2015

winamdebare
saswavlo-meToduri
saxelmZRvanelo
gankuTvnilia
profesiuli
saswavleblebis
studentebisaTvis,
turizmiTa
da
turistuli
industriis
evoluciiT dainteresebuli specialistebisa da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
wignSi gamoyenebulia turizmis msoflio organizaciis masalebi, mimdinare
periodisaTvis
saqarTveloSi
da
sazRvargareT
gamocemuli
Sesabamisi
literatura, romlebic gadamuSavda
mier SemuSavebuli saswavlo gegmisa da programis Sesabamisad. 258
(5) , (11) ,
(64) (30) -,
.

, :
-

- 6

- - 5

1 - 6

2 - 6 .

,
, :
-

- .

recenzenti: - ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

avtori: koba arabuli - ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

I.

7
I.

I.1
7
I.2

I.3
15
I.4
19
I.5 :
;
27
II. msoflio turizmis istoria

30

II.1 -

30

II.2

37

II.3
41
II.4
43
II.5 XVIII-XX -

46

II.6

48

II.7 - XX

50

III.
56
III.1 turizmi _ rogorc moRvaweobis (biznesis) sfero - ZiriTadi cnebebi da
gansazRvrebebi
56
III.2
58
III.3

61

III.4 turistuli produqtis momxmareblebi

64

III.5 :

67

III.5.1

68

III.5.2

68

III.5.3

68

III.5.4 ()

69

III.5.5

69

III.5.6
71
III.5.7 /

72

III.5.8

72

III.5.9

74

III.5.10

74

III.5.11

75

III.5.12

75

III.5.13

75

III.5.14 ()
76
III.5.15

77

III.5.16

77

III.5.17

79

III.5.18 /

79

III.5.19 -

79

III.5.20 -

80

III.5.21

80

II. -

85

I.

85

I.1 -

85

I.2 -

86

I.3 .

89

II.

89

II.1

93

II.2

97

II.3 -

99

II.4 - ()
100
II.5

101

II.6

102

II.7 -

103

II.8

104

II.9

104

II.10

105

II.11

108

II.12 -

110

II.13 -

111
4

II.14
113

III. -

119

III.1

120

III.2

121

III.3 -

122

III.4

125

III.5

127

III.6

128

III.7

129

III.8

130

III.9

131

III.10

133

III.11 -
134
IV. , -

136

IV.1

136

IV.2 ( )

140

IV.3 -

143

III.

151

I.

151

I.1

151

I.2

154

I.3
157
I.4

159

I.5 (-)

164

II.
II.1

167
167

II.2
168

III.

173

III. 1

173

III.2

178

III.3
III.4 .
IV.

183
190

194

IV.1 ()

194

IV.2

198

IV.2.1

198

IV.2.2

200

IV.2.3

203

IV.2.4

203

IV.2.5

205

205

206

( )
207

IV.2.6

209

IV.2.7

211

IV.2.8

212

IV.2.9

213

IV.3 ,
(.. `~ - ).
216
IV.4

217

IV.5

221

V. -

226

VI. ( )

236

VII.

241

250

257

nawili I. turizmis industria

Tavi I. turizmis industriis arsi
:

- ,

!
, ,
, :

turizmis industriis ZiriTadi terminebis definicia;

turizmi da ekonomika - ;
;

turizmis industriis Semadgeneli nawilebi: sastumro industria da

turizmis infrastruqtura; transportis roli turizmSi;
1.1.

turizmis industriis ZiriTadi terminebis definicia

turizmi berZnuli warmomavlobis sityvaa da warmodgeba tornos-dan,

rac Zvel berZnulSi wris dasaxazavad gamosayenebel xelsawyos fargals
aRniSnavs. misi Sesatyvisi laTinurSi aris sityva tornare wre,
romlisganac warmoiSva franguli sityva turi (tour) es rogorc
samogzauro marSrutis aRmniSvneli sityva damkvidrda Semdeg inglisur,
germanul da msoflios mraval enaSi. saqarTvelos kanonSi `turizmisa da
kurortebis Sesaxeb~ mocemulia aRniSnuli terminis Semdegi ganmarteba:
miaqcieT
yuradReba,
rom
termini
turi konkretuli vadiT,
Casmulia CarCoSi! SemdegSi Tqven naxavT,
gansazRvruli
mizniTa
da
rom yvela mniSvnelovani ganmarteba, an
marSrutiT
mogzauroba,
mosazreba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli
romelic
uzrunvelyofilia
yuradReba unda miaqcioT, aseve CarCoTi
turistuli produqtiT.
gamoyofili SegxvdebaT. sasurvelia, rom
es ganmartebebi icodeT zustad da
kargad iyos gasagebi TqvenTvis misi Sinaarsi! arCeuli profesiis
dauflebaSi am terminebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. amave kanonSi
ganmartebulia CvenTvis umniSvnelovanesi termini turizmi:

termini turizmi (tourism) pirvelad 1830

wels gaCnda xmarebaSi im SinaarsiT,
rogorc
axla
gvesmis.
turizmis
ganmarteba
gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi, oficialur gamocemebsa da
leqsikonebSi.
garda
kanonSi
dafiqsirebuli ganmartebebisa, saWiroa,

amasTanave vicodeT sxvadasxva organizaciebisa da specialistebis mier

SemoTavazebuli definiciebi, riTac SevivsebT Cvens warmodgenas rogorc
terminTan, aseve mis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTisaTvis gTavazobT
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis ganmartebas:
1. , ,

,

,
.
,
( ) ,
- .
,
( ), ,
.
idre turizmis industriis Seswavlas SevudgebodeT, saWiroa vicodeT
turizmTan dakavSirebuli sxva mniSvnelovani terminebis ganmartebebic.
(. - )
,

; , ,

- !
1.2.

turizmi da ekonomika

turizmi aris msoflio ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze mowinave da

dinamiurad ganviTarebadi dargi. ekonomistebis mier zrdis maRali tempebis
gamo igi aRiarebulia gasuli saukunis fenomenad, xolo XXI saukuneSi mas
uwinaswarmetyveleben brwyinvale momavals. gaeros msoflio turistuli
organizaciis (mto) prognoziT 2020 wlisaTvis msoflioSi mogzaurTa
ricxvi 1.6 miliards miaRwevs.
amave dros, turizmi aris erT-erTi yvelaze momgebiani biznesi,
romelic sadReisod msoflio ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi turizmi mraval qveyanaSi damkvidrda,
rogorc zogadad ekonomikisa da yvelaze metad, swrafad ganviTarebadi
ekonomikuri seqtoris ZiriTadi dargi, romelic yvelaze mniSvnelovnad
8

uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis Semotanas, samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnas da Sesabamisad, qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
gazrdilia
biznesmenTa
interesi
turizmis
dargisadmi,
rac
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqtorebiT. pirvel rigSi, biznesmenebisaTvis
mimzidvelia is faqti, rom turizmis biznesis dawyeba SesaZlebelia mcire
investiciebiT da gansxvavebiT sxva dargebisagan, is saWiroebs ufro nakleb
kapitaldabandebs. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom turizmis biznesSi
erTdroulad warmatebiT viTardeb mcire, saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebi.
garda amisa, turizmSi ufro swrafad xdeba Cadebuli Tanxebis amoReba da
ucxouri valutis dagroveba.
bunebrivia, rom turizmis biznesSi warmatebis misaRwevad saWiroa
dargis Taviseburebebis detaluri codna da kompetenturoba. saerTaSoriso
turistul biznesSi warmatebis mosapoveblad saWiroa saerTaSoriso
normebisa da wesebis codna, praqtikuli gamocdileba turizmis menejmentsa
da marketingSi, turistuli bazris koniunqturis codna, turistebis
moTxovnebisa da moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze turistuli produqtis
Seqmnisa da bazarze gatanis xelovnebis daufleba, risTvisac saWiroa
momxmareblis gemovnebis, midrekilebebis gaTvaliswineba da momsaxurebis
xarisxianad gaweva.
Tanamedrove turizmis industria, romelic XX saukunis miwurulSi
Camoyalibda, ganagrZobs SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas XXI saukuneSi da am
mimarTebiT uaRresad aqtualuria vicodeT rogoria XXI saukunis turisti?
ra TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva igi? rogoria moTxovna-miwodebis faqtorebi
turistul bazarze? ra axal Tvisebebs iZens turizmi axal saukuneSi?
saerTaSoriso turizmi, rogorc praqtika adasturebs, uzrunvelyofs
yvelaze maRal saeqsporto Semosavlebs da qveynebis umravlesobisaTvis igi
warmoadgens sagadasaxado balansis ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelovan faqtors.
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, turizms gansakuTrebuli
upiratesoba
gaaCnia.
misi
ganviTareba
stimuls
aZlevs
msxvili
investiciebis Semodinebas qveyanaSi, infrastruqturaSi, romelTa didi
nawili xmardeba, rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, aseve turistebis
cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas. turizmis sferoSi axali samuSao
adgilebisa da sawarmoebis didi nawilis Seqmna ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis zrdis dabalansebis saSualebas iZleva. igi
aseve xels uwyobs maRalmTian regionebSi da soflad adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis
damagrebas, maTi
qalaqSi
gadasaxlebis,
arasasurveli
migraciis acilebas.

kulturuli
da
piradi
megobruli
urTierTobebi,
romlebic
warmoiqmneb turistuli gacvlebis procesis Sedegad, warmoadgenen
mniSvnelovan faqtors saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gaumjobesebaSi da
xels uwyobs xalxTa Soris mSvidobis ganmtkicebas mTel msoflioSi.
turizmis industria qmnis samuSao adgilebs, zrdis Semosavlebs da
Semonatanebs ucxour valutaSi, astimulirebs kapitaldabandebebs, qmnis
mcire da msxvili sawarmoebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. igi xels
uwyobs adgilobrivi, regionuli, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
da politikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebas. saerTaSoriso turizmi, anu
adamianebis mgzauroba ucxo qveynebSi, aris msoflio vaWrobaSi arsebuli
sami 'ZiriTadi mimarTulebidan erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba.
turizmi warmoadgens kompleqsur
sistemas da igi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTkavSiri. moTxovna
TavisTavSi moicavs Sida da saerTaSoriso turistul bazrebze arsebul
tendenciebs.
miwodeba
Sedgeba
turistuli
obieqtebis,
turistuli
infrastruqturis, iq gaweuli momsaxurebis, satransporto saSualebebis,
RirsSesaniSnaobebis,
dasvenebis
formebisa
da
agreTve,
sareklamosainformacio
saqmianobisagan.
xSirad
imave
momsaxurebiT,
infrastruqturiTa da RirsSesaniSnaobebiT sargeblobs adgilobrivi
mosaxleobac, rogorc `Sida turisti~.
turizmis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT dReisaTvis Sida
turizmi,
anu
moqalaqeTa
erTi
qveynis
farglebSi
mogzauroba,
saerTaSoriso
turizmis
(qveynebs
Soris
mogzauroba)
moculobas
ramdenimejer
aRemateba,
Tumca
adgilobrivi
turistebis
mier
mogzaurobisas daxarjuli Tanxebi saerTaSoriso turistebis danaxarjebs
mxolod utoldeba.
Rogorc ukve gvqonda aRniSnuli, turistad iwodeba adamiani,
romelic mogzaurobis mizniT tovebs Tavis sacxovrebel adgils da Rames
sxvagan aTevs. xolo is piri, vinc erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ukan brundeba,
eqskursantad iwodeba. zogierTi mkvlevari mas erTdRian mogzaurad
moixseniebs da Sesabamisad aisaxeba turistul statistikaSi. saintereso da
sayuradRebo faqtia, rom sami meoTxedi saerTaSoriso turistuli
mogzaurobebisa modis uSualo an axlo mezobel qveynebze, anu adamianebi,
miuxedavad gadaadgilebis saSualebebis mravalferovnebisa, samogzauro
qveynebs geografiuli siaxlovis mixedviTac arCeven.
turistuli centrebi da regionebi turizmidan iReben ara marto
Semosavals, aramed xarjaven did Tanxebs turistuli industriis
harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis da turistuli produqtis win wawevisTvis

10

Sida da gare bazarze; es xarjebi gamarTlebulia imiT,

saSualebas iZlevian miiRon ufro meti Semosavali turizmidan.

rom

isini

cnobilia, rom ekonomika swavlobs deficituri resursebis da

mocemul
resursebze
adamianebis
saWiroebebisa
da
moTxovnebis
wonasworobaSi moyvanis xerxebs. Cveni planetis ZiriTad ekonomikur
problemas warmoadgens is, rom bunebrivi resursebi amowurvadia, xolo
adamianebis moTxovna maTze ganuxrelad izrdeba da xSirad moTxovna
aWarbebs arsebul resursebs.
turizmis ekonomika aris deficituri turistuli resursebis, samuSao
Zalis, kapitalis, miwis da sxva resursebis gamoyeneba turistuli
produqtis sawarmoeblad da Semdeg am produqtis ganawileba sxvadasxva
momxmarebels Soris.
turizmis ekonomika aris deficituri
turistuli resursebis, samuSao Zalis,
kapitalis, miwis da sxva resursebis
gamoyeneba
turistuli
produqtis
sawarmoeblad da Semdeg am produqtis
ganawileba sxvadasxva momxmarebels
Soris

turizmis
ekonomika
ganixileba
or
sxvadasxva
doneze:
mikrodoneze
ganixileba calkeuli kompanebi
da
momxmareblebi,
xolo
makrodoneze
_
ekonomika,
rogorc mTliani saxelmwifo
sistema.

turistuli
bazari
Tavisi
bunebiT
warmoadgens
monopolisturi
konkurenciis
bazars,
radgan
masze
warmodgenilia uamravi brendi
da
ara
unificirebuli
produqtebi.
monopolisturi
bazari warmoadgens srulyofili bazris sapirispiro tips, sadac bazarze
mxolod erTi gamyidvelia da Sesabamisad igi adgens produqtis fass.
turistuli bazari warmoadgens garemos, sadac turistuli produqtis
potenciuri myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi ikribebian Tanxisa da turistuli
produqtis
(momsaxurebis)
gacvlis
mizniT.

turistuli bazris mravalferovneba (brendebi) gamowveulia imiT, rom

TiToeuli turistuli produqti miaxloebulia individis moTxovnebTan.
turistuli moTxovna aris turistuli
produqtis da momsaxurebis raodenoba,
romlis SeZenis survili da SesaZleblobac aqvT myidvelebs konkretul
fasad drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi
konkretul bazarze.

iseve, rogorc nebismieri

bazris,
turistuli
bazris
mTavari komponentebia moTxovna
da miwodeba da is, Tu rogor
urTierTqmedeben isini bazarze
fasebis meqanizmis meSveobiT.

11

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis Sua periodSi msoflios turistul

bazarze turistuli produqtis moTxovnaze SesamCnevi gardatexa moxda;
turistebSi STabeWdilebebisa da siamovnebis miRebis survilTan erTad
imata moTxovnam mkveTr STabeWdilebebze, moulodnel siurprizebze,
daxvewil gemovnebaze. turistulma moTxovnam ar dakarga masobrivi
xasiaTi, magram igi SedarebiT dabali tempebiT izrdeboda; turistebad
kvlavindeburad rCebodnen elitaruli sazogadoebisa da saSualo klasis
warmomadgenlebi,
Tumca
80-ian
wlebSi
turizmSi
CaerTo
dabali
Semosavlebis mqone mosaxleobac. bazarze cvlilebebs gansazRvravda ara
imdenad moTxovnis done, aramed moTxovnis xasiaTi; moxda masobrivikonveiruli turizmis transformacia masobriv-diferencirebul turizmSi.
konveieruli turizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia turistebis moTxovnebisa da
motivaciebis unificireba da turproduqtis standartuli formebi.
diferencirebuli turizmi ki konveieruli turizmisagan gansxvavebiT ufro
mravalferovania. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi bazarze Seqmnili situacia
Tavisi xasiaTiT amJamadac igive rCeba.
sainteresoa, ra cvlilebebi xdeba dRes msoflio turizmis sferoSi da ra
tendenciebi ikveTeba. am kiTxvaze pasuxs nawilobriv iZleva gaeros
msoflio turistuli organizaciis weliwdeuli, romelic tradiciisamebr
yoveli wlis ivnisSi qveyndeba mto-s veb-gverdze. 2014 wlis monacemebiT
msoflios top-aTeuli Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
cxrili 1

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

turistebis mimRebi qveynebis top-aTeuli

milioni vizitori
qveyana
2010
2012
2013
safrangeTi
aSS
espaneTi
CineTi
italia
TurqeTi
germania
didi britaneTi
malaizia/ruseTis federacia
meqsika/tailandi

76,8
55.7
59.7
52.7
43.6
27.0
26.9
28.1
24.6
22.4

83.0
66.7
57.5
57.7
46.4
35.7
30.4
29.3
25.7
22.4

...
69.8
60.7
55.7
47.7
37.8
31.5
31.2
28.4
26.5

cvlileba %-Si
12/11
13/12
1.8
6.3
2.3
0.3
0.5
3.0
7.3
-0.1
13.5
16.2

...
4.7
5.6
-3.5
2.9
5.9
3.7
6.4
10.2
18.8

turistuli
qveynebis
warmateba
izomeba
aramxolod
Casuli
turistebis raodenobiT, aramed maTgan miRebuli mogebiT da SemosavlebiT.
qvemoTmoyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebi
msoflios mowinave turistul qveynebSi:

12

cxrili 2

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

msoflios top-aTeuli turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebis mixedviT

miliardi aSS dolari cvlileba %-Si
qveyana
2010
2012
2013
12/11
13/12
aSS
espaneTi
safrangeTi
italia/CineTi
CineTi/makao (CineTi)
germania/italia
didi britaneTi/tailandi
avstralia/germania
TurqeTi/didi britaneTi
avstria/hong kongi (CineTi)

110.1
61.6
55.6
45.7
40.8
40.0
36.0
24.7
22.0
21.8

126.2
56.3
53.6
50.0
43.7
41.2
33.8
38.1
36.2
33.1

139.6
60.4
56.1
51.7
51.6
43.9
42.1
41.2
40.6
38.9

9.2
-6.3
-2.2
3.2
13.7
-4.2
24.4
-1.9
3.3
16.2

10.6
7.4
4.8
3.3
18.1
6.6
24.4
8.1
12.1
17.7

.
, ,

, .
4 ?
1.
( 1).

.

2010 ;
2.
, , . ,
,

(, ) ;
3. ,

(,
) ,
,
,
.

13

sul ufro metad izrdeba turistuli bazrebisa da maTi segmentebis

ricxvi da Sesabamisad ufro meti turisti nawildeba aRniSnul bazrebze.
bazris segmenti aris potenciur turistTa sxvadasxva kategoria, romelTa
dajgufeba xdeba am SemTxvevaSi demografiuli principis mixedviT: asaki,
Semosavlebi, sacxovrebeli teritoria da rac mTavaria, gansakuTrebuli
turistuli
interesebis
mixedviT. msoflioSi
dReisaTvis
saxezea
specializebuli turizmis moculobis zrda. specializebuli turizmi aris
termini, romelic aRniSnavs turistebis im kategorias, romlebic
mogzauroben specifikuri miznebis, piradi gamocdilebisa da interesebis
dasakmayofileblad SerCeul geografiul raionSi. am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari
faqtoria adamianebis profesiuli midrekilebebi da interesebi kulturisa
da bunebis Seswavlis mizniT.
turizms gaaCnia mWidro kavSirebi sxva momijnave dargebTan. am
mimarTebiT
uaRresad
mniSvnelovania
turizmis
makroekonomikuri
indikatorebis gansazRvra. mecnierebis azriT umniSvnelovanesia Semdegi
makroekonomikuri indikatorebi:
turizmis sferoSi miRebuli Semosavali da misi xvedriTi wili mSpSi;
saerTaSoriso turizmidan miRebuli savaluto Semosavlebi;
samuSao adgilebi: a) pirdapiri dasaqmeba; b) iribi dasaqmeba;
generirebuli dasaqmeba d) dasaqmeba mSeneblobaSi;

g)

multiplikatoruli efeqti (turizmis sferoSi Seqmnil erT adgilze

modis sxva sferoebSi Seqmnili 2-3 adgili);
wvlili saxelmwifo SemosavlebSi (Semosavlebi
sastumrodan, aeroportidan, sabaJodan);

transportidan,

turistuli nakadebis moculoba;

materialur-teqnikuri bazis mdgomareoba da ganviTareba;
dRe-RameSi tur-danaxarjebis saSualo moculoba;
turistuli kompaniis saqmianoba;
saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTareba.
garda zemoT CamoTvlili makroekonomikuri maCveneblebisa, turizmis
sferoSi iyeneben: turizmis simWidrovis, sawolTa simWidrovis, turizmis
intensivobis, xarisxobrivi, socialuri, momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis,
gadazidvebis, ekosistemebisa da sxva maCveneblebs.

14

1.3.

turizmis industriis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze

turizmis industria _ es aris ganTavsebis,

satransporto saSualebis, kvebis, garTobis,
SemecnebiTi, saqmiani, gajansaRebis, sportisa
da sxva saxis obieqtebis, turoperatoruli
da tursaagento saqmianobiT, aseve saeqskursio
da
gid-TarjimanTa
momsaxureobiT
dakavebuli organizaciebis erToblioba.

Cvens
dReebSi
warmoudgenilia
nebismieri
msxvili
qalaqi
ucxoeli
turistis
gareSe.
turizmma
dReisaTvis
moicva
ara
mxolod
evropa,
romelic
tradiciuli
turizmis
centria,
aramed
amerika,

afrika, azia da avstralia.

turistuli industria gankargavs solidur materialur-teqnikur
bazas, uzrunvelyofs adamianTa didi raodenobis saqmian dakavebas da
urTierToba aqvs ekonomikuri kompleqsis TiTqmis yvela dargTan.
ufro farTod Tu warmovidgenT, turistuli industria
SeiZleba
warmovidginoT rogorc dargTSorisi kompleqsi (klasteri), romelic Tavis
TavSi aerTianebs:
a) samoqalaqo
transports
(sahaero,
wylis,
saavtomobilo,
sarkinigzo) misi momsaxurebis sistemis ganviTarebis qseliT;
b) sxvadasxva
specializebul
turistul
sawarmoebs
da
organizaciebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT mkveTrad gamoxatuli
turistuli
orientacia
(satransporto
manqanaTmSeneblobis,
avtomSenebloba-SekeTeba, saTbobi mrewveloba, kapitaluri da
sagzao mSenebloba, adgilmrewveloba _ suvenirebis warmoeba,
kvebis mrewveloba, soflis meuneobis mravali dargi).
c) momsaxurebis, romliTac sargeblobs turisti, farTo qseli.
sxvadasxva specialistebi (n. barCukova, m. nemoliaeva, l. xodorkovi
da sxvebi) mudmivad azusteben rogorc cnebis `turistuli industria~
ganmartebas, aseve mis Sinaarss. sxvadasxva ganmartebebiT turistuli
industria moicavs rogorc ZiriTad (`pirveladi~), aseve `meorad~ da
`damxmare~ saxeebs (magaliTebi ix.: cxrili #3-4):

cxrili 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

sastumroebi da ganTavsebis sxva obieqtebi;

kvebis sistema;
transporti;
reklama;
turistuli saagentoebis mier turproduqtis gasaReba-gayidva;
kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebeli momsaxurebis
RonisZiebebi eqskursiebi; samecniero da saqmiani interesebis
Sesabamisi turebi;
7. savaWro sawarmoebi;
15

8. administraciuli organoebi;
9. bunebis,
istoriuli
da
kulturuli
memkvidreobis
dacvis
samsaxurebi;
10. sainformacio samsaxurebi;
11. masmedia;
12. saxelmwifo turistuli organizaciebi;
13. ucxouri iuridiuli da sazogadoebrivi turistuli organizaciebi.
cxrili #4
turistuli industriis seqtorebi
turindustriis ZiriTadi
seqtorebi

turindustriis damatebiTi
seqtorebi

turindustriis `damxmare~
seqtorebi

turistebis
ganTavsebis
saSualebaTa sawarmoebi;

warmoeba

warmoeba

transporti;

suvenirebi;

sportuli saqoneli;

turoperatorebi;

dasvenebisaTvis
saqoneli;

turistuli saagentoebi;

teqnikuri produqcia;

kurortebi;
kavSirebi;

katalogebi da prospeqtebi.
momsaxurebis sfero

asociaciebi;

saeqskursio momsaxureba;

turizmis ganviTarebisa da
regulirebis
saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebi;

masmedia;

firmebi,
romlebic
atareben
kongresebs,
gamofenebsa da bazrobebs.

saWiro

tvirTebis gadazidvebi;
sakredito dawesebulebebi;

tansacmeli;
foto saqoneli;
kosmetika;
medikamentebi.
momsaxurebis sfero
saz.kvebis sawarmoebi;
saparikmaxeroebi;
samwvrTnelo momsaxureba;

sadazRvevo kompaniebi;

samTo-saTxilamuro
xureba;

gaqiraveba;

funikuliorebi;

kadrebis momzadeba;

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi (Teatri, kino, muzeumi);

turizmis sferos marketinguli kvlevebi;

diplomatiuri
warmomadgenlobebi
(vizebis gacema)

momsa-

samedicino momsaxureba.

es CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. aq araferia naTqvami finansuri

momsaxurebasa da, saerTod, sagareo ekonomikur saqmianobaze, romelSic
rigi specialistebi kidev 14-15 saxis kavSirebs ganixilaven. saerTaSoriso
turizmis liderebi - evropis qveynebi, aSS, kanada kidev ufro detalur
nusxas iyeneben (mag.: aSS klasifikaciaSi 39 saxis momsaxurebaa, kanadaSi 41, Tumca aseve arasruli).
imisaTvis, rom SevZloT Tanamedrove turistul bazarTan civiluri
TanamSromloba, aucilebelia im standartebisa da normebis gaTvaliswineba
da danergva, rasac es bazari aRiarebs. saerTaSoriso standartebisa da
normebis damdgeni komisiis mier gansazRvrulia turistuli momsaxurebis
sxvadasxva sferoebisaTvis Semdegi formulirebebi:

16

1. turistuli organizaciebis - turoperatorebisa da turagentebis

saqmianoba;
2. samgzavro transportis momsaxureba, avtomanqanebis
eqskursiebisaTvis transportis gamoyeneba;

ijara

da

3. miRebis (ganTavsebis) da kvebis saSualebebi;

4. rekreaciuli,
momsaxureba;

kulturuli,

sportuli

da

sxva

gasarTobi

5. damatebiTi
da
damxmare
momsaxureba:
gidebis
momsaxureba,
kongresebis organizeba, dazRveva, turizmTan dakavSirebuli
safinanso momsaxureba, sakredito baraTebi, turistuli Cekebi da
damxmare
samsaxurebi,
samedicinoi
momsaxureba,
turistuli
daniSnulebis saqonliT vaWroba (ubaJo vaWroba, maRaziebi
turistul centrebSi)
turistuli industriis ZiriTadi produqti turistuli momsaxurebaa,
romelTaganac umniSvnelovanesia - transportireba, ganTavseba, kveba da
miznobrivi momsaxureba. bazars isini SeiZleba SeeTavazos rogorc erTad
(kompleqsSi),
aseve
cal-calke.
SeTavazebaTa
nairsaxeoba
bevrad
gansazRvravs turistuli produqtis turistul bazarze warmatebis
albaTobas. Cven am sakiTxebs konkretulad ukve turistuli produqtis
Seqmnis procesSi SeviswavliT.
turistuli industriis Semadgeneli nawilebia:
-

turistuli obieqtebi da dasvenebis saSualebebi;

ganTavsebis saSualebebi da momsaxureba - sastumroebi, sastumro

saxlebi RamisTeviTa da erTjeradi kvebiT (B&B), pansionatebi,
kempingebi, motelebi da a.S.;

sxva obieqtebi da momsaxureba - turistuli informaciis

samsaxuri, restornebi (barebi, kafeebi), samxatvro da xalxuri
rewvis ostatTa salonebi, sabanko da valutis gadamcvleli
dawesebulebebi, jandacvis, kavSirgabmulobis, samarTaldamcavi
organoebi da a.S.;

satransporto momsaxureba (maT Soris Sida transporti

turistul obieqtis SigniT gadaadgilebis saSualebebi);

infrastruqturis sxva elementebi - wyal-, eleqtro-, gaz-momarageba, kanalizacia, myari narCenebis gadamuSaveba, sakomunikacio
saSualebebi;

institucionaluri
sistema
marketinguli
da
sareklamo,
saxelmwifo da kerZo turistuli kompaniebi, administraciuli
struqturebi da a.S.

da

uSualod turistuli infrastruqturis Semadgeneli nawilebia:

17

a. transporti;

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

- aeroportebi;
- navsadgurebi;
- rkinigzis sadgurebi;
- avtosadgurebi;
- sagzao qseli da a.S.
energetikuli obieqtebi;
wyalmomaragebis obieqtebi;
myari narCenebis gadamuSavebis sistema;
kavSirgabmuloba da komunikaciebi;
sabanko-safinanso obieqtebi;
samedicino dawesebulebebi da a.S.

momsaxurebis obieqtebs ganekuTvneba:

a. ganTavseba;
- kurortebi,
- sastumroebi;
- kempingebi,
- motelebi;
- sastumro saxlebi da a.S.
b. kvebis obieqtebi;
c. satransporto organizaciebi;
d. tursaagentoebi da turoperatoruli kompaniebi;
e. sxvadasxva tipis maRaziebi;
f. dasasvenebeli da gasarTobi obieqtebis mTeli infrastruqtura;
g. sportul-gamajansaRebeli kompleqsebi da a.S,
mTlianad turistuli industria eyrdnoba bunebrivi resursebis
bazas. aseTi baza unda iyos atraqciuli damsveneblebisTvis, unda flobdes
xeluxlebel bunebriv saxes. bunebrivi teritoriebi unda iyos:
a) Sesabamisi zomis,
gadavseba, da

raTa

Tavidan

iqnes

acilebuli

turistebiT

b) daculi sxvadasxva riskebisagan, rogorebicaa mag: danagvianeba,

mowamvla mcenareebiT, saSiSi mxecebisa da mwerebis arseboba.
turizmis ganviTareba unda swarmoebdes im regionebSi, romlebic
daculia stiqiuri ubedurebisagan (wyaldidoba, gvalva, miwisZvra
da mewyeri).
albaT ukve naTelia, rom turizmi _ es aris industria, romelic
Tavis TavSi moicavs saqmianobis mraval saxeobas. turizmis industriis
yvela segmenti urTierTkavSirSia da damokidebuli arian erTmaneTze. mag:
samTo-saTxilamuro kurortis warmateba damokidebulia moTxilamureTa

18

ayvanaze
daSvebis
adgilamde
(ferdobze),
ganTavsebis,
kvebisa
da
momsaxurebis sxva saxeobaTa doneze, rac arsebiTia turistebis dasvenebis
mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. mcire sawarmoebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli
arian samTo-saTxilamuro kurortebTan, moqmedeben rogorc damoukidebeli
sawarmoebi, Tumca sinamdvileSi isini erTmaneTze arian damokidebuli. es
urTierTdamokidebuleba moiTxovs erTobliv Zalisxmevas, Tumca maTi
biznesi konkurencias uwevs erTmaneTs da ibrZvis momxmarebelTaA
bazrisaTvis, rac garkveulad aZnelebs TanamSromlobas.
I.4 turistuli industriis ganviTarebis prognozebi
turizmi, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis, didi xania rac
warmoadgens erTerT yvelaze Semosavlian da intensiurad ganviTarebad
dargs, romelzec modis saerTaSoriso Semosavlis 10%. turizmis
Semosavlianobis zrdis tempis maCveneblad gamodgeba Semdegi parametrebi:
Tu 1950 wels msoflio turizmis Semosavali Seadgenda 2.1 miliard
dolars, 1998 wels man Seadgina 444.7 miliardi, xolo 2013 wels 1159
miliardi dolari.
modiT davsvaT kiTxva, ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben zrdis aseT
tempebs? ramdenad stabiluri SeiZleba iyos es procesi? ra tipis
siaxleebi Cndeba, an gamoCndeba uaxloes momavalSi, rac imoqmedebs
(pozitiurad,
negatiurad)
aRniSnul
tendenciebze?
am
kiTxvebze
argumentirebuli pasuxebis Camoyalibeba dagvexmareba turizmSi (rogorc
biznesSi) mimdinare procesebis gagebaSi, Cveni qveynis turistuli
potencialis, turistuli momavlis sworad gansazRvraSi da, aqedan
gamomdinare, Tqveni profesiuli arCevanis sizusteSi.
msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi cxovrebis donis amaRleba
ganapirobebs dasaqmebulTa saSvebulebo drois zrdas (Tumca ukanasknel
periodSi aqac aris sainterso tendencia damsaqmeblebs urCevniaT
Svebuleba mogcen ara erTad, mTeli periodiT, aramed 7-10 dRian
monakveTebad da wlis sxvadasxva dros) da sapensio uzrunvelyofis maRal
dones. amave qveynebSi sapensio asaki iwyeba SedarebiT adre, izrdeba
finansurad damoukidebeli adamianebis, adeqvaturad martoxelebis
ricxvi, izrdeba `saqmiani~ (momuSave) qalebis raodenoba (rogorc Sedegi
gviani qorwineba, uSvilo an erTSviliani ojaxebi) da a.S. yovelive es,
miuxedavad
calkeuli
poziciebis
SedarebiTi
negatiurobisa
(mag.:
demografiis TvalsazrisiT), zrdis mogzaurobis msurvelTa ricxvs, rasac
Tavisi axsna aqvs.
msoflio turizmis
aseTi tendenciebi:

sadReiso

procesebidan

SeiZleba

gamoikveTos

19

1. saerTaSoriso masStabiT mkveTrad izrdeba moTxovna turistul

produqtze da Sesabamisad kidev meti ukeTesobisaken icvleba misi
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi;
2. turistuli
viTardeba;

industriis

calkeuli

dargebi

3. qveynebis
ekonomikur
ganviTarebaSi
saerTaSoriso turizmis roli;
4. cvalebadi buneba axasiaTebs
geografiul struqturas.

Semomyvani

winmswrebi

mkveTrad
da

gamyvani

tempiT
izrdeba

turizmis

seriozuli gardatexa moxda msoflio turistul bazarze XX

saukunis 70-an wlebSi Seicvala moTxovna turistuli produqtisadmi,
ramdenadac Seicvala midgoma e.w. `Tavisufali drois~ gamoyenebisadmi.
mizezi mTel rig qveynebSi cxovrebis donis maCveneblebis mkveTri da
dinamiuri
zrdaa,
rac
ganapirobebs
ara
ubralod
mogzaurobis,
STabeWdilebisa da siamovnebis miRebis, aramed gamokveTili (dauviwyari)
STabeWdilebisa da daxvewili (maRali klasis) siamovnebis miRebis
survils.
msgavsi motivaciuri cvlilebebi adeqvaturad aisaxeba turistuli
moTxovnilebis
formirebaze.
SedarebiT
dabali
tempiT
gaagrZela
ganviTareba masobrivi xasiaTis moTxovnebma. turistuli kategoriebis
segments 80-ani wlebidan aqtiurad daemata axali SedarebiT dabali
Semosavlebis mqone kategoria (manamde mxolod elitaruli sazogadoeba da
e.w. `saSualo klasi~ dominirebda). bazarze cvlilebebs gansazRvravda ara
moTxovnis done, aramed turistuli moTxovnilebebis xasiaTi. masobrivi
turizmi, Tavisi standartuli formebiT, icvleba diferencirebuli
turizmiT;
amosavali
xdeba
konkretuli
turistis
(individis)
moTxovnileba.
msoflio turistuli organizaciis eqspertebis prognozis Tanaxmad,
msoflio turistuli industria mogzaurobebisa da eqskursiebis mudmivad
mzardi moculobebis fazaSi Sedis, rac zrdis konkurencias mimReb
qveynebsa da regionebs Soris. amasTan erTad seriozulad izrdeba
momsaxurebis xarisxze kargad informirebuli sazogadoebis xvedriTi
wili, romelTa ZiriTadi moTxovna maRali xarisxi da usafrTxoebaa,
ramdenadac msoflio turistuli bazris perspeqtiva uaxles sainformacio
teqnologiebzea damokidebuli.
imave prognozis adeqvaturad, turistuli mogzaurobebis ricxvi
msoflioSi 2010 wlisaTvis gaormagda da turistuli Camosvlebis ricxvma
miliards miaRwia, romelTagan naxevarze meti (546 milioni) centralur da
aRmosavleT evropaze movida, sadac ukve erTgvari tradiciaa turizmis
ganviTarebis dinamiuri zrda. Winaswari gaTvlebiT, 2020 wlisaTvis 1,6
miliardi turisti imogzaurebs msoflioSi yovelwliurad, da daxarjaven
20

daaxloebiT 2 trilion aSS dolars, amavdroulad gaCndeba Sida turizmis

bumi, romelic saerTaSoriso turizms oTxjer gadaaWarbebs.
am araCveulebriv zrdas Tan mohyveba standartebisa da xarisxis,
maRali konkurentunarianobisa da inovaciebis, mdgradi ganviTarebis
principebis gacnobierebis amaRleba da valdebulebaTa xangrZlivi
gaumjobeseba.Cvens
klimatze
globaluri
cvlilebebis
zegavlenis
gacnobiereba gamoiwvevs `mwvane turizmze~ moTxovnis gazrdas sul ufro
da
ufro
metad
vecdebiT
gamovZebnoT
da
davnergoT
mdgradi
garemosdacviTi politika.
metad mniSvnelovania, rom msoflios mogzaurobisa da turizmis
sabWos (WTTC) kvlevis mixedviT, amave periodisaTvis 303,0 milioni adamiani
msoflioSi dasaqmebuli iqneba samusaoebze, romlebic iarsebeben, radgan
iarsebebs moTxovna mogzaurobasa da turizmze.
turistuli industriis Semdgomi ganviTareba ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom swor ekonomikur politikaze damyarebuli turizmi:
_ iZleva dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas rogorc kvalificiuri, ise
arakvalificiuri kadrebisaTvis, radgan es industria dasaqmebis
adgilebs intensiurad qmnis;
_ warmoSobs ucxouri valutis gacvlis marags;
_ zrdis saxelmwifo da adgilobriv Semosavlebs;
_ qmnis mzard mTlian Sida produqts (mSp);
_ SeiZleba daeyrdnos arsebul infrastruqturas;
_ aviTarebs adgilobriv produqtebsa da servisebs;
_ exmareba ekonomikis diversifikacias;
_ erT-erTi yvelaze konkurentunariani saqmianobaa ekonomikis mxriv,
rac xels uwyobs sxva ekonomikur aqtivobebs;;
_ zrdis saerTo ganviTarebis tendenciebs;
_ aqvs uaRresad maRali da gamravlebadi Sedegianoba;
_ afarToebs
ganaTlebisa
da
kulturul
Tvalsawiers
da
aumjobesebs sakuTari Rirebulebebis SegrZnebas;
_ aumjobesebs
sicocxlis
xarisxs,
rac
ukavSirdeba
maRal
Semosavlebs da cxovrebis gaumjobesebul standartebs;
_ aviTarebs yvela dargs, romelic dakavSirebulia turistul
momsaxurebasTan;
_ turistul
centrebSi
aviTarebs
socialur
da
sawarmoo
infrastruqturas;
_ aZlierebs kulturuli memkvidreobisa da tradiciebis dacvas;
_ amarTlebs garemos dacvasa da gaumjobesebas;
_ qmnis dasaqmebis adgilebs mxatvrebisaTvis, musikosebisaTvis, sxva
SemoqmedebiTi sferos moRvaweebisaTvis, da iwvevs turistis
dainteresebas adgilobrivi kulturiT, maSasadame, xels uwyobs
kulturuli memkvidreobis ganmtkicebas;
21

_ aaqtiurebs xalxuri kulturis centrebis saqmianobas da erovnuli

kulturis ganviTarebebas;
_ qmnis turistul da rekreaciul saSualebebs, rac SeiZleba
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis iyos gamosadegi;
_ amsxvrevs
enobriv,
sociokulturul,
klasobriv,
rasobriv,
politikur da religiur barierebs;
_ qmnis xelsayrel msoflio imijs turistuli daniSnulebis
adgilisaTvis;
_ uzrunvelyofs
adgilobivi
macxovrebelis
cxovrebis
donis
amaRlebas;
_ aviTarebs mSvidobis gagebas saerTaSoriso masStabiT.
Tumca
aqve
gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic,
rom
misma
ganviTarebam SeiZleba warmoqmnas problemebic, ramdenadac:
_
_
_
_

zedmetad

iTxovs resursebis Warb raodenobas;

qmnis sezonTan dakavSirebul problemebs;
xels uwyobs inflacias;
Sedegad moaqvs ekonomikis daubalansebeli ganviTareba;

_ mnis socialur problemebs;

_ ians
ayenebs
bunebriv
fizikur
garemos,
iwvevs
dabinZurebas da xels uwyobs globalur daTbobas;

garemos

_ ians ayenebs kulturul garemos;

_ els uwyobs iseTi movlenebis
prostitucia, azartuli TamaSebi;
_
_
_
_
_
_

zrdas,

rogoricaa

danaSauli,

rdis ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebis risks;

saSiSroebas uqmnis ojaxur struqturas;
axdens kulturis, religiisa da xelovnebis komercializacias;
qmnis gaugebrobebs;
qmnis konfliqts maspinZel qveyanaSi;
xels uwyobs daavadebebis gavrcelebis, ekonomikuri ryevis,
transportirebis problemebs.

1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, turizms gaaCnia cnobili warsuli da

dinamikuri awmyo. yvela pirobaa imisaTvis, rom momavalic aseve
optimisturi iqneba. Miuxedavad am optimizmisa, faqtorebis didi odenoba
mniSvnelovnad Secvlis turizmis bunebasa da struqturas momdevno wlebsa
da aTwleulebSi. s faqtorebi turistul industriaSi dasaqmebul
adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT menejerebs, turoperatorebs axal realobebs
, romelTa mimarT adaptireba aucilebeli iqneba. qvemoT
moyvanili cxrili garkveul warmodgenas SegiqmniT im globalur Zalebze
(mega-faqtorebze), romlebic
.

22

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15

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23

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;
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(UNWTO)

2020

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();
2.
();
3. , ,
,

24

 ( , )
; , , ();
-
.
, ,
,

,
.
, ,
,
,

, ,
.
-
,
.
,
.
,
, , ,
- , . ,

. , ,
,

.

..

. ,
,
,

- .
25

, ,
-
, , -
.

, ,
,
. ,
.

.
:
, , ,
() ;
( )
;
; ,

;

,

;
,

- ,
;
,
;

,
.

26

 ,
,

;
,

(, , , , ..),
,
,
.
-
, .
I.5 turizmis industriis Semadgeneli nawilebi: sastumro industria da
turizmis infrastruqtura; transportis roli turizmSi;
(

, , ).

27

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

1.

is, razec unda aigos qarTuli turizmis momavali:

qveynis istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreoba - ici Tu ara?

a. tetrakonqis tipis taZaria:

zeganis wminda marine
Zveli SuamTa

bolnisis sioni
erelaanT saydari

b. moxatulobis nawili Sesrulebulia mozaikiT (Semoxaze):

o beTaniaSi
o yinwvisSi
o gelaTSi
o timoTes ubanSi
c. romel regionSi ar acxobdnen purs TorneSi (ToneSi)?
o imereTi
o samegrelo
o qarTli
o kaxeTi

Seni qveynis bunebrivi potenciali (Semoxaze swori pasuxi)

a. saqarTvelos sazRvris gaswvriv miedineba:

o fsou, Tergi, alazani;

o alazani, iori, Woroxi;
o fsou, alazani, iori;
o
b. atmosferuli naleqebis maqsimaluri raodenoba modis:
o bzifis qedze
o kolxeTis vake-dablobze
o mTa mtiralaze
o
c. xoxobis rusuli da laTinuri saxelwodebebi momdinareobs:
o xobidan
o rionidan
o fasisidan

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2. daawyvileT Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi `partniorebi~

3.
definicia
?
organizebuli
biznesi
?
vizitori
momTabare
?
nacionaluri
mogzauroba
?
araorganizebuli
mnaxveli
?
paketi
gegmiuri
?
gansazRvreba
Sida
?
socialuri
momsaxureba
?
boSa
individualuri
?
saqme
subsidirebuli
?
gadaadgileba

28

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

1.
1.

Tematuri analizi turizmi da transporti

gadaadgilebis saSualebebis Seqmnis paralelurad yalibdeboda adamianis

motivacia mogzaurobis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT. gansazRvreT ra saxisa da
masStabis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis irCevda is transportis
saxeobebs:

adamianis pirveli `megobrebi~ (cxeni, aqlemi, jori da a.S.) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mdinareebze da zRvebSi gasvlis saSualebebi (navebi, gemebi da a.S.) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sarkinigzo sistema (matareblebisa da sadgurebis funqciis CaTvliT) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

kareta omnibiusi avtotransporti (yvela saxis) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

aviacia (e.w. `mcire aviacia~, vertmfrenebi, Tanamedrove lainerebi) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. saproeqto davaleba
situacia:
dRes Tqven
warmoadgenT
saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares (premier ministri); darwmunebuli imaSi, rom turizmi qveynis
gadarCenis erT-erTi `saswaulia~, prezidenti gaZlevT davalebas SeimuSaoT
`turizmis
ganviTarebisaTvis
auclebeli
satransporto
uzrunvelyofis
koncefcia.~
virtualuri

SeasruleT amocana logikuri TanmimdevrobiT:

a) gansazRvreT transportis yvela SesaZlo varianti, romelic SeiZleba

dakavSirebuli iyos saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebasTan (maT Soris
turistebis Semoyvana da gayvana);

b) moaxdineT

`transportis saxeebis~ Tematuri

Sesabamisi) da geografiuli (regionebisa da
gadanawileba;

(turizmis saxeobebis
raionebis Sesabamisad)

c) moiwvieT

mTavrobis specialuri gafarToebuli sxdoma: CamoayalibeT

CamonaTvali yvela im Tanamdebobisa da uwyebisa, vinc Tqvenis azriT
konkretuli davaleba unda miiRos;

d) moamzadeT im konkretul davalebaTa nusxa, romelsac, Tqvenis azriT,

miscemdiT Tqvens Tanagundelebs.

warmatebas gisurvebT batono premier-ministro!

Tavi II. msoflio turizmis istoria

29

 : .
, , .
,
,

, ...
,
:
ratom isvenebs adamiani rogor gaCnda moTxovna turizmze;
,

;
;
.
II.1 ratom isvenebs adamiani rogor gaCnda moTxovna turizmze.
kacobriobis istoriam, mraval sxva sikeTesTan erTad, icis uaRresad
saintereso sityvebi (kiTxvebi) `ra?~, `sad?~, `ratom?~, romlebze pasuxis
Zebnis procesSi milioni wlebis win `raRac arseba~ (pirvelyofili
adamiani) adamianad gadaiqca: imisaTvis, rom daekmayofilebina am arsebas
bunebrivi cnobismoyvareoba, mouwia xidan Camosvla, ukana kidurebze
dadgoma da, misi cxovrebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebeli pasuxebis
misaRebad, gamgzavreba. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom manam
is gaxdeboda `moazrovne adamiani~ (homo sapieins), mouwia gamxdariyo
`mogzauri adamiani~ (homo peregrinus). ramdenadac codna im droisaTvis ar
miiReboda wigniT, gazeTiT, televiziiT da a.S., am adamians TviTon uwevda
wasuliyo Secnobis obieqtisaken. swored amgvarad, udidesi Sinaarsis
Semcvel sityvebTan erTad daibada udidesi skola - (Semecnebis Secnobis
SesaZlebloba da saSualeba) mogzauroba.
dReisaTvis, imave kiTxvebze pasuxis miRebis mizniT, mogzaurobs
TiTqmis erTi miliardi adamiani, romelic gadis sakuTari qveynis gareT. da
es xdeba miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba `iZireba~ informaciis zRvaSi,
romelic TviTon `modis~ saxlSi, samuSao adgilze; gveweva yvelgan, sadac
ar unda viyoT da riTac ar unda viyoT dakavebuli.
modiT davsvaT kiTxva ra aiZulebs dRes adamians datovos Tavisi
saxli da wavides zRvebisa da mTebis iqiT, amasTan daxarjos amisaTvis
Tavisi xelfasis sakmaod soliduri nawili?
manam sanam vupasuxebT am, arc Tu ubralo kiTxvas, moviyvanoT rigi
saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic axasiaTebs dargs, romelic Seiqmna
30

specialurad mogzaurTaTvis
Tanamedrove etapze.

turizmi,

miTumetes

misi

ganviTarebis

pirvel rigSi im erT miliards, romelic kveTs Tavisi qveynis

sazRvars,
unda
davumatoT
kidev
erTi
miliardi,
romlebic
gadaadgildebian sakuTari qveynis SigniT. ra Tqma unda, es ar aris
`mogzauri adamianebis~ fizikuri raodenoba. es aris `adamiani-mogzauroba~,
ramdenadac `fizikuri adamiani~ SeiZleba wlis ganmavlobaSi ramodenimejer
mogzaurobdes.
magaliTad amerikelebi, miabamen TavianT manqanas e.w. `saxls
borblebze~, an uaRresad popularul `harli devidsonze~ daamagreben
karkass, saZile tomaras da moZraoben nebismieri mimarTulebiT TiTqmis
yvela dasvenebis dReebSi (`uikendi~). amgvarad, calkeuli mogzaurebi
(yaribebi), romlebic modebuli arian dedamiwis yvela kontinents, qmnian
(ayalibeben)
gigantur
industrias,
romelmac
finansuri
wyaroebiT
gadaaWraba navTobis warmoebas misi brunva Seadgens 4 trilion aSS
dolars da rac yvelaze mTavaria, amisaTvis iyenebs msoflios ZiriTadi
kapitalis mxolod 7%-s. meti am industrias ar sWirdeba, radgan igi
moixmars iseT sagnebs, movlenebsa da garemoebebs, romelTac adamianTa
saqmianobis vercerTi sxva mimarTuleba ver iyenebs landSaftebi, mTebis
Tovliani kalTebi, tyis pirebi, xmeleTis viwro zolebi zRvis, tbebis da
mdinareebis Tbili wylebis gaswvriv, CrdiloeTis ciali, CanCqerebi,
mcenareuli samyaros reliqtebi, da sxva bunebrivi, kulturuli da
samrewvelo RirsSesaniSnaobebi.
is `sxva dargebis~ fondebs `sakuTrad~ aqcevs transporti, qalaqis
quCebi da mTeli qalaqebi (istoriuli qalaqebi da dasaxlebuli punqtebi),
muzeumebi, nakrZalebi, industriuli obieqtebi, maRaziebi, kino-Teatrebi,
stadionebi, kulturuli, sportuli da ekonomikuri cxovrebis movlenebi
festivalebi, konkursebi, gamofenebi, bazrobebi, matCebi; rogorc Zalze
mokled da Zalze zustad SeniSna erTma mecnierma `yvelaferi arsebuli
xdeba, misi obieqti~. iyenebs ra yovelive amas, turisti saSualod erT
mogzaurobaSi xarjavs 800 aSS dolars weliwadSi. aqedan gamomdinare
planetis qveynebis erT mesamedze metisaTvis turizmi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaroa, qveynebis 80%-Si turizmi biujetis maformirebeli
wyaroebis xuTeulSi Sedis.
is, rom saxelwifoebi arian turizmiT dainteresebuli gasagebia.
sakiTxavia, ra aiZulebT adamianebs miatovon sakuTari saxli da garkveuli
droiT eZebon droebiTi TavSesafari, xSirad ara erTi aTasi kilometris
iqiT da amasTan erTad daxarjon soliduri Tanxebi. cnobismoyvareoba?
nuTu ar SeiZleba misi dakmayofileba SedarebiT iafi da naklebad sarisko
saSualebebiT?
magaliTisaTvis:
xom
SeiZleba
informacia
miiRo
popularuli Jurnalebidan, satelevizio gadacemebidan, internetidan?

31

Cveni
saukunis
paradoqsia,
magram
swored
mis
garemomcvel
informaciis wyaroebs gaurbis es ucnauri orfexa arseba imisaTvis, rom
miiRos arc meti, arc naklebi _ `axali~ informacia. aRniSnul procesSi
igi
`moazrovne
adamianidan~
gardaiqmneba
`moxetiale
adamianad~
(mogzaurad) im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom mas aRar SeuZlia erT adgilze
jdoma, rasac Tavisi mizezebi aqvs.
am movlenas axsna jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis dros
mouZebnes mecnierebma samecniero centr sxodniaSi
sami aTeuli wlis
winaT. maSin maT miiRes saxelmwifo davaleba moemzadebinaT mecnieruli
safuZveli
dasvenebis
dawesebulebebis
qselis
kardinaluri
gafarToebisaTvis, radgan moTxovna maTze ganuzomlad matulobda da iyo
mudmivi deficiti.
aRmoCnda, rom `gadadebuli~, an arasrulyofili dasveneba iwvevs
daRlis `dagrovebas~, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs adamianis imunuri da
adaptiuri SesaZleblobebis dasustebas. gamovlenili iqna, rom mSromel
adamians, rogorc cocxali Zalis matarebels, TviT srulfasovani 3-4
kviriani dasvenebis Semdegac ki, produqtiuli Sromisunarianobis maragi
yofnida mxolod 16-24 kviras da es maSin, roca weliwadSi 52 kviraa! (da
Semdeg yvelaferi kvlav `sawyis mdgomareobas~ ubrundeba). dadgenili iqna
aseve, rom Sromisunarianobis potencialis aRdgena xdeba dasvenebis pirvel
or kviraSi. aqedan gamomdinare SemuSavda rekomendacia Svebulebis orad
gayofis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. Tumca esec ar RmoCnda sakmarisi.
SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo qronikuli gadaRlilobis saxifaTo sindromis
Tavidan moSoreba (mocileba), aucilebeli iyo e.w. `rekereaciuli~ reJimis
mkacri dacva. igi Sedgeba 4 blokisagan dasveneba muSaobis procesSi
(`Sesveneba~), dasveneba samuSao dRis Semdeg, dasveneba samuSao kviris
bolos (`uiq endi~) da dasveneba wlis bolos (`Svebuleba~).
cxovrebis Tanamedrove ritmisa da fsiqo-fizikuri datvirTvebisas
dasvenebis da muSaobis monacvleoba unda iyos iseTive zusti da garkveuli
(gansazRvruli), rogorc Tanamedrove teqnologiuri procesebi. dasveneba,
romelic samuSao dRis Semadgeneli nawilia, unda iyos imdenad sakmarisi,
rom samsaxuridan mosul adamians `fexebi ar ekecebodes~. mas unda SeeZlos
da eyos Zala saojaxo saqmeebisaTvis, bavSvebTan urTierTobisaTvis,
saRamos gaseirnebisaTvis da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani meore dRes
imuSavebs nayofierad, Secdomebisa da wunis gareSe. Zalze cudi da
arasworia dasvenebis dReebis imave saqmianobiT (igive ritmi, reJimi,
Sinaarsi)
datvirTva,
SabaT-kvirebis
`gadatana~
ufro
xelsayreli
droisaTvis, da a.S. Svebulebis imediT. amgvari `reJimisas~ praqtikulad
ingreva adamianis fizikur-fsiqologiuri wonasworoba, imunuri sistema da
a.S.

32

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamosasvlel dReebSi regularulad daisvenebT

qalaqgareT da wlis ganmavlobaSi aranakleb 100 saaTs gaatarebT tyeSi,
maRali
Sromis
unarianobis
`maragi~
namdvilad
geyofaT
`morig
Svebulebamde~.
sayuradReboa, rom (esec mkvlevarebis daskvnis safuZvelze) e.w.
`aqtiuri mwevelebis~ samuSaoze ar miReba (an sxva saxis `represiebi~) im
motiviT, rom isini xSirad `acdenen~ samuSao dros sigaretis mizeziT,
uaryofiTad
ubrundebaT
TviT
damsaqmeblebs
(damqiraveblebs).
specialistebis daskvnebis safuZvelze adamiani instiqturad akeTebs am
Sesvenebebs
(sigaretis
moweva)
raTa
Tavi
daicvas
`gadaRlis
dagrovebisagan~, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac saWiroa zusti _ nervulad da
inteleqtualurad daZabuli muSaoba. am yvelaferSi adamianisaTvis cudi
mxolod nikotinia. iaponiis ofisebSi, garkveuli drois Semdeg, firmis
xarjze, TanamSromlebs samuSao adgilze awodeben yavas an Cais (imisaTvis
rom dazogon Sesabamisi drois danakargebi); xolo holandielma bankirebma
moxsnes akrZalva kompiuterul TamaSebze samuSao saaTebSi, radgan am
akrZalvis SemoRebis Semdeg mkveTrad imata Secdomebis raodenobam.
aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas Semdegi Zalze seriozuli
garemoeba. Zalebis xarjvis buneba (saxiaTi) ukanaskneli 130 150 wlis
ganmavlobaSi principulad Seicvala. fizikurad daZabulobisagan is
fsiqikurad daZabulad Seicvala. kunTebis komponentebma, adamianis cocxal
ZalasTan kavSirSi, lideris pozicia dauTmo nervul energias. nervuli
Zalebis aRdgenis saSualebebi da SesaZleblobebi ki kardinalurad
gansxvavebulia fizikuri Zalis aRdgenisagan. Tu fizikuri Zalebis
aRsadgenad sakmarisia dasveneba da kargi kveba, nervuli sistemisaTvis
piriqiT aucilebelia saqmianobis xasiaTis Secvla, erTi emociuri
mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sportis esa
Tu is saxeoba, aseve musikis mosmena, muzeumis monaxuleba, landSaftiT
tkboba (aRtaceba), maRaziaSi wasvla sasurveli nivTis SeZenis perspeqtiviT,
saintereso adamianTan saubari da mravali sxva, rac dagaviwyebT
yoveldRiur rutinas da yuradRebas gadaitans absoluturad sxva
movlenebze. da ai swored amitom, es orfexa arseba, daRlil daqanculi
yoveldRiuri rutinisagan, garbis Tavisi `mudmivi yoveldRiurobidan~
nebismieri mimarTulebiT, saiTac moisurvebs.
mogzaurobis fenomeni, rogorc misi erT-erTi seriozuli mkvlevari
(prof. i. zorini) wers, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sxvadasxva periodSi
mogzaurobas SeeZlo moexdina gadamwyveti zemoqmedeba civilizaciis
ganviTarebis mkacrad gansazRvrul procesze. mogzaurobas gaaCnia 10-ze
meti ipostasi (saxe, arsi). iyo dro, rodesac mogzaurobas mivyavdiT
eTnogenezTan, civilizaciis formirebasa da msoflios politikuri rukis
ganviTarebasTan.
dReisaTvis
wina
planze
gadmodis
mogzaurobis

33

rekreaciuli efeqti adamianis

yvelaze produqtiuli saSualeba.

cocxali

Zalis

aRdgenis

erT-erTi

modiT davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva yvelaze metad razea

damokidebuli nebismieri sazogadoebis civilizebulobis xarisxi (done)?
ekonomikis mdgomareobaze, adamianebis ganaTlebis doneze (xarisxi),
samoqalaqo institutebis ganviTarebaze? mravali sazogadoebaTmcodne
Tvlis rom, aRniSnuli poziciebi sulac ar aris gadamwyveti da
Tanxmdebian imaze, rom mTavari kriteriumebi aris dasvenebis odenoba da
xarisxi. Tu es asea, maSin Cvenc mogviwevs kargad davfiqrdeT, radgan
dRemde mudmivad vaxdendiT aqcentirebas udides da uZveles kulturul
memkvidreobaze (Tumca es memkvidreobac sakmaod calsaxad gvqonda
warmodgenili), RvTis mier naboZebi miwis silamazeze da a. S.
Tu kalendris mixedviT daviTvliT, SeiZleba iTqvas rom dasvenebas
Cveni cxovrebis arc Tu mcire dros vuTmobT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara
mxolod Svebuleba, aramed masze damatebuli 104 SabaT-kvira, saaxalwlo
`ardadegebi~, religiuri da saero dResaswaulebi. Tu amas davamatebT 4-6
saaTs yoveldRiur Tavisufal dros (samuSao dReebSi), gamova, rom
situacia TiTqmis idealuria daisvene ramdenic ginda! Tumca aq ibadeba
sul sxva kiTxva dasvenebis periodi ki arsebobs, magram ramdenad viciT _
rogor davisvenoT?
dasveneba, ra Tqma unda kerZo saqmea. nebismieri adamiani isvenebs ise,
rogorc mas surs. Tumca problema sul sxva rameSi mdgomareobs
arasrulyofili dasvenebis Sedegebi, Zalze xSir SemTxvevebSi, atareben
sazogadoebriv xasiaTs. TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebisaTvis, magaliTad, sulac
ar aris sul erTi, vin zis SturvalTan absoluturad janmrTeli da
energiiT savse piloti, Tu adamiani romelmac ver moaswro dasveneba da
Zalebis aRdgena. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT qirurgze, romelic operaciaze
gadaRlili midis (ver moaswro dasveneba da Zalebis aRdgena), avtobusis
mZRolze, romelmac Rame aTia sul sxva saqmis gamo da axla turistuli
jgufi unda waiyvanos da a. S.
ganviTarebuli
qveynebis
ekonomikaSi
dasaqmebuli
arian
10000
profesiisa da specialobis adamianebi. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba, Tu
muSaoben
gadaRlilebi,
pirdapir
an
iribad
warmoadgenen
xifaTs
sazogadoebisaTvis. miTumetes axla, rodesac adamianebs saqme aqvT
urTules teqnikasTan, maRal siCqarian teqnologiur procesebTan, uzustes
operaciebTan.
adamiani, Tavisi biologiuri SemadgenliT, sakmaod konservatulia
is Znelad egueba, ver misdevs uswrafes cvlilebebs. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, biologiuri `fundamenti~, romlis formirebac 140-160 aTasi wlis
win moxda, mimdinare etapze veRar uZlebs kolosalur datvirTvebs.

34

amerikeli sociologi polvin tokleri, Tavis SromaSi `futuroSoki~,

romelmac erTxel ukve SeaSina mTeli msoflio, iwinaswarmetyvela
mosalodneli kataklizmebis gardauvaloba. `Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
momavlis Soki werda is rogorc stresuli situacia, erTdroulad
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri, romelic warmoiSoba adamianis organizmis,
misi fizikuri adaptirebis sistemis da im meqanizmebis gadaRliT,
romlebic pasuxs ageben gadawyvetilebis miRebaze~.
swored amitom, rom moxdes Zalebis aRdgena, dReisaTvis adamianma
unda daisvenos ara ise, rogorc amas akeTebda mTeli Tavisi evoluciis
manZilze: mas sWirdeba ara mosveneba, aramed sxva tipis saqmianoba; ara
`inteleqtualuri Zili~, aramed STabeWdilebebis cvlileba. ufro ukeT,
vidre
mogzaurobisas,
yoveldRiurobidan
`mowyvetis~
pirobebSi,
SeuZlebelia amis miRweva.
Cven ukve aRvniSneT Tu raodeni civiluri (civilizaciuri) masis
(wonis) mqonea ubralo sityvebi `ra~, `sad~, `ratom~. moxetiale, mogzauri
adamianis dabadebasTan erTad daibada Semecnebis udidesi skola
mogzauroba. mogzaurobas (rogorc termins) kacobrioba icnobs ukve
ramodenime aTeuli aTaswleulia, xolo rac Seexeba turizms is mxolod
200-ze cota meti xnisaa. igi warmoiSva XVIII saukuneSi, rodesac
mogzaurobisaTvis saWiro gaxda gansakuTrebuli infrastruqturis Seqmna.
xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg igi Camoyalibda rogorc WeSmariti
industria.
dReisaTvis
msoflioSi
adamianebis
raodenoba,
romlebic
gadaadgildebian qveynebsa da kontinentebze, misi mosaxleobis raodenobas
utoldeba isini axdenen TiTqmis 5 miliard mogzaurobas weliwadSi. ar
uSindebian arc ucnob garemos, arc xifaTs da es adamianebi mogzauroben
nebismieri mimarTulebiT, oRond Tavi daaRwion yoveldRiur rutinas, rac
iwvevs yvela tipis stresebs.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, Tu odesRac mogzaurobas civilizaciis
formirebasa da politikuri rukis ganviTarebasTan mivyavdiT, dReisaTvis
pirvel adgilze misi rekreaciuli efeqtia: aRmoCnda, rom mogzaurobisas
yvelaze kargad xdeba adamianis sasicocxlo Zalebis aRdgena.
samwuxarod, Cveni sazogadoeba Zalzed cudad icnobs am mniSvnelobas
rekreaciul mxares turistuli dasvenebis programaSi, radgan pirvel
xarisxovan mniSvnelobas mogzaurobis SemecnebiT da gasarTob mxares
aniWeben. am saqmeSi seriozulad scodaven Cveni masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebic (rogorc beWdviTi aseve eleqtronuli da televizia), sadac
praqtikulad SeuZlebeli gaxda kvalificiuri da problemuri msjeloba. is
ki ara, TiTqmis yvela reklamirebuli nacionaluri Tu regionuli
masStabis saero Tu ritualuri RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb informaciis
gavrcelebisas aqcentebi keTdeba tradiciul `Rirebulebebze~ sufris
35

mravalferovneba da qarTuli Rvinis maCveneblebi. da am dros erT

sityvasac ver moismenT imis Sesaxeb, rom es dReebi upirvelesad adamianebis
dasvenebas, maTi sasicocxlo energiis aRdgenas emsaxureba.
unda iTqvas isic, rom TviT turistuli kompaniebic ar arian mzad,
Cveni kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare, am zRapruli saCuqrisaTvis (amdeni
`uqme~ dRe weliwadSi!). maTi saitebisa da nabeWdi sareklamo masalebis
gacnobisas xvdebi Tu ramdenad mZlavria aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli mentaliteti. mizerulia kompaniebis raodenoba, romlebic
misaReb fasad gTavazoben ubralod gaataroT dro sufTa haerze (pirvel
adgilze rekreaciuli komponentiT), an rame amgvars. viqonioT imedi, rom am
dargSi profesionalebis gamoCenis Sesabamisad Seicvleba es situaciac.
da mainc, ra Zalaa is, rac aiZulebs adamians datovos sakuTari
adgili (mudmivi sacxovrebeli garemo) da daiwyos gauTavebeli mogzauroba
Seucnoblis
Sesacnoblad
(axal-axali
STabeWdilebebis
misaRebad
TiToeul adamians sakuTari motivi aqvs):
-

zogisTvis es aRmoCenebTan aris dakavSirebuli: saidumlo kunZuli, 15

wlis kapitani, kapitan grantis Svilebi saocari, dabneuli
enciklopedisti Jak eliason fransua mari paganeli, anu win Jiul
vernis
gmirebis
kvaldakval
(aq
yvelas
SeuZlia
sakuTari
literaturuli gmiri an romantiuli avtori gamoiyenos);

meoreni mogzaurobisas, cnobili literaturuli gmirebisa da gasuli

saukuneebis mogzaurebis msgavsad, am fenomenSi xedaven raime
ucnobTan, gamoucnobTan Sexvedris romantikas;

mesameni, Carlz darvinis, mikluxo maklais, nikoloz vavilovis,

sulxan-sabas
msgavsad
mzad
arian
axali
sabunebismetyvelo
aRmoCenebis gasakeTeblad;

meoTxeni, avantiurizmis suliT arian Sepyrobilni; yvelas axsovs

saidumlo kunZuli, kapitani silveri, TiTqos boroti pirati, am dros
mogzauri. aSS-Si, grand kanionis zonaSi, ganZis maZieblebi dRemde
Cadian maias tomis ukanaskneli didi beladis monte sumas ganZis
saZebnelad aq saocari is aris, rom es teritoria uzomod Sors
aris maias tomis istoriuli samflobeloebidan! magram mainc!
rogorc Cans legendas didi Zala aqvs!

mexuTeni, romelTac erT adgilze didxans gaCereba uWirT, xSirad

icvlian adgils, maT Soris dasvenebis adgilsac, maT mudmivad axali
STabeWdileba esaWiroebaT da isinic moZraoben;

meeqvseni, rogorc literaturuli gmirebi, swori gadaadgilebebiT

cdiloben
Secvalon
rutinuli
yoveldRiuroba,
`yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis idiotizmi~ da misi stereotipebi. isini regularulad

36

moZraoben (gadaadgildebian), raTa gaecnon da monaxon e.w. `sxva

cxovreba~;
-

meSvideni, Zveli alqimikosebis msgavsad, dadian ganZis saZebnelad,

miTumetes, rom msoflio istoriasa da geografias msgavsi sababebi
jer kidev ar gamolevia, jer kidev sakmarisad aris intriga imisa,
rom miagno popularul saidumloebebs (`titanikis~ istoria amis
kargi magaliTia);

merveni, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis, sakuTari Zalis, unarebis mudmiv

gamocdaSi arian, isini, adrenalinis moWarbebuli odenobiT, mudmivad
SemarTulni arian, imisTvis, rom SeeWidon axal-axal sirTuleebs,
iqneba es mTebi Tu kanionebi, mZlavri mTis mdinareebis Tu okeaneebis
siRrmeebi. eqstremalebi dRes ukve yvela kontinentze arian da maTi
ricxvi matulobs.

da saerTod, ase aucilebelia mizezebis Zebna? mTavaria, rom moerioT

yoveldRiur problemebs, pirovnul mwuxarebas, moerioT sizarmaces da
ipovoT TqvenSi Zala, raTa farTod gaaRoT kari da gaabijoT samyaroSi.
II.2 turizmis ganviTarebis istoria
adamianebi uZvelesi droidan mogzauroben, Tumca pirvandeli
motivacia SimSilisa da safrTxisagan Tavis daRweva ufro iyo. pirveli
adamianebis (Homo erectus) namarxebi napovnia afrikaSi, dasavleT evropaSi,
CineTSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTi uZvelesi (2 milioni weli Cvens eramde)
namarxi swored saqarTveloSia (dmanisi) aRmoCenili. es kidev erTxel
gviCvenebs imas, rom uZvelesi adamianebi, satransporto saSualebebis ar
arsebobis pirobebSi, sakmaod did manZilze axerxebdnen gadaadgilebas.
preistoriuli
civilizaciis
pirvelyofili
adamianebisaTvis
mogzaurobis
ZiriTad
logikur
motivacias
sakvebis
Segroveba,
safrTxisagan Tavis acileba da sasurvel klimatur zonaSi gadaadgileba
warmoadgenda. droTa ganmavlobaSi, rac ufro izrdeboda kacobriobis
ganviTarebis done, ostatoba da teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofa, miT ufro
mcirdeboda
moTxovna
momTabare
cxovrebaze.
Tumca,
amis
Semdeg
mogzaurobisaTvis gaCnda axali motivacia _ vaWroba da saqonlis
barteruli gacvlebi.
afrikaSi,
aziasa
da
centralur
aRmosavleTSi
TandaTanobiT
farTovdeboda Zveli msoflios imperiebi. amitom ufro daixvewa samgzavro
infrastruqtura, Seiqmna saxmeleTo da sazRvao gzebi da ganviTarda
satransporto saSualebebi. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi
agzavnidnen Tavis emisrebs, raTa dakvirvebodnen omebsa da dacemul
imperiebs, an aekrifaT begara da gadasaxadebi, gaCnda oficialuri
samTavrobo mogzaurobebi.

37

egvipturi dinastiis periodSi `turizmma~ ayvaveba daiwyo. mogzauroba

am droisaTvis warmoadgenda rogorc biznes-aucileblobas, aseve pirad
siamovnebasac. qalaqis centraluri gzebis gaswvriv Sendeboda minisastumro-centrebi, raTa daebinavebinaT xalxi, romlebic centralur
samTavrobo postebsa da gare teritoriebs Soris mogzaurobdnen.
asiriuli imperiis aRmavlobis periodSi `turizmi~ kidev ufro
ganviTarda,
gansakuTrebiT
samxedro-gamoyenebiTi
TvalsazrisiT:
gaumjobesda gzebi da daiwyes manZilis aRmniSvneli sagzao maCveneblebis
gamoyeneba. sparselebma ki, romlebmac asirielebi daamarcxes, kidev ufro
gaaumjobeses satransporto gzebi da ganaviTares oTxborbliani etlebi.
yvela am mogzaurs esaWiroeboda garkveuli momsaxureba adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisagan maTi ganTavsebisaTvis, kvebisaTvis da a. S. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare istoriulad turizmis industriis pirveli sawarmoebi gaxdnen
tavernebi (ital. taverna laTinur. taberna - dan - sasauzme) da saeWvo
reputaciis mqone e.w. Semwynareblobis (moTminebis) saxlebi.
antikur periodSi mogzaurobis ZiriTadi motivi iyo vaWroba,
ganaTleba (Semecneba), momlocveloba (wminda adgilebis monaxuleba),
mkurnaloba. Zvel saberZneTSi Caisaxa sportuli da kulturuli Casvlebi
(olimpiuri TamaSebi,
musikalur-Teatraluri festivalebi).
vaWrobis
ganviTarebam stimuli misca gzebis, mosasvenebeli saxlebis (sastumros
pirveladi varianti), tavernebis (kvebis organizaciebi) masiur mSeneblobas.
zogierTi mosasvenebeli saxlebi Tavisi simdidriTa da fufunebiT
arafriT Camouvardnen mdidari moqalaqeebis saxlebs. romis aristokratia
aqtiurad monawileobda rekreaciul mogzaurobaSi - sakuTar vilebSi,
zRvaze an mTebSi; aqtiurad iyenebdnen Termul da samkurnalo wyaroebs
(abanoebi).
uZveles droSi aRmosavleTis qveynebSi ZiriTadad mogzaurobdnen
aqlemebis qaravnebiT. Rameebs aTevdnen SatrebSi (specialuri karvebi) da
qaravan-saraebSi (sastumroebi, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo aqlemebis
gaCereba da movlac). mosaxleobis done iyo gacilebiT maRali vidre
evropaSi, imis gamo, rom ukeT iyo ganviTarebuli vaWroba (vaWrobis
industria)
Sua saukuneebSi mogzaurTa Soris gaZlierda religiuri faqtori adamianebis uzarmazari masebi miiswrafodnen qristianuli Tu muslimanuri
wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad. da mxolod renesansis periodSi
Sesustda
(SedarebiT)
religiuri
faqtori,
ramdenadac
gaizarda
mogzaurobis
individvaluri
xasiaTi
da
SemecnebiTi
orientacia.
axalgazrda adamianebi, manam sanam daeuflebodnen raime profesias, Zalze
xSirad mogzaurobdnen mTeli evropis maStabiT. evropuli sazogadoeba

38

(maRali klasi) isvenebdnen Sveicariis, germaniis, avstriis, saberZneTisa da

italiis kurortebze.
masiuri turizmis periodi
am etaps axasiaTebs:
turituli momsaxurebis warmoebis specializebuli organizaciebis
Camoyalibeba (XIX saukune);
masiuri da socialuri turizmis formireba (meore msoflio omamde);
da
turizmis industriis da masobrivi turizmis swrafi ganviTareba (XX
saukunis 80-ian wlamde).
masobrivi turizmis Casaxvam xeli Seuwyo mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, da
rogorc Sedegi - Tavisufali drois gansazRvrasa da anazRaurebadi
Semecnebis gaCenas. amasTan erTad/amas garda, transportis revoluciuri
ganviTareba - samgzavro matareblebisa da gemebis gaCena, mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa agreTve sagzao infrastruqturebis qselis ganviTarebam.
pirveli maRali klasis sastumroebi gaCnda germaniasa da SveicariaSi
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, saukunis meore naxevarSi iqmneba samogzauro
biuroebi, romlebic organizebas ukeTeben turistul mogzaurobebs.
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi germaniasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi
stimulirebuli iyo masobrivi dasveneba, sportuli turizmi da sportis
samxedro gamoyenebiTi saxeobebi.
ekonomiuri dacemis Semdeg, rac gamowveuli iyo meore msoflio omiT,
daiwyo axali etapi. XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi daiwyo turistuli
kompaniebis aqtiuri ganviTareba, sastumroebisa da sxvadasxva gasarTobi
dawesebulebebis masiuri mSenebloba. evropuli turizmi orientirebuli
iqna amerikeli turistebis miRebaze, xolo 1970-ian wlebidan daiwyo
gasvliTi turizmis intensiuri ganviTareba. imave periodis saqarTveloSi
(rogorc
sabWoTa
kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali
respublikis)
viTardeboda profkavSirebis samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri da sakurorto
dawesebulebebi (infrastruqtura), bavSvTa sezonuri (ZiriTadad zafxuli
da zamTari) da sportuli turizmi (samTo gasvlebi, alpinizmi). 1980
wlidan turizmis zrdis tempebi SedarebiT Semcirda xolo masobrivma
turizmma saxe icvala diferencirebuli turizmis mimarTulebiT. turizmi
yalibdeba rogorc cxovrebis stili, SeimCneva (Zlierdeba) tendencia
momsaxurebis asortimentis gafarToebisaken, axali rekreaciuli obieqtebis
mSeneblobisaken. popularuli xdeba individualuri turebi, ekologiuri
da sportuli turizmi.
adamianebs aseve uZvelesi droidan hqondaT miswrafeba dasvenebisaken.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxovnileba dasvenebaze mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac

39

adamianma Sroma daiwyo. Zveli samyaros yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSi _

egvipteSi, babilonSi, saberZneTSi, romSi, sparseTSi da a.S. Zalze
popularuli iyo aqtiuri dasvenebis sxvadasxva saxeebi: nadiroba, doRi,
Widaoba, krivi, mSvildosnoba, diskos srola, musikalur instrumentebze
dakvra da a.S. droTa ganmavlobaSi msgavsi aqtiuri dasveneba sul ufro
popularuli da organizebuli xdeboda; am saqmianobisaTvis Sendeboda
Sesabamisi
Senoba-nagebobebi
(Semdgomi
sportuli
arenebis,
cirkis,
sastumroebis e.w. `pirveli variantebi~), imarTeboda masobrivi RonisZiebebi
(olimpiuri TamaSebi, musikaluri da Teatraluri festivalebi, bazrobebi,
gladiatorebis Sejibrebebi da sxva). dasvenebis (dedoflis mowyenis
gasaqarveblad) mizniT Seiqmna msoflios erT-erTi saocrebac _ semiramidas
dakiduli baRebi.
finikielebis mier fulis gamogonebisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebis
periodi, romelic daiwyo meoTxe aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde,
SeiZleba
miCneuli iqnas rogorc mogzaurobis dasawyisad. finikielebma aseve
gamoigones damwerloba da borbali, ise, rom Tamamad SegviZlia vuwodoT
maT `turistuli biznesis fuZemdeblebi~-.
unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom turizmis dabadeba-ganviTarebis istorias
qmnidnen is xalxebi da adamianebi, romlebic iZleodnen pirvel codnas
dedamiwis Sesaxeb: babilonelebi, ebraelebi, Zveli berZnebi (elinebi),
egviptelebi da indoelebi; Taless miaCnda, rom dedamiwa naxevarsfero iyo,
aleqsimandres _ cilindri, piTagora da aristotele amtkicebdnen, rom is
iyo mrgvali. aristarxe somoselma kopernikamde 1700 wliT adre ganacxada,
rom dedamiwa mzis garSemo brunavs, xolo qristofane kirenelma (daaxl.
276-194 w.w. Cvens eramde) pirvelad gamoTvala dedamiwis diametri.
arsebobs Zveli egvipturi gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmadac mamacma finikielma zRvaosnebma jer kidev uZveles droSi gadaseres xmelTaSua zRva da
samxreTidan gars Semouares afrikis kontinents. antikuri periodis zRvaosnebma safuZveli Cauyares dasavleT evropisa da britaneTis kunZulebis,
Savi zRvis auzis, kavkasiisa da kontinenturi aziis kvlevas. yoveli msgavsi
mogzaurobis Semdeg iqmneboda legendebisa da baladebis uamravi varianti,
romelTagan zogierTi (mag.: legenda argonavtebze) dRemde inarCunebs
pirvandel xiblsa da mimzidvelobas mogzaurobis moyvarulTaTvis.
turizmis samsaxurSi mdgomad unda CavTvaloT is adamianebic, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares kartografias, pirvelad gamosaxes dedamiwa
qaRaldze. erastofanem pirvelad es Cvens eramde III-II saukuneebSi moaxerxa;
geparqem (II s. Cv. eramde) gansazRvra geografiuli grZedi da ganedi, Seqmna
gradusuli bade; klavdius ptolemeusma (II s. Cv. eramde) datova pirveli
saxelmZRvanelo geografiaSi, daamuSava sami kartografiuli proeqcia; XXII saukuneebSi rukebs qmnian arabebi; XVI saukuneSi iqmneba berxaimis
globusi, xolo XVII saukuneSi _ merkatoris atlasi.

40

II.3 turizmi da Zveli msoflio

dasavluri civilizaciis uZveles akvanSi mogzauroba vaWrobis,
komerciis, religiis, mkurnalobis an swavlis mizniT uZvelesi droidan
imarTeboda. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, am saqmis fuZemdeblebi albaT
finikielebi iyvnen. ukve aRniSnul damsaxurebebTan erTad unda miviRoT
cnobad is faqti, rom swored finikielebma daiwyes xmelTaSua zRvis
Seswavla-aTviseba. mamaci zRvaosnebi gibraltaris srutes gadiodnen da
arc atlantiis okeanes uSindebodnen. rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, egviptis
faraonis (nexo) davalebiT maT gaiares xmelTaSua zRva, gibraltari, gars
Semouares afrikas da wiTeli zRviT dabrundnen ukan. gadmocemis Tanaxmad
am mogzaurobas 3,5 weli dasWirda (aq sainteresoa swored is, rom sasmeli
wylis momaragebisa da gansakuTrebiT saWmlis problemis gadawyvetis
elementia axsnili _ isini Cerdebodnen napirTan, Tesavdnen, iRebdnen
mosavals da mere agrZelebdnen gzas)
okeaneTis macxovreblebi. erT-erTi pirvelni, mogzaurTa Soris, iyvnen
okeaniis warmomadgenlebi. patara kanoebs, romelTa sigrZe 40 futs (12.2
metri) ar aRemateboda, isini iyenebdnen samogzaurod samxreT-aRmosavleTi
aziidan, mikroneziisa da wynari okeanis gavliT, markizis kunZulebisaken,
tuamotus arqipelagamde da gaerTianebul kunZulebamde. 500 wels Cvens
eramde polinezielebi gaerTianebuli kunZulebidan mogzaurobdnen havaimde, 2000 milze (3218 km.) Sors. navigacia xdeboda mzesa da varskvlavebis
mdebareobaze, okeanis mRelvarebaze, Rrublebsa da frinvelebis frenaze
dakvirvebiT. erTaderTi, rac dRemde auxsnelia, aris is, Tu rogor
axerxebdnen sasmeli wylisa da saWmlis maragebis Sevsebas.
Zvelma berZnebma turizmi da mogzauroba ori ZiriTadi kuTxiT
ganaviTares. pirveli is iyo, rom monetebis mimoqcevis ganviTarebis
periodSi saWiro iyo saqonlis gadatana, raTa moexdinaT gacvla. meore ki
is iyo, rom brZnuli ena xmelTaSua zRvis teritoriaze farTod
gavrcelda,
amitom
mogzaurebs
ufro
uadvildebodaT
erTmaneTTan
komunikacia.
mas
Semdeg,
rac
saberZneTis
qalaqebi
umravlesoba
zRvispireTSi gaSenda mogzauroba ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda zRvis
saSualebiT. SeZlebuli berZnebi siamovnebiT mogzaurobdnen sxvadasxva
qalaqSi, ZiriTadad ki aTenSi. berZnebi mogzaurobdnen religiur
dResaswaulebze, festivalebze da olimpiur TamaSebze dasaswrebad,
romlebic yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel imarTeboda.
axali teritoriebis Seswavlis mizniT awyobdnen Tavis pirvel mogzaurobebs Zveli berZeni mkvlevarebi (piTiasi _ IV s. Cv. eramde da herodote
_ VI s. Cv. eramde).

41

Cvens welTaRricxvamde 776 wlidan yovelwliurad olimpiur TamaSebze Cadiodnen rogorc sportsmenebi, aseve xelovnebisa da kulturis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc eladidan, aseve sxva qveynebidan. am periods ganekuTvneba specialuri didi saxlebis mSenebloba, romlebSic SeeZloT
ganTavsebuliyvnen da daesvenaT aTletebsa da mayureblebs _ pirveli
sastumroebi.
Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi sxvadasxva qveynebSi arsebuli codna
da geografiuli monacemebi yvelaze srulad Sekribes da Semogvinaxes
uZvelesma geografebma _ strabonma (63 w. Cv. eramde-20 w. Cv. eriT) da
klavdius ptolemem (90-168 w.w.).
romis imperiis aRmavlobis periodSi, maSin rodesac mTel romSi
mSvidoba iyo, mmarTveli moxeleebi Tavs aTasgvarad irTobodnen. isini,
berZnebis msgavsad mogzaurobdnen sxvadasxva qalaqSi, eswrebodnen
aTletur da religiur movlenebs. mdidar romaelebs Soris RirSesaniSnavi
adgilebis daTvalierebac didi popularobiT sargeblobda, amitom bevri
maTgani stumrobda saberZneTs. Cv.w. aR-iT 170 wels berZenma pausiniasma
gamosca 10 tomiani gzamkvlevi mogzaurebisaTvis. am wigns ewodeboda
`saberZneTis gzamkvlevi~, gankuTvnili iyo romaeli mogzaurebisaTvis da
aRwerda berZnul qandakebebs, maT Sesaxeb arsebul miTebsa Tu istoriebs.
romaelebi
mogzaurobdnen
egvipteSi
sfinqsisa
da
piramidebis
sanaxavad.
romaeli
aristokratebisaTvis
aleqsandria
warmoadgenda
kosmopolitur oaziss, radganac masSi bevri erovnebis xalxi iyo
Tavmoyrili: egviptelebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi, eTiopelebi, indoelebi da
sirielebi. egviptis mSrali da mziani havac xelsayreli piroba iyo
romaeli turistebisaTvis. romis imperiis moqalaqeebs, isevem rogorc
dRevandel turistebs, Zalian uyvardaT sayidlebze siaruli, amitom
navaWris 25% warmoadgenda imports.
Zvelma romma Tavisi wvlili Seitana turizmis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi.
mravalferovneba da uzarmazari teritoriebi warmoadgendnen sxvadasxva
tipis (miznobrivi daniSnulebis sxvadasxvaoba qveynis mmarTveli elita,
saxelmwifo moxeleebi, mdidarTa klasis warmomadgenlebi, sabrZolo
legionebi da a.S.) mogzaurobebis ganviTarebisaTvis pirvelxarisxovan
motivaciur parametrebs. romaelebma aages gzebis Zalze kargi qseli,
romelzec SeeZloT cxenebis daxmarebiT dReSi 100 milis (160.9 km.) manZilze
gadaadgilebuliyvnen, raTa SemoevloT (emarTaT) uzarmazari imperia,
moenaxulebinaT
xmelTaSua
zRvis
qveynebis
cnobili
taZrebi,
saxelganTqmuli dasasvenebeli adgilebi (samkurnalo da mineraluri
wylebi), egviptis legendaruli piramidebi da sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani
Zeglebi.

42

romis imperiis ayvavebis periodSi mdidari romaelebisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba (iTvleba prestiJulad) saberZneTSi gamgzavreba swavlis gagrZelebis mizniT. mogvianebiT mogzaurobam garTobis xasiaTi miiRo: qveyanaSi
Camsvlelebs izidavda festivalebi, aTletTa Sejibrebebi da garTobadasvenebis sxva saxeobebi. mdidari mogzaurebis gadaadgileba moiTxovda
maTi dasvenebis Sesabamis organizacias. gansakuTrebiT xSiri stumrebi
hyavda Tbil mineralur da samkurnalo wylebs, saxelganTqmul abanoebs
(Termebs).
jer kidev I saukuneSi Cvens eramde romis imperiaSi iqmneba saxelmwifo sastumro saxlebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan cxeniT erTi dRis savali
manZiliT iyvnen dacilebulni. isini Sendeboda did qalaqebSi da ZiriTad
gzebze, romlebzec moZraobdnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi da kurierebi
romidan mcire aziamde da galiamde.
aleqsandre didis (makedoneli) mefobis periodSi (334 wlidan Cvens
eramde) TurqeTis qalaqi efesi xdeba umniSvnelovanesi savaWro centri da
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qalaqi antikur samyaroSi, sadac Tavs iyridnen
mogzaurebi, romlebic Tavs iqcevdnen akrobatebis, Jongliorebisa da sxva
`jadoqrebis~ cqeriT, romlebiTac savse iyo qalaqis quCebi.
Tumca romis imperiis dacemasTan (I s. Cveni eriT) erTad daeca TviT
imdroindeli `turizmic~ (SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropis kontinentze garkveuli periodiT yvelaferi damuxruWda). mdidari mogzaurebis nakadebi Semcirda, gzebi gamovida mwyobridan, qveynebi gaivso yaCaRebiT, qurdebiT romlebic damatebiT problemebs uqmnidnen mogzaurebs. am da Semdgomi periodis (XV saukunis Sua periodamde) mogzaurTa erTaderTi warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen misioneri evropelebi, jvarosani raindebi Tanmxlebi pirebiT da
mlocvelebi, romlebic dadiodnen kontinentis wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad da gamosaxsnelad.

II.4 turizmis ganviTarebis istoria Sua saukuneebSi

aziur
civilizaciebsac
gaaCnda
kurortebze
turistuli
mogzaurobebis istoria. rogorc cnobilia, didgvarovan azielebs, rogorc
Cinelebs, aseve iaponelebs gaaCndaT meore saxli an sezonuri agarakebi
sxva qvbeynebSi. CineTis titulovani aristokratia da maTi stumrebi xSirad
stumrobdnen sazafxulo agarakebsa da vilebs suZouSi, hanZouSi da sxva
dasasvenebel adgilebSi.
malaelebi. mamaci azieli zRvaosnebi, romlebmac I-VII saukuneebSi
Seqmnes Tavisi saxelmwifo; sakuTari konstruqciis msubuqi navebiT (`jonka~) gadiodnen `didi aziis sazRvao gzas~. maT sakmaod did siZlieres
miaRwies _ Seqmnes saxelmwifo Srivijai, dedaqalaqi _ porti malaka.

43

Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT V-XIV saukuneebis CaTvliT,

mogzaurebisa da vaWrebis ricxvma SedarebiT iklo, radganac gzebis
umetesoba Sesaketebeli iyo da arc mgzavroba gaxldaT maincdamainc
usafrTxo. am periodSi farTod vrceldeboda qristianoba da igeboda
eklesia-monastrebi, amitomac qristianuli eklesia mogzaurobisaTvis
mamoZravebeli Zala gaxda. ber-monazvnebi amxnevebdnen xalxs, rom
wasuliyvnen wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad da ukve XIV saukunisaTvis
piligrimebi warmoadgendnen kargad organizebul mlocvelebs, romlebsac
socialuri klasisa Tu fenis miuxedavad emsaxurebodnen saqvelmoqmedo
TavSesafrebi.
XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi marko polom
- aziidan evropamde umciresi saxmeleTo gzebi.
CineTSi man naxa kargad ganviTarebuli sagzao sistema, romelic pirvelad
Cous dinastiis (Cv.w.aR-mde 1122-1221) periodSi aSenda. marko polos wigni
evropelebs acnobda Tu rogor cxovrobdnen aRmosavleTSi am periodis
ganmavlobaSi. sxva mogzaurebis wignebi mogvianebiT gamoCndnen. maSin, roca
ukve daiwyo wignebis tiraJuli gamocemebi. 1357 wels ramdenime enaze
gamoica mandevilis mogzaurobebi sadac aRwerili iyo mogzauroba
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.
XV saukuneSi ukve gaCnda turistuli paketi, rimelic gankuTvnili iyo
veneciidan wminda miwamde samogzaurod am paketis SeZenisas fasSi Sedioda:
mgzavrobis, kvebis, dabinavebis, saxedris daqiravebisa da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi xifaTis Tavidan asacileblad mosaqrTami fuli. am droisaTvis
warmoiSva swrafi kvebis stendebis adreuli versia. gadatvirTul,
piligrimebis samogzauro, gzebsa da gzatkecilebze, quCis movaWreebs
SeeZloT gzispira karvebidan gaeyidaT Rvino, xili, xorci, puri da
namcxvari.
kontinenturi evropa. Suasaukuneebis evropaSi adamianebis yvelaze
didi gadaadgilebebi xdeboda jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros, romlebsac
axorcielebdnen evropeli raindebi da maTi Tanamgzavri vaWrebi, romelTac
ucxo qveynis simdidre ainteresebdaT. maT kvaldakval aRmosavleTisaken
midiodnen sasuliero pirebi da mlocvelebi, romelTac Tan axldnen mawanwalebisa da usaxlkaroTa usasrulo nakadebi. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebi SuasaukuneebSi mogzaurobdnen samkurnalo wylebze. Tumca gadaadgilebis miznebis sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad isini kidev ufro afarToebdnen adamianis geografiuli codnis farglebs. maT mier nanaxi mdinareebis,
zRvebis, materikebisa da qveynebis aRwera datoves: aTanase nikitinma, marko
polom, vasko da gamam, qristefore kolumbma da mravalma sxvam.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom maTze adre, TviT qristefore kolumbze gacilebiT adre (IX-XI saukuneebi) atlantiis okeanis Crdilo44

eT ganedebs (islandia, grenlandia, labradori, dRevandel vaSingtonamde)

ikvlevdnen (ibyrobdnen) mamaci zRvaosnebi _ vikingebi (gansakuTrebiT bevrs
mogzaurobda maTi beladi erik `mwiTuri~).
XIV-XVII saukuneebis mogzaurobis ZiriTad motivacias sazRvargareT
ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis miReba warmoadgenda. inglisis dedofalma
elisabed I-ma momavali diplomatebisaTvis mogzaurobis aucilebloba
daawesa, xolo oqsfordisa da kembrijis universitetebSi daiwyes
mogzaurobis, rogorc disciplinis Seswavla. aseve espaneTSi salamankas
universitetSi. inglisma aseve daawesa mogzaurobis licenzia, romelic
vargisi iyo 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi da garkveul SezRudvebs uwesebda maT
(ra raodenobis Tanxa unda hqonodaT, ramdeni cxeni da ramdeni msaxuri
SeiZleba hyolodaT). mogzaurebs aseve unda hqonodaT pasporti gasasvlel
postebSi warsadgenad, amasTan yvela qveynisaTvis saWiro iyo sxvadasxva
pasportis aReba, arsebobda samogzauro Cekebi.
SemdgomSi elisabedis turis struqtura kidev ufro daixvewa da
cnobili gaxda grand turis saxeliT. grand turi warmoiqmna XVII
saukunis Sua periodSi da didi popularobiT sargeblobda XVIII saukunis
Sua wlebamde. grand turis mogzaurebisaTvis kvlav ZiriTad motivacias
codnisa da gamocdilebis miReba warmoadgenda. is maRali fenis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli monapovrebis
gacnobisaTvis Zalzed mniSvnelovani iyo, amitom aristokratiuli da
mdidari ojaxis Svilebi (ZiriTadad vaJebi) midiodnen sxvadasxva qveynebSi,
rom
moenaxulebinaT
istoriuli
adgilebi,
SeeswavlaT
xelovneba,
arqiteqtura da istoria. am droisaTvis arsebobda grand turis
gzamkvlevi, romelic daiwera 1778 wels tomas nugentis mier da didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi bestselerad iTvleboda.
evropis saxelmwifoebis gaZlierebam da maT Soris konkurenciis gazrdam ganapiroba axali teritoriebis, gzebis aRmoCenisaken gamalebuli
swrafva. am periods samarTlianad ewoda didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis
xana, ramdenadac swored am periods ganekuTvneba pirveli yvelaze cnobili
mogzaurobebi:
_ marko polo (1254-1324) _ gza evropidan CineTamde da ukan (CineTSi
cxovrobs 17 weli); SesaZlebelia gavlilia kavkasiaSic.
_

barTolomeo diaS i (1450-1500) _ portugalieli

zRvaosani, romelmac evropelTagan pirvelma Semouara afrikas
samxreTidan (keTili imedis koncxi);

_ vasko da gama (1469-1524) _ portugalieli zRvaosani, romelmac gaxsna `axali gza~ afrikis garsSemovliT indoeTisaken;
_ qristefore kolumbi (1451-1506) _ zRvaosani, romelmac indoeTisaken
kidev erTi `axali~ gzis ZebnaSi aRmoaCina amerika (misTvis `vest

45

indoeTi~) da
naxa;
_

ise mokvda, sjeroda, rom indoeTisaken mimavali gza

amerigo vespuCi (1454-1512) _ venecieli zRvaosani, romelmac aRmoaCina samxreTi amerika da uwoda mas `axali samyaro~ (Semdeg loTaringielma kartografma m. valdzemiulerma 1507 wels mis sapativsacemod uwoda `amerika~);

_ fernando magelani (1480-1521) _ portugalieli zRvaosani, pirveli

garsaqveyno mogzaurobis ideis avtori da ganmaxorcielebeli
1519-21 wlebi (Tumca piradad ver dabrunda ukan _ daiRupa filipinebis kunZulebze adgilobriv macxovreblebTan brZolisas; mogzauroba dasrulda x. elkanos xelmZRvanelobiT);
_ `mcire aRmoCenebis periodi~ _ konkistadorebi _ espaneli avantiuristi dambyroblebi, romelTa mier ganvlili gza cecxliTa da
sisxliT aris moniSnuli; maT praqtikulad gaanadgures adgilobrivi unikaluri kultura (maias, actekebis, inkebis) _ vasko nunies
balboa (pirvelma naxa wynari okeanis sanapiro `didi okeane~),
ernando kortesi, francisko pisaro, pedro valdivia.
amerikelebi. XVI saukuneSi CrdiloeT amerikis uzarmazari kontinenti
Seiswavles espanelebma, romlebic gadaadgilebisas cxenebs iyenebdnen.
SemdgomSi aqtiurad iyenebdnen aseve patara navebs da kanoeebs. gzebis qselis gaCenasTan erTad daiwyo gadaadgilebebi safosto karetebiT. rkinigzis aSenebam kidev ufro popularuli gaxada mogzaurobebi. 1850 dafuZnda
kompania `ameriken eqspresi~, romelic sagzao Cekebis gamoyenebisa (1891 w.)
da turistuli momsaxurebis sxva saqmeebis pionerad iTvleba.

II.5 msoflio turizmis ganviTareba XVIII-XX saukuneebSi

1750 wlidan 1850 wlamd, anu samrewvelo revoluciis periodSi moxda
farTo ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebi da warmoiqmna masobrivi
turizmis safuZvlebi. soflis meurneobis muSakebi manufaqturuli
warmoebisa da cxovrebis stilze gadadiodnen, warmoiqmna sazogadoebis
saSualo fena da maTi moTxovnebi mogzaurobaze, rogorc Tavisufali
drois gatarebasa da dasvenebaze.
samrewvelo revoluciis periodSi Seiqmna orTqlis Zrava, riTac
moZraobdnen matareblebi da gemebi. profesiulma cvlilebebma Tan moitana
socialuri cvlilebebi, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo saSualo
klasis warmoqniTa da gafarToebiT. maT garTobisa da dasvenebisaTvis
ufro meti dro miecaT da moTxovnileba gauCndaT emogzauraT.
dasasvenebeli turistuli mogzaurobebi ZiriTadad erTdRiani iyo.
radgan SezRuduli Semosavlebi da kviraSi xuTdRiani muSaoba metis
saSualebas ar iZleoda. XIX saukunis bolosaTvis dasaqmebulma adamianebma
SemoiRes yovelwliuri Svebulebebi. am droSi isini gaurbodnen qalaqis
simWidrovesa da sibinZures da midiodnen mineraluri wylebis kurortebsa
46

da zRvis sanapiroebze. dasasvenebeli adrilebis raodeboba, romlebsac

adre mxolod mdidari adamianebi stumrobdnen, gaizarda. amis mizezi
swored saSualo fenis aRzeveba gaxda. kurortebisaTvis saSualo klasi
gacilebiT did bazars warmoadgenda, vidre mcirericxovani mdidari
aristokratebi, amitomac kurortebze TandaTanobiT daiwyes Camosvla
saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebma.
inglisur
literaturaSi
Tanamedrove
komerciuli
turizmis
ganviTarebis dasawyisad 1841 weli iTvleba, rodesac ingliselma
komersantma Tomas kukma pirvelad gauwia komerciuli momsaxureba
sifxizlisaTvis mebrZoli sazogadoebis 570 wevrs. man Seisyida matareblis
bileTebi daSemdeg mihyida isini mgzavrobis msurvelebs, xolo gzaSi
eqskursiamZRolis funqcia TviTonve ikisra.
XVII saukunis dasasrulsa da XVIII saukuneebSi mimdinareobs kontinenturi aziis intensiuri kvleva, romelSic, sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad arian CarTuli rusi mkvlevarebi
(arc aris gasakviri _ maTi yvela eqspedicia afarToebda imperiis
sazRvrebs). i. moskvitini, v. poiarkovi, s. deJnevi am periodSi cimbiris
gavliT pirvelebi gadian oxotis zRvasa da wynari okeanis sanapiroebze,
ikvleven kamCatkas, aziisa da amerikis wyalgamyofs. amas mosdevs v.
atlasovis,
i.
fiodorovis,
v.
beringis
mogzaurobebi,
romlebic
praqtikulad asruleben aRniSnuli regionis kvlevas.
XIX saukuneSi ZiriTadad dasrulda dasaxlebuli kontinentebis Seswavlis procesi. mTlianad, an nawilobriv gavlili iqna yvela mniSvnelovani mdinare, rukebze datanili iqna yvela didi tba, ganisazRvra dasaxlebuli teritoriis reliefis xasiaTi.
XIX saukunis dasawyisi rusi mogzaurebisaTvis aRsaniSnavia pirveli
garsaqveyno mogzaurobiT, romlebic Seasrules kapitnebma n. kruzenSternma
da i. lisianskim; zRvaosnebma m. lazarevma da f. belinshauzenma gaiares
avstralia da axali gvinea. p. semionov-tianSanskim da n. prJevalskim udidesi roli iTamaSes centraluri aziis kvlevaSi.
Tumca es yvelaferi mxolod nawilia im Rvawlisa, rac ara erTi qveynis warmomadgenels _ mogzaursa da mkvlevars miuZRvis imaSi, rom dedamiwaze praqtikulad aRar darCa e.w. `TeTri laqebi~ _ Seuswavleli adgilebi.
bevri maTgani msxverpladac Seewira Tavis ideas da maTi saxelebi calkeul kunZulebs, rifebs, dasaxlebul punqtebs da sxva geografiul Tu
istoriul obieqtebs hqviaT.
mogzaurobebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena
iyo gadaadgilebebi, romlebic ganxorcielda meore msoflio omis
periodSi: 12 milionze meti amerikeli msaxurobda 1941-1945 wlebSi
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, romlebic gadaisroles evropis kontinentze (unda

47

aRvniSnoT, rom omebi am kuTxiT SemdgomSic igive funqcias asrulebdnen _

vietnami, avRaneTi, kuveiti, irani, erayi da a.S.).
mokle informacia kontinenturi kvlevebis avtorebis Sesaxeb:
CrdiloeTi amerika _ jon kaboti, martin frobiSeri, jon devisi, henri
huZoni, Tomas batoni, robert boloti, uiliam bafini, liuk
foqsi;
`samxreTis materiki~ _ avstraliis kvleva _ frensis dreiki, alvaro saavedra, andres urdaneti, alvaro mendena, abel tasmani (kukamde
200 wliT adre aRmoaCina avstralia, Tumca es aRmoCena holandielebma `daumales~ msoflios, gansakuTrebiT did britaneTs), jeims kuki.
afrika _ `Savi kontinenti~ _ mungo parki, aleqsandre lengi, barti, klaperton-denxem-oudni, spiki, daviT livingstoni, stenli, kovalevski, iunkeri, eliseevi.
msoflio okeanis kvleva _ garsaqveyno mogzaurobebi: bugenvili, jeims
kuki, fransua laperuzi, oto kocebu, uiliam edvard piri,
fredrik biCi, Jiul diumon diurvili, robert fic-roe, Jivil
tomsoni, stefane makarovi da sxvebi. gemebi: `persei~, `vitiazi~,
`mixeil lomonosovi~, `akademikosi koroliovi~, `akademikoso
kurCatovi~, `planet~, `mixeil sarsi~, `andrei pervozvanni~,
`ermaki~, da a.S.
XIX da XX saukuneebSi ZiriTadad ikvlevdnen arqtikas, polarul
sivrces, aziis kontinentis Sida raionebs da okeaneebis siRrmeebs.
arqtikis mkvlevarebi _ fritiof nanseni, robert piri, `CrdiloeTis didi
eqspedicia~, vrangeli da matiuSkini, gemskerki da barenci,
makarovi, nobile, Smidti, `Celuskinelebi~, `sedovi~, `belgika~,
`ioa~, `taimiri~ da `vaigaCi~, `modi~, `arqtika~.
antarqtidis mkvlevarebi _ belinshauzeni da lazarevi, rosi, robert skoti, Sekltoni, roal amundseni, berdi, somovi, `diskaveri~,
`skotia~, `doiClandi~, `perkua pa~.
SeniSvna: ufro vrclad calkeuli kontinentis, mkvlevarisa Tu eqspediciis
Sesaxeb SegiZliaT ixiloT , Sesabamis enciklopediebSi an
specialurad Seqmnil literaturaSi.

II.6 turizmis ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSi

XVII saukunis dasasruls da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, did ganmanaTlebelTa ideebis Sesabamisad, rigma evropulma saswavlo dawesebulebebma

48

praqtikaSi danerges moklevadiani eqskursiebi da fexiT gaseirneba

moswavleTaTvis. es mogzaurobebi ewyoboda asaTvisebeli masalis TvalsaCinoebisa da sagnobriobis uzrunvelsayofad, gamoCenili poloneli
pedagogis ian amos komenskis meTodis Sesabamisad.
ruseTSi saeqskursio saqmianoba XIX saukunis me-2 naxevridan iwyeba.
am periodSi bunebismetyvelTa asociaciebi yalibdeba ruseTis sxvadasxva
raionebSi (moskovi, yazani, ekaterinburgi), aseve TbilisSic. 1902-09 wlebSi
funqcionirebs `kavkasiis mTis sazogadoeba~ (piatigorski). 1905 wels
Seiqmna erT-erTi pirveli saeqskursio dawesebuleba _ yirim-kavkasiis samTo
klubis ialtis saeqskursio biuro.
saeqskursio saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas, rogorc erT-erTi pirdapiri
Sedegi, Tan sdevda istoriuli, kulturuli da bunebrivi Zeglebis, ansamblebis, muzeumebis, aseve sxvadasxva gamofenebis gaxsna.
1877 wels yalibdeba pirveli alpiuri klubi TbilisSi. XIX saukunis
dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi mogzaurobebiT interesdeba da
turizmis ganviTarebaze zrunaven rogorc samecniero, aseve moyvarulTa
sazogadoebebi. ukve 1835 wels iqmneba ruseTis turistTa sazogadoeba
(turing-klubi), xolo 1901 wels rusuli samTo sazogadoeba.
Tanamedrove turizmis fuZemdeblad saqarTveloSi iTvleba g. nikolaZe, romelmac 1921 wels moawyo masobrivi (145 kaciani) 2 dRiani turistuli
laSqroba (`gafrena~). 1922 wels igi awyobs 15 dRian laSqrobas: Tbilisikojori-orbeTi-CxikvTa-TeTriwyaro-bolnisi-CaTaxi-winwyaro-tabaxmela-Tbilisi. laSqrobaSi monawileobda 21 kaci.
1924 wels daarsda saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoeba, romlis
mTasvla-mgzavrosnobis ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelobs g. nikolaZe da romlis TaosnobiT 1924 wels raWa-oseTSi ganxorcielebuli 25 dRiani turistuli laSqrobiT (monawileobda 19 kaci) safuZveli Caeyara sportuli
turizmis ganviTarebas.
1950 wels yalibdeba saqarTvelos turizmis federacia. imave wels
turizmSi sportis ostatis wodebis miniWeba iwyeba (pirveli ostatebi - k.
astaxiSvili, d. furcelaZe, v. malaviCenko da s. bei-mamikoniani). 1980 wlisaTvis saqarTveloze gadis, maSindeli klasifikaciiT Sedgenili 97
tranzituli (`gamvleli~) marSruti (e.w. sabWouri turizmis istoriaSi erTerTi pirvelia marSruti #41 - vladikavkazidan-saqarTvelos samxedro gzis
gavliT-Savi zRvis sanapiroebisaken).
qarTvel mogzaurTa erT-erTi patriarqi albaT sulxan saba orbeliani iyo, romelmac elCis rangSi 1713-1716 wlebSi Savi da xmelTaSua zRvebis
gavliT Cavida safrangeTSi (marseli-parizi), ukan gamobrunebisas ki gamoiara italiac (romi) da araerTi saintereso masala datova.

49

Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom jer kidev 1626-29 wlebSi TiTqmis mTeli
evropa (italia, espaneTi, safrangeTi, inglisi, niderlandebi, germania,
poloneTi, ruseTi) gaiara n. ColoyaSvilma;
1755-59 wlebSi wina aziaSi (TurqeTi, siria, palestina) mogzaurobs
iona gedevaniSvili, romelic Semdeg egviptis, saberZneTis, italiisa da
centraluri evropis gavliT kievsa da moskovSi Cadis;
sami eqspedicia ganaxorciela (1799-1827 wlebSi) aziis kontinentze
(SuamdinareTi, irani, indoeTi, ranguni, Sua azia, centraluri ruseTi.
CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT mTel sigrZeze gaiara kaspiis zRva) cnobilma
qarTvelma mogzaurma rafiel danibegaSvilma.
1819-20 wlebSi yirimisa da bosfor-dardanelis gavliT jer egviptes,
Semdeg ki sirias, palestinas, kviprossa da TurqeTs ecnoba giorgi
avaliSvili;
1803 da 1836 wlebSi TeiranSi, moskovsa da sankt-peterburgSi Cadis
Teimuraz bagrationi, romelic Semdeg baltiis qveynebis gavliT germaniaSi
(rostoki, potsdami, mariambadi, visbadeni) Cadis;
XX saukunis dasaruls da XXI dasawyisSi ginesis rekordebis wignSi
kidev erTxel Sevida unikaluri mogzauri jumber leJava, romelmac
velosipediT gaiara yvela kontinenti da TiTqmis yvela qveyana (9 wliani
mogzaurobis Semdeg gasavleli darCa dedamiwaze mxolod 5 saxelmwifo).

II.7 turizmi XX saukunis fenomeni

is, rom dRes masiuri turizmi SesaZlebelia, amis mizezia survilis
cvalebadobis, moTxovnisa da miwodebis kombinacia. XX saukuneSi Semovida
axali teqnologiebi, rogoricaa aviacia, kompiuteruli teqnika, robotebi
da satelituri komunikaciebi, romlebmac Zirfesvianad Secvalesadamianis
cxovrebisa da muSaobis stili. masiuri turizmi swored Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis
wyalobiTaa.
amisTvis
ramdenime
mizezi
arsebobs:
Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis
saSualebiT
gaizarda
gasarTobi
dro,
damatebiTi Semosavali, telekomunikaciebi da Seiqmna ufro efeqturi
satransporto saSualebebi.
XXI saukuneSi turizmi kvlav darCeba erT-erT yvelaze dinamiurad
mzard
seqtorad
globalur
ekonomikaSi.
miuxedavad
perioduli
Seferxebebisa, politikuri Tu bunebrivi kataklizmebisa, omebisa, sawvavis
gaZvirebisa da sxva saerTaSoriso turizmi amJamad warmoadgens msoflio
sagareo vaWrobis mniSvnelovan nawils. misi moculoba samjer metia vidre
xarjebi Tavdacvaze. axla ukve turizmi da mogzauroba ara mxolod
mdidari, priviligirebuli adamianebisTvisaa, aramed am momsaxurebiT

50

msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani sargeblobs, romlebic aTvaliereben axal

adgilebs da iZendnen StambeWdav gamocdilebas.
meoce saukunis 50-ani wlebis Semdg mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda
turistuli qveynebis diapazoni (turizmis geografia). 50-ian wlebamde
turizmi koncentrirebuli iyo dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikis
qveynebSi (ix. cxrili ), turistebi mogzaurobdnen ZiriTadad zafxulSi da
xangrZlivi droiT Cerdebodnen erT adgilze.
rogorc monacemebi gviCveneben, 1950 wels mxolod 15 qveyanam miiRo
milioni saerTaSoriso turisti; 2000 wels im qveynebis ricxvi, romlebmac
milionze meti turisti miiRes 70-ze metia, xolo 15 wamyvani qveynis
xvedriTi wili msoflio turistul bazris 2/3-ze naklebia, rac
gamowveulia imiT, rom mkveTrad gaizrda e.w. danarCeni qveynebis xvedriTi
wili (50-ani wlebi 3%, 2000 wlisTvis 40%), gamoCndnen axali liderebi
samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan.
Tanamedrove turizmi bevrad ufro gansxvavebulia. turistuli
mogzaurobebi
ganawilebuli
mTeli
wlis
manZilze
da
metad
mravalferovania mogzaurobis miznis, xangrZlivobisa da dabinavebis
saSualebebis mixedviT. garda zafxulis mokle (SedarebiT) ZiriTadi
Svebulebisa,
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
mravali
adamiani
miemgzavreba
dasasveneblad xanmokle droiT.
dasvenebis seqtori Zlier ganviTarda kulturuli turizmis, sportis,
saTavgadasavlo, sasoflo turizmis, kruizebisa da sxvadasxva saxis
kombinaciebis mimarTulebiT, gafarTovda kongres-seminarebis segmenti.
turizmis axali era dgeba, romelzec moqmedeben rigi gareSe
faqtorebisa,
rogorebicaa:
ekonomikuri
da
finansuri
ganviTareba,
teqnologiuri ganviTareba da inovaciebi, garemosdacviTi sakiTxebi,
marketinguli faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben mogzaurobisa da turizmis
seqtoris struqturasa da produqtis ganviTarebaze.

50

.:
#

1950

1
2
3
4
5

aSS
kanada
italia
safrangeTi
Sveicaria

wili
bazarze

1970

71%

italia
kanada
safrangeTi
espaneTi
aSS

wili
bazarze

1990

43%

safrangeTi
aSS
espaneTi
italia
ungreTi

wili
bazarze

2000

wili
bazarze

38%

safrangeTi
espaneTi
aSS
italia
CineTi

35%

51

irlandia

7
8
9
10

avstria
espaneTi
germania
didi
britaneTi

11
12

norvegia
argentina

13
14
15

meqsika
holandia
dania

16 sxva qveynebi
sul

avstria

17%

germania
Sveicaria
iugoslavia
didi
britaneTi

avstria

22%

ungreTi
Cexoslovakia
9%

3%

25.3 milioni

belgia
bulgareTi
rumineTi
sxva qveynebi

CineTi
meqsika
germania
kanada

19%

10%

Sveicaria
didi
britaneTi
saberZneTi
portugalia
malaizia

10%

25%

sxva qveynebi

33%

165.8 milioni

didi
britaneTi
meqsika
kanada
ruseTi
poloneTi

15%

avstria
germania

458.2 milioni

CexeTi
ungreTi
portugalia
sxva qveynebi

11%

38%

662.9 milioni

cnobili RirsSesaniSnaobebi
uZvelesi droidan turistebis moZraobis mTavari mizani iyo adamianis
xeliTa da bunebis mier planetis istoriis manZilze Seqmnili RirsSesaniSnaobebi. aseTTa kategorias pirvel rigSi miekuTvneba msoflios 7
saocreba:
1. egvipturi piramidebi (sfinqsis CaTvliT), romlebmac moaRwies
(erTaderTma) Cvenamde (3 didi piramida _ xeofsis, xefrenis,
mikerinis);
2. semiramidas dakiduli baRebi babilonSi (axlandeli erayi);
3. halikarnasis mavzoleumi (TurqeTi);
4. zevsis qandakeba olimpoSi (saberZneTi. fidiasi);
5. gimosis qandakeba, e.w. rodosis kolosi (k. rodosi);
6. aleqsandriis Suqura (q. aleqsandria, egvipte);
7. artemidas (dianas) taZari efesSi (artemida efeselis taZari) _
TurqeTi;
Zalze

cnobil

RirsSesaniSnaobebs

miekuTvneba

aseve 7 ,

2007 7
. ,
(2005-2007),
200 21 7 :
CineTis didi kedeli (xanebis imperiis periodi III saukune Cvens
eramde; 4-6 aTasi kilometri sigrZe da 6.6-10 metri simaRle);
q. petra (iordania; II aTaswleulis dasasruli Cvens eramde, nabatiis samefos dedaqalaqi; kldeSi nakveTi saxlebi, samlocveloebi,
Teatrebi, samarxebi da a.S.);
( , );
52

 maCu piqCu (inkebis qalaqi, peru; gaTxrebs awarmoebda bingami); aqvea

e.w. `dakarguli qalaqebi~ - vitkakampa da vitkasi;
( , )
koloseumi (romi; 75-80 weli);
taj-mahalis
mavzoleumi
(1630-1652;
agra,
indo-musulmanuri
arqiteqtura);


.
:
giganturi piktogramebi (peru; romelTa wrmomavloba dRemde sakamaTo da auxsnelia);
akropoli, parTenoni (aTeni; arqiteqtorebi iqtini da kalikrate,
skulptori - fidiasi);
q. troa (legendaruli qalaqi, aRmoaCina da gaTxara Slimanma);
q. pompei (italia; 79 wels vezuvis amofrqvevis Semdeg vulkanuri
lavis qveS darCenili antikuri qalaqi);
q. moxenjo daro (pakistani; III aTaswleulis xarapis civilizaciis
centri);
q. uri (Sumerebis kulturis Zegli);
q. ieriqoni (israeli);
elifsuri taZari e.w. `qvis nageboba~ (9 metris simaRlis kedlebi)
zimbabveSi;

SeniSvna:

ufro
vrclad
XVIII-XX
saukuneebis
mogzaurebisa
da
mogzaurobebis, cnobili RirsSesaniSnaobebis Sesaxeb naxeT
enciklopediebSi da SegiZliaT SeavsoT CamonaTvali konkretuli
SinaarsiT (msgavsi codna, turizmSi miTumetes, yovelTvis
gamogadgebaT).

rogorc uZvelesi mogzaurebi, iseve dRevandeli turistebic intensiurad mogzauroben imisTvisac, rom naxon bunebis mier Seqmnili
saocrebebic:
okeaneebi, zRvebi da tbebi;
erovnuli parkebi;
didi (`grand~) kanioni;
CanCqerebi _ (niagara 51 m., viqtoria 120 m., belvefosi 890 m.,
anxeli _ 1052 m.) da a.S.

53

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

1.

is, razec unda aigos qarTuli turizmis momavali.

qveynis istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreoba - ici Tu ara?

saqarTveloSi orgumbaTiani taZaria (aRniSne):

bedia
xobis taZari

gurjaanis yvelawminda
caiSi

romeli istoriul-eTnografiuli regionia dasavleT saqarTveloSi? (Semoxaze)

o Tori
o argveTi
o TrialeTi
o javaxeTi
romeli qristianuli wmindani Caenacvla mTvaris RvTaebas? (Semoxaze)
o RvTismSobeli
o wminda giorgi
o wminda barbare
o wminda Tevdore

Seni qveynis bunebrivi potenciali (Semoxaze swori pasuxebi)

a.

b.

c.

saqarTveloSi farTobiT udidesi tbaa:

o
tabawyuri
o
jandari
o
faravani
naxevrad udabnos mcenareuloba farTodaa gavrcelebuli:
o
alaznis vakesa da ivris zeganze;
o
Sida qarTlis vakesa da gomboris qedze;
o
gardabnis midamoebsa da eldaris vakeze;
saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebia:
o
ruseTi, ukraina, somxeTi;
o
somxeTi, Azerbaijani, irani;
o
TurqeTi, ruseTi, Azerbaijani;

2. daawyvile Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi `partniorebi~

olimpiuri TamaSebi
?
msoflio saocreba

gladiatorebis brZola

globusi

egvipturi piramida

istoria

borbali

atlasi

argonavtebi

mavzoleumi

berxaimi

aTeni

merkatori

koloseumi

herodote

miTi

taj mahali

saberZneTi

10

akropoli

finikia

54

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

situaciis analizi
situacia: Tomas kukma, axalgazrda mRvdelma, romelic dainteresebuli iyo
mrevlis raodenobis gazrdiT da maTi keTilganwyobis mopovebiT, SesTavaza maT
erToblivi (koleqtiuri) gaseirneba matarebliT.
1. ratom (ra mosazrebiT) SeiZleboda gasCenoda mas aseTi idea?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. sad `damTavrda~ mrevli da `daiwyo~ biznesi? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------situacia: Tomas benetma, diplomatma, saxelmwifo Cinovnikma, uyura ra wlebis
ganmavlobaSi arsebul situacias da gaaanaliza Seqmnili mdgomareoba, miiRo
gadawyvetileba - gamoacxada Tavi `mogzaurobebis organizatorad~
1. ra `dainaxa~ benetma wlebis manZilze dakvirvebiT?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. ras niSnavs - zustad upasuxo moTxovnilebas (aRmoCnde `iq~ da `im~ dros) benetis magaliTze? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------saproeqto davaleba
virtualuri situacia: kolumbi rom Tomas kuki yofiliyo
Tqven xarT qristefore kolumbi. ukve aRmoaCineT amerika da miiReT Sesabamisi
samefo jildo (tituli, Tanxa da a.S.). Tumca es yvelaferi TqvenTvis cotaa gindaT Zvel samyaros (evropa) gaacnoT axali (`vest-indoeTi~) da aseTi
motiviT turistul saqmianobas CauyaroT safuZveli.
SeasruleT amocana logikuri TanmimdevrobiT:

a) riTi da ratom unda dainteresebuliyvnen evropelebi Tqvens mier

aRmoCenil qveyanaSi? (motivi - uromlisodac ver daiwyeb saqmes!)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b) riT gaakvirvebdiT (ra iTamaSebda `bombis afeTqebis~ efeqts) evropelebs,

ris gamoc dainteresdebodnen TqveniT? (Tqveni ideis `gayidvis~
aucilebeli piroba)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c) ras da rogor (ra formiT) SesTavazebdiT evropelebs raTa maqsimaluri

efeqtisaTvis migeRwiaT? (Tqveni `Sous~ sqematuri scenari - `promouSeni~)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d) rogori iqneboda Tqveni turistuli kompaniis pirveli nabijebi? (gegma

erT sezonze)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55

Tavi III. turizmis formebis gansazRvra

: ,
,
, ,
;

.
, :
, , ;
,
;
, , ;
, , ,

;
.
III.1 turizmi _ rogorc moRvaweobis (biznesis) sfero - ZiriTadi cnebebi da
gansazRvrebebi
saqmianobis nebismieri formisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT Tu is dakavSirebulia
saerTaSoriso garigebebTan, Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs definiciebs anu
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze miRebul gansazRvrebebs, cnebebs, terminebs,
romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven adeqvaturad gavigoT (aRviqvaT) garigebis
(xelSekrulebis) sagani, obieqti da pirobebi, normatiuli aqtebis
principebi da debulebebi. terminebis gamoyenebisadmi araerTgvarovan
midgomas turizmSi momuSave subieqtebisaTvis SesaZlebelia hqondes Zalze
arasasurveli Sedegebi. turistuli teqnologia ganicdis seriozul
cvlilebas, rac dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis,
aseve turizmis, misi dargebisa da saxeebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebis
maRal tempebTan.
rodesac vsaubrobT turizmze, Cven mxedvelobaSi gvyavs adamianebi,
romlebic moinaxuleben megobrebsa da naTesavebs, isveneben ardadegebis
periodSi an ubralod kargad atareben dros. Tavisufali dro maT
SeuZliaT dauTmon sportis sxvadasxva saxeobas, miiRon mzis abazanebi,
iseirnon cxeniT, SeuZliaT moawyon laSqrobebi, ikiTxon, isaubrnon an
ubralod datkbnen bunebis silamaziT.
turizmis Cveneuli gagebiT SesaZlebelia moviazroT adamianebi,
romlebic monawileoben sxvadasxva yrilobebSi, konferenciebSi an saqmiani
da profesiuli aqtivobis sxva saxeobebSi, monawileoben SemecnebiT
turebSi an dakavebulni arian kvleviTi saqmianobiT.
56

es
xalxi
(davarqvaT
maT
turistebi)
mogzaurobisas
iyenebs
transportis sxvadasxva saxeobas: velosipedidan dawyebuli da reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinaviT damTavrebuli. bevrni mogzauroben avtomobiliT, avtobusiT,
matarebliT da motocikliTac ki.
imisaTvis rom ganvsazRvroT turizmis mniSvneloba da srulad
aRvweroT misi saqmianobis sferoebi, aucilebelia pirvel rigSi gamovyoT
subieqtebis jgufebi, romlebic urTierTqmedeben turistuli saqmianobisas.
maTi CamonaTvali Semdegi saxisaa:
1. turistebi xalxi, romlebic ganicdian sxvadasxva fsiqiur da fizikur
moTxovnilebebs,
romlebic
gansazRvraven
turistul
saqmianobaSi am
adamianebis monawileobis motivacias,
mimarTulebebsa da saxes;
2. organizaciebi romlebic turistebs sTavazoben saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas. eseni arian mewarme subieqtebi, romlebic
turizmSi
xedaven
imis
saSualebas,
rom
Sesabamisi
saqonlis/momsaxurebis
miwodebiT
daakmayofilon
turistuli bazris moTxovnebi da miiRon mogeba.
3. xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebi _ romlebic turizms ganixilaven
rogorc Semosavlebis zrdasTan dakavSirebul ekonomikur
aqtivobas. isini dainteresebulni arian im fiskaluri
efeqtiT,
rac
dakavSirebulia
adgilobriv
biujetSi
gadasaxadebidan
da
mosakreblebidan
Semosul
SemonatanebTan.
4. mimRebi mxare adgilobrivi macxovreblebi: turizms pirvel rigSi
aRiqvamen, rogorc mosaxleobis dasaqmebis sferos/faqtors.
adamianTa
am
jgufisaTvis
Zalze
mniSvnelovania
turistebTan, gansakuTrebiT sazRvargareTel turistebTan
urTierTobis ekonomikuri da kulturuli Sedegebi.
amgvarad turizmi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc movlenebisa da
urTierTobebis
erToblioba,
romlebic
warmoiSveba
turistebis,
mimwodeblebis, mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebisa da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis urTierTobisas turistuli saqmianobis procesSi.
mogzauroba da turizmi es aris biznesis (saqmiani aqtivobis)
monaTesave sferoebis kompleqsi (klasteri). turizmTan yvelaze axlo
mdgomi profesiaa turebis gavrceleba anu turistuli saagentoebis
saqmianoba turizmSi uSualod CarTulia aviakompaniebi, manqanebis
gamqiravebeli kompaniebi, rkinigza, avtobusebi, sastumroebi da restornebi.
monaTesave biznesad SegviZlia warmovidginoT safinanso struqturebi,
romlebic
dakavebulni
arian
momsaxurebis
sferos
ganviTarebis
dafinansebiTa da sxva.
imisaTvis, rom CamovayaliboT `turizmis~, rogorc cnebis sruli
ganmarteba,
gansazRvreba,
aucilebelia
ganxiluli
iqnes
turizmis

57

mravalaspeqtianoba da misi urTierTqmedeba saqmiani aqtivobis sxva

saxeebTan. erTiani gansazRvrebis ararseboba arTulebs turizmis, rogorc
saswavlo disciplinis Seswavlasac.
turizmis Seswavla mecnieruli TvalTaxedviT ukanasknel periodSi
mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebis warmomadgenelTa interesis sagani gaxda.
amasTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSva terminebisa da zusti ganmartebebis
damuSavebis aucilebloba. es problema ar aRmoCnda iseTi martivi, rogorc
es erTi SexedviT Cans. misiT dakavebulia mravali organizacia, maT Soris
erTa liga, gaero, msoflio turistuli organizacia da sxva.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi xSirad ubrundebian xolme terminebis
ganmartebis Temas saerTaSoriso statistikis principebis SeTanxmebis
mizniT. ase magaliTad, ganmarteba `saerTaSoriso turisti~ damtkicda 1937
wels erTa ligis statistikis eqspertTa konferenciaze. 1950 wels
oficialuri
turistuli
organizaciebis
saerTaSoriso
kavSirma
(dRevandeli - gaerTianebuli erebis msoflio turistuli organizacia)
daazusta `turistis~ cneba, SemoiRo ra axali ganmartebebi: `eqskursanti~
da `tranzituli mogzauri~. amasTan zustad gamijna es kategoriebi
cnebisagan `turisti~.
didi
interesi
gamoiwvia
gaerTianebeli
erebis
organizaciis
turizmisa da saerTaSoriso mogzaurobebis konferenciam (romi, 1963 weli),
romelmac SeimuSava `turistis~ cnebis Tanamedrove definicia. romis
konferenciam Tavisi rekomendaciebiT mxari dauWira axal cnebas `vizitori~ (adamiani, romelic gadaadgildeba teritoriaze, romelic ar
warmoadgens mis mudmiv sacxovrebel adgils, nebismieri mizniT, mxolod
ara samuSaod da romelic ar miiRebs aranair anazRaurebas droebiTi
yofnis
adgilis
safinanso
wyaroebidan).
vizitis
xangrZlivobidan
gamomdinare, konferenciam daadgina vizitorTa ori kategoria: 1. rodesac
viziti toli an metia 24 saaTisa, da 2. rodesac viziti 24 saaTze naklebia.
Sesabamisad SemuSavda ori axali termini: `turisti~ da `eqskursanti~.
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom calkeuli qveynebi, am cnebebisa da
kategoriebis Sesabamisi qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT miRebisas, xSirad sargebloben sakuTari, jgufuri da aseve garkveuli ekonomikuri interesebiT.
III.2 turizmi
turizmi, rogorc mogzaurobis kerZo SemTxveva, xasiaTdeba garkveuli
SezRudvebiT,
zusti
daxasiaTebiTa
da
wlebis
ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli
cnebiT-terminologiuri
aparatiT.
mogzaurobisagan
gansxvavebiT turizmi ganicdis ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis Zlier
gavlenas da xasiaTdeba Sinagani bunebis ormagi xasiaTiT (dualizmiT): erTis mxriv, mogzaurobis gansakuTrebuli, masobrivi saxe da meores mxriv

58

_ saqmianoba (biznesi), romelic uzrunvelyofs mogzaurobis organizaciasa

da ganxorcielebas.
klasikuri ganmartebis Tanaxmad

turizmi

_ es aris adamianebis droebiTi gadaadgileba mudmivi

sacxovrebeli adgilidan sxva qveyanaSi, an sxva adgilze Tavisi qveynis
SigniT, Tavisufal dros, siamovnebis miRebis da dasvenebis, janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebis, stumrobis, SemecnebiTi, profesiul-saqmiani mizniT; Casvlis
adgilze anazRaurebadi saqmianobis gareSe.
unda aRiniSnos, rom:
a) ganmartebaSi arsebuli SezRudvebis garkveuli nawili atarebs
ekonomikur xasiaTs, rac ganpirobebulia turizmis adgiliT
Tanamedrove ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi;
b) ganmartebis Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs saerTaSoriso turistuli
statistikis miznebisa da principebidan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
iTvaliswineben
ekonomikis,
dagegmvis,
aRricxvisa
da
sxva
aucilebel principebs;
c) mis SinaarsSi gaTvaliswinebulia is moTxovnebi, romlebic
Camoyalibebulia
turizmis,
rogorc
ekonomikuri
(biznes)
kategoriis arsis saerTaSoriso gagebiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs
statistikuri Sefasebisa da SedarebiTobis aucileblobas.
turizmis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi

1. mogzaurobisagan gansxvavebiT turizmi _ es

gadaadgileba drois sakmaod mokle monakveTSi.

aris

adamianTa

xangrZlivvadiani mogzaurobebi xorcieldeba erTeuli (sakmarisad

SeZlebuli) adamianebis mier, turizmi ki aris XX saukunis masobrivi
movlena,
romelmac
Tavisi
ganviTareba
daukavSira
Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur-ekonomikur situacias (aseTi midgomac
SeiZleba sakamaTo gaxados ukanaskneli wlebis kosmosurma proeqtebma):
mxedvelobaSia is garemoeba, rom
-

adamianebma (gansakuTrebiT daqiravebulma muSakebma) sayovelTaod

miiRes moklevadiani (2-3 kvira) yovelwliuri dasvenebis ufleba;

meore msoflio omis Semdeg msoflios

cxovrebis saerTo done amaRlda;

garkveul nawils (e.w. `saSualo fena~) gauCnda SesaZlebloba

sakuTari Semosavlebidan gamoeyoT garkveuli saxsrebi dasvenebis
an miznobrivi moklevadiani mogzaurobisaTvis.

masStabiT

adamianebis

gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic,
rom
satransporto
saSualebebis
ganviTarebam,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
sahaero
transportis
ganviTarebam,
SesaZlebeli gaxada dedamiwis TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi moxvedra.

59

saerTaSoriso statistikis Tanaxmd turizmis saerTo moculobaSi

yvelaze didi wili modis:
-

e.w. `gamosasvleli dRis turizmze~ (2-3 dRe),

mas mosdevs moklevadiani (6-7 dRe) turistuli mogzaurobebi,

SedarebiT mcire adgili ukavia 8-12 dRian turebs.

yvela
danarCeni,
ufro
xangrZlivperiodiani
turistuli
mogzaurobebi, imdenad mcirea, rom saerTaSoriso statistikaSi arc ki
ganixilaven.
2. turizmis,

zustad
adgili~.

rogorc terminis SinaarsSi Zalze mniSvnelovania

ganisazRvros Tu ras niSnavs `mudmivi sacxovrebeli

turizmi
gulisxmobs
adamianebis
gamgzavrebas
Tavisi
mudmivi
sacxovrebeli adgilidan mogzaurobis mizniT. gadaadgilebebi mudmivi
sacxovrebeli
adgilis
farglebSi
(mag.
samsaxurSi
siaruli),
ar
ganekuTvneba turizms.
im qveynebSi, sadac moqmedebs Caweris samarTlebrivi instituti,
`mudmivi
sacxovrebeli
adgili~
aris
Caweris
adgili,
romelic
registrirebulia Sesabamisi saxelmwifo samsaxuris mier. iq sadac aseTi
institutebi moxsnilia, praqtikaSi gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli cnebiTi
kategoria _ mudmivad cxovrebis Cveulebrivi adgili. igi isazRvreba
droiT, romlis ganmavlobaSic adamiani mudmivad cxovrobs erTi da imave
adgilze (sofeli, raioni, qalaqi). amasTan erTad aucilebelia, yoveli
gansazRvruli adgilis, raionisa da qveynis, aseve mosaxleobis kategoriis
Sesabamisad ganisazRvros is xalxi (is kategoria) romlebic ganekuTvnebian
mudmiv macxovreblebs an stumrebs.
zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT Sida turizmis
statistikisaTvis,
Zalze
mniSvnelovania
ganisazRvros
mosaxleobis
kategoria, romlebic asruleben yoveldRiur gadaadgilebebs gansazRvrul
droSi da manZilze samuSaoze misvlis mizniT (ramdenadac es sakiTxi
rogorc kilometraJis, aseve drois mixedviT Zalze diferencirebulia):
patara qalaqebisaTvis es SeiZleba iyos 20-30 wuTi ramodenime
kilometris manZilze;
maSin, rodesac didi qalaqebisaTvis SeiZleba
saaTamde da manZili 50-100 kilometrze meti.

iyos

dro

2-3

aseve aucilebelia ganisazRvros is minimaluri dro, romelic

SeiZleba ar imyofebodes adamiani am adgilze;
gasaTvaliswinebelia
aseve
administraciuli
teritoriis
adgilmdebareoba, gansxvaveba da Tavisebureba (patara soflis
macxovreblisTvis mogzauroba 70 kilometrze SeiZleba iyos
60

Soreuli mogzauroba; maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove qalaq-gigantebSi

es manZili qalaqis sazRvrebSi mdebareobs).
ganmartebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare sainteresoa kidev erTi sakiTxi
_ miekuTvnebian Tu ara turistis kategorias moagarakeebi, romlebic
gamosasvlel
dReebSi
miemgzavrebian
Tavis
agarakebze
mudmivi
sacxovrebeli (Caweris) adgilidan zogjer 100-120 kilometris dacilebiT?
miTumetes, rom Tavisi xasiaTiT aseTi gadaadgileba, Cvens sinamdvileSi,
dasvenebasTan ki ara, mZime fizikur SromasTan ufroa dakavSirebuli.
3. ganmartebaSi arsebuli cneba `Tavisufali dro~ gamomdinareobs

turizmis, rogorc dasvenebis saSualebis ganmartebidan.

Tumca aseTi gansazRvreba arc Tu mTlad samarTliania turizmis
calkeuli
saxeobebisaTvis
(mag.
profesiul-saqmiani),
romelTa
monawileni
umTavresad
axorcieleben
mogzaurobas
rogorc
mivlinebaSi gagzavnili specialistebi.
4. erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kategorias ganekuTvneba turizmis mizani.
igi saSualebas iZleva zustad ganisazRvros saqmianobis saxeebi,
romlebic ganekuTvneba turizms, da romlebic xvdebian SeRavaTiani
sabaJo, sagadasaxado da sxva reJimis qveS calkeul qveynebSi
turizmisaTvis
Camoyalibebuli
kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad.
dReisaTvis miRebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad turizmis ZiriTadi
mizania: garTobiTi (atraqciuli), rekreaciuli da SemecnebiTi.
mniSvnelobiT
meore
planzea
miznebi,
romlebic
emsaxureba
janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebas
da
mkurnalobas,
Semdeg
modis
profesiul-samsaxurebrivi, stumroba da a.S.

III.3
turizmi Zalze bevri qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawilia, romelic uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis dasaqmebas,
sastumroebisa da sastumro saxlebis, restornebisa da sanaxaobrivi
adgilebis datvirTvas, ucxouri valutis Semosvlas da a.S. turizmi
efuZneba adgilobrivi turistuli resursebis eqspluatacias, romelsac
konkretuli adgilisa da saxelmwifosaTvis moaqvs seriozuli Semosavali.
saerTaSoriso
ZiriTadi saxeebia:

statistikuri

definiciebis

Sesabamisad

turizmis

1. Sida (adgilobrivi) turizmi adamianebis mogzauroba sakuTari

qveynis farglebSi;
2. gamyvani
turizmi

adamianebis
gasvla
mogzaurobis mizniT, nebismier sxva qveyanaSi;

Tavisi

qveynidan,

61

3. Semomyvani turizmi qveyanaSi adamianebis Semosvla (Camoyvana)

mogzaurobis mizniT.
turizmi momsaxurebis Sinaarsisa da masSi CarTuli mosaxleobis
kategoriis gaTvaliswinebiT iyofa Sida da saerTaSoriso turizmad.

Sida turizmi _ konkretuli qveynis macxovreblebis droebiTi gasvla

mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilidan Sesabamisi qveynis sazRvrebSi dasvenebis,
SemecnebiTi interesebis dakmayofilebis, sportuli an turizmis sxva
saxeobis Sesabamisad. Sida turizmi ar warmoadgens calke sferos, igi
saxelmwifos cxovrebis sxva seqtorebTanac mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli.

saerTaSoriso

turizmi

_ turizmis sferos organizaciisaTvis

sistematuri da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia
turistuli momsaxurebisa da turistuli produqciis miwodebasTan
ucxoeli turistebisaTvis qveynis teritoriaze (SemosvliTi turizmi) da
turistuli produqtisa
da turistuli momsaxurebis miwodebasTan
sazRvargareT gamsvlelTaTvis (gasvliTi turizmi).
rig SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba aseve cneba _ `nacionaluri turizmi~,
romelic warmoadgens Sida da gasvliTi turizmis organizaciisaTvis
gaweuli saqmianobis erTobliobas, anu sakuTari qveynis macxovrebelTa
turistuli momsaxureba.
turizmi, rogorc ekonomikurad momgebiani da sasargeblo saqmianoba,
mraval qveyanaSi warmoadgens saxelmwifos mudmivi yuradRebis qveS myof
saqmianobas
_
kanonmdeblobis
an
sxva
normatiuli
dokumentebiT
gacxadebuli prioritetuli mimarTuleba, saxelmwifo proteqcionistuli
politikiT xelSewyobili saqmianoba.
organizaciuli
formebis
mixedviT
ganasxvaveben
(gegmiur) da araorganizebul (TviTSemoqmedebiT) turizms.

organizebuli

(gegmiuri)

turizmi

organizebul

es aris turizmis saxeoba,

romelic
muSavdeba
da
realizdeba
turizmis
dargSi
momuSave
organizaciebis turoperatorebis mier. organizebuli (gegmiuri) turizmi
regulirdeba saxelmwifos mier (sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebiT). is
Seadgens turizmis industriis safuZvels. aRsaniSnavia, rom organizebul
(gegmiur) turizms safuZveli daudo Tomas kukma. swored man 1849 wels
moigona gaeyida turistuli momsaxureba paketSi: gadayvana, eqskursia da
kveba.
organizebuli (gegmiuri) turizmi warmoadgens Tanamedrove biznesSi
CarTuli sxvadsxva tipis komerciuli struqturebis mier winaswar
dagegmili saqmianobis saboloo Sedegs.

araorganizebuli

(TviTSemoqmedebiTi)

turizmi

warmoadgens
sazogadoebis
garkveul
warmomadgenelTa
turistuli
moRvaweobis
specifiur saxeobas, romelic xorcieldeba nebayoflobiT (moyvarulTa)
62

safuZvelze.
araorganizebuli
turizmi
efuZneba
sazogadoebrivi
turistuli gaerTianebebis, kavSirebis da turistuli klubebis saqmianobas,
romlebic gamoscemen sakuTar normatiul aqtebs, riTac aregulireben
turistul saqmianobas: _ atareben laSqrobebs, turistul Sekrebebs da
Sejibrebebs, gamoscemen sakuTar turistul meTodur literaturas da
periodul gamocemebs.

calke ganixileba socialuri turizmi turizmis erT-erTi saxeoba,

romlis
subsidirebac
xdeba
im
saxsrebidan,
romelic
gamoiyofa
moswavleebis, axalgazrdebis, pensionerebis, ,
omis da Sromis veteranebisa da socialurad daucveli sxva moqalaqeebis
mogzaurobisaTvis pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis; es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac
saxelmwifo, saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo fondebi da sxva saqvelmoqmedo
organizaciebi qmnian socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis fenebisaTvis
dasvenebis uflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas. es wesi msoflio
turizmisaTvis 1980 wels manilas deklaraciis saxiT iqna miRebuli.
socialuri turizmi ganixileba rogorc:
mogzauroba, turistuli saqmianoba, jandacvis da dasvenebis sxva
saxeoba, romelic xorcieldeba socialuri turizmis fasebiT,
socialuri turizmis erTjeradi momsaxurebiT an subsidirebuli
im saxsrebiT, romelsac saxelmwifo gamoyofs socialuri mizniT
(mag. ruseTs calke kanoni aqvs `socialuri turizmis Sesaxeb~);
profesiuli moRvaweobis sfero, romelic emsaxureba socialuri
turizmis,
socialuri
turizmis
erTjeradi
momsaxurebis
formirebas, bazarze gatanas (lobirebas) da realizacias;
socialuri turizmis monawileTa sazogadoebrivi moZraoba.
sakiTxisaTvis
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis,
Camoyalibebac.

kidev
ufro
SesaZlebelia

saklasifikacio niSani
geografiuli niSani
turnakadebis mimarTuleba

mizani

meti
konkretulobisa
da
garkveuli
klasifikatoris

turizmis saxeoba
Sida (adgilobrivi)
saerTaSoriso
qveyanaSi Semomyvani
qveynidan gamyvani
Semecneba-dasveneba
samecniero saqmianoba
Tavgadasavlebis Zieba
rekreaciuli dasveneba _ gajansaReba
profesiul-saqmiani (biznes interesi)
aqtiuri (sportuli) dasveneba
eko garemos Seswavla-analizi
momlocveloba

63

e.w. `Sop-turebi~ da sxva

gadaadgilebis saSualeba

organizebis forma

mogzaurTa raodenoba

ganTavsebis saSualebebi

dafinansebis wyaroebi

fexiT mogzauroba
sahaero transporti
sazRvao, samdinaro transporti
sarkinigzo transporti
saavtomobilo transporti
Sereuli
organizebuli (gegmiuri)
araorganizebuli (TviTSemoqmedebiTi)
individualuri
jgufuri (10-50 kaci)
saojaxo
sastumroebi
motelebi
pansionatebi
kempingebi
karvebi da sxva
saxelmwifo
kerZo (biznes seqtori)

CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba kidev SeiZleba, Tumca vfiqrobT sakmarisia.

miTumetes, rom qvemoT Cven kidev araerTxel gveqneba TiToeul maTganze
saubari.

III.4 turistuli produqtis momxmareblebi

1963 wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konferenciaze romSi,
romelic saerTaSoriso turizms mieZRvna, ganxilul iqna turistuli
definiciebis sakiTxi. miRebul iqna termin `turistis~ ganmarteba, romelic
calkeuli qveynebis pirobebisadmi misadagebis Sedegad Semdegnairad
Camoyalibda:

turisti turis, turistuli produqtis an turistuli momsaxurebis

momxmarebeli;
garkveuli adgilis, dasaxlebuli punqtis, teritoriis an qveynis
momnaxulebeli, miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobis, erovnebis, sqesis,
enis da religiuri mrwamsisa; romelic imyofeba axal adgilze 24
saaTze met (magram 12 Tveze nakleb) dros kalendaruli wlis
ganmavlobaSi;
an romelic imyofeba Tavisi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis gareT
Tavisi qveynis teritoriaze da axal adgilze gaaTevs erT Rames
mainc; amasTan, romelic mogzaurobs siamovnebis miRebis, an
SemecnebiTi, samkurnalo, saqmiani mizniT.
aucilebeli pirobaa, rom droebiT adgilsamyofelSi is ar iyos
dakavebuli iseTi saqmianobiT, romelic anazRaurdeba adgilobrivi
finansebiT.
64

zemoTaRniSnuli ganmartebis Sesabamisad (adeqvaturad) SesaZlebelia

gamovyoT turistebis kategoriebi: saerTaSoriso turisti, Sida turisti,
eqskursanti da mnaxveli.

saerTaSoriso (ucxoeli) turisti. 1937 wels erTa ligis statistikur

eqspertTa komitetSi saerTaSoriso turists mieca Semdegi ganmarteba: piri,
romelic mogzaurobs turizmis mizniT sxva qveyanaSi, romelic ar
warmoadgens mis sacxovrebel adgils da imyofeba misTvis Cveuli garemos
sazRvrebs gareT aranakleb 24 saaTs, anazRaurebadi saqmianobis gareSe.
saerTaSoriso
turistebis
romlebic mogzauroben:

kategorias

ganekuTvnebian

pirebi,

dasvenebis, mkurnalobis, naTesavebis monaxulebis da a.S. mizniT;

seminarebis, kongresebis, (samecniero, diplomatiuri, religiuri,
administraciuli, aTleturi da a.S.) muSaobaSi monawileobis
mizniT;
saqmiani mizniT;
sazRvao kruizebSi, Tundac isini imyofebodnen gemze 24 saaTze
naklebi droiT;
saerTaSoriso
turistebis
kategorias
statistikaSi Sesabamisad ar aRiricxebian:

ar

ganekuTvnebian

da

sazRvargareTeli muSebi;
migrantebi, maT kmayofaze myofebisa da Tanmxlebis CaTvliT;
eqvs Tveze meti xniT saswavleblad wasulebi;
samxedro mosamsaxureebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi (im SemTxvevaSi
rodesac isini ar mogzauroben turizmis mizniT);
diplomatiuri muSakebi, maTi ojaxis wevrebi, momsaxure personali;
momTabareebi, ltolvilebi da iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebi;
sazRvrispira raionebis regularulad migrirebuli adamianebi,
romlebic samuSaos eZeben;
tranzituli mogzaurebi;
turistuli matareblebiT jgufuri mogzaurebi, romlebic Rames
aTeven matarebelSi;
turistuli avtobusebiT jgufuri mogzaurebi, romlebic Rames
aTeven avtobusebSi;
sazRvao gemebisa da matareblebis ekipaJebis wevrebi, romlebic
Rames aTeven gemze an matarebelSi;
mogzaurebi, romlebic gadian qveynis teritorias gaCerebis gareSe,
Tundac maTi mgzavroba grZeldebodes 24 saaTze mets.

Sida turisti _ axal adgilze Ramis gamTevi droebiTi mnaxveli, anu

is vinc Casvlis adgilze axdens, rogorc minimumi, erT RamisTevas;
cxovrobs mudmivad garkveul adgilze da mogzaurobs turizmis mizniT
sxva adgilebSi Tavisi qveynis SigniT; misi Cveulebrivi yofis adgilebidan

65

gareT; droiT, romelic ar aRemateba 12 Tves da romelic

adgilsamyofelSi ar aris dakavebuli anazRaurebadi saqmianobiT.

droebiT

`turistuli resursebis analizis nacionaluri komitetis~ (aSS)

publikaciebSi (1973 w.) Sida turists mieca Semdegi ganmarteba: piri,
romelic mogzaurobs Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis gareT im pirobiT, rom
gadaadgildes 50 milze met manZilze (erTi mimarTulebiT) saqmiani,
SemecnebiTi, piradi da sxva mizniT, anazRaurebadi saqmianobis gareSe,
romelic axorcielebs erT RamisTevas, an brundeba ukan imave dRes.
Sida turistis kategorias ar
Sesabamis statistikur maCveneblebSi:

ganekuTvneba

da

ar

aRiricxeba

mudmivi macxovrebeli, romelic qveynis SigniT gadaadgildeba sxva

adgilze sacxovrebeli adgilis mowyobis mizniT (gadasaxleba _
gadaadgileba nebismieri mozeziT);
adamianebi, romlebic qveynis teritoriis SigniT gadaadgildebian
iseTi saqmianobis mizniT, romelic anazRaurdeba adgilobrivi
saxsrebiT (droebiTi, sezonuri, vaxturi muSebi);
pirebi, romlebic gadaadgildebian qveynis SigniT romelime
organizaciaSi droebiTi saqmianobisaTvis;
pirebi,
romlebic
regularulad
gadaadgildebian
garkveul
adgilebs Soris anazRaurebadi saqmianobis an swavlis mizniT;
samxedro mosamsaxureebi (samasaxurebrvi movaleobis Sesrulebis
procesSi an manevrebisas), aseve maTY kmayofaze myofi ojaxis
wevrebi da Tanmxlebi pirebi;
momTabareebi, ltolvilebi da iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebi;
tranzituli mgzavrebi;
turistuli matareblebiT jgufuri mogzaurebi, Tu isini Rames
matarebelSi aTeven;
turistuli avtobusiT jgufuri mogzaurebi, Tu isini Rames
avtobusSi aTeven;
sazRvao gemebisa da matareblebis ekipaJis wevrebi, Tu isini Rames
gemze da matarebelSi aTeven;
TviTmfrinavis ekipaJis wevrebi, romlebic ar aTven Rames Casvlis
adgilze;

eqskursanti _ axali adgilis, dasaxlebuli punqtis an qveynis droebiTi

(erTdRiani) mnaxveli, miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobisa, sqesis,
enis, religiuri mrwamsisa, romelic imyofeba aRniSnul
adgilze turizmis mizniT 24 saaTze naklebi droiT.
eqskursantebis kategorias ganekuTvnebian iaxtebisa da sxva sakruize
gemebis, turistuli sarkinigzo marSrutebis mgzavrebi. eqskursantebi ar
aRiricxebian turistul statistikaSi.

mnaxveli _ 1963 wels saerTaSoriso turizmis sakiTxebze gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis konferenciaze, romelic Catarda romSi,

66

Camoyalibda rekomendacia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

statistikuri komisiisaTvis, raTa SeeswavlaT terminis _
`mnaxveli~ ganmarteba: piri, romelic naxulobs qveyanas, misi
sacxovrebeli adgilis gareT, nebismieri mizniT, mxolod
araanazRaurebadi saqmianobiT. es gansazRvreba moicavs:
1. turistebs,
rogorc
droebiT
mnaxvelebs
(momnaxuleblebs),
romlebic rCebian qveyanaSi minimum 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi da
romelTa mogzaurobasac aqvs Semdegi mimarTuleba:
-

dasveneba, mkurnaloba, swavleba, momlocveloba, sporti da a. S.

saqmiani gamgzavreba,
kongresebSi da a. S.

naTesavebis

monaxuleba,

monawileoba

2. eqskursantebi, rogorc droebiTi mnaxvelebi, romlebic imyofebian

qveynis teritoriaze 24 saaTze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi.
eqspertulma statistikurma jgufma, romelic moiwvia gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis komisiam 1967 wels, misca rekomendacia qveynebs
gamoiyenon gansazRvreba `mnaxveli~, romelic 1963 wels SeTavazebuli iqna
romSi; aq calke iqna gamoyofili mnaxvelTa gansakuTrebuli klasi,
romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc `erTdRiani mnaxvelebi~ an
`eqskursantebi~, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyofian erTdRian eqskursantebad da
adamianebad romlebmac gadakveTes sazRvari saqmiani mizniT, kruizebis
mgzavrebi, tranzituli mgzavrebi, romlebic Rames sastumroSi ar aTeven.

III.5. turizmis saxeebi

arsebobs obieqtebis gamsxvilebuli da detalizebuli klasifikacia.
amasTan, klasifikaciis gamsxvilebuli exebi, rogorc wesi, qmnian
gamosakvlevi obieqtebis organizaciis formebs, xolo klasifikaciis
detalizebuli xerxbi Seadgenen am obieqtebis calkeul saxeobebs an
nairsaxeobebs.
uristul moRvaweobaSi gamsxvilebuli SefasebebiT gamoarCeven Sida
an samamulo turizms da saerTaSoriso , romelic
qveyanaSi Semomyvani da qveynidan gamyvani. garda amisa
gamsxvilebul Sefasebas eqvemdebareba socialuri (romelic subsidirdeba
saxelmwifo biujetidan an profkavSirebidan) da komerciuli turizmi,
agreTve agraruli (sasoflo) da saqalaqo turizmi.
saqarTvelo,
Tavisi
bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis
mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare, karg saSualebas iZleva turizmis iseTi
saxeebis
ganviTarebisaTvis,
rogoricaa:
specializebuli
turizmi,

saTavgadasavlo turizmi, fermeruli turizmi, agroturizmi, ekoturizmi,

axalgazrduli turizmi, socialuri turizmi, turizmi kempingebsa da

67

karvebSi

da a.S. (CamonaTvalTan da dasaxelebebTan dakavSirebiT

aucilebelia aqve aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad xangrZlivvadiani da
seriozuli
muSaobisa,
miuxedavad
ara
erTi
maregulirebeli
saerTaSoriso dokumentis arsebobisa, garkveuli ganviTarebuli qveynebi,
calkeuli specialistebi, dResac xmaroben sxvadasxva terminebs; Cndeba
saerTod axali cnebebi - adeqvaturi turizmi, kulturuli turizmi,
memkvidreobiTi turizmi da a.S., rac TviT dargis specifikurobiTa da
mudmivi ganviTarebiT SeiZleba aixsnas).
am etapze aucilebelia mokled ganisazRvros Tu ra Sinaarsia
Cadebuli TiToeul aRniSnul terminSi.

III.5.1
specializebuli
(gansakuTrebuli
interesebis/miznebis)
turizmi warmoadgens turizmis erT-erT yvelaze ufro swrafad
ganviTarebad saxes. mis farglebSi Sedis sxvadasxvagvari gataceba _
arqeologiuri gaTxrebidan, frinvelebze dakvirvebamde. saqarTveloSi
arsebuli mdidari arqeologiuri Tu istoriul-arqiteqturuli Zeglebi,
mravalferovani flora da fauna, unikaluri eTnokultura iZleva
specializebuli
turizmis
ganviTarebis
mravalmxriv
saSualebas
(dmanisis, yaCaRianis gaTxrebi amis magaliTebia). es ki, TavisTavad
gamoiwvevs im turistebis mozidvas raionebSi, romlebic profesiuli
gamocdilebis amaRlebis mizniT, dainteresebulni arian calkeuli
adgilebis istoriuli, arqeologiuri da arqiteqturuli Zeglebis,
xalxuri rewvis, bunebis mravalferovnebis, florisa da faunis
specifikis SeswavliT.

III.5.2

saTavgadasvlo

turizmi

aseve
Zalze
popularulia.
saqarTvelos mravalferovani bunebrivi resuresebi qmnian alpinizmis,
samTo
laSqrobebis/
traversebis,
mTis
mdinareebze
specialuri
saSualebebiT daSvebis (raftingi), miwisqveSa sivrceebis kvlevis (speleoturizmi), sportuli nadirobis, TevzWeris, paraplanerizmis, snoubordis
da sxva mravali formis ganviTarebis saSualebas, riskenac miiswrafian
e.w. `adrenalinis gancdis~ moyvarulebi.
saTavgadasavlo turebis geografia didi da mravalferovania.
Cveulebrivad es aris jgupuri turebi. aseTi turebis turizmis
specifikuri tvisebad iTvleba sxvadasxva licenziebis miReba, romlebic
nadirobis, Tevzaobis, nadavlis gatanis nebas rTaven.
saTavgadasavlo
turizmi
dakavSirebulia
garkveul
riskTan,
amitomac aseTi turebis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiroa maRal
kvalificiuri instruqtorebi. urizmis am saxeobas aqvs maRali
da igi eiZleba mivakuTvnoT elitaluri dasvenebis .

III.5.3

fermeruli

turizmi

Zalze popularulia evropis rig

qveynebSi. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom turistTa ganTavseba xdeba

68

fermebSi, ranCoebSi an plantaciebSi, an stumrebisaTvis gancalkevebul

saxlebSi,
kvebiT.
turistebs
eZlevaT
saSualeba
erTdroulad
daakvirdnen sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebs an uSualo monawileoba
miiRon masSi. am mizniT fermerebi TavianT teritoriaze awyoben
kempingebs, agreTve rTaven turistebs, sakuTari teritoriis sazRvrebSi,
nadirobisa da TevzWeris nebas.

III.5.4 gro (sasoflo) turizmis ZiriTadi arsia, rom qalaqelebi,

garkveul sazRaurad, gaecnon soflis yofas, SeiTvison xalxuri
tradiciebi, icxovron ekologiurad sufTa garemoSi, miiRon bunebrivi
produqti da
sxva. misi, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebuli turizmis specializebuli saxeobis danergva-ganviTareba,
metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosaTvis.
saqarTveloSi agroturizmis ganviTarebis realuri safuZvelia
CvenSi stumar-maspinZlobis saukuneebiT Camoyalibebuli tradicia da
qarTveli kacis tradiciuli kavSirebi sofelTan. amasTan, evropis
turistuli bazris Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom interesi agroturizmis
mimarT
yovelwliurad
izrdeba;
sul
ufro
farTovdeba
misi
saerTaSoriso xasiaTi, rac imis imeds saxavs, rom qarTuli sofeli
Tavisi unikaluri TvisebebiT, arqiteqturiT, stumar-maspinZlobiTa da
wes-CveulebebiT, Sesabamis adgils daikavebs msoflio agroturistul
bazarze. xazgasasmelia isic, rom misi specifikidan gamomdinare,
turizmis am saxeobis ganviTareba SedarebiT iolia da saxelmwifos
mxriv nakleb finansur danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

III.5..5 ekoturizmi warmoadgens turizmis im saxeobas, romelic aseve

swrafi tempiT viTardeba. is popularulia im turistebs Soris,
romelTac awuxebT garemomcveli samyaros dacvisa da SenarCunebis
problemebi da, romelTac undaT ufro meti gaigon ama Tu im mxaris
adgilobrivi ekosistemis ekologiuri mdgomareobisa da ekokulturis
Sesaxeb. ekoturizmis ganviTareba xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi bunebrivi
resursebis dacvasa da SenarCunebaze zrunvis gaZlierebas. turizmis es
saxeobac ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebiT did kapitaldabandebebs, Tumca
aucilebelia kvalificiuri kadrebis (mimRebi, gamcilebeli/Tanmxlebi
kategoria) yola, radgan im adgilebSi, sadac turistebi imoZraveben,
saWiro iqneba bunebis dacviTi xasiaTis SezRudvebis ganxorcieleba da
amomwuravi informaciis miwodeba ekosistemis saerTo mdgomareobaze
(gansakuTrebiT florisa da faunis, dacva-aRkveTis sistemebis, `wiTeli
wignis~ da a.S.).
termini ekoturizmi dasavleTSi gamoyenebuli iyo erT-erT
konferenciaze meqsikeli ekologis gektor laskuries mier XX-is 80-iani
wlebis pirvel naxevarSi.

69

 ( )
:

,
, ,
,
,

. - .

,
- .
- ,
, ,

,

- .
,

.
:

,
.
- ;
-
;

;

, ;

70

III.5.6

rekriaciuli

turizmi

(dasveneba da mkurnaloba) zogierT

saxelmwifoSi aris turizmis ufro masiuri forma. turistebis gamgzavreba
espaneTSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi, avstraliaSi, upirveles yovlisa, miznad
isaxaven
mkurnalobasa
da
dasvenebas.
turizmis
am
saxeobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
xangrZlivi
samogzauro
periodi,
mosanaxulebeli
qalaqebisa da sxva obieqtebis (kulturuli memkvidreoba, bunebrivi
resursi da a.S.) naklebi raodenoba, romlebic Sedian marSrutSi da
Sesabamisad xangZlivi yofna erT adgilze. kidev erTi Tavisebureba
gamoixateba saaviacio transportis farTo gamoyenebaSi da upirveles
yovlisa Carteruli reisebis saxiT.
mogzauroba
mkurnalobis
mizniT
(balneologiuri
turizmi)
gansxvavdeba sazRvargareT mgzavrobis yvela sxva danarCeni saxeobebisagan,
radgan maT aqvT specifikuri (mkurnalobisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri
drois
gaTvaliswinebiT)
xasiaTi.
Zogadad
mkurnalobis
Cveulebivi
xangZlivoba Seadgens 24-28 dRes, rac mniSvnelivnad metia, vidre turizmis
sxva
saxeobebSi.
rogorc
wesi,
mkurnalobis
mizniT
marSrutebis
organizaciiT
dakavebulni
arian
mxolod
is
firmebi,
romlebic
specializirebulni arian turizmis am saxeobaze. Rogorc wesi, isini
dakavSirebulni
arian
sxvadasxva
samedicino
dawesebulebebTan
da
organizaciebTan.
samkurnalod gamgzavrebisas saWiroa eqimis rekomendacia, Semdeg ki am
procesSi erTveba turistuli firma. mkurnalobis mizniT mogzaurobebze
moTxovnis formirebisaTvis didi mnSvneloba aqvs TviTon samedicino
dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebis infrmirebas kurortebis Sesaxeb da sxva
qveynebSi
mkurnalobis
SesaZleblobaze
raTa
dasveneba-mkurnalobis
msurvelebs miscen swori da saWiro rekomendacia.
gamajansaRebeli turebis programebi agebulia imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom
daaxloebiT
naxevari
dro
eTmoba
samkurnalo-gamajansaRebel
procedurebs, xolo danarCeni dro RonisZiebebs, romlebic, turistuli
programis enaze, atareben damatebiT an Tanmxleb xasiaTs.
dRes turistebis nakadi, romlebic yovelwliurad miemgzavrebian
sazRvargareT balneologiur kurortebze da sanatoriumebSi, sakmaod
mcirea
sxva
saxis
turebTan
SedarebiT.
magram,
samkurnalo
da
gamajansaRebeli turebis popularobis zrdis tempebidan gamomdinare
turizmis am saxeobas aqvs mniSvnelovani porspeqtivebi.
turizmis am saxeobis miznobriv-teritoriul ganviTarebas Cveni
qveynisaTvisac aqvs Zalze didi mniSvneloba, ramdenadac aRniSnuli
mimarTulebiT, jer kidev gasul saukuneSi, imdroindel turistul bazarze
(da ara mxolod yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi) Zalze popularuli iyo
saqarTvelos
Sesabamisi
potenciali.
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze,
gamomdinare misi fizikur-geografiuli mravalferovnebidan, ganTavsebuli
71

iyo (perspeqtivSi kidev ufro metad SeiZleba ganviTareba, miTumetes, rom

bevri maTgani aRar funqcionirebs) sxvadasxva tipisa da funqciuri
daniSnulebis
(kardiologiuri,
pulmonologiuri,
ftiziatriuli,
alergologiuli, nevrologiuri, gastroenterologiuri, arTrologiuri,
ginekologiuri,
nefrologiuri,
urologiuri,
dermatologiuri,
zogadprofilaqtikuri) sanatoriumi da dasasvenebeli saxli.

III.5.7 saeqskursio an SemecnebiTi turizmi Seicavs mogzaurobebs da

gamgzavrebas SemecnebiTi miznebiT. eqskursia, rogorc Semecnebis forma da
saxeoba asrulebs informaciuli Tvalsawieris da inteleqtis gafarToebis
funqcias. SemecnebiTi turizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc jgufuri,
aseve
individualuri
mogzaurobebi.
SemecnebiTi
miznebi
SeiZleba
Serwymuli iqnas dasvenebis mizanTan. SemecnebiTi mgzavroba SeiZleba win
iZRvodes kurortze dasvenebas; iseve rogorc dasvenebis dros turistebs
SeuZliaT
moawyon,
an
monawileoba
miiRon
maTTvis
organizebul
eqskursiaSi, maT Soris sxva qalaqebSi, sxva qveynebSic ki. SemecnebiTi
mgazvrobis erT-erT saxeobad iTvleba saavtomobilo turizmi. mgzavroba
avtomanqanebiT
da
avtobusebiT,
transportis
sxva
saxeobebiT
turistebisaTvis qmnian qveynis ukeT gacnobis SedarebiT ufro met
SesaZleblobas.
gaerTianebuli
erebis
msoflio
turistuli
organizaciis
monacemebiT 1997 wlidan SeimCneoda SemecnebiT turizmis ganviTareba,
radgan msoflios mTavari bazrebi `gaizardnen~, Seicvales Tavisi
orientacia turistebs aniteresebs ukve ara imdenad tradiciuli
mimarTulebebi zRvze dasvenebasTan erTad, ramdenad gacniba xeliTseqmnili
turistuli RirSesaniSnaobebiT Tematikuri parkebiT, megakurortebiT da
kazinoebiT.
qarTuli turistuli kompaniebis didi nawilis (romlebic
turistebis gayvanaze muSaoben) SemoTavazeba aris turebi evropuli (da ara
mxolod) qveynebis dedaqalaqebSi, marSrutebi gajerebulia saeqskursio
programebiT. aseTi mgzavrobis Rirebuleba rogorc wesi, ifro dabalia
vidre
dasvenebis
turi
analogiur
xangZliobiT.
fasebi
SeiZleba
lavirebdes
saerTaSoriso
aviatarifebis
sidisa
da
eqskursiebis
raodenobisagan
gamomdinare
(saaviacio
da
turistuli
kompaniis
saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Tanaxmad).
sastumros klass, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ara aqvs iseTi mniSvneloba
rogorc dasvenebis turebSi, amitom umetesi firma ganTavsebas axdens orsam varskvlavian sastumroebSi, miTumetes, rom evropaSi isini ZiriTadad
ganlagebulni arian qalaqis centrSi, mosaxerxebeli satransporto
komunikaciebis axlos.

III.5.8 saqmiani turizmi - turizmis es saxeoba Seicavs mgzavrobas

sxvadasxva TaTbirebze, kongresebze, simpoziumebze monawileobis mizniT.
72

yovel aseT saerTaSoriso SexvedraSi monawileobs 200-dan10000-mde

adamiani. xSirad samecniero RonisZiebebis monawileebs Tan axlavT ojaxis
wevrebi, romelTaTvis forumis organizatirebi, turistul firmebTan
erTad, Tavazoben sufTa turistul programas. xSirad TviTon monawileebi
ecnobian qalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobebs, xolo samecniero RonisZiebebis
dasrulebis Semdeg awyoben turistul mgzavrobebs qveyanaSi. zogi
turisturi firma specializirdeba bizmesmenebis jgufur mgzavrobaze
axali bazrebis Seswavlis mizniT da savaWro garigebis dadebaze. amasTan
turistuli firma xSirad exmareba bizmesmenebs: Seiswavlis mdgomareobas
ama Tu im bazarze, agrovebs monacemebs SesaZlo savaWro partniorobis
Sesaxeb, waradgens saWiro ekonomiur masalebs, awyobs saqmian Sexvedrebs,
a.S..
saqmian
gamgzavrebaSi
SeiZleba
iyos
moTxovna
individualur
momsaxureobaze, yvela maRali klasis ganTavseba Zvirad Rirebul
apartamentebSi,

romlebzec

avtomobili

a.S

da

komforis

pirveli

mTeli

saqmiani
klasi

dRis

ganmavlobaSi

vizitebisavis
da

yvelaze

mimagrebulia

popularulia erT

adamian

()
ganTavsebaze.
saqmiani
mogzaurobebi
xelsayrelia
ekonomiur
WrilSi,
radgan
ar
arian
damokidebuli
sezonuri
faqtorebisagan. mniSvnelovania is, rom biznesmenebis gamogzavna ar
moiTxovs damatebiT xarjebs reklamaze, maT sWirdebaT informacia
adgilebis bronirebis wesis da vadebis Sesaxeb.
saqmiani turizmis erT-erTi forma aris gamgzavreba saerTaSoriso
gamofenebsa da bazrobeb monawileobis an monaxulobis mizniT. amgvari
RonisZiebebis monawileebi, Cveulebrivad, miemgzavrebian xangZli vadiT,
rac dakavSirebulia ara marto gamofenis an bazrobis Catareba, aramed
sagamofeno

stendebis

da

sxva

xelsawyoebis

awyoba-daSlis,

samuSaoebTan.
aqmiani

turizmis

jgufebis

gamgzavreba

erTgvarovani profesiuli SemadgenlobiT, romlic tardeba saqmis mimcemi

sawarmos xarjze, rogorc saukeTeso muSakebis waxaliseba. aseTi
mogzaurobis programaSi CarTulia samecniero centrebi da samrewvelo
sawarmoebis

monaxuleba

qveynis

miRwevebis

Sedegebis

gacnobis mizniT samecniero-teqnikur sferoSi, gamocdilebis

mizniT.
saqmiani

mogzaurobis

monawileni,

( ) Cveulebrivad iyeneben avia transports.

tureb
izrdeba bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi.

mniSvnelovnad

da

mudmivad

73

 , -
, ,
. :
;
;
;
;
( );
,
.
,
, , -
, ,
.

: ,
, .
.

III.5.9 eTnikuri turizmi - dakavSirebulia naTesavis monaxuleba

an mSoblis ( ) dabadebis adgileb. bolo dros
am, sakmaod Tavisebur, turizmis saxeobaSi moxda zogierTi struqturuli
cvlileba, romlebic gamoisaxeba mis xasiaT. Tu me 20 saukunis 70ian, 80
ian
wlebSi
ZiriTad
rols
TamaSobdnen
mogzaurebi
naTesavebis
monaxulebis, maTi dabadebis adgilebis monaxulebis mizniT, bolo wlebSi
xeba pirveli Taobis gamosulebis bunebrivi Semcireba da ufro met
adgils ikaveb mesame da meoTxe Taobis rdapiri/ naTesauri
kavSirebi;

winaparTa

samSoblo.

samogzauro

samotivacio

rols

TamaSobs

swrafva

gaicnos

moTxovnze

kerZod

izrdeba

moTxovna

sastumroebSi

ganTavseb da ara naTesavebTan ( ).

III.5.10

axalgazrduli

turizmis

ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiroa
kompleqsuri mravalferovani marSrutebis damuSaveba da laSqrobebis
organizeba asakobrivi kategoriis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT (yvelaze
cocxali, aqtiuri da, amasTan erTad gamoucdeli - Sesabamisad Zalze
mravalmxriv
motivirebuli
kategoria);
turizmis
am
mimarTulebis
ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa iseTi obieqtebis mSenebloba, rogoricaa,
74

magaliTad, saerTo sacxovrebeli, turbaza, soflad sastumroebi klasiT

`B&B~, e.w. `karvebis qalaqi~ da a.S. (dabali finansuri xarjebi,
maqsimaluri Tavgadasavali da adrenalini, rac aranairad ar niSnavs cud
organizacias da dabal klass!).

III.5.11 socialuri turizmi es aris `saxelmwifos mier subsidirebuli

mogzauroba socialuri moTxovnilebebisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebidan~.
turizmi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos socialurad daucveli misaxleobisaTvis
_ bavSvebi, moxucebi, invalidebi. evropis qveynebSi (da ara mxolod)
turizmis sakmaod popularuli es saxe jerjerobiT Cvens qveyanaSi ver
iqneba analogiurad ganviTarebuli mxolod imis gamo, rom saxelmwifos
jer ar SeuZlia am procesebis investireba (imas, rasac zogjer akeTeben,
ufro kampaniuri xasiaTi aqvs). calke msjelobisa da fiqris sagania Cveni
turistul-saeqskursio industriis adaptirebuloba (gzebi, trotuarebi,
transporti, kulturis obieqtebSi Sesvlis SesaZleblobebi da a.S.).
mokled pasuxi dRes aseTia _ es sistema praqtikulad ar iTvaliswinebs
aRniSnuli kategoriis (unarSezRuduli) adamianebis SesaZleblobebsa da
moTxovnilebebs.

III.5.12

turizmi

kempingebsa

da

karvebSi

sakmarisi popularobiT
sargeblobs
sxvadasxva
asakobrivi
kategoriebis,
ojaxuri
turebis
organizebiT dainteresebul vizitorebSi da SeiZleba gaxdes Semosavlis
kargi
wyaro
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebisa
da
mosaxleobisaTvis kempingebisa da karvebisaTvis adgilebis gaqiravebis,
agreTve turistebisaTvis saWiro produqciis da xalxuri rewvis nimuSebis
gayidvis gziT. kempingebisa da karvebisaTvis gamoyofili adgilebi (e.w.
velur bunebaSi) idealurad unda ewerebodes garemoSi da uzrunvelyofili
iyos aucilebeli infrastruqturiT (elementaruli pirobebi wyali,
tualeTi, narCenebis gatanis organizacia da saSualebebi, klasis ki ara,
ubralod yofiTi kulturis maCvenebelia, risi sworad gagebis gareSe
turizmSi araferi gvesaqmeba).

III.5.13 yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT iseT siaxleze TviT evropuli

turizmisaTvisac ki, rogoric aris saklubo dasvenebis sistema - e.w.
`TaimSeri~
am sistemis damsveneblebi, rogorc wesi, warmoadgenen maRali Semosavlebisa da adeqvaturi moTxovnilebebis klientebs. turizmis es mimarTuleba
gamoirCeva sastumroSi ganTavsebiTa da maRali xarisxis momsaxurebiT, romelsac
momxmarebeli (klienti) Tavisi moTxovnilebis mixedviT irCevs an cvlis
msoflios TiTqmis nebismier kurortze dasvenebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli
orientaciis turistebi jer ixdian Tanxas klubis wevrobisaTvis, Semdeg
regularul sawevro gadasaxadebs saklubo momsaxurebisaTvis da a.S. Cveni
qveynisaTvis turizmis aRniSnul formaSi dReisaTvis yvelaze sayuradRebo da
gamosayenebeli amgvari klubebis regionalur interesebsa da Tematur

75

programebSi integrireba SeiZleba CaiTvalos, ramdenadac klubi, aseT

SemTxvevaSi, ara mxolod mnaxvelia (gamomyenebeli), aramed mzrunveli, Semqmneli,
damcveli da xSir SemTxvevaSi seriozuli investoric.

III.5.14

eligiuri (momlocvelobiTi)

turizmi turizmis yevlaze

Zveli saxeobaa. amJamad is sargeblobs sakmaod didi moTxovnilebiT da

popularobiT.
turizmSi
religiuri
miznebiT
SeiZleba
gamovyoT
mogzaurobis ramodenime saxeoba.
-

momlocveloba
(wminda
Tayvaniscemis mizniT);

SemecnebiTi, ekumenikuri gamgzavrebebi (religiuri Zeglebis,

religiis istoriis, religis kulturis gacnobis mizniT).

samecniero
gamgzavrebebi
(istorikosebis,
RvTismlocvelebis,
romlebic religiis sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni, da a.S..)

adgilebis

monaxuleba

reliqviebis

mTlianobaSi interesi wminda adgilebis mimarT izrdeba sazogadoebis

sxvadasxva fenebSi, sxvadasxva asakis, profesiis da SeZlebis adamianebs
Soris.
:

,
,
,
;

,
,
, , ,
.
() -

, .
, () .
:
- , .
.
- ,
.
- ()
- (,
)

76


()

.
- .

III.5.15 sportuli turizmi - aris sxvadasxva samoyvarulo sportuli

klubebis da asociaciebis moRvaweobis erT-erTi saxeoba; turizmis saxeoba,
romelic dafuZnebulia iseT marSrueb , romelic iTvaleswinebs
bunebriv
garemoSi

kategoriebis
dabrkolebebis gadalaxvas (uReltexilebi, mwvervalebi (mTis
Woromebi (wylis turizmi), kanionebi, gamoqvabulebi da aS.)
portuli

turebis

mTavari

amocanaa

mixedviT
turizmi),

uzrunvelyo

SesaZleblobebi (mTeli turis ganmavlobaSi) stumreb

iyvnen

areuli

sportis

saxeobiT.

portuli

turebis

saWiro

aRWurvilobas SeiZleba mivakuTnoT specialuri trasebi,

amweebi, sportuli moednebi, mowyobilobebi, nagebobebi, sxvadasxva saxis
inventari. ZiriTad moTxovnaTa Soris, romlebsac warudgenen sportul
turebs aris damsveneblebTa uSiSroebis uzrunvelyoba.
sportuli turizmis saxeobebi:
vtomototurizmi;
eloturizmi;
wylis urizmi (mdinareSi curva kategoriebis mixedviT, mdinare
SeiZleba iyos mTis);
saialqno turizmi;
saTxilamuro turizmi (gadaadgileba ZiriTadad xdeba TxilamurebiT);
sacxenosno turizmi;
moto turizmi;
safexmavlo turizmi (gadaadgileba xdeba fexiT);
mTis turizmi;
seleoturizmi;
kombinirebuli turizmi.

III.5.16 - ,
(
) ,
.
,
. ,
,

77

 . ,

.
,
( ) ,
20003000 .
1989 .
,
.
,
,
. ,
.
.

, , .
()
().
,
6 . ,

.
,
.

,
. ,
. ,

.
.
.
, ,
() , ,
. ,
.
, 23
,
.
,
:
78

 - , .
, .

, .
III.5.17

gasarTobi

turizmi

popularuli

( ) mTel msolioSi. urizmis am

saxeobis ( )
mravalsaxeobis miuxedavad, am turebis ,
xangZlivoba arc ise didia 24 dRe. eropaSi (
) farTod gavrcelebulia saSobao turebi. aseTi turebis programa
ZiriTadad Sedgeba garTobebisagan,
, -, ,
.

III.5.18

aswavlo (saganmanaTleblo) turebi mravalricxovania da

orientirebulia klientebis asakze da arCevis motivaciaze.

ZiriTadad es aris enobrivi turebi, magram SeiZleba iyos turebi,
romlebic aswavlian romelime sports, sportul TamaSebs da agreTve
kvalifikaciis
asamaRlebeli
turebi.
Cveulebrivad
yoveldRiuri
mecadineoba saswavlo turebis programebiT tardeba Suademde, yvela
danarCeni dro eTmoba garTobas, sportul TamaSebs. garda amisa, arsebobs
agreTve swavlebis intensiuri programa (20 30 saaTi kviraSi).
firmis
umetesi
klientebi,
romlebsac
Tavazoben
saswavlo turebs arian bavSvebi. amitomac ivnisis bolos, rodesac
moswavleebi Caabareben gamocdebs, dgeba maRali sezoni firmebisaTvis,
romlebic awyoben swavlebas sazRvargareT.

III.5.19 Sop turebi es aris gamgzavrebebi sazRvargareT

moxmarebis

saqonlis

SeZenis

mizniT

(msubuqi

mrewvelobis

), , ( )
maTi Semdgomi realizaciisaTvis.
amamulo mrewvelobis paralizebis dros (
) aseTi turistebis daaxloebiT 1/4 -iT avsebs
samomxmareblo bazars da mTlianobaSi realizaciisa da gasaRebis
sistemasTan
uzrunvelyobs
daaxloebiT
sami
milioni
adamianis
dakavebulobas.
SesaZleblobas gatacebuli iyo
sayvareli saqmiT TanamoazreTa garemoSi dasvenebis an mogzaurobis dros

III.5.20

hobi

turebi

79

(avtomoyvarulebis,
filatelistebis,
gulSematkivrebis, gurmanebis da a.S.)

sportuli

Sejibrebebis

Cveulebrivad aseTi turebi yalibdeba jgufuri gamgzavrebis saxiT.

ZiriTadi
wesi

jgufebis
formireba
saerTo
interesebiT
da
momsaxureobis programis Tematuri mimarTuleba.

III.5.21

-
,
- .

, ,
.
.
,
,

-11/ -10 -12/ -11

1989

TBS

1990

""-

()

.
()
,

() (Space Adventures).

2001 . 2008

, .
" ",
. ,
.
, 20-23
, . 2007
30-40 .
-
15 .

80


.
2005 Space Adventures
,

,
.

81

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

1.

is, razec unda aigos qarTuli turizmis momavali.

qveynis istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreoba - ici Tu ara?

a. msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis nusxaSi (iunesko) Setanilia:

varZia
bagratis taZari

ufliscixe
alaverdis taZari

b. 1657 wels Tbiliselma episkoposma elise saginaSvilma gumbaTi ganuaxla

da aRuSena (Semoxaze):
o metexis taZars
o lurj monasters
o Tbilisis sions
o jvaris mamas

c. qaSueTis eklesiis moxatuloba ekuTvnis (Semoxaze):

o
o
o
o

firosmans
gagarins
lado gudiaSvils
mose ToiZes

Seni qveynis bunebrivi potenciali (Semoxaze swori pasuxi)

a. saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvari miuyveba:

o
o
o

m. agufsTas, m. Sxaras, piriqiTis qeds;

qluxoris uReltexils, m. myinvarwvers, loqis qeds;
SavSeTis qeds, mamisonis uReltexils, darialis xeobas;

b. saqarTvelos mTaTaSoris bars miekuTvneba

o
o
o

raWis qedi
kolxeTis vake-dablobi
qarTlis qedi

c. saqarTvelos esazRvreba
o
o
o

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

adiRea, yaraCai-CerqezeTi, yabardo-balyareTi, daRestani;

inguSeTi, CeCneTi, daRestani, azerbaijani;
TurqeTi, somxeTi, irani, azerbaijani;

2. daawyvileT Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi `partniorebi~

gidi
?
resursebi
turoperatori
?
fauna
baza
?
sistema
mowyobiloba
?
CineTi
atraqciuloba
?
eqskursiamZRoli
rekreaciuli
?
espaneTi
gansaxlebis
?
aRWurviloba
flora
?
turagenti
marko polo
?
mravalferovneba
konkistadori
?
safuZveli
82

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

4. situaciis analizi
Tqven ukve gaarkvieT ZiriTadi cnebiTi kategoriebi, romlebic
turistisa da mogzauris srul Sinaarsze gaZleven amomwurav informacias. am
masalaze dayrdnobiT, Tqveni davalebaa gaaanalizoT saqarTvelos e.w. `moZravi
kontigenti~ da yovel jgufs mianiWoT Tavisi saxeli.
situacia:

gasaanalizebeli kontigenti:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

moswavleebi, romlebic qveynis istoriasa da geografiaSi codnis ganmtkicebis

mizniT awyoben erTdRian Tematur gasvlebs (bunebaSi, istoriul Zeglebze da a.S.)
studentebi, romlebic Tavisufal dros awyoben or-sam dRian gasvlebs karvebiT,
RamisTeviT;
satranzito mgzavrebi, romlebic, gafrenamde darCenil droSi, aeroportis servis
samsaxuris SeTavazebis safuZvelze, 2 saaTian eqskursiaSi iRebs monawileobas;
q. foTis akvatoriaSi gaCerebuli amerikuli samxedro gemis ekipaJi da personali;
diplomatiuri korpusis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic SabaT-kviraobiT e.w. `uikendebs~ awyoben;
TiTqmis erT milionamde adamiani, romlebmac gadakveTes saqarTvelos sazRvari da
dReisaTvis naxevari-erTi wliT sazRvargareT atareben (swavloben, muSaoben,
mkurnaloben, isveneben).

5. saproeqto davaleba
virtualuri situacia: Tqven, rogorc qalaqis (Tu gnebavT, Tbilisis) Tavi, Tqveni

qalaqis (SegiZliaT airCioT nebismieri) resursebidan gamomdinare, ayalibebT

qalaqSi turizmis ganviTarebis programas. Tqveni amocanaa, konkretuli
Tematuri
jgufis
turistul
obieqtebze
`daamagroT~
SesaZlo
turistebis/vizitorebis konkretuli kategoria.
SeasruleT amocana logikuri TanmimdevrobiT:
a.

moamzadeT `Tqveni qalaqis~ resursuli (bunebrivi, istoriul-kulturuli da

a.S.) potencialis CamonaTvali (rekreaciuli SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT)
da daajgufeT isini turizmis saxeebis Sesabamisad; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b.

`gaaanalizeT~ Tqvens qalaqSi gasul wlebSi (3-5 wlis analizi sakmaod

miaxloebul Sedegebs iZleva) Camosuli adamianebis kontigenti; gamoyaviT yvela
turistuli kontigenti (ZiriTadi qveynebisa da interesebis Sesabamisad); ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

g. `gaaanalizeT~ Tqvens qalaqSi gasul wlebSi (3-5 weli) Semosuli Tqveni qveynis
moqalaqeebis is kategoria, romlebic qalaqis istoriul-kulturul obieqtebs
ewvivnen (RamisTeviT da RamisTevis gareSe); -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d. moamzadeT cxrili pirobiTi dayofiT: romel obieqtebze, romeli kontigenti
SeiZleba gewvioT (saerTaSoriso da Sida turizmi). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

83

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

3. situaciis analizi
situacia: qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli mTavroba gTavazobT

saTaveSi CaudgeT aRniSnuli mizniT gasawev saqmianobas. amasTan erTad, mzad

arian gaiTvaliswinon Tqveni pozicia.
amocana 1. rogor CamoayalibebdiT Tqvens Tanxmobas sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da sam
rogor moTxovnas dauyenebdiT qveynis prezidents?
amocana: 2. rogor CamoayalibebdiT Tqvens uars sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da sam rogor
rCevas miscemdiT qveynis prezidents?
xarT `axali~ qarTveli e.i. gaqvT soliduri finansuri
SesaZlebloba, privatizaciis procesSi monawileobT turizmSi Semdgomi
dasaqmebis mizniT. ra SesyidvebisTvis ibrZolebdiT bolomde da ratom?
situacia:

variantebi: 1. ganTavsebis saSualebebi;

2. satransporto saSualebebi;
3. kvebis obieqti;
4. infrastruqturis SesaZleblobebi.

4. saproeqto davaleba
situacia: Tqven, qarTvelma biznesmenma, gadawyviteT turistul
biznesSi mosinjoT sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. manam, sanam konkretul nabijebs
gadadgamT, gadawyviteT gaanalizoT msoflio turizmis mdgomareoba (gaerkveT
tendenciebSi), Semdeg SeafasoT Tqveni materialur-teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi
da ase gaakeToT daskvna.
virtualuri

Seasrule amocana logikuri TanmimdevrobiT:

a.

ra
daskvnebis
gakeTeba
SegiZliaT
mto-s
regionaluri
statistikuri
monacemebidan (romeli regionebi viTardebian, ratom, statistikis dinamikidan
gamomdinare ra procesebi da rogor SeiZleba aisaxis saqarTveloze)? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b.

ras niSnavs TqvenTvis turizmSi Cabmuli biznesmenisaTvis, saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba (rogor gaanawilebT pozitiur da negatiur faqtorebs
mcire SWOT analizi)? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. rogor SeafasebT sakuTar resursul potencials (Sefasebebi, an mcire SWOT

analizi ZiriTadi parametrebis Sesabamisad miReba-ganTavsebis, kvebis obieqtebi, transportireba, dasveneba-garToba-servisis infrastruqtura, personali da
a.S.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d. Tqveni mosazrebebi (winadadebebi) saerTaSoriso turistul biznesSi CarTvasTan
(ar CarTvasTan) dakavSirebiT (gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

84

nawili

II.

saqarTvelos
resursebi

turistuli

da

sakurorto-rekreaciuli

Tavi I. dargis mizniebisa da amocanebis ganmarteba

:

, , ,

. ,
- .

- ,

, :

;
;
- ;
- ;
.

I.1. cnebiT-terminologiuri aparati:

`rekreacia~ laTinuri terminia da sityva-sityviT niSnavs aRdgenas
(recreatio), dasvenebas. Tumca misi dRevandeli mniSvneloba gacilebiT
farToa da moicavs sazogadoebisaTvis iseT arsebiT procesebs, rogoricaa
miswrafeba
_
Seamciros
adamianze
samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis
uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sedegebi.
dRevandeli sazogadoeba, samwuxarod, jer ver avida evoluciuri
ganviTarebis iseT safexurze, romelic Seesabameba samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis dRevandel dones. swored amitomaa, rom informaciis kolosaluri masivi, misi intensivoba, swrafad cvladi bgeriTi da mxedvelobiTi
gamaRizianeblebi, amisaTvis moumzadebeli adamianis organizmis, pirvel
rigSi ki, misi fsiqoemociuri sistemis ngrevas iwveven, rac Semdgom
mravali socialuri kataklizmebis safuZvelia.
XXI saukunis sazogadoeba gamosavalis ZiebaSia. am Ziebis erT-erTi
seriozuli monapovari ki rekreaciaa (rekreaciuli resursebis miznobrivi
gamoyenebaa).
rekreacia krebsiTi cnebaa da moicavs, Sromisagan Tavisufal dros,
gajansaRebasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs (sanitarul-sakurorto
mkurnaloba, turizmi, eqskursiebi da a.S.).

85

rekreacia es aris adamianis Zalis (fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da

emociuri) gafarToebuli (srulfasovani) aRdgena. rigi mkvlevarebis mier
rekreacia ganixileba rogorc drois periodi, romlis drosac xdeba
adamianis sawarmoo Zalebis aRdgena, an rogorc moqmedeba (saqmianoba),
romelic mimarTulia aRdgenisaken. alternatiul Sexedulebas warmoadgens
modgoma, rodesac rekreacia ganixileba yoveli moqmedebis, droisa da
nebismieri teritoriis funqciad.
rekreacia (recreation) 1. dasvenaba, garToba, romelic adamianis
fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da inteleqtualuri Zalebis aRdgenas emsaxureba.
2.
dasvenebis
industriis
yvelaze
mZlavri
segmenti,
romelic
dakavSirebulia
mosaxleobis
aqtiur
dasvenebasTan
sufTa
haerze
(gansakuTrebiT, dasvenebis dReebSi, e.w. uikendebze). 3. civilizebuli
dasveneba, romelic sxvadasxva daavadebebis stacionarul pirobebSi
mkurnalobiT,
saeqskursio-turistuli
RonisZiebebiTa
da
fizikuri
varjiSebiT aris uzrunvelyofili (m. metreveli, turistul terminTa
inglisur-qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, 2006).
rekreacia (laT. recreatio - aRdgena) adamianis cxovrebiseuli
saqmianobis procesSi daxarjuli fizikuri da inteleqtualuri Zalebis,
janmrTelobisa da Sromisunarianobis aRdgena-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro
dasvenebis sxvadasxva saxeoba. ekonomikur geografiaSi saqmianobis
saxeobebi rasac xSirad turizmsa da dasvenebas uwodeben (i. gabunia,
saqarTvelos rekreaciuli (sakurorto-turistuli) raionebi, 2005).
aSS-s turizmis erovnuli politikis kvlevis centri sam ZiriTad
termins _ `mogzauroba~, `turizmi~ da `rekreacia~ Semdegi saxiT
ganmartavs:

mogzauroba moqmedeba, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianis gadaadgilebasTan Tavisi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilidan sxva
qveyanaSi an teritoriaze Tavisi qveynis farglebSi,
Casvlis adgilze yovelgvari anazRaurebadi saqmianobis
gareSe;

turizmi terminis `mogzaurobis~ sinonimi;

rekreacia admianis saqmianoba, romelic dakavebulia Tavisufali
drois organizaciiTa da misi Sedegebis personaluri
sargeblobiT. rekreacia SeiZleba moicavdes Tavis TavSi
individualur
da
jgufur
sportul
RonisZiebebs,
inteleqtualur srulyofas, garTobas da a.S.
I.2.

saqarTvelos

kanonmdebloba

cnebiT-terminologiuri

aparatis

Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos
kanonmdebloba
turistul-rekreaciuli
saqmianobis
mimarT dReisaTvis srulyofilebiT ar gamoirCeva, Tumca terminebis

86

garkveuli kategoria SesabamisobaSia saerTaSoriso standartebTan da am

terminebiT
sargebloba
savsebiT
SesaZlebelia.
qvemoT
moyvanili
magaliTebi, romlebic moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan aris aRebuli, garkveul
warmodgenas iZleva rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri mimarTulebiT.
Tumca, rigi Seusabamobebi, Semdgom damatebebSi gasworda. kanonmdeblobis
srulyofis procesi mudmivad mimdinareobs, rac imis imeds iZleva, rom
mokle xanSi dargs srulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza eqneba.

turizmi _ adamianis Tavisufali, nebayoflobiTi, droebiTi gadaadgileba

Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilidan dasvenebis, gajansaRebis,
istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis daTvalierebis da/an sxva
mizniT.

samkurnalo turizmi _ kurortebis gamoyeneba mkurnalobis, samedicino

gamokvlevisa da sxva samedicino momsaxurebis misaRebad.

turistuli resursebi _ bunebrivi, istoriul-kulturuli, SemecnebiTi

da socialur-sayofacxovrebo resursebis da saqarTvelos
teritoriaze arsebuli infrastruqturis erToblioba, romelic akmayofilebs turistis moTxovnilebebs.

bunebrivi samkurnalo (sakurorto) resursebi _ mineraluri wylebi,

samkurnalo talaxebi, samkurnalod vargisi karstuli mRvimeebi, zRva, tye, samkurnalo klimati da sxva bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mkurnalobis, profilaqtikisa da reabilitaciis mizniT.

sakurorto adgili _ teritoria, romelic Seicavs bunebriv samkurnalo

resursebs, vargisia miznobrivi eqspluataciisaTvis da ar aqvs
Sesabamisi Senoba-nagebobani.

kurorti _ sakurorto adgili, romelzec ganlagebulia samkurnalo da

gamajansaRebeli dawesebuleba, nageboba da infrastruqturis
sxva obieqti.

kurortze

arsebuli

samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli

obieqti

obieqti,
sadac damsvenebelTa samedicino momsaxureba, mkurnaloba da
reabilitacia xorcieldeba upiratesad bunebrivi samkurnalo
faqtorebis (klimati, mineraluri wylebi, samkurnalo talaxi
da sxva) saSualebebiT.

sanitariuli dacvis zona _ saqarTvelos kanomdeblobiT gansakuTrebiT

daculi teritoria, romelic saWiroebs dacvas bunebrivi samkurnalo resursebis naadrevi gamolevis, gafuWebisa da
dabinZurebisagan.

87

turistuli da sakurorto saqmianobis subieqti (dargis subieqti) _

fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic eweva turistul an
sakurorto saqmianobas.

sakurorto

saqmianoba

_ bunebrivi samkurnalo resursebis, maTi

sargeblobisaTvis aucilebeli nagebobebisa da mowyobilobebis
(WaburRili, biuveti, galerea, saabazano, talaxiT samkurnalo,
plaJebi, klimaturi pavilioni, aerosolariumi da sxva) da infrastruqturis obieqtebis (sanatoriumi, sastumro, dasasvenebeli saxli, pansionati, sportuli da kulturis obieqtebi da
sxva) gamoyenebis organizeba profilaqtikis, mkurnalobis,
reabilitaciisa da gajansaRebis mizniT.

turistuli da sakurorto industria _ turistuli da sakurorto saqmianobis subieqtebisa da obieqtebis erToblioba.

turistuli da sakurorto saqmianobis licenzia _ specialuri nebarTva,

romelic asabuTebs misi mflobelis uflebas eweodes aRniSnul saqmianobas.

Sesabamisobis serTifikati _ dokumenti, romelic asabuTebs turistuli

da sakurorto momsaxurebis xarisxs da mis Sesabamisobas
konkretul standartTan an sxva normatiul dokumentTan.
rekreaciuli
meurneoba
sanatoriumebisa
da
dasasvenebeli
dawesebulebebis funqciuri da sameurneo-finansuri saqmianobis erTianobaa.
ramodenime
ganmarteba
literaturidan
(i.
gabunia,
saqarTvelos
rekreaciuli (sakurorto-turistuli) raionebi, 2005):
1. rekreaciuli resursebi
rekreaciuli resursebi SeiZleba
samkurnalo: klimati, mineraluri
gamoqvabuli) da anTropogenuri
RirsSesaniSnaobebi da sxva);

dasvenebisa da mkurnalobis saSualeba.

SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi (sakurortowyali, samkurnalo talaxi, zRva, tye,
(istoriuli Zeglebi, arqiteqturuli

2. rekreaciuli savarguli teritoria, romelzedac kompaqturad

warmodgenilia rekreaciuli resursebi. SeiZleba gamoiyos sakurortosamkurnalo da turistuli savarguli. geografiulad (sivrcobrivad)
sakurorto-samkurnalo (sanatoruli mSeneblobisaTvis) savargulebi ufro
deficituria turistulTan SedarebiT;
3. rekreaciuli potenciali gansazRvrul teritoriaze arsebuli
rekreaciuli saqmianobis organizaciisaTvis saWiro bunebriv, istoriularqiteqturul
da
socialur-ekonomikur
winamZRvrebaTa
(faqtorTa)
erToblioba.
cneba, rekreaciuli potenciali, igivea, rac rekreaciuli saqmianobis
ganviTarebis pirobebi da faqtorebi.

88

I.3. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba rekreaciuli resursebis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnuli
sakiTxis
srulfasovani
Seswavlis
mizniT
ixile
saqarTvelos kanonebi (aRniSnuli CamonaTvali SeiZleba srulad ar
CaiTvalos, saqarTvelos parlaments ukanaskneli 10-12 wlis ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli aqvs sxva araerTi kanoni, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT axlos dganan rekreaciuli resursebis movla-patronobisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxebTan.
individualuri dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi am kanonebis naxva SeiZleba universitetis biblioTekaSi, parlamentis veb-gverdze _ WWW.parliament.ge; aq
warmodgenili ZiriTadi dokumentebis CamonaTvali absoluturad sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom SegeqmnaT garkveuli warmodgena rogorc samarTlebrivi
sivrcis mdgomareobis, aseve ZiriTadi problemebis Sesaxeb):
saqarTvelos kanoni `turizmisa da kurortebis Sesaxeb~ - 1997 w.;
saqarTvelos kanoni `kurortebisa da sakurorto adgilebis sanitaruli dacvis zonebis Sesaxeb~ - 1998 w.;
saqarTveloSi turistuli da sakurorto saqmianobis nebayoflobiTi licenzirebis debuleba;
saqarTvelos kurortebis nusxa 1998 w.;
saqarTvelos sakurorto adgilebis nusxa 1998 w.;
saqarTvelos kanoni `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~ - .

Tavi II. teritoriis funqcionaluri daraionebis principebi

teritoriis
funqciuri
daraioneba
warmoadgens
rTul
samecnieroSemecnebiT process, romlis mizania erTmaneTisagan raime mkacrad
gansazRvruli niSniT gansxvavebuli sivrciTi erTeulebis gamovlena.
rekreaciuli daraionebis arsi mdgomareobs saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi,
regionaluri an lokaluri donis teritoriul-rekreaciuli sistemebis
(kompleqsebis)
Tanadaqvemdebarebis
gamoyofasa,
klasifika-ciasa
da
dadgenaSi. rekreaciuli raioni yalibdeba rekreaciuli momsaxurebis
sferoSi
(sakurorto
mkurnaloba,
zogadgamajansaRebeli
dasveneba,
turizmi) Sromis geografiuli ganawilebis procesSi.
sxvadasxva rangis rekreaciuli raionebis gamoyofisas ZiriTadi kriteriumebia:
bunebriv-rekreaciuli da istoriul-kulturuli resursebis arseboba, maTi koncentracia garkveul teritoriaze;
rekreaciuli momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT teritoriis gamoxatuli
specializacia;
materialuri warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sferos SeuRlebuli dargebis ganviTarebis done;

89

 damsveneblebisa da turistebis momsaxurebasTan pirdapir an arapirdapir dakavSirebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili.
`siganeSi~ da `siRrmeSi~ rekreaciuli momsaxurebis intensiuri zrdis
fonze, qveynis sakurorto meurneobisa da turizmis ganviTarebis regionaluri Taviseburebebis kvlevis dros, Seiqmna saqarTvelos rekreaciuli
daraionebis sqema, romelic iTvaliswinebs qveyanaSi sakurorto-turistuli
meurneobis
rogorc
Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas,
aseve
perspeqtiul
ganviTarebas.
am sqemas safuZvlad udevs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionis sakurorto-rekreaciuli specializacia da, marTvis centris arsebobis pirobebSi,
raionis Sinagani ekonomikuri erTianoba.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamoyofilia 11 sakurorto-rekreaciuli
raioni:
-
, ,
.

,
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-
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,

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.. 4107' 4335' .. 4004' 4644'- .

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13 300 , 4 225
, 75 - , 600 - , 650 , 5 000 - 2 000 - .

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.

):
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2002

83,8%,

1,5%,

0,9%,

6,5%,
0,4%,

0,3%, 0,2%, 0,2%, 0,1%;

( 2002
): - 84,00%, 9,9%,

3,9%, -

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92

: - 1 162 400, - 194 700, - 120

800, -

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: (%) 32; 1 860 $.
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II.1 afxazeTi (. , )
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2008 -
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(1000-1100 - 2000-2100 -);
(2000-2100 - 2800-2900 -)
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13.9- 15C- , - 13-14C,
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.
msxvili
sakurorto-rekreaciuli
raionis
Camoyalibeba
ZiriTadad
ganpirobebuli iyo bunebrivi faqtorebiT _ rbili subtropikuli havis,
Tbili zRvis, mzis naTebis maRali intensiurobis, mravalricxovani
mineraluri wyaroebis keTilismyofelma Serwymam Seqmna bunebrivi foni
kurortebisa da turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis.

96

afxazeTi Tavisi teritoriuli mTlianobiT, sameurneo mimarTulebiT,

saerTo
mniSvnelobis
sxvadasxva
dargebTan
erTad,
rekreaciuli
specializaciiT saqarTvelos erT-erTi srulad Camoyalibebuli raioni
iyo.
iseve rogorc sxvagan, afxazeTSic, Savi zrvidan daSorebisa da adgilis
simaRlis matebis Sesabamisad icvleba teritoriis rekreaciuli funqciiT
gamoyenebis xasiaTi. maRal adgilebSi ZiriTad adgils ikavebs sportuli
rekreacia (turizmi, alpinizmi) da izRudeba samkurnalo da dasvenebiTgamajansaRebeli rekreaciuli funqciebi.
turizmisa da sakurorto meurneobis teritoriuli ganlageba xasiaTdeboda
(dReisaTvis Znelia iTqvas yofili resursebidan ra moqmedebs da ra ara)
koncentraciiT afxazeTis centralur da dasavleT nawilSi, sadac
Camoyalibda ori mZlavri qveraioni gagra da soxumi.
gagris
qveraioni
aerTianebs
leseliZe-ganTiadis,
sakuTriv
gagris,
biWvinTisa da riwa-avadharas, xolo soxumis qveraioni gudauTis, axali
aTonisa da soxumis pirvelad kompleqsebs.
aqac da qvemoT yvelgan, raionebis daxasiaTeba ufro vrclad ix.: i. gabunia, `saqarTvelos
rekreaciuli (sakurorto-turistuli) raionebi~, 2005. . gasaTvaliswinebelia
erTi garemoeba rigi monacemebi sakmaod moZvelebulia da SesaZlebelia Sors iyos
realobisagan, magram rac Seexeba bunebriv-istoriul resurss, es nawili sakmaod vrclad
aris warmodgenili.

II.2
aWara

specializaciis
mixedviT afxazeTis sakurortorekreaciuli raionis msgavsia,
Tumca rekreaciuli momsaxurebis
SedarebiT naklebi masStabebiT.
ZiriTadi
sakurortorekreaciuli centrebia baTumi,
qobuleTi,
maxinjauri,
mwvane
koncxi, cixisZiri. maT Soris
yvelaze mniSvnelovania qobuleTi, romelsac SemorCenili aqvs rogorc
materialur-teqnikuri baza, aseve gaaCnia zrdis seriozuli perspeqtivebi.
aWara mdidaria mineraluri wyaroebiT. Savi zRva mTeli saqarTvelos da
kerZod aWaris umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi simdidrea, romlis sanapiro
xazis sigrZe 54 km-ze vrceldeba.
-
- , . ,

. .

97

 .
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
-20
.
, , , , ,
,
.
. ,
,


1921 .
() .

:
;

- ,
, , -,
- , . 2900
., 376 , 130 .
.
342 , :
- 2: , ; 7: , , , ,
, , . - 333. ,

(,

: , -
. ,
.

98

-.

, .

, ,
.
rekreaciuli meurneoba aWaris ekonomikis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli
nawilia da amJamad mimdinare Zalze seriozuli proeqtebis dasrulebis
Semdeg, albaT umTavresi gaxdeba. gamoiyofa ori rekreaciuli qveraioni:
baTumisa da qobuleTis (samwuxarod yovelTvis uyuradRebod rCeboda
aWaris mTianeTi). pirveli moicavs baTums, maxinjaurs da samTo-klimatur
kurort ciskars (mtiralas mTaze); meoreSi gaerTianebulia qobuleTisa da
cixisZiris pirveladi rekreaciuli kompleqsebi. baTumis qveraioni
turistul-sakurorto,
xolo
qobuleTi

ZiriTadad
rekreaciuli
xasiaTisaa.
II.3
mesxeT-javaxeTi

teritoriis orografia Zalze

mravalferovania.
qedebTan
erTad
gvxvdeba
zegnebi,
platoebi, qvabulebi, romlebic
danawevrebulia
mdinareebiT.
Warbobs reliefis vulkanuri
formebi (javaxeTisa da samsaris
qedebi).
reliefis
vulkanur
formebs aseve vxvdebiT eruSeTis mTianeTSi, arsianis qedis ganStoebebze
da borjom-bakurianis regionSi. samkurnalo Tvisebebis mqone mTis havam da
mravali mineraluri wyaros arsebobam ganapiroba am raionSi ramodenime
klimaturi da balneologiuri kurortis funqcionireba. aq mdebareobs
kavkasiaSi yvelaze cnobili tuberkuliozis sawinaaRmdego profilis mqone
kurorti abasTumani, sadac klimato-TerapiasTan erTad, atareben
balneologiur mkurnalobas adgilobrivi sulfatur-qloriani wyaroebis
bazaze, da mniSvnelovani turistuli centri varZia (dReisaTvis es

99

ukanaskneli xelaxla Sesaqmnelia, ramdenadac unikaluri kulturuli

memkvidreobis Zeglebis garda, romlebiTac Zalze mdidaria TiToeuli
raioni da xeoba, sxva aRaraferia darCenili).
6413 .-, - 208 , 43
, 54 . 1
.- - 32 .
. 353
, :

- 5: , , , , ;

7: , , , , ,
, ; - 258

II.4
borjom-bakuriani

saqarTveloSi mTavari, mTis tipis

mravalfunqciuri
raioni,
sadac
Tavmoyrilia
qveynis
yvela
sanatoriul-kurortuli
da
turistuli
dawesebulebebis
sawolTa fondis 15%-mde. borjombakurianis
rekreaciuli
raioni
Tavis mxriv Sedgeba borjomis,
waRverisa
da
bakurianis
pirveladi
rekreaciuli
kompleqsebisagan.
funqciuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ganviTarebuli da mravalferovania
borjomis lokaluri rekreaciuli kompleqsi, romelic pirvel rigSi,
specializebulia sakurorto mkurnalobaze. amasTan erTad, borjomi warmoadgens turizmisa da dasvenebis centrs. bakurianis lokalur kompleqss
gaaCnia ormagi funqcia: zafxulSi esaa tipiuri `sabavSvo~ da `saojaxo~
kurorti, xolo zamTarSi igi iqceva samTo-saTxilamuro sportis
umsxviles
centrad.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
amJamad
iq
mimdinare
mSeneblobebis masStabebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom perspeqtivebi ganuzomlad
didia.

II.5 kolxeTi ,
- - 200 -.
, , -

. ,
, . .

100

 .
. 3,5-4- 6-6,5 C, 22-23 C. - 8-10 C-,

37-38 C.

. 250
. 1200 -.
( - , ,
, ).

, . ,
,

, ,

. ,

: ,, ,

, , .

.
, , , , ,
, , - , , ,
. , ,
.

, :
- - -
.
.

- uWiravs kolxeTis dablobi zRvispireTis
sanapiro zoliT da mimdebare mTiswineTi. mis farglebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos
centraluri Savi zRvispira, menj-caiSis da wyaltubos sakurorto
kompleqsebi. aq ganlagebulia sxvadasxva mineraluri wyaroebis bazaze
moqmedi balneologiuri kurortebi wyaltubo, caiSi, menji da zRvispira
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis klimaturi kurortebi anaklia, yulevi, ureki,
grigoleTi, malTayva. msxvil turistul centrs warmoadgens q. quTaisi.

101

II.6

svaneTi

. .

),

, .
,

. XI-XV

. -,
: , .
, .
.
,
(. ).
-
-

.
,
.
mTis
hava,
maRalmTiani
landSaftebi,
mravalricxovani
mineraluri
wyaroebi, unikaluri istoriul-kulturuli memkvidreoba am raions erTerT yvelaze perspeqtiulad xdis saqarTveloSi.
svaneTSi
bevria
sxvadasxva
Semadgenlobis
mineraluri
wyaroebis
gamosasvlelebi (laxamulas, mestiis, beCos, laskaduras, muaSis da sxva).
regionis mineraluri wyaroebis umravlesoba ganlagebulia janmrTeli
mTis klimatis pirobebSi, lamazi peizaJis garemocvaSi, rac aZlierebs maTi
sakurorto gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs.
svaneTis rekreaciuli raioni bunebrivad aris gayofili 2 ZiriTad
mestiisa (md. enguris zemo weli) da lentexis (md. cxeniswylis zemo weli)
qveraionebad, romelTa Sida rekreaciul kompleqsebad dayofa kidev
SeiZleba teritoriuli mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare.

102

II.7 raWa-leCxumi

- , - , -
, - . -
: , . - .
: ...-, .

, ;

-,

, , .
, , , , ,
. , , ,
, - , ,
, ...

, ,

. -
.
Tavisi bunebrivi faqtorebiT svaneTis sakurorto-rekreaciuli raionis
msgavsia. raWa-leCxumis rekreaciuli potenciali aswlovani xeebiT
daburuli wiwviani tyeebi, xelsayreli klimaturi, hidromineraluri
resursebi, bunebrivi, istoriul-eTnografiuli kulturis Zeglebis siuxve
jer kidev ar aris jerovnad Sefasebuli da gamoyenebuli dasvenebisa da
mkurnalobisaTvis. regionSi Sereuli tipis 6 kurorti da 9 sakurorto
adgilia.
103

raWa-leCxumis rekreaciuli raioni

raionis teritoriaze. igi Sedgeba
rekreaciuli kompleqsebisagan.

ZiriTadad Camoyalibebulia onis

Sovisa da oni-uweris pirveladi

Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos karstuli mRvimeebis da hidrografiuli qselis,

vokluzebisa da CanCqerebis saintereso mravalferovneba, rac afarToebs
ara marto rekreaciul mniSvnelobas, aramed mis Sida geografiasac.
II.8 (samxreT oseTi) am raionSi mxolod
erTi

balneo-klimaturi

kurorti

(java)

Tumca

garTulebuli

politikuri mdgomareobis (iseve rogorc afxazeTSi)

am

regionze

ufro

konkretuli

msjeloba

uaxloesi

momavlis saqmea. ,
,
.
II.9 aRmosavleT kavkasioni
Camoyalibda
saqarTvelos
samxedro
gzis
gaswvriv;
mdidaria didi xnis turistuli
tradiciebiT;
turizmisa
da
dasvenebis centrebia: gudauri,
yazbegi, fasanauri, bazaleTis
tba da a.S.
rekreaciuli
regionis
farglebSi
gamoiyofa
duSeTis,
Jinval-ananuris,
fasanauris,
fSavxevsureTis da yazbegis pirveladi kompleqsebi. yvela maTganisaTvis
mTavari turistuli funqciaa, Tumca sxvadasxva tipis mineraluri
wyaroebis arseboba (maTi miznobrivi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) da maRali
mTis klimati kompleqsebis rekreaziul mimzidvelobazec migvaniSnebs.

:
, , ,
, .
: , , ,
, , , .
3500 5000
,
. ,
.

104

.
. :
, , , .
: , , , ,
....
, : ,
, , ..
II.10

Tbilisi

(1936

) ;

19221936

, ,
,

380600

, - -
, - .
720 1.152 .

(. --

).

--

/
,
.
. ,
- -.
, .

, ;

:
-

105

 , ,
.
, , . 425 -
() 370 - (). ,
, . . 719 .
. , . . 700
.
-

.
.
, 630 -
.
.

, 1- 5 , .
. ,
, .

( 7-10 ) .
, , , .

. 20-25 .
, ,
.

, 60-80 -, ,
.

145160 .

.

, , -

(.

) .
, ,
.

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106

 . ,
.
, ,
(

).

. +24,4o-.
( +0,9o). 540 - .
, .
.

,
. ,
.
. . .
.

. ,
12,7 C, 0,9 C, 24,4 C;
23 C, 40 C. 560
. (90 ), (20 ).
15-25 .
- ,
- .
funqciuri daniSnulebiT arsebiTad gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos sxva
sakurorto-rekreaciuli raionebisagan. misi umniSvnelovanesi amocana
mdgomareobs
Tbilisis
qalaqis
aglomeraciis
mosaxleobis
uzrunvelyofaSi xanmokle da sezonuri (zafxuli) dasvenebiT. saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqSi istoriul-kulturuli faseulobebis Tavmoyrisa da misi
moxerxebuli ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareobis gamo qalaqi viTardeba
rogorc saerTaSoriso, regionaluri (Savi da xmelTaSua zRvebis auzi) da
nacionaluri turizmis msxvili centri. Tbilisi cnobilia agreTve
rogorc balneologiuri kurorti (daarsebisa da saboloo gadawvis aRamahmad-xani legendebi, gogirdis abanoebi).
II.11

107

, , .
+1.4 , +23+25 -.
, ,
.
90-150 . . ., - 4493 .
1880 .
. -
.
:

, , , , , ...

.
. . - III-II
.
.
: , ,
.
,


( ).
. ,
, ,
.
.
11 310 ., 407 ,
1 . 36 .
. 285 , :
- 9: , , , , , ,
, , ; - 276.

( ), (
), ( ) (
).
108

().

IV

).
.

.

. -

VIII

(XV

).

XI

, XV .
- ,
, ,, , , ,
.
kaxeTis rekreaciul meurneobaSi, saqarTvelos sxva regionebisagan
gansxvavebiT, wamyvania ara sakurorto, aramed turistul-saeqskursio
funqcia. kaxeTi bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebiT, mimzidvelobiTa da
silamaziT gamoirCeva. aq gvxvdeba rogorc vrceli vakeebi, mdidari
bunebrivi da kulturuli mcenareulobiT, aseve saSualo mTiani da
maralmTiani qedebi geografiuli landSaftebis kargad gamosaxuli
vertikaluri
zonalobiT.
bunebriv
RirsSesaniSnaobebs
Soris
gansakuTrebuli adgili nakrZalebs ekuTvnis (lagodexi, mariamjvari,
bawara, babanauri, TuSeTi, vaSlovani). raioni farTod gamoiyeneba Tbilisis
aglomeraciis mosaxleobis xanmokle dasvenebisaTvis. aq aris saqarTveloSi
erTaderTi talaxiT samkurnalo kurorti axtala. raions aqvs ramodenime
turistuli centri Telavi, siRnaRi, lagodexi, gurjaani.
amJamad intensiurad mimdinareobs mTaTuSeTis reabilitacia-regeneraciis
proeqtebis ganxorcieleba (maT Soris ucxouri investiciebiTac), rac am
maRalmTiani regionis Zalze saintereso turistul-rekreaciul momavalze
fiqris saSualebas iZleva.

II.12 sakurorto-klimaturi daraioneba

saqarTvelos sakurorto-klimatur daraionebas safuZvlad udevs
haeris vertikaluri zonalobis principebi, romlis mixedviT gamoiyofa 4
sakurorto-klimaturi zona da qvezona. esenia:
a) dablobi zona _ (500 metramde zRvis donidan);
sanapiro zolis notio subtropikuli qvezona;
dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobis notio da zomierad teniani
qvezona;

109

 aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dablobis zomierad notio qvezona;

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi nawilis zomierad mSrali qvezona.
b) dabalmTiani zona _ (500 1000 metri zRvis donidan)
dasavleT saqarTvelos dabalmTiani zomierad notio qvezona;
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dabalmTiani zomierad mSrali qvezona;
c) saSualo mTiani zona (1000 2000 metri zRvis donidan)
qvemowelis saSualo mTiani qvezona (1000-1500 metri);
zemowelis saSualo mTiani qvezona (1500-2000 metri);
d) maRalmTiani zona (2000 metri da meti zRvis donidan)

maRalmTiani saqarTvelos klimaturi qvezona.

gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli
pirobebia
Seqmnili
dabal
da
saSualomTian zonebSi (500-2000 metri), sadac koncentrirebulia samToklimaturi da balneologiuri kurortebis udidesi nawili.
es zonebi xasiaTdeba rbili zamTriTa da zomierad Tbili zafxuliT.
mcenareulobis ZiriTadi tipebi warmodgenilia farTofoTlovani, Sereuli
da muqwiwvovani tyeebiT. 700 metrze zRvis donidan ZiriTadad mdebareoben
balneologiuri kurortebi: nabeRlavi, zvare, nunisi, tyvarCeli da sxva.
zRvis donidan 700-1000 metris farglebSi borjomi, sairme, surami; xolo
zRvis donidan 1000-1500 metris farglebSi gvxvdeba samToklimaturi
kurortebi _ abasTumani, waRveri, kojori, kikeTi, manglisi da sxva.
saSualomTiani zonis (1500-2000 metri) zemoweli xasiaTdeba rbili
zamTriT, Zlieri da xangrZlivi Tovlis saburveliT, zomierad grili
zamTriT, mzis naTebis didi xangrZlivobiT. qvemo zonebisagan gansxvavebiT,
am ukanasknelSi sakurorto miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba mxolod garkveuli
teritoriebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos kurortebidan cnobilia Sovi,
baxmaro, avadxara; xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi bakuriani da
gudauri.
maRalmTiani zonis (2000 metri da meti) gamoyeneba samkurnalo mizniT
amJamad ar xdeba. am zonaSi mdebare kurortebs ZiriTadad sxva tipis
rekreaciuli saqmianobisaTvis _ samTo turizmis, samTo-saTxilamuro
sportisa da alpinizmis ganviTarebisaTvis iyeneben.
mTis klimats gansakuTrebuli samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs. magaliTad,
bronqialuri asTmis samkurnalod specialuri pirobebia Seqmnili kurort
bakurianSi. sasunTqi organoebis daavadebebis samkurnalod mizanSewonilia
dasveneba kurort suramSi, tuberkuliozis samkurnalod abasTumansa da
cemSi da a.S.

110

klimaturi pirobebis mravalferovneba sxvadasxva avadmyofobaTa

samkurnalod, qveyanaSi sakurorto saqmianobis ganviTarebis safuZveli
gaxda.
II.13 sakurorto-rekreaciuli infrastruqtura
kurortebis Seqmna saqarTveloSi iwyeba XIX saukunis I naxevridan.
amave saukunis bolosaTvis aTvisebuli iqna kurortebi: borjomi,
abasTumani, agarakad iqca kojori. XIX saukunis bolodan iwyeba SavizRvispireTis sakurorto resursebis aTviseba. soxumi aRiarebuli iqna
maRali samkurnalo Tvisebebis mqone klimatur kurortad. aSenebuli iqna
sakurorto kompleqsi gagraSi, ruseTis imperiaSi erT-erTi udidesi
sanatoriumi `gulrifSi~; pansionatebi da agarakebi aWaris sanapiroze
(qobuleTi, maxinjauri, cixisZiri). Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sakurorto
resursebis aTvisebis xarisxi iyo dabali, xolo damsvenebelTa socialuri
baza _ metad SezRuduli.
mecnierul safuZvelze sakurorto saqmis gegmiuri (sabWouri) ganviTareba daiwyo 1926 wlidan. ramodenime xuTwledSi (im periodis strategiuli dagegmvis sistema) saqarTvelo (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris erT-erTi
respublika TxuTmetidan) gadaiqca `sakavSiro janmrTelobis kerad~, sadac
isvenebda da mkurnalobda aTasobiT damsvenebeli yvela respublikidan.
bunebrivi
faqtorebis
xasiaTi
da
samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri
Tvisebebi gansazRvravs sanatoriumebis, pansionatebisa da sxva samkurnalo
dawesebulebebis samedicino profils.
saqarTvelos kurortebze moqmedi sanatoriumebis didi nawili erTprofiliania. maT ganekuTvneba kardiologiuri, nevrologiuri, gastroentorologiuri, arTrologiuri sanatoriumebi; sxva sakurorto samkurnalo
dawesebulebebi or da zogjer samprofiliania, rac ganpirobebulia
kurortebze
sxvadasxva
Terapiuli
zemoqmedebis
mqone
bunebrivi
samkurnalo faqtorebiT, rac iZleva imis saSualebas, rom movaxdinoT
zemoqmedeba erTdroulad ramodenime daavadebaze.
kurortebze
samedicino
momsaxureba
eyrdnoba
medicinis,
kurortologiis, klimatologiis, hidrogeologiis sferoSi mecnierebis
miRwevebs. kurortebze samkurnalo dawesebulebebis ZiriTadi tipia
sanatoriumi,
sadac
samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri
mizniT
gamoiyeneba
bunebrivi
samkurnalo
faqtorebi
dietur
Terapiastan,
samkurnalo
fizkulturasTan, fizioTerapiasTan da mkurnalobis sxva meTodebTan
erTad.
1986 wlisaTvis (sabWoTa `perestroikis~ piki) saqarTvelos kurortebze iyo 394 sanatoriumi da sakurorto dawesebuleba (103 aTasi sawoli
adgiliT), maT Soris 72 profkavSirebis daqvemdebarebaSi (daaxloebiT 25
000 adgili). organizebuli iyo bavSvTa saojaxo dasvenebis mravali kera:
111

bavSvTa sanatoriumebis raodenoba Seadgenda 29-s, 3.2 aTasi adgiliT. sakurorto obieqtebze damsvenebelTa ricxvma 776.3 aTass miaRwia, magram sinamdvileSi yovelwliurad saqarTvelos kurortebze isvenebda da mkurnalobda daaxloebiT 2 milioni adamiani.
samwuxarod 90-ani wlebis cnobili movlenebis Sedegad moxda turistul-sakurorto infrastruqturis sruli paralizeba, rac pirvel rigSi
gamowveuli iyo 300 000 iZulebiT adgilnacvali mosaxleobis operatiuli
ganTavsebis aucileblobiT da rac sanatoriumebisa da kurortebis xarjze
moxda (calke unda aRiniSnos Sesabamisi infrastruqturis udidesi nawilis
ganadgureba TviTon afxazeTSi). Tu aRniSnulTan erTad gavaanalizebT
qveyanaSi Semdeg ganviTarebul movlenebs _ ekonomikuri da energetikuli
krizisi, samoqalaqo omi da a.S. miviRebT dRevandel suraTs _ funqciis
Sesatyvisad met-naklebad moqmedebs mxolod 50-mde sanatoriumi da pansionati. amasTan erTad dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi 102 kurorti da 182 sakurorto adgilia, romelTa nusxac damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis
mier 1998 wlis 30 noembers (brZanebuleba #669).
Cveni qveynis sakurorto resursebi mravalferovania,
aRricxulia Semdegi saxis samedicino profilis kurortebi:
a.
b.
g.
d.
e.
v.
z.
T.
i.
k.
l.
m.

ris

gamoc

kardiologiuri;
pulmonologiuri;
ftiziatriuli;
alergologiuli;
nevrologiuri;
gastroenterologiuri;
arTrologiuri;
ginekologiuri;
nefrologiuri;
urologiuri;
dermatologiuri;
profilaqtikuri.
II.14 sakurorto zonebi da raionebi

saqarTvelos teritoria pirobiTad iyofa Semdeg sakurorto zonebad

da raionebad:
I dablobi sakurorto zona (500 m-mde zRvis donidan)

I-1. sanapiro notio subtropikuli qvezona warmoadgens Savi zRvis

4-7 km-is siganis sanapiro zols saqarTvelos teritoriis
farglebSi. igi moicavs aWaris, kolxeTis da afxazeTis
sanapiro sakurorto zonebs.
klimati teniani subtropikuli, damaxasiaTebelia rbili uTovlo
zamTari da cxeli zafxuli. ianvris saSualo temperatura 4-70C-ia, ivlisis
_ 21-240C. wliuri saSualo temperatura +13-150C-ia.
112

wlis ganmavlobaSi damaxasiaTebelia: mziani, zomierad teniani da

teniani amindebi, 30-40 dRe Weqa-quxili, wlis gril periodSi matulobs
naleqebis
raodenoba wvimis saxiT.
qarbuqi da setyva ar
aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
mcenareuloba mdidaria da mravalferovani; Warbobs
rogorc
subtropikuli foTlovani (palma, magnolia, evkalipti, dafna, TuTa), aseve
subtropikuli wiwvovani (kviparosi, kedari, fiWvi da sxva) jiSebi.
qvezonis ZiriTad samkurnalo faqtors warmoadgens: zRva, pliaJi da
haerSi didi raodenobis zRvis warmoSobis qimiuri mikroelementebi.
qvezonis klimati aqtiurad gamoiyeneba gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis,
sasunTqi sistemis da nervuli sistemis funqcionaluri darRvevebis
samkurnalod.
es qvezona iyofa 3 sakurorto raionad:
I-1-a aWaris sanapiro sakurorto raioni;
I-1-b kolxeTis dablobis sanapiro sakurorto raioni;
I-1-g afxazeTis sanapiro sakurorto raioni;

I-2. dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi notio da zomierad notio

qvezona
moicavs
kolxeTis
dablobsa
da
dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTisZira raions.
es qvezonac xasiaTdeba subtropikuli haviT. ianvris saSualo
temperatura 4-60C-ia, xolo ivlisis _ 21-240C. wliuri saSualo temperatura
+18-200C-ia. naleqebis wliuri raodenoba aRwevs 1400-2000 milimetrs.
wvimebis saSualo gadauRebeli xangrZlivobis periodi 2 dRea, xolo
mSrali amindebisa 4 dRe. klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciis mixedviT
wlis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadad mziani, zomierad teniani amindebia. wlis
gril periodSi xSiria wvimiani amindebi.
am qvezonaSi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia balneologiuri kurortebi.
aRniSnuli qvezonac 3 sakurorto raionad iyofa:
I-2-a kolxeTis dablobis sakurorto raioni;
I-2-b aWaris sanapiros mimdebare sakurorto raioni;
I-2-g afxazeTis sanapiros mimdebare sakurorto raioni;

I-3. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dablobi, zomierad notio qvezona

moicavs alaznis vels.
damaxasiaTebelia foTlovani tyeebi. ianvris saSualo temperatura _1
+10C-ia, xolo ivlisis _ 23-260C. naleqebis wliuri raodenoba aRwevs 600-800
milimetrs.
113

klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciis mixedviT am qvezonaSi sWarbobs

mziani da zomierad notio amindi. aRniSnul qvezonas klimatoTerapiuli
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia.

I-4. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dablobi.

zomierad mSrali qvezona. misi klimati zomierad kontinenturia,
xasiaTdeba rbili zamTriTa da Zalian Tbili, zomierad mSrali zafxuliT.
ianvris saSualo temperatura -1 +20C-ia, xolo ivlisis _ 23-250C. wliuri
saSualo temperatura +11-130C-ia. naleqebis wliuri raodenoba aRwevs 400-500
milimetrs. aq warmodgenilia stepisa da naxevradudabnos mcrenareuloba
da foTlovani tye.
klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciiT xSiria mziani, zomierad notio,
mziani, Zalian cxeli da mSrali amindebi. qvezonis klimats aqvs gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebebis (zafxulis Tveebis garda), agreTve
Tirkmelebis qronikuli daavadebebis (zafxulis periodi) samkurnalo
Cvenebebi.

II _ dabalmTiani sakurorto zona (500-1000 metri zRvis donidan)

II_1. dasavleT saqarTvelos dabalmTiani zomierad notio qvezona.

igi moicavs mesxeTis qeds aWaris farglebSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos
kavkasionis qedis mTisZira nawils, romelic aRmosavleTiT ekvris
kolxeTis dablobs. mcenareuli safari warmodgenilia _ foTlovani tyiT.
am qvezonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zRvis zemoqmedebis Semcireba.
klimati zomierad notio, subtropikuli rbili zamTriT da Tbili,
zomierad teniani zafxuliT. ianvris saSualo temperatura -2 +30C-ia, xolo
ivlisis _ 18-220C. wliuri saSualo temperatura icvleba +19-220C farglebSi.
naleqebis wliuri raodenoba aRwevs 1200-1600 milimetrs, romlis meti wili
zamTris periodze modis.
klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciiT weliwadis oTxive dros
Warbobs mziani, zomierad teniani da teniani amindi. klimatoTerapiuli
mniSvneloba
aRniSnul
qvezonaSi
SezRudulia
zafxulSi
maRali
tenianobisa da naleqebis siWarbis gamo, Tumca SegviZlia gamovyoT sami
sakurorto raioni:
II1a aWaris dabalmTiani sakurorto raioni;
II1b

kavkasionis qedis
sakurorto raioni;

ganStoebebis

zonaSi

dabalmTiani

II1g kolxeTis dablobis mimdebare dabalmTiani sakurorto

raioni.
114

II2. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dabalmTiani zomierad notio

qvezona moicavs TrialeTis qedis mTisZira raionebs, qarTlisa
da axalcixis zegnebs, agreTve q. Tbilisis irgvliv mdebare
dabalmTian sakurorto adgilebs.
mcenareuli safari warmodgenilia foTlovani da Sereuli, aseve
stepuri mcenareebiT.
klimati zomierad mSrali, rbili, zamTari mcired Tovliani, xolo
zafxuli Tbili, zomierad mSrali. ianvris saSualo temperatura -3 +100C ia, xolo ivlisis _ 18-230C. wliuri saSualo temperatura icvleba +22-240C
farglebSi. naleqebis wliuri raodenoba Seadgens 600-900 milimetrs,
romlis meti wili modis gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze.
wlis ganmavlobaSi naleqiani amindebis raodenoba 120-160 dRea, 25-50
dRe nisliani, 30-50 dRe moRrubluli da 2-4 dRe setyva.
klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciis mixedviT wlis Tbil periodSi
Warbobs mziani, zomieradnotio amindi, xolo wlis gril periodSi xSiria
0 da 00C -ze dabali temperatura.
klimatoTerapiuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia qvezonis im kurortebs, sadac
Warbobs foTlovani da wiwvovani mcenareuli safari. am qvezonaSic 3
sakurorto raionia:
II2a

TrialeTis qedis
sakurorto raioni;

dasavleT

nawilis

dabalmTiani

II2b qarTlisa da axalcixis zeganis dabalmTiani sakurorto

raioni;
II2g Tbilisis zonis dabalmTiani sakurorto raioni.
III qveda sartylis SuamTianeTis sakurorto zona (1000 1500 metri
zRvis donidan)

aerTianebs kavkasionis qedis SuamTianeTis raionebs dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi, saqarTvelos CrdiloeT
mTianeTis
dasavleT
da
samxreT-dasavleT
SuamTianeTis
raionebs, centralur, TrialeTis ferdobis aRmosavleT da
samxreT-dasavleT nawilebs, agreTve mesxeTisa da lixis qeds
da
kavkasionis
qedis
Crdilo
ferdobs
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos farglebSi, romlebic mdebareoben 1000-1500
metrze zRvis donidan.
mcenareuli safari ZiriTadad wiwvovani, zogan gvxvdeba foTlovani
tyeebi.

115

sakurorto zona ZiriTadad xasiaTdeba rbili, Tovliani zamTriT da

zomierad
Tbili,
zomierad
mSrali
zafxuliT.
ianvris
saSualo
0
0
temperatura _8 _2 C -ia, xolo ivlisis _ 15-19 C. wlis saSualo
temperatura ki _6 _80C -ia. wliuri saSualo temperaturuli amplituda 22240C farglebSia.
klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciis mixedviT aq wlis Tbili
periodi mziani, zomieradteniania, xolo wlis gril periodSi mziani
amindia haeris temparaturiT 0 da 00C -ze dabla.
klimati SuamTianeTis zonaSi xasiaTdeba maRali Terapevtuli
TvisebebiT da ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sunTqvis organoebis daavadebebis
samkurnalod. zona iyofa Semdeg sakurorto raionebad:
IIIa

dasavleT
saqarTvelos
sakurorto raioni;

kavkasionis

IIIb

aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
sakurorto raioni;

IIIg

TrialeTis, mesxeTisa da lixis qedebis CrdilodasavleTis ferdobebis SuamTianeTis sakurorto raioni;

kavkasionis

SuamTianeTis
SuamTianeTis

IIId TrialeTis qedis centraluri da aRmosavleTi nawilis

SuamTianeTis sakurorto raioni;
IIIe samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTis SuamTianeTis sakurorto
raioni.
IV zemo sartylis SuamTianeTis sakurorto zona (1500-2000 metri
zRvis donidan)

moicavs aRmosavleT, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos im

kurortebs, romlebic mdebareoben zRvis donidan
1500-2000
metrze.
mcenareuli safari warmodgenilia ZiriTadad wiwvovani da subalpuri
mcenareebiT.
sakurorto zona xasiaTdeba zomierad rbili, Tovliani zamTriT da
zomierad grili, mSrali zafxuliT. ianvris saSualo temperatura _10 _30Cia, xolo ivlis-agvistosi _ 10-150C. wliuri saSualo temperatura 0 _50C-ia.
klimatis kompleqsuri klasifikaciis mixedviT wlis Tbili periodi
mziani, zomieradteniani da wvimiania, xolo wlis gril periodSi xSiria
haeris 0 da 00-ze dabali temparatura.
aRniSnuli
zonis
klimati
gamoiyeneba
sasunTqi
sistemebis
daavadebebis samkurnalod, sisxlis mimoqcevis ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi. am
zonaSi moqceulia:

116

IVa dasavleT saqarTvelos SuamTianeTis sakurorto raioni;

IVb aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SuamTianeTis sakurorto raioni;
IVg samxreT saqarTvelos SuamTianeTis sakurorto raioni;

117

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

ganvlili masalis gameoreba

1.

rogoria saqarTvelos sakurorto zonebisa da raionebis geografia?

2. rogoria saqarTvelos sakurorto zonebis (aRmosavleT,

samxreT saqarTvelo) ZiriTadi rekreaciuli `specializacia~?
3. ramdenad
aris
gamoyenebuli
rekreaciuli SesaZleblobebi?

saqarTvelos

sakurorto

dasavleT,
zonebis

4. hidro-mineraluri resursebis ra potencials flobs saqarTvelo,

rogoria maTi aTvisebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba da perspeqtiuli
SesaZleblobebi?
5. rogor xedavT Savi
SesaZleblobebs?

zRvis

rekreaciuli

potencialis

ganviTarebis

6. saqarTvelos tyis safari - misi rekreaciul-turistuli potenciali da

ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi?

Semoxaze swori pasuxi:

a. saqarTvelos ugrZesi mdinarea:

o
o
o

alazani
rioni
mtkvari

b. mineraluri wylebi gvxvdeba:

o
o
o

borjomSi, uweraSi, menjSi;

sairmeSi, foTSi, TbilisSi;
lentexSi, SovSi, zvareSi.

c. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobs Semdegi nakrZalebi:

o
o
o

TuSeTis, vaSlovanis, kintriSis;

ajameTis, lagodexis, vaSlovanis;
liaxvis, saguramos, mariamjvris.

d. saqarTvelos yvelaze didi tbebia:

o
o
o

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

paliastomi, riwa, bazaleTi, amtyeli, xozafini;

faravani, paliastomi, riwa, saRamo, tabawyuri;
faravani, paliastomi, beberisi, jandari, kumisi;

periferia
inovacia
dotacia
koncentracia
utilizacia
monitoringi
intensifikacia
kumulacia
prototipi
adaptacia

daawyvile azrobrivi `partniorebi~

?
pirvelsaxe
?
kontroli
?
Segueba
?
dagroveba
?
ganapira
?
daxmareba
?
gamoyeneba
?
siaxle
?
gaZliereba
?
Tavmoyra
118

Tavi III. saqarTvelos turistul-rekreaciuli resursebi

:

,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
, :
, , -,

, ,
,
,

-
.
saqarTvelo warmoadgens erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakurorto-turistul
qveyanas (amaze metyvelebs misi istoria Tundac ukanaskneli aswleulis
ganmavlobaSi da, rac mTavaria, saxelmwifos ganviTarebis oficia-lurad
aRiarebuli prioritetebi). misi Tvalwarmtaci buneba, mravalferovani
landSafti, mudmivi TovliTa da yinuliT dafaruli kavkasionis qedi,
SavizRvispi-reTis subtropikuli zona, wyaluxvi mTis mdinareebi da
CanCqerebi, karstuli mRvimeebi, kurortebi da mine-raluri wyaroebi,
istoriis, kulturisa da bunebis unikaluri Zeglebi xels uwyoben
saqarTveloSi sakurorto-rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelo ganlagebulia amierkavkasiis centralur da dasavleT
nawilSi, misi teritoriaa 69.7 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri. miuxedavad
farTobis simcirisa, mis teritoriaze Tavmoyrilia geografiuli landSaftis mravalferovneba, dawyebuli notio subtropikebidan, damTavrebuli
maradiuli Tovlisa da yinulis zoniT. amitomac qveynis rekreaciuli
resursebi metad mravalferovania, Tumca maT ganlagebaSi SeiniSneba
garkveuli kanonzomierebac.
bunebrivi faqtorebis simdidrem da mravalferovnebam saSualeba mogvca saqarTveloSi gamoyofiliyo 340 sakurorto adgili, romlebic gamoiyeneba janmrTelobis ganmtkicebis, daavadebaTa mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisaTvis. sakurorto adgilebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sasurveli hava, mineraluri wylebis an samkurnalo talaxebis arseboba. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili (miTumetes amJamindeli socialuri fonis pirobebSi) samkurnalo bunebriv faqtorebs iyenebs sakurorto adgilebze araorganizebuli
Casvlis gziT. zogi kurorti keTilmowyobilia: aSenebulia kotejebi, patara saabazano
Senobebi, mowyobilia mineraluri wylebis bunebrivi sadenebi.
sakurorto adgilebis, rekreaciuli resursis sruli aTviseba (rac
seriozuli investiciebis gareSe warmoudgenelia) warmoadgens did rezervs
119

samedicino profilis sxvadasxva

qselis mSeneblobisaTvis.

sakurorto

dawesebulebebis

farTe

III.1 reliefi
saqarTvelo gamoirCeva rTuli reliefiT, rasac pirvel rigSi ganapirobebs misi geoteqtonikuri mdebareoba.
orografia:
saqarTvelos
ZiriTadi,
anu
pirveli
Tanrigis
orografiuli erTeulebi msxvili alpuri morfostruqturebis nawilebia.
es erTeulebia: 1. kavkasionis mTianeTi, 2. saqarTvelos mTianeTSorisi bari,
3. mcire kavkasionis mTianeTi, 4. samxreT saqarTvelos vulkanuri mTianeTi.
saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Sedis kavkasionis Sua nawili (umTavresad
samxreT kalTa), amierkavkasiis mTaTSorisi bari, mcire kavkasionisa da
amierkavkasiis
zeganis
Crdilo-dasavleTi
nawilebi.
hifsometriuli
niSnulebi qveynis teritoriaze nulidan (Savi zRvis napiri) 5 068 metramde
(mwv. Sxara) cvalebadobs. saqarTvelos zedapiris saSualo absoluturi
simaRlea 1 508 metri (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo 1 691 m., dasavleT
saqarTvelo 1 314 m.).
kavkasionis mTianeTi moicavs mraval qeds, xeobas da qvabuls. saqarTvelos
farglebSi gamoiyofa meore Tanrigis orografiuli erTeulebi:
a) kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi, romelic maqsimalur simaRles (4 300 5 068
m.m.) svaneT-raWis farglebSi aRwevs (mTebi Sxara, WanWaxi, Sxelda, uSguli da
a.S.). svaneTis dasavleTiT umaRlesi mwvervalia dombai-ulgeni (4 046 m.), xolo
raWis aRmosavleTiT mwv. xalawa (3 938 m.);
b) kavkasionis samxreTi gaswvrivi da ganivi qedebi: gagris, bzifis, CxalTis, kodoris,
Sdavleris, calgamis, uRvir-zagaris, svaneTis, egrisis, leCxumis, Sodis, kedelas,
raWis, javis, xarulis, alevis (lomis-alevis), mTiuleTis, gudamayris, qarTlis
kaxeTis da sxva. maTi umaRlesi mwvervalebi 3 000 4 000 m-s aRweven (mwv. lahili 4
010 svaneTis qedi);
c) kavkasionis CrdiloeTi gaswvrivi da ganivi qedebi: xoxis, yuros,
Savanis, kideganis, xevsureTis, awunTis, piriqiTis anu TuSeTis;
xoxisa da piriqiTis qedebzea Sesabamisad umaRlesi mwvervalebi
(myinvarwveri 5 033 m., tebulos mTa anu daquexi 4 493 m.);
d) kavkasionis orive kalTis mdinareebi Rrma, cicaboferdobian xeobebSi moedinebian,
romlebic garkveul monakveTebSi grandiozul kldekarebs qmnian (darialis
kldekari Tergze; enguris, bzifis, rionis, xobisa da sxva mdinareTa viwroebi),
zogan ki farTovdebian da qvabulebs aCenen (zemo svaneTis, qvemo svaneTis, raWaleCxumis, Trusos, TuSeTis da sxva).
saqarTvelos mTaTSorisi bari lixis qediT 2 mTavar orografiul
nawilad iyofa kolxeTis barad da iveriis barad.

120

kolxeTis barSi Sedis kolxeTis dablobi vake da masze CrdiloeTidan da

samxreTidan mikruli gorak-borcviani zolebi maTi SemaerTebeli imereTis maRlobiT.
iveriis bari Sedgeba erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli 3 vakisagan (Sida
qarTlis, qvemo qarTlis da alaznis, anu SigniT kaxeTis vakeebi), maT
irgvliv Semokruli gorak-borcviani zolebisa da ivris zeganisagan.
mcire kavkasioni gacilebiT ufro dabalia, vidre kavkasioni (2 850 3
000 m.m.). am mTaTa sistemas mTavari wyalgamyofi ara aqvs, vinaidan
gadakveTilia mtkvrisa da qcia-xramis xeobebiT. mcire kavkasions
saqarTvelos farglebSi Seadgens ganedurad gawolili SavSeTis, mesxeTis
(aWara-imereTis), TrialeTisa da loqis qedebi, submeridianuli arsianis
qedi, Sua xramis mTaTa kvanZi da axlcixis anu samcxis qvabuli.
samxreT saqarTvelos vulkanuri mTianeTi qveynis danarCeni nawilebisagan imiT
gamoirCeva, rom aq, did absolutur simaRleze (1 300 2 200 m. z.d.) vrceli vakeebia.
mTianeTis umaRlesi mwvervalia didi abuli (3 305 m.). vakeebs Soris mniSvnelovania
axalqalaqis anu javaxeTis, walkis, gomareTis, dmanisisa da qvemo qarTlis platoebi,
qedebs Soris eruSeTis, nialisyuris, samsarisa da javaxeTis qedebi, romelTa
mwvervalebi 2 950 3 300 m-s aRweven.
reliefis tipebi: saqarTveloSi aris teqtogenuri, vulkanuri,
petrogenuli, gravitaciuli, fsevdovulkanuri, eroziuli, eroziuldenudaciuri, myinvaruli, Zvelmyinvaruli, periglacialuri, karstuli,
wyalakumulaciuri, amTropogenuli da sxva warmoSobis reliefi.
saqarTvelos teritoriis geomorfologiuri dayofis gamartivebuli
sqema ZiriTadad emTxveva pirveli Tanrigis orografiul erTeulebs.

III.2 hava
sakurorto meurneobis ganviTarebisa da normaluri dasvenebis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria jansaRi hava. havis formirebas saqarTveloSi ganapirobebs misi mdebareoba zomieri notio xmelTaSuazRvipireTisa
da mSrali kontinenturi kaspiis auzebs Soris. dasavleT saqarTveloSi
upiratesad notio subtropikuli havaa, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
gardamavali, subtropikulidan zomierisaken. saqarTvelo mdebareobs dedamiwis subtropikuli zonis CrdiloeT ganapira nawilSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT napirTan da kavkasionis mTavari qedis wyalobiT daculia CrdiloeTis haeris civi masebis SemoWrisagan. saqarTvelos havas gansazRvravs mzis
radiaciis, atmosferuli cirkulaciis da rTuli reliefis urTierTqmedebis Taviseburebani. aq aRiniSneba mzis radiaciis maRali maCveneblebi, rogorc mzis naTebis xangrZlivobis (weliwadSi 2000 sT-ze meti), ise mzis
daZabulobis TvalsazrisiT. mzis integraluri da gansakuTrebiT ultrai-

121

isferi radiaciis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi SeimCneva mTian raionebSi,

rac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs mTis haeris samkurnalo Tvisebebs.
qveynis klimaturi reJimis Camoyalibebaze did gavlenas axdens kavkasionis mTavari qedebis mimarTuleba, romelic ganapirobebs haeris masebis
gadatanis mimarTulebebs, upiratesad dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. havis
CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli ekuTvnis adgilobriv cirkulacias,
romelsac iwvevs xmeleTisa da zRvis, mTis qedebis, zegnebisa da xeobebis
araTanabari gaxureba, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs atmosferos
adgilobriv Termul cirkulacias, romelic iwvevs mTa xeobis da sanapiro
(brizul da musonur) cirkulacias da agreTve haeris turbolentur
moZraobas da masTan dakavSirebul konveqtur nakadebs, romlebic xSirad
iwveven Weqa-quxils, naleqebs da setyvas.
mzis radiaciis reJimi gansazRvravs saqarTvelos havis subtropikul
xasiaTs, xolo atmosferuli procesebis xasiaTi da maTTan dakavSirebuli
amindebi saSualebas iZleva gavyoT saqarTvelo erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad
gansxvavebul or klimatur olqad: aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelod.
maT Soris klimatur sazRvars warmoadgens meridianulad gadaWimuli
lixis qedi.
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo xasiaTdeba zomieri subtropikuli haviT. aq
tenianoba dabalia, naleqebis raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia, vidre dasavleTSi, zamTari ufro civia da Sesabamisad, temperaturis wliuri amplituda ufro didia. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gamoirCeva qveolqi gardamavali
haviT, zomieri notion subtropikulidan, wina aziis zeganis mSral havamde.
qveolqi gamoirCeva ufro mSrali da kontinenturi haviT, vidre aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
danarCeni
teritoriebi.
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze kiopenis sistemis Sesabamisad gamoyofen 16 klimatur
qvezonas.
dasavleT saqarTvelo xasiaTdeba mkveTrad gamoxatuli zRvis notio
subtropikuli haviT. aq SeiniSneba rbili zamTari, naklebad cxeli
zafxuli, naleqebis siuxve, maRali tenianoba, temperatures mcire wliuri
amplituda, sWarbobs zRvis an notion kontinenturi haeris masebi,
damaxasiaTebeli
Sua
da
subtropikuli
ganedebisaTvis.
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi kiopenis sistemis Sesabamisad gamoyofen 9 klimatur zonas
da qvezonas.
ianvris saSualo temperaturaa +30C-dan (kolxeTi) -20C-mde, agvistoSi
ki +23 260C. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romelic emijneba Sav zRvas, modis
1000-dan 2800-mde (mTaSi) milimetri naleqi weliwadSi, xolo aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi 300-600 milimetri.

III.3 hidromineraluri resursebi

122

saqarTvelos rekreaciul resursebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia

mis mravalricxovan mineralur wyaroebs, romelTa arseboba da siuxve
garkveulwilad gansazRvravs qveynis teritoriul-rekreaciuli sistemis
specializacias.
mineraluri
wyaroebis
maRali
balneo-Terapiuli
Tvisebebis
Serwyma
bunebis
gansakuTrebul
silamazesTan
da
mravalferovnebasTan, xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebi saSualebas iZleva
saqarTvelo turizmisa da kurortebis qveyanad iqces.
saqarTvelos hidromineraluri resursebi gamoirCeva wylebis qimiuri
Semadgenlobisa da fizikuri Tvisebebis didi mravalferovnebiT; calkeuli
wyaroebisa da didi gamosavlianobis (debetis) mqone msxvili kerebiT. isini
gansxvavdebian
airnajerobis,
saerTo
mineralizaciis,
biologiurad
aqtiuri mikrokomponentebis Semadgenlobisa da sxva xarisxiT. mineraluri
wylebis aRniSnuli siWrele gamowveulia geologiur-hidrologiuri da
sxvadasxva bunebrivi faqtorebis garkveuli urTierTqmedebiT.
geomorfologiuri TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos teritoria dayofilia
3 msxvil orografiul erTeulad: a) didi kavkasioni, b) mcire kavkasioni da
samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTi, g) mTaTaSorisi Rrmulebis are.
gansxvavebas gamoyofili geoteqtonikuri erTeulebis struqturisa da
morfologiuri Taviseburebebis xasiaTSi, maTSi mimdinare rTul geoqimiur
procesebs,
mTis
qanebisa
da
miwisqveSa
wylebis
xangrZliv
urTierTzemoqmedebas, romelic xels uwyobs calkeuli komponentebis
koncentarciis zrdas, Sedegad mohyveba Rrma cvlilebebi siRrmeSi
gaJonili mtknari zedapiruli wylebis SemadgenlobaSi. metamorfozmis
procesi sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba naxSirorJangis Warbi raodenobis
arsebobisas.
siRrmuli Termometamorfuli procesebis wyalobiT, romlis erT-erT
produqts warmoadgens naxSirorJangi, saqarTvelos mTian-naoWa areebSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli naxSirorJangis Semcveli mineraluri wylebi.
mTaTaSorisi depresiis sazRvrebSi erT-erT wamyvan faqtorad,
romelic gavlenas axdens miwisqveSa mineraluri wyaroebis warmoqmnaze,
unda CaiTvalos geoqimiuri procesebi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba
upiratesad sulfiduri, meTanuri da azot-meTanuri mineraluri wylebi.
airis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
naxSirorJangis Semcveli wylebi, aseve sulfiduri, meTanuri, azotovani da
meTan-azotovani mineraluri wylebi.
arsebuli monacemebiT mineraluri wyaroebis saerTo raodenoba 2000ze metia, aqedan 1700-ze meti bunebrivi gamosavliTaa, xolo 300-mde _
WaburRiliT. maTi sadReRamiso jamuri debiti 130 milion litrze metia.
mineraluri wylebis resursebis saerTo raodenobis 50%-s Seadgens
naxSirorJangiani wylebi.

123

mineraluri wylebi mineralizaciis mixedviT iyofa: mtknar (1 grami

marili 1 litrSi), mineralur (1-50 grami marili 1 litrSi) da marilwylian
(50 gramze meti marili 1 litrSi); xolo siTbos Semcvelobis mixedviT:
subTermul (200C-370C-mde), Termul (370C-420C-mde) da cxel, anu hiperTermul
(420C-ze meti) wyaroebad.
mineraluri wylebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba kuW-nawlavis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa, nervuli, ZvalkunTovani sistemebis, kanisa da sxvaTa samkurnalod.
mravali wyaros naxSirorJangiani wylebi boTlebSi Camoisxmeba, rogorc
samkurnalod da rogorc sufris wylebad (dabali mineralizaciiT):
`borjomi~, `uwera~, `sairme~, `nabeRlavi~, `zvare~ da a.S.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze sxvadasxva tipis mineraluri wylebis
ganlageba
ganpirobebulia
egreTwodebuli
geoteqtonuri
zonebis
struqturul-geologiuri da hidroqimiuri TaviseburebebiT. magaliTad:
didi kavkasionis mTavari (wyalgamyofi) qedisa da samxreTis
ferdobis farglebSi gvxvdeba civi, umTavresad naxSirmJava
hidrokarbonatuli tipis mineraluri wylebi: narzani (sakeni,
lebarde, qvedilaSi, Sgvedi, yoruldaSi, muaSi, Sovi, edisa, kobi da
sxva. mcire kavkasionis sazRvrebSi kokotauri, danispiruli
plate, sairme, waRveri, bolnisi da sxva; borjomis tipis avadhara,
uwera, Zeglevi, Seubani, begiaTa, borjomi, sairme, nabelavi;
esentukis tipis sorTuani, java, bagiaTa, xando, fasanauri, vaJas
wyaro da sxva);
saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi dablobi raionebisaTvis, romelic
mdebareobs didi kavkasionis samxreTiT, kolxeTis dablobidan Sida
kaxeTamde, damaxasiaTebelia rogorc civi, aseve Termuli (zogan
hipertermuli) unaxSirorJango sulfidur-meTaniani da azotianmeTaniani, qloriduli an
sulfaturi wylebi; maTi umravlesoba
sustad sulfiduria, upiratesad subTermuli da Termuli. mravali
maTganis bazaze funqcionirebs kurortebi da balneosamkurnaloebi
(nawili axlac gadarCenilia) menji, caiSi, gagra, soxumi,
oqtomberi, ujarma, Tbilisi, sulori, nunisi da sxva.
aWara-TrialeTis sistemisa (samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTi) da
somxeTis zeganis maxloblad gavrcelebulia rogorc naxSirmJava
hidrokarbonatuli an qloridul-hidrokarbonatuli, aseve susti
sulfiduri azotovani sulfatur-qloriduli an karbonatulbikarbonatuli (civi da Termuli) wylebi.
garkveuli kanonzomiereba aRiniSneba agreTve saqarTveloSi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli naxSirmJava wylebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganawilebaSic.
didi kavkasionis samxreT ferdobis CrdiloeT nawilSi, sadac xdeba wylis
ufro intensiuri cvla, Warbobs narzanis tipis naxSirmJava wylebi; ufro

124

samxreTiT gvxvdeba hidrokarbonatul-natriumiani (borjomis tipis), xolo

kidev ufro samxreTiT, sadac wylis cvla Senelebulia, naxSirmJavahidrokarbonatuli
wylebi
SeimCneva
da
TandaTanobiT
matulobs
qloridebi; e.i. adgili aqvs e.w. esentukis tipis wylebis formirebas.
dReisaTvis intensiurad gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad is mineraluri
wyaroebi, romlebic mTaTaSoris barisa da dabalmTian raionebSi
mdebareoben, sadac satransporto qseli ukeTesadaa ganviTarebuli. swored
aq mdebareobs balneologiuri da balneo-klimaturi profilis mqone
kurortebi: borjomi, uwera, wyaltubo, menji, surami da sxva.
satransporto miRwevadoba xels Seuwyobda hidroresursebis Semdgom
aTvisebasac, rogorc Zveli kurortebis ganviTarebis gziT, aseve faqtiurad
axali kurortebis SeqmniT, rogorebicaa _ ujarma, simoneTi, nasakirali da
sxva.
`borjomis~ wylis
samkurnalo
Tvisebebi
uZvelesi
droidanaa
cnobili, magram is `xelaxla~ 1825 wels SeSis damzadebaze momuSave
jariskacebma `aRmoaCines~. igi maSinve moeqca ruseTis imperiis mmarTveli
wreebis yuradRebis centrSi da ukve XIX saukunis bolosaTvis borjomi
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes balneologiur kurortad iTvleboda.
saqarTveloSi mineraluri wylis Camosxma XX saukunis dasawyisidan
warmoebs. 70-ani wlebis SuaxanebSi saqarTveloSi Camoisxmeboda 18
dasaxelebis mineraluri wyali; isxmeboda ramodenime aseuli milioni
boTli `borjomi~ da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris yvela respublikasa da
msoflios
ramodenime
aTeul
saxelmwifoSi
igzavneboda.
amJamad
mdgomareoba diametralurad Secvlilia: bolo wlebSi moWarbebulia
falsificirebuli produqtis warmoeba. viTareba nel-nela icvleba.
calkeuli gaangariSebebiT, mineraluri wylis `borjomi~ debitis sruli
aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia Camoesxas 1 500 milioni boTli. es
uzrunvelyofda 17-19 aTasi samuSao adgilis Seqmnas da 100-120 milioni
dolaris Semosvlas qveynis biujetSi.

III.4 hidro resursebi

saqarTvelos teritoriis atraqciulobas metad amaRlebs iseTi
rekreaciuli resursebis siuxve, rogoricaa mdinareebi, tbebi, wyalsacavebi,
CanCqerebi da sxva. qveynis hidroresursebs rekreaciisa da turizmis
ganviTarebisaTvis maRali potenciuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia.
mdinareTa qseli araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. sul 25 075 mdinarea,
aqedan 17 aTasze meti dasavleT saqarTveloSia, 7 649 aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi. mdinareTa umetesobas (24 937) 25 km-ze naklebi sigrZe aqvs,
121 mdinares 25-100 km., xolo 16-s 100-500 km.

125

saqarTvelos mdinareebi miekuTvneba Savi da kaspiis zRvebis auzebs.

kaspiis auzs ekuTvnis mdinare mtkvari mravali SenakadiT: marcxena
Senakadebi _ didi liaxvi, qsani, aragvi, iori da alazani; marjvena
Senakadebi faravani, focxoviswyali, algeTi, xrami; Tergi, asa, arRuni,
andaqi, TuSeTis alazani, piriqiTis alazani da sxva. Savi zRvis auzs
ekuTvnis: rioni, enguri, kodori, aWariswyali, bzifi, Woroxi, cxeniswyali,
xobi, yvirila, sufsa, texuri, natanebi, RaliZga, jejora, kintriSi da sxva.
saqarTvelos mdinareebi sazrdoobs myinvaris, Tovlis, wvimisa da
miwisqveSa wylebiT. myinvaruli Camonadenis wliuri jami 0.9 km3-ia.
mdinareTa umetes nawils asazrdoebs Tovlisa da miwisqveSa wylebi.
Tovlis wyliT sazrdooba matulobs adgilis simaRlis mixedviT da maRal
nawilSi wliuri Camonadenis 60-70%-s Seadgens. miwisqveSa wylebi
kavkasionze, Cveulebriv, dabalidan saSualomTiani nawilisaken matulobs
da 30-40%-s aRwevs. saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTSi miwisqveSa wylebi 40%mde aRwevs, md. faravnis auzSi ki wliuri Camonadenis naxevarze meticaa.
wyali
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
56.9km3
Camoedineba. wylis resursebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. dasavleT
saqarTvelos mdinareTa Camonadenia 49.8 km3, aRmosavleTis 16.5 km3. yvelaze
wyaluxvia md. rioni. danarCeni mdinareebidan aRsaniSnavia mtkvari, enguri,
kodori, bzifi, cxeniswyali, yvirila, liaxvi, aragvi, qcia-xrami, alazani
da sxva.
saqarTveloSi 860-mde tbaa. umetesoba Zalian pataraa, amitomac tbaTa
saerTo farTobi 170 km2-s ar aRemateba (qveynis teritoriis 0.24%). simciris
miuxedavad saqarTvelos tbebi mravalferovani genezisiT gamoirCeva. aq
aris teqtonikuri, myinvaruli (yvelaze meti), mdinareuli, sanapiro,
karstuli, sufoziuri, Segubebuli, mewyeruli da bolos anTropogenuri
tbebi. gamoiyofa doneTa reJimis 4 tipi: 1. kavkasionis dabali da
saSualomTiani zonis tbebi, romelTa done maqsimums aRwevs mais-ivnisSi,
minimums Teberval-martSi; 2. saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTis tbebi,
maqsimaluri done maisSi, minimaluri seqtemberSi; 3. kolxeTis dablobis
tbebi, maTi doneTa cvalebadoba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi wvimebiTaa
gamowveuli; 4. mtkvar-alaznis mTaTaSorisi depresiis tbebi, doneTa
maqsimumi gazafxul-zafxulSi da minimumi Semodgomaze.
yvelaze didi tbebia faravani (37km2) da paliastomi (17.3 km2), yvelaze
Rrmaa riwis tba (101 m.) da amtyeli (72 m.), yvelaze didi moculobis tabawyuri (221.0 mln. m3).
mdinareTa mravalferovneba saSualebas iZleva daigegmos sxvadasxva
kategoriis sirTulis sportuli marSrutebi. samdinaro turizms, iseve
rogorc turizmis sxva saxeobebs, didi momavali aqvs. am kuTxiT kargi

126

SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
cxeniswyali da a.S.

mdinareebs:

mtkvari,

rioni,

alazani,

aragvi,

saqarTvelos bunebrivi da xelovnuri wyalsatevebis umravlesoba

mTian zonaSi, tyisa da subalpuri landSaftis garemocvaSi mdebareoben da
droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba rekreaciisa da turizmis msxvil obieqtebad
gadaiqcnen.
afxazeTis
omamde
intensiurad
mxolod
riwis
tba
gamoiyeneboda, romelsac yovelwliurad 1.5 milioni turisti (Sida, gare)
naxulobda. damsvenebelTa raodenobiT gamoirCeoda Tbilisis wyalsacavi
(zRva), sadac uqme dReebSi ramdenime aTasi kaci isvenebda. aseve didi
mniSvneloba aqvT lisisa da kus tbebsac, gansakuTrebiT zafxulSi.
turistuli kuTxiT kargi perspeqtivebi aqvs amtyelis, yelis, erwos,
bazaleTis
tbebs.
samxreT
saqarTveloSi
imave
mizniT
SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnas faravnisa da tabawyuris tbebi. farTo gamoyenebis
perspeqtiva
aqvT
sionis,
jvris,
Saoris
da
Jinvalis
xelovnur
wyalsacavebs; abaSisa (zRvis donidan 960 metri) da gegis (zRvis donidan
650 metri) CanCqerebs. klimatis pirobebSi tbebi da wyalsacavebi dasvenebis
idealur pirobebs qmnian da maTi saTanadod keTilmowyobis pirobebSi,
didi mogebisa da sargeblobis motana SeuZliaT.

III.5 Savi zRva rogorc rekreaciuli resursi

saqarTvelos 330 kilometriani SavizRvispira zoli xelsayreli
klimaturi pirobebiTa da keTilmowyobili plaJebiT mniSvnelovani
rekreaciuli resursia. curvis sezoni saqarTvelos teritoriaze ivnisis
TveSi iwyeba da oqtombris bolomde grZeldeba. pikis periodia ivlisiseqtemberi, roca wylis temperatura maqsimalurad uaxlovdeba adamianis
organizmis
temperaturas.
saqarTvelos
SavizRvispireTis
erTaderTi
uaryofiTi klimaturi maxasiaTebelia zafxulSi haeris SedarebiTi maRali
tenianoba.
4-10
kilometris
siganis
sanapiro
zoli,
metnaklebad
komfortuli plaJebiT, gaWimulia sarfidan vidre natanebamde; Semdeg _
afxazeTis teritoriaze _ leseliZemde.
SavizRvispireTis esTetikur faseulobebs amaRlebs agreTve mdidari
mcenareuli safari; mTiani da zRvispira landSaftebis efeqturi Serwyma;
aseve hidro-mineraluri resursebis gamoyenebis farTo SesaZleblobebi.
SesaniSnavi klimaturi pirobebis mqone SavizRvispireTi warmoadgens
kurortebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes zonas. am zonaSi ganlagebulia
ZiriTadad klimaturi kurortebi da sakurorto adgilebi: gagra, biWvinTa,
axali aToni, gudauTa, soxumi, baTumi, qobuleTi, maxinjauri, mwvane koncxi,
ureki, cixisZiri da sxva (Tumca ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi
afxazeTSi saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia ar xorcieldeba, rac seriozuli
problemaa rogorc qveynisaTvis saerTod, aseve turizmisa da rekreaciuli
potencialis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis saqmeSi).
127

klimati aq notio subtropikulia rbili zamTriTa da xangrZlivi

cxeli zafxuliT. zRvaSi banaobis sezoni grZeldeba 5-6 Tve. klimaturi
Terapia maRalefeqturi TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze. zRvis hava
warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sisxlis mimoqcevisa da sunTqvis organoebis
daavadebaTa, nervuli sistemebis funqciuri darRvevebis samkurnalod,
agreTve dasvenebisaTvis, aRniSnuli daavadebebis pirveladi da meoradi
profilaqtikisaTvis.
didi perspeqtiva gaaCnia ureki-grigoleTis zols. misi ZiriTadi
sakurorto
rekreaciul-turistuli
faqtorebia:
zRvis
notio
subtropikuli hava, mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba, haeris intensiuri
ventilacia, zRvis dabali fskeruli done da, rac mTavaria, magnituri
qviSiT agebuli vrceli plaJi. plaJis qviSa mniSvnelovani raodenobiT
Seicavs magnitur rkinas, rac miCneulia saukeTeso samkurnalo faqtorad.
igi gamoiyeneba sisxlis mimoqcevis organoTa, nervuli sistemisa da
sunTqvis
organoTa
daavadebebis
samkurnalod.
magnituri
qviSiT
mkurnaloben hipertoniiT daavadebulebic.
Savi zRva TiTqmis Caketili ekosistemaa, xasiaTdeba unikalurobiTa
da mravalferovani bioresursebiT. 1960 wels zRvaSi aRiricxeboda sarewi
mniSvnelobis
24
saxeobis
Tevzi.
ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi
zRvis
dabinZurebisa da ukontrolo TevzWeris gamo maragebma sagrZnoblad iklo
da sarewi mniSvnelobac mxolod 3-4 saxeobas SemorCa.
saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis (baqosufsis terminali, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni, Sahdenizi-Tbilisi
evropa gazsadeni da e.w. `evro-aziuri koridoris~ sxva proeqtebi) erT-erTi
seriozuli Sedegi aris Savi zRvis portebis datvirTvis zrda, rac,
SeiZleba seriozuli problema gaxdes misi Zalze myife ekosistemisaTvis.
amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Camdinare wylebis mdgomareobas, md. Woroxis
problemas (Turquli energetikuli kaskadis gamo), aWara-foTis zonaSi
samrewvelo aqtivobis perspeqtivebs da mraval sxva, Tanamdev, movlenas,
rac erTi mxriv Zalze kargia, SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT zRvis,
rogorc rekreaciuli resursis dakargvis perspeqtiva, Tu Tanamedrove
moTxovnaTa donese ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli garemos dacvis sakiTxebi.

III.6 samkurnalo talaxebi

saqarTvelo mdidaria samkurnalo talaxebiTac. warmoSobis mixedviT
samkurnalo talaxebi iyofa ramdenime ZiriTad jgufad: danaleqi (lamiani),
borcvis, sapropelis da torfis.
danaleqi talaxebi upiratesad mineraluri (mariliani) zRvispira da
tbebis lamian danaleqebs warmoadgenen. isini didi raodenobiT Seicaven
gaxsnil mineralur nivTierebebs da myar nawilakebs. saqarTvelos

128

teritoriaze cnobilia ramdenime tba, romelTa fskerze aris humusovani

nivTierebebiT mdidari talaxi, romelic gamosadegia balneologiuri
miznebisaTvis. yvelaze metad cnobilia kumisis tbis sulfiduri lamiani
talaxis sabadoebi, agreTve gldanis, jvris da sxva tbebis resursi.
samwuxarod maT gamoyenebas stiqiuri xasiaTi aqvs.
sapropelas talaxi ZiriTadad organuli warmoSobisaa, lamiani
danaleqebia da warmoiqmneba mtknar an dabali mineralizaciis tbebSi. isini
gvxvdeba paliastomisa da inkeTis tbebSi.
torfis talaxebi warmoiqmneba Waobian adgilebSi, nestis siWarbisa
da Jangbadis naklebobis pirobebSi, mcenareebis daSlis Sedegad.
borcvis talaxebi ki _ talaxis vulkanebis, borcvisa da sxva
warmonaqmnebis
Sedegia.
maTSi
cotaa
organuli
nivTierebebi
da
momatebulia zogi qimiuri elementis (bromi, iodi, bori) Semcveloba.
borcvuli talaxebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sabados warmoadgens axtalis
borcvebi, mis bazaze funqcionirebs kurorti axtala. axtalis talaxis
samkurnalo Tvisebebi didi xnis winaTve iyo cnobili adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisaTvis. mas moixseniebs qarTveli istorikosi da geografi
vaxuSti bagrationi, agreTve istorikosi p. ioseliani da eqimi a.
mesxiSvili. talaxis borcvebi mdebareobs tafobSi, romlis farTobi 4-5
heqtaria. aq aRiniSneba talaxis 9 ZiriTadi gamosavali, romlebic
erTmaneTTan kavSirSia da sxvadasxva dros moqmedeben. rodesac erTi
gamosavali
aqtiurdeba,
sustdeba
an
sruliad
wyveten
moqmedebas
danarCenebi. umravles SemTxvevaSi erTdroulad 3-4 borcvi moqmedebs.
talaxis dRe-Ramuri debeti 37-47 kubur metrs udris; axlad amosuli
talaxis temperatura 140 180C-mde meryeobs.
axtalis talaxi araorganuli warmoSobisaa, nacrisferia da Txieri
koncistencia aqvs. kurorti 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebs da
gamoiyeneba sayrden-samoZrao aparatis, periferiuli nervuli sistemis da
ginekologiuri daavadebebis samkurnalod.

III.7 geoTermuli resursebi

saqarTvelos geoTermuli asociaciis monacemebiT, amJamad, Cveni
qveynis teritoriaze aRricxulia 30-1080C temperaturi mqone wylis 250-mde
bunebrivi da xelovnuri gamosavali. maTi jamuri debiti 160 000 kubur
metrs Seadgens dRe-RameSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom prognozuli maragebi
Seadgens 350-400 milion kubur metrs weliwadSi. sainteresoa is faqtic,
rom amave asociaciis monacemebiT, geoTermuli resursebis Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli iqneba yovelwliurad
daizogos 2.5 milioni tona pirobiTi sawvavi, rasac Tavis Tavad
kolosaluri ekonomikuri da ekologiuri efeqtis motana SeuZlia.

129

aRniSnulis sailustraciod SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom

SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba
atmosferoSi
naxsirorJangis raodenoba 1.2 milioni toniT Semcireba(!).

aseTi midgomis
`gamosrolili~

III.8 alpinizmi da speleologia

saqarTvelos bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebi karg pirobebs qmnian
alpinizmis, samTo turizmisa da speleoturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Sesabamisi pirobebi arsebobs samTo-saTxilamuro turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. kerZod: Tovlis myari safaris sisqe 30 sm-ze meti (50-60 sm.),
xangrZlivoba ki 75 dReze naklebi ar unda iyos. mTis kalTebis daxriloba
15-200-is farglebSi unda meryeobdes, xolo trasis sigrZe 500 metridan 2-3
kilometramdem unda iyos. saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi pirobebi aqvs borjoms,
bakurians, gudaurs, baxmaros, svaneTs, xevsureTs da a.S.
alpinizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso pirobebia zemo svaneTis regionSi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mwvervalebi _ uSba, Sxara, TeTnuldi da sxva. didi
resursuli potenciali gaaCnia onis, yazbegis, duSeTis, axmetisa da
lentexis raionebs.
saqarTveloSi ramdenime karstuli mRvimea. isini ganlagebulia
kavkasionis dasavleT nawilis saSualo mTian zonaSi: afxazeTidan _
wyaltubomde.
es mRvimeebi Tavisi esTetikuri da amasTan erTad samkurnalo
TvisebebiT ar Camouvardebian evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis
mRvimeebs. saqarTveloSi mxolod ori mRvimea keTilmowyobili. esenia
axali aTonis da saTafliis. aseve didi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia cucxvaTis
(tyibulis raioni), tobis (martvilis raioni), abrkolis (oCamCiris raioni)
da
sxva.
TiToeuli
maTgani
SeiZleba
gadaiqces
speleoturizmis
popularul centrad.
karstul mRvimeebs samkurnalo miznebisTvisac iyeneben, gansakuTrebiT
bronqialuri asTmis, hipertoniis da nervuli daavadebebis samkurnalod.
speleoTerapiis sferoSi gamokvlevebma gamoavlina am axali tipis
mkurnalobis farTo perspeqtivebi, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi, romelic
mdidaria karstuli mRvimeebiT.

130

III.9 tyis safari

gansakuTrebul rekreaciul resurss warmoadgens bunebrivi tyeebi da

tyeparkebi. ukanasknel periodSi metad gaizarda tyeebis rekreaciuli
mniSvneloba. stresebi iwvevs adamianSi bunebaSi gantvirTvis moTxovnilebebs. aq upirvelesi roli tyes eniWeba. tye Tavisi unikaluri TvisebebiT
did gavlenas axdens sacxovrebel garemosa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
adamianis organizmze (magaliTad: dadgenilia, rom 1 heqtari tye 1 wlis
manZilze STanTqavs 5-10 tona naxSirorJangs da gamoyofs 10-20 tona
Jangbads; anu 1 heqtari tye, wlis ganmavlobaSi, asufTavebs 18 milion
kubometr haers da mas 30-60 tona mtvers aclis).
tyeSi iqmneba Taviseburi klimati zamTrobiT. Zlieri yinvisas haeris
temperatura tyeSi yovelTvis ufro maRalia, vidre axlomdebare teritoriaze; xolo zafxulSi, cxel amindSi, tyeSi sagrZnoblad grila, vidre
mindorSi. tye asustebs qaris siCqares da cvlis mzis radiacias.
saqarTvelos tyeebs qveynis mTeli teritoriis TiTqmis 40% ukavia,
magram isini araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. tyis ZiriTadi masivebi ganla-gebulia kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTebsa da saqarTvelos samxreT
mTianeTSi.
saqarTvelos tyeebSi 300-ze meti jiSis xe-mcenares iTvlian, romelTa
Soris farTo gavrcelebiT gamoirCeva muxa, rcxila, kavkasiuri soWi,
wifeli, aRmosavleTis naZvi, kavkasiuri fiWvi. aris iseTi Zvirfasi jiSebic,
131

rogoric aris Tela, nekerCxali, ifani, bza da sxva. tyis resursebs

miekuTvneba agreTve soko, kenkra, kakali da sxva. aRniSnul mcenareulobas
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sanitarul-higienuri da sakurorto-rekreaciuli
TvalsazrisiT.
adamiani uZvelesi droidan iyenebs tyes rekreaciuli miznebisaTvis. am
dros mniSvnelovania rogorc tyis gamajansaRebeli da esTetikuri zemoqmedeba damsvenebelze, ise damsvenebelTa rekreaciuli zemoqmedebac tyeebze,
rasac zogjer uaryofiTi ekologiuri Sedegebi moaqvs.
saqarTvelos tyeebi, romlebic rekreaciuli miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba, funqciuri daniSnulebisaa da xasiaTis mixedviT iyofa 3 jgufad:
tyeebi, sadac organizebuli da regulirebuli dasvenebaa dagegmili
(nakrZalebi, aRkveTilebi);
tyeebi,
romlebic
intensiurad
gamoiyeneba
rekreaciuli
saqmianobisaTvis, sadac dasveneba dagegmilia, organizebulia,
magram ar aris regulirebuli (tye-parkebi, mwvane zolebis
nawilebi, erovnuli parkebi);
tyeebi, sadac masiuri dasveneba da rekreaciuli saqmianoba arc
organizebulia da arc regulirebuli.
meore da mesame jgufis tyeebi dReisaTvis rekreaciul funqcias
stiqiurad asruleben, amitomac isini srulyofilad ar asruleben
moTxovnebs.
damsveneblebi da turistebi tyes sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis iyeneben:
samkurnalod, sanadirod, gaseirnebisaTvis, laSqrobisaTvis da a.S. yvela
aRniSnuli saxeoba rekreaciul saqmianobas miekuTvneba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasvenebis mizniT xorcieldeba da ar warmoadgens
sawarmoo saqmianobas an rewvis sagans.
garemosa da biomravalferovnebis dacvis mizniT 1966 wlis martSi
bunebis dacvis msoflio fondma SeimuSava konservaciis programis
sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs daculi teritoriebis Semdeg
ZiriTad kategoriebs:

saxelmwifo

nakrZali

daarseba xdeba konkretuli teritoriis

dinamikur da xeluxlebel mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebis
mizniT;

erovnuli parki iqmneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

SedarebiT msxvili ekosistemis dacvis mizniT, agreTve
mecnieruli kvlevis, saganmanaTleblo da rekreaciuli
saqmianobisaTvis;

bunebis

Zegli

SeiZleba daarsdes SedarebiT mcire, magram

unikaluri teritoriis an obieqtis dacvis mizniT;

132

aRkveTili daniSnulebaa veluri saxeobebis, saxeobaTa jgufebis,

biocenozebis da aracocxali obieqtebis SenarCuneba;

daculi landSafti iqmneba maRali esTetikuri Rirsebis bunebrivi

an adamianis monawileobiT Seqmnili landSaftis
dacvis mizniT rekreaciul-turistuli da tradiciuli
sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis;

mravalmxrivi

gamoyenebis

teritoria

daarseba dakavSirebulia
ganaxlebadi
bunebrivi
resursebis
gamoyenebaze
orientirebul sameurneo saqmianobasTan.

rogorc vxedavT, daculi teritoriebis axleburi sistema gamoirCeva

saintereso mravalferovnebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT ukve
araerTxel iyo aRniSnuli, SedarebiT didi teritoria aerTianebs
daqvemdebarebul zonebs da mcire zomis dacul teritoriebs. aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom axali sistema regionis (adgilobrivi) socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebsac
(rogorc
resursuli
potenciali,
SesaZlebelia misi CarTva ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebsa da
programebSi) iTvaliswinebs.

III.10 urbanuli garemo

ukanasknel periodSi gaizarda mosaxleobis koncentracia qalaqebSi,
ramac, mTel rig moTxovnilebebTan erTad, wina planze daayena
rekreaciuli moTxovnebi.
mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom gul-sisxlZarRvTa, filtvebis,
simsivneebis daavadebebi mkveTrad klebulobs im adamianebSi, romlebic
kargad gamwvanebul dasaxlebebSi cxovroben. am da mTeli rigi sxva
problemebis gadasaWrelad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qalaqebis irgvliv
mwvane zonebis arsebobas, romelTa upirvelesi funqciebia sanitarulhigienuri da dacviTi, Semdeg ki esTetikuri.
adamianis saqmianobis nebismier momentSi (Tundac is iyos dasveneba)
didi mniSvneloba aqvs bunebis dacvas, misi resursebis da maT Soris
rekreaciuli resursebis SenarCunebas. am mizniT saqarTveloSi arsebobs
e.w. daculi teritoriebi, romelTac miekuTvneba nakrZalebi, erovnuli
parkebi, aRkveTilebi da a.S. xolo im adgilebSi, sadac daculi
teritoriebis SeqmnasTan erTad gamiznulia turizmisa da sakurortorekreaciuli
saqmianobis
ganviTarebac,
adgilobrivi
ekonomikac
sagrZnoblad isargeblebs.
turizmsa da rekreacias qveynisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani Semosavlis
motana SeuZlia, xolo lokalurad igi xels Seuwyobs momgebiani mcire
biznesis ganviTarebas (saojaxo sastumroebi, kafe-restornebi, satransporto momsaxureba, suvenirebi, xalxuri rewvis nimuSebis warmoeba da a.S.).
133

III.11 itoriul-kulturuli memkvidreoba

saqarTvelos turizmisa da sakurorto rekreaciuli meurneobis
ganviTarebisaTvis
xelsayrel
pirobebs
uqmnis
agreTve
unikaluri
istoriul-kulturuli resursebis arseboba. 12 aTasze meti istoriuli da
arqiteqturuli Zegli, 150-mde muzeumi da a.S. qarTveli xalxis
mravalsaukunovani istoria aisaxa mravalricxovan istoriul ZeglebSi.
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba brinjaos xanis Zeglebi, romelTac ganekuTvneba
TrialeTis samTavros, samgoris yorRanebi, afxazeTis dolmenebi; IV-III
saukuneebiT TariRdeba Zveli dedaqalaqis mcxeTis akropoli da vanis
naqalaqevi, ufliscixis sadgomebi; aseve SemorCenilia adreqristianuli
taZrebi _ bolnisis sioni (V s.), ninowminda (VI s.), jvari mcxeTaSi (VI s.),
anCisxati TbilisSi (VI s.); Zalze Tvalwarmtacia X-XII saukuneebis taZrebi
da eklesiebi: alaverdi, sveticxoveli, gelaTi, samTavisi, nikorwminda.
SemorCenilia grandiozuli, kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi varZia. XIV-XVIII
saukuneebis cixeebi (gremi, xerTvisi), taZrebi, monastrebi, xidebi,
sasaxleebi da sxva nagebobebi.
gansakuTrebiT mdidaria istoriuli ZeglebiT qarTli, kaxeTi,
samxreT
saqarTvelo
da quTaisis Semogareni.
dResdReobiT
bevri
istoriuli
Zegli
restavracias
saWiroebs.
Zalian
mniSvnelovania
saqarTvelos calkeuli istoriul-geografiuli regionebis, kuTxeebis
eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi. xalxuri arqiteqturisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis
unikaluri Zeglebia mTis soflebi Satili da uSguli.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovneba, amas damatebuli
kulturul-istoriuli Zeglebis siuxve, yovelive es gvaZlevs imis
saSualebas, rom vTqvaT saqarTvelos SeuZlia msoflio turizmis da
amasTan janmrTelobis mZlavri centri gaxdes.

134

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

situaciis analizi
situacia: Tqvens winaSea eqspertebis (davuSvaT ucxoeli - dRes popularulia)

daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom samxreT saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi

arasakmarisia
am
mxareSi
`turistul-rekreaciuli
strategiis~
ganviTarebisaTvis.
saboloo
gadawyvetilebisaTvis
aucilebelia
Tqveni
Sefasebac:
sakontrolo kiTxvebi (Tanmimdevroba):

1. ra bunebrivi komponentebis gaTvaliswineba xdeba (zogadad) im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ayalibeben turistul-rekreaciuli ganviTarebis
strategias?
2. rekreaciuli resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebis romel axal formebsa
da meTodebs icnobT (rogoria saerTaSoriso praqtika)?
3. ra mizezebis gamo SeiZleboda gakeTebuliyo daskvna regionis `araperspeq-tiulobis~ Sesaxeb (negatiuri parametrebi/poziciebi);
4. rogor gesaxebaT arsebuli `negativebis~
SesaZleblobebi da perspeqtivebi?

`pozitivebad~

5. SeZlebdiT Tu ara eqspertebis daskvnis gabaTilebas

CamoayalibebdiT Tqvens xedvas samxreT saqarTvelos
rekreaciul strategiasTan~ dakavSirebiT?

gardaqmnis
da rogor
`turistul-

saproeqto davaleba
virtualuri situacia: Tqven, rogorc dargis ganviTarebiT dainteresebulma
biznesmenma, unda SeimuSaoT specialuri gegma (biznes-gegma) konkretuli
raionis (adigeni, ambrolauri, axmeta, borjomi, duSeTi, lentexi, mestia,
ninowminda, oni, ozurgeTi, xelvaCauri) rekreaciuli resursebis etapobrivi
aTvisebis (amoqmedebis) mizniT.

Seasrule amocana logikuri TanmimdevrobiT:

1. Seadgine raionis resursuli potencialis `pasporti~ (sruli nusxa);

2. moamzade
(SWOT);

raionis

turistul-rekreaciuli

SesaZleblobebis

analizi

3. saerTaSoriso bazris (uaxloesi samezoblo, savaraudo vizitorebi)

moTxov-naTa Sesabamisad CamoayalibeT SesaZleblobaTa prioritetulobis
sqema;
4. moamzadeT pirveli sami prioritetis optimaluri amoqmedebis gegma (ra
SesaZleblobebi arsebobs da ra samuSaoebia Casatarebeli);
5. moamzadeT rekomendaciebi Tqveni programis `sakadro uzrunvelyofis~
(ra saxisa da kvalifikaciis kadrebi dagWirdebaT da rogor
uzrunvelyofT adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT problemis gadaWras) Sesaxeb;
6. CamoayalibeT raionis rekreaciuli resursebis `etapobrivi amoqmedebis~
sqema;

135

Tavi

IV.

saqarTvelo,

rogorc

mTiani

qveyana

specifikuroba

da

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba

, ,

,
. 50 ,
.
.
, :

;
( )
.
IV.1. mTiani qveynebis ZiriTadi problemebisa da ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebis saerTaSoriso Sefasebebi
qveynis

rekreaciuli

resursebis

konkretul

ganxilv

aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari maxasiaTebeli,

romelic
bevrad
ganapirobebs
saqarTvelos,
rogorc
saxelmwifos,
geografiuli
teritoriis,
istoriul-eTnografiuli
da
kulturuli
fenomenis xasiaTs, misi awmyosa da momavali ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs _
mTianobaa. Tu gamoviyenebT Sveicarieli specialistebis mier
SemuSavebul meTodikas, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelo aris im 51
qveyans Soris, romelTa teritoriis naxevarze meti mTiania (umaRlesi
kategoria).
bolo aTwleulebSi mTianeTis problematika sul ufro aqtiurad
muSavdeba ucxoeTis rogorc ganviTarebul, ise ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
niSandoblivia, rom am mxriv wina planze iwevs mTis ara marto ekologiuri
Tu rekreaciuli aspeqtebi, aramed mTaSi mobinadre adamianis ganzomileba
meurneobis gaZRola, cxovrebis wesi, depopulaciis SeCereba da a.S., anu
sakuTriv
mTianeTis,
rogorc
unikaluri
funqciur-teritoriuli
warmonaqmnis mravalferovani problematika, rac saboloo jamSi mTianeTis
gansaxlebis sistemis mdgradobaSi gamoixateba.
mTianeTis gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis amocana globalur masStabSi
pirvelad daisva 1992 wels, dedamiwis samitze rio de JaneiroSi, rodesac
safuZveli Caeyara mTis regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis filosofias.
136

samitze miRebuli, dRes sayovelTaod cnobili dokumentis `dRis wesrigi

21-e saukunisaTvis~ mecamete Tavi mTianeTis mravalferovan problematikas
mieZRvna.
mas Semdeg, saerTaSoriso masStabiT am Temas yuradReba ar mohklebia
sazogadoebriobis gaTviTcnobierebis, kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebis,
seqtoruli
ganviTarebis,
nacionaluri
politikebis
ganxorcielebis
TavlsazrisiT. am mxriv, msoflio rangis RonisZiebebs Soris gamoirCeoda
konferencia `saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba mTian regionebSi mdgradi
ganviTarebisaTvis~, romlis mosamzadebeli Sexvedra Sedga kunZul balize
(indonezia) da romelic amoqmedda iohanesburgis (samxerT afrikis
respublika) mdgradi ganviTarebis msoflio samitis (2002 w.) Semdeg.
momdevno mniSvnelovan nabijad unda CaiTvalos q. biSkekSi Catarebuli
mTianeTis msioflio samiti (2002 w).
sxvadasxva
socialur-ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi
myofi
saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebi sul ufro erTsulovnad iziareben im azrs,
rom mTianeTi TamaSobs sakvanZo rols kacobriobis mdgradi ganviTarebis
procesSi da momavalSi am rolis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba. baris
urbanizebuli zonebis wyalmomarageba da sanitaria, sairigacio da
samelioracio sistemebi, sasursaTo usafrTxoeba da siRaribis daZleva,
transsasazRvro
uTierTobebi
da,
sabolood,
socialur-politikuri
stabiluroba qveynebsa da regionebSi didwilad damokidebulia mTianeTSi
mimdinare procesebze.
gansakuTrebulia mTianeTis mniSvneloba globaluri masStabiT
biomravalferovnebisa
da
ekologiuri
balanis
SenarCunebis
TavlsazrisiT. mTianeTis ekosistemebi xasiaTdeba farTe mravalferovnebiT
uwinaresad, amas xels uwyobs haeris temperaturisa da atmosferuli
naleqebis didi diapazoni zRvis donidan simaRlidan gamomdinare; mkveTrad
gamoxatuli endemizmi (florisa da faunis adgilobrivi jiSebisa Tu
saxeobebis gavrceleba) da sxva. amitomac, gasagebia, rom msoflios
biosferuli rezervatebis 45% swored mTianeTSia ganTavsebuli.
aranakleb
mniSvnelovania,
rom
mTianeTi
dRemde
warmoadgens
kacobriobis kulturuli memkvidreobis saganZurs iqneba es arqiteqturis
Zeglebi Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis modelebi, xalxuri rewva Tu
folkloris unikaluri nimuSebi. amitomaa, rom swored mTianeTi gvevlineba
Sida da saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebis dauSretel wyarod.
mTianeTis mdgradobis erT-erTi resursi mdgomareobs adgilobrivi
ZirZveli mosaxleobis meurneobis gaZRolis tradiciebSi, teqnologiebSi,
miwaTsargeblobis formebSi, agroteqnologiebis nou-hauSi; cxovelTa da
mcenareTa endemur jiSebsa Tu saxeobebSi. ese magaliTad, mTeli msoflios
mTianeTSi gavrcelebulia tradiciuli miwaTmoqmedeba, rac niadagis
wylismieri eroziis, zvavebisa da mewyerebis winaaRmdeg saukeTeso
137

saSualebaa. saqarTveloSi nakveTebis terasirebis kultura farTed iyo

gavrcelebuli svaneTSi, xevsureTSi, mesxeTSi da a.S. (aqve unda SevniSnoT,
rom ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos calkeul, gansakuTrebiT ki mTian
regionebSi atmosferuli naleqebisagan gamowveuli damangreveli mewyerebi,
Rvarcofebi da wyaldidobebi bevrgvarad arian ganpirobebuli swored
tradiciuli meurneobrivi kulturis ugulvebelyofiTa da bunebisadmi
ugunuri damokidebulebis gamo).
yovelive amasTan erTad, mTianeTi Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifoebisgan moiTxovs dReniadag zrunvas, Sesaferisi politikis
SemuSavebas da gatarebas. sazogadod aRiarebulia, rom amgvari politika
unda eyrdnobodes Semdeg ZiriTad principebs:
mTeli qveynis masStabiT mTianeTis Tanabar partniorad aRiareba;
mTianeTis ganviTarebis Taviseburebis aRiareba;
qveynis seqtoruli politikebis misadageba mTianeTis Tavisebure-

bebze.
aRniSnuli
samive
parametri
uaRresad
mniSvnelovania
da
saxelmwifosagan moiTxovs adeqvatur damokidebulebas (mTeli rigi
ganviTarebuli qveynebis politika amis naTeli dasturia), Tumca CvenTan
jerjerobiT araferi msgavsi ar keTdeba da Zalze xSirad swored amgvari
damokidebulebis logikur Sedegebs vimkiT.
gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia mTianeTis ganxilva ara marto geografiul
arealad, aramed iq mobinadre adamianebis sasicocxlo sameurneoekonomikur da socialur-kulturul garemod, erTiani sazogadoebrivi
cxovelqmedebis mniSvnelovan nawilad. am garemos fizikur gamoxatulebad,
teritoriul-struqturul safuZvlad warmogvidgeba mTianeTis gansxlebis
sistema, romelic qveynis gansaxlebis erTiani sistemis ganuyofeli
nawilia.
saerTaSoriso gamokiTxvis monacemebis Tanaxmad (mag., tuluzis
saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, 1997 w.), romelSic evropis TiTqmis
yvela qveynis warmomadgenlebi (maT Soris 2-3 organizacia saqarTvelodanac) monawileobdnen, gamovlinda, rom (% gamokiTxulTa raodenobidan):
a) mTian regionebSi upirvelesi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos
landSaftebis dacva-SenarCunebas _ 60.4%
flora-faunis gadarCenas _ 40.0%
kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebas _ 38.4%
b) sasazRvro mdebareobidan gamomdinare:
regionebis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia regionTaSorisi da
erovnebaTSorisi kooperacia _ 70.6%
arasakmarisi sasazRvro kooperacia arTulebs garemos dacvis
sakiTxebs _ 46.2%

138

 sasazRvro
40.5%

urTierTobebi

yovelTvis

c) msgavs

regionebSi
Tanamedrove
respondentebi miiCneven Semdeg dargebs:
turizmi, kurortebi _
mecxoveleoba _
tyis damuSaveba _

arsebobda

adgilebze

meurneobis

47.6% ZiriTadad;
39.1% ZiriTadi;
29.5% ZiriTadi;

safuZvlad
37.6% mTavari;
42.2% mTavari;
46.8% mTavari;

d) sayuradReboa, rom respondentebis azriT turizmi aris:

ganviTarebis erT-erTi mimarTuleba _ 47.6%
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba _ 40.5%
romelic xels uwyobs:
landSaftebisa
40.7%

da

kulturuli

memkvidreobis

SenarCunebas

amasTan erTad, araswori orientaciis SemTxvevaSi:

iwvevs garemos degradacias _ 44.4%
e) SerCeulia ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi:
ekoturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba _ 62.3%
adgilobrivi yofisa da kulturis gacnobiTi xasiaTis turizmis
ganviTarebis xelSewyoba _ 44.7%
adgilobrivi macxovreblebis mier miRebis sistemis srulyofa _
37.9%
rio-de-Janeiros konferenciis (1992 w.) Semde ganvlili ori aTwleulis manZilze, mravali qveynis gamocdilebis Seswavlisa da analizis
safuZvelze, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da eqspertebi Semdeg rekomendaciebs uweven nacionalur mTavrobebs mTianeTis mdgradi ganviTarebis
mizniT:
mTianeTis aRiareba nacionaluri
specifikur komponentad;

ganviTarebis

mniSvnelovan

da

mTianeTis mdgradi ganviTarebis gaTvaliswineba politikur `dRis

wesrigSi~;
kompensaciis sistemis danergva mTianeTis mxridan baris zonisTvis
miwodebuli resursebisa da momsaxureobisaTvis;
mTianeTis ekonomikuri cxovrebis diversifikaciis xelSewyoba;
socialuri da sainJinro-teqnikuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba;
seqtoruli
interesebTan;

politikis

adaptireba

mTianeTis

specifikur

adgilobrivi potencialis gamoyeneba inovaciebis Semosatanad;

cvlilebebi adgilobrivi kulturuli Taviseburebebis dakargvis
gareSe;
mTianeTis ekosistemebis konservacia da adreuli gafrTxilebis
funqciis SenarCuneba;
139

 mTianeTis mdgradi ganviTarebis institucionalizacia;

gansaxlebis sistemebisa da raionuli
(sqemebis) winmswrebi SemuSaveba.

dagegmarebis

proeqtebis

amasTan erTad, aRiarebulia, rom ar arsebobs mTianeTis mgdradi

ganviTarebis universaluri, erTiani Targi; yvela qveyanam unda SeimuSaos
Tavisi sakuTari politika mTianeTis mimarT.
IV.2. mTianeTis cnebis ganmarteba
(saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi praqtika)
ciurixis kartografiuli institutis monacemebis Tanaxmad, dedamiwis
reliefuri portreti Semdegnairadaa warmodgenili: xmeleTis TiTqmis
naxevari 500 metrze maRlaa zRvis donidan, maT Soris 27% - 1000 metrze,
11% - 2000-ze, 5% - 3000-ze da 2% - 4000 metrze mdebareobs. maSasadame, mTian
teritoriebs dedamiwis sakmaod didi nawili ekuTvnis. aqedan gamomdinare
didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
cnebiT-terminologiuri
aparatis
zustad
gansazRvras.
erT-erTi
saerTaSoriso
klasifikaciiT,
mTiani
regionebisTvis
dadgenilia 4 zona (kategoria); TiToeuli maTgani dgindeba:
zRvis donidan simaRlisa, da
reliefis vardniT 300 metriT 5 km orTogonalur proeqciaSi.
am klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, gaanalizebulia msoflios 199 qveyana,
maTi teritoriebis mimarT mTianeTis Semdegi wilebis mixedviT:
0-10%, 10-25%, 25-50%, 50-100%.
saqarTvelo Sedis IV kategoriaSi, sxva 52 qveyanasTan erTad,
romelTa Soris arian: somxeTi, azerbaijani, TurqeTi, saberZneTi, irani,
italia, iaponia, yirgizeTi, Sveicaria da sxva yvelaze mTiani qveynebi.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sakuTar teritoriaze TiTqmis yvela qveyana
mimarTavs mTianobis zonebis dadgenis sakuTar meTodologias da
procedurebs.
poloneTSi mTian regionebad iTvleba zRvis donidan 350 m-ze meti
simaRlis teritoriebi, 500 m-ze maRla mdebare zonebis gansakuTrebuli
gamoyofiT.
safrangeTSi mTiani zona moicavs komunebis teritorias, romelTa
farTobis aranakleb 80% ganlagebulia zRvis donidan 600 m-ze met simaRleze, an romlebSic dasamuSavebeli miwebis qveda da zeda sazRvars Soris
simaRleTa sxvaoba aranakleb 400 m-s Seadgens.
komunebi, romlebic ar pasuxobs simaRlis an simaRleTa sxvaobis zemoTmoyvanil kriteriumebs, mainc SeiZleba mikuTvnebul iqnas mTianeTisaTvis, Tuki maTi ekonomika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli momijnave komunebis ekonomikasTan, romlebic akmayofileben winamdebare muxlSi gansazRvrul
pirobebs.

140

safrangeTSi arsebobs mTiani regionebis iuridiulad gaformebuli

klasifikacia, romlis safuZvelzec komunebi mikuTvnebuli arian ama Tu im
kategorias. es sia regularulad gadis gadamowmebas da zustdeba, sakanonmdeblo SesworebebTan damokidebulebaSi. safrangeTis mTian zonaSi
gamoiyofa:
maRali mTebi;
mTebi;
e.w. `mSrali mTebi~.
safrangeTis kanonmdeblobas Semoaqvs aseve `masivis~ cneba, romelic
gansazRvrulia, rogorc mTianeTi da masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
geografiuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri sivrce. dadgenilia mTiani regionebis mdgomareobisa da socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis Sefasebis indikatorebi, romlebic gamoyenebulia marTvisa da ganviTarebis miznebisaTvis.
SveicariaSi mTiani regionebisTvis mikuTvnebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: zRvis donidan simaRle (> 600 m-ze), ferdobebis daxriloba, klimaturi
pirobebi (savegetacio periodis xangrZlivoba), sameurneo da sacxovrebeli
nagebobebis mdgomareoba, Sidasameurneo gzebis arseboba. ama Tu im komunis
mTianeTisaTvis mikuTvnebis gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs komunebisa da kantonebis warmomadgenlebisagan Semdgar Sereul komisias. mogvianebiT es kriteriumebi Seivso Semdegi parametrebiT: manZili uaxloes bazramde, rZis Cabarebis punqtamde, skolamde.
ukrainaSi mTiani dasaxlebis statuss adgens kanoni `mTiani dasaxlebuli punqtebis Sesaxeb ukrainaSi~ (1995). am kanonis Tanaxmad, mTiani dasaxlebis statusis mqone punqtisTvis mikuTvneba xdeba im `dasaxlebuli punqtis, an misi nawilis, romelSic cxovrobs am punqtis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, zRvis donidan 500 metri da meti simaRlis mqone teritoriaze ganlageba, romelsac axasiaTebs Zlier danawevrebuli reliefi da mocemuli
punqtis farglebSi sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis 60 da meti procentis
ganlageba 15 da meti gradusis daxrilobis mqone ferdobebzea, sadac erT
sul mosaxleze modis 0,15 ha miwaze naklebi da mkacri klimaturi pirobebi
civi da xangrZlivi zamTari (saSualo xangrZlivoba aranakleb 155 dRisa, celsiusiT minus 4 gradusi saSualo temperaturiT), grili da
xanmokle zafxuli (saSualo xangrZlivoba ara umetes ori Tvisa,
saSualo temperatura celsiusiT 20 graduss ar aRemateba), naleqebis didi
raodenoba (Txevadi da myari naleqebis saSualo wliuri jami aranakleb 60
mm-i), axasiaTebs Rvarcofuli movlenebi, mewyerebi~.
bulgareTSi mTiani regionebis kriteriumebs adgens ministrTa sabWos
1996 wlis gadawyvetileba; maT Soris gamoiyofa:
simaRle zRvis donidan (600 metri da meti);
reliefis daxriloba (topografiuli indeqsi ricxvi, romliTac 1
km2-ze yvelaze maRal da yvelaze dabal wertilebs Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba metia 200 metrze);
reliefis Camorecxvis simWidrove (1 km2-ze mdinareebis an xevebis
kalapotebis sigrZe) da a.S.

141

amasTan erTad, moqmedebs gansaxlebis simWidrovesTan dakavSirebuli

saidentifikacio sistemebi da mTianeTis 3 zona:
dabali mTiani zona (600-1000 metri zRvis donidan);
saSualo mTiani zona (1000-1500 metri zRvis donidan);
maRalmTiani zona (1500 metrze zemoT).
saberZneTi
rekomendaciebs:

mTiani

regionis

gansazRvrisas

eyrdnoba

evrokavSiris

damuSavebuli teritoria zRvis donidan 800 metrze zemoTaa;

damuSavebuli teritoriis simaRle 600-dan 800 metramdea da ferdobis daxrilobis kuTxe sul mcire 16%-ia;
damuSavebuli teritoria 600 metrze dablaa, xolo ferdobis daxrilobis kuTxe sul mcire 20%-ia; an damuSavebuli miwis 80% akmayofilebs am sami pirobis kombinacias.
saqarTvelo
zemoTaRniSnulis
fonze
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
saqarTveloSi

mTian
samarTlebriv
areals
gansazRvravs
saqarTvelos kanoni `maRalmTiani regionebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~,
2015 (16
, ).
am kanonis me-2-e muxli `maRalmTiani
,
:

~
( 2/1)

hifsometriuli simaRlis mixedviT, maRalmTian iTvleba

dasaxleba, romelic zRvis donidan 1500 metris simaRleze mis zeviT
mdebareobs. sxvadasxva
(mTis ferdobebis daxriloba, ,
bunebrivi garemo, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
simcire da simwire, demografiuli , ,
migraciuli procesebi) gaTvaliswinebiT
, 800
. ,
, 800
.

muxli 2/2 , :

miuxedavad,
: , , ,
, , -, , ,
, , ~.

142

 ( ,
)
, , ,
-
,
, ,
.
IV.3 saqarTvelo mTiani qveyana
geografiuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis
54.4% mTiania (zRvis donidan 1000 m-ze maRlaa), Tumca, Tu vixelmZRvanelebT
mTiani regionebis Sesaxeb evropis rig qveynebSi dReisaTvis miRebuli
ganmartebebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac mTiani regionebi aris geografiuli,
ekonomikuri da socialuri erTeuli, romlis reliefi, klimati,
bunebrivi
da
kulturuli
memkvidreoba,
socialur-ekonomikuri
politika saWiroebs ganviTarebis, mowyobisa da dacvis sagangebo
wesebis SemuSavebasa da amoqmedebas, teritoria, romelic am kategorias
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, kidev ufro meti aRmoCndeba.
2015 ,
,
, 54,4%-.
CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTvelos mTianeTis sami ZiriTadi
nawili _ aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi da samxreT mTianeTebi, miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebisa, arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan _ rogorc tradiciebiT da resursuli potencialiT, aseve ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebiT.
ukve damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad mTian regionebs ganekuTvneboda 13 istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare, rac, dRevandeli administraciulteritoriuli dayofis Tanaxmad warmoadgens ZiriTadad 3 mxares (+ zemo
svaneTi da TuSeTi), maTSi Semaval 16 raionsa da 272 adgilobriv (saTemosasoflo) administraciul erTeuls; Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi dayofa Zalze pirobiTia. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli
kanonis `maRalmTiani regionebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ Tanaxmad
, - , ,
, ,
.
istoriuli analizis Sesabamisad mTiani regionebi XX saukunis 30-an
wlebamde (1926 wlis aRweris Tanaxmad) jer kidev mWidrod dasaxlebulni
iyvnen. isini, iseve rogorc dRes, qveynis sazRvars warmoadgendnen, amdenad
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi misia saxelmwifos sazRvrebis dacva iyo. mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT ganpirobebuli nawilobriv
Caketili Sinameurneobis pirobebSi ganviTarebuli iyo soflis meurneoba,
gansakuTrebiT mesaqonleoba da adgilobrivi mrewveloba, romelic miuxedavad kustarulobisa, sakmaod maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeoda.

143

unda aRiniSnos, rom arcerTi istoriul-eTnografiuli regionis CamoyalibebaSi ar uTamaSia ganmsazRvreli roli ekonomikur faqtorebs. meurneobriobis esa Tu is forma yalibdeboda da viTardeboda TiToeul
maTganSi avtonomiurad, bunebrivi garemo-pirobebis TandaTanobiT SeswavlaaTvisebis Sesabamisad.
bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare garkveuli sameurneo karCaketiloba gansazRvravda adgilobrivi resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebis, amasTan
erTad maTi dacvisa da gamravlebis sakiTxebs; TiToeuli regionisaTvis
garkveuli iyo im aucilebeli moTxovnis elementebi, romelTa Semotanac
iyo saWiro sxva regionebidan. sakmaod ganviTarebuli savaWro-gacvliTi
urTierTobebis sxavdasxva formebs TviT tradiciuli ugzoobac ver
uSlida xels.
aTeuli wlebis Semdeg situacia mkveTrad Seicvala. mdgomareoba,
mTeli rigi mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad (cxovrebis saerTo ganviTarebis
paralelurad)
arsebiTad
gaumjobesda,
rigma
funqciebma
dakarga
aqtualoba, xolo rigi parametrebis mixedviT, saerTo mdgomareoba
gauaresda kidec.
imisaTvis, rom gvqondes mTian regionebSi dRevandeli situaciis
analizis saSualeba, saintereso da Sedegismomtani SeiZleba iyos,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikisadmi, mTianeTis ganviTarebis sferoSi
wamyvani qveynis Sveicariis specialistebis mier, jer kidev 10-12 wlis win,
SemuSavebul kiTxvarze gacemuli pasuxebis gacnoba, romelic qvemoTaa
motanili. xazi gvinda gavusvaT im garemoebasac, rom saswavlo davalebis
saxiT, saintereso iqneba, movaxdinoT qvemoTmoyvanili dokumentisa da
axali kanonis Sinaarsobrivi Sedareba da CamovayaliboT Cveneuli
damokidebuleba
saxelmwifo
politikis
ZiriTad
tendenciebTan
dakavSirebiT ramdenad pozitiuri/negatiuri Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT
ganaxlebuli damokidebulebidan.
bernis
(Sveicaria)
universitetis
geografiis
institutis
ganviTarebisa da garemos centris kiTxvari da masze Tavis dros gacemuli
pasuxebi ase gamoiyureba:

kiTxvebi

pasuxebi

hyavs Tu ara mTianeTs lobi nacionalur politikasa da

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi?

diax, magram es lobi naklebad qmediTia

warmoadgens Tu ara decentralizacia mniSvnelovan

Temas saqarTveloSi?
rogor ganimarteba mTianeTi saqarTveloSi?

diax, es Tema metad popularulia, magram ar aris

mxardaWerili instituciuri da finansuri TvalsazrisiT
hipsometriuli simaRlis mixedviT maRalmTian
regionad iTvleba dasaxlebuli teritoria, romelic
mdebareobs zRvis donidan 1500 metris simaRleze
da mis zeviT, magram sxavadsxva parametrebis
(mTis ferdobebisa da zegnebis daxriloba, geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi garemo, eTnografiuli
da ekonomikuri Taviseburebebi, sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwis simcire da simwire, demografiuli tevadoba, gamwvavebuli migraciuli procesebi,
daclili teritoriebis ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT

144

ruka,

romelzedac

gamoyofilia

dakargvis safrTxe) gaTvaliswinebiT misi qveda

zRvari kavkasionis samxreT ferdobebze ganlagebul
raionebSi da aWara-guriis mTaneTSi mcirdeba
1000 metramde (gamonaklisis SemTxvevaSi 800
metramdec ki), xolo samxreT saqarTvelos mTian
raionebSi rCeba 1500 metri.
ara, magram arsebobs mTianeTis regionebisa da
sakrebuloebis oficialuri CamonaTvali

arsebobs oficialuri
mTianeTi?

iTvaliswinebs Tu ara qveynis kanonmdebloba da politika

tradiciul uflebebs bunebriv resursebze?

Ara

mTianeTs Tu gaCnia xma Sida politikasa da

gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi,
interes
jgufebis
meSveobiT?

mTianeTis interesebis gamomxatvelebi ZiriTadad

arian Sesabamisi raionebis maJoritari deputatebi da
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

xorcieldeba Tu ara mTianeTsa da bars Soris finansuri

nakadebis analizi?

ara, magram es ganxorcielebadia

aRiarebs Tu ara seqtoruli politika mTianeTis resursebis

amoRebis uaryofiT Sedegebs da atarebs Tu ara prevenciul
zomebs?

ara

ra warmoadgens globalizaciisa da liberalizaciis Sedegebs

mTianeTSi?

cxovrebis Camoyalibebuli wesis degradacia,

faseulobebis sistemis cvla, migraciis stimulireba,
marginalizacia.

10 icavs Tu ara nacionaluri kanonebi da politika mTis

Temebis uflebas adgilobriv resursebze? SeiZleba am
uflebis dacva?
11 dgas Tu ara qveynis politikis dRis wesrigSi kompensacia
mTis resursebis moxmarebisTvis? arsebobs amgvari
kompensacis meqanizmis magaliTi?

Ara

Ara

12 gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos mTianeTis ekonomika da Tu

ician amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis mimRebma
pirebma

ara, saqrTvelos ekonomika mTianeTis WrilSi

gaanalizebuli ar aris

13 aris seqtoruli politika orientiebuli resursebis monofunqcur

gamoyenebaze?

diax, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda.

14 arsebobs Tu ara nacionaluri politika da programebi,

romlebic orientirebulia mTis ekonomikaze, ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebis gamravalferovnebaze da Sesabamis
strategiaze?

Ara

15 gansazRvrulia Tu ara mTianeTsa da bars Soris

ganviTarebis Tanafardobis miRwevis SesaZleblobebi?

Ara

16 Tu aris gacnobierebuli problemad mTianeTidan

demografiuli potencialis * gadineba? ra qmedebebs
mimarTavs mTavroba amis aRsakveTad?

ara; qmediTi gegma SemuSavebuli ar aris

dedanSi aris brain drain, rac saqarTvelos realiebs naklebad Seefereba.

145

17 ras Seadgens ganaTlebaSi investiciebi mTianeTSi barTan

SedarebiT?

mTianeTis komponenti gamoyofili ar aris

18 adaptirebuli Tu aris saswavlo programebi mTianeTis

realobasTan?

Ara

19 arsebobs Tu ara adgilobrivi saswavlo centrebi, romlebic

warmoadgens
sainovacio
dawesebulebebs
mTianeTisTvis?

msoflio bankis mier dafinansebuli ganaTlebis

programis A 1, A 2 da sxva komponentebi
iTvaliswinebs
mTianeTis
problemebs
da
maswavleblebisaTvis
sistematiurad
tardeba
treningebi,
konsultaciebi
da
mwvrTnelebis
momzadeba (sakamaToa!)

20 Tu arsebobs enobrivi barieri ganaTlebis miRebisaTvis?

Ara

21 mTavroba Tu
mTianeTSi?

dasanergad

ara, gamonaklisia IFAD-is proeqti (rome-lic Zalze

`gasaidumlebulia~)

22 arsebobs magaliTebi mTianeTis produqcis dacvisa

kanonmdeblobis
meSveobiT,
rogorc
produqciis
specifikuri brendebisa?

ara;
mTianeTis
geografiuli
saxelwodebis
gamoyenebisTvis (`yazbegi~, `uSba~, `Satili~ da
sxva) anaricxebi adgilebze ar miemarTeba

23 aRiarebulia Tu ara mTianeTis tradiciuli kultura da

erovnuli umciresobebi?

saqarTvelos specifikur pirobebSi am kiTxvaze

calsaxa pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia

24 arsebobs Tu ara tradiciuli kulturuli landSaftebi an

resursebis gamoyenebis tipebi, romlebic ganasaxiereben
mTis kulturas? ras akeTebs qveyana Semdegi
TaobebisTvis maT Sesanaxad?

diax, arsebobs; maTi Senaxva ar xorcieldeba

25 seqtoruli politika Tu scems adekvatur pativs mTis

kulturas?

ara

26 nacionaluri radio da televiziebi Tu asaxavs mTianeTis

problematikas da mTianeTis kulturas?

ara, mxolod momxmarebluri formiT

27 Tu aris oficialurad aRiarebuli adgilobrivi enebi skolebSi,

administraciasa da samarTalSi?

nawilobriv, mTianeTSi swavleba mimdinareobs,

qarTulis garda, afxazur, osur, somxur, azerbaijanul,
berZnul enebze; ar mimdinareobs megrul da svanur
enebze.

28 Tu aris daculi biomravalferovnebis mTavari kerebi da

mTis mowyvladi ekosistemebi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
inventarizaciiT?

diax, amJamad, saqarTvelos kanonis _ `da-culi

teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb~ _ safuZvelze
mimdinareobs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili da
potenciuri ekosistemebis inventarizacia da kanonis
Sesabamisad dacva.

29 mTianeTis ganviTarebis specifikuri saWiroebebi Tu

isaxeba seqtorul politikaSi da kanonmdeblobaSi (satyeo
meurneoba, dagegmva da mSenebloba)?

saqarTvelos satyeo meurneobis ganviTarebis

saxelmwifo
programaSi
aRniSnuli
sakiTxi
gaTvaliswinebulia.
aseve,
tyeT
mowyobis
masalebSi aisaxeba satyeo meurneobis dagegmva da
mSenebloba.

30 Tu arsebobs dadebiTi magaliTebi, romlebic amtkicebs,

rom ganviTareba SesaZlebelia biomravalferovnebebisa da

amis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos arse-buli

erovnuli parkebi da sxva daculi teritoriebis

mecadineobs

inovaciebis

146

mowyvlad ekosistemebze negatiuri gavlenebis gareSe?

kategoriebi.

31 mTis romel landSaftebsa da ekosistemebs daemuqra

saqarTveloSi garemos globaluri cvlilebebi (mag.,
globaluri daTboba)?

garemos globaluri cvlilebebi SeiZleba daemuqros

maRalmTian didi daqanebis ferdobebs, romlebic
tyis ukanono Wris Sedegad gameCxerdnen da
warmoadgenen mewyersaSiS zonebs.

32 ra stategias mimarTavs mTavroba maTTan gamklavebis

mizniT?

saqarTvelo gaudabnoebis konvenciis mxarea da

icavs konvenciis moTxovnebs.

33 ra nabijebia gadadgmuli saqarTveloSi mTianeTis mdgradi

ganviTarebis problematikis institucinalizaciis mizniT?

amgvari nabijebi gadadgmuli ar aris

34 romeli organoa pasuxismgebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi

mTianeTis mdgradi ganviTarebis sakiTxebze?

amgvari centraluri organo ar arsebobs

35 hyavs am organos Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis TanamSromlebi? monawileobs es organo gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaSi da Tu aris dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso
iniciativebTan?

36 Tu arsebobs araformaluri organizaciebis qseli, romelsac

mTavroba aRairebs partniorad mTianeTis ganviTarebis
politikis SemuSavebis saqmeSi?

Seqmnilia arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qseli,

romelic cdilobs iTanamSromlos mTavrobasTan

37 ra RonisZiebebs gegmavs saqarTvelos mTav-roba mTis

saerTaSoriso wlis Semdeg?

dadgenili ar aris (es ambavi arc ki aRniSnula)

147

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

ganvlili masalis gameoreba

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

SeadgineT saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis Tanamedrove administraciulteritoriuli dayofis CamonaTvali;

SeadgineT saqarTvelos maRalmTiani istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis
CamonaTvali;
CamoayalibeT principebi, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
aRiarebs ama Tu im regionis `maRalmTianobas~;
ra principuli sxvaobaa Cveni qveynisa da sxva (masala, romelsac gaecaniT)
qvey- nebis SefasebebSi `maRalmTianobis~ gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT?
ras niSnavs, saerTaSoriso praqtikidan gamomdinare, mTianeTis mimarT `Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo politika~?
ra aris saWiro garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad?
ra gansazRvravs saqarTvelos rekreaciuli potencialis SesaZleblobebs?

Semoxaze swori pasuxi:

a. saqarTvelos yvelaze Rrma wyalsacavia:
o jvris
o Jinvalis
o Walkis

b. yvelaze dabla eSveba Semdegi myinvarebis ena:

o
o
o

WalaTi, lexziri;
tviberi, devdoraki;
kviSi, gergeti.

c. saqarTveloSi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba:

o
o
o

zolebiani afTari da jixvi;

domba da qurciki;
focxveri da niamori.

d. saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari miuyveba:

o
o
o

arsianis qeds, karwaxis tbas, ivris zegans;

WaneTis qeds, md. focxoviswyals, m. diklosmTas;
eruSeTis qeds, qarTlis vakes, mingeCauris wyalsacavs.
daawyvile azrobrivi `partniorebi~

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

diapazoni
rezervati
adevaturi
kriteriumi
vegetacia
hifsometria
demografia
migracia
reabilitacia
subsidia

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

niSanTviseba
simaRlis zomva
aRdgena
moculoba
xalxTaRwera
nakrZali
daxmareba
Sesatyvisi
zrda
gadaadgileba
148

Semowmeba (sakontrolo gverdi)

situaciis analizi
Tqveni,
rogorc
saqarTvelos
moqalaqis,
rogorc
momavali
specialistis moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa im rCevebisa
da rekomendaci-ebis analizi, rasac iZlevian ucxoeli eqspertebi (nebismier
SemTxvevaSi Tqven ukeT icnobT Tqvens samSoblos!). Cvens winaSea avtoritetuli
Sveicarieli
specialis-tebis
mosazrebebi,
Tumca
mainc
Tqveni
azri
gvainteresebs:
situacia:

1.

ramdenad
eTanxmebiT
eqspertebis
daskvnas
imis
Sesaxeb,
`decentralizacia warmoadgens mniSvnelovan Temas saqarTveloSi~?

rom

2. ramdenad eTanxmebiT eqspertebis daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom `nacionalur

politikasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi mTianeTs hyavs lobi~?

3. ramdenad eTanxmebiT eqspertebis daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom `mTianeTis

interesebs gamomxatvelebi ZiriTadad arian Sesabamisi raionebis maJoritari deputatebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi~;
4. ramdenad eTanxmebiT eqspertebis daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom `cxovrebis

Camoyalibebuli wesis degradaciis, faseulobebis sistemis cvlis, migraciis

stimulirebisa
da
marginalizaciis
mTavari
mizezi
aris
globalizacia da liberalizacia~?
saproeqto davaleba
virtualuri situacia: Tqven mTiani regionis (mag.: mcxeTa-mTianeTi, raWa-leCxumi)

xelmZRvaneli brZandebiT da iciT (eqspertebis daskvnebi), rom Tqvendami

rwmunebuli mxaris ganviTarebis arsebiTi prioriteti aris `transsasazRvro
urTierTobebis~ daregulireba.
Seasrule amocana logikuri TanmimdevrobiT:
1.

vis (romel qveynebsa da istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebs)

TqvenTan erTad, Tqveni `transsasazRvro politika~? (CamowereT)

Seexeba,

2. gansazRvreT ra urTierToba arsebobs amJamad sazRvrispira regionebTan

da qveynebTan;
3. CamowereT

ra siaxleebs (novaciebs) iTvaliswinebs evropis mTiani

qveynebis sazRvrispira TanamSromlobis (mag.: `alpuri konvencia~)
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba;

4. civilizebuli msoflios romeli gamocdilebaa (pozitiuri/negatiuri)

aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli da ratom?

5. sazRvrispira

urTierTobis romeli formebisa da saxeebis danergva

(gaaqtiureba) iqneboda sasargeblo Tqveni regionisaTvis da rogor?

6. Tqvenis azriT rogor/riT unda SegiwyoT xeli saxelmwifom (centraluri

xelisufleba)?
7. ras

miscems Tqveni
mosaxleobas?

`axali

transsasazRvro

politika~

adgilobriv

149

nawili III. turopereitingi da marSrutebis daproeqteba

Tavi I. dargis mizniebisa da amocanebis ganmarteba
: , , ,
-
,

.
, :
;
;
;
;
(-).
I.1
turistuli produqti Sedgeba gadaadgilebis, ganTavsebisa da garTobisagan.
turistuli pro-duqtis Seqmnaze muSaoben saaviacio, sazRvao, sarkinigzo,
saavtomobilo kompaniebi, aseve sas-tumroebi da ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebi,
samu-zeumo-saeqskursio biznesis, masobrivi garTobis adgilebi, sportuli,
sakurorto organizacebi da sxva.
turistuli produqtis Semqmnelebi _ turoperatorebi (to) yidian TavianT
produqcias rogorc pirdapir myidvelze (turistze), aseve Suamavlis _
turagentis/saagentos (ta) meSveobiT.
turoperatoris saqmianobis (biznesis) gaCena ganapiroba masobrivi turizmis ganviTarebam did manZilze da turistuli produqtis garTulebam
(moTxovna-miwodebis gamravalferovnebam), romlis drosac moxda turistu-li
kompaniebis specializacia: erTi jgufi Zalebis koncentrirebas axdens
momsaxurebis paketebis formirebaze, iTvisebs axal regionebs, amuSavebs
turizmis axal saxeebs _ formirebas ukeTebs turopereitings, rogorc
mimarTulebas; meore jgufi _ ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs yidva-gayidvas da
Camoyalibda rogorc turistuli saagentoebi.
turopereitingis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom sastumrosarestorno momsaxurebis formebis zrdisa da gamravalferovnebis, msxvili,
tradiciuli turistuli da rekreaciuli centrebis analogiuri moqmedebebis
fonze turisti, turis yidvis Semdeg, romelic, saerTaSoriso standartebis
(turis fasis Semcirebis mizniTac) Sesabamisad, rogorc wesi iTvaliswinebs
mxolod transportirebas, dabinavebasa da (kidev erT ser-viss - ZiriTadad
kvebas), ver axerxebs srulyofil dasvenebas _ igi ar (cudad) icnobs
regionis resursul potencials: istoriul-kulturul memkvidreobas, yofiT150

eTnografiul kulturas, saero da religiuri cxovrebis Taviseburebebs da

a.S.. saidumlos ar warmoadgens is faqti, rom turistebi Tanxis solidur
nawils xarjaven e.w. `damatebiTi momsaxurebis~ - dasveneba-garTobis
RonisZiebebze. amasTan, isic cnobilia, rom turistebi ar arian winaaRmdegi
Caeban
sportul
RonisZiebebSi,
miiRon
damatebiTi
sakurorto,
sayofacxovrebo da sxva momsaxureba. turistuli momsaxurebis sferoSi im
organizaciebisa da firmebis saqmianobam, romlebic sTavazoben momsaxurebas,
am momsaxurebebidan sxvadasxva saxis Tematuri turebis dakompleqtebis
procesis aucileblobam (mudmivad mzardma moTxovnilebam) ganapiroba
specifiuri biznesis Camoyalibeba _ turopereitingi (turistuli programebis
damuSaveba). swored programebisa da marSrutebis damuSavebaa turoperatoris
ZiriTadi saqmianoba.

turoperatori _ es aris turistuli firma (kompania an undividi),

romelic turebis dakompleqtebas (Camoyalibebas) axdens momsaxurebis
momwodeblebTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebebisa da turistebis moTxovnebis
safuZvelze.

turoperatori _ es aris turistuli paketis Semqmneli. is dakavebulia

turistuli
marSrutebis
SemuSavebiTa
da
turebis
dakompleqtebiT;
uzrunvelyofs maT funqcionirebas, organizebas ukeTebs reklamas, akeTebs
marSrutebis Sesabamis xarjTaRricxvebs da sazRvravs marSrutebis fasebs,
yidis turebs pirdapir turistebze an turagentebis meSveobiT.

turoperatori turistebs uqmnis turistuli momsaxurebis mravalferovan arCevans da, amasTan erTad, amartivebs sxva qalaqebsa da regionebSi
momsaxurebis SekveTebis organizaciis process, ramdenadac am funqciasac
Tavis Tavze iRebs.

turoperatorebi

turistul
industriaSi
gansakuTrebul
rols
asruleben. isini yiduloben turistul produqts (adgilebi TviTmfrinavSi,
sastumroSi, restornis momsaxureba, garToba-dasvenebis obieqtebSi adgilebi
moTxovnis Sesabamisad), ayalibeben turistuli momsaxurebis paketebs da,
mogebis miRebis mizniT, yidian pirdapir, anda Suamavlis daxmarebiT
momxmarebelze (turistze). turoperators SeuZlia turistuli produqti
gayidos nawil-nawil. es xdeba an meti mogebis miRebisaTvis, an aucileblobis gamo.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac turoperatori axdens paketis formire-bas,
is gvevlineba rogorc turistuli produqtis Semqmneli. meore SemTxve-vaSi,
rodesac yidis momsaxurebas nawil-nawil, is gvevlineba rogorc tu-ristuli
momsaxurebis sabiTumo dileri. es xdeba maSin, rodesac turope-ratori
mwarmoeblisagan yidulobs turpaketis formirebisaTvis saWiroze met
momsaxurebas. amas garda, dReisaTvis ukve arian specializirebuli sabiTumo
turoperatorebi, romlebsac, momsaxurebis masiuri (didi odeno-bis) SeZenis
safuZvelze, aqvT specialuri SeRavaTiani fasebi sastumroebis, saaviacio
kompaniebisa da momsaxurebis sxva momwodeblebisagan. amaSic mdgomareobs
turoperatoris Tavisebureba _ misi unari daizRvios Tavi fa-sebis
151

cvalebadobisagan im servisebze, romliTac axdens turistuli pake-tis

formirebas da gaxados ekonomikurad misaRebi turistisaTvis. sabi-Tumo
turoperatorebis fasebi yovelTvis ufro dabalia, vidre sastumroebis
sacalo fasebi.
Tumca, turoperatorebi mainc unda ganvixiloT rogorc turistuli
produqtis Semqmnelebi da ara rogorc turproduqtis farTo asortimentis
sabiTumo gamyidvelebi. es savsebiT samarTliania, radgan turoperatoris
upirvelesi sazrunavia turebis an turpaketebis (momsaxurebis paketi) Camoyalibeba _ Sinaarsobriv-Tematuri formireba.
zogjer, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, isini yidian kidec momsaxurebas
nawil-nawil. es saqmianobis damatebiTi formaa, romelic SeiZleba Sevafa-soT
rogorc obieqturad aucilebeli qmedeba turistul bazarze.
turoperatoris
niSnebi:

(to)

da

turagentis

(ta)

ZiriTadi

ganmasxvavebeli

a) Semosavlebis sistemis Tanaxmad:

turoperatori yidulobs garkveul turistul produqts. misi Semosavali yalibdeba im sxvaobidan, romelic arsebobs SeZenil da gayidul
momsaxurebas Soris. xSirad to yidulobs calkeul momsaxurebebs,
romlisganac ayalibebs servisuli momsaxurebis kompleqts (turproduqts/turpakets) faswarmoqmnis sakuTari meqanizmiT.
turagenti (ta) ki moqmedebs rogorc sacalo gamyidveli da misi Semosavali formirdeba im sakomisiodan (danamati %), rasac iRebs sxvi-si
turproduqtis gayidvisas. turagenti rogorc pakets, aseve calke-ul
servisebs (momsaxurebas) yidis realuri fasebis Sesabamisad, romelsac
aweseben turoperatorebi an momsaxurebis Semqmnelebi.
b) turistuli produqtis kuTvnilebis mixedviT:
turoperators yovelTvis aqvs turistuli produqtis garkveuli maragi
gayidvisaTvis, xolo turagenti ukveTavs garkveul produqts mxolod
maSin, rodesac klienti (myidveli) iCens konkretul interess swored am
produqtis mimarT.
Tumca realur cxovrebaSi es yvelaferi SeiZleba mTlad ase ar iyos,
ramdenadac erTsac da meoresac (operatori, agenti) msgavsi amocanebis Sesruleba uxdebaT. turistuli kompania SeiZleba erTdroulad iyos turoperatoric da turagentic. firmas SeuZlia Seqmnas turproduqti da Semdeg
gayidos is turagentebze an turistebze. amasTan, maT aseve SeuZliaT SeiZinon
sxva turoperatorebis mier Seqmnili produqtic da Semdeg mihyidon
turistebs.
1.2
- saqmianobis formis (saxis) Sesabamisad:
152

1. masiuri bazris operatorebi. isini yidian turpaketebs Carteruli

aviareisebis gamoyenebiT masiuri turizmis adgilebSi.
2. specializirebuli operatorebi eseni arian operatorebi, romlebic
specializebulni arian garkveul produqtze an bazris segmentze.
Tavis mxriv isini iyofian:
a) specialuri interesebis turoperatorebi
dasavlo, sanadiro turebi da sxva);

(mag.:

sportul-saTavga-

b) garkveuli adgilis turoperatorebi (mag.: inglisi, aSS, da sxva);

c) garkveuli klienturis turoperatorebi (mag.: axalgazrdebi, ojaxebi, biznesmenebi);
d) ganTavsebis adgilis turoperatorebi
nebeli saxlebi, ojaxebi da a.S.);

(mag.:

turbazebi,

dasasve-

e) turoperatorebi transportis konkretul saxeze (mag.: matarebeli,

Tbomavali da a.S.);
- saqmianobis adgilis Sesabamisad:
1. adgilobrivi (Sida) turoperatorebi. isini adgenen paketebs im qveynis
marSrutebis Sesabamisad, sadac cxovroben;
2. gamyvani turoperatorebi. maTi paketebi orientirebulia sazRvargareTis qveynebze;
3. mimRebi turoperatorebi. isini moRvaweoben qveyanaSi da emsaxure-bian
Semomsvlel turistebs;
amasTan erTad miRebulia turoperatorebis dayofa iniciativian da
receptiul operatorebad.
iniciativiani turoperatori is operatoria, romelic agzavnis
turistebs sazRvargareT, an sxva regionebSi mimReb (receptiul) turoperatorebTan an turkompaniebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze; maTi
gansxvaveba turagentebisagan, romlebic dakavebuli arian sxvisi turebis
gayidviT, mdgomareobs mxolod imaSi, rom isini dakavebuli arian turistuli
produqtis SeqmniT (dakompleqtebiT), romelic, turizmis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis (WTO) normebis Sesabamisad, unda Sedgebodes minimum sami tipis
momsaxurebisagan (transportireba, ganTavseba da nebismieri sxva mesame
momsaxureba). iniciativiani turoperatori, klasikuri gagebiT, adgens rTuli
saxis
turistul
marSrutebs,
romlebsac
adgens
adgilobrivi
turoperatorebis mier SemoTavazebuli servisebisagan, amasTan uzrunvelyofs transportirebas daniSnulebis adgilze da ukan, aseve Sida (marSrutis
Sesabamisad) transportirebas.
receptiuli turoperatori es aris miRebaze momuSave turoperato-ri,
romelic akompleqtebs turebs da programebs turistebis miRebasTan da
momsaxurebasTan erTad; amisaTvis iyenebs pirdapir xelSekrulebebs momsa153

xurebis momwodeblebTan (sastumroebi, kvebis organizaciebi, dasasvenebelgasarTobi organizaciebi da a.S.). es aris sufTa turoperatoris saqmianoba.
xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, saqarTveloSi
miRebaze
momuSave
(receptiuli)
turoperatorebis
saqmianoba,
miuxedavad garkveuli sakanonmdeblo mxardaWerisa (gaTavisuflebuli arian
garkveuli gadasaxadebisagan - dRg), aqtiurad ar aris danergili. am mxriv
Cveni CamorCenis mizezebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT:
-

momaxurebis programebis susti diferencireba (saerTod ar aris);

SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis mravalferovnebis dabali done (erTferovneba);

momsaxurebis SeTavazebis donis CamorCena saerTaSoriso normebisagan da sxva.

iniciativiani turoperatoruli saqmianobis

maRali tempi ganpirobebulia Semdegi mizezebiT:

ganviTarebis

SedarebiT

ukanasknel aTwleulSi, Sida turizmis praqtikulad ugulvebelyofis fonze, sazRvargareT gamgzavrebaze gazrdili moTxovnileba;

usafrTxoebisa da sxva (cnobili) mizezebis gamo sazRvargareTeli

turistebis nakadis mkveTri Semcireba;

saerTaSoriso turistul bazarze saqarTvelos gayvanis procesisaTvis saWiro saxelmwifos materialuri mxardaWeris ar arseboba;

msxvili, konsolidirebuli adgilobrivi turoperatorebis ar

arseboba, romlebic SeZlebdnen qveynis imijis Seqmnas saerTaSoriso
bazarze.

xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom dRevandeli turkompaniebi

ZiriTadad iyeneben sazRvargareTeli turoperatorebis mier damuSavebul da
wlebis manZilze gamocdil produqts, romelsac isini aqtiurad gvTava-zoben,
ramdenadac es maTi mogebis wyaroa.
aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Cveni qveynis ekonomikis gamococxleba, Sida da Semomsvleli turizmis ganviTareba _ mxolod Cveni, adgilobrivi turkompaniebis gasakeTebeli saqmea. amis miRweva mxolod sakuTari
maRalprofesiuli kadrebis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli. swored amitom,
Zalze aqtualuria receptiuli turoperatoruli firmebis, rogorc specifiuri turistuli produqtis Semqmnelis, saqmianobis sakiTxebisa da
problemebis Seswavla.
realur turistul praqtikaSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdebian Sereuli
funqciebis matarebeli organizaciebi, rac damaxasiaTebelia turistuli
bazrisaTvis. Tavis mier SemuSavebuli garkveuli produqciis mimarT firma
SeiZleba
mogvevlinos
rogorc
iniciativiani,
aseve
receptiuli
turoperatoris rolSi, zogjer ki _ turagentic xdeba. amgvari praqtikaa
CvenSic, Tumca gamomwvevi mizezebi sxvadasxvaa da es calke saubris Temaa.
Sida bazarze sul ramodenime turistuli kompaniaa (`kavkazTreveli~, `en154

turi~, `argoturi~, `samgori~, `levon Treveli~ da a.S.) romlebic

erTdroulad
muSaoben
rogorc
qarTveli
turistebis
sazRvargareT
gagzavnaze, aseve ucxoeli turistebis miRebaze.
imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes Tu ratom aris saqarTvelodan sazRvargareT turistebis gamgzavni kompania, romelic ZiriTadad ucxoeli turoperatorebis produqts iyenebs, CvenTan turoperatori, ganvixiloT sqema #1.
sqema #1. iniciativiani turoperatoris muSaobis sqema
sastumroeb
i

transporti

kvebis

obieqtebi

receptiuli turoperatori

momsaxurebis paketebis

eqskursiebi da
mogzauroba

damatebiTi

momsaxure

receptiuli turoperatori sabiTumo

dileris calkeuli momsaxurebebi

sazRvargareTis qveyana
iniciativiani turoperatori (momsaxurebis paketi +
dazRveva + viza + TviTmfrinavi)

saqarTvelo
tursaagento

pirdapiri gayidva

momxmarebeli (turisti)

iniciativiani turoperatoris muSaobis sqemidan kargad Cans, rom mocemuli kompania dakavebulia sufTa saagento saqmianobiT: yidis partniorebis mier momzadebul turpaketebs, aformebs turistebis sadazRvevo da
savizo dokumentebs, axorcielebs bronirebas, sakomisio jildos fasad yidis
garkveul momsaxurebebs sakuTari paketebis Semadgenlobidan.
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad (im qveynebSi, sadac turizmis ganviTare-bis
Camoyalibebuli sakanonmdeblo sivrce arsebobs), turoperatorad miCneulia
is turistuli organizacia, romelic qmnis Tavis sakuTar turistul
produqts da uSvebs masze Tavis sagzurs. am moTxovnebs aseTi firma
asrulebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sagzuri turistebTan gaformebuli
xelSekrulebis formaluri damatebaa (ZiriTadi dokumentia vauCeri), is mainc
ibeWdeba, ramdenadac qveynis teritoriaze is mainc pirveladi dokumentia da
warmoadgens konkretuli turistuli kompaniis sakuTrebas. sqemaze naCvenebi
saagentoebi, Semdeg ukve TviTon yidian nayid produqts da Sesabamisad
sagzurs (xdeba gadayidva), romelic ekuTvnis konkretul turkompanias
(ucxours), garkveuli sakomisios fasad. aseTi pirobiT isini turagentebi
arian.
1.3
155

turoperatoris funqcias warmoadgens:

1. potenciuri turistebis moTxovnilebebis Seswavla turebze da turprogramebze;
2. momsaxurebis perspeqtiuli programebis Sedgena da bazarze aprobacia, turistebis moTxovnilebebisadmi Sesabamisobis gamovlenis
mizniT;
3. momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan saxelSekrulebo TanamSromloba:
-

sastumrosTan _ ganTavsebis adgilebisaTvis;

kvebis obieqtTan _ turistebis kvebisaTvis;

satransporto organizaciasTan _ satransporto momsaxurebisTvis;

saeqskursio firmasTan, muzeumTan, sagamofeno darbazTan, parkTan

da msgavs dawesebulebasTan _ Sesabamisi momsaxurebisaTvis;

sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis firmasTan _ Sesabamisi momsaxure-

bisaTvis;
-

sportuli

nagebobis

administraciasTan

sportuli

bazebis

gamoyenebis SesaZleblobisaTvis;
-

kino, video, Teatraluri da Sou organizaciebis menejerebTan _

turistebis daswrebisaTvis;

nakrZalebis, aRkveTilebis, sabaRe-saparke, sanadiro da saTevzao

meurneobis direqciebTan _ Sesabamisi momsaxurebisaTvis;

adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan _ sakuTari saqmianobis sajaroobisa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan TanamSromloba unda atarebdes rogorc

perspeqtiul, aseve operatiul (mimdinare) xasiaTs _ axali turebis
SemuSaveba, arsebulis kontroli da gadaxaliseba.
4. turis, transportirebis Rirebulebis gaangariSeba da sabazro situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT turis fasebis dadgena;
5. marSrutze moZravi turistebis uzrunvelyofa aucilebeli sasuveniro-sareklamo masaliT, specialuri mowyobilobebiT da inventariT;
6. marSrutebze sakontaqto personalis SerCeva, momzadeba da daniSvna,
momsaxurebis programis Sesrulebaze kontroli da koordinacia
(eqskursiamZRoli, instruqtori, animatori, meTodisti);
7. turistuli produqtis gayidvisaTvis aucilebeli sareklamo-sainformacio saqmianoba;
8. turebis gatana da realizacia tursaagentoebis meSveobiT;
9. momsaxurebis xarisxisa da saimedoobisadmi kontroli;
10. mogzaurobis dros mudmivi kontaqti turistebTan da wamoWrili
problemebis gadawyveta.

156

receptiuli

turoperatori

dakavebulia
turistebis
misaRebi
turproduqtis (marSrutebis) formirebiT. iniciativiani turoperatori,
rogorc wesi, akompleqtebs turebs ramodenime ZiriTad punqtSi (obieqti,
qalaqi) miRebis safuZvelze. amis magaliTs warmoadgens specialurad
arendirebuli avtobusebiT organizebuli transturebi (aseve kruizebi
sazRvao da saokeano Tbomavlebze, saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo turebi
ramodenime qalaqis/qveynis gavliT).
turoperatori akompleqtebs programebs _ turis pakets, romelic
SeiZleba iyos SekveTili da e.w. `inkluziv turi~ (winaswar gansazRvruli,
mkacrad Camoyalibebuli, momsaxurebis nakrebis gayidvis SemTxvevaSic rom ar
icvleba). Sesabamisad, pirveli iyideba variantebTan erTad, meore _
yovelgvari variantebis gareSe, momsaxurebis kompleqsuri nakrebiT.
turistul bazarze turoperators ukavia adgili momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs (turistebs) Soris. misi amocanaa calkeuli
mwarmoeblebis warmoebuli momsaxurebis mitana momxmareblamde kompleqsuri
turistuli produqtis saxiT, amasTan, rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve damatebiTi
momsaxurebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

damatebiTi momsaxureba mxolod erTi SexedviT ar Cans saintereso da

sayuradRebo turoperatorisaTvis. jer erTi bevri damatebiTi momsaxureba
warmoadgens turistebis mizidvis ZiriTad motivs (Tematuri parkebi,
garTobis SesaZleblobebi da gadaadgilebis damatebiTi variantebi da a.S.);
amasTan erTad, praqtika gviCvenebs, rom turoperatoris Semosavlis did
nawils warmoadgens swored es damatebiT SeTavazebuli momsaxurebebi,
romelTac turisti iZens, pakets gareT, uSualod dasvenebis adgilze.

taim - auti
1. gameoreba codnis dedaa!
rasTan aris dakavSirebuli turistul bazarze turoperatoris biznesis
warmoSoba?

157

1.4
turoperatoris saqmianobis ZiriTadi amocanaa turis Seqmna, romelic
uzrulvelyofili iqneba momsaxurebis Sesabamisi programiT (turpaketi).
swored es produqtia turoperatoris ZiriTadi produqti, romelsac uSvebs
bazarze. turistis ganacxadis saxeobisa da gayidvis organizaciis meTodis
(saSualebis) Sesabamisad turebi SeiZleba iyos individualuri da jgufuri.
individualuri turi aZlevs turists ufro met Tavisuflebasa da
damoukideblobas, Tumca is SedarebiT Zviria, ramdenadac iseTi momsaxureba,
rogoricaa marSrutsSida transportireba, gidis momsaxureba da rigi sxva
momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, maT unda gadaixadon mTlianad, jgufuri
turebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac es Tanxa nawildeba jgufis wevrebze. aqedan
gamomdinare
individualuri
turi
ar
aris
xelmisawvdomi
masiuri
turistebisaTvis.
amasTan erTad, individualuri mogzaurobis organizeba Zalze Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic moiTxovs kompiuteruli teqnikis gamoyenebas bronirebis, dispeCerizaciis da sxva operaciebisaTvis. sxva mxriv, individualuri
158

turebis organizeba sakmaod momgebiania turistuli kompaniebisaTvis,

ramdenadac iZleva, sakmaod maRal Semosavlebs erT turistze gaangariSebiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, turistuli kompaniebis strategiaSi Tavisi adgili unda
daikavos rogorc jgufurma, aseve individualurma turebma.
jgufuri turebi SedarebiT iafia, xelmisawvdomia masobrivi turizmisaTvis, Tumca jgufuri turebis dros jgufis yoveli monawile unda
daemorCilos jgufuri mogzaurobebis garkveul wesebs.
mimzidveli turistuli produqtis Seqmna turoperatoris upirvelesi
amocanaa. turistuli organizaciebis saqmianobis es sfero uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli sawarmoo procesTan. organizaciis sasaqonlo politika
moiTxovs SeTanxmebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas warmoebasa da realizacias (komercias) Soris, aseve gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic exeba turis
asortiments (variantulobas), momsaxurebis programebsa da turistuli
produqtis raodenobas (masas).
turistuli produqtis Seqmnisas naTeli unda iyos pasuxebi kiTxvebze:
ras iyidis turisti? ramdenadac is fuls ixdis ara sastumroSi cxovrebisaTvis, rac SeiZleba mis qveyanaSi gacilebiT ukeTesia, aramed axali
gancdebisa da siaxleebis gacnobisaTvis; mas ainteresebs ara bivSteqsi an
katleti restoranSi, aramed simyudrove, yuradReba, keTilganwyobili garemo.
amdenad
turistuli
produqtis
Seqmna
iwyeba
misi
msyidvelobiT
(momxmareblobiT) xarisxisa da Tvisebebis, turistisaTvis yvelaze mimzidveli
mxareebis gamovleniT. swored isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad orientirebs
turistuli produqtis momzadebisa da realizaciis dros.
specialistebis mier SemuSavebulia xarisxiani turistuli produqtis
ramodenime ZiriTadi samomxmareblo Tviseba:
dasabuTebuloba
_
e.i.
yvela
tipis
momsaxurebis
miwodeba
ganpirobebuli unda iyos mogzaurobis mizniT da Tanmxlebi
pirobebiT, rac efuZneba turistis moTxovnebs (zedmeti araferia
saWiro!);
saimedooba _ produqtis realuri Sinaarsis Sesabamisoba reklamasTan, informaciis sandooba (ar SeiZleba savaraudo kontigentis
motyueba!);
efeqturoba _ turistis mxridan umciresi
maqsimaluri efeqtis miReba (turisti amas
xedavdes!);

danaxarjebis fasad
unda grZnobdes da

mTlianoba _ produqtis dasrulebuli saxe, misi SesaZlebloba

sruliad daakmayofilos turistis moTxovnilebebi (pasuxi unda iyos
gacemuli TemasTan dakavSirebul yvela SesaZlo kiTxvaze!);
garkveuloba _ produqtis moxmareba, misi mizanmimarTuleba gasagebi
unda iyos rogorc turistis, aseve momsaxure personalisTvis (igi
yvelasaTvis gasageb enaze, `erT enaze~ unda ikiTxebodes!);
159

 simartive eqsploataciis procesSi (saWiroa yvelam zustad icodes

Tavisi adgili da movaleoba);
moqniloba _ produqtisa da mosaxurebis sistemis unari swrafad
moergos momxmareblis gansxvavebul tipebs da ar iyos damokidebuli
momsaxure personalis cvalebadobis procesze (unda musaobdes
`sistema~ da ara `individi~);
sargeblianoba _ unari, emsaxuros erTi an remodenime miznis
miRwevas (mag: dasveneba da Semecneba), daakmayofilos turistis esa
Tu is moTxovnileba.
am Tvisebebis realizaciaze kontrolis uzrunvelyofa _ es pirvel
rigSi, turistis wasvlis Semdeg misi kmayofilobis xarisxis garkvevaa
(gamokiTxva, anketireba da a.S.); xolo kontroli turistuli momsaxurebis
xarisxze iwyeba ukve turistuli produqtis dagegmvis (proeqtirebis) etapze.
specialistebis
aRiarebiT
turistuli
produqtisaTvis
erT-erTi
Seufasebeli Tvisebaa stumarTmoyvareoba. mis gareSe nebismieri, Tundac
srulyofili, turistuli produqti iqneba usaxuri da turisti ver miiRebs
misTvis sasurvel (mosalodnel) kmayofilebas. stumarTmoyvareoba turistul
biznesSi (industriaSi) es aris profesiuli
moTxovnileba, es aris
xelovneba _ agrZnobino adamians rom moxaruli xarT misi xilviT. misi
Semadgeneli nawilebia _ Rirseba, pativiscema, personalis keTilganwyoba. es
mravalmxrivi cnebaa da Sedgeba bevri Semadgeneli faqtorebisagan:
a. xarisxiani informacia rogorc adgilobriv, aseve regionalur
bazarze dasvenebis SesaZleblobis, Semecnebisa da garTobis Sesaxeb;
imis Sesaxeb, rom turistebs elodebian da maT Sesaxvedrad
emzadebian;
b. turistuli adgilis, sawarmos, momsaxure personalis dadebiTi saxis
(imijis) Seqmna potenciuri momxmareblisaTvis (reklama, monawileoba
telegadacemebSi, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba da sxva);
c. momsaxure personalis Ria, daufaravi, Tumca uaRresad koreqtuli
swrafva turistebisadmi yuradRebis gamosavlenad (momsaxurebis
politika deviziT _ yvelaferi klientisaTvis);
d. klientis
Txovnebisa
da
survilebisadmi
damokidebuleba, vinc sTavazobs turistul
kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes TqvenTvis?);

imaTi
yuradRebiani
produqts (proncipi:

e. turistebze zrunva im mizniT, rom momsaxureobis miRebis procesSi

gamartivdes maTi orientaciis unari (turistebisaTvis gasageb enaze
momzadebuli
Sidasafirmo
informacia,
obieqtebze,
romlebic
Setanilia gzamkvlevebsa da bukletebSi)
f. turistebisadmi keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba, rac ayvanili unda
iyos momsaxurebis proncipis rangSi (principi: klienti yovelTvis
marTalia!).
160

yvela es principi unda hqondes dadebuli safuZvlad momsaxurebis

teqnologias, rasac stumarTmoyvareobis industria hqvia. turis organizaciis
teqnologiaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs TviT turistebis damokidebulebas
momsaxure personalisadmi da turistis mier servisisa da momsaxurebis
miRebis (rogorc procesis) fsiqologiuri aRqmis aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas.
es imas niSnavs, rom pirvel rigSi ixileba turistis pirovnuli interesebi
da misdami keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso turizmSi ukve didi xania
damkvidrda turistebisadmi yuradRebis gamovlenis Semdegi normebi:
misasalmebeli (sastarto) suveniri yvela turistisaTvis. am sakiTxSi,
sastumro momsaxurebidan gansxvavebiT, sadac, magidaze dadebuli
yvavili da tkbileulic imave funqciisaa, turebisaTvis arsebobs
suvenirebis sagnobriobis principi, rac mogzaurobis miznidan
gamomdinareobs (biznesmenisaTvis, saqmiani turebis dros es SeiZleba
iyos prospeqtebi, sasuveniro nimuSebi, vimpelebi maTTvis saintereso
saqonelze, folkloristebisaTvis - erovnuli xasiaTis suvenirebi);
sasurvelia am procesSi (misalmeba, suvenirebis gadacema), romelic
erTnairi warmatebiT SeiZleba daigegmos rogorc turis dasawyisSi,
aseve
finiSze,
monawileobas
iRebdnen
mimRebi
turkompaniis
administraciis xelmZRvanelebi, da rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania,
aseTi Sexvedris Sesaxeb winaswar iyos informirebuli turistuli
jgufis TiToeuli wevri.
turis damTavreebis Semdeg turistebisaTvis specialurad momzadebuli diplomebis, sigelebis, samkerde niSnebis gadacema gavlil
marSrutTan
dakavSirebiT
(megobrul
vaxSamze,
romliTac
damtavrdeba programa, SesaZlebelia anonimuri anketirebac Catardes
da asec iyos ganxiluli turis rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri
aspeqtebi);
turistebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos
bukletebi,
gzamkvlevebi
da
cnobarebi,
adgilTan aris dakavSirebuli;

sareklamo
romlebic

furclebi,
dasvenebis

mogzaurobis
erT-erT
pirvel
dRes
(sasurvelia
sastumroSi
dabinavebis saRamos; aseve sasurvelia am Sexvedras eswrebodes
kompaniis administraciis warmomadgeneli) unda moewyos jgufis
Sexvedra gidTan da miiRon sruli informacia ZiriTadi da
damatebiTi momsaxurebis, programaSi Sesuli SesaZlo cvlilebebis
(`fors-maJori~) Sesaxeb. kargia rodesac aseT informacias Tan
axlavs videomasala
yvelaferi es, turistebisadmi stumarTmoyvrulad, e. i. mimzidvelad
gamoiyureba.
momsaxurebis organizaciisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas e.w.
`gaTavisuflebis proncipi~. e. i. klienti ganTavisuflebuli unda iyos yvela
161

arasasiamovno procesisagan (momabezrebeli organizaciuli zrunva, samgzavro

bileTebis SekveTa, Teatraluri da sakoncerto bileTebis SekveTa,
momsaxurebis rigSi dgoma da a. S) yvelaferi rac programiT (ZiriTadi da
damatebiTi) ekuTvnis, turistma unda miiRos sastumroSi (sasurvelia paketSi
sxva informaciasTan erTad da a.S.).
momsaxurebis optimaluroba aseTive mniSvnelovani samomxmareblo
Tvisebaa. mas aqvs uSualo damokidebuleba stumarTmoyvareobasTan rac
gulisxmobs:
momsaxurebis yvela saxis erTi donisaTvis (klasi) Sesabamisobas;
yvela momsaxurebis turis TematikasTan Sesabamisobas;
turis momxmarebelTa gansazRvrul miznobriv jgufze mimarTebas;
momsaxurebis programis winaswar SeTanxmebas;
programis moqnilobas (nebismieri momsaxurebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba);
momsaxurebis racionalur
raodenobasTan;

Sinaarss

momsaxurebaSi tendenciurobis
unda abezrebdes);

SeTavazebuli

ararsebobas

momsaxurebis

(momsaxureba

Tavs

ar

yvela es principi gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas jer kidev turistuli

produqtis SemuSavebis procesSi. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom arasworad
momzadebuli produqti araTu ar sargeblobs moTxovnilebiT, aramed
SesaZlebelia organizaciam dakargos potenciuri klientebic. dReisaTvis
turistul bazarze arsebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi, es Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtoria

taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

ra aris individualuri turi?

ra aris jgufuri turi?
daasaxeleT turistuli produqciis ZiriTadi samomxmareblo Tvisebebi
162
da daaxasiaTeT isini.

1.5 turoperatorisaTvis saWiro informacia (Tavmoyra-analizi)

TqvenTvis
ukve
gasagebia,
rom
turoperatori,
es
erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi
figuraa
ara
mxolod
konkretuli
turistuli
kompaniisaTvis,
aramed
turizmis,
rogorc
dargis
ganvitarebisaTvis,
ramdenadac swored turoperatoris amocanaa, manam sanam turistuli
marSrutis, turistuli paketis formirebaze daiwyebs fiqrs, Seiswavlos da
gaaanalizos yvelaferi is, rasac SeiZleba turistul-rekreaciuli resursi
vuwodoT; anu yvelaferi is, riTac SesaZlebelia dainteresdes sxvadasxva
asakisa da socialuri fenis, kulturisa da ganaTlebis, religiuri mrwamsisa
da saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli; is, rac SesaZlebelia efeqturad SeeTavazos
potenciur `klients~ da raSic SesaZlebeli iqneba man fuli gadaixados
(rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve damatebiTi momsaxurebis formatSi).
turoperatorma rom es SeZlos da turistul bazars maRalefeqturi
turistuli produqti moumzados, kidev ufro `farTod unda gaixedos~, vidre
sakuTari turistuli kompaniis sazRvrebi da Tavi mouyaros misTvis (misi
profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis) aucilebel sakmaod bevr informacias. ra Tqma
unda es nel-nela, gamocdilebis dagrovebis xarjze xdeba, magram swori
orientaciisaTvis
modiT
ganvixiloT
konkretuli
sakiTxi:
turizmi
adgilobriv doneze.
specialistebisaTis kargad aris cnobili (Tqvenc male daeuflebiT
aucilebel da saWiro informaciasac da gamoimuSavebT unar-Cvevebs), rom
turizmi adgilobriv doneze unda ganviTardes saerTaSoriso, regionuli (am
SemTxvevaSi `regionis~ qveS igulisxmeba mag. : evropa aRmosavleTi,
centraluri, axlo aRmosavleTi, kavkasia da a.S.), nacionaluri/saxelmwifo da
163

Sida regionuli (Tu saxelmwifos am tipis diferencireba aqvs. mag.

saqarTvelo: kaxeTi, imereTi, samegrelo-svaneTi da a.S.) turizmis realuri
mdgomareobisa da ganviTarebis tendeciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cnobilia isic,
rom saerTaSoriso, regionul da nacionalur doneze isazRvreba politika,
ganviTarebis gegmebi da problemebi, kanonebi da wesebi, agreTve marketingis
strategia, radgan yvela es faqtori mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens
turizmis ganviTarebaze.
rac Seexeba adgilobriv doneze turizmis ganviTarebis dagegmvis
potenciuri SesaZleblobebis Sefasebebs da sxva informacias, migvaCnia, rom
es swored is masalaa, rac Tqveni, rogorc momavali turoperatoris,
upirvelesi yuradRebis sagani unda iyos; aRniSnuli samuSaoebis erT-erTi
upirvelesi Sedegia is, rom pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvas:
_ ra saWiro komponentebi unda arsebobdes konkretul teritoriaze turizmis

ganviTarebisaTvis?
swored es aris is aucilebeli informacia (ra Tqma unda strategiebisa
da Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis aucilebel codnasTan erTad!), risi
mopovebisa da seriozuli analizis gareSec warmoudgenelia turoperatoris
kompetenturobaze, anu Seqmnili turproduqtis xarisxze visaubroT, radgan
es komponentebia:
1. RirSesaniSnaobebi da Tavisufali drois gatarebis formebi _ sanaxavi adgilebi da is, riTac SeiZleba turisti gaerTos adgilze
yofnis dros;
2. miRebisa da momsaxurebis infrastruqtura _ dabinavebisa da kvebis
adgilebi;
3. satransporto infrastruqtura da momsaxureba _ sabazo adgilamde
Casvlisa da Sida teritoriaze gadaadgilebis saSualeba;
4. adgilobrivi sainJinro-teqnikuri infrastruqtura _ wyalmomarageba,
eleqtrogayvaniloba,
komunikacia,
kanalizacia
da
myari
sayofacxovrebo narCenebis marTva;
5. mogzaurobebis organizeba _ turoperatorebi, turagentebi da gidebi;
6. turistuli produqciis win wamoweva da turistuli informaciis
samsaxuris arseboba _ informacia turistebisaTvis imaze, Tu ra
SeuZliaT naxon da akeTon maT konkretul adgilze yofnis dros.
turizmis, rogorc saxelmwifos (regionaluri/adgilobrivi) ganviTarebis
prioritetis,
gansazRvrisaTvis,
imisaTvis,
rom
safuZvlianad
CamoayaliboT konkretuli turistuli kompaniis konkretuli turistuli
programis Sinaarsi (turoperatoris umTavresi movaleoba) pirvel rigSi
saWiroa kolegebTan erTad ganixiloT Semdegi sakiTxebi:
-

arsebobs Tu ara am regionSi/raionSi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis

saWiro resursebi;

arsebobs Tu ara Sesabamisi turistuli bazari, romelzec SeiZleba

gasvla;
164

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebis misaRwevad esaWiroeba Tu ara

regions/raions turizmis ganviTareba (ipoviT Tu ara Tqvens adgils
konkretul regionSi?);

aris Tu ara saWiro SromiTi resursebi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis,

damatebiTi SromiTi resursebis Semoyvanis gareSe (SegeZlebaT Tu
ara gamoiyenoT e.w. adgilobrivi kadrebi);

gamarTlebulia
Tu
ara
danaxarjebi
satransporto,
kulturuli da sxva infarastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis;

SesaZlebelia Tu ara konkurentebis gamoCena arsebuli an SesaZlo

turistuli proeqtebidan mezobel regionebSi/raionebSi.

sagzao,

turizmis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan komponents, turistebTan erTad,

warmoadgens arsebuli turistuli industria. amasTan, arsebobs rigi sxva
aspeqtebisa, romlebic aseve mniSvnelovania da romelTa ganxilva
etapobrivad mogiwevT. zogadi ganmartebiT _ imisaTvis, rom turizmma
realuri ekonomikuri mogeba moutanos Tqvens kompanias, man unda
uzrunvelyos adgilze mcxovrebi da momuSave xalxis cxovrebis donisa da
garemomcveli samyaros xarisxis amaRleba (aucilebelia Tqvens garSemo,
Tqveni saqmianobis mimarT keTili damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba).

165

Tavi II. momxmarebelTa momsaxureba

; ,
. -
!

II.1 momsaxurebis klasi

momsaxurebis klasi gamoiyeneba SeTavazebuli mosaxurebis xarisxis
aRsaniSnavad. imis gamo, rom turistuli produqti aris kompleqsuri (Sedgeba
sxvadsxva momsaxurebisagan), da amasTan erTad aqvs Tavisi gansxvavebuli Sida
gradacia (sastumro, transporti, kveba da a. S.), gayidvisas turistis winaSe
Cndeba problema SemoTavazebuli (Sesabamisad realizebuli) produqtis
xarisxTan dakavSirebiT. turebisa da momsaxurebis programebis klasis
dasadgeni normatiuli standartebi ar arsebobs rogorc CvenTan, aseve
saerTaSoriso
bazarze.
amis
gamo
turoperatorebi
da
turagentebi
turistuli produqtis bazarze gatanisa da gayidvisas turis momsaxurebis
dones pirobiTad aRniSnaven Semdegi kategoriebiT: `luqsi~, pirveli klasi,
turistuli klasi, ekonomikuri klasi.
klasi `luqsi~ aRniSnuli klasis turis organizebisas, rogorc wesi,
iTvaliswineben yvelaze maRali klasis momsaxurebas. xuTvarskvlaviani
sastumroebi da feSenebeluri (kategoriis armqone) motelebi, gadafrenebi
pirveli klasiT an biznes-aviaciis TviTmfrinavebiT, kveba feSeneblur restornebSi, aucilebeli momsaxurebiT, `luqsi~ klasis manqanebze individualuri transferi (`limuzin-servisi~), gidis individualuri momsaxureba
da a.S. aseTi tipis turebis SeTavazeba xdeba rogorc VIP-momsaxureba.
pirveli klasi esec sakmaod maRali donis momsaxurebaa, 4-5 varskvlaviani sastumroTi, gadafrena biznes-klasiT, kargi samzareulo da
asortimentis farTo arCevani, SesaZlebelia `Sveduri magidis~ varianti,
individuluri transferi, gidis kuratoroba.
turistuli klasi momsaxurebis yvelaze masiuri varianti, romelic
iTvaliswinebs ganTavsebas 2-3 varskvlavian sastumroSi (damokidebulia qveyanaze), regulirebuli aviareisis ekonomklasiT mgzavroba (dasaSvebia
Carteri), kveba `Sveduri magidis~ sistemiT, jgufuri transferi (turistebs
xvdeba avtobusi, romelsac gadahyavs sastumroSi).
ekonomikuri klasi es momsaxurebis yvelaze iafi formaa. rogorc
wesi am klasiT sargebloben studentebi da dabali SeZlebis adamianebi. aRniSnuli programa iTvaliswinebs minimalur da ara maRalxarisxovan momsaxurebas. ganTavseba 1-2 varskvlavian sastumroSi, saerTo sacxovreblebSi,
patara kerZo da kooperatiul sastumroebSi, sadac servisi TviTmomsaxurebis
donezea, kveba SeiZleba saerTod ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, SeiZleba
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sauzme `Sveduri magidis~ tipze standartuli
166

evropuli meniuTi; gadafrenebi, rogorc wesi, Carteruli reisebiT; Sexvedra

da gacileba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sazogadoebrivi transportiT. erTi
sityviT yvelaferi ekonomiurad da iafad. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom iafi sulac ar niSnavs uxarisxos.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvela es dayofa pirobiTi xasiaTisaa da xSir
SemTxvevaSi ganxvavdebian erovnuli xasiaTidan da Cvevebidan gamomdinare.
nebismier
SemTxvevaSi,
turis
yidvis
dros,
aucilebelia
nebismieri
momsaxurebisa da misi konkretuli Sinaarsis dazusteba.

II.2 momsaxurebis paketi

kompleqsuri momsaxureba moicavs turistuli servisis nakrebs (turpaketi). momsaxureba turizmSi sxvadasxvagvaria: ganTavseba, kveba, gadayvana,
saeqskursio, dasvenebiT-gasarTobi da sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba, sportuli
da sakurorto programebi, turistuli mogzauroba da mravali sxva.
turistul praqtikaSi moqmedebs (miRebulia) cneba ZiriTadi da damatebiTi momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. ra gansxvaveba maT Soris? samomxmareblo Tvisebebidan gamomdinare maT Soris raime proncipuli sxvaoba ar aris. magaliTad, Tu eqskursia Sedis programaSi da turists misi Rirebuleba gadaxdili aqvs, igi ZiriTadi momsaxurebaa, xolo Tu igive eqskursia programaSi
ar iyo, magram turistma moiTxova da gadaixada misi Rirebuleba, igi damatebiTi momsaxurebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvaveba ZiriTad da damatebiT
momsaxurebas Soris mdgomareobs maT damokidebulebaSi sastartod SeZenil
turpaketTan.
ZiriTadi turistuli poduqti Cvens sinamdvileSi aris kompleqsuri
momsaxureba, anu momsaxurebis standartuli nakrebi, romelsac turisti
yidulobs erT `paketSi~.
momsaxurebis paketi (turpaketi) es aris turoperatoris mier Seqmnili turistuli produqti, romelic Sedgeba momsaxurebaTa garkveuli nakrebisagan: gadayvan, ganTavseba, kveba, eqskursiebi da a.S. turistebisaTvis
momsaxurebis paketi yalibdeba mogzaurobis miznidan da dasvenebis turistis
mier SerCeuli saxis mixedviT, misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
turisa da misi paketis formirebisas SesaZlebelia turistebTan
muSaobis 2 varianti: a) SekveTili turebis formireba-realizacia da b)
inkluziv-turebis formireba-realizacia.

SekveTili turi SekveTili turis gayidvisas programis formireba da

momsaxurebis Semadgenlobis (saxeebis) kompleqtacia warmoebs turistis
surviliT da uSualo monawileobiT. mas sTavazoben asarCevad momsaxurebis
sxvadasxva saxes im servisebidan, romelic gaaCnia dasvenebisaTvis (mogzaurobisaTvis) SerCeul adgils:
ganTavseba _ sxvadasxvagvari adgilmdebareobis, tipis, donisa da a.S.
Sesabamisad;
167

 kveba _ sxvadasxva varianti (sruli, an naxevradpansioni, an kvebis

gareSe), `Sveduri magida~ an `a la karti~ momsaxurebiT da a.S.;
saeqskursio,
mixedviT;

dasasvenebel-gasarTobi

RonisZiebebi

SerCevis

satransporto momsaxureba _ aviareisebis, sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo mgzavrobis variantebi;

sportuli da sakurorto momsaxureba _ aseTi programebis arCevanis
SesaZlebloba an trekingis, samTo gasvlebis SesaZlebloba;
savizo da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sadazRvevo momsaxureba da a.S.
rogorc iyo aRniSnuli, turisti TviTon monawileobs Tavisi dasvenebisa Tu mogzaurobis programebis SedgenaSi. turistis mier SerCeuli
momsaxurebebi ikribeba turis programad, isazRvreba misi fasi, rasac
turisti ixdis paketis SeZenisas.
rogorc wesi, aseTi SekveTebi formdeba saagentoebSi da Semdeg xvdeba
realizaciisaTvis
turoperatorTan.
SekveTebis
maRalxarisxovani
da
operatiuli Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT dReisaTvis saerTaSoriso
turizmSi farTod gamoiyeneba kompiuteruli teqnikis SesaZleblobebi, romlis momxmareblebi arian msoflios turistuli (saagento da operatoruli)
kompaniebi. saerTaSoriso turizmSi aqtiurad iyeneben kompiuterisa da faqsis
SesaZleblobebs, romelTa daxmarebiT operatiulad (1-1.5 saaTSi) SesaZlebelia nebismieri paketis formireba, fasis Camoyalibeba da savaWro garigebis
gaformeba (es yvelaferi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu receptiul turoperators,
rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze SeZenili aqvs
yvela is servisebi, romlebzec aris, an SeiZleba iyos moTxovnebi).

inkluziv turi (IT). es aris winaswar, klientTan Sexvedramde, dagegmili

da
Camoyalibebuli
momsaxurebis
nakrebi,
romelic
orientirebulia
dasvenebis an turizmis konkretul saxeobaze, aseve turistTa garkveul
socialur da asakobriv jgufze. yvelaze popularul inkluziv-turebs warmoadgens samarSruto turebi, rodesac jgufi avtobusiT mogzaurobs
ramodenime qalaqSi an qveyanaSi. aseTi turis momzadebisa da Catarebis
Tavisebureba (yvelasaTvis erTiani programa, zusti da mkacri grafiki) ar
iZleva saSualebas, rom is iyos SekveTili. inkluzivebia aseve sakruize, hobturebi da a.S.
inkluziv turis realizaciisas misi momsaxurebebis Semadgenloba ar
icvleba. klientma igi unda iyidos mTlianad, an ar iyidos saerTod.
inkluziv turiebis Rirebulebis udides nawils Seadgens transportirebisa da ganTavsebis xarjebi, SedarebiT naklebs kveba. danarCeni momsaxurebebis, maT Soris saeqskursio, xarjebi Seadgenen mTeli Rirebulebis
mcire nawils.
inkluziv turebi iZleva saSualebas moxdes specialuri saaviacio
tarifebis gaangariSeba, romlebsac aviakompaniebi aZleven turkompaniebs
168

swored am turebisaTvis. inkluziv turi turistuli tarifisaTvis, sahaero

transportis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (IATA) moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, unda
Seicavdes sul mcire sam momsaxurebas: aviagadafrenebi, sastumroebSi
ganTavseba mTel marSrutze da kidev erTi, nebismieri damatebiTi momsaxureba
(eqskursia, avtotransportis arenda da a.S.).
miuxedavad aseT turebze moTxovnebis meryeobisa, maT mainc aqvT garkveuli `rezervi~ Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis:
kompleqsuri mogzauroba mTlianad Rirs ufro iafi, vidre calkcalke nayidi momsaxurebaTa nakrebi;
tursaagentosaTvis iolia klientisaTvis rekomendaciebis
libeba, ramdenadac programa da fasebi winaswar cnobilia;

Camoya-

metia SesaZlebloba aCveno Seni produqtis mimzidveloba.

inkluziv-turis uaryofiT mxareebs (naklovanebebs) miekuTvneba:
turis SemadgenlobaSi iseTi momsaxurebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba,
romelic ar ainteresebs calkeul klients;
programebis zedmeti gadatvirTva (im motiviT, rom misaRebi iyos
bevrisaTvis);
aseTi produqtis reklama izidavs ara yvelas, aramed klientebis
garkveul kategorias.
Taviseburi problemebiT xasiaTdeba operatoris saqmianoba SekveTili
turebis formirebisa da Semdeg maTi realizaciis procesSi.
SekveTili
turebis
organizebaze
orientirebis
SemTxvevaSi
turoperators
aucileblad
esaWiroeba
mudmivad
hqondes
garkveuli
adgilebis kvotebi sastumroebSi (konkretuli SekveTis gareSe), garTobadasvenebis sxva obieqtebze (aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
tipis/moTxovnilebebis
mqone
klientebis
survilebis
adeqvaturi
dakmayofileba). gayidvebis dros SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva tipis SekveTebis
(survilebi) warmoSoba. mas uxdeba muSaoba turistebTan, romlebic
ganTavsebulni arian sxvadasxva sastumroSi. gacilebiT iolia movaTavsoT
isini erTad da amiT gavaioloT momsaxurebis organizacia rogorc
inkluzivis SemTxvevaSi.
turistul bazarze ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi momxdar
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc turistuli konveiridan (konveiruli momsaxurebidan) diferencirebul momsaxurebaze gadasvla, SeimCneva SekveTili turebis wilis zrda inkluzivturebTan mimarTebaSi. firmebi iZulebuli arian gaiTvaliswinon turistebis
fsiqologia, romlebic yovelTvis aRweven momsaxurebis SerCevaSi Tavisuflebis maqsimums: es aisaxeba aseve SekveTil da inkluziv turebSi momsaxurebaTa raodenobis Semcirebis evoluciur tendenciaze. turistul
kompaniebs am Semcirebebisaken ubiZgebs konkurentuli brZolac da survilic
_ gavidnen bazarze rac SeiZleba iafi produqtiT. faqtiurad, programidan
169

garkveuli servisebis moxsnis safasurad iqmneba SedarebiTi siiafis iluzia.

magaliTisaTvis, Zalze bevri kompaniebi maT mier SeTavazebul turebSi
toveben mxolod inkluziv-turisadmi wayenebuli saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis
minimums (3 servisi) gadafrena, sastumroSi ganTavseba mTel marSrutze da
transferi aeroportSi da ukan. sxva danarCen saWiro momsaxurebebs
turistebi yiduloben ukve adgilze damatebiTi gadasaxadebis xarjze.
rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, yvela turistuli mogzauroba xorcieldeba jgufur, an individualur safuZvelze, turistis xasiaTidan da
biujetidan, aseve turis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare. individualuri
mogzauroba (rogorc wesi, es SekveTili turia) turists aniWebs did
Tavisuflebasa da damoukideblobas, Tumca Zviria. jgufuri mogzauroba
(ufro xSirad inkluziv-turi) ufro iafi da xelmisawvdomia masiuri turizmisaTvis, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, yoveli monawile unda daemorCilos erTian
sqemas da wess.
SekveTili, individualuri turebis organizacia, rogorc ukve iyo
aRniSnuli, Zalze Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic moiTxovs kompiuteruli
sistemebis gamoyenebas bronirebis, dispeCerizaciis, gaangariSebebisa da sxva
operaciebis
dros.
SekveTili
individualuri
turi,
ekonomikuri
TvalTaxedviT, firmisaTvis momgebiania, ramdenadac iZleva met Semosavals
erT
turistze
gaangariSebiT.
Sesabamisad,
saqarTveloSi
turizmis
ganviTarebis strategiis formirebisas, unda ganisazRvros individualuri
turizmis adgili da Catardes am kuTxiT Sesabamisi kvleviTi samuSaoebi,
damuSavdes adeqvaturi turistuli produqti.
paket-turi (tur-paketi)
SeeTavazebaT individualuri
liswinebulia momxmarebelTa
garda, Sedis ganTavseba, gidis

_ es aris momsaxurebis kompleqsi, romelic

an jgufuri turis dros, romelic gaTvafarTo wreze da romelSic, transportirebis
momsaxureba, kveba da sxva.

turpaketis formirebaze moqmedi faqtorebia:

mocemul marSrutze mogzaurobis moTxovnis arseboba;
materialuri bazis, infrastruqturisa da momsaxurebis SesaZleblobaTa arseboba;
avia da sxva satransporto kompaniebTan urTierToba;
gamgzavn da mimReb qveynebs Soris urTierToba;
urTierToba partnior
momwodeblebTan);

turistul

organizaciebTan

(servisebis

mimReb qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis done;

mimReb qveyanaSi politikuri stabiluroba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom politikuri stabilurobis momenti Zalze sayuradReboa turoperatorisaTvis strategiis gamomuSavebis procesSi. cnobilia
araerTi faqti, rodesac swored am mizezis gamo mkveTrad daeca turistebis
170

odenoba
sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi.
Sesabamisad
seriozulad
izarales
turoperatorebma, romlebmac ver SeZles pereorientireba. Tumca unda
aRiniSnos, rom stabilurobis miRwevisTanave mdgomareoba kvlav swordeba. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba qveynebs Tbili klimatiTa da misaRebi fasebiT.
turpaketis fasi. turistuli paketis warmatebis safuZveli _ fasia,
romliTac esa Tu is turi eTavazeba bazars. faswarmoqmnaSi yvelaze
mobilurebi arian specializirebuli turoperatorebi, romlebsac aqvT
erTaderTi, garkveuli gagebiT unikaluri, turpaketi. isini paketis fass
gansazRvraven momsaxurebis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebiT, romelsac emateba
sxva xarjebis saangariSo sidide da mogebis garkveuli procenti.
masiuri
bazris
turoperatorebi
ZiriTadad
orientirebuli
(damokidebuli) arian konkurentebis fasze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
fasebi iklebs (e.w. `mkvdari sezoni~).
turpaketis fasis gansazRvrisas, turoperatorebi iTvaliswineben
bazris lideris fasebs. msxvili turoperatorebi amcireben xarjebs da amiT
ar aZleven Sanss Tavis konkurentebs warmatebas miaRwion faswarmoebaSi.
faswarmoqmnaSi yvelaze metad gamoyenebuli meTodia fasebis xarjebze
orientireba, anu iangariSeba turis TviTRirebuleba da emateba mogebis wili.
mogebis procenti, romelic ideba turpaketis fasSi sxva xarjebis
(fondebSi gadaricxvebis, saxelfaso fondis) dasafarad da sufTa mogebis
misaRebad, meryeobs 15-30% Soris. ar SeiZleba dagvaviwydes turizmSi fasebis
gaangariSebisas rigi Taviseburebebi. magaliTad, Tu sezonur programaSi
garkveuli adgilisaTvis gamoyenebulia xangrZlivvadiani Carteruli reisebis
seria, sastumroSi ganTavsebis principi `book to back~ (`jgufi gavida - jgufi
Sevida~, dRe ar ikargeba), xarjebi iangariSeba garkveuli adgilebis
dasajdomi adgilebis mqone, garkveuli tipis TviTmfrinavis raRac `N~
raodenobis gafrenebiT, rasac emateba TiTo carieli frena sezonis TavSi da
boloSi (es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac gansazRvrulia bazari, aris kontigenti,
gaformebulia xelSekrulebebi da saWiroa gegmazomieri transportireba). es
aris sezonuri Carteruli programis sruli xarjebi. is iyofa Semosvlebis
raodenobebze _ es aris erTi frenis fasi, romelic Sedis paket-turis fasSi.
amasTan, turoperatorebi, fasis xarjviTi meTodiT gaangariSebisas,
rodesac iyeneben marketigis monacemebs, orientirs akeTeben saSualo sabazro
fasebze. es aris konkurenciis pirobebSi gadarCenis aucilebeli instrumenti.
turizmSi fasebi asaxaven moTxovnebis cvalebadobas wlis sxvadasxva
periodSi, rodesac xarjebi da Semosavlebi ganawilebulia araTanabrad.
fasebi klebulobs e.w. `mkvdari sezonis~ periodSi da imatebs pikis dros. es
aris gavrcelebuli movlena SedarebiT nakleb specializirebul operatorTa
Sorisac, romlebic iyeneben faswarmoqmnis naklebad rTul teqnikas mogebis
miRebisaTvis.
faswarmoqmnis strategia ganviTarebis stadiaSia, gansakuTrebiT paketturebis, rogorc yvelaze masiuri produqtis, formirebisas. maTi fasi
171

SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos ara mxolod turistuli momsaxurebis bazris

mdgomareobaze, an konkurenti operatorebis fasebze, aramed sxva turebis
fasebzec.
taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

ra aris momsaxurebis klas(eb)i?

rogori klasebi gamoiyeneba turopereitingSi momsaxurebis donis aRsaniSnavad?
daaxasiaTeT isini.
ra aris ZiriTadi da damatebiTi momsaxureba? riT gansxvavdebian isini?
ganmarteT _ ras niSnavs `momsaxurebis paketi~.
raSi mdgomareobs SekveTili da inkluziv turebis upiratesoba da nakli?
rogori jgufuri mogzauroba gvxvdeba _ SekveTili Tu inkluzivi?
ganmarteT cneba `turistuli paketi~ da daasaxeleT mis dakompleqtebaze moqmedi
faqtorebi.
rogor isazRvreba turpaketis fasi?
daasaxeleT turizmSi faswarmoqmnaze moqmedi faqtorebi.

2. SegiZlia Tu ara codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba?

SearCieT ori turoperatoruli kompania (profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, ar
aris cudi, Tu erTxel SearCevT 2-3 kompanias da mere maT masalaze
regularulad imuSavebT iqneb xval am kompaniaSi moxvdeT?), aiReT maTi
sareklamo masalebi (nabeWdi, internetSi) da gamoyaviT maT Soris inkluziv
turebi.
-

daasabuTeT Tqveni aseTi (turebis Sesaxeb) gadawyvetileba!

Sesabamisi inkluziv turisaTvis Seadgine ZiriTad momsaxurebaTa nusxa da

Semdeg
SesaZlo
(realobasTan
maqsimalurad
miaxloebuli)
damatebiTi
momsaxurebebis CamonaTvali.

Tavi III. marSrutebis daproeqteba

: , ,
,
( - ) .

III.1 turis proeqtireba

turis proeqtireba gulisxmobs im organizaciis SesaZleblobaTa
Tavsebadobas turistebis moTxovnilebebTan, vinc axorcielebs turis
dagegmvas. samwuxarod CvenTan (saqarTveloSi) es procesi jer kidev ar aris
standartizirebuli saxelmwifos mier.
saproeqto dokumentacia unda Seicavdes moTxovnebs usafrTxoebis
Sesaxeb, romelic uzrunvelyofilia kanoniT `momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis Sesaxeb~, turistis sicocxlis, janmrTelobisa da qonebis, aseve
garemos dacvis Sesaxeb.
172

momsaxurebis proeqtirebis safuZvels warmoadgens misi verbaluri

modeli (mokle aRwera) _ SemkveTTan SeTanxmebuli moTxovnebis nakrebi,
romelic momsaxurebis bazris analiziT aris gamovlenili da momsaxurebis
Semsruleblis SesaZleblobebi.
momsaxurebis maxasiaTeblebi unda Seesabamebodes am momsaxurebaze
arsebul saxelmwifo standartebs. proeqtSi CarTuli unda iyos konkretuli
moTxovnilebebi momsaxurebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasTan, momxmareblisa da misi qonebis riskebis minimizaciasTan, momsaxure personalTan da
garemomcvel bunebriv garemosTan dakavSirebiT.
dokumentacia, romelic asaxavs turistisadmi gasawevi nebismieri momsaxurebisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs, unda Seicavdes:
turistebis momsaxurebis procesis, formisa da meTodis aRweras;
turistis momsaxurebis procesis daxasiaTebas;
gamoyenebuli mowyobilobebis tipebis, raodenobisa da gamtarunarianobis moTxovnebs;
personalis garkveul raodenobas da maT profesiul dones;
momsaxurebis xelSekrulebiT uzrunvelyofas;
turistebis momsaxurebis garantiebs;
SeTanxmebebs rekreaciuli resursebis mepatroneebTan, sanitarulepidemiologiuri kontrolis samsaxurTan, saxanZro kontrolTan da
sxva.
turistebis momsaxurebisadmi konkretuli moTxovnebi unda Seesabamebodnen analogiur saxelmwifo standartebsa da normatiul dokumentebs.
turistebis momsaxurebis procesis proeqtireba xorcieldeba momsaxurebis SeTavazebis calkeuli etapebis Sesabamisad da TiToeuli maTganisaTvis teqnologiuri rukebis aucilebeli Sedgenis moTxovniT. turistuli
momsaxurebis
proeqtirebis
Sedegi
aris
teqnologiuri
dokumentacia
(teqnologiuri ruka, instruqcia, wesi, reglamenti).
momsaxurebis `turistuli mogzauroba~ proeqtireba iTvaliswinebs or
etaps:
1. momsaxurebaSi `turistuli mogzauroba~ CarTuli TiToeuli turis
proeqtirebas turistebis momsaxurebis programis Sesabamisad;
2. momsaxurebis `turistuli mogzauroba~ proeqtireba mTlianad.
momxmareblis moTxovnis Sesabamisad momsaxurebis proeqtirebis dros
aucileblad unda iqnas gaTvaliswunebuli momsaxurebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobebi.
momsaxurebis `turistuli mogzauroba~ mokle aRwera keTdeba mosaxleobis moTxovnisa da gadaxdisunarianobis, turistuli mogzaurobis
saxeobaze moTxovnilebis Seswavlis da konkretul regionSi rekreaciuli
173

resursebis SesaZleblobaTa analizis safuZvelze. isini konkretdebian

proeqtSi _ turistebis momsaxurebis programa. programis Sedgenisas unda
ganisazRvros:
mogzaurobis marSruti;
momsaxurebis Semsrulebeli turistuli organizaciebis CamonaTvali;
momsaxurebis
Semsrulebeli
yoveli
turistuli
konkretuli momsaxurebis SeTavazebis periodi (dro);

organizaciis

eqskursiebisa da RirsSesaniSnavi obieqtebis nusxa;

turistuli gasvlebisa da gaseirnebebis CamonaTvali;
dasvenebiTi xasiaTis RonisZiebebis kompleqsi;
marSrutis yovel punqtSi yofnis xangrZlivoba;
mogzaurobaSi monawile turistebis raodenoba;
Sida gadazidvebisas gamoyenebuli transportis saxeoba;
gidebze, eqskursiamZRolebze, sazRvargareTel warmomadgenlebze,
instruqtorebze da Tarjimanze moTxovna, aseve moTxovna maT
momzadebaze;
satransporto saSualebebis saWiro raodenoba;
sareklamo, sainformacio masalebis momzadebis Tanmimdevroba,
turistuli sagzurebisaTvis gamoyenebuli mogzaurobis aRweris
Semcveli furclebis forma da raodenoba.
turis
dokumentebi:

proeqtirebis

Sedegi

aris

sworad

Sedgenili

Semdegi

a. turistuli mogzaurobis teqnologiuri ruqa (ix. danarTi #1);

b. momsaxurebis
danarTi #2);

momwodebeli

organizaciis

datvirTvis

grafiki

(ix.

c. turistuli sagzuris sainformacio furceli (ix. danarTi #3);

d. turistebis momsaxurebis programebi.
saxelmwifo standartebis Sesabamisad, turistuli momsaxurebisadmi
wayenebuli saerTo moTxovnebi iyofa 2 jgufad: savaldebulo da
sarekomendacio.

savaldebulo _ sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis usafrTxoeba, turistebis qonebis dacva da garemomcveli samyaros dacva;

rekomendirebuli _ daniSnulebisadmi Sesabamisoba, Sesrulebis sizuste

da
drouloba,
kompleqsuroba,
momsaxure
komfortuloba, esTetiuroba, ergonomiuloba.

personalis

eTikuroba,

ramdenadac savaldebulo moTxovnebis Sinaarsi principulad gasagebia,

ganvmartoT rekomendirebuli moTxovnebis Sinaarsi:
174

daniSnulebisadmi

Sesabamisoba

_
turistuli
momsaxureba
unda
Seesabamebodes im momxmareblis molodinsa da fizikur SesaZleblobebs,
visTvisacaa gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxureba aq gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo is
garemoebaa, rom Cveni Sida bazari saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs unarSezRuduli
kategoriis SesaZleblobebsa da pirobebs;

Sesrulebis sizuste da drouloba _ momxmareblisadmi SeTavazebuli

momsaxureba moculobis, vadebisa da momsaxurebis pirobebis Sesabamisad unda
Seesatyvisebodes im moTxovnebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia sagzuriT,
bileTiT, qviTriT da a.S.;

kompleqsuroba

_
turistuli
momsaxurebis
SeTavazeba
unda
uzrunvelyofdes imis SesaZleblobas, rom miRebuli iqnas ara mxolod
ZiriTadi, aramed damatebiTi momsaxurebac (sayofacxovrebo, kavSirgabmuloba,
savaWro da a.S.), rac saerTo jamSi qmnis momxmareblis sasicocxlo
interesebis
normalur
pirobebs
(Sesabamisad
gasaTvaliswinebelia
am
infrastruqturis mdgomareoba mogzaurobis mTel marSrutze turistma
winaswar unda icodes sad ra iqneba SesaZlebeli);

momsaxure personalis eTikuroba _ momsaxure personali unda icavdes

qcevis eTikur normebs. momxmarebeli uzrunvelyofili unda iyos personalis
yuradRebiT, keTilganwyobiT da komunikabelurobiT;

komfortuloba _ turistuli momsaxureba unda SeeTavazos komfortul

pirobebSi,
rac
iqmneba
momxmareblisaTvis
(sastumros
mosaxerxebeli
gegmareba, racionaluri mowyobiloba, mopirkeTeba, aRWurva da a.S.). Cvens
realobaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs satrnsporto saSualebebis
marSrutis Sesabamisad SerCevis sakiTxi;

esTetiuroba _ Senobis, turistuli organizaciis teritoriis mxatvruli gadawyveta, marSrutis sivrculi organizacia (atraqciuloba), SenobaTa
interieris gaformeba unda Seesabamebodes kompoziciuri harmoniulobisa da
arqiteqturuli mTlianobis moTxovnebs. momsaxure personalis garegnuli
saxe da metyvelebis kultura unda Seesabamebodes esTetiurobis moTxovnebs
(aRniSnuli moTxovna kidev erTxel usvams xazs kadrebis specializebuli
momzadebis aucileblobas);

ergonomiuloba _ momsaxurebis xangrZlivoba, turistuli da saeqskursio marSrutebis sigrZe da sirTule (xangrZlivi mgzavrobisas dagegmili
gaCerebebis
monacvleoba),
turistebisaTvis
micemuli
turistuli
mowyobiloba da inventari, gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebebi, aveji da
sxva mowyobilobebi unda Seesabamebodnen turistis fiziologiur da
fsiqologiur SesaZleblobebs.
momsaxurebis
dagegmvisas
aucilebelia
turistTa momsaxurebis xarisxis kontroli.

gaTvaliswinebuli

iqnas

xarisxis kontrolis proeqtireba gulisxmobs:

175

 momsaxurebis procesSi im sakvanZo momentebis gansazRvras, romlebic

arsebiTad moqmedeben momsaxurebis xasiaTze;
momsaxurebis xasiaTis koreqtirebis meTodis gansazRvra;
sakontrolo poziciebis (Tvisebebis) Sefasebis meTodebis gansazRvra.
kontrolis meTodebs SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes: vizualuri (marSrutebisa da obieqtebis daTvaliereba), analitikuri (dokumentaciis analizi),
sociologiuri (turistebis, personalis gamokiTxva) da sxva.
momsaxurebis proeqtis damagvirgvinebeli etapia proeqtis analizi,
romelic mimarTulia SesaZlo Seusabamobebis drouli gamovlenisa da
aRmofxvrisaTvis. is xorcieldeba turistuli organizaciis Sesabamisi
funqcionaluri qvedanayofis (ganyofilebis) mier. proeqtis analizis Sedegi
_ turistuli organizaciis teqnologiuri dokumentaciis gamarTuli
(gasworebuli) Sinaarsia.
dagegmili turistuli momsaxurebis dokumentacias da turistTa
momsaxurebis process, SemkveTTan SeTanxmebiT, amtkicebs turistuli
organizaciis xelmZRvaneli. cvlilebebis Setana proeqtSi SesaZlebelia
mxolod dasabuTebulad, SemkveTTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze da mas kvlav
amtkicebs turistuli organizaciis xelmZRvaneli.

taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

176

III.2 momsaxurebis programa

momsaxurebis programa _ es aris momsaxurebis nakrebi, romelic eTavazebaT turistebs maTi moTxovnilebebisa da turis Tematikis Sesabamisad,
romelic winaswar aris gadaxdili da ganawilebuli turis Catarebis droze
(periodze).

177

momsaxurebis programis Sedgenisas, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba Semdegi

midgomebi:
a. turoperatorsa da turagents Soris xelSekrulebis gaformebisas
(anda individualuri turis realizaciisas) _ momsaxurebis programa
muSavdeba, Tanxmdeba da mtkicdeba mxareebis mier momsaxurebis nakrebis saxiT (sia), momsaxurebis dReebze gadanawilebis gareSe. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom winaswar Znelia ganisazRvros muzeumebis muSaobis, eqskursiebis, turistebisaTvis sainteresi speqtaklebisa da koncertebis Catarebis konkretuli TariRebi.

magaliTisaTvis:

xuTdRiani inkluziv-turi `Tbilisi _ saqarTvelos

dedaqalaqi~ SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos Semdegi saxiT:

1. ganTavseba 2-3 adgilian nomrebSi turistuli klasis sastumroSi;

2. kveba restoranSi sruli pansioni;
3. eqskursiebi: gacnobiTi eqskursia (avtobusiT), Tbilisis muzeumebSi
(avtobusiT), Zveli Tbilisi (fexiT), da a.S.;
4. damatebiTi RonisZiebebi: rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklze daswreba
(aseve SeiZleba iyos ganxiluli nebismieri sxva Teatri, opera,
filarmonia da a.S.); gaseirneba maRaziebSi _ suvenirebis SeZena;
5. turistebis transferi Sexvedra da gacileba aeroportSi.
es programa Tan erTvis partniorebs Soris gaformebul xelSekrulebas, an formdeba rogorc SekveTa (dajavSnis furceli) turis individualuri gayidvis SemTxvevaSi.
b. uSualod jgufis Semosvlis win, daaxloebiT 3 dRiT adre
(SeTanxmebis
Sesabamisad),
partniori
organizaciebi
damatebiT
(faqsis, el-fostis saSualebiT) aTanxmeben jgufis momsaxurebis
konkretul programas dReebis Sesabamisad da sastumros _ sadac
icxovreben.
individualuri
turisti
aseT
programas
iRebs
saagentoSi sagzuris an vauCeris miRebasTan erTad.
aseTi programis zogadi saxe aseTia:

inkluziv-turi `Tbilisi _ saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi~, turis xangrZlivoba 5 dRe (1-5 aprili). turistebis ganTavseba
moxdeba sastumroSi `metexi palasi~; kveba _ sruli
pansioni sastumroSi.

momsaxurebis programa
pirveli dRe: jgufis Camosvla TbilisSi, Sexvedra aeroportSi (gidi,
avtobusi);
dabinaveba sastumroSi `metexi palasi~;
-

sadili;
178

mokle gacnobiTi gaseirneba TbilisSi;

vaxSami.

meore (tipiuri mesame, meoTxe) dRe

-

sauzme

programiT gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli RonisZieba;

sadili;

programiT gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli RonisZieba;

vaxSami;

Tavisufali dro (damatebiTi momsaxurebis RonisZiebebi).

bolo (mexuTe) dRe

-

sauzme;

gacileba aeroportSi.

SeniSvna:
a. boloswina saRamos kargi iqneba Tu moxdeba Sexvedra jgufTan,
Sejamdeba programis Sedegebi, vaxSami iqneba gamosamSvidobebeli
suvenirebis gadacemiT da a.S.
b. bolo dRis programis gansazRvrisas
mfrinavis frenis ganrigi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia

TviT-

turis momzadeba gulisxmobs turistebisaTvis momsaxurebis kompleqsis

aRmoCenas, maTi moTxovnebis, momsaxurebis donis, turis Sinaarsisa da
momsaxurebis SeTavazebis teqnologiis gaTvaliswinebiT.
momsaxurebis done ganisazRvreba Semdegi turistuli momsaxurebebis
doneTa saerTo jamidan: ganTavseba, kveba, saeqskursio, satransporto
momsaxureba, dasveneba da aseve maTi mkacri (zusti) Sesabamisobidan turis
mizanTan.
turis organizaciisa da Catarebis teqnologia ganisazRvreba momsaxurebis optimalurobiT, rac mdgomareobs (gamoixateba) momsaxurebis mTeli
programis
formirebisadmi
kompleqsur
midgomaSi
da
yoveldRiuri
dasasvenebel-saeqskursio programis SedgenaSi.
momsaxurebis optimaluri programa _ es iseTi programaa, romelic
iTvaliswinebs
klientis
moTxovnilebebs
da
momsaxurebis
Tematikas
(turizmis saxe) Sinaarsis TvalTaxedviT, momsaxurebis Semadgenlobas
(saxeebis), maTi raodenobis da SeTavazebis Tanmimdevrobas.
turis programis Sedgenisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT ara mxolod momsaxurebis komfortulobis garkveuli done, aramed momsaxurebis programisa
da mogzaurobis miznis Sesabamisoba. aranairi azri ara aqvs SevTavazoT
Tbilisis istoriuli memkvidreobis gasacnobad Camosul stumars mtkvarze
navebiT seirnoba, Tu is dakavSirebuli ar iqneba Zveli Tbilisis yofacxovrebis CvenebasTan. Tu gansazRvrulia saqmiani turi, maSin saeqskursio
179

programac ki saqmiani adamianebis interesebidan unda gamomdinareobdes. Tu

programa folkloruli (eTnografiuli) xasiaTisaa, maSin mTeli saeqskursiodasasvenebeli (Tavisufali) dro unda daeTmos adgilobrivi folkloris,
erovnuli Taviseburebebis, adgilobrivi warmoebis (suvenirebi, gamoyenebiTi
xelovneba) da a.S. gacnobas.
amasTan erTad, dRis programis Sedgenisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas turistuli an sakurorto centris mogzaurobis marSrutis
specifika. did qalaqebSi Sida marSrutebis Sedgenisas aucilebelia saeqskursio mogzaurobebi daigegmos gadaadgilebis manZilebis gaTvaliswinebiT
(mokle manZilze), rasac programis teritoriuli SemuSaveba hqvia. aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas qalaqSi gadaadgilebis optimaluri marSrutebi, riTac daizogeba turistis dro. sadili umjobesia SekveTili iyos im
raionSi, sadac mTavrdeba dRis pirveli naxevris programa an iwyeba meore
naxevris programa. programis teritoriuli SemuSavebis sakiTxi uaRresad
mniSvnelovani momentia, miTumetes mravalferovani reliefis pirobebSi
(zogadad saqartvelo da konkretulad Tbilisi), rodesac gasaTvlelia
TiToeuli gaCerebis adgili (xedebis `gaxsnis~ wertilebi) da amasTan erTad
saqalaqo sagzao qselis mdgomareoba misi adaptirebuloba saeqskursioturistul saqmianobasTan (Tbilisis magaliTze dReisaTvis es Zalze
seriozuli da rTuli amocanaa).
programis Sedgenisas amgvari midgoma marTebuli iqneba iseT marSrutzec, sadac gamoyenebulia gadaadgilebis aqtiuri saSualeba. amasTan,
unda gvaxsovdes, programis Tematuri mizanmimarTulebac. anu momsaxurebis
programis Sesatyvisoba mogzaurobis mizanTan (saqmiani Sexvedrebi, pres-turi,
qveynis istoriasTan da cxovrebis wesTan gacnoba da a.S.).
momsaxurebis konkretuli programis Sedgenisas ZiriTadi (gamomgzavni)
kompaniidan igeben turistebis calkeul survilebs. aq mxedvelobaSia ara
imdenad moTxovnilebebis Seswavla, ramdenadac turistebis konkretuli
survili ama Tu im obieqtis monaxulebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
SesaZlebelia ar Sedis eqskursiis programaSi.
turistebis momsaxurebis teqnologiaSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs
gidis kvalifikacias, romelic muSaobs jgufTan. anu im adamians, romelic
pasuxs agebs momsaxurebis xarisxze piradi monawileobiT. garda imisa, rom
gids unda hqondes maRali kvalifikacia, mas unda hqondes sruli informacia
turis programis Sesaxeb da unda SeeZlos, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, momsaxurebis
erTi
formis
meoreTi
Secvla.
erTi
sityviT,
gidis
profesionalizmi, an aseTis ar arseboba, dRes Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi,
turistul-saeqskursio momsaxurebis saerTo warmatebis ganmsazRvreli (6070%) momentia.
saqmiani turebis organizebisas aucilebelia stumrebis (turistebis)
ganTavseba maRali klasis sastumros erTadgilian nomrebSi. aucilebelia
gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas sastumroSi an masTan Zalze axlos darbazis arendis SesaZlebloba TaTbirebis, molaparakebebisa da sxva RonisZiebebis
180

mosawyobad. kavSirgabmulobis, sabanko sistemis momsaxureba _

aucilebeli atributia saqmiani mizniT mogzaurTa momsaxurebisaTvis.

esec

saqmiani turebis organizaciis teqnologia iTvaliswinebs Tavisufali

drois gamoyofas saqmis warmoebis, molaparakebebis, saqmiani Sexvedrebis
organizebisaTvis, rac aseve gaTvaliswinebulia momsaxurebis programiT.
eqskursiebi, romlebiTac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli muzeumebis (sxva
dasveneba-gasarTobi obieqtebis) naxva, SeiZleba gadatanili iqnas sxva
droisaTvis.
kongres-turis organizebisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas:
orgteqnikiTa da gamamravlebeli teqnikiT uzrunvelyofa;
sxdomis CatarebisaTvis farTobis arseboba;
papkebis (saqaRaldeebis), samkerde
damzadeba da maTi ganawileba;

niSnebis,

mosawvevi

baraTebis

banketebis, miRebebis, koqteil-saaTis, pres-konferenciis Catareba;

samdivnos muSaoba.
aucilebelia aseve satransporto momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa
eqskursiisaTvis avtobusi, saqmiani SexvedrisaTvis _ msubuqi avtomobili.

SeniSvna:
a. programis Sedgenisas (3 dRiani, 5 dRiani da a.S.) saTvalavSi ar
Sedis Semosvlisa da gasvlis dRe;
b. Semosvlis dRes aucilebelia _ sastumroSi ganTavseba, programis
gacnoba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi koreqtireba (aucileblad
turistebis TanxmobiT), RonisZiebaTa grafikis dazusteba; xolo
saRamos _ sazeimo vazSami programis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT
(SeiZleba sazeimo vaxSami moewyos dasrulebisTvisac).;
c. folkloruli turebisas organizebuli eqskursiebis periodSi
avtobusSi unda iyos Sesabamisi simRerebis kasetebi, xolo gids unda
SeeZlos komentarebis gakeTeba; amasTan gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
avtobusis gaCerebebi iq, sadac SesaZlebelia maRalxarisxovani
sasuveniro produqciis SeZena;
d. turistebis mier adgilobriv dResaswaulebSi, masobriv RonisZiebebSi, sportul da sxva RonisZiebebSi monawileobis survilis
SemTxvevaSi saWiroa foto da video gadaRebis uzrunvelyofa.

taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

ra aris momsaxurebis programa?

aRwereT momsaxurebis programis Sedgenis Tanmimdevroba.
romel parametrebzea damokidebuli turistebis momsaxurebis done?

181

III.3 momsaxurebis momwodeblebi

turistebis mogzaurobisas maT momsaxurebaSi mravali organizacia
iRebs monawileobas. maT ganekuTvneba: ganTavsebis organizaciebi (sastumro,
turbaza, moteli da a.S.), kvebis organizaciebi (restorani, kafe, sasadilo da
a.S.), saeqskursio firmebi; satransporto kompaniebi da organizaciebi; Sou,
kino, video da sxva msgavsi organizaciebi; sportuli organizaciebi da
bazebi; rekreaciuli organizaciebi; sayofacxovrebo firmebi; savaWro
organizaciebida a.S. yvela am organizacias, romelic iRebs monawileobas
turis organizebaSi _ momsaxurebis momwodeblebi hqviaT.
turoperatoris gadamwyveti organizaciul-makompleqtebeli rolis
miuxedavad, ar unda dagvaviwydes momsaxurebis momwodebelTa roli da
mniSvneloba. saboloo jamSi turis periodSi turistebTan kontaqti swored
momsaxurebis doneze mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, turistis mier turis,
rogorc xarisxiani produqtis, aRqma bevradaa damokidebuli calkeuli
momsaxurebis xarisxze; turistebis calkeuli jgufebis moTxovnilebebis
donisadmi maT Sesabamisobaze. swored amitom, programis Sedgenis dros
Zalze didi yuradReba eTmoba momsaxurebis momwodeblebs. maTTan muSaobisas
aucilebelia:

182

 momsaxurebis
xarisxisadmi
seriozuli
midgoma,
aseve
firmis
reputaciis gaTvaliswineba _ turistuli bazris sxva momwodebelTa
Soris;
sastumros, kvebisa da satransporto momsaxurebis obieqtebis
tipebisa da donis Sesabamisoba momxmarebelTa im socialuri
segmentisa da turizmis saxeobisadmi, romelzec aris orientirebuli
konkretuli turi;
saTanamSromlo
xelSekrulebiTi
dokumentaciis
Sedgenisadmi
kvalificiuri da yuradRebiani midgoma, ramdenadac aman SeiZleba
SemdgomSi imoqmedos Tqveni kompaniis avtoritetze. ramdenadac
klientis
winaSe,
mTeli
Tqveni
partniorebis
nacvlad,
pasuxismgeblobas Tqven da Tqveni kompania iRebs. amdenad es
momentebi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli Sida saxelSekrulebo
dokumentaciaSi.
perspeqtiuli partniorebis Zebnis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
turistuli organizaciebisa da firmebis didi odenobidan, romlebic
registrirebulni arian ama Tu im qveyanaSi, unda SeirCes isini, romlebmac
SeiZleba gamoamJRavnon TqvenTan TanamSromlobis interesi, da amasTan erTad,
isini unda Seesabamebodnen turistebis momsaxurebisadmi Tqvens interesebsa
da moTxovnebs. maTi moZebnisaTvis dReisaTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas komunikaciis farTo SesaZleblobebi. tradiciuli forma kontaqtebis
damyarebisa aris monawileoba specializirebul gamofenebSi, bazrobebSi da
a.S. mTavaria SerCeuli iyos TiToeuli momsaxurebis mowodebis Sesabamisad
saukeTeso varianti (SesaZlebloba). sastumro da satransporto sferoSi
partnioris SerCevisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom ar aris sasurveli muSaoba
mxolod erT partniorTan. regionSi ramodenime sastumrosa da gadamzidavis
arseboba bevrad afarToebs maTi arCevanis SesaZleblobas da, amasTan erTad,
konfliqturi situaciebis SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgenen alternatiul variantebs.
rac Seexeba Sida konkurencias is mxolod momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebis
sasargeblod moqmedebs.
momsaxurebis momwodeblebis SerCeva xdeba regionaluri interesebis,
turizmis saxeobis, momsaxurebis programis Sinaarsis da aseve, momxmarebelTa
asakobrivi, socialuri da ekonomikuri segmentis Sesabamisad. Zalze
mniSvnelovania maTi saqmiani kvalifikacia da reputacia.
ganvixiloT
ramdenime
magaliTi
sxvadasxva
tipis
programebiT
momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva segmentis momsaxurebisa da momsaxurebis momwodebelTa Sesabamisi magaliTebi. rogorc miRebulia, gamajansaRebel-aRdgeniTi
(rekreaciuli) turebis organizaciisas SeZlebuli turistebisaTvis (momsaxurebis komerciuli klasi) aucilebelia daaxloebiT Semdegi saxis momsaxurebaTa nakrebi (cxrili 1.1)
cxrili 1.1
komerciuli klasi
183

Mmomsaxurebis paketi
maRali klasis
cxovreba;

sastumroSi

kveba naxevrad pansioni

(SesaZlebelia sruli pansioni SekveTis Sesabamisad),
specialuri menius arseboba;
jgufuri da individualuri
eqskursiebi (arCevanis arseboba).
maRali klasis dasasvenebelgasarTobi momsaxureba;
aRdgeniTi xasiaTis momsaxureba (masaJi, eqimis konsultacia);
sportuli programebi;
sakurorto programa Sesabamisi momsaxurebiT;
Tematuri
dasasvenebel-rekreaciuli programebi.

moTxovnebi ganTavsebis
pirobebisadmi

rekreaciuli pirobebi

dubl sistemis 1-2 oTaxiani

nomrebi. apartamentisa da
`luqs~ nomrebis arseboba.
maRali klasis momsaxurebis
restoranisa
da
baris
arseboba.

Ddidi gamwvanebuli teritoriis arseboba;

sportuli moednebi elitaruli sportis saxeobebisaTvis (golfi, kortebi, cxenosnoba da a.S.);
Ria da daxuruli sacurao
auzebi;
avtosadgomebi piradi manqanebis gasaCereblad;
savaWro-sasuvenire qseli;
sxvadasxva Sousa da sxva
gasarTobis arseboba;
Tematuri,
bunebrivi
da
akvaparkebis arseboba;
sakuTari
an
gamoyofili
plaJi;
sazRvao
da
sawyalosno
gasarTobebis
arseboba
(iaxta,
serfingi,
wylis
mococikli da a. S.)

elitaruli tipis sportuli

RonisZiebebisaTvis darbazis
arseboba (tenisi, biliardi
da
sxva);
auzis,
abanos,
saunas arseboba; masaJisa da
manualuri
procedurebis
oTaxi.
saparikmaxerosa da silamazis salonis arseboba
wynari
dasvenebis
(solariumi, zamTris baRi da a. S)
saTavsoebis arseboba.

momsaxurebis SemoTavazebuli paketis realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia

momsaxurebis Semdegi momwodeblebi:
umaRlesi
klasis
rekreaciuli
dasasvenebeli sastumro);

sastumro

(sakurorto

tipis

saavtomobilo organizacia, romelsac aqvs komfortuli saeqskursio

avtobusebi da msubuqi avtomobilebi turistebisaTvis misaqiraveblad
(SeiZleba mZRoliT);
maRali klasis momsaxurebis restorani, nomerSi SekveTisa da menius
SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobebiT;
saeqskursio firma, romelsac SeuZlia umaRlesi klasis gidieqskursiamZRolebis momsaxurebis SeTavazeba da rogorc jgufuri,
aseve individualuri eqskursiebis organizeba;
Teatralur-samayureblo (samzeri/sacqeri) organizacia, Ramis klubi,
kazino, akvaparki, Tematuri da bunebrivi parki, saTevzao meurneoba
da a. S.
aseTive gamajansaRebeli turi, oRond ekonomikuri klasis, moiTxovs
gansxvavebul momsaxurebas da materialur uzrulvelyofas (cxrili 2)
(cxrili 2)
ekonomikuri klasi
momsaxurebis paketi
ekonomikuri

klasis

moTxovnebi ganTavsebis
pirobebisadmi
sas-

sastumro

gamartivebuli

rekreaciuli pirobebi
mcire,

mwvane

nakveTis

184

tumroSi cxovreba;
kveba naxevarpansioni, an
mxolod sauzme, iafi samzareulo;
eqskursia iafi, jgufuri;
dasveneba

socialuri
xasiaTis;
sportuli momsaxureba
yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi
sportuli
saSualebebis
arseboba.

tipis (2 varskvlavi an 2-3

adgiliani pansioni, sadac
aris
saSualeba
Cadgan
damatebiTi adgili);
sasadilo TviTmomsaxureba,
Sveduri
magida
an
Ria
bufeti SezRuduli meniuTi;
koqteil-bari

xelmisawvdomi;
sportuli darbazi;
dasasvenebeli
adgili

foie,
saloni,
dasvenebis
kuTxe da a.S.

arseboba;
sastumros
teritoriis gareT saseirno
adgilebis arseboba;
mosaxerxebeli
sazogadoebrivi
transportis
arseboba
dasasvenebel
adgilebamde
da
turistul
RirsSesaniSnaobebamde.

Sesabamisad aucilebelia momsaxurebis sxva momwodeblebi:

turbaza, pansioni an ekonom-klasis sastumro (1-2 varskvlaviani);
avtosatransporto
avtobusebi;

organizacia,

romelsac

hyavs

iafi

(araZviri)

TviTmomsaxurebis kafe, restoranSi Sveduri magida;

saeqskursio firma;
erovnuli parki, atraqcionebis parki.
Tu aseTive turi gaTvlilia saSualo klasis ojaxian turistebze, aqac
moTxovnebs Tavisi specifika aqvs (cxrili 1.3)
cxrili 1.3
saSualo klasi
momsaxurebis paketi

moTxovnebi ganTavsebis
pirobebisadmi

rekreaciuli pirobebi

3-4 varskvlavian sastumroSi

cxovreba
kveba sruli pansioni,
aucileblad bavSvTa meniu;
eqskursia saerTo (bavSvebi
da ufrosebi) da cal-calke;
bavSvebze
zrunvis
momsaxureba;
bavSvTa
pedagogorganizatori;
aRdgeniTi
xasiTis
momsaxureba (masaJi, sauna,
eqimis
konsultacia,
sportuli momsaxureba).

2 adgiliani nomrebis fondi

80-90%
damatebiT
bavSvis
adgilis Cadgmis saSualebiT;
mcire
samzareulo
(bavSvebisaTvis);
bavSvTa saTamaSo adgilebis
arseboba;
dasvenebisa
da
garTobis
adgilebi;
saTavsebi
sportulgamajansaRebeli
mecadineobisaTvis
(darbazi,
abano, sauna, auzi, trenaJori).

ganTavseba mwvane masivSi;

bavSvTa
sportuli
moednebiani
sakuTari
gamwvanebuli
teritoria
(15-25m2

erT
sawol
adgilze);
wylis
atraqcioni,
`gorkebi~ auzSi da plaJze;
specialuri
saseirno
bilikebi
akvaparkebi,
zooparki,
atraqcionebis
Tematuri
parki,
erovnuli
parki,
delfinariumi da a.S.

momsaxurebis momwodeblebi:
pirveli klasis ojaxuri sastumro (3-4 varskvlavi) bavSvebisaTvis
organizebuli dasvenebis momsaxurebiT;
sastumroSi kafe da restorani sabavSvo meniuTi;

185

 avtoatransporto
organizacia,
romelic
iZleva
specialurio
saeqskursio avtobusebs, aseve SesaZleblobis farglebSi, specialuri
sabavSvo avtotransporti (vagonebiani avtomatareblebi da a.S.);
saeqskurisio firma, romelsac gegmaSi aqvs specialuri sabavSvo
programebi;
sportuli dawesebulebebi, atraqcionis parkebi, akvaparkebi da a.S.
yvela zemoT moyvanil variantSi mTavari momenti iyo Zalze seriozuli
damokidebuleba momsaxurebis momwodeblebis SerCevisadmi. maTi sworad
SerCevidan, xarisxiani muSaobidan (muSaobis xarisxidan) yalibdeba Tqveni
firmis imiji. Tumca es egreTwodebuli sufTa magaliTebia. realobaSi
turistuli firma muSaobs gansxvavebul (araerTgvarovan) klienturasTan,
aqedan gamomdinare firma valdebulia SesTavazos maT sxvadasxva donis
servisebi. mTavari sakiTxi, romelic firmis winaSe dgas, aris SeTavazebuli
momsaxurebis
kompleqsuri
Sesabamisoba
konkretuli
klientis
moTxovnebisadmi.
ZiriTadi momsaxurebis (sastumro, kveba, transporti) momwodeblebTan
muSaobisas, xelSekrulebebSi isazRvreba adgilebis kvota, Tumca maTi
aTvisebis sxvadasxva garantiebiT. magaliTad, satransporto kompaniebTan
urTierTobisas, bevri organizacia cdilobs miiRos samgzavro bileTebis
gayidvis ufleba Sida da saerTaSoriso xazebze. xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
turistul firmebs SeuZliaT gayidon samgzavro bileTebi saagento
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze (aviakompaniebTan), aseve arendis (Cartebis) formiT
(mTlianad an nawil-nawil sxva firmebTan erTad) adgilobrivi turistuli
kompaniebis udidesi umravlesobis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
dReisaTvis.
turistuli
firmebisaTvis
arankleb
mniSvnelovania
urTierToba
sastumroebTan, rac, rogor wesi, isazRvreba xelSekrulebiT adgilebis
kvotasTan dakavSirebiT, 30-80%-iani Sevsebis garantiiT; adgilebis kvotebze
Sevsebis garantiis gareSe; adgilebis winaswari gayidviT sruli gadaxdiT;
mimdinare bronirebiT da a. S.
garda
zemoTaRniSnuli
teqnologiuri
aspeqtebisa,
partniorebis
(servisebis momwodeblebi) SerCevisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT maTi
muSaobis staJi da gamcdileba, maTi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba da
warmatebuloba
turistul
saqmianobaSi,
licenziebis
arseboba
da
mowodebuli momsaxurebis done, tarifebi da SeRavaTebi, klientebis
raodenoba da Semadgenloba. sasargebloa gairkves maTi urTierTobis
praqtika da xangrZlivoba sxva turoperatorebTan.
saerTaSoriso turistuli samarTali turoperators akisrebs serozul
pasuxismgeblobas turistebisaTvis miwodebuli xelSekrulebiT da turis
programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
momsaxurebis
xarsxTan
dakavSirebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, turoperatori am momsaxurebas sTavazobs uSualod Tu
mesame subieqtis daxmarebiT.
186

receptiuli (mimRebi) turoperatori srul pasuxismgeblobas iRebs

turistebis winaSe im momsaxurebaze, rac paketiT aris gansazRvruli
(rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve damatebiTi). amas garda, iniciativiani (gamgzavni)
turoperatori pasuxismgeblobas iRebs yvela damatebiT momsaxurebaze, Tu
maT turists sTavazobs oficialuri partniori, romelTanac gaformebuli
aqvs kontraqti turistebis momsaxurebaze. iniciativiani turoperatori
valdebulia hqondes sruli informacia mimRebi partnioris yvela dam,atebiTi
momsaxurebis nomenklaturaze, Sinaarsze da xarisxze; sezonis dawyebisas
piradad Seamowmos isini da miawodos sruli informacia turistebs turis
gayidviss. amasTan erTad, sapartnioro xelSekrulebaSi iniciativian da
receptiul turoperatorebs Soris unda iyos muxli, romelic sazRvravs
mimRebi mxaris pasuxismgeblobas misi mizeziT klientis sicocxlis, qonebisa
da janmrTelobisaTvis miyenebul zaralTan dakavSirebiT, SeTavazebuli
momsaxurebis (rogorc ZiriTadi, aseve damatebiTi) farglebSi. swored amitom,
Zalze seriozuli amocanaa partnioris SerCeva

taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

rogori organizaciebi da
turistebis momsaxurebaSi?

sawarmoebi

monawileoben

rogoria turoperatoris pasuxismgeblobis

turistebis momsaxurebaSi?
ra momentebs
SerCevisas?
ras

niSnavs

unda
-

mieqces

yuradReba

`SemoTavazebuli

zoma

turis

momsaxurebis

momsaxurebis

turis

dros

marSrutze
187
momwodeblis

garkveul

klientze

III.4 turis dagegmva

saxelSekrulebo gegma
manam, sanam turistuli kompania miiRebs gadawyvetilebas ama Tu im
adgilze turis organizebis Sesaxeb, igi awarmoebs seriozul marketingul
samuSaoebs. aucilebelia gamovlenil iqnas moTxovnebi, momxmarebelTa
prioritetebi, moTxovnis tendenciebi. es Seqmnis saSualebas ise daigegmos
turpaketi,
rom
srulad
dakmayofildes
momxmareblis
(turistis)
188

moTxovnilebebi. es kvlevebi aucilebelia aseve imisaTvis, rom sworad

warimarTos turis dagegmvis procesi da momsaxurebis
momwodeblebTan
dadebuli saxelSekrulebo kampania.
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi iwyeba 2 wliT adre, vidre gaigzavneba jgufi
axal marSrutze, axal adgilze. cxrilSi 1.4 mocemulia iniciativiani
turoperatoris axali sazafxulo turoperatoruli programis drois Skala.
moqmedi turoperatoruli programis Cveulebrivi Skala
ganvixiloT receptiuli turoperatoris magaliTze (cxrili 1.5)

SeiZleba
cxrili 1.4

iniciativiani turoperatoris axali sazafxulo turoperatoruli

programis drois Skala.
saqmianobis saxe

wlebi

vada/dro

samecnieroI weli (2
ivnisikvleviTi saqmianoba wliT adre agvisto
- dagegmva
danergvamde
)
seqtemberidekemberi
dagegmvamolaparakebebi

personalisa da
bukletebis
mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebi

II weli

saqmianobis konkretuli saxeebi

marketinguli kvlevebi;
paket-turebis momaval ganviTarebaze moqmedi
ekonomikuri faqtorebis Seswavla;
miRebis savaraudo adgilebis dagegmva

ianvari

marketingis meore stadia: daniSnulebis

alternatiuli adgilebis mravalmxrivi
Sedareba, maTi SerCeva
Tebervaligadawyvetilebis miReba adgilmdebareobaze,
marti
sastumroebze, maT tevadobaze, turis
xangrZlivobaze, sezonis dasawyisze, gagzavnis
vadebze;
gadawyvetilebis miReba broSurebis, bukletebis
aprilizomasa da dizainze, maT tiraJze, dabeWvdis
maisi
vadebze;
broSurebisa da bukletebis gaformebaze konkursis gamocxadeba;
molaparakebebi aviaxazebTan Carterul reisebze;
molaparakebebi sastumroebTan, servisis
samsaxurebTan transferze, saeqskursio
operatorebTan
ivnisi

kontraqtebis gaformeba sastumroebTan,

aviaxazebTan, satransfero, saeqskursio da sxva
servisul samsaxurebTan;
broSuris/bukletis sasignalo egzempliaris
momzadeba da dabeWdva;
katalogisTvis foto-masalis momzadeba
(momzadeba an sxvisis gamoyeneba);
teqstebis pirveladi variantebis momzadeba;
muSaoba gamformebel studisaTan da winadadebebi dizainTan dakavSirebiT;
bukletis/katalogis gamocema;
ivlisiagvisto
turis gasayidi fasis gansazRvra inflaciisa
da savaluto kursis gaTvaliswinebiT;
seqtemberi- dajavSnis sistemis TanamSromelTa momzadeba;
oqtomberi turis saboloo fasis dadgena (reklamisaTvis);

189

saqmianobis saxe

wlebi

vada/dro

saqmianobis konkretuli saxeebi

bukleti/katalogi mzad aris (dabeWdilia);
dajavSnis sistemebi Seqmnilia.

bazarze gayvana

III weli

ianvarimarti

dabeWdili broSurebis bazarze ganawileba;

turis bazarze gatanis sastarto saqmianoba;
turis pirveli nabeWdi reklamis gamoCena
Tebervali masmediaSi;
reklamisa da gayidvis piki;
kurortebis warmomadgenelTa SerCeva da
apriliswavleba;
maisi
axal turze pirveli gagzavna.

cxrili 1.5
moqmedi turoperatoruli programis drois Cveulebrivi Skala
saqmianobis saxe

wlebi

vada/dro saqmianobis konkretuli saxeebi

dagegmva da
molaparakebebi

I weli
noemberidasagegmis dekemberi
wina weli

molaparakebebi
sastumroebTan,
satransfero
servisis samsaxurebTan, saeqskursio firmebTan
da momsaxurebis sxva momwodeblebTan (rogorc
tradiciulTan, aseve axlad SerCeulebTan);
beWdvisaTvis
axali
bukletis/katalogis
sasignalo egzempliaris momzadeba

saxelSekrulebo
kompania
bukletebisa da
katalogebis
ganaxleba da
gamocema
bazarze gatana

II weli
ianvarixelSekrulebis
gaformeba
sastumroebTan,
Tebervali
satransfero
servisis
samsaxurebTan
da Sida
dagegmili
samarSruto
satransporto
organizaciebTan,
saeqskursio biuroebTan da a.S.
Tebervali- bukleti/katalogi dabeWdilia;
marti
momsaxurebis sistema Camoyalibebulia;
bukletis/katalogis ganawileba gamavrcelebel
martipartniorTa Soris;
aprili
bazarze gatanis organizacia;
masmediaSi reklaa;
gayidva;
gidebis, instruqtorebis, animatorebis da sxva,
momzadeba da daniSvna;
aprilisezonis dawyeba da turistebis momsaxureba.
maisi

partniorebTan (momsaxurebis momwodeblebi) urTierToba formdeba

konkretuli formiT (xelSekrulebis gaformebiT). yoveli axali wlisaTvis
an axali samuSao periodisaTvis (sezonisaTvis) gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
saxelSekrulebo kampania, romel periodSic formdeba xelSekrulebebi.
saxelSekrulebo kampaniis win, rogorc wesi, dgeba saxelSekrulebo gegma,
romelic moicavs:
partnioris dasaxelebas;
molaparakebis/xelSekrulebis ZiriTad sagans;
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadas;
190

 xelSekrulebis gaformebis vadas;

gansakuTrebul cnobebs (monacemebs).
es gegma saSualebas gvaZlevs SevadginoT zusti suraTi turistuli
firmis muSakebis moqmedebis sqema turis momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
saxelSekrulebo gegmis Sinaarsi (Semadgenloba) damokidebulia turis saxesa
da momsaxurebebis saxeobebze. sxvadasxva saxis turebis SemTxvevaSi keTdeba
qvegegmebi (qveprogramebi) calkeuli turebis mixedviT da Semdeg keTdeba
erTiani gegma, sadac partniorebis dajgufeba xdeba xelSekrulebis
gaformebis vadebis an geografiuli proncipis gamoyenebiT. saxelSekrulebo
gegmis Sedgenis win ukve naTlad unda iyos warmodgenili savaraudo
partniorebi da aeve unda iyos mzadyofnba imisa, rom xelSekrulebebi
gaformdes pirdapir molaparakebis procesSi (periodSi).
saxelSekrulebo
kampaniis
perspeqtiuli
damuSavebis
procesSi
turistuli firmebi farTod iyeneben sxvadasxva sacnobaro-statistikur
masalebs turistuli da sastumroebis xaziT. turistuli saagentoebis,
sastumro-restornebis
biznesis
cnobarebi,
romlebsac
gamoscemen
saerTaSoriso turistuli organizaciebi, Seicaven informacias dasvenebisa
da mogzaurobis organizaciis, ganTavsebisa da sastumro momsaxurebis
SesaZleblobebze, romlebSic mocemulia momsaxurebis ZiriTadi saxeebi, rac
SeeTavazebaT
turistebs.
regularulad
ibeWdeba
aseve
nacionaluri,
regonaluri, adgilobrivi da korporaciuli cnobarebi, gzamkvlevebi,
marSrutebis,
RirsSesaniSnaobebis
cnobarebi,
kalendrebi
adgilobrivi
movlenebis aRniSvniT da a. S. yvelaferi is, rac gamoiyeneba turebisa da
momsaxurebis
organizebisaTvis,
warmoadgens
literaturas,
romelsac
turoperatori iyenebs axali marSrutebisa da saxelSekrulebo gegmebis
SedgenisaTvis.

taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

rogor formdeba
Soris?

urTierToba

momsaxurebis

momwodebel

partniorebs

rogor Tavebs (paragrafebs) Seicavs saxelSekrulebo gegma? razea

damokidebuli turoperatoris saxelSekrulebo gegmis Semadgenloba?
Seadgine
tipiuri
programisaTvis.

drois

Skala

sazafxulo

turoperatoruli

191
2. SegiZlia Tu ara codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba?

Tavi IV. komunikacia

: - ,

. ,
,
.

IV.1 molaparakebebi momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan (partniorebTan)

momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan xelSekrulebis dadebis process win
uZRvis molaparakebebi. isini unda swarmoebdes imgvarad, rom miRweuli iyos
192

sasurveli Sedegi _ aucilebeli turistuli produqti (saqoneli an

momsaureba), kargi xarisxis, saWiro raodenobis da sasurvel (TqvenTvis)
fasad.
partniorebTan molaparakebis process seriozuli momzadeba sWirdeba.
aucilebelia gaanalizdes:
1. molaparakebebis
garemoeba
_
ra
gindaT
konkretulad
partniorisagan?
ra
moculobiT?
ra
periodSi?
ra
gindaT
partniorisagan damatebiT? rogoria fasebis done saqonelze an
momsaxurebaze
partniorTan
da
bazarze?
xdeba
Tu
ara
moTxovnilebebis diferencireba da a.S.
magaliTi: winaswari SekveTis an grafikis Tanaxmad saWiroa
turistTa jgufis ganTavseba (30 kaci) regularulad 4 dRiani
programiT, yovelkvireulad da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. saWiroa
ganTavsebis
samsaxuri
(sastumro);
transporti
(avtomobilebis
qiraoba, rkinigzisa da saaviacio bileTebis SekveTa da a.S.);
sportisa da garTobis samsaxurebi (disko-bari, golfi, CogburTi,
auzi, sauna da a.S.). fasi unda Seesabamebodes saSualo bazris fass
gamoklebuli
10%
sabiTumo
SesyidvisaTvis
(adgilebis
garantirebuli dakaveba), rac ar unda aRematebodes #(fiqsirebul)
Tanxas. turistuli (saSualo) klasis ganTavsebisa da momsaxurebis
donis diferencireba ar xdeba. turistebis jgufis semadgenloba
igulisxmeba erTgvarovani _ saSualo.
2. SesaZlo gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis gzebi _ unda vicodeT
konkretulad vin da ras akeTebs da ra droisaTvis; rogor gadadis
gadawyvetilebebis
erTi
stadia
meoreSi;
ra
stadiaSia
xelSekrulebis gaformebis procesi; vin amzadebs xelSekrulebis
proeqts da jgufebis Semosvlis grafiks; rogor iqneba ganxiluli
damatebiTi
momsaxurebis
sakiTxebi;
CarTuli
iqneba
isini
xelSekrulebaSi Tavidanve Tu ara; pirobebi Sedis xelSekrulebis
teqstSi, Tu molaparakebisas an emateba, an akldeba raime.
3. molaparakebis procesSi Tqveni partnioris `portreti~ _ ramdenad
gansxvavebuli miznebi gaqvT Tqven da Tqvens partniors? ra
parametrebze (vadebi, momsaxurebis done, servisebis nakrebi) iqneba
dafuZnebuli partnioris strategia da a.S.
aRniSnuli rekomendaciebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze, molaparakebis
dawyebis win, sasargebloa SemuSavdes molaparakebis warmoebis gegma. es
dagexmarebaT gamovlindes Tqveni poziciis susti adgilebi da gamoinaxos
damatebiTi saSualebebi. molaparakebebis warmoebis gegma mogcemT saSualebas
moaxdionoT partnioris moqmedebis moulodnel variantTa prognozireba da
winaswar moamzadoT alternatiuli winadadebebi da gadawyvetilebebi.
nebismieri molaparakebebisas mniSvnelovania ara marto strategiuli
midgoma, aramed fsiqologiuri damokidebulebac. Tqven ukve moemzadeT
193

molaparakebebisaTvis, romlis Sedegic unda iyos servisebis momwodebelTan

gaformebuli xelSekruleba turistebis momsaxurebaze. strategiuli gegma
mzad aris. Tqven xarT mzad fsiqologiurad. xSirad molaparakebebi CaSlila
arasworad SerCeuli tonalobis gamo. amisagan rom viyoT dazRveuli,
fsiqologebma
SeimuSaves
urTierTobisa
da
molaparakebis
warmoebis
fsiqologiuri wesebi.
gTavazobT molaparakebis warmoebisadmi fsiqologiuri midgomis 9 wess:
1. atitudi (mizandasaxuloba)
gamoavlineT
molaparakebisas
Tqveni
partnioris
atitudi
(misi
interesebi,
Rirebulebebi,
mizani)
da
gamoiyeneT
isini
Tqveni
kontrargumentebisaTvis, romelTac CarTavT misi msjelobis logikaSi.
magaliTisaTvis: teqnikurad SeaxseneT partniors, Tu ra sikeTes
moutons mas TqvenTan TanamSromloba (sastumros sruli datvirTva,
avtoparkis ukeTesi gamoyeneba da a.S.).
2. Tqven _ midgoma
mosazrebaTa yoveli Sejaxebisa da konfliqtisas, pirvel rigSi
SeecadeT gaarkvioT Tqveni partnioris ganzraxva, molodini da SiSi
(sifrTxile). gaacaniT mas Tqveni interesebi da eWvebi da amis Semdeg
SeecadeT masTan erTad ipovoT gamosavali, romelic orive mxares
daakmayofilebs. warudgineT mas Tqveni garantiebi (mag.: konferenciis
SemTxvevaSi sastumros sruli Sevsebis garantia, Camosuli monawileebis
raodenobis miuxedavad);
3.

tolerantoba
(meore
damokidebuleba)

mxaris

moqmedebis

Sefasebisadmi

momTmeni

ar SeafasoT mowinaaRmdege mxaris moqmedeba, gamoTqviT (gamoxateT)

mxolod Tqveni damokidebuleba am moqmedebasTan (saqcielTan) dakavSirebiT
(mag.: `Tqvenma sityvebma guli matkina~).
4. gonebis gaxsniloba (naTeli goneba)
sxva pozicia, sxva Sexeduleba es yovelTvis Tqvengan damaluli,
TqvenTvis uxilavi axali zRvari, axali aspeqtia. sxvis pozicias, Tundac
mcdars, pirdapir nu uaryofiT, miiReT rogorc axali varianti. mxolod
yvela alternativis gamovlenis Semdeg unda SeirCes maT Soris saukeTeso.
Tumca amisaTvis saWiroa partniorTan erTad SeTanxmdeT alternativebis
Sefasebis erTian kriteriumebze. isini SeiZleba iyos saerTo interesebi,
romelic moinaxeba nebismier SemTxvevaSi.
5. referentuloba
gaxsovdeT, rom adamianebi moqmedeben (iqcevian) imis Sesabamisad, rasac
moelian misgan garSemomyofni. fsiqologiaSi mas `pigmalionis efeqti~
ewodeba.
TqvenTvis
aucilebelia
iyoT
partniorisaTvis
Rirebuli
(mniSvnelovani, referentuli), raTa moaxdinoT garkveuli zemoqmedeba mis
194

gadawyvetilebebze. referentuloba _ es is saqonelia, romelsac viRebT Cveni

pativiscemis, rwmenis demonstrirebis, ndobisa da `sasiamovno adamianis~
saxisadmi Sesabamisobis sazRaurad.
6. internaluroba (pasuxismgeblobis Tavis Tavze aReba)
raime
warumatablobis
mizezebis
ganmartebisas,
nu
daabralebT
yvelafers Tqvengan damoukidebel garemoebebs da sxva adamianebs. aiReT
Tqvens Tavze personaluri pasuxismgebloba momxdarTan dakavSirebiT.
danaSaulis Tavis Tavze aRebisa da bodiSis moxdis unari es zrdasruli
pirovnebis Tvisebaa. amasTan erTad, aseTi moqmedeba garkveulad ganaiaraRebs
partniors da aiZulebs solidarobis niSnad danaSaulis simZime Tavis Tavze
aiRos (gadainawilos) isic xom keTilSobilia(!).
7. megobruli pozicia, anu zrdasrulis (mowifulis) pozicia
gaxsovdes, rom Tqveni miznis miRweva SegeZlebaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar
gamoxvalT e. w. Tanabrobis poziciidan. es mJRavndeba mSvid, mtkice, uryev
poziciaSi, JestebSi, xmis tonalobaSi, saxis gamometyvelebaSi
molaparakebebis
dros
aucilebelia
gamoavlinoT
pativmcemeli
damokidebuleba, simtkice, momxibvleloba da zomiereba yvela es Tviseba
molaparakebebisas warmatebis sawindaria
8. eTikuroba
nu SeuracxyofT adamianis Rirsebas. awarmoeT patiosani TamaSi, nu
moatyuebT. uaryaviT yvelaferi araeTikuri. SeecadeT dainaxoT Tqveni Tavi
`gverdidan~. es mogcemT saSualebas moaxdinoT moqmedebis koreqtireba da
SeafasoT is esTetiurobisa da eTikurobis poziciidan.
9. SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetileba
Tavi aarideT Stampebsa da Sablonebs. eZebeT arastandartuli
gadawyvetilebebi.
iyaviT
originaluri.
molaparakebisas
SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebul iqnas tipiuri situaciebisa da sakiTxebisadmi araSablonuri
midgomis winaswar momzadebuli variantebi.
yoveli xelSekruleba warmoadgens iuridiul aqts da dokuments,
amitom yovelTvis Tan axlavs samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. Sesabamisad,
aucilebelia
ise
moemzadoT
xelSekrulebis
gaformebisaTvis,
rom
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos urTierTobis yvela SesaZlo varianti, aseve forsmaJoruli situaciebi, materialuri da finansuri pasuxismgeblobis pirobebi,
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis, vadamdeli anulirebisa da prolongaciis vadebi.
yvelaferi
es
dafiqsirebuli
unda
iyos
werilobiT
dokumentebSi
(xelSekruleba, kontraqti), romelic damowmebuli unda iyos xelmZRvanelebis
xelmowerebiTa
da
organizaciebis
beWdebiT.
xelSekrulebisaTvis
aucilebelia momzaddes jgufebis Semosvlis (sastumroebisaTvis) grafiki,
transportis
gamoyofisa
da
ganawilebis
sqema
(satransporto
organizaciebisaTvis), TariRebis, vadebisa da raodenobebis CvenebiT, aseve
195

SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis Rirebulebis kalkulacia da tarifebi doneebisa

da kategoriebis Sesabamisad.
taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

rogor unda moemzado saxelSekrulebo kampaniisaTvis?

daasaxeleT molaparakebaTa warmoebisadmi fsiqologiuri midgomis 9 wesi.
ras warmoadgens xelSekruleba da rogor formdeba igi?
daasaxeleT
turoperatorsa
da
momsaxurebis
momwodebels
gaformebuli xelSekrulebis aucilebeli danarTebi.

Soris

2. SegiZlia Tu ara codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba?

aiReT wina praqtikuli davalebis SesrulebaSi `monawile~ momsaxurebis
erT-erTi
momwodebeli
(sastumro,
satransporto,
kvebis
da
a.S.
organizacia) da Seadgine masTan molaparakebis gegma.
-

gaaanalizeT molaparakebis pirobebi, SesaZlo gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis gzebi, Tqveni saqmiani partnioris `poretreti~ am paragrafSi mocemuli rekomendaciebis safuZvelze.

iyavi patiosani sakuTar TavTan, saRad Seafase Seni SesaZleblobebi da

winaswar Camoayalibe partnioris SesaZlo mosazrebebi calkeul sakiTxebze
(Seni asaki, gamocdileba, turistul bazarze muSaobis praqtika, zogadi da
profesiuli ganaTleba, finansuri mdgomareoba, imiji da a.S. uamravi
momenti, razec Seni partniori ifiqrebs) da fsiqologiuri midgomis
wesebis (9 wesi) gamoyenebis safuZvelze SeimuSave Seni kontrargumentebi,
romlebiTac daarwmuneb partniors - miiRos Seni winadadeba.

IV.2 momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba.

IV.2.1 xelSekruleba turoperatorebs Soris

mas Semdeg rac dazusteba daniSnulebis adgili, jgufebSi adamianebis
raodenoba da Semosvlis vadebi, dgeba sastumroebTan, aviaxazebTan da
momsaxurebis sxva momwodeblebTan xelSekrulebebisa da xelmowerebis
periodi.
kontraqti (xelSekruleba) aucilebelia mxareebis valdebulebebisa da
pasuxismgeblobebis regulirebisaTvis, kerZod im situaciebSi, rodesac rCeba
gauyidavi
adgilebi
sastumroebSi,
adgilebi
TviTmfrinavebSi,
an
im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac icvleba CarterulI reisebi, raTa gaTvaliswinebuli
iyos yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis sanqciebisa da jarimebis sistema.
196

turoperatoris swored organizebuli xelSekrulebiTi saqmianoba

exmareba mas, raTa ar moxdes momsaxurebis calkeul momwodebelTa
saqmianobaze
damokidebuli.
msxvili
turoperatorebi,
rogorc
wesi,
sastumroebTan
aformeben
xangrZlivvadian
xelSkrulebebs
garkveul
adgilebze, an sastumros srul datvirTvaze, rac maT dabali fasebiT
momsaxurebis saSualebas aZlevs, Tumca sastumros patronisaTvis aq
garkveuli riskia Cadebuli (maRali inflaciis SemTxvevaSi is dakargavs
Tanxebs). riskis qveS eqceva turoperatoric (is kargavs Tanxebs im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu yvela jgufi ar Semovida).
SedarebiT mcire masStabis (patara) anu specializirebul turoperatorebs, romlebic yidian gansakuTrebul, damoukidebel, inkluziv-turebs,
SeiZleba hqondeT sastumroebTan xelSekruleba Tavisufali gayidvis (anu
gayidva-angariSis) formiT, romelSic sastumroebi iZlevian garantias
turistebis maqsimaluri odenobis ganTavsebasTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi
xelSekrulebebi
gansakuTrebiT
misaRebia
patara
zomis
turistuli
programebisaTvis, Tumca masac aqvs garkveuli nakli, ramdenadac sastumos
mflobelebi inarCuneben garkveuli TariRebis daxurvis uflebas.
turizmSi sakontraqto-saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi regulirdeba
saerTaSoriso da erovnuli samoqalaqo samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad.
saerTaSoriso doneze
ZiriTadi dokumentebiT:

aseTi

urTerTobebi

regulirdeba

Semdegi

saerTaSoriso konvencia mogzaurobis kontraqtis Sesaxeb (22.10.70).

turistuli
saagentoebis
asociaciebis
msoflio
federaciis
generaluri asamblea (FUAAB);
debuleba turistuli kontraqtebisa da gasvlebis Sesaxeb, romelic
miRebulia
evropis
sabWos
usafrTxoebis
sabWos
wevri
saxelmwifoebis venis Sexvedraze (1992);
SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidvebis ZiriTadi wesebis
unificirebis Sesaxeb (varSavis konvencia); miRebul iqna 1929 wlis 12
oqtombers, cvlilebebi da damatebebi 1955 da 1975 wlebSi;
Jenevis
konvencia
avtomobilebiT
saerTaSoriso
mgzavrebis
gadayvanisa da bargis gadazidvis Sesaxeb (briuseli, 1967w);
dsT-s qveynebis saparlamentTaSoriso asambleas dadgenileba `dsT-s
qveynebis TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb turizmis
dargSi~ (1996 wlis 29 oqtomberi);
erovnul doneze xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobebi turizmis dargSi ar
regulirdeba raime erTi sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, amdenad urigo ar iqneba, Tu
saxelSekrulebo saqmianobis dawyebamde Tavi moeyreba da kidev erTzel
gaanalizdeba Semdegi samarTlebriv normatiuli aqtebiT:
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi;
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi;
197

 saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi;

saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi;
saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsi;
saqarTvelos kanonebi:
a. samewarmeo saqmianobis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb;

licenziebisa

da

nebarTvebis

gacemis

b. licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb;

g. Tavsufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb;
d. bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis mosakreblebis Sesaxeb;
e. salizingo saqmianobis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb;
v. salicenzio da sanebarTvo mosakreblebis Sesaxeb;
z. fasebisa da faswarmoqmnis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb;
T. gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb;
i. monopoliuri warmoebisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb;
k. reklamis Sesaxeb;
l. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb;
m. dazRvevis Sesaxeb;
n. samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis Sesaxeb;
o. turizmisa da kurortebis Sesaxeb;
p. kulturis Sesaxeb;
J. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb.
r. muzeumebis Sesaxeb;
s. kulturul faseulobaTa sazRvargareT gatanisa da saqarTveloSi
Semotanis Sesaxeb;
t. daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb;
u. garemos dacvis Sesaxeb;
a. cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb;
turistuli momsaxurebiT vaWrobis praqtikaSi turoperatorebi iyofian
gamgzavnad (an iniciativian, sagareo turebis organizatorad) da mimRebad
(anu receptiulad). iniciativiani turoperatori yovelTvis ar gadis pirdapir
momsaxurebis
momwodebelze.
is
aformebs
xelSekrulebas
mimReb
turoperatorTan, romelic uzrunvelyofs mas miRebisaTvis saWiro masalisa
da informaciis mTeli kompleqsiT.
ganvixiloT
receptiuli
turoperatoris
mier
momsaxurebis
momwodeblebTan xelSekrulebis dadebis Taviseburebebi da xelSekruleba
receptiul da iniciativian turoperators Soris.
xelSekruleba receptiul turoperatorsa da momsaxurebis mimwodebels
Soris.
198

xelSekruleba
mxareebs
Soris
ideba
tipiuri
safuZvelzem romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia turistebis
partniorebis urTierTobebi (momwodebeli - turoperatori).

xelSekrulebis
momsaxureba da

yvela urTierToba partniorebTan _ turis marSrutze turistebis

momsaxurebis
momwodeblebTan,
formdeba
werilobiTi
xelSekrulebis
(kontraqtis)
formiT.
mas
SeiZleba
hqondes
yidva-gayidvis
tipiuri
xelSekrulebis forma, an komisiis xelSekrulebis, an gacvlis (turistuli
jgufebis uvaluto gacvlisas) forma.
momsaxurebis momwodebelTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi
debulebebi xelSekrulebis tipiuri debulebis analogiuria: xelSekrulebis
sagani, ZiriTadi pirobebi, momsaxurebis mimwodeblis ufleba da movaleoba,
turoperatoris ufleba da movaleobs, mxareTa pasuxismgeblobebi, forsmaJoruli pirobebi, partniorebis iuridiuli misamarTebi da rekvizitebi.
xelSekruleba iTvleba dadebulad, rodesac mxareTa Soris, miRebuli
formis Tanaxmad, miRweulia SeTanxmeba misi yvela mniSvnelovani muxlis
Sesabamisad. mniSvnelovnad iTvleba muxlebi xelSekrulebis saganTan,
romelic miCneulia mniSvnelovnad (arsebiTad) kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad an
aucilebelia aseTi tipis xelSekrulebebisaTvis, amasTan erTad is pirobebi,
romelTa mimarTac romelime mxare moiTxovs SeTanxmebis miRwevas. amgvarad,
mxareebs ufleba aqvT Camoayalibon xelSekrulebis pirobebi sakuTari
Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, ramdenadac yovel SemTxvevas aqvs Tavisi specifika,
rac damokidebulia turistebisadmi momsaxurebis miwodebis Taviseburebebsa
da mxareebis urTierTobaze. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod is SemTxvevebi,
rodesac Sesabamisi pirobebis Sinaarsi gansazRvrulia (an akrZalulia)
qveynis moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT.

IV.2.2 xelSekruleba sastumrosTan

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi cnobilia da farTod gamoiyeneba SeTanxmeba
da
dokumentebi,
romlebic
aregulireben
urTierTobas
sastumroebs,
turagentebsa da turoperatorebs Soris. maT Soris erT-erTia _ 1970 wlis
sastumroTa konvencia, romelic SemuSavebuli iqna sastumroTa saerTaSoriso
asociaciisa da turistuli saagentoebis asociaciebis msoflio federaciis
egidis qveS. konvencia gansazRvravs mxareebis valdebulebebs, misi gamoyenebis
sferoebs, sastumros kontraqtebis tipebs, maTi Sedgenis saerTo da
gansakuTrebul wesebs, sakomisios sidides da gadaxdis wess, aseve
xelSekrulebis anulirebis wess. 1979 wels sastumroTa konvenciaSi Setanili
iqna rigi Sesworebebi da man miiRo Semdegi saTauri `saerTaSoriso sastumro
konvencia~, romelic 1993 wlidan gaxda sastumroebisa da turagentebis
(turoperatorebis)
urTierTobis
kodeqsi
da
gamoiyeneba
sastumro
kontraqtebis gaformebisas.
kodeqsi avaldebulebs sastumros gasces zusti informacia sastumros
kategoriisa da adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb, aseve SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis
199

xarisxis Sesaxeb. masSi gansazRvrulia, rom turagents ara aqvs ufleba

daawesos
ufro
maRali
fasebi
Tavisi
klientebisaTvis,
vidre
es
gansazRvrulia komisiis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad. es exeba turoperatorsac,
romelic muSaobs sastumrosTan igive pirobebiT. amasTan arc sastumrom, arc
turagentma da arc turoperatorma ar unda gaamxilon is fasi, romelic
aRniSnulia kontraqtSi.
dokumentebs,
romlebiTac
regulirdeba
turistuli
biznesis
urTierToba sastumroebTan, waroadgens: sastumroTa saerTaSoriso wesebi,
romelic mowonebulia sastumroebis saerTaSoriso asociaciis sabWos mier
(02.11.81) da sastumroTa klasifikaciis kriteriumebis regionTaSorisi
harmonizacia, romelic efuZneba klasifikaciur standartebs, da romelic
mowonebulia msoflio turistuli organizaciis regionuli komisiebis mier
(1989w).
marTalia am dokumentebs sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvT da ar
warmoadgenen savaldebulos, isini Seicaven mraval debulebas, romlebic
myarad damkvidrdnen sastumro biznesisa da saagento-saoperatoro biznesis
urTierTobs praqtikaSi.
urTierToba
safuZvelze:

sastumroebTan

isazRvreba

Semdegi

dokumentebis

xelSekruleba adgilebis kvotis 30-80% garantirebuli Sefasebis

Sesaxeb. aseTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze turistuli firma
sastumrodan iRebs garkveuli odenobis adgilebs, romlebic
valdebulebis
Tanaxmad,
garkveul
vadaSi
unda
datvirTos
turistebiT. amasTan is iZleva gamoyofili adgilebis kvotis 30-80%
gadaxdis garantias, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu adgilebi gamoyenebuli
ar iqneba. firmas SeuZlia kvotis danarCeni nawilis anulireba
gansazRvrul vadaSi. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze firma
iRebs
fasebs
sastumros
nomrebze
Cveulebrivi
tarifisagan
garkveuli fasdaklebiT.

xelSekruleba adgilebis kvotis Sesaxeb Sevsebis garantiis gareSe.

aseTi xelSekrulebis forma ar iRebs gamoyofili adgilebis
Sevsebis garantias. Sesabamisad ZalaSi Sedis adgilebis anulirebis
Cveulebrivi
wesi
(saubaria
gamouyenebel
adgilebze).
firma
sastumrosTan amgvari xelSekrulebisas angariSsworebas Cveulebrivi
fasebis mixedviT adgens.

xelSekruleba adgilebis myari Sesyidvisa da sruli gadaxdis

Sesaxeb. aseTi xelSekrulebisas firma iRebs sruli gadaxdis
valdebulebas, miuxedavad sastumros datvirTvisa. SeTanxmebis
gaformebisas firma cdilobs sastumros maqsimalurad daaklebinos
fasebi.

xelSekruleba
firmebisaTvis

mimdinare
bronirebis
Sesaxeb.
es
turistuli
yvelaze
misaRebi
da
gavrcelebuli
formaa.
200

gansakuTrebiT maTTvis vinc individualuri turebis organizebiT

arian dakavebulni. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad firma ar iRebs
valdebulebas kvotaze. klientisagan winadadebis miRebis Semdeg
firma sastumroSi agzavnis bronirebis ganacxads da sastumrodan
dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi axdens sastumro momsaxurebis gayidvas.
aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis fasebis klebas ara aqvs adgili.
nebismieri variantis xelSekrulebisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli
iyos (xelSekrulebiT) Semdegi pirobebi:
-

nomris Rirebuleba da bronirebis xarjebi;

nomrebis tipebi da maTi raodenoba

momsaxurebis xangrZlivoba (sezoni);

Tavisufali periodebi;

turistebis Semosvlis grafiki;

erTjeradi momsaxurebis vadebi da xangrZlivoba;

momsaxurebis nakrebis CamonaTvali;

kvebis organizebis forma da raodenoba (pansioni) sastumros

restoranSi SeTavazebuli kvebis variantebi (sauzme, naxevarpansioni,
sruli pansioni, Sveduri magida da a. S);

turistebis kvebiT momsaxurebis dro;

specialuri
pirobebi
dasvenebis
vegeterianelebis da a. S.);

enebi, romlebzec unda laparakobdes momsaxure personali;

turistebis Semosvlis vadebis (bronireba) damtkiceba;

sajarimo sanqciebis gareSe bronebis moxsnis vadebi;

sajarimo sanqciebis zoma da vadebi;

SeRavaTebi didi jgufebis Semosvlis an mudmivi TanamSromlobis

SemTxvevaSi;

materialuri pasuxismgebloba arasruli nakadis (raodenobrivi),

jgufis Semosvlis Cavardnis, turistebis ganTavsebaze uaris Tqmis
SemTxvevaSi da a. S.;

sxva specialuri sakiTxebi (mag.: Sedis Tu ara fasebSi momsaxureba

sauniT, biliardiT, maTi muSaobis saaTebi da a. S.)

dros

(mag.:

invalidebis,

amasTan erTad aucilebelia yuradReba mivaqcioT garantiebs, romelsac

gTavazobT
partniori momsaxurebis momwodebeli.
maTTan mimarTebaSi
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT (dafiqsirdes dokumentebSi) pirobebi fasebis
xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgomi amaRlebis SeuZleblobebis Sesaxeb (fasebi

201

SeiZleba momatebuli iyos mxolod

Sesrulebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba.

gauyidav

momsaxurebaze)

da

misi

IV.2.3 xelSekruleba kvebis obieqtTan

aseTi xelSekruleba formdeba calke kvebis obieqtTan im SemTxvevaSi
Tu kveba xorcieldeba sastumros gareT da ar Sedis sastumrosTan
gaformebul kontraqtSi. es SemTxvevebi SeiZleba gvqondes marSrutebze,
Tematuri turebisas (kveba gzaze) da sxva.
aseT xelSekrulebaSi unda aisaxos:
-

erTdroulad momsaxurebis qveS myofi turistebis raodenoba;

SekveTebis regulireba da sidide;

kvebis saxe (Sveduri magida, momsaxureba da a. S.);

menius savaraudo variantebi;

samagaliTo fasebi kvebis sxvadasxa racionis dros;

SeRavaTebi klientebis didi odenobis an klientebiT regularuli

uzrunvelyofisas;

kvebaze ganacxadis wardgenis vadebi;

sajarimo sanqciis gareSe SekveTis moxsnis zRvruli vada;

kvebis procesis CaSlis SemTxvevaSi materialuri pasuxismgebloba

rogorc erTi, aseve meore mxridan. aqve unda iyos naCvenebi
pasuxisgebis vadebic.

IV.2.4 xelSekruleba avtosatransporto organizaciebTan

turistebis satransporto gadazidvebis organizebisas saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi regulirdeba evropuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze `avtobusebiT
araregularuli saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis Sesaxeb~, romelic miRebulia
dublinSi 1982 wlis 26 maiss. am SeTanxmebis safuZvelze araregularuli
satransporto gadazidvebis SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi aucilebelia specialuri sakontrolo dokumenti (sagzao furceli),
romelic unda iyos avtobusSi.
xelSekrulebiTi urTierToba satransporto organizaciasTan yalibdeba
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze satransporto erTeulisa da ekipaJis qiravnobis
Sesaxeb, rac regulirdeba Sromis kanonmdeblobiT (`samoqalaqo kodeqsi~).
xelSekrulebis
Tanaxmad,
satransporto
organizacia
droebiT
gadascems satransporto saSualebas turistul organizacias Sesabamisi
anazRaurebis safuZvelze da pasuxs agebs manqanis teqnikur gamarTulobaze.
avtobusis mZRoli (misi kvalifikacia) unda Seesabamebodes mis winaSe
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul sakvalifikacio moTxovnebs;
202

amasTan, unda asrulebdes turistuli kompaniis, rogorc teqnikuri

eqspluataciis ganmaxorcieleblis, moTxovnebs. xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc wesi, mZRolis xelfasi da misi Senaxvis xarjebi avtosatransporto
kompaniis problemaa.
Tu sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebiT, satransporto
saSualebis dazRvevis da transportis SesaZlo dazianebis xarjebs Tavis
Tavze iRebs satransporto kompania. es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dazRveva
savaldebuloa kanonmdeblobiT an xelSekrulebiT. sazRvargareT gasvlebis
SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia dazRvevis specialuri forma (e.w. `mwvane baraTi~)
da dazRveva mesame pirisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaze.
Tu xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, turistuli
kompania, rogorc wesi, Tavis Tavze iRebs xarjebs, rac dakavSirebulia
avtobusis eqspluataciasTan _ sawvavi da sxva masalebi da aseve
mosakreblebi
(gadasaxadi),
rac
dakavSirebulia
gzasTan
(gaCerebebi,
avtosadgomebi,
gvirabebi
da
a.S.).
amasTan
erTad,
xelSekrulebaSi
aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos Semdegi sakiTxebi:
-

turistebisaTvis gamoyofili avtotransportis marka;

fasebi da tarifebi;

avtotransportis muSaobis grafiki da vadebi;

avtotransportis moZraobis marSruti;

avtotransportis gamoyofaze ganacxadis wardgenis vadebi;

ganacxadebis sajarimo sanqciebis gareSe gauqmebis vadebi;

avtosatransporto
organizaciis
materialuri
pasuxismgebloba
transportis miwodebaze SeferxebasTan dakavSirebiT;

turistuli kopaniis materialuri

SeferxebasTan dakavSirebiT (gamo);

transportis dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi lodinis maqsimaluri dro;

turistebis
dagvianebis
maqsimaluri dro;

transportis eqspluataciisas turistis,

ZiriTadi uflebebi da movaleobebi;

SeRavaTebi da fasdaklebebi (SesaZlo variantebi).

pasuxismgebloba

SemTxvevaSi

momsaxurebaSi

transportis
gidis,

lodinis

eqskursiamZRolis

saerTaSoriso turizmSi saavtobuso turebis dros iReben zomebs

turistebis
usafrTxoebis
Sesaxeb
da
momsaxurebis
standartebis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis. magaliTad, rig qveynebSi SemoRebulia licenzirebis
sistema. ase magaliTad, evropis satransporto komisiis gadawyvetilebiT, 9 da
met adgiliani (mZRolis adgilis CaTvliT) yvela turistuli avtobusisaTvis
aucilebelia specialuri makontrolebeli aparatis _ taxografis qona. es
TviTmfrinavSi gamoyenebuli e.w. `Savi yuTis~ analogia. igi, moZraobis mTeli
203

periodis ganmavlobaSi, akontrolebs avtobusisa da mZRolis muSaobas da

iwers
taxogramaze.
turistul
avtobusSi
taxografis
arseboba
xelSekrulebis erT-erTi pirobaa. taxografi da `samgzavro furceli~
aucilebeli xelSekrulebiTi poziciebia evropis qveynebSi mogzaurobis
dros.

IV.2.5 xelSekruleba aviakompaniasTan

sahaero gadazidvebis yvela sakiTxi nebismier qveyanaSi regulirdeba
sahaero kodeqsiT (Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT) da rigi saerTaSoriso
dokumentebiT, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia varSavis konvencia _ 1929 weli
`saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidvebis rigi wesebis unificirebis Sesaxeb~.
romelSic cvlilebebi iqna Setanili 1959 wels (e.w. `hamburgis wesebi~).
aviakompaniebTan dadebuli xelSekruleba SeiZleba iyos sami saxis:
a. regularul reisebze adgilebis kvotaze;
b. saagento SeTanxmeba, da
g. Carteri (TviTmfrinavis arenda).

a.

xelSekruleba regularul reisebze adgilebis kvotis Sesaxeb

adgilebis kvota SeiZleba iyos mkacrad gansazRvruli da SedarebiT

rbili.
amiT
ganisazRvreba
rogorc
xelSekrulebis
pirobebi,
aseve
specialuri SeRavaTebi da fasdaklebebi. mkacri kvotis SemTvevaSi mTeli
pasuxismgebloba
gauyidav
bileTebze
gadadis
turistul
kompaniaze,
miuxedavad
xelisSemSleli
mizezebisa.
finansur
zarals
mTlianad
anazRaurebs turistuli kompania. e.w. `rbili kvotis~ SemTxvevaSi isazRvreba
periodi, romlis drosac turistul kompanias SeuZlia sajarimo sanqciebis
gareSe gaauqmos kvota an misi nawili. es dro iTvaliswinebs imas, rom
darCenili
bileTebi
gayidos
aviakompaniam,
an
sxva
saagentoebma.
xelSekruleba adgilebis kvotaze regularul reisebze iTvaliswinebs:
-

turis funqcionirebis grafiks, orive mimarTulebiT daniSnulebis

adgilis CvenebiT;

turistebis raodenobas TiToeuli jgufis Sesabamisad (adgilebis

kvota);

ganacxadis miwodebisa da bileTebis gamosyidvis vadebs;

bileTebze SekveTebis gauqmebis vadebs sajarimo sanqciebis gareSe

(`rbili bloki~);

tarifis saxeebs bileTebze,

tarifebis pirobebs;

SeRavaTebsa da fasdaklebebs adgilebis kvotaze;

SeRavaTian

tarifebs,

SeRavaTiani

204

b.

]gamosyiduli, magram gamouyenebeli bileTebis dabrunebis vadebs da

wess, materialur pasuxismgeblobas, rac gamomdinareobs dabrunebis
vadeebidan (e.w. `rbili bloki~).

saagento SeTanxmeba aviakompaniasTan

rigi aviakompaniebi, yvela im turistul kompanias, romlebTanac aqvT

gaformebuli xelSekruleba adgilebis kvotaze, Tvlian TavianT agentebad.
Tumca saagento SeTanxmeba (misi klasikuri gagebiT) _ es aris saqmianoba
aviabileTebis realizaciis mizniT. anu rodesac turistuli kompania iRebs
saSualebas damoukideblad gamovides rogorc aviakompaniis bileTebis
gamyidveli saagento, rac garkveulad amartivebs da aCqarebs samgzavro
dokumentebis bronirebisa da gaformebis process. turistuli kompania
gvevlineba rogorc bileTebis gamyidveli salaro; anu aformebs bileTs da
aqvs Sesabamisi qseluri kompiuteruli kavSiri aviakompaniis dabronvis
samsaxurTan.
aseT SemTxvevaSi aviakompanias turistuli kompaniis saxiT aqvs
bileTebis gayidvis damatebiTi punqti (saagento SeTanxmebis erT-erTi
pirobaa swored aRniSnuli aviakompaniis bileTebis gayidva saeqskursio
turebisaTvis). amasTan erTad saagento SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs sxva
momentebsac:
-

vin da ra pirobiT uzrunvelyofs aviabileTebisa da maTi blankebis

gaformebisaTvis saWiro mowyobilobebis arsebobas;

aRniSnul sistemasTan momuSave kadrebis momzadebis pirobebi;

gayidvis moculoba (yvelaze xSirad isazRvreba individualurad _

Tvis ganmavlobaSi bileTebis raodenobis mixedviT; mag.: ara nakleb
10/200 bileTisa TveSi; an gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
Sesabamisad, mag.: 10-dan 200 aTas dolaramde kompaniis Sesabamisad);

SesaZlo gayidvebis sazRvrebi

momxmarebelTa segmentis mixedviT;

visi fasebiT iyideba bileTi _ aviakompaniis Tu tursaagentos (ufro

xSirad aviakompania);

aviabileTebis fasebi da tarifebi;

gadaxdis pirobebi _ winaswari gadaxda Tu gadaxda bileTebis

gayidvis
Sesabamisad
(stok-agentebisaTvis
zogi
aviakompania
turistebis jgufze sazRvravs winaswar gadaxdas);

sakomisio jildos
tarifis 9%-mde);

aviakompaniis angariSebis mowodebis vadebi da regularuloba, maTi

forma da aucilebeli danarTebis nusxa;

odenoba

(zRvari)

aviabileTis

regionalurad

gayidvaze

an

(gayiduli

205

c.

aviakompaniis an sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso asociaciis

sasargeblo sabanko garantiebis zoma (20 aTasi dolaridan zeviT);

stsa (IATA)-s wevroba (aviakompaniisaTvis).

Carteri (TviTmfrinavis arenda)

Carteruli aviagadazidvebis organizebisas SemkveTi da aviakompania

sazRvraven marSruts, winaswar sazRvraven mxareTa valdebulebebs, arkveven
saarendo
xelSekrulebis
Sesabamisobas
saerTaSoriso
normebTan
da
sazRvraven reisis fass, romelic moicavs TviTmfrinavis arendas, sawvavis
xarjs, ekipaJisa da aeroportis momsaxurebas.
amis Semdeg formdeba specialuri Carteruli xelSekruleba, romelSic
isazRvreba:
-

TviTmfrinavis saxe (marka);

gasayidi adgilebis raodenoba;

TviTmfrinavis arendis Rirebuleba;

marSruti gamSvebi da mimRebi aeroportebis CvenebiT;

xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada (sezoni, weli da a.S.);

aviareisebis organizebis regularoba;

aviareisis moxsnis
sanqciebiT.

SesaZlebloba

da

zRvruli

vadebi

Sesabamisi

Carterebis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTi sruli reisi

(meore da bolos wina gafrena _ pirveli ukan gamofrena da ukanaskneli
jgufis Camoyvanis wina gafrena) xdeba turistebis gareSe: ukanaskneli reisis
dros TviTmfrinavs mihyavs bolo turistebi da aRar mohyavs axlebi, radgan
maTTvis aRar dabrundeba (10 turistuli nakadisaTvis xorcieldeba 11
aviareisi). am SemTxvevisaTvis muSaobs formula: N+1.
sahaero xomaldis arendisas aviakompaniasTan normaluri urTierToba
iTvaliswinebs gadaxdas, aucilebeli balansis gamoyvaniT, yoveli reisis
Semdeg.
Carteruli reisebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodnen varSavis saerTaSoriso
konvenciis moTxovnebs gadamzidavis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb mgzavrebis
winaSe. Carteruli reisebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom maT ganxorcielebas
mxolod maSina aqvs azri, rodesac 4-5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia 15-17
Sewyvilebuli (iqeT da aqeT) reisis ganxorcieleba. reisebi, rogorc wesi,
xorcieldeba kviraSi orjer, xolo iSviaTad _ 10 dReSi, 2 kviraSi erTxel.
ukanasknel periodSi SeimCneva tendencia, rodesac turoperatorebi
formirebas ukeTeben da eqspluatacias uweven sakuTar Carterul reisebs,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen sakuTar turistebs.
206

aRsaniSnavia, rom sezonis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia 20 Semosvlis

organizeba (yovelkvireuli reisebis SemTxvevaSi). Tumca Carterebis gaSveba
SeiZleba kviraSi orjerac. aseT SemTxvevaSi reisebis odenoba sezonSi
miaRwevs 40-s. es mkveTrad amcirebs tarifs, Tumca datvirTvis moTxovnebiT
bevri turistuli kompaniis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. amiT aixsneba
turistebis gadazidvis bazarze e.w. `Sualeduri~ mewarmeebis _ sabiTumo
firmebi (wholesalers) gamoCena, romlebic xelSi iReben umsxviles Carterebs da
Semdeg anawileben ufro mcire firmebisaTvis blok-Carterebis (10-30 adgili)
saxiT. Tavis Carterze sabiTumo turoperatori, rogorc wesi, adgilebis
blokebis gayidvas axdens sam sxvadasxva variantSi: adgilebis mkacri bloki,
rbili da kombinirebuli blokebi.
rbili bloki _ romlis drosac SemkveTs ara aqvs aranairi finansuri
pasuxismgebloba, magram aqvs ufleba, winaswar SeTanxmebul vadebSi, srulad
an nawilobriv Tqvas uari Tavis adgilebze. aseTi principi ufro
mosaxerxebelia
turagentebisaTvis,
Tumca
Tu
uari
dafiqsirdeba
SeTanxmebuli vadis Semdeg, maSin SemkveTi valdebuli iqneba gadaixados
jarima. rogorc wesi, e.w. `rbili bloki~ gamoiyeneba sakmaod iSviaTad,
ramdenadac igi yovelTvis momgebiani ar aris Carteris mflobelisaTvis
(sulerTia aviakompaniaa Tu turoperatori _ wholesaler).
`mkacri bloki~ iTvaliswinebs mkacr xelSekrulebiT pasuxismgeblobas
gayidvis vadebsa da gadaxdaze. SemkveTs Seaqvs winaswari Tanxa, romlis
sidide gaTvaliswinebulia ori Sewyvilebuli reisis RirebulebaSi. `mkacri
blokis~ SemTxvevaSi sarealizacio tarifebi 5-10%-iT naklebia vidre `rbili
blokis~ SemTxvevaSi. amasTan erTad, `mkacri blokis~ SemTxvevaSi operatori
da agenti xelSekrulebaSi afiqsireben fass, romelic Carteris mTeli
periodis ganmavlobaSi imoqmedebs. aRniSnuli momenti garkveul interess
uCens realizatorebs, romlebsac SeeZlebaT varireba gaukeTon fasebs
sezonis `pikisa~ da dasrulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
yvelaze
gavrcelebulia
Carterul
reisebze
bileTebis
gayidva
kombinirebuli meTodiT, rac iTvaliswinebs zemoT aRniSnuli ori variantis
Serwymas. adgilebis saerTo raodenoba, romelic Sedis sarealizacio
blokSi, iyofa orad garkveuli proporciiT, romlis erTi nawili iyideba
`mkacri~ sistemiT, xolo meore _ `rbiliT~.
xSirad Carteruli programebis iniciatorebis rolSi gvevlineba
ramodenime turoperatori erTad. amasTan, isini winaswar sazRvraven
erTmaneTs Soris frenis organizaciis pirobebs. turoperatorisaTvis,
romelic pirvelad axorcielebs Carterul reiss, mTavari sakiTxi yovelTvis
aris
aviakompaniis
SerCeva.
cnebis
`aviakompaniis
saimedooba~
qveS,
turoperatoris azriT, pirvel rigSi igulisxmeba aviagadazidvebis msoflio
bazarze misi reputacia da saxeli, konkretuli mimarTulebiT frenis
teqnologiuri jaWvis damuSavebis xarisxi, safreni parkis sidide da
nomenklatura,
miwiszeda
(saxmeleTo)
warmomadgenlobebis
mxardaWeris
SesaZlebloba.
207

Carteris dros Zalze mniSvnelovania gadazidvis fasebi. Tumca Cveni

qveynis realobaSi situacia cota specifikuria _ xelSekrulebis gaformeba
praqtikulad erT, saxelmwifo kompaniasTan giwevT, radgan yvela sxvas (Tu
ar CavTvliT ucxours) garTulebuli aqvT garkveuli garantiebis gacema.
praqtikulad, Tu ar CavTvliT ucxour aviakompaniebs, romelTa Carteri
Seudareblad Zviri jdeba, Sida bazarze mxolod erTi kompania rCeba _
Sesabamisad misi fasebi, misaaRebia is Tu miuRebeli, erTaderTia.
Carteris organizaciis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis gaformebis momentidan
aviakompania Zalze mkacri reJimis qveS aqcevs turoperators. pirvel rigSi
misgan iTxovs winaswar gadaxdas. rogoric ar unda iyos misi maqsimaluri
sazRvari, aviakompaniebi mainc iTxoven winaswar iqnas gadaxdili Carteruli
ciklis pirveli da bolo reisebis Rirebuleba: - amiT isini azRveven rogorc
sakuTar
Tavs,
aseve
xelSekrulebamde
Cayvanil
turistebs
SesaZlo
argadaxdisagan. reisis Rirebuleba isazRvreba winaswar da gadaxda xdeba
gafrenamde 7-10 dRiT adre. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, gadaxdis dagvianebis
SemTxvevaSi, aviakompanias ufleba aqvs wauyenos sajarimo sanqciebi SemkveTs,
an saerTod gawyvitos xelSekruleba masTan.

IV.2.6 xelSekruleba rkinigzasTan

sarkinogzo
gadayvanebi
(gadazidvebi)
saqarTvelos
sinamdvileSi
regulirdeba `saqarTvelos sarkinigzo kodeqsiT~ da kanoniT: `transportisa
da komunikaciebis sferos saxelmwifo marTvisa da regulirebis wesis
Sesaxeb~.
saerTaSoriso sarkinigzo gadaziodvebis organizebisas aucilebelia
vixelmZRvaneloT mTavrobaTaSorisi xelSekrulebiT: `saerTaSoriso konvencia mogzaurobaze kontraqtis Sesaxeb~ (22.10.70), `konvencia da statusi
tranzitis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~ (20.04.21) da sxva;
xelSekruleba, grafikiT moZrav matareblebSi adgilebis gamoyofis
Sesaxeb, formdeba aviakompaniasTan adgilebis kvotis an mimdinare bronirebis
analogiurad. TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva xelSekruleba specializirebuli
turistuli matareblis arendis Sesaxeb;
xelSekruleba specializirebuli turistuli matareblis arendis
Sesaxeb. arsebobs Camoyalibebuloi azri, rom nebismieri sarkinogzo
mgzavroba, miTumetes xangrZlivvadiani, damqancveli da naklebsasiamovnoa.
Tumca sazRvargareTis mravali qveynis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom is
SeiZleba iyos ara iZulebiTi gadaadgileba erTi punqtidan meoreSi, aramed
momxiblavi
mogzauroba.
es
WeSmariteba
didi
xnis
win
irwmunes
sazRvargareTulma turfirmebma da operatorebma, romlebic sTavazoben
klientebs `specializirebul sarkinogzo turebs~. maTi Catarebis teqnologia
sazRvargareTis specialistebma srulyofilebamde miiyvanes.

208

standartuli sarkinogzo turebi

damoukidebel kategoriad: erTdRiani,
xangrZlivvadiani (5 dRe da meti).

pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT

moklevadiani (2-3 dRe-Rame)

sam
da

erTdRiani turebi iwyeba diliT da mTavrdeba imave dRis saRamos.

turistebi ganTavsdebian vagon-restornis magidebTan. gzaSi maT SeuZliaT ara
mxolod Wama, aramed estradisa da cirkis msaxiobebis naxva. turistebi miyavT
rkinigzis garkveul sadguramde, sadac maTTvis momzadebulia specialuri
programa. es SeiZleba iyos eqskursia an pikniki bunebaSi. ufro xSirad xdeba
am orive variantis SeTavseba. aseTi matareblebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris im qalaqebSi, romlebsac hqondaT ganviTarebuli
rkinigzis qseli (mag: `saqarTvelo~, `aWara~, `afxazeTi~.).
moklevadiani turi. 2-3 dRiani turebis dros mgzavrebi cxovroben
calke kupeebSi. mogzaurobis gegmis Sedgena xdeba im angariSiT, rom RamiT,
rodesac yvelas sZinavs, matarebeli iyos gzaSi. dRisiT turistebi
monawileoben sxvadasxva eqskursiebSi.
aseTi mogzauroba xorcieldeba sxvadasxva qveynebSi. magaliTad:
mogzauroba afrikaSi, romelsac sTavazobs turistebs samxreTafrikuli
kompania `rovos reili~ (Rovos Rail) `sarkinogzo safari~ afrikis
kontinentis samxreT nawilSi. aRniSnulma kompaniam gamoisyida ori
matarebeli `afrikis siamaye~. erTs daarqves `klasiki~ (gaformebulia XX
saukunis 40-iani wlebis stilSi), xolo meores `eduardiani~ (inglisis mefe
eduardis stilSi). orive es matarebeli axorcielebs unikalur `sarkinogzo
safaris~ afrikis samxreT nawilSi.
xangrZlivvadiani
turi.
im
matareblebis
grafiki,
romlebic
emsaxurebian xangrZlivvadian turs, guldasmiT muSavdeba. marSrutisa da
saeqskursio programis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, turistebi xSirad imyofebian
gzaSi dRis ganmavlobaSi (periodSi) imisaTvis rom turistebi ar
gadaiRalon, or uaxloes punqts Soris matareblis moZraobis xangrZlivoba
ar unda iyos 36 saaTze meti. xangrZlivvadiani gadaadgilebebi dRisiT,
rogor wesi igegmeba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mgzavrobis periodSi aris
SesaZlebloba daaTvalieron saintereso landSaftebi da sxva xedebi.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi xdeba aseve e. w. `mwvane gaCerebebis~ (moklevadiani
SeCereba tyeSi, mTaSi, zRvis sanapiroze) SeTavazebac.
turistul matareblebs sxvagvarad eZaxian `sastumros borblebze~ da
es garkveuli gagebiT WeSmaritebas Seesabameba, radgan miuxedavad rkinigzis
mkacri
standartebis
Sesabamisi
gabarituli
SezRudvebisa,
maT
komfortabelurobisa da Sida dizainis maCveneblebiT SeuZliaT konkurencia
gauwion sastumroebs. yovel kupeSi, romelTa raodenoba saZile vagonSi ar
unda aRematebodes 8-s, cxovrobs araumetes 2 adamiani. matareblis kategoriis
Sesabamisad
kupeSi
aris
ori
erTadgiliani
(vertikalurad
an
horizontalurad) an erTi oradgiliani sawoli, kondicioneri, saweri magida,
telefoni, televizori. tualeti da saabazano SeiZleba iyos rogorc
vagonze, aseve personalurad erT-or nomerze (kupeze) gaTvliT. turistuli
209

matareblis SemdgenlobaSi aris ramodenime vagon-restorani, vagon-saloni

(rogorc biblioTeka, kartis saTamaSo, Sexvedrebis, dasvenebis adgili),
konferenc-vagoni (igive leqtoriumi, diskoteka an videosaloni), aseve bavSvTa
vagoni an moZravi TamaSebis vagoni.
specialuri
turistul-saeqskursio
matareblis
xelSekruleba unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg sakiTxebs:

arendis

Sesaxeb

mogzaurobis marSruti yvela gaCerebis CvenebiT;

vagonebisa da vagon-restornis arendis Rirebuleba;

mogzaurobis dro, marSrutis yovel punqtSi gaCerebis TariRi misi

xangrZlivobis CvenebiT;

vagonebisa da maTSi adgilebis raodenoba;

erT adamianze Tereulis gamocvlis raodenoba (reJimi);

marSrutis sigrZe (kilometraJi) da mgzavrobis Rirebuleba;

mogzaurobaze
aranaklebi);

momsaxureba matarebelSi (Cai, sauzme kupeSi da a. S.)

uaris

Tqmis

vadebi

(gamgzavrebamde

20

dReze

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi amJamad msgavsi tipisa da momsaxurebis

SesaZleblobis mqone matarebeli ar arsebobs. Zvel periodSi (e.w. `sabWoTa
dro~) iyo ramodenime msgavsi funqciis mqone matarebeli (mag.: `saqarTvelo~),
Tumca igi arafriT gansxvavdeboda Cveulebrivi saZile vagonebisagan da,
Sesabamisad, sarkinigzo turizmi nakleb popularuli iyo.

IV.2.7 xelSekruleba saeqskursio firmasTan

Tu ara gyavT sakuTari saeqskursio samsaxuri, saWiroa xewlSekrulebis
gaformeba specializebul saeqskursio samsaxurTan; xelSekrulebaSi unda
iyos Semdegi punqtebi:
-

eqskursiis dasaxeleba da xangrZlivoba, gadaadgilebis saSualeba

(avtobusiT, fexiT da a.S.);

eqskursiis Catarebaze gancxadebis mowodebis vadebi;

eqskursiis fasebi;

eqskursantebis raodenoba TiToeuli eqskursiis dros;

materialuri pasuxismgebloba eqskursiis

firmis an turoperatoris mizeziT).

CaSlaze

(saeqskursio

IV.2.8 xelSekruleba muzeumTan

muzeumTan gaformebuli xelSekruleba moicavs:
-

eqskursiis variants da mis Tematikas;

210

eqskursantebis raodenobas jgufSi;

eqskursiis fasebs (diferencirebuli _ jgufuri da individualuri,

asakobrivi da a.S.);

SeRavaTebs muzeumis jgufuri monaxulebisaTvis;

ganacxadis wardgenis vadebs eqskursiis Catarebaze;

ganacxadis gauqmebis vadebs;

materialur
pasuxismgeblobas
samuzeume
eqskursiis
SemTxvevaSi rogorc erTi, aseve meore mxaris mizeziT.

Cavardnis

ar unda daviviwyoT aseve damatebiTi momsaxureba, anu is, rac ar aris

Setanili turis paketSi. damatebiTi momsaxureba miewodebaT turistebs
adgilze damatebiTi gadaxdis xarjze. rogorc wesi, es SeiZleba iyos
specifiuri eqskursia, Sou, sazRvao, samTo an samdinaro gaseirneba,
akvaparkebis, erovnuli parkebis, nakrZalebis monaxuleba, safari mTebSi da
udabnoSi, nadiroba, Tevzaoba da mravali sxva. im organizaciebTan, romlebic
awyoben
msgavs
momsaxurebas,
formdeba
calke
xelSekruleba,
raTa
uzrunvelyofili iyos turistebis momsaxureba da SeRavaTiani fasebis miReba
jgufuri daswrebis bileTebis gamosyidviT.
receptiuli turoperatorebi ZiriTadad muSaoben Tavis qveyanaSi
miRebaze da xelSekrulebebs aformeben momsaxurebis samamulo (adgilobriv)
momwodeblebTan. xolo iniciativianebi, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli,
ZiriTadad muSaoben ara momsaxurebis sazRvargareTel da regionalur
momwodeblebTan,
aramed
adgilobrivi
receptiuli
turoperatorebis
SuamavlobiT. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom maT ar SeuZliaT pirdapir
gavidnen momsaxurebis momwodeblebze, Suamavlis gareSe. aseT SemTxvevebs
adgili aqvs turistul bazarze msxvil (ZiriTadad _ transnacionalur)
kompaniebs Soris. xelSekrulebiTi saqmianoba momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan
iniciativiani da receptiuli turoperatorebisaTvis TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba,
Tumca aqvT garkveuli Taviseburebebi calkeul saxelmwifoebSi.

IV.2.9 xelSekruleba iniciativian da receptiul turoperatorebs Soris

xelSekrulebiTi
urTierToba
iniciativian
da
receptiul
turoperatorebs Soris bevr rameSi turoperatorsa da turagents Soris
urTierTobis msgavsia, Tu saubari ar aris saagento SeTanxmebaze.
ganvixiloT xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis rigi poziciebi, romlebic
gamomdinareoben iniciativiani turoperatorisa da sazRvargareTeli mimRebi
partnioris (am SemTxvevaSi _ receptiuli turoperatori) urTierTobis
pirobebidan.
iniciativian
da
receptiul
xelSekrulebaSi asaxuli unda iyos:

turoperatorebs

Soris

dadebul

1. samarSruto inkluziv-turebis organizebisas:

211

marSruti, turis programa da momsaxurebis paketi, romlebic unda

iyos SeTavazebuli turistebisaTvis, maTi mogzaurobisas;

Camosvlisa da wasvlis dro (vada);

qalaqebis CamonaTvali da monaxulebis Tanmimdevroba;

transportis saxeoba;

TiToeul qalaqSi yofnis dReebis raodenoba;

eqskursiebis CamonaTvali.

2. individualuri SekveTili turebis organizebisas:

-

Camosvlisa da wasvlis dro;

momsaxurebis CamonaTvali da maTi klasi.

marSrutis ganxilvis dros an dasvenebis adgilze turistebis

stacionaruli Camosvlisas aucilebelia zustad ganisazRvros turistebis
ganTavsebis adgilze yofnis zusti periodi _ gaTenebuli Rameebis
Sesabamisad, ramdenadac yvela sastumroSi angariSsworeba xdeba swored
gaTenebuli (gatarebuli) Rameebis Sesabamisad. Tumca RamisTevis garkveuli
ricxvis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba bazaze yofnis dReebi gamovides erTiT meti
(Semosvla pirveli dRis diliT, xolo wasvla bolo dRis saRamos). amitom
cnebis `mogzaurobis xangrZlivoba~ zusti xmarebisaTvis miRebulia misi
aRniSvna ori maxasiaTebliT: dReebis raodenoba da gatarebuli Rameebis
raodenoba . mag.: turi 7dRe/6 Rame; turi 14 dRe/13 Rame da a.S.
aucilebelia
gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom
TiTqmis
yvela
sastumroSi
moqmedebs e.w. angariSsworebis saaTi, anu dRis zustad fiqsirebuli dro,
romlisaganac xdeba sastumroSi gatarebuli dReebis aTvla. xSir SemTxvevaSi
es aris dRis 12 saaTi (Tumca SeiZleba iyos sxvac, mag.: italiaSi 10 saaTi).
amitom turis dasrulebis periodSi, an qalaqidan qalaqSi gadasvlisas, Tu
ar undaT dRis (Sesabamisad gadasaxadis) damateba, turistebma nomrebi unda
gaaTavisuflon swored miTiTebul dromde. zogjer, mimReb organizaciasTan,
an sastumrosTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, turistebis bargis Sesanaxad,
angariSsworebis saaTidan jgufis gamgzavrebamde, SesaZlebelia 1-2 nomris
gamoyofa damatebiTi xarjebis gareSe. rig sastumroebSi am mizniT Seqmnilia
bargis Senaxvis ufaso kamerebi. yvela es momenti winaswar unda iyos
molaparakebuli partniorTan da Setanili xelSekrulebaSi.
sastumroSi turistebis ganTavsebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas aucilebelia
SeTanxmdes firmasTan misi klasi, tipi da adgilmdebareoba. es parametrebi
damokidebulia
savaraudo
turistebis
socialur
Semadgenlobaze
da
mogzaurobis mizanze. aucilebelia SeTanxmebuli iyos nomrebis kategoria.
ramdenadac nebismier jgufSi SesaZlebelia mamakacebis da qalebis
Tanabari raodenoba (Tanabari wyvilebi) ar aRmoCndes, auclebelia firmasTan
SeTanxmebuli iyos ori erTadgiliani nomris gamoyofa fasebis gazrdis
gareSe. aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iyos rom oradgilian nomerSi iyos
212

ori erTadgiliani sawoli da ara piriqiT (rogorc xSirad gvxvdeba colqmris variantisaTvis), radgan ar aris aranairi garantia, rom jgufSi
mxolod ojaxuri wyvilebi iqnebian.
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi kontraqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
Tanxis damateba (fasebis diferenciacia) damatebiTi komfortuli pirobebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (xedi fanjridan, oTaxSi televizori da a. S.)
xelSekrulebiT mtkicdeba turistebis kvebis SesaZlo variantebi:
-

sruli pansioni Full Board (American Plan) sruli momsaxureba,

romelic moicavs ganTavsebas da samjerad kvebas (FB)

naxavar-pansioni - Half Board (Modified American Plan) ganTavseba da

orjeradi kveba (sauzme da sadili, an sauzme da vaxSami) (HB)

mxolod sauzme Bed&Breakfast (Bermuda Plan) ganTavseba da sauzme

(BB)

momsaxurebis ufro dabali kategoriis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia kveba

saerTod amoRebuli iqnas momsaxurebidan (kempingebSi, karvebis banakebSi
turistebi xSirad TviTon amzadeben saWmels). amasTan erTad, turistebma,
romlebic
mogzauroben
individualurad,
SesaZlebelia
uari
Tqvan
reglamentirebul kvebaze individualuri midgomis sasargeblod adgilobriv
kafeebsa da restornebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi paketis aseT saxeobas ewodeba
kvebis gareSe _ Bed (European Plan) _ mxolod ganTavseba (B) turis SeTavazeba
kvebis gareSe aseve unda aisaxos kontraqtSi.
adgili aqvs gansxvavebas momsaxurebis formaSi:
-

momsaxureba `F kz rfhn~, anu restornis mier SemoTavazebuli meniudan

klientis mier kerZebis Tavisufali arCevani. rogorc wesi `F kz rfhn~
gamoiyeneba
individualuri
turistebisa
da
mcire
jgufebis
momsaxurebisaTvis.

momsaxureba `Nf,kmljn~ _ momsaxureba yvela klientisaTvis erTiani

meniuTi. es forma gamoiyeneba turistuli jgufebis miRebisas. xSirad
gamoiyeneba turistul sastumroebSi, pansionatebSi, dasasvenebel
saxlebSi da ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebSi, sadac sawarmoo
simZlavreebi da sasadilos SesaZleblobebi amis saSualebas iZleva.
igive forma gamoyenebulia im turistebis momsaxurebisTvisac,
romlebic mogzauroben marSrutian turebze didi jgufebis saxiT.

`Sveduri magida~ (an `Ria bufeti~) _ saerTo magidaze gamofenili

saWmelebis Tavisufali arCevani TviTmomsaxurebis wesiT. es forma
exmareba turists airCios saWmeli sakuTari gemovnebisa da survilis
(SesaZleblobebis) Sesabamisad.

kvebis dros (sadili, vaxSami) meniuSi ar

ualkoholo
sasmelebi,
Tu
es
specialurad

Sedis alkoholiani an
ar
aris
aRniSnuli
213

xelSekrulebaSi.
gamonaklisi
SeiZleba
iyos
daSvebuli
e.w.
`cxel~
(samxreTis)
qveynebSi,
sadac
miRebulia
civi
wylis
(yinuliT)
an
gamagrilebeli sasmelis miwodeba. es variantebic winaswar unda iyos
SeTanxmebuli mimReb firmasTan.
xelSekrulebaSi aseve fiqsirdeba SesaZlo dieturi kvebis variantebi.
sruli an naxevrad pansioniT kvebiT momsaxurebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas
aucilebelia dazustdes, romeli kvebiT (sauzme, sadili, vaxSami) iwyeba da
mTavrdeba turistuli jgufis momsaxureba.
zogjer, gaWianurebuli erTdRiani eqskursiis an qalaqidan qalaqSi
gadasvlis dros, Tu gzaSi ar aris restoranSi kvebis organizebis
saSualeba, turistebs urigdebaT e.w. `mSrali ulufa~ (`ce[jq gftr~), rig
qveynebSi maT `pikniks~ an `lanC-pakets~ uwodeben. es variantic winaswar unda
iyos SeTanxmebuli mimReb organizaciasTan.
aucilebelia mimRebTan winaswar iyos SeTanxmebuli turistebisaTvis
aeroportSi, rkinigzis sadgurSi daxvedrisa da sastumroSi gadayvanis, aseve
maTi bargis gadatanis (iseve rogorc ukan dabrunebis) yvela detali.
turistebisa da maTi bargis sastumroSi moTavsebisaTvis gamoiyeneba mimRebi
kompaniis SekveTili avtobusebi da msubuqi avtomobilebi. transferi
aucileblad unda iyos Setanili momsaxurebis paketSi, ramdenadac es
winaswar uzrunvelyofs Camosuli turistebis momsaxurebis xarisxs. praqtika
gviCvenebs, rom Tu avtobusi turistebTan Sexvedraze agvianebs, an saerTod
ar cxaddeba, isini aRmoCndebian xolme sakmaod rTul situaciaSi, roca ar
ician rogor mividnen sastumroSi, da ukve am momentidan gafuWebuli xasiaTi
Tan gasdevs mTel mogzaurobas.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi (roca saubaria momsaxureobis dabal, ekonomiur
klasze, mag.: studenturi an saskolo jgufebi), ormxrivi SeTanxmebiTa da
paketis fasis Semcirebis mizniT, transferisaTvis gamoiyeneba saqalaqo
(municipaluri) transporti, Tu is mosaxerxebelia da ar saWiroebs
gadajdomas sastumromde mimaval gzaze.
kontraqtSi zustad unda iyos aRniSnuli gegmiuri da damatebiTi
eqskursiebi da sxva mosanaxulebeli obieqtebi. aseve SeTanxmebuli unda iyos
eqskursiebis Catarebis ena. nebismieri eqskursia qalaqSi an mosanaxulebel
obieqtze uzrunvelyofili unda iyos maRalkvalificiuri gidiT, firmasTan
aseve winaswar unda iyos SeTanxmebuli Sedis Tu ara muzeumebSi Sesasvleli
bileTis fasi da Statiani eqskursiamZRolis momsaxureba (rodesac muzeumis
wesiT mxolod man unda Caataros eqskursia) eqskursiis saerTo RirebulebaSi.
avtobusis dgomis, an fasiani monakveTebis gavlis Rirebulebac aseve
Setanili unda iyos momsaxurebis paketis RirebulebaSi da araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar aikrifos damatebiTi Tanxebi turistebisagan.
sazRvargareTul
firmasTan
molaparakebisas
turistebisaTvis
momsaxurebis paketis Sesaxeb, romlebic miemgzavrebian dasasveneblad,
aucilebelia winaswari SeTanxmeba turistebisaTvis maqsimalurad misaRebi
214

pirobebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, aucilebelia SeTanxmebuli

iyos piroba pliaJiT, auziT, sapliaJe mowyobilobiT, skamebiT, SxapiT,
qolgiT da a.S. ufaso da SeuzRudavi droiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb. im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
sastumro
daSorebulia
plaJidan,
saWiro
iqneba
turistebisaTvis gadayvanis saaTebis organizeba.
dasvenebas mravalferovnebas matebs gamajansaRebel-balneologiuri
xasiaTis damatebiTi momsaxureba: sauna, fitnes-centri, masaJi, satrenaJorosportuli darbazi da a.S.
turistebs SeiZleba damatebiT SeeTavazoT eqskursiebi, romlebic ar
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli
tur-paketiT.
esec
xelSekrulebiT
gasaTvaliswinebeli sakiTxia im operatorebs Soris, romlebic emsaxurebian
turistebs.
samarSruto turebis SemTxvevaSi mimReb firmasTan aucilebelia
SeTanxmdes im transportis saxeoba, romliTac moxdeba turistebis gadayvana.
turistebis gadayvanis organizacia da adgilebis bronireba mTlianad
ekisreba mimReb firmas. ZiriTadi evropuli qveynebisaTvis turistebis
gadayvanisaTvis
yvelaze
miRebuli
transporti
avtobusia.
iseTi
qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa aSS, kanada, indoeTi, CineTi, ruseTi, sadac
daSoreba marSrutze mdebare qalaqebs Soris SeiZleba iyos sakmaod didi,
xSirad gamoiyeneba rkinigza da TviTmfrinavi.

IV.3

adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebi
gasamrjelo (e.w. ~).

da

mosakreblebi,

individualuri

yvela es gadasaxdelebi, Tu isini aucileblad arian dakavSirebuli

turis realizaciasTan, aucilebelia Setanili iyos paketis RirebulebaSi.
sxvadasxva
qveynebSi
arsebuli
Cvevebisa
da
tradiciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia mimReb mxaresTan winaswar iyos SeTanxmebuli
yvela is gadasaxdeli, rasTanac SeiZleba Sexeba hqondes turistebs da
Setanili iqnas isini paketis RirebulebaSi. Tu es sakiTxebi winaswar ar iqna
SeTanxmebuli, maSin SesaZlebelia turistebs mouwioT damatebiTi gadaxdebi,
rac ewinaaRmdegeba kompleqsuri turebiT mogzaurobis wesebs.

IV.4 Tanmxlebi gidi.

turistuli jgufebis sazRvargareTuli mogzaurobebi xSirad tardeba
gamgzavni turistuli firmis warmomadgenelTan erTad. aseT SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia sazRvargareTuli firmisagan miRebuli iqnas Tanxmoba jgufis
TanmxlebisaTvis ufaso momsaxurebis Sesaxeb mTeli turis ganmavlobaSi.
turistuli organizaciebis urTierTobebis praqtikaSi es miRebuli formaa
da amdenad ucxoeli partniori ar iqneba winaaRmdegi aseTi pirobebisa.
masTan SesaTanxmebulia mxolod jgufis is minimaluri sidide, romelsac
215

SeiZleba Tan axldes gamyoli. rogorc wesi, aseT jgufSi 20 kacze naklebi
ar unda iyos.
individualuri SekveTili turis gayidvisas winaswar Tanxmdeba
asortimenti, variantuloba, fasebi da momsaxurebis done, maTi bronirebis
vadebi da wesi, aseve SekveTis Secvlisa da anulirebis SesaZleblobebi.
mimReb organizaciasTan molaparakebis dros rekomendirebulia eTxovos
mas
turistebisaTvis
individualuri
sareklamo
masalis
kompleqtis
(prospeqti, broSura, bukleti) momzadeba, romelSic asaxuli iqneba mimRebi
qveynis
Taviseburebani,
calkeuli
turistuli
centrebisa
da
RirsSesaniSnaobebis
aRwera,
dasvenebisa
da
garTobis
adgilobrivi
SesaZleblobebi. turistebs did daxmarebas uwevs qalaqis gegmebi, romlebsac
ecnobian marSrutze. isini exmarebian maT Tavisufal dros damoukidebeli
seirnobis organizebaSi.
yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis
arsebiT pirobebs warmoadgens:

gaformebisas

turis

xelSekrulebis

turoperatoris (gamyidvelis) valdebuleba gadasces turagents

(myidvels) saqonelze (turis paketi, an turistuli momsaxurebis
calkeuli saxeebis nakrebi) sakuTrebis ufleba;

SeTavazebuli saqonlis (turis paketi, an turistuli momsaxurebis

calkeuli saxeebis nakrebi) Sesabamisoba myidvelis moTxovnebTan;

turagentis valdebuleba gadauxados turoperators is Tanxa, rac

mas ekuTvnis SeZenili saqonlis mTeli moculobidan, SeTanxmebul
vadebSi;

turagentis pasuxismgebloba turisa da turistuli momsaxurebis

realizaciaze uaris SemTxvevaSi da Rirebulebis anazRaureba am
mizezebis dausabuTeblobisas;

turoperatoris pasuxismgebloba realizebuli turis an turistuli

momsaxurebis
sruli
moculobis
Sesrulebisas
Sesabamisi
materialuri
kompensaciiT
momsaxurebis
SeuTavazeblobis
SemTxvevaSi da aseve turistebis moraluri zianis SemTxvevaSi;

mxareebis pasuxismgebloba sarkinigzo, sahaero da sxva gadazidvebis

periodSi;

valdebulebebze pasuxismgebloba zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi;

vadis daweseba dokumentis ZalaSi SesvlasTan da pasuxismgeblobis

vadis dasrulebis Sesaxeb.

xelSekrulebis gaformebisas turistuli gacvlebis Sesaxeb jgufis

miRebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas aucileblad unda axldes:
-

turistuli jgufebis Semosvlis grafiki, Camosvlisa da wasvlis

TariRebis CvenebiT;
216

turis paritetuli fasis kalkulacia (Rirebulebis angariSi)

rogorc erTi, aseve meore mxriv. sazRvargareTel partniorebTan
muSaobis SemTxvevaSi, uvaluto gacvlis pirobebiT, aucilebelia
xelSekrulebas Tan axldes savaluto gadaxdebis angariSi an
turdReebis jamuri uwyisi (im Tanxebis CaTvliT, rac unda gadaeceT
turistebs mimReb qveyanaSi xelSekrulebis pirobebis Tanaxmad
rogorc dRiuri saxarjo Tanxa);

miRebis pirobebis aRwera sastumro dawesebulebebis klasisa da

tipis
CvenebiT,
misi
tevadobisa
da
SeTavazebuli
nomrebis
kategoriis, kvebis pansionis sididis, turis RirebulebaSi CarTuli
eqskursiebis dasaxelebis da momsaxurebis sxva Taviseburebebi
(transferisas specialuri mowyobilobebisa da maTi arendis
SeTavazeba adgilze);

turistebis jgufis miRebisa da momsaxurebis programa dasvenebis

adgilze. xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnuli unda iyos turistebis jgufis
Semosvlaze uaris ganacxadis zRvruli vadebi rogorc erTi, aseve
meore mxridan, ris Sedegadac moqmedebs sajarimo sanqciebi.
xelSekrulebiTve isazRvreba sajarimo sanqciebis odenoba. rogorc
wesi, es Tanxa Seadgens arSemdgari turis Rirebulebis 5-dan 35%-mde,
turistuli jgufis moxsnis SemTxvevaSi araugvianes 5-1 dRe-Ramisa
Camosvlamde.

im
fakultatur
pirobebs,
romelTa
gareSec
turoperatorsa da turagents Soris atarebs iuridiul
romelTa CarTva am garigebaSi aucilebelia, ganekuTvneba:

xelSekruleba
Zalas, Tumca

fors-maJoruli pirobebi;

mxareebis
mier
pretenziebis
gamomdinareoben xelSekrulebidan;

mxareebis mier xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis wesi;

ganxilvis

wesi,

romlebic

amasTan erTad, xelSekrulebaSi CarTuli unda iyos punqti, romlis

Tanaxmadac receptiuli turoperatori valdebulia moamaragos Tavisi
partniorebi sxvadasxva sareklamo-sainformacio bukletebiT, katalogebiT,
marSrutebis sqemebiT da a.S.
turistuli firmebis umravlesoba damoukideblad gadian saerTaSoriso
bazarze. aucilebelia Tavidanve daeTmos saTanado yiradReba dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis
kanonierebasa
da
urTierTsargeblianobas,
romelsac
aformeben
ucxoel
partniorTan.
msgavsi
kontraqtebis
gaformebisas
aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos im normatiuli aqtebis moTxovnebi,
romlebic aregulireben sagareo-ekonomikur xelSekrulebebs, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, argumentirebulad daicvaT Tqveni uflebebi, miTumetes, rom
msoflio
praqtikiT
Camoyalibebulia
saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobis
sayovelTaod miRebuli pirobebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba iZleva saSualebas
miRweuli iqnas xelSekrulebis ormxrivmisaRebi pirobebi. xelSekrulebis
217

Zalmosilad
cnobisaTvis
aucilebelia
adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi.

aseve

iyos

gaTvaliswinebuli

xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli unda iyos mimowerisa da sapretenziosasarCelo ena (Cvens SemTxvevaSi sasurvelia qarTulic), raTa ar moxdes
gaugebrobebi sxvadasxvagvari gagebis gamo.
xelSekrulebebi,
rogorc
adgilobriv,
aseve
sazRvargareTel
partniorebTan, mzaddeba da xeli ewereba 2 egzempliarad. Tu meore mxare
sazRvargareTelia, maSin dokumenti dgeba qarTul da im enaze, romelic
misaRebia partniorisaTvis.
mxareebis uflebebi da movaleobebi sagareo-ekonomikur garigebasTan
dakavSirebiT isazRvreba xelSekrulebis gaformebis adgilis kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad, Tu TviT xelSekrulebiT sxva pirobebi ar aris gansazRvruli.

taim - auti
1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

risTvis aris saWiro xelSekruleba momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan?

romeli samarTlebriv-normatiuli dokumentebiT regulirdeba xelSekrulebiTi
urTierTobebi turizmSi erovnul doneze?
romeli samarTlebriv-normatiuli dokumentebiT regulirdeba xelSekrulebiTi
urTierTobebi turizmSi saerTaSoriso doneze?
daasaxeleT momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan gaformebuli
tipiuri xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi debulebebi.
romeli saerTaSoriso da erovnuli dokumentebiT
turoperatorebsa da sastumroebs Soris?
daasaxeleT
sastumroebTan
Semadgenloba da Tavisebureba.

dasadebi

xelSekrulebisa

regulirdeba

xelSekrulebebis

ra dokumentebiT aris reglamentirebuli

organizaciebTan avtobusebis arendaze?

urTierToba

da

urTieToba

saxeebi,

misi

avtosatransporto

ra dokumentebiT aris reglamentirebuli urTierToba aviakompaniebTan?

daasaxeleT aviakompaniebTan dasadebi xelSekrulebis saxeebi da maTi specifika. 218

ra dokumentebiT aris reglamentirebuli turistebis sarkinigzo gadayvana?
ra

unda

iyos

asaxuli

xelSekrulebaSi

receptiul

da

iniciativian

IV.5 turistuli dokumentacia

turoperatoris mier Seqmnili turproduqti (turi) gulisxmobs firmaSi
mis aucilebel meTodur uzrunvelyofas. meToduri uzrunvelyofa Tavis
TavSi Seicavs specialuri teqnologiuri dokumentaciis momzadebas, romelic
mowodebulia
mTlianad
(srulad)
aRweros
turi,
turistebisaTvis
SeTavazebuli
momsaxureba
da
servisebi.
es
aucilebelia
firmis
TanamSromelTa zusti, moqnili da operatiuli muSaobisaTvis, turis
Sinaarsze mudmivi kontrolis organizaciis SesaZleblobisa da mis
srulyofaze muSaobisaTvis.
teqnologiuri dokumentaciis Semadgenloba da Sinaarsi gansazRvruli
unda iyos qveynis normatiuli dokumentebiT. is unda pasuxobdes normatiul
moTxovnebs, romelic mimarTulia momxmareblis interesebis dacvaze. isini
kontroldeba
turistuli
produqciis
sertifikaciis
procesSi.
teqnologiuri dokumentacia erTad qmnis turis pakets.
teqnologiuri dokumentaciis nakrebSi yoveli turisaTvis aucilebelia
iyos:
219

marSrutis Sesabamisi turistuli mogzaurobis teqnologiuri ruka;

garkveul droze gaTvlili

datvirTvis grafiki;

turistuli sagzuris sainformacio furceli;

tipiuri formis sagzuris blanki (tur-1) `turistuli

(damtkicebuli unda iyos finansTa saministros mier);

bronirebis furceli (kanonmdeblobis

saqmianobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~);

klientebTan

turagentebTan
gasaformebeli
blankebi (kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili formiT);

partniorebTan

momsaxurebis
momwodeblebTan
(sastumroebi,
satransporto kompaniebi, saeqskursio biuroebi da a.S.) gaformebuli
xelSekrulebebi;

turis Rirebulebis kalkulacia (gaangariSeba);

marSrutis aRwera;

marSrutze moZraobis grafiki (qronometraJi);

marSrutis ruka-sqema;

samgzavro
informaciis
turebisaTvis);

turis
teqnologiuri
Taviseburebebis
aRwera
(samaxsovro
ganacxadebis
miwodebis
vadebis
Sesaxeb,
SekveTebisaTvis
_
transporti, bileTebi, eqskursiebi, sastumroebsa da restornebze
bronireba; ganacxadis blankebi; marSrutze transportis moZraobis
grafiki; SesaZlo gadajdomebi, mocdebi da a.S.);

samaxsovroebis teqsti turistebisaTvis (gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,

magaliTad, sazRvargareTuli mogzaurobis SemTxvevaSi karantinul
qveynebSi, specializirebuli sportuli da saTavgadasavlo turebis
dros da a.S.);

sacnobaro masala marSrutis Sesaxeb;

sareklamo prospeqtebisa da bukletebis variantebi;

prais-listebi (katalogebi).

turistuli

teqsti

kompaniis

Sesabamisad

turistebiT

sagzuri~

`turistuli

xelSekrulebis

(gansakuTrebiT

saavtobuso

saavtobuso turebze ivseba `saavtobuso marSrutis pasporti~, romelsac

unda amtkicebdes qveynis mTavroba (transportis saministro), romelmac unda
asaxos ara marto marSrutis sqema da momsaxurebis teqnologia, aramed
avtobusis teqnikuri monacemebi, kilometraJi da gzebis mdgomareoba, gzebze
arsebuli SezRudvebi da akrZlvebi, gzebze mdebare dasvenebis (RamisTevis),
kvebis da sxva obieqtebi.

220

turistuli mogzaurobis teqnologiuri ruka es aris dokumenti,

romelic TvalsaCinod da lakonurad iZleva yvala aucilebel informacias
da monacemebs turis Sesaxeb (danarTi #1). rig SemTxvevebSi (marSrutisa da
momsaxurebi specifikidan gamomdinare) zogi obieqti SeiZleba gamotovebuli
iqnas;
turistuli organizaciis marSrutis datvirTvis grafiki gviCvenebs
marSrutze turistuli organizaciis datvirTvis realur suraTs, iZleva
masze Tvalis midevnebisa da kontrolis saSualebas (danarTi #2);
turistuli sagzuris sainformacio furceli Seicavs marSrutze
arsebuli ZiriTadi da damatebiTi informaciis ganyofilebebs, romlebic
gankuTvnilia turistebisaTvis da rac turistuli sagzuris (an vauCeris)
ganuyofeli nawilia (damateba #3);
sainformacio furceli Seicavs Semdeg monacemebs:
- turistuli mogzaurobis saxe da tipi, momsaxurebis programis
ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, mTeli marSrutis xangrZlivoba da sigrZe, fexiT
sasiarulo (laSqroba) nawili, laSqrobis kategoria da sxva
specifikacia;
- mogzaurobis marSrutis (trasis) aRwera gaCerebis adgilebi,
gaCerebis dro da momsaxurebis calkeul adgilebSi ganTavsebis
pirobebi (Senobis tipi, nomerSi adgilebis raodenoba, sanitarulteqnikuri mowyobiloba da a.S.);
- mogzaurobis raionis (RirsSesaniSnaobebi, adgilmdebareobis reliefis
Taviseburebebi da a.S.), turis TiToeul punqtSi momsaxurebis
programis mokle aRwera;
- damatebiTi momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba);

SesaZleblobaTa

CamonaTvali

(damatebuli

- informacia sportuli moednebisa da darbazebis, avtomobilebis

gasaCerebeli adgilebis, sabagiro gzebis, tbebis, atraqcionebis,
bavSvTa saTamaSo moednebis (oTaxebis), biblioTekebis, kinodarbazebis
da a.S. arsebobis Sesaxeb da maTi mokle aRwera;
- mimRebi turistuli
misvlis sqema.

organizaciis

misamarTi

da

organizaciamde

damatebiTi imformaciis CamonaTvalSi Setanilia monacemebi, romlebic

turis specifikidan gamomdinareoben:
- informacia,
romelic
Seexeba
asakobriv
SezRudvebs,
turistebis an ojaxuri wyvilebis miRebis SesaZleblobebs;

bavSviani

- specialuri informacia, romelic dakavSirebulia mogzaurobis dros

laSqrobebis (fexiT gasvlebi) organizebasTan;
- sxva informacia da rekomendaciebi,
konkretuli turis specifikidan.

romlebic

gamomdinareoben
221

turistuli sagzuri (tipiuri formis blanki) ukeTes SemTxvevaSi igi

qveynis xelisuflebis mier gansazRvruli formiT (saxiT) aris warmodgenili,
gvevlineba rogorc mkacri aRricxvis dokumenti (esaWiroeba Sesabamisi
numeracia) da Seicavs rekvizitebis optimalur nakrebs, rac klients aZlevs,
SesaZleblobis farglebSi, srul informacias turTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi
forma, saxelmwifos mier gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi, tipiuria, rac turistul
kompaniebs aZlevT saSualebas daamaton maTi azriT aucilebeli informacia
(CvenTan es procesi turkompaniebis fantaziazea mTlianad damokidebuli).
es dokumenti, rogorc aRiniSna, gamoiyeneba rogorc zusti aRricxvis
saSualeba
da
misi
Senaxva,
registrireba/aRricxvakanonmdeblobiT
regulirdeba. sagzuris gacemis SemtxvevaSi e.w. `mosaxevi taloni~ rCeba
organizaciis
buralteriaSi
da
Sesabamisad
asrulebs
saangariSgebo
dokumentis funqcias (danarTi 4, 5);
dajavSnis (bronirebis) furceli CvenTan am dokumentis saxe da forma
kanonmdeblobiT ar aris gansazRvruli, Tumca, turoperatoris mier,
SesaZlebelia misi gamoyeneba (sxva qveynebSi miRebulia) rogorc werilobiTi
dokumenti, turpaketis formirebisas; mas winaswari SeTanxmebis funqcia aqvs
(danarTi #6);
xelSekruleba klientTan turis SesyidvasTan dakavSirebiT formdeba
yidva-gayidvasTan
dakavSirebiT
qveyanaSi
arsebuli
kanonmdeblobis
moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobebs ganekuTvneba:
- informacia turoperatorze (gamyidveli),
licenziis
qonis
CaTvliT,
iuridiuli
rekvizitebi;

turistul
misamarTi

saqmianobaze
da
sabanko

- turistis (myidveli) monacemebi im SinaarsiTa da moculobiT, rac

aucilebeli yidva-gayidvis operaciisaTvis;
- informacia mimReb turoperatorze (gamyidvelis partnioris arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi roca gamyidveli mimRebi ar aris, an roca marSrutze
ramodenime mimRebia), licenziis qonis Sesaxeb, iuridiuli misamarTi,
sabanko da sakontaqto rekvizitebi;
- informacia turistuli produqtis samomxmareblo Tvisebebis, turis
programisa da marSrutis, turistebis usafrTxoebisa da turistuli
produqtis sertificirebis Sesaxeb;
- mogzaurobis dawyebisa da damTavrebis dro (turis xangrZlivoba);
- turistebis daxvedris, gacilebisa da Tanxlebis wesi;
- mxareebis uflebebi, valdebulebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi;
- turistuli produqtis sacalo Rirebuleba da gadaxdis wesi;
- jgufSi turistebis minimaluri odenoba;
- turistisaTvis imis Setyobinebis
gamo turi ar Sedgeba;

vadebi,

rom

daukompleqteblobis

222

- xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanisa da misi gauqmebis pirobebi,

amis gamo warmoqmnili kamaTebis regulirebis da mxareebisaTvis
miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis wesi;
- turistis mier kompaniisaTvis turis xarisxTan dakavSirebuli
pretenziis wardgenis wesi (CvenTan es daregulirebulia saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT: muxli 659 664); sxva damatebiTi momentebi
xelSekrulebaSi SeiZleba gaCndes mxareebis moTxovniT.
xelSekruleba partniorebTan momsaxurebis (servisis) momwodeblebTan
warmoadgens Sesabamisi momsaxurebis gawevis SesaZleblobis dadasturebas;
turis Rirebulebis gaangariSeba (kalkulacia) SesaZlebelia gakeTdes
dajavSnis furclis (danarTi #6) principiT an nebismieri sxva meTodiT.
masalaSi aRwerilia faswarmoqmnasTan dakavSirebuli arsebiTi poziciebi _
saWiroa xarjTaRricxvis (TviTRirebulebis) zustad gaangariSeba da Semdeg
mogebis procentis (7-20%-mde) imgvarad gansazRvra, rom saqoneli bazarze
gavides;
marSrutis aRwera mzaddeba Tavisufali formiT (yovel kompanias
sakuTari xelwera aqvs da unda hqondes) imisaTvis, rom marSrutis menejerebs,
supervaizerebs, gidebs da a.S. xeli SeewyoT muSaobaSi; aseve gamoiyeneba
turagentTan dasadebi xelSekrulebis danarTis saxiT, raTa masala SemdegSi
Setanili iqnas sagzurze darTul sainformacio furcelSi;
marSrutze moZraobis grafiki dgeba cxrilis saxiT marSrutis
gavlis qronometraJis Sesabamisad (aRniSnulia TiToeuli punqtis gavlis,
yoveli gaCerebis da a.S. sakontrolo dro);
marSrutis ruqa-sqema keTdeba
marSrutebis ukeTesi TvalsaCinoebisaTvis;

gasvliTi

(saxazo

an

wriuli)

turis teqnologiuri Taviseburebebis aRwera es aris samaxsovro,

romelSic
mocemulia
rCevebi
transportis,
bileTebis,
muzeumebSi
eqskursiebis, sastumroSi adgilebis dajavSnis, kvebis sakiTxebze SekveTebis
gaformebasTan dakavSirebiT; rCevebi vizebisa da dazRvevis gaformebis,
satranzito mocdisa da gadajdomebis, gidebis, eskortis warmomadgenelTa
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.
muSaobis gaiolebis mizniT CamoTvlil servisebTan dakavSirebiT
mzaddeba
ganacxadebis/gancxadebebis
blankebi,
romlebic
exmarebian
saqmianobaSi im personals, romelic konkretuli turistuli jgufis
konkretul turistul marSrutze gasvlis process emsaxureba.
samaxsovros teqstebi turistebisaTvis mzaddeba gansazRvruli
aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi,
magaliTad
specializirebuli
turis
organizebisas, anda turistebis endemur qveynebSi gamgzavrebis win. aseTi
saxis samaxsovroebi aucilebeli wesiT mzaddeba da urigdeba TiToeul
turists marSrutze gasvlamde regionis specifikurobidan gamomdinare,

223

regionSi raime
SemTxvevaSi;

xifaTis

(daavadebebi,

virusebi

da

a.S.)

mosalodnelobis

sacnobaro masala marSrutTan dakavSirebiT es aris sxvadasxva saxis

cnobarebi, bukletebi, transportis moZraobis, muzeumebisa da sxva gasarTobdasasvenebeli obieqtebis muSaobis grafikebi, sastumroebis misamarTebi
sastumrosTan misvlis sqemebTan erTad da mravali sxva, rac turists kidev
ufro komfortul garemos Seuqmnis;
sareklamo prospeqtebi da bukletebi gankuTvnilia turistebisaTvis,
raTa isini ukeT gaecvnen (gacnoba, informacia, reklama) turoperatoris
(kompaniis) SesaZleblobebs mogzaurobis variantulobasTan dakavSirebiT;
prais-listi es aris turoperatoruli kompaniis saqmianobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani dokumenti. imaze, Tu ramdenad lakonurad da saqmis codniT
(profesionalurad) aris gadmocemuli masSi esa Tu is informacia, bevrad
aris damokidebuli turagentebTan saqmianobis warmateba. mas SeiZleba
hqondes sxvadasxva forma (furceli, bukleti da a.S.), magram mTavaria, rom
igi warmoadgens sxvadasxva turistuli momsaxurebis fasebis CamonaTvals.
furcelze informacia mocemulia Zalze mokled, xolo fasebi drois
konkretuli (isic mokle!) monakveTebisaTvis.
teqnologiuri dokumentebis warmodgenili CamonaTvali sarekomendacio
xasiaTisaa, Tumca gamomdinareobs dargSi kompaniebis muSaobis mravalwliani
praqtikidan. rigi kompaniebi, romelTac finansuri mdgomareoba amis
saSualebas aZlevT, kidev ufro met masalas (sainformacio-sareklamo)
amzadeben da avrceleben. mTeli am samuSaos arsi erTia maqsimalurad
farTo, amasTan erTad miznobrivi sareklamo kampania da meores mxriv, yvela
dainteresebuli pirisaTvis (savaraudo klientisaTvis) nebismieri informaciis
miRebaSi maqsimaluri komfortis Seqmna.
mTeli teqnologiuri dokumentacia Tavsdeba e.w. `turis saqaRaldeSi~
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos turoperatoris Seuferxebeli muSaoba
marSrutis Sesabamisad da aseve, turistuli produqtis `moqnilobis~
principis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, rodesac kompaniis nebismier wevrs SeuZlia
kvalificiurad Secvalos droebiT ar myofi kolega-menejeri.
Tavi V. mogzaurobis organizacia -

; ,
(
); .

224

organizebul turizms safuZveli Cauyara Tomas kukma 1841 wels did

britaneTSi, xolo misi ganviTarebis axali etapi daiwyo 1950 wels horizon
holideim, romelmac korsikaSi Carteruli reisiT pirveli turistebi
Caiyvana.
ogzaurobis
istoriis
etapebs
TvalsaCinod
gadmoscems
qvemoTmoyvanili sqema:

amdenad, didi britaneTi Tomas kukis wyalobiT programuli turizmis

samSoblo gaxda, xolo germania rekordsmeni qveyanaa, romelic msoflioSi
programuli turizmis safuZvelze yvelaze met turists emsaxureba.
miuxedavad germaniis gaerTianebisa, misi dasavleTi nawili mainc ufro
ganviTarebulad da turizmis TvalsazrisiT aqtiurad rCeba. 1994 wlis
monacemebiT dasavleT germanelebma sxvadasxva miznebiT imogzaures, maTgan
(rogorc qvemoTmoyvanil cxrilSi Cans) programul turizms mniSvnelovani
adgili eWira:
samogzauro qveyana
qveynis SigniT
sazRvargareT
maTgan:
espaneTi
italia
avstria
safrangeTi

mogzauroba %-Si
34,9
65,1

maT Soris programuli

turizmiT %-Si
7,5
34,3

12,0
9,0
7,5
4,4

61,9
23,0
17,9
20,3
225

Soreuli mogzaur.

6,2

30,9

mimRebi, anu receptiuli turizmis msoflio standartma XX saukunis

meore naxevridan SeiZina programuli turizmis saxe, romelmac Secvala adre
arsebuli
saSualo,
yvelasaTvis
misaRebi
unificirebuli
turebi.
programulma turizmma ki turistuli kompanebi daayena programuli
turopereitingis Seqmnis aucileblobis winaSe.
saerTaSoriso turizmSi konkurenciis gamZafrebis gamo turistulma
kompaniebma turistul bazarze daiwyes kompleqsuri momsaxureba, romelsac
safuZvlad garkveuli programa daedo. am RonisZiebam gamoiwvia miwodebis
mkveTri da swrafi zrda, gaafarTova ara mxolod miwodebis bazari, aramed
mniSvnelovanwilad imoqmeda moTxovnis zrdaze da daxvewazec, ramac
sabolood moaxdina turistuli kompanebis diferenciacia da specializacia
garkveuli programebis mixedviT, Sesabamisad gaizarda momsaxurebis xarisxic.
amrigad, programuli turizmi es aris turistebis momsaxurebisadmi
kompleqsuri midgoma, romelic mTlianad iTvaliswinebs maT interesebs da
Seesabameba mogzaurobis miznebs, turistTa asaks, maT Semadgenlobas,
socialur warmomavlobas da a.S. momsaxurebis aseTi forma nakarnaxevia
Tanamedrove turistul bazarze sakuTari klientis mosapoveblad arsebuli
umZafresi konkurenciiT, romelic arsebobs rogorc mewarmeebs Soris, aseve
regionul doneze. imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi movizidoT turistebi,
saWiroa arsebobdes ara mxolod turistTa misaRebad Seqmnili saerTaSoriso
donis programebi, aramed bevrad ukeTesi, rogorc fasiT, ise SinaarsiT,
vidre mas Cveni mezoblebi sTavazoben.
programuli
turizmis
damkvidreba
saqarTveloSi
daiwyo
damoukideblobis mopovebasTan erTad. mas ukve sakuTari istoria da
gamocdileba aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia Tamamad vamtkicoT, rom
programuli turizmi, rogorc mTeli msofliosTvis, ise saqarTvelosTvis
axali movlenaa da misi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa:
1. ukve arsebuli msoflio da qarTuli gamocdilebis Seswavla da
analizi, anu rogor adgenen Tematur programebs msoflios
gamocdili turoperatorebi, agreTve saqarTveloSi ukve moRvawe
kompaniebi,
2. mopovebuli masalis Rrma analizis safuZvelze miRweuli daskvnebis
gaTvaliswineba
da
sakuTari
programebis
Seqmna,
sakuTari
receptiuli turopereitingis damkvidreba.
saerTaSoriso
turizmSi ukve damkvidrda turistuli jgufebis
diferenciaciis
tradicia
turistTa
asakis
mixedviT,
an
jgufis
Semadgenlobis gaTvaliswinebiT (turistuli jgufebi, mSoblebi SvilebiT, an
maT gareSe, mxolod qalebi, an mxolod mamakacebi da a.S.); am jgufebisaTvis
calke iqmneba SeTavazebebi, garda amisa, saerTaSoriso turistul bazarze
programebis iseTi simravle da mravalferovnebaa, rom nebismier adamians
SeuZlia SearCios misTvis saintereso da sasurveli programa.

226

germaneli mecnieris vilhelm pomplis mixedviT programul turizms

oTxi
elementi
gaaCnia,
romelTa
gaTvaliswineba
aucilebelia
turoperatorisavis.
sqema: programuli turizmis oTxi elementi
programuli turizmi

organizaciuli
elementi

- dajavSvna
- turis dro
- turis mizani
- transferi
- ganTavseba
- kveba
- Tanxleba
- xangrZlivoba
- programa
- dazRveva

ekonomikuri
elementi

samarTlebrivi
elementi

- turis fasi
- fasi/xarisxi
-javSnis xarji
-damatebiTi
xarjebis
simcire

-gadaxdis
pirobebi
-dajavSvnis wesi
-ukan dabruneba
-garantiebi

socialuri
elementi

-rCevebi
-kompaniis imiji
-Suamavlis imiji
-momsaxurebis
gamwevis imiji
-samogzauro
adgilis imiji
-jgufis sidide
-homogenuroba
-kontaqti

Sesabamisad programul turizms gaaCnia Semdegi formebi:

arasruli paketi: roca damkveTi turis romelime nawilze uars ambobs,
magram aucileblad yidulobs satransporto da sastumro momsaxurebas;
standartuli paketi: (inclusive tour, IT) roca turs yvela ZiriTadi
elementi: transporti, sastumro, kveba, garToba axlavs;
yovlismomcveli programa: (all inclusive tour, AIT) roca turis fasSi Sedis
yvela tipis momsaxureba da turists kurortze yofnisas ar uxdeba
damatebiTi xarjebis gaweva. kubas aqvs wesad AIT-Si nebismieri
sasmelisa da sigaretis Setana;
individualuri paketi: roca turisti yidulobs turoperatoris mier
dadgenil individualur turs mag. TUIis programas.

TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia miRebisa da momsaxurebis Tavisi specifika. ag:

saqmiani, an sakongreso turizmiT dakavebuli turoperatoris saqmianoba
diametralurad gansxvavdeba sakurorto-gamajansaRebeli, an rekreaciuli
turizmiT dakavebuli turoperatoris saqmianobisagan. GgansakuTrebulia
axalgazrdobaze orientirebuli turoperatoris saqmianoba, radgan man ukve
icis, Tu ra moTxovnebi aqvs mogzaurobis mimarT student axalgazrdobas,
227

turebs axalgazrdebisaTvis aqvs aqtiuri garTobis ufro meti elementebi,

vidre sxva socialur jgufebs. mesame asakis (igulisxmeba turistebi 65 wels
zeviT) saocrad cnobismoyvareni arian da mogzaurobas gegmaven aqtiuri
dasvenebis elementebis TanxlebiT, mag. dReSi 5-7 km seirnoba bunebis wiaRSi.
maT ainteresebT eqskursiebi da saintereso Sexvedrebi. rac ar unda gasakviri
iyos, ufro pasiurebi arian saSualo asakis (45-65 wlis) turistebi, romlebic
ZiriTadad ojaxTan erTad mogzauroben. turistebis am jgufs moswons
pasiuri dasveneba da myudro garemo.
turopereitinguli
garemos
Sesaqmnelad
saWiroa
funqcionirebis
wesebis codna da programuli turizmis principebiT xelmZRvaneloba,
romelic gulisxmobs saTanado infrastruqturis, Sesabamisi materialuri
bazis, sainformacio qselisa da turistTa nakadebis arsebobas.
turopereitingSi arsebobs agreTve Tavisi tradiciebi. mimzidveli
turistuli
produqtis
(turis)
Seqmna,
romelic
gajerebuli
iqneba
mravalferovani programebiTa da momsaxurebiT, turoperatoris moRvaweobis
mTavari amocanaa. misi Sedgenisas unda gvaxsovdes, Tu ras yidulobs
turisti. masze sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvT myidvelsa da gamyidvels. cudia,
roca turistuli kompania fiqrobs, rom is yidis sastumro momsaxurebas,
sinamdvileSi ki turisti yidulobs axal STabeWdilebebs da siaxleebTan
gacnobas. saerTod turisti yidulob sturistuli kompaniisgan yuradRebas,
simyudroves, pativiscemiT mopyrobas, sasiamovno garemoSi yofnas da Tu mas
samogzauro punqtebSi aseTi momsaxureba ar xvdeba, ra Tqma unda,
turistulma kompaniam Secdoma dauSva turis dagegmvisas. amitom turistuli
produqtis Seqmna unda daiwyos turistis moTxovnis SeswavliT - ra unda mas,
rogor xarisxs da momsaxurebas elodeba is. yvela SemTxvevaSi unda
gamovavlinoT is mimzidvelobebi, rasac turisti elodeba mogzaurobisagan
da maT safuZvelze Sedges turi, anu unda vicodeT vin aris kompaniis
momxmarebeli, ras elodeba igi turisagan. turoperatori zedmiwevniT kargad
unda icnobdes adgilobriv resursebs, anu receptiuli turoperatorisaTvis
mTavaria saqarTvelos turistuli SesaZleblobebis detaluri codna, rom
uzadod SearCios turisaTvis yvelaze optimaluri varianti. Tanamedrove
turizmi ufro Sors wavida da TviTon qmnis xelovnurad damatebiT
turistul mimzidvelobebs. mag.: awyobs Sous, festivals, aSenebs Tematur
parkebs da a.S. yvela turSi unda arsebobdes damatebiTi motivaciebi
turistebis mosazidavad.
turistebis momsaxurebis safuZvelia turistuli programa, romlis
formirebac xdeba momsaxurebis iseTi kompleqsidan, rogoricaa: ganTavseba,
kveba,
transportireba,
saeqskursio
momsaxureba,
garToba,
sportuli,
sakurorto, sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba da a.S.
turistebis momsaxurebis safuZveli momsaxurebis programaa, romelSic
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas:
obieqtis arseboba mimzidvel garemoSi, lamaz bunebaSi;
kargi klimatur-bunebrivi pirobebi;

228

dasvenebis
adgilis
kargi
sanitarul-higienuri
mdgomareoba,
misi
sisufTave da movlis maRali done;
komfortuli da myudro sastumro;
janmrTeli da gemrieli sakvebi, kvebis kargi organizacia;
maqsimaluri izolacia xmaurisgan;
bunebrivi wyalsacavebis arseboba.
aseT daskvnamde mividnen turizmis specialistebi mravaljeradi
gamokvlevebis Catarebis Semdeg. misgan gamomdinare, Cvenc SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom programirebis safuZveli keTilmowyobili rekreaciuli
garemoa da rom kargi programa mdidari turistuli resursebis SemTxvevaSi
iqmneba.
turistuli programebis Tavisebureba maTi Tematurobaa, anu jer
ganisazRvreba turis Tematika da Semdeg SeirCeva momsaxurebis nakrebi,
romelic mogzaurobis miznebidan gamomdinareobs, xolo amis Semdeg ki
damatebiTi RonisZiebebi. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom programa Sedgeba ori
nawilisagan: ZiriTadi da damatebiTi momsaxureba. ZiriTad momsaxurebad
iwodeba sagzuris RirebulebaSi Sesuli momsaxureba, xolo damatebiTi
Tanmdevi da msgavsi RonisZiebebi, romlebsac turisti damatebiT ukveTavs.
mxolod saerTaSoriso turizmSi miRebuli normebisa da gamocdilebis
gamoyenebiT Seqmnil turebs aqvT unari warmatebas miaRwion bazarze.
programirebisadmi midgomebi SeiZleba davyoT sam Semadgenel nawilad:
1. xarisxi, 2. optimaluroba da 3. fsiqologiuri momzadeba.
xarisxi.momsaxurebis
programa
maRalxarixiani
da
turistisaTvis
mimzidveli. turistebis momsaxurebis programis cneba kompleqsuria da
moicavs Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:

calkeuli momsaxurebis samomxmareblo xarisxi;

momsaxurebis Sesabamisoba mis funqciur daniSnulebasTan;
samogzauro programis zogadi Tematuri Sesabamisoba momxmarebelTa
kategoriasTan;
Sesabamisi momsaxurebis miwodebis garantia;
momsaxurebis miwodebis gamarTuli teqnologiuri wesi.

optimaluroba. momsaxurebis programa optimaluri unda iyos, anu igi

unda iTvaliswinebdes klientebis moTxovnebs da Tematur momsaxurebas
(turizmis
saxe),
raSic
igulisxmeba
turis
Sinaarsi,
momsaxurebis
Semadgenloba, misi raodenoba da miwodebis wesi. magaliTad, samTo turizmis
programa iTvleba optimalurad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu masSi ar Sedis raime
eqskursia, xolo saTxilamuro trasebiT, bugelebiTa da sabagiro gzebiT
sargebloba gaTvaliswinebulia, magram kulturuli turizmis SemTxvevaSi

229

yvelaferi piriqiTaa, aucileblad unda Sevides eqskursiebic da kulturuli

RonisZiebebic.
momsaxurebis optimaluroba gulisxmobs:

yvela tipis momsaxurebis erT gansazRvrul klasTan Sesabamisoba;

yvela momsaxurebis turis Tematikisadmi Sesabamisoba;
turis mimarTulebis misadageba momxmarebelTa winaswar gansazRvruli
miznobrivi jgufebisadmi;
momsaxurebis programis droulad SeTanxmeba;
programis moqniloba, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi misi advilad Secvla
msgavsi momsaxurebiT;
momsaxurebis
racionaluri
Sinaarsi
(momsaxurebis
nakluloba
ukmayofilebas iwvevs, Warbi momsaxureba daRlilobas);
momsaxurebaSi tendenciurobis ararseboba, miwodebuli momsaxurebis
Tavs moxveva.

fsiqologiuri
momzadeba
programis
aRsaqmelad.
aucilebelia
momzaddes iseTi programebi, romlebic, SeZlebisdagvarad, gaiTvaliswinebs
Tanamedrove adamianis moTxovnebs.
Tanamedrove programul turizms gaaCnia momsaxurebis iseTi principebi,
romlebic stumar-maspinZlis CarCoebSi jdeba da romlidanac momdinareobs
midgomebi programirebisa da momsaxurebis organizaciisadmi.
ucxoeli specialistebis mixedviT
ganivTebulia Semdegi principebi:

programuli

turizmis

SinaarsSi

1. gaTavisufleba. momsaxurebis procesSi klienti gaTavisuflebuli unda

iyos yovelgvari arasasiamovno momentebisagan (lodini transportsa da
sastumroSi);
2. optimaluri momsaxureba. klientma unda igrZnos yvela momsaxurebis
erTi donisadmi Sesatyvisoba. yovelgvari aRrevebi momsaxurebis
doneSi ukmayofilebis mizezi xdeba;
3. aqtiuroba. momsaxurebis gawevisas iseTi iniciativis gamoCena, romelsac
turisti ar elodeba, mag. misalmebis koqteili sastumroSi (sastumros
xarjze), an bileTebi TeatrSi da a.S.
4. klientisadmi pativiscema. pativiscemiT mopyroba gulisxmobs gagebiT
movekidoT klientis pirad Tvisebebs, midrekilebebs, gatacebebs;
5. individualuri midgoma. iseTi midgoma klientis momsaxurebisadmi,
roca momsaxureba Seesabameba klientis gemovnebasa da moTxovnebs;

230

6. Tavisufleba
tendenciebisagan.
klienti
unda
grZnobdes,
rom
momsaxureba, romelsac mas uweven TviTmizani ki ara, kompaniis
survilia, raTa daakmayofilos misi moTxovnebi;
7. momsaxurebis moculobis TvalsaCinoeba. klientma winaswar unda
icodes momsaxurebis CamonaTvali, romelsac mas turis ganmavlobaSi
gauweven;
8. momsaxurebisa da gayidvebis koreqtireba. klienti darwmunebuli unda
iyos, rom turis SeZeniT man swori arCevani gaakeTa;
9. ufaso informaciis arseboba. turis garSemo yovelgvari informacia
maT Soris, bukletebi, konsultaciebi unda iyos ufaso da
Zaladautanebeli.
yvela
es
principi
gamomdinareobs
Tanamedrove
adamianis
fsiqologiidan. karg momsaxurebas SeuZlia adamianis kmayofileba gamoiwvios
da klientis moTxovnebi daakmayofilos.
turistuli programis xerxemals mogzaurobis mizani warmoadgens.
turisti ver CaTvlis mogzaurobis mizans miRweulad, Tu is miiRebs
uxarisxo
mimsaxurebas.
momsaxurebis
xarisxi
ganapirobebs
klientis
kmayofilebas. Sesabamisad, turistuli kompaniis winaSe dgas amocana
daareguliros klientis molodini da miwodebuli informaciiT sacnauri
gaxados, Tu ras unda elodos turisti mogzaurobidan. mag.: turisti,
romelmac iyida dasveneba prestiJul kurortze, ukmayofilo darCa
momsaxurebiT mxolod imis gamo, rom turSi ar Sedioda arcerTi eqskursia,
romlis safasuris gadaxda TviTon mouwia. amdenad, saxezea kompaniis mier
daSvebuli Secdoma klientis interesebis daudgenlad turis gayidvisa. ar
iqna gaTvaliswinebuli turistis molodini, ramac cudad imoqmeda mis gunebaganwyobaze da Sedegad ver miiRo sakurorto mkurnalobidan mosalodneli
Sedegi.
turizmis
specialistebis
mier
gaziarebulia
azri,
rom
stumarTmoyvareoba, an stumarTmoyvruli damokidebuleba klientebisadmi
turistul kompaniaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria warmatebiT
muSaobisaTvis. mis gareSe nebismieri turistuli produqti usaxuria, es aris
momsaxurebis xelovneba, roca turisti grZnobs, rom misi momsaxureba
turistul kompaniaSi uxariaT da is srulyofil adamianad grZnobs Tavs
kompaniis garemoSi. sakuTriv stumarTmoyvareoba mravalmxrivia da is Sedgeba
Semdegi determinantebisagan:

xarisxiani informacia dasvenebis Sesaxeb, rogorc adgilobriv, ise

saerTaSoriso bazrebze, yvelafer imaze, Tu ra elodeba turists;
sasiamovno garemos Seqmna klientebis misaRebad da am mizniT
specialuri
RonisZiebebis
gatareba
(reklama,
satelevizio
gadacemebi,);
231

turistebisadmi guliTadi mopyroba da mudmivi zrunva maTTvis

yuradRebis gamosaCenad, anu turistuli kompaniis momsaxurebis
politika
mimarTuli
unda
iyos
principiT:
`yvelaferi
klientisaTvis;
kompaniis
yvela
TanamSromlis
yuradRebiani
damikidebuleba
klientis SeniSvnebisadmi, misi Txovnisa da azrebis maqsimalurad
gaTvaliswineba;
zrunva turistis orientaciis maqsimalurad gaiolebis mizniT,
maTTvis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri informaciis
miwodeba, miwodebuli informaciis sicxade da aRqmadoba.

yvela es faqtori organulad unda Sevides momsaxurebis teqnologiaSi.

turis organizebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas ara mxolod momsaxure
personalis
damokidebuleba
klientebisadmi,
aramed
turistis
mier
momsaxurebis teqnologiebis fsiqologiurad aRqmis aspeqtebi. es imas niSnavs,
rom pirvel planze dgas turistis pirovneba, misi interesebi da
ganwyobileba da misadmi guliTadi damokidebuleba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi,
roca konkurencia turizmis dargSi gamZafrebulia, es faqtori turistuli
kompaniis mier aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia.
saerTaSoriso turizmSi arsebuli praqtikis
turistebisadmi Sedegi saxis yuradRebis gamoCena:

Tanaxmad

miRebulia

misalmebis suveniri TiToeul turists, gansxvavebiT sastumro

momsaxurebisa, sadac aseT suvenirad baliSze kanfeti gvxvdeba,
turistuli kompaniis SemTxvevaSi miRebulia sagnobrivi suvenirebis
(Tanaxmad turis Sinaarsisa da formisa) Cuqeba; mag. saqmiani turizmis
SemTxvevaSi es SesaZloa iyos saqmiani prospeqtebi,
im produqciis
nimuSebi, romelic turists ainteresebs. kulturuli da eTnografiuli
turizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcirefasiani erovnuli Sinaarsis
suvenirebi da a.S.;
turis damTavrebis Semdeg specialurad turistebisaTvis damzadebuli
diplomebis gadacema. miRebulia aseve sertifikatebis, cnobebis,
vimpelebisa da sapatio niSnebis gadacema da a. S.

232

taim - auti

1.

gameoreba codnis dedaa!

risTvis aris saWiro turis teqnologiuri dokumentacia?

daasaxeleT turis teqnologiuri dokumentaciis sruli sia.
rogoria klientTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi da ra
normatiuli dokumentebis safuZvelze dgeba igi?
daasaxeleT turistuli sagzuris Sinaarsi, misi forma da vis mier
mtkicdeba?
ra aris turis teqnologiuri ruka, misi Semadgenloba da ra dokumentiT
mtkicdeba igi?
turistuli sagzuris sainformacio
damatebiTi informaciaa CarTuli?

furcelSi

ra

savaldebulo

da

233
2. SegiZlia Tu ara codnis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba?

VI.
( )

mogzauroba

mogzauri

vizitori

turisti
erTdRiani
vizitori
()
turistuli
mogzauroba
turistuli resursi
turistuli
industria
turistuli
infrastruqtura
turistuli
produqti,
turistuli
momsaxurebis paketi

turistuli
momsaxureba
ZiriTadi
turistuli
momsaxureba
damatebiTi
turistuli
momsaxureba

miznisgan damoukideblad adamianis gadaadgileba sivrcesa da

droSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mogzauroba - travel, trip, voyage aris termini, romelsac iyeneben adamianTa drosa da sivrceSi
gadaadgilebis aRsaniSnavad da romelSic samogzauro miznebi
dazustebuli ar aris.
fizikuri piri, romelic mogzaurobs miznis, gadaadgilebis
saSualebis da drois miuxedavad
piri,
romelic
nebayoflobiT
mogzaurobs
mudmivi
sacxovrebeli
adgilis
farglebs
gareT,
dasvenebis,
gajansaRebis, saqmiani an sxva mizniT sul mcire erTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi da ara umetes erTi wlis vadiT, romlis
mogzaurobac ar anazRaurdeba droebiTi yofnis adgilis
safinanso wyaroebidan.
fizikuri piri/, romelic nebayoflobiT mogzaurobs
mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis farglebs gareT, dasvenebis,
gajansaRebis, saqmiani an sxva mizniT, aranakleb 24 saaTis da
ara umetes erTi wlis vadiT da romlis mogzaurobac ar
anazRaurdeba droebiTi yofnis adgilis safinanso wyaroebidan
vizitori, romelic mxolod erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi
miemgzavreba mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis farglebs gareT
turistebis mogzauroba 24 saaTze met xans gansazRvruli
marSrutiT da droiT

bunebrivi, kulturuli, istoriuli, socialuri,

rekreaciuli da sxva saxis obieqtebi, romlebic
emsaxurebian turistebis moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebas
turistuli resursebis, turistuli momsaxurebis
subieqtebis da obieqtebis erToblioba
ganTavsebis saSualebebis, kvebis, garTobis
obieqtebis da sxva turistuli saqmianobis
ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebis/
erToblioba
turistuli momsaxurebis ZiriTad formaTa
(ganTavseba, kveba, transportireba, eqskursia da sxva)
aranakleb ori komponentisagan ( + ) Semdgari
paketi, romelic aucilebelia turistis moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad
saqmianoba, romelic uzrunvelyofs turistuli
mogzaurobis organizebas, transportirebas,
ganTavsebs, kvebs, sainformacio an sxva saqmianobas,
romelic mimarTulia turistis moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad
turistuli momsaxureba, romelic moicavs
ganTavsebiT, transportiT da kvebiT (
) momsaxurebas
turistuli momsaxureba, romelic moicavs
saeqskursio, kulturul, sportul, garTobis,
234

turistuli
saqmianobis
subieqti
turoperatori
turagenti

sapasuxismgeblo
turizmi

bunebrivi
samkurnalo
resursebi

samkurnalo, sainformacio da turistuli

momsaxurebis sxva formebs
iuridiuli piri, individualuri mewarme an
fizikuri piri, romelic eweva turistul
momsaxurebas
iuridiuli piri an individualuri mewarme, romelic
axorcielebs turistuli produqtis formirebasa da
realizacias
iuridiuli piri an individualuri mewarme, romelic
axorcielebs turistuli produqtis realizacias
turizmis iseTi forma, roca turisti TviTon
gegmavs mogzaurobas, ar iyenebs turistuli
kompaniis momsaxurebas da Sesabamisad
mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebul pasuxismgeblobasac
sakuTar Tavze iRebs
mineraluri wylebis sabadoebi (an maTi ubnebi), romlebic
gamoiyeneba adgilze samkurnalod an Camosasxmelad;
samkurnalo talaxi;
bunebrivi airisa da orTqlis sabadoebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT
samkurnalo Tvisebebi;
sxva sabadoebi (biSofiti, ozokerti, Tixebi, Termuli wylebi,
magnituri silis plaJebi da sxva, romlebic gamoirCeva
samkurnalo TvisebebiT);
samkurnalo karstuli mRvimeebi;
zRvis, tbisa da mdinaris sanapiro zoli da klimati,
romlebic
gamoiyeneba
samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli
saqmianobisaTvis;
tye, tye-parki, sakurorto parki da sxva mwvane zonebi,
romlebsac
aqvT
profilaqtikuri,
samkurnalo
da
sareabilitacio funqciebi

sxvadasxva tipis adgili da obieqti (istoriuli

Zegli, erovnuli parki, nakrZali, plaJi, mdinare,
tye, tba, muzeumi, karstuli mRvime, saTxilamuro
turistuli
RirsSesaniSnaoba
trasa, mineraluri wyali da a.S), romelic
turistuli TvalsazrisiT mimzidveli da
gamosadegia
fizikuri piri, romelic xelmZRvanelobs turs da
turis lideri
adgilze axorcielebs mis organizebas
gidi
fizikuri piri, romelic uzrunvelyofs eqskursiis
dros turistis/ eqskursantis gacilebas da misTvis
(eqskursiamZoli
Sesabamisi informaciis miwodebas
gidis sinonimi)
RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis daTvaliereba,
gamgzavreba SemecnebiTi, sportuli an dasvenebis
eqskursia
mizniT.
romelime qveynis moqalaqeebis turistuli mizniT
adgilobrivi
mogzauroba maTi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis
turizmi
farglebs gareT, imave/ qveynis sazRvrebSi
saerTaSoriso turistebis organizebuli an
Semoyvanis/ araorganizebuli, jgufuri an individualuri
mogzauroba romelime qveyanaSi, romelic
turizmi
uzrunvelyofilia turistuli momsaxurebiT
turistebis organizebuli an araorganizebuli,
gayvanis/
235

turizmi

jgufuri an individualuri mogzauroba maTi

sacxovrebeli qveynis farglebs gareT, romelic
uzrunvelyofilia turistuli momsaxurebiT.

Sida turizmi

moicavs adgilobriv da Semoyvanis/Semomyvan turizms.

erovnuli turizmi
saerTaSoriso
turizmi

moicavs adgilobriv da gayvanis/gamyvan turizms

moicavs Semoyvanis/Semomyvan da gayvanis/gamyvan
turizms

turizmis ZiriTadi cnebebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad

saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad (saqarTvelos kanoni `turizmisa
da kurortebis Sesaxeb~) dReisaTvis miRebulia Semdegi saxis ZiriTadi cnebiTterminologiuri ganmartebebi:
1.

turizmi _ adamianis Tavisufali, nebayoflobiTi, droebiTi gadaadgileba

Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilidan dasvenebis, gajansaRebis,
kulturis Zeglebis daTvalierebis da/an sxva mizniT.

istoriisa

da

2. turisti _ fizikuri piri, romelic nebayoflobiT mogzaurobs mudmivi

sacxovrebeli adgilis farglebs gareT dasvenebis, gajansaRebis, saqmiani an
sxva mizniT, aranakleb 24 saaTis da araumetes 1 wlis vadiT, da romlis
mogzaurobac ar anazRaurdeba droebiTi yofnis adgilis safinanso
wyaroebidan.
3.

samkurnalo

turizmi _ kurortebis gamoyeneba mkurnalobis,

gamokvlevisa da sxva samedicino momsaxurebis misaRebad.

samedicino

4. turistuli resursebi _ bunebrivi, istoriul-kulturuli, SemecnebiTi da

socialur-sayofacxovrebo
resursebis
da
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
arsebuli infrastruqturis erToblioba, romelic akmayofilebs turistis
moTxovnilebebs.
5. bunebrivi samkurnalo (sakurorto) resursebi _ mineraluri wylebi,
samkurnalo talaxebi, samkurnalod vargisi karstuli mRvimeebi, zRva, tye,
samkurnalo klimati da sxva bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
mkurnalobis, profilaqtikisa da reabilitaciis mizniT.
6. sakurorto adgili _ teritoria, romelic Seicavs bunebriv samkurnalo
resursebs, vargisia miznobrivi eqspluataciisaTvis da ar aqvs Sesabamisi
Senoba-nagebobani.
7. kurorti _ sakurorto adgili, romelzec ganlagebulia samkurnalo da
gamajansaRebeli dawesebuleba, nageboba da infrastruqturis sxva obieqti.
8. sanitariuli dacvis zona _ saqarTvelos kanomdeblobiT gansakuTrebiT
daculi teritoria, romelic saWiroebs dacvas bunebrivi samkurnalo
resursebis naadrevi gamolevis, gafuWebisa da dabinZurebisagan.
9. turistuli da sakurorto saqmianobis subieqti (dargis subieqti) _
fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic eweva turistul da sakurorto
saqmianobas.
10. turistuli saqmianoba _ turistuli saqmianobis subieqtis mier turistTa
ganTavsebis,
kvebis,
tur-operaturuli,
transportirebis,
saeqskursio,
gasajansaRebeli,
reabilitaciis,
sareklamo-sainformacio,
kulturuli,
236

sportuli, sayofacxovrebo, gasarTobi da a. S. mizniT gaweuli momsaxureba,

romelic mimarTulia turistis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad.
11. sakurorto
saqmianoba
_
bunebrivi
samkurnalo
resursebis,
maTiT
sargeblobisaTvis aucilebeli nagebobebisa da mowyobilobebis (WaburRili,
biuveti, galerea, saabazano, talaxiT samkurnalo, plaJebi, klimaturi
pavilioni, aerosolariumi da sxva) da infrastruqturis obieqtebis
(sanatoriumi, sastumro, dasasvenebeli saxli, pansionati, sportuli da
kulturis obieqtebi da sxva) gamoyenebis organizeba profilaqtikis,
mkurnalobis, reabilitaciisa da gajansaRebis mizniT.
12. turistuli da sakurorto industria _ turistuli
saqmianobis subieqtebisa da obieqtebis erToblioba.

da

sakurorto

13. turistuli
momsaxurebis
paketi
(SemdgomSi
paketi)
_
turistuli
momsaxurebis ZiriTad formaTa (kveba, Ramis Teva ganTavsebis sxvadasxva
saSualebebSi,
satransporto
momsaxureba,
eqskursiebi,
turistuli
laSqrobebi da a.S.) aranakleb ori komponentisagan Semdgari kompleqsi,
romelic aucilebelia turistis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad da
romlis Rirebuleba Sedis turistuli sagzuris fasSi.
14. turistuli sagzuri (vauCeri) _ dokumenti, romelic adasturebs turistis
statuss, misTvis gasawevi momsaxurebis kategorias da am kategoriiT
momsaxurebis garantias.
15. turi _ konkretuli vadiT, gansazRvruli mizniTa da marSrutiT mogzauroba,
romelic uzrunvelyofilia turistuli produqtiT.
16. araorganizebuli turisti _ turisti, romelic mogzaurobs individualurad
xelSekrulebis, sagzuris, samarSruto wignakis gareSe.
17. turistuli da sakurorto saqmianobis licenzia _ specialuri nebarTva,
romelic asabuTebs misi mflobelis uflebas eweodes aRniSnul saqmianobas
(amoRebulia: 2006 wlis 29 maisi).
18. Sesabamisobis serTifikati _ dokumenti, romelic asabuTebs turistuli da
sakurorto
momsaxurebis
xarisxs
da
mis
Sesabamisobas
konkretul
standartTan an sxva normatiul dokumentTan.
19. Sida turizmi _ saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi fizikuri pirebisaTvis gaweuli
turistuli momsaxureba maTi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis farglebs
gareT, qveynis sazRvrebSi;
20. turoperatori _ iuridiuli piri an individualuri mewarme,
axorcielebs turistuli produqtis formirebasa da realizacias;

romelic

21. turagenti _ iuridiuli piri an individualuri

axorcielebs turistuli produqtis realizacias;

romelic

mewarme,

22. eqskursia
_ RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis daTvaliereba,
gamgzavreba SemecnebiTi, sportuli an dasvenebis mizniT;

gaseirneba

an

23. eqskursanti _ eqskursiaSi monawile fizikuri piri;

24. eqskursiamZRoli _
eqskursantebisaTvis
obieqtebis Cvenebas
turistuli subieqtis

eqskursiis xelmZRvaneli, romelic uzrunvelyofs

gansazRvrul marSrutze arsebuli RirsSesaniSnavi
da maT Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebas Sesabamisi
mier damtkicebuli meToduri dokumentaciis mixedviT;

25. turistuli laSqroba _ dasvenebis, mogzaurobisa da gajansaRebis procesi,

romlis aucilebeli komponentia kveba, Ramis Teva, eqskursia da aqtiuri
saSualebebiT
(fexiT,
cxeniT,
velosipediT,
TxilamurebiT
da
a.S.)
gadaadgileba;
237

26. turistuli
mogzauroba
_
turizmis
forma,
komponentebia kveba, Ramis Teva da eqskursia.

romlis

aucilebeli

aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom Cveni kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad miRebuli

ganmartebebis nawili (3, 5-9, 11, 17-18) gansxvavdeba Cvens mier zemoT ukve aRniSnuli
terminebisagan regionisa da TviT kanonis specifikurobis gamo. amasTan kanonSi
moyvanil terminebSi ver vxvdebiT iseT ganmartebebs, rogoricaa: SemosvliTi da
gasvliTi turizmi, socialuri turizmi, turistuli produqtis SeTavazeba,
turoperatoris saqmianoba, turagentis saqmianoba, gidi-mTargmnelis momsaxureba da
sxva, rac Cvenis azriT ara mxolod terminologiur problemebs warmoSobs. imedi
unda viqonioT, rom sakanonmdeblo bazis mudmivi ganaxlebis procesi am xarvezebsac
aRmofxvris, rac dargs srulyofili ganviTarebis iuridiul safuZvels miscems.

238

VII.
danarTi #1

marSrutze momuSave turistuli organizaciis dasaxeleba

teqnologiuri ruqa
turistuli mogzauroba marSrutze ________________________ 200___ wels
marSrutis dasaxeleba

1. marSrutis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi

marSrutis saxe ____________________________________________________________
sirTulis kategoria ________________________________________________________
marSrutis sigrZe (km.)
maT Soris sasiarulo

_______________________
fexiT (km.)

_______________________

TxilamuriT (km.)

_______________________

cxeniT (km.)

_______________________

naviT (km.)

_______________________

mogzaurobis xangrZlivoba (dRe/Rame)

_______________________

turistuli jgufis raodenoba

_______________________

jgufSi turistebis raodenoba

_______________________

sul turistebi marSrutze

_______________________

sul momsaxurebis kac/dRe

_______________________

marSrutze pirveli jgufis gasvlis dro

_______________________

marSrutze ukanaskneli jgufis gasvlis dro ______________________

marSrutze momsaxurebis sezonis dasasruli (bolo jgufi) ________________________
sagzuris Rirebuleba ___________________________________________________ lari

Tve
ianvari
Tebervali
-------------------------

turistebis raodenoba
TveSi

turistuli jgufebis
Semosvlis grafiki

turistuli jgufebis
raodenoba

239

dekemberi

im turistuli organizaciis misamarTi, visganac iwyeba mogzauroba: _________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. marSrutze ____________ mogzaurobisas turistebis momsaxurebis programa

dasaxlebuli punqtebi,
daSoreba maT Soris,
gadaadgilebis
saSualebebi, punqtSi
misvlisa da punqtidan
gasvlis dro

turistuli organizaciebis
dasaxeleba da
ganTavsebis pirobebi

dagegmili turistuli
momsaxureba,
eqskursiebis (ZiriTadi
saCvenebeli obieqtebi),
laSqrobebisa da
gasvlebis dasaxeleba

Sida samarSruto
gadazidvebi

saeqskursio xarjebi erT

adamianze

sul: ____________________________
maT Soris

1 organizacia _______________________________________________
2 organizacia _______________________________________________
X organizacia ______________________________________________

SidasamarSruto gadazidvebs axorcielebs organizacia: ___________________________

jgufis gadacema xdeba punqtSi: _________________ b.a. xelmowerebi organizaciis
xelmZRvaneli
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi:

mTavari buRalteri

momsaxureba turistuli organizaciis mier

X

`mSrali sakvebi~

RamissaTevi karavSi

da a.S.

3. mogzaurobis mokle aRwera (meordeba turistul sagzurze TandarTul sainformacio

furcelSi).
240

4. marSrutis momsaxure turistuli kompaniis

xelmZRvaneli

(xelmowera)

241

danarTi #2

turistuli kompaniis ________________________________________________

datvirTvis grafiki

___________ 2006 weli

Tve

jgufis #

turistuli
marSrutis #

momsaxurebis TariRi
1

30

31

danarTi #3

turistuli mogzaurobis daxasiaTeba sainformacio furceli

aucilebeli informacia

1. turistuli mogzaurobis saxisa da tipis Cveneba, programis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, marSrutis sigrZe da
xangrZlivoba, fexiT gasvlebis nawili da maTi sirTulis kategoria;
2. mogzaurobis marSrutis aRwera gaCerebis punqtebi, TiToeul punqtSi gaCerebis dro da
gantavsebis pirobebi (Senobis tipi, nomerSi adgilebis raodenoba, sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi);
3. mogzaurobis raionisa (RirsSesaniSnaobebi, reliefis Taviseburebebi da a.S.) da mogzaurobis
programis TiToeul punqtSi momsaxurebis (teqnologiuri rukis Tanaxmad) mokle aRwera;
4. damatebiTi gadaxdis safuZvelze misaRebi momsaxurebis CamonaTvali;
5. sportuli darbazebisa da moednebis, avto gasaCerebeli adgilebis, samgzavro sabagiro gzebis,
wyalsacavebis, pliaJebis, atraqcionebis, bavSvTa saTamaSo moednebis (oTaxebis),
biblioTekebis, kinodarbazebis da a.S. aRwera;
6. turistuli organizaciis, romelTanac iwyeba marSruti, misamarTi da misvlis sqema.

242

damatebiTi informaciis pirobiTi CamonaTvali

1. informacia asakobrivi SezRudvebis, bavSviani mSoblebis, ojaxuri wyvilebis miRebis Sesaxeb;
2. specialuri informacia turistuli laSqrobis (fexiT gasvlebi) Semcveli marSrutebis Sesaxeb;
3. sxva informacia da rekomendacia.
SeniSvna: mizanSewonilia gansakuTrebuli aRniSvna gakeTdes im pirebTan dakavSirebiT, visac
mudmivi samedicino kontroli sWirdeba SesaZlebelia Tu ara maTi gaSveba marSrutze.

danarTi #4

`tur-1~ formis turistuli sagzuris satitule mxare

tipiuri forma
damtkicebulia _______________ mier

turistuli sagzuri
Sps `dasveneba~ (misamarTi, telefonebi, el-fosta, licenziis #)
turi ________________________________________________________________________
dasaxeleba, kodi, serTifikatis #

myidveli (iuridiuli piri) ______________________________________________________

dasaxeleba, xelmZRvaneli, sabanko rekvizitebi, sakontaqto informacia

fizikuri piri _________________________________________________________________

saxeli, gvari, misamarTi, pasportis #, telefoni

turistebis sia ________________________________________________________________

saxeli, gvari, misamarTi, telefoni

________________________________________________________________
jgufis xelmZRvaneli ___________________________________________________________
mogzaurobis xangrZlivoba `---`----------------- 2006-dan `---`---------------------- 2006-mde
mogzaurobis marSruti da gaCerebebis adgilebi _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
marSrutis dasawyisi (qalaqi, sadguri) _____________________________________________
gaCerebis adgilebi _____________________________________________________________
marSrutis dasasruli (qalaqi, sadguri) ____________________________________________
momsaxurebis paketi: kategoria---, bileTi---, sastumro---, kveba---, viza---, dazRv.---, transf.--saeqskursio programa ___________________________________________________________
eqskursiebis raodenoba, gadaadgilebis saSualeba

damatebiTi momsaxureba __________________________________________________________

CamonaTvali

sagzuris Rirebuleba ______________________________________________________ lari

gayidvis TariRi `____`________________ 2006 weli
gamyidveli: ___________________________ myidveli: ______________________________
b.a.
b.a.

Sps `dasveneba~
mosaxevi taloni
turistul sagzurze # _____
turi _______________________
dasaxeleba

____________________________
myidveli: ___________________
dasaxeleba, misamarTi

____________________________
mogzaurobis xangrZlivoba
`--`------- 2006-dan `--`------- 2006mde
turistebis sia
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
gadaxdili momsaxureba _________
_____________________________
momsaxurebis sruli CamonaTvali
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
sagzuris Rirebuleba __________
gamyidveli ___________________
b.a
momsaxurebis pirobebs gavecani da
veTanxmebi
myidveli ____________________
b.a
gayidvis TariRi _______________

243

danarTi #5

`tur-1~ formis ukana gverdi (mxare)

mosaxev talons Tan erTvis turistebis sruli
sia

turistuli sagzuri Sedgenilia 2006 wels dadebuli #-- xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesabamisad.

grafaSi `gadaxdili momsaxureba~ iwereba

yvela (ZiriTadi da damatebiTi) gadaxdili
momsaxureba;

- turistebis sruli sia (5 da metis SemTxvevaSi) moTxovnis Sesabamisad;

grafaSi `sagzuris Rirebuleba~ SesaZlebelia

miTiTebuli iyos dolaris eqvivalenti erovnul
valutaSi;
taloni StampiT `gadaxdilia~ adasturebs
sagzuris SeZenas naRdi angariSsworebiT;
gadaricxviT SeZenis SemTxvevaSi, grafaSi
`Rirebuleba~, iwereba sagadasaxado
qviTris nomeri.

rogorc ganuyofeli nawili, sagzurs Tan axlavs:

- marSrutze momsaxurebis programa;
- vauCerebi, momsaxurebis programis Sesabamisad;
- informacia risk-faqtorebisa da qcevis normebis Sesaxeb (sainformacio furceli);
(tipografiuli wesiT dabeWdvisas aucilebelia sagzurebis numeracia)
Sevsebisas gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi da aRniSvnebi:
pm piradobis mowmoba;
p pasporti;

FB sruli pansioni;

B mxolod RamisTeva;

SGL erTadgiliani nomeri;

DBL oradgiliani nomeri;

HB naxevarpansioni;

TRP samadgiliani nomeri

BB RamisTeva sauzmiT
grafaSi `samgzavro bileTi~ iwereba satransporto organizaciaSi arsebuli Semoklebebi.
grafaSi `sastumro~ iwereba sastumros klasi, qveyanaSi arsebuli sistemis mixedviT.
sxva grafebSi iwereba `ki~ an `ara~.
turistuli vauCeri --------- cali miviRe, turistuli momsaxurebis pirobebs, Sinaarssa da SezRudvebs
(gansakuTrebul pirobebs) Tanxis gadaxdamde gavecani da vaRiareb.
Myidveli ___________________________________________________________
b.a. (organizaciis SemTxvevaSi)

244

danarTi #6

dajavSnis furceli

# -------------- kategoria ------------------------------ (saswrafo, Cveulebrivi)

1. monacemebi turistebis Sesaxeb

saxeli, gvari

pasportis #

dabadebis weli

miRebuli
dokumenti

SeniSvna

2. programa (qveynis)
qalaqi/kurorti

sastumro

Sesvlis dro

gasvlis dro

Rameebis
raodenoba

nomris tipi
da
raodenoba

kveba

3. saaviacio momsaxureba __________________________________________________

aviakompania, klasi

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

savizo momsaxureba
ki
ara
dazRveva
ki
ara
transferi
ki
ara
manqanis arenda
ki
ara
damatebiTi momsaxureba ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
9. SekveTis Rirebuleba __________________________________________________
turis anazRaurebis damatebiTi pirobebi __________________________________
10. uaris damatebiTi pirobebi ______________________________________________
SekveTa miviRe: _________________________________
dajavSnis, turistuli momsaxurebis miRebisa da turistuli sagzuris SeZenis pirobebs gavecani da

mastan dakavSirebul valdebulebebs viReb Cems Tavze. maqvs ufleba aviRo valdebulebebi Cemi da
siaSi aRniSnuli turistebis saxeliT.

245

SemkveTi: __________________________________________________________________
koordinatebi kavSirisaTvis

TariRi: _________________

7

Forbes Traveler_ 2007 50
. 10 50
.
2007 wlis Sida da gare turistebis mier ufrometad monaxulebadi RirsSesaniSnaobebi.

Taim sqveri manhetenis centri

niuorki

aSS

mnaxvelis
r-ba mln.
35

vaSingtoni
kolumbis mxare
tba viena

aSS

25

nacion. xeivani da memorialuri

parki
jadosnuri samefo

aSS

16.6

trafalgaris skveri - moedani

londonis skveri

disneilendis parki

niagaris CanCqeri

anacaimi,
kalifornia
ontario, niurko

didi
britaneTi
aSS

meTevzeTa misadgomi, oqros

WiSkari
tokio disneilendi tokio disnei
zRva
parizis notr-dami

10

RirsSesaniSnaoba

adgilmdebareoba

qveyana

15
14.7

kanada

14

san-francisko
kalifornia
uraiasu

aSS

13

parizi

safrangeTi

12

parizis disneilendi

parizi

safrangeTi

10.6

11

CineTis kedeli

badilingi

CineTi

10

12

Crd. karolina

aSS

9.2

13

didi bolvadi mTebi

nacionaluri parki
universia studia iaponia

osaka

iaponia

8.5

14

Basiligue du Sacre C oe Yp

parizi

safrangeTi

15

luvri

parizi

safrangeTi

7.5

18

eifelis koSki

parizi

safrangeTi

6.7

24

honkongi disneilendi

londoni

didi
britaneTi

4.8

iaponia

12.9

246

27

britaneTis muzeumi

londoni
arizona

didi
britaneTi
aSS

31

didi kanioni

32

4.4

tivolis baRebi

kopenhageni

dania

4.4

36

Tavisuflebis qandakeba

niuorki

aSS

4.24

37

vatikanis muzeumo

vatikani

vatikani

4.2

38

sidneis opera

sidnei

avstralia

4.0

59

kolizeumi

romi

italia

4.0

42

empaier steits bildingi

niuorki

aSS

4.0

44

londonis Tvali

londoni

3.5

45

versalis sasaxle

versali

didi
britaneTi
safrangeTi

3.45

46

iosemidis nacion. parki

kalifornia

aSS

3.44

47

gizas piramidebi

qairo

egvipte

3.0

50

tajmahali

agra

indoeTi

2.4

4.8

150

15

2007

:
2007 wlis Sida da gare turistebis mier ufrometad monaxulebadi
RirsSesaniSnaobebi.
ranJireba qalaqi

qveyana

mnaxvelebis r-ba (mln.)

londoni

didi britaneTi

15.34

honkongi

CineTi

12.05

bankongi

tailandi

10.84

singapuri

singapuri

10.28

parizi

safrangeTi

8.76

niuorki

aSS

7.65

toronto

kanada

6.63

247

dubai

6.54

stambuli

arabeTis
gaerTianebuli
emiratebi
TurqeTi

9
10

romi

italia

6.12

11

barselona

espaneTi

5.04

12

seuli

samxreT korea

12.0

13

Sanxai

CineTi

4.80

14

dublini

irlandia

4.63

15

kuala lumperi

malazia

4.40

6.45

- 30 .

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255


1.

m. metreveli turizmi, 2003;

2. m. metreveli turizmi da garemos dacva, 2004;

3.

m. metreveli turistul terminTa inglisur-qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,

2006;

4. v. SublaZe saqarTvelo da turizmi, 2004;

5. saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, #2, 1999;
6. saqarTvelos kurortebi, Tbilisi 1987;
7. `dRis wesrigi XXI saukunisaTvis~ - gaero, rio de Janeiro, 3-14 ivnisi, 1992;
8. `mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli Sefasebis angariSi~ - Tbilisi, 2002;
9. `saqarTvelos maRalmTianeTSi gansaxlebis sistemis mdgradobis xelSemwyobi
konceptualuri mimarTulebebi~ - 2004;
10. `saqarTveloSi turizmis
programa~ 2004;

ganviTarebis

erovnuli

koncefcia

da

samoqmedo

11. `strategiuli rCevebi saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis~ - TACIS, 2000;

12. `saqarTvelos turizmis strategia~ - TACIS, 2001;
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15. saqarTvelos
adgolobrivi
kurortebis
socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi, 1989;

ganviTarebis

geografiuli

da

16. i. gabunia saqarTvelos rekreaciuli (sakurorto-turistuli) raionebi, 2005;

17. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 1981;
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mdgradi
saukunisaTvis~), 2003;

ganviTareba

(`adgilobrivi

dRis

wesrigi

XXI

20. rogor SevimuSaoT social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa NDI, USAID,

2003;
21. j. l. gordoni startegiuli dagegmva adgilobrivi mmarvelobisaTvis
GIPA, 2003
22. . , . - - , , -
, . , 2013
;
23. . , . , . - -
, , 2012 ;
24. . - , , 2011 ;
25. .

-
, 2010 ;

26. . - (), ,
2009 ;

256

27.

. , 2000, ;

28.

. , 2000;

29.

. . , , 2000;

30.

. , . . XXI , ,
2000;

31.

. . , , 2000;

32.

. . , , 2004;

33.

. , , 2005;

34.

( ), , 2005;

35.

- , , 2005;

36.

: .
, 1993.

37.

, 2002;

38. Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism; WTO, 1998
39. Mountains of the World Mountain Agenda 2002 CDE, IGUB, Switzerland;
40. Tourism Market Trends: Europe-2000 Edition, WTO, 2000;
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42. James M. Pointer Tour Design, Marketing, and Management New Jersey,
1993;
43. Charles R. Goeldner, J.R. Brent Ritchie, Robert W. McIntosh Tourism;
Principles, Practices, Philosophies; 2000.
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J.R.Brant Ritchie, Charles R. Goeldner Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality

Research NY, 1987;

257