Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Petroleum Systems
Petroleum Geology
Objectives are to be able to:
Discuss basic elements of Petroleum Systems
Describe plate tectonics and sedimentary basins
Recognize names of major sedimentary rock types
Describe importance of sedimentary environments to
petroleum industry
Describe the origin of petroleum
Identify hydrocarbon trap types
Define and describe the important geologic controls on
reservoir properties, porosity and permeability
Outline
Pod of Active
Source Rock
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Fold-and-Thrust Belt
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
(modified from Magoon and Dow, 1994)
Essential
Elements
of
Petroleum
System
Overburden Rock
Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Basement Rock
Top Oil Window
Top Gas Window
Sedimentary
Basin Fill
Uniformitarianism
Original Horizontality
Superposition
Cross-Cutting Relationships
Cross-Cutting Relationships
K
J
I
H
G
Angular Unconformity
E
D
ou
e
Ign
il
sS
Igneous
Dike
F
B
A
Types of Unconformities
Disconformity
An unconformity in which the beds above and below
are parallel
Angular Unconformity
An unconformity in which the older bed intersect the
younger beds at an angle
Nonconformity
An unconformity in which younger sedimentary rocks
overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks
Correlation
Establishes the age equivalence of rock
4.6
150
Mesozoic
100
Cretaceous
Jurassic
200
Triassic
250
Permian
300
Pennsylvanian
Mississippian
350
400
450
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
500
550
600
Cambrian
Recent
0 Pleistocene
10
20
Pliocene
Miocene
30 Oligocene
40
Eocene
50
60 Paleocene
Cenozoic Era
Tertiary
50
Paleozoic
Phanerozoic
Quaternary
Cryptozoic
(Precambrian)
Epoch
Tertiary
period
Era Period
Eon
Quaternary
period
Rocks
Classification of Rocks
Rock-forming Source of
process
material
IGNEOU
S
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Molten materials in
deep crust and
upper mantle
Weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at surface
Crystallization
(Solidification of melt)
Sedimentation, burial
and lithification
Recrystallization due to
heat, pressure, or
chemically active fluids
nd
M
el
t
g
in
Co
So oling
(Cr lidi
ys fic a
tal at
iza
n
i o n)
tio
Sedimentary
Rock
Weathering,
Transportation
and Deposition
Cem
entation and
Compaction
(Lithification)
Igneous
Rock
Weat her
Transportaitng,
ion
And De
p
o
s
ition
And
Heat
ure
Press
rphism)
tamo
e
(M
Metamorphic
Rock
Sediment
Sandstone
and conglomerate
~11%
Limestone and
dolomite
~13%
Siltstone, mud
and shale
~75%
Minerals - Definition
Naturally Occurring
Solid
Generally Formed by
Inorganic Processes
Ordered Internal
Arrangement of Atoms
(Crystal Structure)
Quartz Crystals
Chemical Composition
and Physical Properties
Fixed or Vary Within
A Definite Range
Sandstone (%)
Clay Minerals
60
Quartz
30
65
10-15
<5
15
<1
<3
<1
Feldspar
Rock Fragments
Carbonate
Organic Matter,
Hematite, and
Other Minerals
Feldspar
Calcite
Sulfides
Pyrite
Galena
Sphalerite
Carbonates
Aragonite
Calcite
Dolomite
Fe-Dolomite
Ankerite
Sulfates
Halides
Anhydrite
Gypsum
Halite
Sylvite
Silicates
Non-Ferromagnesian
Ferromagnesian
(not common in sedimentary rocks)
Olivine
Pyroxene
Augite
Amphibole
Hornblende
Biotite (mica)
Red = Sedimentary RockForming Minerals
Matrix
Clay size detrital material
Cement
Material precipitated post-depositionally, during
burial. Cements fill pores and replace framework
grains
Pores
Voids between above components
Sandstone Composition
Framework Grains
KF = Potassium
Feldspar
PRF
KF
CEMENT
P
Norphlet Sandstone, Offshore Alabama, USA
Grains are about =< 0.25 mm in Diameter/Length
P = Pore
Potassium Feldspar is
Stained Yellow With a
Chemical Dye
Pores are Impregnated
With Blue-Dyed Epoxy
Porosity in Sandstone
Pore
Throat
Illite
Negligible
Porosity
Reduction
High Irreducible
Water Saturation
Migration of
Fines Problem
~ 10 m
Significant Permeability
Reduction
High Irreducible Water
Saturation
Migration of Fines
Problem
Carter Sandstone
North Blowhorn Creek Oil Unit
Black Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA
Authigenic Illite
Permeability (md)
100
1000
100
10
10
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01
2
10
14
10
14
18
Porosity (%)
(modified from Kugler and McHugh, 1990)
Influence of Clay-Mineral
Distribution on Effective Porosity
e
Dispersed Clay
Clay
Minerals
Detrital Quartz
Grains
e
Clay Lamination
Structural Clay
(Rock Fragments,
Rip-Up Clasts,
Clay-Replaced Grains)
Diagenesis
Carbonate
Cemented
Oil
Stained
Whole Core
Misoa Formation, Venezuela
Compaction
Precipitation of Cement
Dissolution of Framework
Grains and Cement
Evaporation
Precipitation
Evapotranspiration
e
ann
h
C w
Flo
Water Table
Infiltration
Meteoric
Water
COMPACTIONAL
WATER
Petroleum
Fluids
Meteoric
Water
Zone of abnormal pressure
Isotherms
CH 4,CO 2,H2 S
Subsidence
Dissolution Porosity
Partially
Dissolved
Feldspar
Pore
Quartz Detrital
Grain
Dissolution of
Framework Grains
(Feldspar, for
Example) and
Cement may
Enhance the
Interconnected
Pore System
This is Called
Secondary Porosity
Hydrocarbon Generation,
Migration, and Accumulation
Vitrinite
Vitrinite
A nonfluorescent type of organic material
in petroleum source rocks derived
primarily from woody material.
The reflectivity of vitrinite is one of the
best indicators of coal rank and thermal
maturity of petroleum source rock.
Reflected-Light Micrograph
of Coal
TOC in Shale
(wt. %)
TOC in Carbonates
(wt. %)
Poor
0.0-0.5
0.0-0.2
Fair
0.5-1.0
0.2-0.5
Good
1.0-2.0
0.5-1.0
Very Good
2.0-5.0
1.0-2.0
>5.0
>2.0
Excellent
Initial Bitumen
Methane
Migration
0.3
70
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
80
2.0
3.0
4.0
OIL
1.2
1.3
75
Oil Floor
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas Max.
Dry Gas
Generated
85
90
95
(modified from Foster and Beaumont, 1991, after Dow and OConner, 1982)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
430
450
465
65
0.2
Fault
(impermeable)
Oil/water
contact (OWC)
Migration route
Seal
Hydrocarbon
accumulation
in the
reservoir rock
Top of maturity
Source rock
Reservoir
rock
Pod of Active
Source Rock
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Fold-and-Thrust Belt
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
(modified from Magoon and Dow, 1994)
Essential
Elements
of
Petroleum
System
Overburden Rock
Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Basement Rock
Top Oil Window
Top Gas Window
Sedimentary
Basin Fill
Hydrocarbon Traps
Structural traps
Stratigraphic traps
Combination traps
Oil
Trap
Sea
l
Oil/Gas
Contact
Gas
Closure
Oil/Water
Contact
Oil
Fracture Basement
Salt
Dome
Fold Trap
Salt
Diapir
Oil
W
ate
Oil
Sandstone
Shale
Fault Trap
Oil / Gas
Sand
Shale
Pinch out
Oil/Gas
Uncomformity
Oil/Gas
Other Traps
Meteoric
Water
Asphalt Trap
Biodegraded
Oil/Asphalt
Partly
Biodegraded Oil
Water
Hydrodynamic Trap
Hydrostatic
Head
Shale
Water
Oil
(modified from Bjorlykke, 1989)
Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity May
Result From:
Depositional Features
Diagenetic Features
(Whole Core Photograph, Misoa
Sandstone, Venezuela)
Bounding
Surface
Field Wide
Well
Well
Determined
From Well Logs,
Seismic Lines,
Statistical
Modeling,
etc.
100's
m
Interwell
1-10 km
Reservoir
Sandstone
10's
m
Well-Bore
100's m
10-100's
m
Petrographic or
Scanning Electron
Microscope
1-10's
m
10-100's
mm
Hand Lens or
Binocular Microscope
Unaided Eye
300 m
Gigascopic
50 m
300 m
Megascopic
5m
150 m
2m
Macroscopic
Microscopic
(modified from Hurst, 1993)
1m
cm
mm - m
Well Test
14
10
Reservoir Model
12
2 x 10
Grid Cell
Wireline Log
Interval
Core Plug
Geological
Thin Section
3 x 10
5 x 10
1
7
2
(As Needed)
Core Analysis
Diagenetic
Model
Structural
Model
Log Analysis
Well Test Analysis
Integrated
Geologic Model
Fluid
Model
Applications Studies
Reserves Estimation
Simulation
Model Testing
And Revision
(As Needed)