244/C, 32 Cross, 7th block, 2nd Main Rd, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560082

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
BY
Aashray Kotha
XII B

INDEX:
Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography

AIM:
To determine the faradays
law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire
wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has been
successfully completed by Aashray Kotha of Class XII B
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 2016-2017.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

TEACHER IN-CHARGE

SCHOOL SEAL

PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher Mr.
Jayaprakash who has assigned me this paper to bring out
my creative capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for being a continuous
source of encouragement for all their financial aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to me by
the management of Bangalore International Academy.
My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and for helping me to
complete my work in time.

Aashray Kotha

APPARATUS
1. Insulated copper
wire
2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet
and
4. A light emitting
diode (LED)

INTRODUCTION

araday's law of inductionis a basic law

ofelectromagnetismthat predicts how amagnetic fieldwill interact with

anelectric circuitto produce anelectromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle oftransformers, inductors, and many
types ofelectricalmotorsandgenerators.

Electromagnetic inductionwas discovered independently byMichael

FaradayandJoseph Henryin 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he calledlines of force. These
equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a
better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of
technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so
many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind
Faradays Law. From natural phenomena such as the light we receive
from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of life such as
electric power generation, Faradays Law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.

Faradays Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist

and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of electromagnetic
induction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in
London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New York ,
but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work first . An
important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faradays Law comes

from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his
contribution to Faradays Law, now known as Lenzs Law, in 1834
(Institute of Chemistry).

Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an electric

field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field. Before
expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept of
potentials.

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction

(August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an
iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a moderntoroidal
transformer) to induce current

Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation

describing two different phenomena: themotional EMFgenerated by a
magnetic force on a moving wire (seeLorentz force), and
thetransformer EMFgenerated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the MaxwellFaraday equation).James Clerk
Maxwelldrew attention to this fact in his 1861 paperOn Physical Lines
of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a
separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena.A
reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in
some modern textbooks.

THEORY:
Magnetic flux:

Themagnetic flux(often denoted or B) through a surface is the

component of theBfieldpassing through that surface. TheSIunitof
magnetic flux is theweber(Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
theCGSunit is themaxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates
the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic
flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a

surface ofvector areaSis

whereBis the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux

density) having the unit of Wb/m2(Tesla),Sis the area of the surface,
andis the angle between the magneticfield linesand thenormal
(perpendicular)toS.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through
an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the field to be
constant
:
From the definition of themagnetic vector potentialAand
thefundamental theorem of the curlthe magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

where theline integralis taken over the boundary of the surfaceS,

which is denoted S.

LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the
negative of the time rate of change of themagnetic fluxthrough the
circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed circuit
is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other circumstances as
discussedbelow. A different version, theMaxwellFaraday
equation(discussedbelow), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changesbecauseBchanges, or because the wire loop is
moved or deformed, or bothFaraday's law of induction says that the
wire loop acquires anEMF , defined as the energy available per unit
charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is
thevolt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create anopen circuit, and attaching avoltmeterto
the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law(inSI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

whereEis theelectric field,Bis themagnetic field(aka magnetic flux

density, magnetic induction), dis an infinitesimalarc lengthalong the

wire, and theline integralis evaluated along the wire (along the curve
the conincident with the shape of the wire).

The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic field

is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-conservativeelectric
field, and vice-versa. The MaxwellFaraday equation is

where is thecurloperatorand againE(r,t) is theelectric

fieldandB(r,t) is themagnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of positionrand timet.
The fourMaxwell's equations(including the MaxwellFaraday
equation), along with theLorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation
to deriveeverythinginclassical electromagnetism. Therefore it is
possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these equations.
Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and used to "prove"
the MaxwellFaraday equation and/or other laws.)

CONCLUSION
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a very important
electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faradays is not hard to grasp: it relates
an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many farreaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faradays Law has
on us.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WIKIPEDIA
HOW STUFF WORKS
SCIENCE FOR ALL