa eoo
aea oaa ooaa oea, oe o oa a je aa
eaja ajee oe e eo a ea oao
oaa oee eeje.
Teoo oaao, aj e a oea eaje:
Jeoee e aoeaa
Moao oeeo aoeae
aoeae oao oj
eo 90% eaoa Eo a a jeoeeo

aoeaa, e e a aj a ea oe 800.000.000 oa
oao oaa oe. a 7.38 ea je aa a
oaa ao eaoa a jeoee eo
aoeaa.
264
a 7.38 ea a oa eaje oao oaa (Stantec

Consulting, 2011)
265

a oe eaje ooo eaa ea a oa oj a
e je eooo eoj e eea. ao e oa
ae aoeaa eo a je e. ea
e oo oo aa oa oao eaje e a aoeae.
a e aoe o a e o oaa oae e aa
eo.
e a aoeae oaa, oja e eoo aa. oa
eaa e a oe aoeaa, ao o e ee aje
oe eo ae oa. aeoj a oa o o aoeaa
ao aa ooe oa, a aje oaa e oa o
oaje eao ea. o jeoeeo ea aoeaa,
oa eoa oe je ooa a e oo oo
aoeae. aooa oa eoa e ee oe o 3080%
oo a eoo o a aoeae o oo. ao
oea oa, aa aa oe oe oaa aoa oj
ajeo a o aa oae oe ojee ooe a aoeae, e
e oo oja oe oe oaje.
oe eaje, oa e o aoeaa ooo o,
o ee oo aea a a ae
oeaje ea. oja oojea aoj e
oeaa o eeee eao, ooo ojae ee oe
ooe eeje ( ae) / eee eeje. o aa
eao oojea o eeeo e ee
oe o 1427%, o a e a eeja ojea oe
aoeaa oeoaa ee eej. ea eeea eao
( o 60%) oe e o oee ooe eeje oo
oaj a eeo eejo.
aae eaoa ajeoj e a o aoje eo
oaa oj e oea a eae. Eo, aa aa
aae oojea o 280.000 oa oe, eoa a
oa a aoj eo o 11 MJ/kg.
Moao, ooo oeeo aoeae eaa e oje e
oe aoeaa oja o e a aoeae. oj oo
aoeae e o ooa oa aa aa. aa
ao e ooe oo, oja je a a o e oaa
eoo e oa o oo aoeaa ( 7.39).
266
a 7.39 oa oeeo oea aoeaa (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
Tea aoe a e oee eaoa oea ea

aa eooj aaje, e oaj oe e
aje o oea aaje ao aa oeoa
eoa a aoeae oaa.
aoeae oao oj, eaa jo jea o ao
aa aoeaa. aa oo aeoo oae ee je oe
o e oa oo ee aa a ae aje ojaa
ooee ae a . Taoe, a ea oa e aja, ao
ea oaa e oo a aoeae. eo je o a e a
ooe (eee a aoeae) aa oj eo aejaa (ajee
ea), oj e oaa o a ao o o ea oa
a. Oa e oa a oeo oja, o ooe a oa
ooe (a 7.40).
267
a 7.40 aoeaa oaa oao (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
ee aoeae o oaa e oja oao oj, o e

aa ao aaaj oj o aoeaa oja e aa a
oao oja. ojea ooa e oo a ae e
oao oja a e e ao aaj oo (oa je
oaja oa aa). eoa a oj oojea oo a o
o ea oa oa, o aooo oa a
eeeaa ao o j oa, oojea a ea
oa oa, eoo a oa oa o.
ea oaa CEWEP-a (European Confederation of Waste to Energy Plants)
a 2011 o, ooj oo 470 oojea a aaeo o 80
oa oe, oja aaj oeoa eooja a
aoeae oaa, o ojeje oaj a e aj oj o 2016. oe
oa a 550 a aae o 97 oa oa oe. Oo 6,5%
o o oja eaaj oojea oja ae a
oao oja.
268

2. aaja
aaja eaa oe ee oae oao oaa
ojaa ee aao aa (. e a) oj e aoj
ajeoj e o H2 CO, ae oe CH4, N2, H2O CO2. oje
e a e oe oo aooa o a eo
o e a ojae ooe / eee eeje, a oe je
eo oee o e ae oea aoeaa oaa. a
oe oea oa oa o eaao e, e e aee
ea ae oa (ee eaaja) ao ea oea
aao eao e oaje ooa o.
eao e oa oo eo, e e oe eeaa
aoeaa eo 2000C. Oao oe eeae ooe o oa a e
oaa aja oao oa eaa e a.
aeoj a e e a ae oaje aaa oee ae
aaj a, ao ea oe a e o ojaa
eeje (a 7.41).
a 7.41 ea a oea aaje (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
269

Eo eo e ooje oeaa oejaa oojea oja ae
a aaje oao oaa. Jeo ee oojee
eo a, o je a ae (eaa), a je oo aoeo
2004. oe o oeoa ee aje oe. eoo
oojea (oo 6-7) oja j aea oe 10 oa
Jaa. oee aaje ooj e je ao oea
oje aoe eae oa ae oe ee ojo e
aoje ea oaa oaa o eeaaa, e e
oe eoa aa oeaja oa aao ee.
a ao ae ee oao eaa a e ea oea
a oa e eea o eeoee e oaa, aj
a je a oe aaje eoo o o e ee
ooeo oaa a a e. Taoe, oe ea e
a o a je oe oea aa ooa oo e oo a
oeoaa oojea a aoeae. eo oo aoe e
o ee a je ee oea eeje a (a a
o) oo a eaj.
3. aa eooja
a aa oea jee a e o eea ja oja oa
o a oo, e e aa ae ae oja a aao
eoj oa oaa a o oea. aa eaa
oo eeoa joa aa aa ao ee oae oe
oa a ao o . o ao oa o
aa, oje oajae eeoa oea aa. aa e
jea e eeoa, oe aa oaj oo aeea
jo oj ooe j aaj o (a 7.42).
270
a 7.42 oaa aa eooje a aoeae oaa

(Stantec Consulting, 2011)
aa aa oa o oa, oa o e aae oao

ea oaa e a. a e ae, eoa ea ooa oje
a eoa eo oaa e eoe ae a, oja ao aea
oaje ea a aa . oje e a e o
a oea aoea aaj a aj a oo /
ee eej oja oe a e o.
ao aa eooj a o oee eeje, ea
aoe a eo aa eooja a je ooo oaaa
ao oo a e ea oao oaa. Oo ao e
e aa oea ooa a aa oojea.
oe oa, ooa a aoeae je oa eoa o aa, ao a a
oae oea oea eo oee eee ooe. ajee
aa oojee e e aa Jaa a aae o 90.000 oa
oao oaa oe. a, aje oj oojea oja ae a oo
o o oojea, ooo jo e e ao a
eae aeee oo eaa oao oaa.
271

e e aa eooja a ao j a ea a
oa oao oaa.
4. oa
oa je e oe oo oje a oea
eeaa oo eoa, oa o aae oaa. ao
aj o oea oja e eaa o oaa, oo
a eo aa (aeo o CO2, CO, CH4, H2). oo e
e a o eo a e oe ao oo o a
aoeae, a e oao eaj a ojae oo aeo
ooo oa, eaja, eoa oa ooa. oaa
eaa oaj eaao eoao aejaa ea.
oe oe aea ooee oe ooe eej, oja e
eo oo oje oo o oe eaoa. a,
ooo eo e aeo e o oea oj e ojaj
eao. eo ooe a oa eaoa oo o aaa eo
aa, oj e oo ajeo a oa o a ooo
eaoo oojea.
eo oaa oj aaj ao oea oe oe je ooa
ao o eeae, e ojaa ao oea oe
oeee ooe. Tea aa (oo e) e oja a
eeaaa, a a o eo aa oj e aa a e
eeaaa. oe a e oe aoea oojeoj eaooj
oo a aj a o o a oo ooe /
eee eeje.
eja o oe oe oao oaa oaa je aea 60-
oa oo ea, aa e eoaao a je o 60% oae
aeje oao oa o eoa ooa a oe oe.
eo 70- aee oe je Eo A, oje
eae ojo ae oo oeeo oja o
oojea. a, ae oaa oeoe oje e jae
eo ajo , ae a aee eeoaa
oeaa o oe e eaa oao oaa. e o aa,
aaa oo ee oe oao oaa
aaea a e oao oaaj a e oaea.
Teo ooj 6 oojea oao a Jaa (ajea je aaea
150.000 t/god), o e jeo ae aaea aa a ea.
Taoe eao a , 1997. oe je ooeo oojee
aaea 100.000 oa oe, a je e 1998. oe oo aoeo o
eoje eaooj oo.
272

oe oe e eeao oja a eeaaa, oo a
aaj, e e aje aaae ea oeeo oja
oaaa ao o e ea o. eao a
eaa ooaa oe oee eaa, e eo o e
oae oj a oea e eeaaa. Jea o a
eoaaa oe je eao aa eeja oja e oja a a,
oja je o eooo eeaa oaa o ooea oe
ooe eeje aaaa a oeo eejo a a.
5. Te ea oaa aoj
oe oe a e eoa a ea oaa, ooj
e oj o eooja oje a aajaa aa
oo oo oea oejae e. ea o o
eooja jo e je oaaa o a e ao
ae a aea aje o. a ee o e ee
eooja a, ao o je eaja, aoe e oao a a
ooa oea aoeaa ae eja.
ee o o e eaa oaa aoj aaj:
aaa oaj oe o oa ao a o
ojaa o eo aa, ooo aa oao ooo.
Teeaa e o oea ee oo 900C. a oa ooo
e aao a oao eaa e eo e oo a
a o a ojae eee eeje. ea o
oaa ee oea je o ee e o 35 o 40%.
a oa eaa oe oje e oa oa
eaa e a, e ae eooje oja e
o eoejoj j. oojee oje a a oo
e aa a oey Eea, oeao je o 1998.
oe eo ea 1.680 oa RDF-a. Oa aeja e
a ee aa o aaje ae o 2 mm o oa
ea ae o 5%. Oaa aeja e aje eao e a
aa. o eaoa aeaj o 850C a aj a e oa
eo aea eaa e a, oj e oao
a o a a 1500C a ae o 400C a e eo
oae oa aa.
273

Teaa oaja o eo a oe oaje, a
a o ee eooja oja oe ajea a.
oo, oaa oe oaje je oeao eooje oja e
o a eejaj ea aaeo ao. a oea
je oee o eoa o eeaaa, o
oo o aaa aa CO H2. Oao oje a
eaa o oo a ojae e oa, ao o je e
oo.
oo oaa oaj oaea oe e e
e a, oje o oe aaje o ao aa
ooea a oe ojaa e oa, a e o
eo a oo ooe / eee eeje. ajee
eo oojee oje ao a oo (Enerkemaaa), aao je a e oo 2012. oe. aa e a
e eo oae a eo o 25 oa, eeo eo 6
oa oa CO2 eoao aoe, o e a e ae
oe ooo oo 36 oa aa eaoa.
aeoj ae je a a ee a aaea a e
aj oe eoa a e ea oaa.
Taea 7.24 oeee oo aaea a e eaa oaa
aaee
Moo
oea
oao oaa,
e eeaa
Jeoee
e
A
eaja
oee
oa
e
oj
A
aaja
aa
oa
e
oa
e
oa
oaa e
o a
e, eao
jeoaa
eooja o
ee oao
eo
oaa o
a
e,
oej
e o
eaje,
ae oa
eoa
oojae
oa oaaa
o aaeaa
oea
e
oa
274
7.3.2 Eje oea

Eje aaj aeja oje aaj oe oojea a
e ea oaa eoa aee oee a a
oojea oja aj ae oe ooe oea ae ea
oe a oo oo eja. Tea oojea
oe 20 oa oeo ee ae oeja e
eeaa o o ae o e. o aoa, ajee
ee aj eoa e aae a ooee oe eja. oo
ooe oea aee eooja a oo aaea ooeo
je oaa o a a oje e aa a e o
ae o e.
eo ooj 89 oojea oja eaj oa
oa. Eje o oojea e aajo ae oe
eeja oo ooaa eooja a aoeae oaa. US EPA je
2007. oe ojaa oae, a aa ea a aoeae
oao oaa, o ae eja oje oe oeae
jea a eoojaa oje o ee e ajoe oe (
eo 2000-2005. o). Taea 7.25 oaje eje a aa ea
oja aoeaj oa oa 1990. o (e aeea
jea) 2005. o (ao ae). ao o e oe e ae
aee eja je o aajo.
Taea 7.25 Eje oojea e ao ae ea a eaae
aaa
o a
a
aj
Ooo
eoae
aeje
HCl
SO2
NOx
Eje 1990. o.
(t/god)
Eje 2005. o.
(t/god)
oo
aee
(%)
4.400
57
9,6
170
15
2,3
0,4
5,5
99+%
96%
96%
97%
18.600
780
96%
57.400
38.300
64.900
3.200
4.600
49.500
94%
88%
24%
275

ao oj a o eja
ooj e oj aoa oj a o aaee
eja aa oe.
eeao, ao oj a oja o eja ooe e
a:
aa o oaa;
eooje a e ea (aj oeao
oojea a e ea);
aj oeao ea a eaae.
aa oa oaa
e oj a oje e ej oojea ea oea
oe aaa oao o oaa oj oea oojee. a
e, ooaae e eaa ao o a aj, a
e ao o SO2 HCl ao je oea a oaa
oeeeo o (oae oeee jae,
eoe). oo je oa oe e oaa ea o oajee, oe
a e oeje e Hg oja e oooea aoe, a ao
eaa aoa a ajoejo oeo a eaae.
o ao, oo ooa a e oeaj oe
eea PVC aa a ojae oj ooa, a
aaj oa oa e oa, o o a oo oeaa
oje HCl oo eo eaa oaa. aa o
oao oaa eoj je ao o aaea
aoa oj a eee. aaee oaa oj e aoea,
ae o oa o eaa oj e oe, ooo o aa
oaa eoo ea a aae oao.
276

Taea 7.26 aj oje aja oaa a eoa eo oj e aoea
oe aeja
aj a eoa oa
Eeoa
ao ea
oeae aoje eo
aee oa eaa, aee oa
oeae aoje eo
aee oe eaa oj oe a
e oa ae ( eea
oa)
aee aoje eo
o aj oa oo je aa
PVC
a, ao aa
Oa oa (aa
ae aeja)
eja ao
oeae aoje eo
Oaa oa
eja oa eaa e
eja e a (Cl,
Br)
eja aaja oa (
oa)
Oa aeaa
ea
o eooje a e ea
o eooje oja e o a e ea oao o
oaa a aaja aj a aaee oooe eja. oo
e oaaj ooaaj o oo oea aoeaa (ooaaja
eeaa, ee aaaa, .) oooe e ae eja oa
jeea oaa eoo aoeaa (o, a, CO). To
oa oe eoo ea a e ooeaje aaa
eee aejaa.
aj a oee a eaae
e oea a eaae o oojea a eaj
oaa aj ajaajj aj a o eja oje e
ooaaj a a. ao o a ao ea a ee
eje eja (o, o, .). o oeeo oa
eo e oeaj oaaa oj e aj
oea. ea oeeo ea a e ea o oa eje
oaaa oj e e o (aee aoe eae oja ee
E), a o aj e oo a eeaj.
277

e eja aaj aeja oea aoeaa oaa
ao o je aoeo, oojea oja oe ee eoe a ea
oaa, oo oea ee eja e oj oaaa.
oeo eo oa e a je aajoj e
eoaa aaj oe aeeje oee o ea a
eaae a ooa aaea ao oea aoeaa.
ae aaj aeja oo oea aoeaa e aej
o:
Eje a,
Eje o,
oaa.
Eje a
Tea oojea a ea oaa, ao oe aoeaa,
o ooo oeee oe ao jeea aoe.
a, ao a eo jeea e aa aaaa aa e
o ao a aoa ae oe ee o
aa.
o , ae o eea oje e ej oojea oao
a j ooe o oeaje ajee a a
oo ao eaa :
e eoae aeje- j PM10, PM2 ao

ee,
o eoo : e-oo oaa
jeea (TOC, VOC, e oae aeje),
ea jeea SOx, NOx, HCl HF,
e ea Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Co, Cr, Cu, V, Mn, Sb,
o a.
278

oe oe, aa je a ee jeea a oj
aaj oea eo eaa oaa, ao a o oo
aajaa.
eoae ee (j PM10, PM2 aoee)

e aoa, ao oea eaje aae e
o ee. Taoe o e a oja
a aee oaa aaa eeo, oo
eee aeae ee ooe a ea.
e-oo (CO) a aoa ao ea
eoo aoeaa oaa, . aa oa o oao
aaaa oa e ae oje o aoeaj.
Ao o (NOx) aoa. NOx oe a
oe oeje N2 aao oa, ao oeje N2
aa oj je a aoea.
o-o (SO2) a aoa, ao
oea eoo a oa oj e aoe. e o
oa ooa oaa : oao a, a
oaa aaaoo .
Ao-o (N2O) aaje ao oea aa e o
aoja (NH3) oj eaje a oa aoa, ao e ae
oeaje NOx. Moe eao oao o
oaa aj ao ao ao-oa aao aoeae,
e ao o oeo eaea, eje o a
ao ee.
Mea (CH4) oo oeee aeo o oo oea
aoeaa, oajeo je a oe e oe o eje eaa.
Moe jeo eje ao oea aea oaa oo
e o eoa oo oj aa aaeo o.
Mea (e ea jeea o Hg Cd) Sb, Pb, Cr, Cu,
Mn, Ni, V, Sn eeo e aae aoa
e aeja, ooo ao ao ea o
o. Oeee oe e o a ee, eee ee
oea. eo ao eaa oj e ae o a oo
a eo oj e ae ee a o ooo aaaa
eaa.
aj (Cd) eeo e aa aoa aoo
a ea a eoae ee. e o aja
oojea a e oa ee eaj, j
oeaoe aeje, ao ee oje oeee e ae.
o , ea aoe a e aaje oe aja
oa ooa o o eao aeja eeoo
oaa.
279
a (Hg) o ao aj, oe e a
aoa aoo a eaa a eoae ee.
aaje oao o oaa oj a aeje,
eoee, ooee e e eae. ee
oe e oe ae oa ooa aoe o a
aaja o eje e.
aa oaa jeea (VOCs) - eo aaa ao
oa e (TOC) eeo e aae
aoa ao oea eaje oao ea oaa.
o eje aoe o eo a
aee oaa.
o aoa ooo (PAHs) ao e
aae aoa ao oea eoo aoeaa.
Taoe e o a ee, eee ee oea.
o - ao o oooa e (PCBs)
eeo e aae aoa ee ooa oao
oaa e a jo oaa. o oao oaa
oeaje PCB-a ao e, o e ee oeaje
jaaj o e ooa oao oaa. Taoe o a e a
ee oaaa o ea a oo aaea
aa.
Oa o a eeo e aae
aoa ao ea eaje ea, eoa oa. Mo e
a ee, ee oa, eee ee oea.
Aoja (NH3) eeo e aa aoa e e
o a oo NOx. Moe a ao ea
eoaa eooe ooe oea oaaa eaeaa.
oooo (HCl) ao e aa aoa o
aoeaa oaa oj a ooaa oaa jeea
oe. oao oa oo 50% oa oe o PCB
ae oja e aa e.
oooo (HF) ajee e aa o a. aaje
oae ae oao ea oao
o oa, ao a oa oja e
aae o oao oa.
280

a. eoae aeje
eoae aeje ae e / ee ee aae oe,
oje e ea o aeoa ea ( oea) ee
a:
e eoae aeje (TPM), ee ea,

o eoae, ae o 10 (PM10),
o eoae, ae o 2,5 (PM2,5),
ao eoae, ae o 0,1 (PM0,1).
o eoae ee (ea e 2,5 10 m) e o

eao ao aoaaj o eoa eaoo ea
o eaj e oao o o ae. Taoe, oe eao
o aaj aoe aaj aaj aaaa.
o eoae ee (ea ae o 2,5 m) o a o
e eao a. ao o oa, o eoae ee e
oo a e oae eoae ee aaj a oa
ee ae oea. Oe ee oaj o aoe
aoj e a ee aae ao o o ae, o
oa ea ae oo aaoo aoe.
ao eoae ee (oe o 0,1 m o 0,01 m)
eao ae oojao o o (o eoo a o a)
e e ej oea oja ooe. eeo e
oe ee ee a ao eoae ee (100 o 10 nm
e) ao ee (ae o 10 nm).
ee oea ea PM0,1 e aae a aoe eaaj
oo eeja ej oea o a oa
aoa, oaa oaa. oe ee oeaje, oo
ao ea a o oo ejo aaa. ee eaoe
o o ajee aaja je oe aj ooo a e aaj a
aj o oe o o eeaa oaa (e, a,
eo e).
281

. e-oo aa oaa jeea (VOC)
e-oo je a e oje a. aaje ao o eoo
aoeaa oaa, a o oa ea. e o aoe
ooa oa, j oe o o ao o
oa.
aa oaa jeea oae ae oje aj ooo
a o oa oa aajo aaaj oeaj aoe.
Oe aeje oa ao oo eoo aoeaa.
a ea oojea, ao e oeje aaj o oao
ea (TOC) e-ea oa e (NC) oj e
aje eo aoj o VOC. oa oeaja e eeo e
aoa ao eeeaa aa VOC eja. Oaa e
eje je ooj ooa oj a a VOC oj o
eoa a oeajaa aoa aee
oje a aao je oe.
. o-o, o aoa, e ao
o-o je eoj a a e oo o
o. aaje oea aoeaa oajo o jeea,
ao o je H2S oa. ooo e oeajaa SO2 oe
a eae eee a e oe, oooo a o
eao e. Taoe oe ae oa oea a
oo ae o e oja je ooea e a.
Aooee eje e o 95% o aoeo ooa. aje aooe oo aoeo SO2 je je
oojea oja oe a a. ooe eje SO2 e jaaj
e oaje o jeea oja e ej a oe oeaa,
ao a aoa.
O aoa aaj e oea aoeaa ajee o ao
o - NO ao o - NO2 (ajeo e eo aaj NOx). aje
eo NO2 aoe oea oajo NO, oj je eoa eo
oea aoeaa, oooo o a o
a. oe aoeaa oj e ojaj oa oa,
ao o je aa oea a a ooa oa, a o
aooeo ea NOx eje. o NO NO2, ooo oo oa a
aa, ajeo a o oee a oa jeea
(VOC) eja oo oa, aaaa o oa,
oaj a eo eo ooe aa eo ooa.
282

Aooee eja e oo 93% oae eje NOx. aje
aooe eo aoeo NOx je aoeae oa ao o
o a, aa a. ooe eje oea
oaa, ao aaeo oea e.
e ao a ao aaaa, oj ooe oa
e a aoe, o e oo aeje ojao e
a. o oea aoeaa, e ao oj aaj SO2, NOx,
HCl HF.
. Te ea
Te ea oo oe eoa eaa jaaj e
oo o eoa e aooe oa (aoeae).
ao o oe oeo aoe aaj ee
oee oje o a oj oee ea. e ea (ao o je
a) aaj oe eee ao e a, aoj o o
oej e eje. T ea eoa ao oea
aoeaa oao o oaa j aj, aj, o,
ae, ooo. oa ooo aj, o a
aj eoa ea aaaj ao.
e. o a
o a oaa jeea a ejo o oja
a a ea eea o oa aoa oa. O o aa ao
-oo ej oea ao o je ooa ea,
eae eoe oo oa. o a aoe o aa
o oee oa o oea aoeaa oja je a
o o, e ooje o o aoeaa. oa
oa oo oa oojea a eaj
o a o aoeaa ea e.
o a o e oa aa eajaa ea
jeea ea a eoa jeea oa o oea
aoeaa oaa. Oe eaje oo e ojaj eeao oe
o 250400C, ooo a oe o aea aoa ao aaa
oe aoeaa. Moe eao aja ao a aaae
aoa a eeaaa e ao, ao a e
ao oe aoeaa oee o e o oe eje.
283

Tee eje
oe eja a ea oojea a e ea oaa
ee ee eje. a e ojoj e aa ee eje
a o e aao ea a eaae ao o
aaeaa ea a a oj oojea.
aae e ejaa je ajee oeo a oojea oja
oe oe ee ao ooe o ea a eaae.
oojea oja oe ea a eea a oo e aoa
oo ojeoaa a eaj ae e eja, a aj
a aa ee ee eje o oo a / aaa
oaa oa oja e oe ao aa oeoa ea.
oa e oojea a e ea oaa o a oooje
oee ee eje o oe ee oa:
Oae oe ea a eaae oo oo
oa a ea aa ( o e oo e
oj ee eje), e ea aa a o
e eaj ee eje oje e oaj oe oojea.
Oae oe aae aae, eao aee
eea oa.
Oa oo oa oa . oaa oa aaa
ea oe/ae a oea. Oa oa e ajee oe
o ooo a oee oea e a e
oojea.
aaa oaa oa (. oae a).
a oja ae a oe ao o oo, e
a e oo eo a aaao e.
oa oea a aee (. oa aaa aee
oeaoa).
ae 7.27 je a e aaa aao eo eea eao

a oa oa e oe eaa aa.
284

Taea 7.27 aa eea eaoa a oa oa oj
o o e a ea aa (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
aaea
Jea
oea
eo e
eaa
pH
TOC
As
Hg
Pb
Cu
Zn
Cr
Ni
Cd
Sn
Mo
Tl
PCDD/PCDF
mg/l
g/l
g/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
73.000
4.547
115.000
25.000
6.200
250
100
690
170
240
8
-
Oe eo e
eeaa ajo
eaoa (2001) ao
eaa
6,8 8,5
4,3 -25
<1,2
7 - <20
<0,006 - <10
<0,003 - <0,05
<0,001 - <0,01
<0,01 - <0,1
<0,05 - <0,3
<0,05 - <0,5
<0,05 - <0,1
<0,05 - <0,5
<0,001 - <0,05
0,06
<0,01 - 0,02
-
oaa
aoeae oaa oo o aea e ee aee oaa.
oa oj e ee oojea a e ea oaa
eo e aj ao o oo eea ao
oojea, o a ae:
Oa oje e oea aoeaa - oa oa

je oo eoa eeoe oaa ae aejae oj
oo a aoeae o a oj e o jee
a aoeae. ao o ojeoao eea oojea,
ea je oe aejaa oj e aa ea a
aoeae. eeao, oo 2% oaa o oojee e
oaje oo a aeaa oaaa.
eeo eaa ea aeja oj oaje ao
aoeaa oaa. To je eeoea eaa ae, eaa,
eae, aa, eaoee oae aeje eao
eoa aeja, aoj e ao o aa, oa
aoaa. Oo, eeo o 20-25% ae 5-10%
aee oee oe oaa.
285
e oojea a aoeae eeo e ea aa,

a ea ao e oa ea aeja.
eoa oaa e oae a eoj aeao oe a
e o ao aea a oeee aejae aea.
e ajea, ao o je aaja, ea aeja
eoao ao aoeaa oaa je aa, a e oa ea a
a ao eeo.
Mea - ea e oojea a oe a aae
ooje eaa eea. Taoe, e ee e oaa aa a
oee eaa, ao o je aj, eea.
ao o aaa ao oao oaa, eo ooo
ojeo eaa oe o 10% o e ee oeo
oaa. oojea a eaj oe e oa
o 80% ooje 60% eooje eaa
ee. oje ea oa e aaj j e
oj a e ea oa.
oa ea a eaae aa - oo
eaa ea, eee eea ea oje ao
eaaa aoa ea. O oa ae
oe oe ao o (aoo oa), e eaa
ao o aj, ooo, aa , a o a e ojae
aoa o a.
o eeo o o o oa (PVC) oj e
aa o oao oa. Oo oa ea a
eaae aa e oo 2-4% ae oeo oaa.
eeao, o oa e oojeo eaj o eea, je e eo
aj ao oaa oa. oajea aa je a e o
aj oa oojea a eae oao oaa.
oa ea a eaae oa - oa
a oa oaaa aje a o ae oje ea.
oaa ea a eaae oa oa je eoa
oeee o, o ajo. ao ao e
ajea oa ea ao oaa oa ooe
oojee a oaa oa. a ea oojea oja oj
ooaa oe a a, oajeo je a e oaa
aoea ajeo a oa oao.
286
7.3.3 e a eaae
oe ee oae oaa, aaje ea oa aoa.
ao e ae aeje aae ao oea eoo
aoeaa, ao o ea oaaa. oeaja oaaa
a o aaa oaa oj e aoea aaea ao oea.
eoo oa, eao eaa a jeea ae oja
aaj oe, oja e a ee eae, aa
oaa eoaa jeea eeo.
Mee oje e oe a oaae aee eje oee
oaaa, o a e oee a ooe oae.
Ooe ee oaeaj oo aae eoa ao
oe aoeaa a oe o o ae oaa oaaa,
e ea NOx oa jeea o oa. , e e a
e o e eo ao aaaj a o eeaaa
(ooo o ae a eeaaa) ooaaj o
o eoa, ao a e oao eae eaja
a ao . aaj CO TOC aoa, e eo o
o oej e a eaae eaa eoa oa ao
eao oo ea o oea aoeaa (CO < 50 mg/Nm3,
TOC < 10 mg/Nm3).
oae ee e aaj a oe eaja o ea a
eaae oao aaa aea oeaje
oaaa. e o ajee oe eaja a eaae :
ea e, , o- o e a eaae
e aoa, aaao o. oo oae je ao
aoao aoea, aoje, aoje aoaj
e oaaa. o ea a eaae oj e o
a a e ea o aaa ao oaea a ooee
eo eja oea aoeaa. o , e a
eaae o a e oee a ooe, ee aee ee a
oo eja.
287

Taea 7.28 aae oj e oo ao o eeo ea
(World Bank, 1999)
a ea a oo
Oo e
e e
ae e
aae
eoae ee
eoae ee
aa a HCl, HF, SO2
Te ea As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg Ni
ea ooa aaea ooo
ee ea
oaa ooa NOx
Mea Sb, Co, Tl, V
a
Oo e a oo eja, ao je aoa ao a ej
oe eoa ea ( TPM < 30 mg/Nm3), eao je
jeoaa a oae oaae oaea aa
aaa. Oa e aoe aaj aaja eo oa aaj
a o ee a e o oa aoj a o
eoa ea, oje e oo aaj oo eeoao
aoa. ao e ea a oo a ee aee ee o
oaj e oej, j e oj eaja a eaae
e ojea oaaa, a o ao a
eo oea oo.
1. Oo e a oo eja
ao o je aje aoeo o ooo ea a oo eja
e ao eja aae eoa ea. eoea
oa aa eo o 30 mg/Nm3. ooj eoo eaja a
aae eoa ea, e je oea ao
eeoa ea ao ooa a oae eje o
eeo oa. eaj oj e oe o ooo ea a
oo eja :
Mea oeo (o o) ao e o a
ej oeaj eoa ea o oa o 150 mg/Nm3.
o aoa o e ao oe oa aa e ooj oja
ooa eja eoa ea ao eea o
ae ea a eaae.
288
a 7.43 aa oa
Taea 7.29 Ooe aaee oa (World Bank, 1999)
a eaja: O
a:
oeo eoa ea (ae)
o eoae eje:
500 mg/Nm3
Jeoaa oa
eo:
a ea
oea oo oaaa
aa eao o o eoa
eoa:
ea PM2,5
eoae ee oee ao
aejao ae o oeo
oo eae e e a
aa:
oa oeoa ao ea aaj a o
e e aj. ee a
aa o o e eo eaja.
289

e (. e e) eaj oo a ojeoa
ao a ej eje eoa ea o oa o 100
mg/Nm3. e o ea oo a
eaja a aae eoa ea oa oa je ao a
oee oe oe e HCl e aoa. a oaj
a, oja e ooa oaa oa ja e pH eo ee oo 0.
a 7.44 aa ea
Taea 7.30 Ooe aaee ea (World Bank, 1999)
a eaja: E
a:
oeo eoa ea (ae)
o eoae eje:
eo:
eoa:
aa:
100 mg/Nm3
a ea eje
o oea oo oaaa
oo ooj
eee e aa oaa oa
eoae ee oee ao
ao oae ao ea e e
oeeo aje oa aeo a.
ee oe aaj eoae ee,
ao ea ajeo o oae oe ae
eaja. ee a a a oe.
290

a e (ea e) aj e ooo
eaaa e ej eoa ea a o o oo 10
mg/Nm3. O e e oe a eaae aoa oj oae
eo oa a o oa oe a ajaje eeaaa,
o ao ae oea aoeaa.
a 7.45 aa eao ea
Taea 7.31 Ooe aaee eao ea (World Bank, 1999)

a eaja: A (EAT) TE
a:
oeo eoa ea (ae)
o eoae
10 mg/Nm3
eje:
ea eao
eo:
Moe je ajae e aoa
ee oea oo oaaa
eoa:
Oe a ae a
eoae ee oee ao oae
ao eaja oj o o oa o ee
aa:
o oa. a eaa e a aj a oa
oj ae (eoa ea) oj e oaje
aj eao.
291

Eeoa ao a eaaj ajee eee a
aae eoa ea, aa oe eaje. e
oe ojeoa ao a o jea, a a eaa
eeoaa aoa ao o aeo aaa a ae
eo oj e e o. Je eaje oe je eoa
oeaj eoa ea o 150 mg/Nm3, o e oee
a aoa oe o o 30 mg/Nm3. oe oa, oo ea
a eeoaa aoa oe je a eoa oeaj
e eaa (o Hg) o oa oj e aea o ae ea
a oo eja. Taoe, e oj oa oaaa e aajoj
e oe eoa eo ea a eeoaa aoa. a
e eja oa aa aa a aja o e,
eooo je a ao ae eeaaa o 200C. a oaj
a, e ee oa aaa oe je oa ee
eooe eee.
a 7.46 aa eeoao aoa
292

Taea 7.32 Ooe aaee eeoao aoa (World Bank, 1999)
a eaja: EETOTAT TAO
a:
oeo eoa ea (ae)
o eoae
O 20 o 150 mg/Nm3 ao o eeo eea
eje:
oa
Moe je ajae e eaa oa oaaa o
eo:
aooaaje oa
oea oo oaaa
o eo oo
eoa:
je oe o ee aoe
eoae ee oee ao oo
oae o ea ee oja je eao aeeaa.
ee a aj a oaj eao aeeae a
oo oa o e oo aeea oa.
aa:
oo aeeae a oaa a eao
aeeae ee a oe e aj a o
oa. oj ea a oa e oaje oo
aja oe a a eaja.
2. e o ooe eja
Oa e oe aaeaa oj e oo o oo ea
oaeaj ej ea (HC HF) e eaa, a
ao e eje SO2. a eoaje ao ea jeo
o eea a oa:
Oo a oa o eeoae aoe
jeoeeo ao eaae. Oaj oa oaea aae
eoa ea ee e eaa (o Hg) oo
eeoa aoa, o e HCl, HF e eo e aa
ao e ae oo oe. o eao aa
eea aoa ao e ae a eea o 150
200C, ao oa e a oae aea oao aee o
eeae o 5560C. aee oe a e aae aa
oe ojeoj oo a aee oo aeaa ooe.
oa oja a e aoje HCl HF o eeo oa. aaa
oa, oja a ea oe HCl HF a ojee ee
eae ea pH eo e ee oo 0. Oaa oae oe oa e
eaoa ajee e o aj aoa (CaCO3)
oj e eo pH oeaa a 2,5 a a o 8-9 oo aj
oa (NaOH). Teaa oaa oa eeo aea o aj
oa (CaCl2) e o a ea.
293

Taea 7.33 Ooe aaee oo oa eaaa (World Bank,
1999)
OO MO OTA
a:
aae eoa ea, HCl, HF e eaa
Eao:
e o ooe
Maa oea eaja
eo:
HCl e eaje a je CaCO3
Maa oa oaaa aa oea
aajae oa oa
o ooje
eoa:
aeja oaj aae o oo aejaa
a ooj
a a aa e eja o eo a
EEA: 1. e; 2. aae eea; 3. oao; 4. Eeoa ao; 5.

eaj a eaaj oo ea; 6. e; 7. a
o oa eaaj eoa e ee oja

e ao eaj a ae eo - Ca(OH)2. o oo oa e
ao oej e ae: aj o (CaCl2), aj
/a (CaSO3/CaSO4) aj o (CaF2). Ooa aa
e a oa je oe o e o o oa ae e oa
o aeao a, a a o oo oa e je o
o oee eje. O o e eaj aae oae
oe a jeoaj aeaj ae eje.
294

Taea 7.34 Ooe aaee o oa eaaa
(World Bank, 1999)
OTA
a:
aae eoa ea, HCl, HF e eaa
Eao:
e o ooe
ea aajaa oa oa
Maa oo a ooj
eo:
eao jeoao e e oe aoa o
aeo oa a oo eja
aa je ao eoa ao ee
ea oea eaja
eoa:
o e eao Ca(OH)2
aaje e oaaa oea
EEA: 1. e; 2. aae eea; 3. oao; 4. eaj a oae aeo

ea; 5. ea e; 6. a
3. ae (o) o ooe eja

oaa a eo eja oje ooaaj oo
o ooe o a e oe:
o oa oao oee eaja

ooa a oa oj oje eeoae
aoe, aea ooe, oee e ea
eae ee.
295

o o oo oa oeae eao eje HCl, HF
SO2 oe e oao oeo eaja. oeeo oee
aeo ea o e a oao aee oa oeaje a
oea oaa. o, aee oe Hg oa oe e
o oaae ao a ae e.
Taea 7.35 Ooe aaee oo oa eaaa
(World Bank, 1999)
O OTA
aae eoa ea, HCl, HF, e eaa,
a:
SO2, NOx oa
Eao:
o o ooe
ea aajaa oa oa
eo:
Maa oo a ooj
ea o a aa
oe a ej NOx
ea ooa eaja eeje
eoa:
aaje e oaaa oea
oo e, ao e aoj
EEA: 1. e; 2. aae eea; 3. oao; 4. eaj a oae aeo

ea; 5. oaae ao a; 6. ea e; 7. ea ooe; 8.
aa eo; 9. a
ooa a oa e oo a oo aja aje

oe o e o oa e oo oje e SO2 eje o
eaj a NaOH CaCO3. o o eoa
aoa, o eaje aj a (Na2SO4), ooo
CaSO4,2H2O). a a a ea e ooo aea oo
aeaa ooe o o eao ea. e oa, a e oao
aje a a eaa ea ao a, e e oeaa
eao eao ea.
296

a aj a, oeao o a oe e aae o
eo oje eae a ee a oo ooo eja.
oe oa, eoae ee, HCl, HF e ea a oaj a
oao eoa.
Taea 7.36 Ooe aaee ooao oo oa eaaa
(World Bank, 1999)
OOA MO OTA
aae eoa ea, HCl, HF, e eaa,
a:
SO2, NOx oa
Eao:
o o ooe
Je oa a aae NOx
eo:
Je CaCO3 a aae SO2
o e oo aaj
o eo oo
eoa:
ooj oaa oa oea
eo aa ao ao ee
EEA: 1. e; 2. aae eea; 3. oae aojaa; 4. oao; 5.

Eeoa ao; 6. eaj a eaaj oo ea; 7. e
a ee aoe; 8. oa e; 9. oaae ao a; 10. ea
e; 11. a
a, jea o oea a oa je eaa o a aea

oeaje NOx. o , eooo je oa oe a a
e oee ooe ee a oo eja. Jea o ea oja a
a e jee eaja aa oe aoeaa. oaa
ooa oeaje NOx oe e o oee aojaa (NH3)
oe, e e NOx aoe ooa ao oe a. Oa
aa ojea a oaj a e eaaj oejao oeeee o
o ee aj e o a.
297
7.3.4 ee aooao oa e eaa oaa

Aea aeja a a oe ee (US EPA)
jee Ae aaa o 2007. o je 87 e
oojea oja ooaa 25 aa a ojeao aaeo o
28,7 oa oa oe. a o oojea jee aaa
ea Aeo aejo a a oe ee (US EPA). US
EPA je aa jaa eao oa oaea a ae oe
eja a oe ae oj e ej ojeaa oe e. ee
2005, EPA je oja ee eja a ea oojea a aaeo
a aoeae e o 250 oa eo. Oaea eja ej e
a oe jee oojee jee. aaa e aea a
oaa o aaea oaj o ee ae eja
oje e oe o ajeaj ojeaa. a oojee
ojee, ae e aaj a oo aa 12 oo ajeaj
ojeaa, o a oe oe, ae oaj jea o eje
eo ajoe o ooa oa. Taea 7.37 a
eo ojee ae eje a oe oojee ee a aoeae
oao oaa.
Taea 7.37 US EPA ej eje a oa oojea oojea a
aoeae oaa (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
aaa
e eoae ee
SO2
HCl
NOx (ao NO2)
CO
Cd
Pb
Hg
PCDD/F (o a)
Moa
ea ooje a aoaae oaa

oojee oojee
oo oojee
17,5
53,24
30,35
237 o e aa7
40 o 2008
24,5
280,1
35,0
21,09
10
14,0
55,03
26,15
197,56
41 o 2008
7,0
98,0
35,0
9,19
10
Tea a a je Aeja a a oe ee a 2010.

ojaa a aaa a eje oojea a aoeae
oejao jo o oaa.
298

e aaee o aaa j oe a oao
aee ea, aee ooee oeaje ea
oee ooe oeajaa ao o e
ojea a aoeae.
ee Eoe je
Eoa ja eje e ee oje e eje
oojea a eaj oaa:
ea o eaj oaa
ea o eao eaa aaea oo (IPPC
ea)
ea o eaj oaa (WID - Waste incineration directive)

ea o eaj oaa je ojea ojaea o ae
Eoo aaea aea Eoe je 2000. oe. aea
ee je a e ee oae ea aj a o
e (eja a, ee, oe oee oe)
o eaje oeaje oaa.
oojea oja aaj o o e a oojea a e
ea oaa j oaj oaa oo, aajo,
aa oeo. ea oje oee oe aee a
oojea a eaj oeaj oaa, oja j
ooee e oaa, o je oaa, e a aoeae,
oae oaa, ae eo eja oe a oo.
ae je aa e oaea a eje, oae E eo a
eaj oaa.
Taea 7.38 ae eo eja a oojea, oae E eo a
eaj oaa (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
oaa
E ea 2000/76/EC1
o eoae ee
9,2
o o (SO2)
45,8
oooo (HCl)
9,2
O aoa (NOx) (ao o je NO2)
183,2
e oo (CO)
45,8
aj (Cd)
je eao
Ooo (Pb)
je eao
a (Hg)
45,8
Cd + Tl
45,8
a (Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V)
458,1
PCDD/F TEQ (o a)
0,092
299

ea o eao eaa aaea oo (IPPC
ea)
IPPC ea je aeea aj eje oaaa e
j oojea, e oee eoo ooa. ooa
a ae eo eja aa aoa a e
ajoe oe eooje (BAT). Taoe ae oaje o
eeeoj eao, aj oaa, eej ae
eja, oae eaaje. IPPC ea e eje a
je ae ao, a o oejao aaea.
eje e a oojea a eaj oao oaa, oo
aae ea 72 t/dan. IPPC ea e aa a eoo
a: ea , ajoa oa ea, eo
ee jao.
Taea 7.39 oeee aea WID-a BAT-a a WI BREF- (Stantec
Consulting, 2011)
Eje
oaaaa
a
(mg/Nm3 o
aee)
e ee
HCl
SO2
NOx (. NO2)
VOC (.
oa e)
WID
e oe
ELV
10
10
50
<200 <500
(ea/oa/
ooje a)
oao
(100%/97%
eea)
30/10
60/10
200/50
400/200
10
20
Hg
150 (10
oe) (ee
aeae)
0,05 (e-oa oa)
Cd/Tl
0,05 (e-oa oa)
CO
PCDD/F
Aoja
N2O
eo(a) e
PAH-o
PCB
50
0,1 ng/m3
(eoa
oa)
BREF/BAT
oao
e oe
oe
(oea
(oea
BAT oe)
BAT oe)
15
1 20
18
1 50
1 40
1 150
40 100 (SCR) 40 300 (SCR)
120 180
30 350
(SNCR)
(SNCR)
1 10
1 20
5 30
5 100
0,001 0,02
0,005 0,05 (e-oa
oa)
0,01 0,1 ng/m3
(e-oa oa)
<10
e WID
300
1 10
Oeeee oaje o
oo eaa

a aj, a aa 7.47 7.48 a oe a ea oj
oe o oa a eaae oaaa aa
oe eaje. a jaaa aa ae eo
ea eaj oj e oe a ej oeee e oaaa.
oe oa, oe je aea oe eja a e oae oo a
ee e.
301
a 7.47 ea a ea a o oo eaaa
ao o oa ooe (World Bank, 1999)
302
a 7.48 ea a ea a oo eaaa
ao o oa ooe (World Bank, 1999)
303
7.3.5 Too eeea eao

Ao e ea oojea a ea oaa aeaaj a eooo
aea, oe e a o ooj ea aoo
e oaa eoa eaa e ea o e
aaea oojea ao aoe eae ooj oa.
a ooe oojea a e ea oaa ee ao:
oo aa ea,
ojeoa aae oojea,
aea eaa ee ooe a eo
eja ,
a aaa oaae oaa (eea) oojea,
Eeea eao oojea, a ojee eeje a a
oo oaaa oa o e,
oo oea eaa oea,
ae eje ojee a aoeae oaa,
aoj oae ae,
oo ojeoaa ae oo, oo
oaa,
Aaja oo ae ee,
aa (ao ao).
o , aa ee ojeoa aeaa oo a
oee e eoa a ea oaa eaaj aa
oea oo, ao o eeee eao oojea,
ooo oeja o oj ea a ojae eeje.
aa oea oo
aa oea oo oojea a e ea oaa e
o aoj e aoa ao o eo aj
aoa a ao ojeao oojee. a e aa
oea ooa jeee ooo ao o oaja
ojea, oaea ae ja, ea ojea, aae,
a eee eooje, o eeee eao a eeje
ojee a a. Taoe, eeaja ojeaa oe a e aa a
a oo aaaa, o oj a e a oaae
ooe.
304

a 7.7 aaa je ao e ee oojea
aa ooa o o oaa. eo a jaa aoa
a a oa aa ooa a 14 eo oojea eo
a 10 oa. aa oa eaaj aae ooe
aoee oea 2006. oe. ao o e 7.7,
aa oo e e oe o 900$ o 1200$ o o
aao aaea. aa oo e a (5 t/h) e
(30 t/h) oojea a eaj oaa aj e a oo 25%. oa
oaj a e aa oo aajo aj a a oojea
e ee. Oa ea aje a o a e aa oo
oojea a e ea oo eeje oaa o ao
o oe, je ooj e oj e aoa oj a
o e.
7.7 oeee aa ooa a oojea a oo aao

aaea (Stantec Consulting, 2011) *CAD-1 aa oa = 0,964878 US oaa
Tea aoe a aa oo e j ooe oe

oaje j eea ao o e, oa,
eea eeja/ea . aa oo e o
oaa eeo. Tae 7.40 aa oo
oee e a ooe a a ooe aa je eo
oo a e aae ooe.
305

Taea 7.40 Oa aoea aa ooa a oojea a oo
eeje oaa (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
OMOETE ATA TOOA
EO
Oea a e oa (e a aoeae/oao)
40%
Oea a oo eeje (e eeao)
10%
e a eaae ej eja
15%
aa (ae ao)
25%
Oao (aao, ao a oaja, ea eea,
10%
eo eee eeje .)
o oee oea ooa oojea, o aae

ooo ea e a a a ao o je o aj a aae
ooe. oe oa, a e oeae ooe eoj e
oa o, ao o oo ae ae oo ooo
aejaa.
a 7.8 aaa je ao ee oojea a oeae
ooa o o oaa. aaa a je aaa a oo oee
ooa ooaa a o aa eo oojea a
e ea oaa. Tea aoe a a eo eae
a o oeae ooe, oo je ea o aaa o oaje
eee eeje.
7.8 Oe oea ooa oojea a oo eeje

oaa E (Stantec Consulting, 2011) *CAD-1 aa oa = 0,964878 US oaa
306

ao o e , oea oo eeao o 60$ o 90$ o o
aao aaea. Oea oo e a (5 t/h) e
(35 t/h) oojea aj e oo 50%. o ao aa
oo, oea oo e o oe a ae ooee
(taea 7.41).
Taea 7.41 Oa aoea oea ooa (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
OMOETE OEAT TOOA
EO
aa aa aaja
25-30%
Too oaaa ea
35-40%
aaa oee ooo aejaa
20%
Too aaa oaaa oa aejaa
20%
aa oe
aeo aae oee eo aa

oea ooa a ae eooje eo eaa oaa,
eoa a e aa eea eooja oo a oojee
aaea 200.000 oa oaa oe. Tea aoe a ooje
aa oaa o o eo ( e ajea a o +/- 50%)
ao o e aoa oj a ooa.
Kapitalni trokovi (US $ po toni godinje)
Operativni trokovi (US $ po toni godinje)
1500
1600
1300
1400
1200
1000
800
775
800
600
400
200
65
60
Insineracija
Gasifikacija
120
105
0
Plazma
Piroliza
7.9 oeee aa oea ooa a ae ee

eae (Stantec Consulting, 2011)
307

oojea a eaj aj aa a aoeae oaa. a
aeo a a je oe eo oje e ojaj a aa a
e ea oaa a eo eaa. oea
eo aae o oo 90 /t.
7.10 aae a a e oojea eo eaa

7.3.6
e eo eaa oaa
e oo aaa ea :
1)
2)
3)
Oae oo oa: oee oo aeja

aao e e a a o aaa eeaja;
Oe eje: o aeje aooee o e
e e a ea oa oa aao aae,
e a ea oe o ooa aeje
oea ooa aeja: ooo aeje e oa aa a
a oj e eo aee oe o aeja
aaja e aeja ooj e.
308

oe aee a, a aa aaa oao
o. ao o, ea oaa eje ao aa ea e
aooee oe ee, oaaj a oo aeje eo
oe ae a a aj a o e. ao o,
aae oao je eee oa aeje eeje
eae. e aaa oao aa , oe
ee oaa ea eo eaa oje e ooe a aae
oao o eaa.
ee ao o Aja, eaa ajaa , a oo a
eooo, oj je jea o aj a oo aoja,
oae e a oaae eoja a oja je oeo
ea ae ee ao oaaa oaa. Oa aeja aea
oa eea oaa e eoo oao oaaa.
aa oe ee oae ea e ao aaa
oao, e ao oe eooje. o oa je o
oe ooe oaa ea oo aaa oao, a
eaa, oje aaj: eeja aaea ooa aaea
aa oe eoa ooe ooe. ao je jo jeo
aa a ooae eje oo a ooe eje
ao oa. Taoe, ee oe ae ooae eje, ao o je
a eaa a a o ojea oo oo a
oee ooa, e ojaj a oa a ea aaa
oao ooe aaea.
ao je aje aeeo, aaa oao je aa oea
oe ee. oo, o je ao aae je a
oaajo ooaaje aaa oaaa oaa. aa o
ae eaa ee a . aj a ee
oo aaa aejaa, jaa e o ao ooe ee
oe aejaa aeeo . aae oao oa e
e oaj oe, ea oa oaa e oa ea
oo a a oj e a a aaa aea oe
ee. a aejae oj e e o ea, oaj e oa
a oao oaaa ao o eoje, ee ee.
oo aeje e ao eao oo eoo ea, oa e oaj
aaa e oe eooa ae aeja o,
a ee.
a ao o aaa oa oao je aa oa
oaa, ao o oa oa, ae oa
aaaje.
309

aa oao ae oje aj oa a. To je aao ee
ea:
1) o ee a oa oa a e oo
eoa je ooa a eaj oee eeje; a, o
ao aaja a ao o a aj, eao
a oa oa oaj oee oo ea
eaja a oo aaea aa;
2) aaj jeaa a aaaje
oo a e ooe, e ooje oe
ee ee eoe ee ooe o aaja
oa eoa a ao o : e ea, PCB
(oooa e) o aoa;
3) ooa oea oee a aejaa je ao o
a oa a, oje e oe ao aao
4) Taoae oae oo oe je oaeo o a
e a aoa.
e oaj a je o e o ae aae oa
aejaa o ooea oa o aa oao. a e
o e aaa oao aejaa oeo je oaa
oaa oea a aa oa, a o oje
e aoa.
oeo je eo e ae ooaaje aooee
oe ooe, ao o ea oo oa a.
Moa e e o oo oeoaa aeaa a
o oea eaa oaa. a e ae oaa je oeo
oa oaa, aj a oaaa. Oe e a aae
oao oaj aoae a ea oajaa o oo
aeja oo oea eaa oaa. aa ao eae
oaje oe a je e o eaj o oao oaa,
o a oe e e eaa oaa oe.
a oaa ea aaa oao : eeja aajaa
oaa, eae oaae. ao je aa a eeja
eae a o e e, e o ea a a
oo oae. o jeo o oa aa ea a e aa a
ea oje ea o ooa ea a oae ea.
oeo je oe eao oa aa a oe
ee oa ea. a ae, eooe eooe ae
ea, eo je oe ojoj o eoe (eaae aajaa
oaa, eaa oaae) ea a eo.
310

Tea aa a oee a oa eaa oe
ae ooa eao o eao oaaa.
o aaa oao, oo aaa aejaa,
oeo je oaa je o ee oja oaj:
1) eae aeje eeje ae eje, j
ea oaae ea oaa ao oeeo oja
a (a e, a aeja, eoa);
2) aeae oa aeja o, e a o
oa a a o e (oejo eo
aaae oae, o ea aeae CO2 oa
a o oaa);
3) Tea oao ooo oaae a ea a oja o
ooee oa, a a oo ejaa o
ea aaa a ae o e (oaae
eo eea ojeo o oao oaa
oe a o oaja oo aa
(mono fills).
oa aejaa e ee oe oejao
oa aeja, o oj je e oj a oo o
oao oa. ea je eo aa je a aoea
oeaja o aeja oa. o oa je o a oe
eaa oaa oae e oj a o ea
oeaja, j ea aa e oa
oa aeja.
eoaa jeea e oaj ea eaa
ooa ajo oo a eojaa ee a o.
ao oea ea aaa oao, ae aaa oaa oj e
oe aa eoo oo e oea
ooa a ooo aaea aa, o e a ee
e eo eaa oaa:
1. aee aee
aee aee je o jea o ea aaa
oao, ajeo a eejo oee eeje. e
aoa e jao oe oaaa oaa eoeoj , o
oa o je o ao ooa eeo a oaae oaa, a
eoa e aa oa oa a ee
ea.
311

eoje e e, a oaae o eoja je o eo o
eoaa ooa, NIMBY oa (ee NIMBY - not in my
backyard - e o o) eoa aae oaja a
ooaaj eoo oo oa oo a eoj.
aoeae oaa e aao jo e e aa o eee oo
oea.
eajo e 1 t o oao oaa aoe 700 kg
eeo o aa, 230 kg o 270 kg aoo eea (eaa a a),
oe 30 kg oaa oa (oje e ajee ooo o
oo ea), 20 kg o 30 kg eo eea, oa 1 kg o 2 kg
a eaa oa oa ao o eooje a oo
aaea aa (a 7.49).
a 7.49 eaja oao oaa (Brunner, 2004b)
ea aea o oao oaa a eoj je 12 m3/t

ao o oao oaa, aaa eea oaaa. Tao
ee eeo aj e ae 0,60,7 m3/t. ea oa je
o aee aee 80 o 90%. a eojaa a ao eeo
(eeo a a) je oea e a aae ea aa ao a
ajaeej eojaa a oa oa. e a
aae oe oa je a ea a eojaa o
oao oaa. oo oee oe aae o eea e ae
ee oe oao ea aoa, ao o oao o
oaa, e a ea oee oe o a jeoaj eo
aj eoja a MSW (Municipal Solid Waste - oa oa).
aea eooaa MSW-a eajo eooae aoo eea
oaa o e eoje ee a.
312

Oa ea , oj ae ee oeaje e eaa
eo ao eeo (eo a a), oaj e eooa a
eojaa oje oa a oeo oje o o aaa
oae aeje. o e aoje oeo oee
oe, aoae oo-e oee e a oaae, ao o
a o. ooje eooje oja e ao
eeo eaa ae a a. Oo e oe o oajo
ea e oea. Mea eee eea e o
o aa e oe ee. oo e, ae
eooje ae, a ooe ae aee eo 95%,
o aa e eojo ooa.
2. eeja
aje eaa aa o aa e je a ao
aaa oao. o eao aaa eaa oaa eo e
eaa a e aae e eo oa aeja o eooaaje
aaa oao. eaa aoj, aja je oo aja.
oeee oae ooe, ooae aaa oao ao
e oa oeo oe ooa aa. Jea o aoa je
aj o oae aeje o aa oe oee oe e
oaaj ae eo ea oaje oj o o ea
aa a e. ao eje o ae oja e aja a
e aaeo oao, o ae aaee oo eae
aoa.
aje XIX ea, eoo eo aoa oa e oo ao
o ooe. o ojae je oea, oe
a aj oa. a jeoa e oeo, oja
ea oa oj je o je aa a eooae. oa
e e o a a eojaa eea a aj a
aae. aa aee eao ae a 850 950 oC, e
aaje ao eeo (eeo a a), e oaa, oaa oa a.
oje ee, ooo je oe oeja aaa e
ooaaa e eao oaa. jee e ao o je
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy - oe aa) eae
e oaa aeja oje oo oee ao aa
ojeo oae oa o o eaa oja e aao
ee BSE. oo oe aeje e aae, ee
eooae, oee ao oo, eae. Je a a
oo aae a je eaja.
313

oo e, eaoa a oa oa,
eaoa a oaa oa ee ea eo e ea
e oa. e a je a e aee aaoe
ao a ooje oojea a e ea, oja o
ea ee oe aao oaa a eea a.
3. oee eeje
oee eeje oaa oeo je aje XIX ea Oa
Eeoj, a eaoj e ej. Moaja je aa
a ooa ae ooo o (waste heat boiler) a ee
eeee oee oo eee eeje.
aa, o a oee eeje :
1) ea oo oa eeje;
2) aee eja aoa oj oj eea aee ae
(aee eja CO2 aoeae ooo ea oaa
eo o oa)
3) aee ooa eaje ooo oajo eee
eeje ooe.
ao o eja ao o eeeo e oaja
oojea a eaj (a jeaa oj j a
oo), eao e ojej a ooe ee eej,
oo (a / o o) oaj oa.
ee ej a a oo ae a
j e ooe a ejae:
1) oaa oea a eejo (e )
2) Maa aeo o ooaa a oojeo o eo.
a ooa a oo eeje je ooa o oa. Tooa
o oaa je oe 50 oa. aa, jaoa
eaa, oa oa a oo o (o 10 MJ/kg)
oooj o o a, o MSW a oo
eeje. Too oea eeje oaa o o ea
a eaae aoa, oeao ooa ooe oo
aejaa, ooa oaaa oaaa oea ooje.
314

a oeja oea eeje aoo oaa jee
eao-eoe ee (ajaa, Aja eaa) e oeje
a oo 510% oee ooe eeje a aoao o.
oeja e oa aeja aoo oaa je oo e (a
7.50); oo 40 50% e oe aja e oja e o
Aj aa e aoo oa.
o eo eaa oaa, eooo je ee e
eeo a aae aejaa, a a a oee eeje.
Ae ae o aa oe ee ajaj.
4. aa oe ee
oa, eao a oa oa oo a
oo eea aaa o e. a aaa o
eee oa XX ea aa, e ea oa o
eoo aoeaa aoa.
o ea e eae e eae a aae ae. o
oeae oe o oa oao o oa,
ao oj e ej eaoa a MSW oaja e
ej. a e ee a ooe eo. eaja
a eaa aoa eaa e aea
o ooe aaea aa.
Moae e a aee eooje ooe aaea aa a
e oa oa oaea eja o 0,1 mgHg/Nm3. aae
ea ea o jeo oea, aae ea ao o
HCl, HF, SO2 NOx aee eja oooa eo-oa
aa (PCDD PCDF) a eo ea
eaa oao je eooo. aae eooje a oo aaea
aa ooaaj oae eja oje a jea o ea ea
o ooje ae oaea a eae eja. a 7.50
aje ooa aea aee eja eaoa a MSW
oj o oo eo 70 oa. o oa, oe
aeje a oo aaea aa ea a e ooa eja
oa. oo je aea e a a a ea a a
oaa e, o je a e aoeae oaa a ea a
oaa e oja e ooaaj eaja a oo aaea
aa.
315
a 7.50 Oae aeje aoo oaa (Brunner, 2004b)
oe a oe ee ae oee eja
aoa oj ooj eea aee ae. eaja MSW-a oe
ao oe ej eja aoa aee ae. Oa o
eaje, ao o ao eeo (eeo a a), e eeo,
oa ea e oa (e oa) eaaj e
oe a oe ee. eaj aa ao ea oa,
o o ae aeja, ooo
oeoa a e oe o oe oe. o ooa,
aeee aeje e oaj ae ea / eaa (oae
oe).
5. oa eaaja
oa oa a oe oae oae ae.
eaajo ooo aa oa o o jeea e o e
eoa. Oe ae o oe o e o
ooaa eooaa. eaje je a e oa e
oo aoe CO2. o e eje eeoeo MSWa a oaa o oeo aaa oaa, oa ee
oje o oeoa oa ao o a, aa a. o
oa je oa eaaje MSW-a (eaa ao oea ea
oj e eaa CO2) a eo e oea. ooje
a aoa o oj je oea oa eaaje o 99,9%. o,
ao eeo (eo a a) aa a ae oao ea, ea
oe, oea oa e aa ae aoeo eoa. Mae
oao ea a a e o ae eo ea
aa oejo aao oao ea oje oe
ooa eae aoo ee (eeo a a). o, oa oa
eaaje a a e aoa o ae
oa oaa eoo aoeaa oa. ao je oa oa
eaaje oea a ae ea aaea aa oaaa
oaa ea.
316

6. oaja
aae oao ao e e aooee oe
ee. eaja oaa oe ooaa o, a ee
ao oe ae oje oae a oo eo. oo je
oo a o a a (o a e, e 7.51),
ea a e oa o oa. oa e o
eo ea e oaj eooa. a oa a eoj,
e oaaa e oaj ooa.
Tao eeo (eeo a a), ao aa (aaa) aeja oja je a
ooea o oeeo ee, a oo ae o a
eo oaa a ea oj a e o ao
oa. e oa je ae ao, je je aoe oae
oe. a e oae je eooa ea e eooaa. oo
eaa je oaja e eaa. Moa e e o a e eo
oeja, pH eo o-ej aae o ao
oe oo ee eoa (eoa eja).
a 7.51 Too oao o oaa (Brunner, 2004)
317

7. oeaja
aeeo je a e oeaja e eeeaa oe oea oee
oa eaje. a 7.51 oaje a e oo eaje
MSW-a, 92% aja oe oea eo ee (ee
ea).
Ao ea e eoj e eoe a a aj a
aaj oa a ea ao o je eeo eeoe
aoa e oa. oo o oa e ao eoo
oeaa o oaa eao eao, oa ao
eaa oa je ea.
o e aoe ao eo a a e oj a
e. e e oo eo a. oa
aee eaaje aoo eea oe e o 80% oa, o
eae oaa oa oa a eaoe
oao o oaa.
Eea oeaa a oa eaa oaa ea
a e eo: ao eeo (eeo a a) je oee j, o
ea je ooj a oo oe aeo aejaa
o, eo eea o e ea ea. eaja ao
oe e je oje ee ee aaa oe
oeaa oee eeeaa oee oa. eoao je
a e e eaoa eee eeaje oja ooao
oeae aaae eeeaa.
8. eae aejaa
a 7.52. aje o aja aeeoj eooj: oo 25%
aja oj e o a aj oe oa oa. Ao e a
oa ea aee eaoa, e o 80% aja oj
a eao e oeao eo ee. Too
o eaa, eo eea oe e o oea eaa
ooa a eae. a oaj a, 20% oa a aoao o
oe e ae eajo oao o oaa.
318
a 7.52 o aja aeeoj eooj (Brunner, 2004)
Oaa a eaa aja eo je a ao e oja

eeaoao a aeaa. ooje e a e o
oe aa a oae ea a eoo
eeja, a a eaoao eaa a oea eaa.
o eooo oo a o oe oeaje, oa e
eooje oo eae a oaj a eo oaae
oa a. a aj a, o, e ea e
oo oo eeje ao ea aejaa.
319
8.
, ,
- GHG (Greenhouse Gases)
,

. ,
,
,
,
.
, .

,
. ,
, .

. 170
220 , . 600.000
. 20 .
,
OECD. ,
400 ,
27 , ,
. -15 9 .
, 236
. 4
US$.
, ,
.
( ) (, ,
, , )
. ,
.
320

12% 22,1%
, 2010.
. ,
(Refuse Derived Fuel RDF)
.

,
.
,

.
( / ),
.
, .
35 600
. 170
, 70% ,
.
8.1
( 124 ) (
321

.
,
( )
.

,
. , 31% , 42%
, 6% , 21%
( 19 ).
EECCA (East Europe,
Caucasus and Central Asisa ) .
40% 57%
2002. 2004. .
8.2 ,
(kg .) (

() .
( ).
322

,
. , 340 2.975
. .

.
,
, .

. ,
/
, .
(US
EPA) (Landfill
Methane Outreach Program LMOP). Environmental Canada
, Biogas
Association .
1975.
.

.
.
( 8.1),
. 1.150
.
8.1 .

.
3.930 W.
,

.
323

8.1 (
) (Willumsen, 2003)

(W)
(m3/t/god.)
734
1275
3,1
354
2378
2,9
19
72
4,7
18
76
3,8
15
106
5,7
8
18
3,6
4
4
3,5

.

.
(Clean Development Mechanism CDM )
. ,
.

, C2
carbon
.
8.1 ?
,
. ,
C2
GHG (Greenhouse Gases).

(), .
,
.
,
.
324

.
,
.

. ,
.
2010.
12%.
(
2001/77/C)
22,1%. 8.2
, .
8.2 (1997. )
()
(, 2001/77/C)
, Wh, 1997 , [%] 1997

, [%] 2010
0,86
1,1
6,0
3,21
8,7
29,0
24,91
4,5
12,5
3,94
8,6
20,1
37,15
19,9
29,4
66,00
15,0
21,0
0,84
3,6
13,2
46,46
16,0
25,0
0,14
2,1
5,7
3,45
3,5
9,0
39,05
70,0
78,1
14,30
38,5
39,0
19,03
24,7
31,5
72,03
49,1
60,0

7,04
1,7
10,0
338,41
13,9
22
,
(feed-in tarifa).
325
8.2

,
,
, :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

, 1997. ;
2001/77/EC
2001.

;
2003/87/EC
2003.
" " ;
2003/96/EC 2003.

;
1999/81/EC .

(-, ,
- ) 5% 2008. 2012.
1990. . ,
,
, 8%.

. ,
,
GHG.
GHG
.
2001. 2003.
2008. ,

, GHG 8% 2008. 2012.
.
326

2001/77/EC, (-15)
2010.
12%
22,1%
.

,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
. 99/31/EC
.

.
,

, GHG.
8.3

: / ,
, ,
/, .
,
.
.
327
8.4

Waste-to-Energy (
) , / .
8.4.1
/
.
, .
,
, 70%.
, (
)
.
8.4.2

.
,
.
.
. ,
( )

trade off .
8.4.3
Waste-to-Energy
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
328

.
,
. ,

.
,
.

.
,
,
.
8.4.4
/
,
.
,
,
.
, .

.
,
.
,
,
, .
8.4.5
,

.
,
.
329

/ ( ), (
)
.
8.4.6
/
.
70%
( ),
.
, , ,
,
(, , , ,
, ).
, , ,
,
.

.
1%
10%. ,
,
.
, . ,
PVC ,
, .
8.4.7
,
. ,
,
.
330
8.4.8
,
.
, .
8.4.9

.

, .

.
,
, , .
.
8.5
,
, :
1)
2)
-
,
, , .
-
,
.

,
.
/. , ,

.
.
331
8.6

:
1)
2)
.
.

.
:
1)
2)
3)
,

.
.

. , ,
, .

.

:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
;
;
;
;
;
, ;
;

C/N.
332

8.3 .
8.3
(The Expert Committee, 2000)
< 45%
/
>40%

-

<15%

-
<35%

(
>1200 kcal/kg
)

>50%
/
>40%
-
C/N
25-30

* //
.
,
. ,
, .
, , C/N ,
(, ),
,
( , , .)
8.7

, ,

.
333

:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

;
;
- ,
;
, ,
, 10 /kg 13
/kg;
,

, ,
;
;

,
;
-, ;

, 3000C 10000C, plazma arc (
);
;
,
(inert glassy residue),
;

;
;
-;

,
;

, .
,
-,
.
334
9.
,
,
.

20 .

,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
( ,
)
.
.

200.000.
.
.

.
,

,
.
,
.

.
-
,
.

.
335

2010 -2019. ,

(". . . ", . 129/2007)
(". . . ", .88/2011)

( )
.
,

. ,
, , .
, ,
.
,

,
/ .

: , , ,
.

,
.

.
,
,
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,
.
336
9.1

( 10 )

.
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
,
,
;

;

;
( , ,
, ,
),
;
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
;
;
;
, ;
,
.
,
,
.
337
9.2

9.2.1
:
1)

1.
2.
2)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3)
;
.
;
, ;
;
;
;
;
;
;
- .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
;
;
;
( , ,
, );
;
;
;
;
;

;
.
338

4)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6)
;
;
, ;
;
;
.
-
1.
2.
3.
7)
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
;
;
.

1.
2.
3.
;
;
.
339
9.2.2
)
, 2010. ,

, .
200.000 .

.

, .
, :

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.
)
.

, .
,

,

.
9.2.3
)

,
.
340

, ,

.
,

.

.
1)
2)
3)
4)
("
", 36/09 135/04)
,
, . ,
,
, ;
(" ",
88/2011)
.
, ,

;
(". ", . 72/2009, 81/2009 , 64/2010 - 24/2011)
,
;
75/442/ ( ).
.
,

.

, ,
,
. ,

,
.
341

) ,
,

.
9.1
(, 2008)

1187 m3

365 t

13,37
30,17
5,25
5,07
6,13
-
0,71
-
0,65
:
-
1,64
-
0,15
3,71

6,4

5,04
7,49
1,04
4,48

, .

,
.
a)

.
,
,
, .
342

9.2 (, 2008)

75.000
43.000

6
4

()
5 m3
111+180
21
1100 l
318
355
50 l (80 l)
810+6.000
120 l
3.000
1.000
11.000

6
2
7
7

4
2

2
1

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40

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365
288

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346

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347

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348

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349
9.2.4
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350

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351

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( );
3) (
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.

.
352
9.2.5

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353

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_____________________________________________________ 5

NIMBY not in y back yard ______ 112

MFA (Material Flow Analysis)

1.3 (), (), (LO),

1.4 (kg/) (kt) 1980..

1.5 1990.., 200

1.7 : (1) , (2)

STAN ( Substance Flow Analysis

1.8 STAN (Cencic & Rechberger, 2008)

2.4 . ( Eurostat; , 2006;

< US$ 5.000

US$ 5.000 - US$15.000

> US$ 20.000

2.10 4 ( EEA-ETC/RWM, 2006)

2.14 1996. 2004.

3.2 kg/st/dan (Vuji et al.,

Dec Jan 2009. Feb

3.3 (/)- (Vuji et

3.6 (Vuji et al., 2010)

eje aaee oaa :

Mae eo oje ooe o oao o oaa,

ea ojea ooe oa je aa aaea, e

a 3.8 Oe eja oje aja oao oa (Tchobanoglous

ea a eaa jea o oo aaeaa a oae

a 3.9 ea a oao oaa (Christensen, 2011)

e oje ooeaa oee ae o oa oaa

ao oaa eaa ao ojo oaa oej

eje aaee oaa oe je oaa a e aa

ej aa ooeaa oje aaaj oa oa je eoa

442.100 259.400 3.946.000

65.900 137.800 348.000

654.000 613.000 521.000

Taea 3.6 ej aa aja oao oaa ae mg/kg (Riber et

Oaa aja oa aoj e o eo oja a

Tooa o (aoja eo) oaa

Tooa o ooeaa aa oao oa eaa

5.1. (Tchobanoglous and

(1) : 30% , 20% , 20% , 20%

3R, (Reuse, Reduce, Recycling ),

(2002. .) (2003. .) (2002. .)

6.1. (Brunner and Fellner, 2006)

6.2. (Brunner and Fellner, 2006)

6.3. (Brunner and Fellner, 2006)

6.3 NIMBY NOT IN Y BACK YARD

BOD5 = 10.000 mg/l;

COD = 1.000 mg/l;

C6 H12O6 C3 H7COOH + 2 CO2 + 2 H2

6.6. (ATSDR, 2001).

7.1. (Christensen .., 2011)

7.2. (Schubert, 1975)

7.3. (Christensen, 2011)

7.4. (Christensen., 2011)

7.5. (Christensen., 2011)

7.6. (Christensen, 2011)

7.7. (Christensen, 2011)

7.8. (Christensen, 2011)

7.9. (Christensen, 2011)

7.10. (Christensen, 2011)

7.11. (Christensen, 2011)

7.12. (Christensen, 2011)

7.13. (Christensen, 2011)

7.14. (Christensen, 2011)

0,9144x 1,2192x 1,2192 ,