I.

1.

dr
v=
r
dt
dv
a=
v
dt
d

dt
d
=

dt

l
t

( =

d
a =

dt

1.

p = mi v i =mv c
I

3.
()

II

= 0 + a .t

dp
p = F
dt
F = F ext , F in = 0

= const
= 0 + .t

m 2
2
I 2
=
2

Ek =

E p = mgh

Ekrot

p = const , F = 0

1
s = 0 .t + a .t 2
2
s
)
t

II.

2
an =

a = const

2.

ma = F

III

E p =

M
r

kx 2
2
D 2
Ep =
2
Ep =

Fik = Fki

= 0 .t + .t 2

2.

E = Ek + E p

s =

dA = F.dr = F ds

=
a =
v = x

1
2

P = dA / dt = F.v

E = Aext + Ancin

E = const

3.

I = mi i2

1
I = mR 2
2

I =| I |
I = (I.e|| ) (e|| .I.e|| )

L = L|| + L

L = I

1
I = ml 2
12
1
I = ml 2
3

I|| = I = mi i2

I = mi ( di ). i

4.

Ix

I= 0
0

dL
L =
=M
dt
I = M
L = L|| , M = M ||

I = I|| = e|| .I.e||

L|| = I|| = I

2
mR 2
5

M = rF

x

= y = .e||

z

1
m( R12 + R22 )
2

I = I c + ma

5.

L = Li

I=

M = F

Li = ri pi

I=

0
Iy
0

0
I z

6.

dL
=M
L =
dt
M = M ext , M in = 0
L = const , ako M = 0

L A = M A m( v A v c )
L A = M A , ako v A v c )

dLC
L C =
= MC
dt

7. ,

lmg
L
L
L =
I x'

'=

III.
1.
(
)

px = gh

FA = Vg
2.

m = S

S = const

2
2

+ gh + p = const

L = CL S

=
=

4 -

u =(

1 2
V
= V ,c =1
c

CD = C pr + 2
IV.
.
1.

x = ( x '+ Vt ')
y = y'
z = z'
t = (t '+ x ')

M mi

U -

m =| p |

Eb = Ti + U

I
D

II

4
-

,
D

p = ( E , p)
p0 = E =

p=

D
D

ma =F

ako F = 0

m
1 v2

mv
1 v2

dp/ d = ( p ). u = 0

dp/ d = F
D

p = const , ako F = 0

ds =| dr |

M = mi + Ti + U

ds = 1.d = dt dr

E0 = m
T Ek = E E0

p =mu

m | p |= E 2 p 2

d = dt0 = dt 1 2

r = (t , r )

a = d u / d

t = t 0 / 1 2

1 2

2.

au

D
D

l = l0 1 2

D = CD S

1 2

2
CL = 2 sin
2

= E.v

G = 8 T
1
G = R Rg
2

G
-

R
T

pV = const ,
Q = 0

V.

f () = A42 e

k
kT

3/ 2

1.

N
m V
= =
N A V

1. pV = RT
RT
2. p =

3. p = nkT

pV = const ,
T = const

p
= const ,
T
V = const

V
= const ,
T
p = const

2
n<>
i
( p = nkT )
p=

m
A= 0
2kT
dn() = f ()d

i
kT
2
1
< 1 >= kT
2
< >=

n = n0 e

p = p0 e

p
kT

p
kT

cp
cV

i+2
i

A = pdV = 0

i
U = N < >= RT
2

i+2
R
2
i
cV = R
2
c p cV = R
cp =

k=

I. .
.

I.

Q = dU + A

Q
dT
C
c=

C
c =
m

C=

1 kmol

1 kg

i
Q = dU = RdT
2
Q
i
= R
cV =
dT 2

Q = dU + pdV

i
Q = ( + 1) RdT
2
Q i + 2
=
cp =
R
dT
2

dU = cV dT = 0

Q = dA = pdV
dV
dA = RT
V
V
A = RT ln 2
V1

Q = 0, A = dU
pV = const

2.

(p+

2a
)(V b) = RT
V2

U = cV T

2a
V

S = k ln
Q
dS =
T

II.

dS 0

1
=
2

In = D

A
T
C =
= 1 2
Q1
T1
C .

1
D =
2

K=

Q2
T2
=
| A | T1 T2

H = U + pV
F = U TS

du
dy

3.

H
F , G .

I p =

G = H TS

I q =
=

dT
dx

1
cV
2

dn( x)
dx

= cV = DcV
VI.

F = qE
Qr
, ..
E=
4 0 r 2 r
1

1 Q
, ..
4 0 r

1
4 0

9.109 Nm 2C 2

E = Ei

= i

E =

E.dS =
S

q in

E.dr = 0

E=

2 0

/ 2
.

E=

. .

E=

q
,rR
4 0 r 2
1

E =0,r R

q
E=
,rR
4 0 r 2
1

E=

r,rR
3 0

p = ql

M = pE
E p = p.E
F = E p

P=

pi
V

= n < p >= < l >

P = 0 E
D = 0E + P

r = 1+
D = r 0E = E

= Dn

r 1
r

C=

.
. . .

C = Ci

1
1
=
C
Ci
. .

qU CU 2
Ep =
=
2
2

j = v + + v +

= nq

j = env

D.dS = q

in

P.dS = qout = qin

S

I = jS = q

..

A
= E* .dl
q C
*

A
U = =
q

U
I=
R
R=

l
S

I=

dB =

0 Idl r
4 r 3

0 I
(sin 1 + sin 2 )
4 a
I
B = 0
2 a
B=

j=

F = Idl B

R+r

B = B|| =
BC =

0 I R 2

0 I

2 r3

2R

B = n0 I

A = Q = qU = IUt
P = A = IU

B=

p = j.E = E 2 /

v E
c2
1 q r
E =
4 0 r 2 r

F = q (E + v B )

p = IS

VII.

J = n < p >= nI < S >

J = H

B = 0 ( H + J )

r = 1 +
B = r 0 H = H

d
=
dt

s = Acos (t + )

T=

k
m

m
T = 2
k

H.dl = I

g
l

l
T = 2
g

B.dS = 0
B.dl = I


s + 2s = 0
kA
m A
=
2
2
mv 2 m 2 A2
sin 2
=
Ek =
2
2
ks 2 m 2 A2
cos 2
=
Ep =
2
2
2

mgl
I

I
T = 2
mgl

D
I

I
T = 2
D
. .

..

. .

E=

1
LC

T = 2 LC
. .

. . .


s + 2 s + 2 s = 0
r
2m

= ln

A(t )
= T
A(t + T )

Q=

=
2


s + 2 s + 2 s = f 0 cos t

s = A cos(t )
f0 =

F
m

A=

f0
( ) + 4 2 2
2
0

= arctg

2 2

2
02 2

s = Ae t cos(t + )

= 02 2 < 0

r = 02 2 2

T=

Ar =

f0
2 02 2

r = 0
= 0 A
max

:
1.

= A cos(t kx)

k=

2.

= A cos(t k.r )
k = k .n, | n |= 1
3.

A
cos(t kr )
r

4.

cos(t k )

2.

g =

d
dk

3.


t

d
d
= + k
dk
dk
d
=
d
g c

g =

1
=0
2 t 2
2

:
1.

A + A2 = max
A= 1
| A1 A2 | = min
2m
ako =
(2m + 1)

:
2
2
4
. .
2

= S g = JS

I=

= g = J
S

..
.

||

E
2(1 + )

= 0

cp
RT
, =
cV

k = p = sin 2

= k + p = 2 sin 2

2. = const

1. 1 = 2

2 A2
2

J = E H = v
= e + m
1
2

= ( E 2 + H 2 )

= g =
c=

0 0

I = J = .

0
/ 2

= n2 r2 n1r1 +

2m
= 2
(2m + 1)

max
min

:
1.

= / 2,

= = a sin m

2m 2
=
(2m + 1)

min

0 (1 + (e r ) / )
ako e u r <<

. ...
.

2. .

min

m mN

..

R=

= mN

= = 2d sin m = m max

1.

r
= 0
e
e
= 0
r

r ,T = P , + d ,T / d

max

1
sin = =
2 e M
2.
-

1 2
1 cos
ako = 0,

= 0

= 0

1+
> 0
1

.
ako = ,

= 0

1
< 0
1+

a ,T = P
/ P
, + d ,T
, + d ,T
, = 1 ...
, = const < 1 .

...

r ,T
a ,T

= ,T

b
T
b = 2,9.103 m.K

m =

VIII.

max

d sin m = m
Nd sin m = m

= 0 1 2 < 0
.

2 2
h
h / kT
2
1
c e
34
h = 6, 625.10 J .s

,T =

= = h / 2
hc = 1241 eV .nm

= h = A + k

k = eU
< 0 = A / h

D

p = = k = =( k , k )

m | p |= 0

T = ,T d = T 4
0

= 5, 67.108 W / m 2 K 4

= f i

= C (1 cos )

C = h / mc = 2, 424 pm

=
=
+ U
2m
t
dP =| |2 dV = . *dV
2

i=

..

E = i= , p = i=
t
t = t , r = r

x.p x = / 2
t.E = / 2

2m
( E U (r )) = 0
=
i
E .t
=

| (r, t ) |2 =| (r ) |2

m p = 938, 26 MeV

1a.e. = 1u = 931, 50 MeV

S = s ( s + 1) =

A=Z+N

L = l (l + 1) =
Lz = ml =

Eb = ZmH + ( A Z )mn ma

j = 0;0,5;1;1,5; 2;...; n 1/ 2
s = 1/ 2

En = E1 / n

E1 = me 4 / 8 02 h 2
= 13, 6 eV

E1 = mZ 2e4 / 8 02 h2
= Z 13,6 eV
2

En = E1 / n

mn = 939,55 MeV

j ( j + 1) =

n = 1; 2;3;...

(r, t ) = (r ).e

J=

l = 0;1; 2;...; n 1
ml = (0;1; 2;...; l )

. .

e=
2m
e=
=
j ( j + 1)
2m
e=
=
l (l + 1)
2m
e=
s = g
s ( s + 1)
2m
e=
z =
ml
2m
e=
sz =
2m

B =

b = Eb / A

N = N 0 e t
ln 2
T
A =| N |= N

A = A0 e t
a = A / m = a0 e t