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Công Nghệ Cao Su Thiên Nhiên NHT
Công Nghệ Cao Su Thiên Nhiên NHT
CNG NGH
CAO SU
THIN NHIN
NGUYN HU TR
CNG NGH
CAO SU
THIN NHIN
(BAN IN LN TH BA CO SA CHA, B SUNG)
LI GII THIEU
CHNG I
AI CNG
Haiti (qun ao thuc chu My) la s dung qua bong tao t cht
nha co tnh an hi, kch thc bng qua bong hin nay, tung
chuyn a qua mt l khoet trn tng bng vai hoc cui tay,
bp v, thay v dung qua bong lam bng vai n nh luc by gi
tai chu u. Tro chi nay c dn chu My(1) dung qua nhiu
th ky, c chng minh qua khai qut khao c nghin cu nn
vn minh Maya vung Trung My, vi nhng di tch bai bong
cung vi vt dung cao su vao th ky XI.
Mai n nm 1615, con ngi mi bit ti cao su qua sach co
ta De la monarquia indiana cua Juan de Torquemada, vit
v li ch va cng dung ph cp cua cao su, noi n mt cht co
tn la ulei do dn a phng Mhic ch tao t mu cy goi la
ule ma ho dung lam vai qun ao khng thm nc.
Tuy nhin, mai n hn 1 th ky sau, li ch va cng dung cua
cao su mi c bit ti do hai nha bac hoc Phap la ng La
Condamine va ng Fresneau.
La Condamine c Vin Han lm Khoa hoc Paris c n
Nam My o chiu dai oan kinh tuyn chay qua xch ao. Trong
8 nm vi nhim vu nay (1736-1744), ng con quan sat nhiu s
kin khoa hoc khac trong thin nhin. Tu trung, ng t Quito
(thu nc Ecuador) gi v Vin Han lm Khoa hoc Paris
(Phap) vai mu khi sm mau, tng t nh nha, phat xut t
mt loai cy ma dn a phng goi la heve, khi rach vo thn
co cht long mau trng nh sa tit ra, gp khng kh dn dn
ng lai ri kh i. ng thi, ng cung cho bit cng dung cua
cht nay va cho bit cy tit ra cht nh th con moc ca bn b
sng Amazone va dn tc Maina (Mainas) a phng con goi
cht o la caa-o-chu; t m nay ngi Phap goi la caoutchouc,
cu to ln, tc la sau hang loat kham pha cua khoa hoc ky thut
a giup con ngi s dung cht nay trong cuc sng vi nhiu
loai san phm.
manh me ngay nay cung phai nh cac cuc kham pha tip ni
sau cuc kham pha ra s lu hoa cao su, nh kham pha cht xuc
tin lu hoa, cht chng lao hoa, cht n tng cng lc cao su,
phat minh cac phng phap ch bin cao su v.v...
I. H thng llatex
atex va latex cao su:
Latex co trong nhu m cy, tao t nhng t bao sng gm
nhng nguyn sinh cht, nhn va cac thanh phn hin din. T
bao latex c mt lp nguyn sinh cht mong bao phu, bao ca
mt khng bao ln la ni ma nguyn sinh cht tit ra latex. Tuy
theo loai cy cao su, h thng latex c tao t t bao c lp hoc
t mach. Trong trng hp th nht nh loai Parthenium
argentatum (Guayule), t bao latex nm rai rac khng tng
thng vi nhau trong c quan cy. Trong trng hp sau, mach
latex c tao bi cac t bao co kch thc ln trong nhu m
nhng khng tng giao vi nhau hoc t mang t bao dai nm
ni tip co vach chung t tiu. Loai mach latex th nht thng
co a s loai cy cao su. Loai mach th hai la loai mach nhanh
hoc mach tip hp ch co ging Hevea va Manihot (thuc ho
Euphorbiaceae) va cac cy thuc ho Composees co hoa hnh
canh la (Pissenlit, scorsonere).
Du la mach thng hay mach nhanh, cac mach u nh v
trong nhu m thc vt, c bit la trong vung tao lp libe vo. Cac
c quan khac cua cy cung u co cha latex.
Toan b h thng latex u kn, cn phai thc hin rach cao
cho latex tit chay ra ngoai, cng vic nay c ta goi la cao
mu (hin ap dung tai nc ta).
Latex cao su la mt cht long phc hp, co thanh phn va tnh
cht khac bit nhau tuy theo loai. Theo nguyn tc, ta co th noi
o la mt trang thai nhu tng cua cac hat t cao su hay th giao
trang trong mt serum long.
Tuy theo trng hp, latex cao su co cha:
- dang dung dch: nc, cac mui khoang, acid, cac mui hu
c, glucid, hp cht phenolic, alcaloid trang thai t do hay
trang thai dung dch mui;
- dang dung dch gia: cac protein, phytosterol, cht mau,
tannin, enzyme;
CAO SU THIN NHIN 15
- dang nhu tng: cac amidon, lipid, tinh du, nha, sap,
polyterpenic.
Cao su cua nhng cy co mach trong latex hin hu di dang
hat nho hnh cu, hnh qua ta hay hnh trai l. Nhng tiu cu
cao su nay c mt lp cc mong protein bao phu bn ngoai,
am bao c n nh c ly cua latex (ta se cp chi tit
chng sau). Cu tao cua chung c a phn hoa t hoc nhiu
la tuy theo loai, tui va c quan thc vt c khao sat. Kch
thc cua chung thay i t 1/100m n 3m (ng knh).
Trong trng hp cua cy cao su Hevea brasiliensis, ham lng
cao su trong latex thay i t 50% n 60% trong mach tuy theo
mua va trang thai sinh ly cua cy. Latex thu qua li cao mu co
nng thp hn t 30% n 40%. Nhng cht cu tao latex phi
cao su cua cy Hevea brasiliensis dang dung dch hay dang nhu
tng ch chim 5% trong tng trong khi latex, nhng chung lai
co anh hng ti c ly tnh va hoa tnh cua cao su. Ngc lai, latex cua a s cy cao su khac co cha nhiu cht khac vi ty l
ln, c bit la lipid va nha ma i khi ta cn phai loai bo co
th dung c (trng hp cua Parthenium agentatum hay guayule).
gc cy va thu gom la lai, k n cao mt ngoai vo, ri vac vo. Latex chay ra day c, mt phn dnh trn cy, phn con lai tu trn
lp la t kh trong vai ngay. Phng phap sau nay tin b hn,
cy c cao mu k t 5 tui n 6 tui, latex c x ly xng khoi.
I.3. Sapium:
xanh ti, bong by, co lng mt di. Cy tr hoa vao mua kh.
Trai chn sau 4 thang n 5 thang, b ngoai trai hnh non xep
cha cac hat dep hnh bu duc, ln hn u Hoa Lan. (Ging kh
va vet rt thch n hat cy nay).
Tuy theo vung, cy cao su nay co nhiu tn a phng khac
nhau: Nicaragua co tn la Hule, Mexico co tn la Ule (nh a
cp muc lch s cao su) va Aquoquitl. Ecuador co tn la
Heve hay Jeve, Panama co tn Caucho.
Cao su thuc cy Castilloa elastica goi la cao su Caucho,
nhng x co cy nay nh Nicaragua, Honduras, Mhic,
Guatamala, Panama va Peru cung ng vi dang khi, t hay
ming nho, kch thc khng ng u, thng la mau en, b
ngoai co tnh dnh nh cht nha(1). Khai thac loai cy cao su nay
cung theo li cao mu.
Cao su cua loai cy nay co cht lng tt, ngi ta thng thc
hin ng c latex bng nc si.
III.2. Landolphia:
Trong qua kh co nhiu phng phap cao mu, nhng rut kinh
nghim ngi ta chng minh nu cao xin t trai sang phai se
ct c nhiu mach latex hn, do o nng sut se tng ln.
Mt cach tng quat, ngay nay ngi ta dung cac phng phap
cao mu nh sau: Cao theo ng xon c na chu vi thn cy (cao
na vong) 1 - 2 ngay mt ln, tc la mi nm cao c 150 ln n
160 ln; cao xon c nguyn chu vi thn cy (cao nguyn vong) 3 4 ngay mt ln tc la mi nm cao khoang 75 ln n 90 ln; va cao
xon c hai na chu vi thn cy (cao hai ban vong) 4 ngay cao mt
ln, tc la mi nm cung cao khoang 75 ln n 90 ln.
- iu kin va cach cao mu: Khi thy vao khoang 70% cy cao
su tai n in at chu vi khoang 45cm, ta cao vao vo thn cy
cach mt t t 1m n 1,2m o la trng hp cua cy gc thap;
hoc khi thy khoang 70% cy ghep at chu vi 50cm ta cao cach
mt t 1,5m. Noi chung, vic cao mu thc hin khi t nm th
6 hoc th 7 tnh t luc cy mi trng, tc la khi cy c 6 tui
hoc 7 tui. cao ng rach cao, chiu dai va dc cua ng
rach cao u c nh theo chc nng, tui va ban cht cua cy
ging. Thng thng ngi ta cao vo thn cy t chiu cao 1m
cach mt t, thc hin rach cao mt ng t trai sang phai vi
dc la 300 i vi ng nm ngang theo mt trong ba phng
phap a k; thng thng ngi ta dung mt khun mu rach.
- Lp t dung cu cy cao su: Dung cu trang b cho cy cao
su gm co mt cai chen hay cai cc khng chn khng quai, bng
t trang men hoc thuy tinh day, tc la loai chen bn va d lau
chui, chen nay dung hng latex (mu nc) t ni rach cao
chay tit ra; dung cu th hai la mt cai gia st (thep deo) co
ng knh u nng gi chen hng; th ba la mt vong st ct
CAO SU THIN NHIN 31
vao thn cy gi cai gia nng chen va cui cung la mt cai mang
nho bng st ma t di cui ng rach cao dn latex chay
vao chen hng (xem hnh 1).
Nu khng co chen bng t hay bng thuy tinh, i khi ngi
ta thay th bng chen nhm nhng loai chen nay d b bin dang
(meo mo), kho lau chui sach va co th b nong ln (dn truyn,
hp thu nhit) gy ng c latex trong chen hng.
ng cao mu u tin
Vung vo a cao
Vo ang cao
Mang dn
ng cao mu cui
cung cua thn cy
B mt
vo cy
cua t
cao mu
u tin
Chen hng mu
H1: Ly mu cy cao su
- Dung cu cua cng nhn cao mu: Dung cu cua cng nhn gm
co 1 con dao c bit goi la dao cao mu dung rach cao vo cy;
mt cai gio co nhiu ngn cha cac loai cao su th phm thu ly
cung mt luc cao mu nh mu dy, mu chen, cao su dnh t, vo
cy (mu t); mt cai x (thung xach tay) bng tn co dung tch
t 20 lt n 50 lt cha latex t chen hng rot vao. Trong
trng hp thy cn nh trng hp latex b ng c nhanh luc
cha thu ly, cng nhn cao mu cn c sm thm mi ngi
mt bnh dung dch ammoniac cm tay.
Ngoai s cai thin ging cy ra, con ngi con mun nng
sut tit mu ln cao na, bng cach ap dung phng phap tac
ng sinh ly vao cy cao su, tc la kch thch cy cho nhiu mu.
Trc th chin th hai, ngi ta nhn thy nu cao va p
mt loai du thao mc vao vo di ng cao, se co s tng
cng tai lp vo, a ti tng tit ra mu.
Ngay nay vic kch san latex (mu cao su) thc hin ph bin
34 CAO SU THIN NHIN
1. Sulfate ng: CuSO4 . 5H2O, co tn khac la Vitriol lam, couperose lam, Vitriol de Chypre.
Tinh th mau lam v chat, lam sn va n da, tan trong nc (3 phn nc nhit
thng), tan trong glycerine, khng tan trong cn. Sulfate ng ngm nc co mau lam, d
kh nc bi nhit; cho sulfate khan vi nc mau trng. T trong vao khoang 2,28.
2. Vin Nghin cu Cao su Vit Nam cng b cho bit nhng th nghim v cht kch hoat mu
va Vin cung Trng ai Hoc Tng Hp TP/H Ch Minh hp tac, a co kt qua kha quan.
II. TRUNG TAM CONG NGHIEP CHNH THC VA CAC VIEN KHAO CU
KHOA HOC CAO SU QUOC TE
II.1. Trung tm cng nghip cao su: (cac nc t ban)
nay co mt tram th nghim cy cao su Hevea brasiliensis Coconut Grove thuc tiu bang Florida va mt tram khac nghin
cu cy cao su Guayule Salinas thuc tiu bang California.
Trong trng hp cua cao su nhn tao, n lc khao cu manh
me nht trc cac nc khac co th noi la Lin X trc y,
c va Hoa Ky.
Chnh tai Elberfeld-Barmen (c), cac nha hoa hoc cua cng ty
Bayer a nhm vao cac loai cao su Buna. Nm 1939, Cng ty Bayer
lp phong th nghim Leverkusen t tn la Trung tm Th
nghim Cao su, chnh ni y a thc hin c nhng phat minh
quan trong v cao su nhn tao; va cung la ni kham pha ra mt loai
san phm tng hp gn y nht: cao su tng hp Vulkollan.
Lin X t lu a hoat ng manh khao cu v cao su tng hp.
Thi ky Cach mang Thang 10 thanh cng, nm 1918, Uy vin Hi
Kinh t Ti cao a triu tp cac chuyn gia va ra nhim vu san
xut cao su tng hp. Nm 1932 khi xy dng hai nha may ln,
c xem nh quc gia ch tao u tin loai cao su nay. ng thi
ho cung chu trong ti vic tm cy cho ra cao su ma khao cu
nhiu nht la cy cao su Kok-saghyz (KOK-CAPGIZ).
Hoa Ky, c quan nha nc co chng trnh khao cu rng ln
la Reconstruction Finance. Co mt s phong th nghim ang
chu y, nh PTN cua cng ty Du Pont de Nemours, khao cu cao
su tng hp Neoprene va Hypalon; PTN cua cng ty Standard
Oil Development khao cu cao su Butyl. ng thi Hoa Ky cung
co c quan khao cu cao su thin nhin (k ca cao su tng hp) la
Phn vin cua National Bureau of Standards Washington.
Co th noi vi tnh cach khoa hoc, muc ch cua cac vin
nghin cu cao su la cai thin v san xut va v tnh cht cua
cao su thin nhin, nht la phat trin ng dung. Hoat ng cua
nhng Vin Khao cu Cao su co s phi hp cua hai Uy hi Quc
t la: International Rubber Research Board (Uy ban Khao cu
Cao su Quc t) va International Rubber Development Comittee
(Uy ban Phat trin Cao su Quc t), tai Lun n (Londres).
40 CAO SU THIN NHIN
CHNG II
thc cua cac protein nay th cha ro hoan toan, nhng ngi ta
bit c ngoai protein ra con co lipoidic va vai cht v c.
Serum cung co cha mt phn nhng cht hp thanh th giao
trang, chu yu o la protein va phospholipid va mt phn la
nhng hp cht thanh dung dch tht nh: mui khoang,
heterosid vi 1-methylinositol hoc quebrachitol va cac amino
acid, amine, vi t l thp hn.
- T l pha b phn tan hay ham lng cao su kh:
T l pha b phn tan hay t l cao su trong latex thng c
goi la ham lng cao su kh (ma vai nc thng goi la
DRC1)(1). Vic biu th ham lng cao su kh khng c ro
rang y u v cac tr s mun xac nh va ngi ta phai tha
nhn ham lng cao su kh (DRC) la khi lng cht kh trong
100g latex c ng c hoa va x ly trong nhng iu kin
hp tiu chun.
T l cua cac cht cu tao latex phi cao su vn con ln ln
hydrocarbon cao su, no thay i tu y theo ca c h ch tao .
Ham lng trong cao su cua chung c phn tch bng phng
phap AFNOR. Trong cao su t xng khoi thng mai ch tao
trong nhng iu kin cng nghip thng thng nht la vao
khoang 5% n 7%.
Nhiu kt qua xac nh ham lng cao su kh a giup cho ta
co kin thc tt v gii han cua bin thin va v cac yu t xac
nh. Qua hang ngan cuc phn tch cua Vin Khao cu Cao su
ng Dng trc y cho bit, ham lng cao su kh trong latex cua cy cao su tit ra cao nht at ti 53% va thp nht la
18%, moi yu t anh hng ti nng latex sau khi latex chay
ra khoi cy ng nhin khng k. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh
1. Ch vit tt cua Anh t nhng ch Dry Rubber Content co ngha la Ham lng cao su
kh. Co ngi hiu lm DRC la Densite Reel du Caoutchouc nn dch la T trong tht
cua cao su.
Cy trng c
10 nm
45%
40%
Cy trng c
8 nm
35%
Thang
1
10 11 12
Nhng khao sat latex tit ra t cy cao su (qua knh hin vi)
a chng minh la cac phn t cao su khng phai cu tao nn
pha b phn tan duy nht cua latex. Frey-Wyssling cho thy ro
s hin din cua vai tiu cu thuc v nha va co mau vang,
ngoai cac phn t cao su ra. Cac tiu cu nay hin din vi s
rt nho, chung co dang hnh cu va noi chung to hn cac phn t
cao su. Chung c goi la cac phn t Frey-Wyssling.
Cac nguyn nhn nhum mau vang t hoc nhiu cua latex
u co y ngha, v s nhum mau nay t phan anh sc dang cua
crpe ple hay crpe trng. Eaton va Fullerton a tm thy
mau vang o la do s hin hu cua sc t caroten. (Trong lnh
vc nay co cac nha khao cu khac la De Vries, Van Harpen,
Altman va Kraay, Mc Colm). Mt im c bit quan trong qua
cac cng cuc tm cach phn tch cac phn t mau vang cua
Frey-Wyssling ra, qua phep ly tm, chng minh c latex ti
vi iu kin khng b pha loang hay tac dung vi ammoniac co
cha cac phn t trang thai l lng khac bit vi cac phn t
cao su, hi nng hn nc va qua ly tm (2.000 vong/phut) thu
c di dang khi ging nh cht keo mau vang nhiu hay t,
thng chim t 20% n 30% th tch ban u cua latex. Nhng
phn t nay c goi la lutoides. (Xem hnh II-1) iu chu y la
phn lutoides ch phn ly c qua phep ly tm vi iu kin la
latex khng b pha loang hay cho ammoniac vao.
- Tro ...
- Mg (mg MgO/g cao su)...
- P (mg P2O5/g cao su)...
- am ...
- Trch ly vi acetone...
- Ch s acid t trch ly acetone...
- Trch ly nc...
TRCH KH
PHN VANG
(lutoides)
TRCH KH
PHN TRNG
(pha cao su
b phn tan)
0,9 n 1,1
0,5 - 0,7
2,0 - 4,2
0,4 - 0,5
2,3 - 2,9
180 - 250
1,0 - 2,0
4,0 n 7,0
4,0 -12,0
16 - 28
1,2 - 2,0
4,3 - 7
500 - 850
10,0 - 20,0
AM (%)
TRO (%)
CHIT RUT
VI NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Latex
khi u
0,04
0,17
0,44
0,74
1,46
0,30
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,17
0,38
0,10
0,5
0,7
1,7
3,3
12,0
1,5
2,2
3,7
6,1
8,9
12,9
4,5
Cockbain nh kch thc trung bnh cua hat t cao su qua tac
dung cua mt cht ty va khao sat s phn b cua no gia pha
nc va pha cao su.
Tnh khac bit cua hat t cao su co th khng ch duy nht v
s khac bit kch thc, nh M. Huret chng minh t qua trnh
siu ly tm latex. Cng vic nay nhm vao latex a c bao
quan nhng cha m c hoa va co s dung ti may siu ly tm
Huguenard, vi b phn bol at ti vn tc 100.000 vong/phut.
cung iu kin nay, co nhng s kin xet thy:
- Phep siu ly tm giup ta thu c mt serum khng co cao su(1).
- Cac hat t cao su t phn ly di dang th nhao st hay
sanh, nhng khng ging th thu c t s ng c. Th lnh,
sanh nay gm hai phn phn bit ro: phn nng nht vi t trong
0,926 co mau vang, phn con lai co t trong 0,907 la mau trng.
Tra v pha phn tan, hat t cua phn vang, a s ch thy c
qua knh siu hin vi, trong luc phn trng gm co nhng hat t
to hn. Cao su phn vang ch gm khoang 3% tng cao su.
Cac phn tch 2 phn nay a lam ro c s khac bit ln lt
v ham lng nc, protein, acetone va tro nhng khng co t l
nao chnh xac. Phn vang ng vi phn nng nht ma Hessels a
phn ly c, trong luc phn trng ng vi phn nhe nht ma tac
gia nay a xng.
Ta cn noi thm, co nhng thc nghim bng phng phap ly
tm vi tc cao ma Vin Khao cu Cao su ng dng trc
y theo ui va cac kt qua cha cng b hnh nh la nhng
phn t phn vang do M. Huret xng la phat xut t
lutoides ma Haan-Homans va Van Gils a noi n, cac lutoides
nay nh ta a noi, b hoa tan bi tac dung cua ammoniac. Nhng
1. S dung may ly tm thng hay may ly tm cng nghip (cha at ti may ly tm siu tc)
c c hoa latex, serum thai ra bao gi cung con ln mt lng cao su (lam cho serum
cung co mau trng sa).
im lu y nay bac bo gia thuyt cua cac tac gia cho rng
lutoides ch co cha cao su gi lai tnh cht c hoc, nhng giup
ta hiu rng trong latex cung luc co cac phn t cao su co tnh
cht khac nhau. Chu y la thanh phn cua phn vang kha tng
t vi thanh phn cua lutoides va chu yu phn bit qua ham
lng tro. Trc khi co tac dung cua ammoniac, cac lutoides
phi hp vi t l ln cht cu tao v c nn co t trong hi cao
hn t trong cua latex; di tac dung cua ammoniac, th nay b
phn giai: no t kt tua thanh mt phosphate ammoniac
magnesium phc hp cung li keo protein theo, va cac phn t
gi lai sc t vang giau protein va lipid. Khi thai tr lutoides, ta
thc s khng con thy phn mau theo nh M. Huret.
- Latex pha loang ra co s hin hu cua savon (nh oleate potassium), k o em ly tm hoc creme-hoa (phng phap
cremage), cng vic nay lam i lam lai nhiu ln;
- Latex em nung nong co s hin din cua xut n da.
- Latex cho x ly bi enzyme nh trypsin.
Nhng trong cac phng phap k trn cha co phng phap nao
co th loai tr c hoan toan protein ma cac hat t cao su gi lai,
lun lun con sot lai t nht la 0,02% n 0,03% protein, bi ly do
nay ma ngi ta tin co cac chc hoa hoc lin kt vi cao su.
T nm 1920, ng O.de Vries a quan sat nhng bin i ln
v ky thut cua cao su khi latex trai qua cac x ly nh u latex.
Ngay nay, hin nhin nhng x ly nay co hiu qua sinh ra (t cac
protein) cac cht co phn t khi nho hn, co chc nng cua cht
xuc tin lu hoa. Vao nm 1948, Altman a lam sang to vn
bng cach chng minh cac dn xut protein, nh cholin, colamin,
trigonellin va stachydrin la nhng cht xuc tin lu hoa rt cng
hiu. ng cung chng minh phn ln cac amino acid co tac dung
nh cht chng lao hay khang oxygen cho cao su sng.
Ngoai chc nng u vit cua protein v s thay i cac tnh
cht cao su c nghin cu su xa, chc nng cua protein cung
c nghin cu qua vic th hin s quan h mt thit gia
ham lng nhom NH2. cua cao su (ch s NH2) va module(1)
lu hoa.
Sau P. Compagnon va cung thi ky la J.C.de Neef, G.E.Van
Gils nghin cu v anh hng cua iu kin ng c hoa latex
ti module, A.J. Kluyver va E.H. Houwink a chng minh la ta
co th co c mt cao su ng nht hn ca v tnh cht lu hoa
qua x ly latex vi vi khun sng, nhm pha huy cac cht xuc
tin lu hoa t nhin.
Ham lng protein trung bnh cua latex co th thay i ln
theo nhiu yu t nh tui cua cy cao su, mua hay s chuyn
i trang thai qun bnh sinh ly cua cy thiu ngun bin dng
hay do cy b cao mu vi cng manh. Gn y, ngi ta a
chng minh la nhng iu kin bao quan va x ly latex u co
th lam thay i ham lng hp cht am cua latex va thay i
phn t khi protein hay cn ba cua chung.
Nh th ta thy va hiu rng cac protein cha trong latex co
mt tm quan trong cho qua trnh ch bin cao su v chung
khng ch mt s tnh cht tt cua cao su th, anh hng ti kha
nng lu hoa, s lao hoa cua cao su sng, tnh dn in va s
ni phat nhit cua cao su lu hoa.
II.3. Lipid:
Cac acid beo bay hi cua latex ti va nht la cac acid beo
xut hin vao luc tin hanh ly tm latex, chung tham gia vao cac
tnh cht cua latex a ly tm nh:
- Chung anh hng mt phn v s gia tng ch s potasse;
- Chung co tac dung xu ti tnh n nh c hoc, i vi cac
acid beo co phn t khi ln;
- Chung tham gia trong qua trnh hoa tan oxide kem ma nha
ch bin cho vao latex.
Hin nay, ngi ta cng nhn la sau khi hoa tan, mui kem
phan ng vi savon cua acid beo cho ra mt savon kem khng
tan khi gia nhit, phan ng nay quyt nh n qua trnh gel
hoa. Co nhiu chuyn gia nghin cu tnh hoa tan cua oxide
kem trong latex a ly tm, ma hnh nh Van den Tempel gn
y a giai quyt vn bng cach lam ro chc nng cua pH
va chc nng cua t s NH /NH +, tc la t NH t do n NH
3
Trong luc protein va lipid u anh hng ti tnh cht cua latex, th glucid cu tao chu yu t nhng cht tan c (t l
glucid chim t 2 - 3% trong latex) lai khng co quan h g ti
mt tnh cht nao cua latex. Ngoai quebrachitol (1-methyl
inositol) cac glucid chnh tm thy latex la:
- Dambonite: 1,2-dimethyl inositol;
- Dambose: inositol.
Nhng cht tan c trong nc ch ln trong cao su vi mt
t l rt nho (cao su t xng khoi hay mu t co th cha khoang
t 0,1% n 0,2%). T l nay co th tng ln trong vai trng hp
c bit, nht la cao su co c t s ng c serum loai ra t
Rb
Mg
Ca
Mn
Fe
Cu
0,96
96
0,72
0,36
0,43
0,02
1,7
0,07
Phosphorus la nguyn t chim t l gn bng t l cua magnesium, trung bnh chim khoang 17% tng lng khoang. Mt lt latex trung bnh cha vao khoang 500mg phosphorus. Ham lng
phosphorus co th tng ln ang chu y di hiu qua cua s kch
thch san xut latex hay bi tac dung cua phn ln.
iu ta cn lu y la t s Mg/P cua mt latex phai la bng 1
th latex nay mi co n nh tt.
Trong trng hp ngc lai, latex se thng b ng c
ng cao rach, ngn chn latex chay tit ra va a ti latex a
m c hoa co n nh c hoc thp, nu tha nhn la co th
ly tm c.
M.W. Philpott va D.R.Westgarth a chng minh co tng
quan nghch gia tnh n nh c ly va ham lng magnesium
cua latex a ly tm. Cretin cung la ngi a lam ro tng quan
nghch gia tnh n nh nay va ham lng phosphorus. iu
nay giai thch v sao t s Mg/P cn phai la 1, di tac dung
cua ammoniac ca hai nguyn t nay u b thai tr cung mt luc.
Calcium (Ca):
I. Ly tnh:
I.1. T trong:
Serum cua latex co th tach khoi cao su hoan toan qua may
siu ly tm, hoc qua phep lt cc mn. Trong serum, ham
lng th kh chim t 8% n 10%. No cho hiu ng Tyndall
manh lit nh cha nhiu cht hu c hp thanh dung dch th
giao trang. Nh vy serum cua latex la mt d cht, nhng no
ng vi phn tan manh nhiu hn phn tan cua cac hat t
cao su; va theo thoi quen ngi ta xem no nh la mt pha phn
tan duy nht.
64 CAO SU THIN NHIN
ban knh 1m (tr s ban knh nay cao hn thc t nhiu), vi latex co nht la 2 centipoises ta se thy cac phn t cao su la1. Cremage: tam goi la creme-hoa, hay kem hoa. Phng phap kem hoa cung la mt trong cac
phng phap m c hoa latex ti.
2. Trong cng thc nay: V la vn tc kem hoa, la nht cht long, d la t trong cua serum,
d' la t trong cua hat t cao su, r la ban knh hat t cao su va g la gia tc trong trng.
NH2PrCOOH NH3PrCOO
Trong cung nhng iu kin nay, vi dung dch acid ta se co:
+
+
+
NH3PrCOO + H NH3PrCOOH
va vi dung dch kim ta co:
+
NH3PrCOO + OH NH2PrCOO + H2O
Hat
cao su
Pr
Pr
H
COO
+
NH 3
COO
H
NH +
Hat
cao su
pH < 4,7
dng in
Pr
Pr
COO
+
NH 3
COO NH +
Hat
cao su
pH = 4,7
trung hoa
Pr
Pr
COO
NH 2
COO NH
2
pH > 4,7
m in
ng c t nhin:
Vung latex n nh
(khng ng c)
Vung latex b
ng c
Vung latex n nh
(khng ng c)
ng biu din
ng c latex
+
pH :
10
Trong cng nghip cao su, ngi ta thng dung acid formic
(lng dung 0,5% theo khi lng latex) va nht la acid acetic,
(liu dung 1%) v chung to ra kinh t va ph bin, tht ra moi
acid u ha c pH xung, gy ng c hu hiu.
ng c b n g mu i hay ch t i n gia i :
tac dung cua mui. Nhng yu t nh mua, tui cy cao su, tnh
cht vung t canh tac, v.v... u anh hng ti thanh phn
khoang cht cua latex, va la ngun gc cua s thay i nay.
Khi latex c pha loang, hiu qua ng c t thy ro rang; khi
o ta cn cho vao mt t l mui cao hn, i vi pha b phn tan.
Ban cht cation cua mui s dung trong vic ng c latex
chim u th nht. Tac dung ng c la mt hin tng kh
mt in tch, no tng theo hoa tr cua cation. Thc t ta khng
th co c s ng c vi cac ion kim K+, Na+ (nh mui n
NaCl) no ch xay ra vi cac ion Ca++, Mg++, Sr++, Ba++ va con
+++
nhanh hn na vi ion Al
.
Anh hng cua anion mui ti s ng c th khng ang k.
Thc t nhng mui c dung ng c latex la nitrate
calcium hay chloride calcium, chloride magnesium, sulfate magnesium va sulfate nhm.
ng c b n g r u (c n ):
Ta phn bit s bao quan ngn han va s bao quan dai han.
nhng n in ln thng co mt thi gian phai ch i
tng i kha lu gia cng vic cao mu cy cao su va nhp latex
vao xng. Mt khac, vao mt ngay nao o, latex b m t bi
nc ma lai ngm cht chat (tannin) cua vo cy la cht co tac
dung v hiu hoa tnh n nh cua latex. Hai s kin nu trn u
co th lam ng c latex sm khi ta vn chuyn latex v xng.
chn ng hin tng nay ta cn cho vao latex cac hp cht
kim nng cao pH cua no ln, tranh xa im ng in cua latex. Cht c s dung thng nht cho vic bao quan ngn han
nay quan trong nht la ammoniac, k o la sulfite sodium.
Lu y la nhng cht nh formol, bisulfite sodium va cac cht
hu c dn xut phenol nh pentachloro phenol s dung cung
c; nhng chu yu chung ch co tac dung sat trung cho latex
ma thi. (Trong luc ammoniac co chc nng hn hp; va sat
trung va nng cao pH).
S bao quan dai han chu yu la s bao quan latex a m c
hoa. Ta phn bit hai loai cht:
- Cht baz nh xut va nht la ammoniac;
- Cht sat trung c bit nht nh la pentachlorophenate
sodium, cht nay khng th dung duy nht bao quan latex ma
oi hoi co mt lng nho cht kim hin din.
ng thi, cn k n cht phu tr nhng cht bao quan k
trn, o la savon. Dung phu tr cho cac cht sat trung, savon giup
tng c n nh th giao trang cua latex mt cach ang lu y
bi s thay th lp protein bao quanh hat t cao su latex.
III.5. m c hoa latex:
a. Phng phap:
72 CAO SU THIN NHIN
Cho vao latex ti mt cht giup hin tng hoa thanh kem
cua latex loang xay ra nhanh chong: latex loang b phn thanh
hai phn, phn di la serum khng co mt lng cao su nao
hin din va phn trn la latex m c nh kem. Hin tng
a c giai thch.
Nhng cht c goi la kem hoa latex tng quat la gomme
adragante, agar-agar, alginate sodium, alginate ammonium,...
nhng khi s dung cn cho thm vao mt savon c bit nh oleate ammonium cai thin tac dung, nht la i vi alginate
sodium va alginate ammonium.
Mu kem co tnh cht tt la khi no a c loai ht bun t.
Lng ammoniac s dung tng ng vi lng bnh thng
(0,7%) i vi lng cao su; nhng sau khi kem hoa latex ta cn
phai chnh lai nng ammoniac 0,7% cho ung v a co vao
khoang 1/2 ammoniac mt i trong serum thai tr.
Cach thc kem hoa latex ti tin hanh nh sau: Latex ti
cha trong bn co trang lp vernis hoc sn c bit. Cho alginate ammonium (lng dung 0,1% alginate ammonium kh i
vi latex) hoa tan vi nc nong (mau tan), dung dch nay dung
ngay lp tc v no b h hong kha nhanh, rot vao latex trong luc
ammoniac hoa; k o khuy trn t nht la 1 gi va yn trong
khoang 2 ngay. Trong vong 2 ngay nay se co khoang 80% n
90% cao su tach ly va sau o xa nc serum ra ta con lai mt latex m c nh kem goi la mu kem. Chnh lai nng ammoniac trong mu kem nay.
Luc khuy cho dung dch alginate tan u trong latex ti, ta
cho thm vao mt lng dung dch oleate sodium cai thin tac
dung cua alginate va n nh latex. Nu serum co mau en khi
xa ra la do latex ti bn va do bun t hoc bn cha ra r.
Phng phap kem hoa nay rt cng hiu v serum loai tr ch
cha t 1% n 2% cao su (trong khi o serum loai t phng
phap ly tm co th con cha ti 10%). Nh vy nu ap dung
CAO SU THIN NHIN 73
b. u va khuyt im:
v u im:
1/ - Nng sut cao,
2/ - Dung cu n gian, ta co th thc hin tai n in.
3/ - Chi ph v nng lng thp, hoc khng
4/ - Chi ph v cng th thp,
5/ - Mu kem (latex m c) co phm cht tng ng vi mu
kem co c nhng phng phap khac va dung c vao bt ky
ng dung nao, nu phng phap c kim tra thch hp.
v Khuyt im:
1/ - Phng phap nay d lam thay i thanh phn latex hn
nhng phng phap khac. Cn phai th nghim rt nhiu mi co
th x ly c latex trai qui tc. Mt cach tng quat, ta co th
noi phn mau vang cua latex cang thp, cng vic kem hoa cang
d dang; o la nguyn do ma Van Gils ngh tach ly phn
vang trc khi thc hin cng tac kem hoa.
2/ - V phng din tm ly, latex m c theo phng phap
nay nhng iu kin khng hp ly a lam cho ngi s dung co
cam tng mu kem ly tm (m c theo phng phap ly tm) la
tt va ng nht hn mu kem nay.
Ly tm:
a. Phng phap:
m c hoa latex theo li ly tm la mt phng cach c s
dung nhiu nht nhm loai tr mt phn nc ra khoi latex.
Trn thc t ngi ta s dung may ly tm cng nghip at c
mu kem 60% n 62% cao su. Phng phap nay da vao s khac
bit gia t trong cua cac phn t cao su va t trong cua serum.
74 CAO SU THIN NHIN
2
y con la mt ng dung cua nh lut Stokes v =
d d'
g ---- r2.
9
khoang 90%, nhng cac nha ch tao cho rng chung tng i
kinh t hn.
Xet mt bung ly tm hoan toan kn co cha y latex thng
40% cao su; cho bung nay chu mt lc ly tm va trong mt thi
gian nh may phn ly cng nghip, ln lt ta co latex 60% cao
su trung tm, latex 40% khng thay i nhng v tr hi gn
trung tm hn va latex 10% chu vi ngoai bin: nu by gi ta
t nhng l trung tm va chu vi ngoai bin, ta se thu ly
latex m c va serum, ta cung cn cung cp latex ti vao may
im thch hp o la ni latex khng thay i 40% vic
phn ly c lin tuc va iu hoa.
latex t cy cao su
latex qua y
trao ra
latex
m c
serum
Phng phap ly tm
latex la phng phap
m c hoa latex (cung
vi phng phap kem
hoa, cung la phng
phap tinh khit hoa latex).
b. u va khuyt im:
v u im:
a. Phng phap
Phng phap nay da vao nhng cng vic ngay xa cua
Clingett va Henri thc hin, ho a chng minh cac phn t cao
CAO SU THIN NHIN 77
latex m
c
mau m c
Cac phn t cao su latex lai co xu hng bam vao mang chn
va ng lai tao thanh mt lp cach in khng cho dong in i
qua. tranh hin tng nay, ta ao nghch chiu dong in
trong thi ky cc ngn cac phn t cao su troc ra va phu tr
cho hin tng ni trn b mt cua chung. Ta cung co th tng s
ngn gia ln va thu ly latex m c tng ngn nay. Latex
con phai c lam ngui, c bit la nu x ly vung nhit i
nc ta.
V tnh cht cua mu kem thc hin m c hoa mu ti qua
phng phap in giai nay, Murphy cho kt qua so sanh vi mu
kem ly tm nh sau:
Bang II.3: S
o sanh tnh cht mu kem ly tm va
So
mu kem in giai
LY TM IN GIAI LY TM
1 ln
1 ln
2 ln
kim (% NH3)
Tng cht rn (%)
Ham lng c/su kh (%)
Tro (%)...
am (%)...
- Mau sc cua vang c/su
(n v Lovibond):
Trc khi lao hoa
Sau 16 gi 950C
n nh vi oxide kem
IN GIAI
2 ln
0,63
61,3
59,7
0,45
-
0,59
61,4
59,8
0,40
-
0,67
61,7
61,5
0,14
0,22
0,66
61,8
61,5
0,14
0,23
1,5
2,5
64
1,0
2,5
63
1,0
1,25
14
1,0
1,5
15
b. u khuyt im:
v u im:
1/ - Nng sut cao.
2/ - Mu kem co cht lng tt, tng ng vi mu kem ly tm
hay mu kem co c qua phng phap kem hoa c kim soat
cn thn.
3/ - San xut co th thc hin lin tuc c.
v Khuyt im:
1/ - C s phai c iu khin bi mt chuyn vin co nng lc.
2/ - in nng tiu thu cao.
B c hi:
1. Nu pha loang nc tr lai ri lai ap dung phng phap kt hp nu trn, tinh khit
cang cao.
CHNG III
Crpe t latex
hang nht
hang nht
Trung
Tr s
Trung
Tr s
bnh
gii han
bnh
gii han
0,18 - 0,90
- m ...
0,61
0,3 - 1,08
0,42
2,89
1,52 - 3,50
2,88
2,26 - 3,45
- Protein...
2,82
2,18 - 3,50
2,82
2,37 - 3,76
- Tro...
0,38
0,20 - 0,85
0,30
0,87 - 1,15
- Cao su...
93,30
93,58
1,89
Nhng cht thuc protein cua latex hay con cha bit ro. T l
va ban cht cua chung thay i theo yu t sinh hoc cung nh
cac phng phap ch tao. Ta co th nhn thy ham lng protein
bin thin t 1,6% n 3,4% gia nhng cuc cao mu lin tuc
cung mt cy.
1. Accelerateur: cht gia tc phan ng, cht xuc tin phan ng.
CRPE
t latex
hang nht (%)
16,4
6,2
23,4
8,9
43
1,4
0,7
CRPE
t latex
bc hi nc (%)
8,7
5,8
43
12,4
24
2,8
0,7
vao nm 1826; va nhng vic phn tch cang ngay cang chnh xac
hn a c thc hin ri cung xac nhn cng thc nay.
Cng thc nguyn cua cao su thin nhin (C5H8)n trnh bay
mt hydrocarbon polyene, tc la mt hydrocarbon cha no.
Bouchardat (Williams, Tilden) quan sat cao su nung nong
nhanh 3000C n 3500C chn khng, gy ra t oan phn t;
trong nhng cht sinh ra t chng ct nay, ng a c lp c
chu yu la cht isoprene C5H8 va dipentene la kt qua cua hai
phn t isoprene:
CH3
C
CH2
CH
hay
CH2
isoprene (hemiterpene C5H8)
CH3
CH3
HC
CH2
hay
H2C
CH2
nh
trung
hay
H2C
CH
H2C
CH2
HC
HC
C
H2C
CH3
2 phn t isoprene
H2C
CH3
1 phn t dipentene
(terpene C10H16)
O
OH + H
CH2
COOH
H2O
CH3
CH2
COOH
(acid acetylacetic)
1. Ch s n biu th polymer hoa cua cao su, tc la s isoprene trong cu truc ai phn
t. Ch s nay rt ln cho trng hp cao su thin nhin.
O
CH3
CH2
CH3
COOH
kh CO2
CH3
CH3
O
C
CH3
H2CH
(acetone)
COOH
CH2
CH3
O
CH
CH
OH + H
COOH
(acid -methylcrotonic)
(acid acetic)
CH3
. OH
.. +H
- H2O CH
3
CH2
O
CH
..
OH + .HCH
...
CH2
CH3
CH
CH3
CH2
CH3
...
CH2
O
CH
...
CH
2
CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
CH
CH2
...
CH
2
Hydrocarbon cao su
hay
CH
H2C
CH2
+
1
hay
CH3
CH2 C
CH3 CH
CH2 CH
CH3
hay
1
CH3
CH2 C
CH3 CH
CH3
CH2 C
CH2 CH
CH3
CH2 CH
Dihydrotarnesene
(C H ) H
Dihydrotarnesen
hayhay
(C5H85)38H32 2
CH3
CH3
CH
C
H2C
CH2
u
CH
C
H2C
CH2
ui
S phi hp u vi ui
cua cac isoprene
CH3
C
CH3
CH
H2C
CH2
u
HC
CH
H2C
H2C
CH2
ui
S phi hp u vi u
cua cac isoprene
CH3
CH2
CH3
HC
CH
CH
C
H2C
CH2
ui
S phi hp ui vi ui
cua cac isoprene
chui th nht
Loai cu truc co
th co
cu
chui th hai
I. V tr cua ni i:
Sau khi xet qua cac cu truc polyisoprene khac nhau co th co
c, ct yu chng minh qua cac s kin thc nghim gia
thuyt v cu truc chu ky u n cua cao su (hnh sau y)
CH3
C
CH3
CH2 C
CH2 CH
CH3
CH2 C
CH2 CH
CH3
CH2 C
CH2 CH
CH2
CH2 CH
Cu truc cao su
R'
C
+ O3
hydrocarbon ethylene
R'
C
C
R''
hydrocarbon ethylene
+ H2O2 H
ozonide
+ O3
R' + H O R
2
O va O
C
H
aldehyde (2 phn t) co
hai nhom th
R' + H O R
2
R''
R'
C
- H2O2
R'
C
O va O
C
R''
aldehyde va cetone co
ba nhom th
kh ozone
O
O
O
O
aldehyde
aldehydlevulinic
le vulic
hay
H
CH3
C
CH2
CH2
C
O
s
polyisoprencoco
phng
s ozon-gia
kh ozonei mo
mttpolyisoprene
phng
ueu
kh
khozone
ozon
H
O
O
H
aldehyd
succinic
aldehyde
succinic
hay hay
O
CH2
CH2
n - hexan dion
hay
n-hexandion-2,5
hay
CH2
CH2
CH3
C
CH
CH3 3
ozone mt polyisoprene
cokho
phng
khng
s kh ozon s
mokh
t polyisopren
co phng
ng e
u u
aldehyde malonic
H
H
Methanal
O
kh ozone
ozon
kh
bnh thng
thanh
aldehyde levulinic
nho m tan cu ng
(dien tie p hp)
O
Acetone
Acetone
kh ozone
chuoi cao su
Methylglyoxal
nho m tan cu ng
(dien tiep h p)
O
nho m tan cu ng
kh ozone
O
H
methanal
kh
ozone
kh ozon
bnh thng
thanh
aldehyde levulinic
H
ethanal
O
acetylethanal
ca c chat sinh ra t
s kh ozone
cac nhom tan cung
O
methylglyoxal
Qua hnh trn, chng to s kh ozone phai cung cp (ngoai aldehyde levulinic):
- i vi cu truc 1: acetone, aldehyde malonic (cht sinh ra
ma tng hp cha thc hin c), methylglyoxal va methanal
(aldehyde formic);
- i vi cu truc 2: methanal, methylglyoxal, ethanal
(aldehyde acetic) va acetylethanal.
Nh vy xac nh ca cht ln lng cac cht sinh ra c, theo
ly thuyt, phai giup lp c ban cht cua cac nhom tn cung,
cung nh cu truc y u cua hydrocarbon va phn t khi cua
no. Nhng cho n nay, mt cuc phn tch nh th khng th co
c, ca n thc hin vi cao su a tinh khit hoa trit va
thc hin mt cach cn thn. No giai thch qua s kin cac nhom
ch tng ng vi mt t l bach phn cc nho trong tng khi
phn t.
III. C cu lp th:
S hin din cua cac ni i chui giup tin liu co mt
ng phn cis-trans: (ng phn hnh hoc):
H
H
ng phn lp th cis-trans cua polyisoprene
ng phn nay giai thch s khac bit gia cao su, gutta-percha
va balata(1), la nhng cht co cung cng thc nguyn (C5H8)n.
Dang cis tng ng vi cao su, dang trans ng vi guttapercha va balata. Cac polyisoprene tng hp thu c gn y
cung nh hydrocarbon cao su thin nhin u co cu truc dang
cis (cis - 1,4 - polyisoprene).
D. PHAN OAN VA PHAN T KHOI
H
+1/2 O 2
+
- H2O
phn t cp i
bi cu n
+ O2
O
C
M
C
M=K
sp = KmCgm M
vi: sp =
0
0
C
Cgm
M
=
Phn t khi
trung bnh
50.000
a phn hoa
trung bnh
730
210.000
3.000
150.000
2.200
330.000
4.800
38,000
560
12.000
170
Trong cac ky thut s dung vao vic khao sat nay, kiu b tr
tinh th quay tron cho anh trn knh phng biu th c tnh
qua cac vt phn b trn nhng ng hyperbol; trai lai,
phng phap poudres (Debye va Scherrer), cac vi tinh th se
hin din di moi phng co th co va ta co c cac vong ng
tm trn knh phng, cng nhiu xa c phn chia ng
u trn o. Nu cac vi tinh th co mt phng c bit, ta co s
kt hp cua hai kiu b tr trn: cng se c nh v khu
vc nao o cua vong tron ng tm va nhng cung nay se t biu
hin trn cac ng hyperbol cua gian tinh th quay tron.
y la trng hp noi ti nhiu cht co polymer hoa manh,
c bit la cac cht si nh coton, soie, cellulose.
Cao su trang thai cha keo dan, c mt chum tia X n
sc chiu qua co mt gian c bit la gian trang thai v
nh hnh vi hai vong ng tm.
Ngc lai, trang thai keo dai, cao su cho mt gian si
biu l qua cac vt giao thoa ni ro (Katz, 1925).
Mt khac, cao su gel hoa cho cac vong ng tm chng to co
s hin din cua mt s ln vi tinh th nh phng bt ky.
Cac im giao thoa co c vi cao su keo dan, nm ung vao
cac vong ma cao su gel hoa a cho.
Ngc vi trng hp cao su, khao sat gutta-percha va balata
qua tia X ( trang thai bnh thng) cho thy chung co mt cu
truc tinh th nht nh biu th c tnh qua mt gian tao t
nhng vong ng tm. (Mi loai cht cho mt gian khac bit).
i vi cao su, cac vt giao thoa xut hin bt ky bi s keo
dai, t mt dan 80%; cng cua chung gn nh tng theo
dan dai. Vi dan 400%, ta co mt gian si ro rang.
Tuy nhin, i vi s cng dan ng nhit va rt chm, th
cac giao thoa ch xut hin m; trong luc cac giao thoa xut hin
ro (co cng manh) nu s cng dan la oan nhit va rt
CAO SU THIN NHIN 109
lin h ti s vic la, cac chui b qun thanh trn c, gian tia
X ch cho chu ky xon c nay. (hnh III.1 va III.2).
: nguyn
t C
CH3
123
123
123 :
Hin nay nh ap dung cac thuyt tnh hoc, ngi ta cho phn t
cao su mach thng dai ri loan. Tht th, nu ta xet nhng th
khac nhau vi cao su nhng cung co tnh an hi nh polymer
lu huynh hay selenium mm, polychloride phosphonitrile, ru
polyvinylic... (hnh III.3), ta thy nhng cht nay co duy nht
mt im chung: chui ai phn t mach thng (filforme).
s
s
Se
Se
Se
Se
Se
Se
Cl
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
O
OH
...
(PCl2N)n
Polychloride phosphonitrile
OH
(Se)n
Se
...
Se
Cl
(S)n
...
Se
Cl
...
(SO3)n
Polyanhydride sulfuric
OH
C
CH2
...
CH2
.
_ ..
CH2
(CH2 = CHOH)n
Ru polyvinylic
[(CH
((CH22))22SS4)]
4 )nn
Polyethylene
tetrasulfur
teasulfur-polye
thylen
...
CH2
CH2
S
S
CH2
CH2
S
S
...
CHNG IV
Du vai chi tit v cu truc cao su hay con cha nh ro, nhng
ban cht alken (alcen, olefin) cua hydrocarbon cao su th khng
con g nghi ng na. Nh vy theo nguyn tc, hoa tnh cua no se
ng vi cac phan ng c trng cua cac dn xut ethylene. Tuy
nhin, ta khng nn qun co vai s vic ngu nhin gy rc ri
ti s kt hp cua hydrocarbon nay.
Cao su khng phai la nguyn cht thun trong t nhin va
hn na no rt kho ma tinh khit hoa c. No co cha t 6%
n 8% cht ngoai lai khac nhau co th tham gia vao phan ng.
Theo nguyn tc ta phai tinh khit hoa co c cao su nguyn
cht (xem chng III), nhng phn t khi hay con cha nh ro
c va cao su lun lun b oxygen tac dung t nhiu. Ta co th
noi cao su chnh la mt hn hp cua cac polymer phc hp va cua
cht phn huy. Cac cht sinh ra t phan ng thng kho ma biu
th hoa tnh cho chnh xac c va theo doi cac bin i nay ta
phai da vao s thay i v hnh dang va v ly tnh.
Xet c cu phn t cao su va mt s ln ni i ma no cha, ta
thy no co th xay ra cac phan ng cng, th, huy, ng phn
hoa, ng hoan hoa va polymer hoa (phan ng trung hp). Tuy
nhin, ta kho ma phn bit cho ung loai phan ng nao v vai
trng hp co th a ti nhiu loai phan ng cung mt luc.
A. PHAN NG CONG
Phan ng cng cua hydrocarbon cao su him khi thc hin
c mt cach n gian. Ngoai cht phan ng bnh thng gn
vao ni i, ta con phai tin liu co cac phan ng phc tap cn
loai tr, nh trng hp phan ng cng co s tham gia cua oxygen trong khng kh khng tranh c.
Cac ni i khng phai la nhng im nhay duy nht cua
chui hydrocarbon cao su: cac nhom CH2 gn carbon ni i
mang CH3 cung co th d vao phan ng th, k ca phan ng
ng phn hay ng hoan. Nhng nhom CH2 nay con c goi
la nhom -methylene (hnh IV.1).
..
CH3
C
CH2
CH2
CH
..
hay
Cl2
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cao su co 51% chlorine
Clo
Cl2
H
H
H
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
++2Cl
Cl2
- (2HCl)2
Cl
++2Cl
Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
+ Cl2
Cl
Cl
+ HCl
+ Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
+ HCl
Cl
+ Cl2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
C10H14Cl2
2Cl2
2HCl (th)
C10H13Cl5 + HCl
(th va cng)
C10H13Cl5
2Cl2
C10H11Cl7 (th)
+ 2HCl
CH2
C
CH2
C
CH3
+ Cl *
CH
CH3
CH2
C
CH
CH3
CH
CH2
C
CH
CH
+ Cl2
C
CH
CH2
CH2
+ HCl
CH
CH2
CH2
C
3
CH3
CH
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
+ Cl *
C
CH3
CHCl
CH2
hay
+ Br2
+ Br2
Br
Br
Br
Br
OH
OH
+ HCl
+ HCl
Cl
Cl
CH3
...
CH2
C
Cl
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
...
Cl
Theo mt cuc nghin cu co h thng v tc chlorine hydride hoa cao su nhiu dung mi khac nhau, Van Veersen a
a ra mt c ch giai thch s thanh lp chlorine hydride trong
dung dch, va trong o ban cht cua dung mi s dung co tham
d vao; trin khai cac khao sat ly thuyt da vao s hin hu cua
mt cht trung gian phc hp (tng t vi phan ng cng
hydracid vi alken (olefin) n gian qua trung gian cht phc
hp), ng chng minh co th gn acid chlorine hydride vao nhu
tng cao su (tc la latex) rt nhanh.
Cao su chlorine hydride ch c ch tao co tnh cach cng
nghip la vao nm 1934, xut hin di tn thng mai la Pliofilm.
Acid chlorine hydride hoa hp vi cao su sng di dang th
rt kem. La crpe, ca n cc mong, ch hut c vai % kh HCl.
Cach ch tao cao su chlorine hydride c in la hoa tan cao su
vao mt dung mi nh chloroform, benzene, dichloroethane hay
tetracloroethane, k o cho kh chlorine hydride suc vao dung
dch. Dung dch co th cho ru hay acetone vao kt tua cao
su chlorine hydride. San phm th tip o c loai acid chlorine hydride d ra.
S dung dung dch cao su co hai bt li: dung dch khng th nao
1
Tac dung cua HBr th kha ging tac dung cua HCl, nhng cht
sinh ra c lai kem bn nhiu hn. Cng thc nguyn cua cao
su bromine hydride se la: (C10H16, 2HBr)n.
III.4. Acid iodine hydride (HI):
Cao su tinh khit hay nguyn cht b oxide hoa d va nhiu hn cao su th do cht khang
oxygen thin nhin b loai bo. Tac dung cua oxygen c d dang hn bi s nung nong
cung nh can cao su.
thp; trai lai, co s hin din cua cht xuc tac oxide hoa nh cac
linolenate mangan, ng, cobalt, ta co th ch tao cac dn xut
co ham lng oxygen cao, thng c goi trn quc t la
Rubbonnes.
Co 3 loai Rubbonnes chnh, ng vi oxide hoa khac bit
nhau va phn bit v cht lng qua tnh hoa tan cua chung
trong nhiu dung mi khac nhau. Cac san phm nay a ti vic
tm oxygen gn vao cao su. No co di dang epoxy hay ether, k
n la chc ru; s nhom nh chc aldehyde hay cetone va
acid (t do hay ester hoa) th t hn va ngi ta ch tm thy oxygen trang thai peroxide con t hn na.
C ch thanh lp c gia thit la cac nguyn t carbon methylene trc tin b oxygen kch hoat cho ra hydroperoxide s
cp, cac hydroperoxide nay tip theo tin trin i thanh nhom
oxygen hoa (nh hydroxyl hay carboxyl) va giai phong oxygen
hoat ng, no se gn vao cac ni i cho ra cac peroxide hay
thng hn gy ra s phn ct chui vi s thanh lp ( cac u
cua oan) nhiu chc khac nhau. Chng han ta co:
(du hoa th biu th nguyn t hoat ng)
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH
CH2
+ O2
CH
CH
CH2
OOH
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
CH2
CH
OOH
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
+ HO
2
CH3
C
+ O*
CH2
CH3
+ O*
OH
CH2
CH
OH
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
+ 2O*
CH3
CH2
CH2
O
Co kha nhiu khao sat tac dung cua acid peracetic, hoc trc
tip, hoc dung nc oxy gia (H2O2) co acid acetic hin din. Cac
cht sinh ra t phan ng co di dang bt trng, cha bao hoa
i vi bromine. C cu cua chung vn con cha bit ro; trong
khi o hnh nh ng thi vi s tao lp cac chc ru nht cac
oan, cac chc nay tip o hu nh b ester hoa hoan toan bi
acetic cho ra mt acetate cao su.
Trai lai, theo Purmerer, acid perbenzoic phan ng cho ra mt
khi nhy mau trng, i vi bromine no to ra no:
O
+ C6H5
Hydrocarbon
ethylene
OH
+ C6H5
C
O
Acid perbenzoic
Epoxycarbon
COOH
Acid benzoic
..
+ 2C6H5NO
+ C6H5NHOOH
H
N
C6H5
C6H5
NH
OH + C6H5
NO
C6H5
C6H5
NO2
NO2
..
.
NO2
C(NO2)2
3
su sulfonic hoa co phn t khi cao, tan trong nc bng cach cho
thm vao dung dch cao su-ether (d.d. m c) acid chlorosulfonic.
VI.2. Thiocyanogen:
...
CH2
CH2
CH2
...
SH
VI.5. Aldehyde:
...
CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
C
Cl
Cl
CH
CH
C6H5
C6H5
...
...
CH3
CH
CH2
CH2
CH
CH
C6H5
C6H5
...
Cac nhom methylene cua cht long cui nay con co th phan
ng vi chlorobenzyl hay chlorodibenzyl cho ra cac dn xut
khac, nht la hp cht co cng thc nguyn (C26H26)n ng vi
phan ng cua 3 phn t chlorobenzyl vi 1 nhom isoprene.
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CH3
Kieu 2
Kieu 3
cao su
isoprene
Tac dung cua oxygen con tham gia vao hin tng deo hoa va
lao hoa, ta se cp chng khac.
Tng quat, cao su sng c nhi can may can se mt i tnh
an hi cua no va tr nn deo (chnh cao su hoa deo mi co th
cho cac hoa cht phu gia vao c va nh hnh c). Oxygen
phn ct phn t cao su gy ra s deo hoa, chng minh qua thc
nghim nhi can trong mi trng kh tr, cao su khng hoa deo.
Oxygen con anh hng n hin tng chay nha cua cao su
sng, cao su tr nn dnh va nhy nhp.
Sau ht, cao su a lu hoa bnh thng b giam dn tnh cht
c ly cua no va tr thanh v dung; o la hin tng lao hoa.
Nguyn nhn cua s lao hoa nay la s t oxide hoa: ch cn 1%
oxygen (tnh theo trong khi) gn vao cao su u lam cho no tr
nn v dung hoan toan. Hin nay lam chm s lao hoa nay, ta
s dung cht goi la cht khang oxygen (antioxygen, antioxidant)
ma ta se cp chng "Oxide hoa va lao hoa cao su thin
nhin va chng Cht phong lao.
Ghi chu:
Nu tac dung cua oxygen bnh thng biu hin qua s phn
huy phn t cao su, th no co th a ti hin tng nghch ao,
iu kin c bit nao o, tc la hin tng tng phn t khi,
ma sau y la vai v du:
- Nu ta x ly ( iu kin nao o) latex vi quinone, ferricyanide kalium, peroxide benzoyl, ta se co c mt san phm co xu
hng tan va n trong dung mi thng s dung.
- Nu ta cho dung dch cao su chu tac dung phong in, trong
kh hydrogen (khng co oxygen), ta se thy co s tng nht va
s giam cha bao hoa cua cao su; di tac dung cua tia t
ngoai hay anh nng mt tri, c bit nht la khng co oxygen
hin din, ta se thy xu hng tr nn khng tan cua cao su
trong dung mi.
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
- HCl
(khong oi cho)
Cl
H
CAO SU THIN NHIN 141
- HCl
(oi cho)
Cl
H
H
- HCl
(oi cho)
Cl
Khi cho mt dn xut hydrohalogen hoa cua cao su chu tac dung
vi bt kem (Zn), no se mt i halogen cua no bin i thanh mt
san phm vong trong o co xut hin tr lai mt s ni i.
Chnh Staudinger va ng s a nghin cu phan ng nay
nhiu nht. Ho chng minh x ly cao su chlorine hydride hoa vi
bt kem trong toluene si, sut nhiu ngay, se co c mt cyclo
cao su co th kt tua c bng ru. Cht ng phn nay c
goi la monocyclo cao su co cha no kem hn cha no cua
cao su la phn na.
142 CAO SU THIN NHIN
H
+Zn
- 2HCl
Cl
Cl
a ti cng thc:
monocyclo cao su
Cl
+ HCl
Cl
+ Zn
- HCl
polycyclo cao su
Cl
..
- HCl
...
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
CH3
Cl
Cl
CH3
Cl
Cl
CH3
H Cl
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
CH3
Cl
Cl
CH3
Cl
Cl
CH3
Cl
CH3
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
H
Cl
Cl
..
...
Cl
..
Cl
Cl
CH3
...
CHNG V
Tnh cht trc tip cua cao su sng nh tnh cht bn ngoai:
s hin hu cua mc, tnh chay nha dnh, kh (hay m),
sach...; va tnh cht bn trong: deo Mooney, kha nng lu
hoa... ta se cp chng khac.
Ta a khao sat hoa tnh cua cao su thin nhin va by gi ta
tip tuc khao sat ly tnh cua no, la tnh cht c ban cua cao su.
Trong qua trnh bin i thanh vt dung ch bin, cao su hu
nh bao gi cung phai trai qua x ly bin i tnh cht cua no, o
la s lu hoa.
Theo ngha n gian nht, lu hoa la cho vao cao su mt t l
lu huynh nao o (nhi can) va thc hin hoa hp chung bng
cach nung nong hn hp mt nhit va trong mt thi gian
thch hp. Ngay nay ta con cho vao cao su hp cht hu c goi la
cht gia tc (accelerateur, accelerator) lu hoa co tac dung i la
giam thi gian nung nong rt nhiu va cai thin vai tnh cht
cua san phm lu hoa c.
Ta se khao sat lu hoa cao su thin nhin chng VI. im
duy nht cn cp y la s bin i trit ma cao su phai
chu trong tin trnh lu hoa. Trc khi lu hoa, cao su la mt
cht co tnh deo chim u th hay tri hn tnh an hi, nht la
luc no a trai qua x ly c hoc cn thit cho cac cht phu gia
vao c (cng oan deo hoa). Sau khi lu hoa, trai lai chnh
n v
mt s
cp
Angstrom
(A0)
t
trong (D)
H s
Cao su
th loai
mm 2% S
Cao su
lu hoa
Ebonite
32% S
a = 8,54 r 0,05
b = 8,20 r 0,05
c = 12,65 r 0,05
(E) = 83020'
g/cm3
dD
dT
g/cm3/0C
x 106
dn
nhit
j/s/cm/0C
(cal/s/cm/0C)
x 10 6
t nhit
(Cp...)
J/g/0C
(cal/g/0C)
dCp
dT
J/g/0C2
(cal/g/0C2)
Nhit
chay
110C
J/g
(cal/g)
Cao su
tinh
khit
0,906
0,911
0,923
1,173
595
620
611
241
1340
320
1430b
342b
1625a
388a
2,14c
0,510c
1,43c
0,341c
1,880
0,449
x 103
x 103
5,0
1,2
16,7
3,99
Nhit
chay
J/g
(cal/g)
x 103
x 103
ch s
khuc
xa (nD)
44,45
10,63
33,11
7,92
1,6
1,519
1,519d
1,5264
350
350d
350
dnD
dT
khuch
tan n4861
n6563
1/0C
nen ep
1 . dV
V dP
1/bar
x 106
53,7
51,0
24,3
1/bar/0C
x 109
260
262
110
0,5 b
0,2
m/s
(met/giy)
37a
1560a
m/s/0C
0,244a
d (1 dV)
dT (VdP)
x 106
45,25
10,82
0,033
h s
Poisson
( dan
< 300%)
vn tc (v)
dV
dT
hng s
cach
in (
1.000
chu ky/
giy)
dn
in
ohm/cm
x 1018
2,37
2,45
2,68
2,82
23
420
13
15
cao su, tnh quan trong nht la tnh an hi khac thng cua no,
tc la tnh ma no co kha nng chu c bin dang rt ln va sau
o tr v dang ban u cua no mt cach d dang.
A.TH NGHIEM KEO DAN
Ngi ta tin hanh khao sat cao su chu ng nh th nao khi
no b bin dang. Nh vy vn trc ht c t ra la se chon
kiu bin dang c chp nhn, v cao su co th cho bin dang
theo nhiu cach khac nhau nh keo dai, nen ep, un gp, xon,
v.v...
Trn thc t ngi ta thng chon li keo dai. Kiu bin dang
nay c chon trc tin v no thch hp vi nghin cu cac yu
t trang thai thun tuy, tc la yu t phu tham gia vao rt t;
k o v no giup o c lc tac dung va hiu qua cua lc mt
cach thun li va kt qua o co th ghi thanh th d dang.
Th nghim keo dan vn la keo dai cac mu cao su bng mt
ng lc k vi mt vn tc dan u va ghi kt qua tr s lc tac
dung vao mu th cung nh dan dai. Hnh dang va kch c
cua mu th va ng lc c s dung ta se noi mt chng
khac.
Nu mun khao sat th nghim nay cho chnh xac, ta cn o
lc va dan kha nhanh, o la phng phap v sao ngay nay
ngi ta dung cac ng lc k ph thng co ghi th; ngoai ra
no con giup cho ta thc hin o c mt cach lin tuc. Nh th
kt qua la mt th ma ng biu din vi dan la truc
hoanh va lc keo la truc tung.
ng nhin o nh th, tr s co c khng phai la tuyt
i, nhng muc tiu cua ta la so sanh tm nhng ng im
hay d im cua cac ng biu din.
Nh vy nhng ng biu din khac nhau co c, phai c
i chiu vi nhau va chnh v th ta khng th dung tng lc
K
C=
K
va
T=
T
, hay
S
=
S'
S
S'
L + GL
L
=1+
GL
L
300
200
100
200
400
600
800 1000
o dan( % )
2000
1500
1000
100
200
400
600
800 1000
o dan( % )
1. Hn hp cao su lu hoa cao su thun tuy la hn hp ch co cha cac hoa cht cn thit
cho lu hoa, ngoai cao su ra (tc la hn hp ch gm: cao su, lu huynh va cht gia tc
lu hoa) ma khng co cht phu gia nao khac.
dan
(%)
-185
-80
0
20
40
60
80
536
380
88
31,7
19
11,2
5
0
50
1000
1.250
1.450
1.800
dan
(%)
-70
-40
-20
0
20
60
100
140
382
284
262
242
233
211
182
35
0
680
710
730
770
880
980
Thi gian cn
thit t
Sc chu keo t
(kg/cm2)
dan
(%)
50
14
3
0,1
0,025
20 giy
1 phut
5 phut
1 gi
4 gi
31,7
25,6
10,2
2,9
2,2
1.300
1.280
1.020
400
300
o dan(%)
Khi tc keo dan kha ln, chng han khi t l dan la 50% mi
giy, ng biu din co dang cua ng biu din 1 cua hnh V.3
nay. c tnh cua ng biu din nay la vao chu ky th nghim
lc keo tng nhanh trong khi dan ch tng ln tng i t cho
n khi b t.
Ngc lai, nu tc keo dan nho hn, chng han t l dan la
3% mi giy, ng biu din se co dang tng t nh ng
biu din 2 cua hnh V.3. c tnh cua ng biu din nay la
154 CAO SU THIN NHIN
B
A
o dan(%)
%
100
0
25
60
70
Th tch
5 giy
30 giy
0,9935
0,9912
1 phut
1 gi
1 ngay
7 ngay
21 ngay
0,9901
0,9881
0,9865
0,9852
0,9847
d sau 10
ngay (%)
d mt i
nhit
1000C (%)
d con lai
(%)
50
100
150
200
250
350
7,5
20
27,5
40
55
125
0
2,5
7,5
12,5
25
72,5
7,5
17,5
20
27,5
30
52,5
d sau 10
ngay yn
(%)
d mt i
nhit 1000C
(%)
d con lai
(%)
5
10
30
60
120
240
22,5
27,5
40
52,5
62,5
67,5
5
10
12,5
17,5
20
20
17,5
17,5
27,5
35
42,5
47,5
d sau
10 ngay (%)
d mt i
bi nung nong
ti 1000C (%)
d con lai
(%)
20
25
35
40
60
70
85
17,5
22,5
30
47,5
55
70
90
2,5
5
10
25
10
15
15
15
17,5
20
22,5
45
55
75
(kg/cm2)
Hnh V.5: ng
biu din keo dan
va co rut cua mt
mu cao su sng
P1
3
2
4
A2
A1
o dan( %)
X. Racking:
Racking la mt tnh cht ky la cua cao su sng, ta se khao sat
y v no lin quan ti s dan cng cua cao su.
Nu ta keo dan manh cao su sng va duy tr dan dai, ha thp
nhit cua no bng mt hn hp sinh han, no se gel-hoa va luc
y ta bung hai u ra, no khng co rut lai (an hi); nhng nu
ta ly hn hp sinh han ra khoi mu cao su, ta se thy no t co
rut lai dn dn, khi nhit tng ln ti nhit bnh thng,
cho ti gn chiu dai ban u cua no, gn d.
Nu ta bt u thc nghim tr lai nh th, nhng ln nay
vn gi hai u cua no khng cho co rut lai, luc a tr v ti
nhit bnh thng ta bung no ra, ta se thy no khng rut
ngn lai va vn b dan dai nht nh nh th. Chnh hin tng
nay goi la Racking.
Nu ta tip o tng manh nhit mu cao su ln chng han
nh nhung vao nc si, tc thi ta thy no tr v chiu dai ban
u cua no.
Ngi ta a tm cach nh nhit thp nht at c kt
qua nay va ho nhn thy Racking tuy thuc vao nhit ma cao
su b dan dai trc khi ng gia hoa. Nhit dan cng ban u
cang cao bao nhiu, th Racking cang cao by nhiu.
Khi a ch tao c mt mu cao su Racking hoa, ta co th
bt u tr lai cng vic lam nh th, va cho no co mt dan
mi, va gel-hoa va va duy tr dan dai trong luc no nong ln tr
lai. Ta co th bt u lai nhiu ln nh th, cho ti khi at c
mt mu cao su sng thng trc co dan cao hn dan t
bnh thng cua cung mt mu cao su.
Chng han, ln lam u tin ta co th cho mu cao su co
dan thng trc 1.000% hi thp hn dan t cua mt cao su
sng cht lng tt. Sau 4 ln thc hin, ta co th at c
dan 2.000%, cao hn dan t ban u. Lam nhiu ln hn
166 CAO SU THIN NHIN
T trong
0
500
1.000
2.000
4.000
0,937
0,946
0,950
0,953
0,953
B. NEN EP CAO SU
Cac th nghim nen ep cao su tng i t c thc hin hn
th nghim keo dan, du rng loai bin dang nay thng gp trn
thc t hn, nht la trng hp cao su lu hoa. Ly do la kho thc
hin th nghim nen ep mt cach thch ang.
Phng cach c in la ep mt mu cao su gia 2 mm song
song khng con hp cach na v hai mt tip xuc gia mu cao
su va mm ban ep co s bin dang t do: mu cao su giam chiu
day, lam cho hai mt tip xuc nay tng ln. Nh vy cuc th
nghim khng con chnh xac.
Theo lch s, tranh bt li nay, hai nha thc nghim My la
Sheppard va Clapson a dung mt kiu b tr hoan toan khac
hn.
Ho khi i t nguyn tc lam giam b day cua mt la cao su
theo hai cach khac nhau. Trc ht cho lc nen ep tac dung
CAO SU THIN NHIN 167
thng goc vi mt phng cua la cao su, ri keo dai la cao su theo
moi phng, nh cac lc dan cng tac dung cung mt lt va
nh v mt phng la cao su. Cac lc dan cng nh vy phai
chon cho thch hp gy ra cung mt hiu qua nh lc nen ep.
ap dung nguyn tc nay, ho ly qua bong cao su dung lam
mu th, thi phng ln vi khng kh. Di tac dung cua khng
kh, qua bong phnh ln va b day cao su giam xung, nh th
tai mi im cua din tch u co mt lc nen tac dung.
Nh meo nay ngi ta thc hin c mt hiu qua ging vi
hiu qua co c vi cac lc nen tac dung t do.
Sheppard va Clapson cho kt qua th nghim nen ep cao su
nh sau (bang V.11):
Bang V.11: Nen ep cao su
T s din tch trn
din tch ban u
nen (%)
Tr s tng ng
cua lc nen (kg/cm2)
1,00
1,18
1,55
2,05
3,55
5,05
5,75
6,25
0
28,5
58,4
76,2
92,1
96,2
97,0
97,4
0
3,9
15,4
47,4
465
2.160
5.040
9.170
100
D
1. Lp xe: vo xe
D. T TRONG CAO SU
Ta a thy cao su sng chu mt s giam nhe th tch khi no b
keo dai. Nu khi lng khng i, s giam th tch se gy ra s
tng t trong cao su. Hin tng tng t trong cung c nhn
thy phn Racking cao su.
i vi cao su lu hoa, t trong ng nhin tuy thuc vao
thanh phn cua hn hp. T trong cua cao su a lu hoa co th
P
tnh theo cng thc D = , vi D la t trong cao su lu hoa, P la
V
khi lng va V la th tch cao su lu hoa. Nhng trng hp
mun nh hn hp cao su cha lu hoa co t trong la bao nhiu
(thit lp mt hn hp cao su), ta co th ap dung theo cach sau
y: tnh ra th tch tng nguyn liu hoa cht s dung theo
khi lng s dung cua chung, t trong cua hn hp cao su lu
hoa se la tng khi lng chia cho tng th tch, chng han nh:
Thanh phn
hn hp X
- cao su t xng khoi
- oxide kem (ZnO)
- lu huynh
- MBT (Bayer)
- stearic acid
Khi lng
(kg)
T
trong
Th tch
(dm3)
100
5
3
0,75
1,25
0,93
5,6
2
1,41
0,92
107,5
0,89
1,5
1,53
1,36
110 kg
111,78 dm3
Latex thng
Sau 1 ln kem hoa
Sau 2 ln kem hoa
Sau 3 ln kem hoa
am (%)
Tro (%)
5,20
3,24
2,83
2,48
0,70
0,33
0,24
0,10
1,00
0,42
0,15
0,09
nht
(centipoises)
0
7
15
37
100
27,9
16,1
9,6
3,4
1,5
nht
(centipoises)
- tetrachlorocarbon
- heptan
- toluene
- benzene
- xylene
- sulfur carbon
- ether
22,4
15,7
13,2
12,5
10,9
9,7
3,9
methylic
ethylic
amylic
0 1 2
94 58 44
0 4 5
94 43 37
0 15 17
94 55 49
n (%)
550
290
150
11
6,2
tT
0
659
651
583
504
501
489
483
389
323
303
243
237
234
145
14
133
71
42
8,9
24,0
18,0
101
92
390
98
163
460
39
168
7,6
9,0
69,0
8,4
3,4
1,0
3,0
13,0
400
3,8
0,1
CHNG VI
S LU HOA
I. Lch s:
Vao mt ngay mua ng nm 1839 tai New York (My), Charles
Goodyear (Thng gia My) thoa lu huynh vao cao su sng vi
muc ch n gian la lam cho no kh, tc la lam mt tnh dnh
cua cao su (theo phng phap ch dn vn bng My s 1.090 cua
N. Hayward). Do s bt cn, Goodyear lam ri mt mu cao su
a thoa lu huynh vao lo si, no nong ln mt luc va sp bc
chay.
ng vi nem manh ra ngoai tri, ri nm lanh gia trn a nt
ne. Ngay hm sau, tm lai mu cao su nay a qua nhng x ly xu
la cc nong va cc lanh, ng thy no vn mm deo va an hi.
Nh vy s tac dung cua nhit vao hn hp cao su va lu
huynh a quyt nh cht lng rt qu bau cua cao su tnh an
hi va bn dai cua no, va trit tiu tnh dnh cua no.
Mt s nha ch bin tai nc ta con goi la hp chn hay hoa chn cao su.
II. nh ngha:
V hin tng lu hoa khng con ng vi nguyn ng cua no
na va y ngha cua no cang rng th nh ngha cang phai y u
hn.
So sanh ly tnh cao su sng va ly tnh cao su lu hoa (chng
V) ta thy tnh deo cua cao su sng ni bt hn rt nhiu so vi
cao su lu hoa, do o ma ngi ta nh ngha lu hoa la s bin
i cua cao su co xu hng t trang thai deo u vit i qua
trang thai an hi u vit.
Nhng nh ngha nay khin ta ngh tnh an hi co c la
nh vao lu hoa, trong luc tnh an hi la mt tnh cht sn co
cua phn t cao su.
Hin nay, nh ngha sau y co ve hp ly hn: lu hoa la s
bin i cua cao su, co xu hng duy tr tnh an hi va lam
giam tnh deo cua no.
nh ngha nay tht ra cha hoan toan u y, chng han lu
hoa cao su ebonite (cao su cng c bit) bng cach s dung lu
huynh bin i cao su sng. Cao su ebonite nay hu nh
khng con tnh an hi va b nhit deo. Nhng trng hp nay ta
co th a vao ngoai l. Do o ta vn chp nhn nh ngha trn.
Trn thc t, cao su lu hoa co tnh cht thay i theo loai,
ban cht, t l dung cua hoa cht nhi trn vao cao su, v.v... ca
n phng phap thc hin, cach x ly, anh hng may moc thit
b, iu kin nhit , v.v... do o theo y tac gia, ta co th xem y
ngha cua lu hoa la s bin i cua cao su sng tr thanh vt
liu bn hn, tui lao hoa cao hn theo y mun tng i cua ta.
Chng han vt dung cao su la truc xy xat lua gao cn phai
at c lc chu ma sat cao, bao tay cao su cn phai co xe
rach, keo t cao; joint chu du chu nhit, v.v...
Cht lu hoa
1839
1842
1846
1847
1912
1913
1915
1918
1918
1921
1921
1925
1931
1932
1933
1934
1936
1939
1940
Goodyear
Hancock
Parkes
Burke
Ostromislensky
Klopstock
Ostromislensky
Peachey
Boggs
Buizov
Romani
Le Blanc va Kroger
Fisher
Edland
Fisher
Midgley, Henne va Shepard
Fisher
Rubber Stichting
Dufraise va P. Compagnon
lu huynh
lu huynh
chloride sulfur (lu hoa ngui)
pentasulfur antimoine
dn xut nitro (polynitrobenzene)
halogenur selenium va tellurium
peroxide benzoyl
lu huynh sinh ra (SO2 + H2S)
selenium
diazoaminobenzene va dn xut
disulfur tetraalcolthiuram
thiocyanate sulfur
quinone halogen hoa
tellurium
phenol hay amine + oxide
hp cht kim loai hu c
quinone imine
nha phenol formol tch cc
lu hoa bi prothese-synese
1. Nu goi theo mt s nha ch bin cao su lu hoa la s hp chn hay hoa chn cao su sng,
th thuc chn chnh la cht lu hoa, nh lu huynh chng han, goi MBT (Mercapto benzo
thiazole) la thuc chn hay bt chn vang la sai ngha, v no khng co tac dung lam cho cao
su chn ma co tac dung gia tc chn hay thuc giuc cho mau chn. Th du: mt hn hp
gm cao su 100 phn, MBT 2 phn (hay hn) oxide kem 5 phn, em nung bt c nhit
nao va bt c thi gian nao, hn hp nay khng bao gi chn.
40
30
20
Thi gian
un nong (gi)
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
40
30
20
S = 10%
Thi gian
nung
nong (gi)
S = 8,4%
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
(gi)
40
30
S = 37%
155oC
20
S = 32%
135 oC
Thi gian
gia nhiet (gi)
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
200
160
cao su : 100
lu huynh : 8
210
240
A
120
80
180
150
90
40
o dan( %)
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200
1. Module: chu keo dai mt dan a nh, (xem chng Ly tnh cua cao su).
o
150 C
80
o
160 C
40
o
140 C
o dan( %)
cao su : 100
lu huynh : 8
200
160
600
200
400
800 1000 1200
Hnh VI.5: Anh hng cua nhit lu hoa
ti c ly tnh cao su lu hoa
cao su : 100
lu huynh : thay oi
10
120
80
40
0
3
200
400
600
800
o dan (%)
1000 1200
hi. Nhng san phm nay lai bao tn xu; no mt nhanh chong
cac tnh cht ni bt ma no a co, bn cua no thp n ni ta
xe bng tay c, ta goi no a b lao. S nung nong lu dai ma
cao su phai chu a gy ra s tan ra phn t lam cho no d h
hong hn; mt khac, ngi ta nhn thy cao su cang cha nhiu
lu huynh hoa hp bao nhiu, no cang h hong nhanh by nhiu.
Ta cung cn lu y la lu huynh t do con tn tai cao su a
lu hoa co xu hng t hoa hp dn dn vi cao su; s hoa hp
nay vi vn tc nhanh hay chm tuy thuc vao iu kin tn tr
hn hp cao su, no gy ra s hu lu hoa bin i cac tnh cht
ban u cua cao su lu hoa.
Sau cung, mt lng lu huynh t do qua d co th kt tinh mt
cao su a lu hoa, tao thanh mt lp bui lm chm vang hi trng;
o la hin tng phat mun da (efflorescence) hay ni mc.
Nh vy trn thc t ta khng thc hin lu hoa vi lu
huynh duy nht, ma ngay t u cua ky ngh cao su, ngi ta a
cho thm vao hn hp cao su vai hoa cht khac gia tc tc
hoa hp cua lu huynh: o la cht xuc tin lu hoa, giup rut ngn
thi gian lu hoa va giam t l lu huynh s dung xung. Cac
khao cu a chng minh liu dung 20% lu huynh ghi trong vn
bng s 1844 cua Goodyear a ha xung dn dn va cho ti nay
thc s ch t 2% n 3% (max).
T nm 1840 n 1960 la thi ky da vao kinh nghim cua
cng nghip cao su, ngi ta cha bit ro lng lu huynh s
dung. Nhng k t nm 1960 n nay, t l s dung giam dn va
bit ro.
30, 45, 60, 90, 120 va 180 phut, ta se co cac ng biu din nh
hnh VI.8 sau y:
ho
a
L
u
qu
a
m
c
ti
Hnh VI.8: Anh hng thi gian nung nong ti c ly tnh cao su lu hoa
Sau ht, vic s dung cac cht gia tc lu hoa nhanh va nht la
cc nhanh co th xay ra hin tng cht trn may(1). Trong luc
nhi can hay nh hnh nh can hoc oi, nhit cua hn hp cao
su ln cao va nng lc qua manh cua cht gia tc lu hoa gy ra s
tin lu hoa, no xuc tin hoa hp sm gia lu huynh va cao su.
tranh hn hp cao su b cht trn may, ta dung cht co tac
dung lam mun gia tc (retardateur, retardator) hay con goi la
cht tr hoan lu hoa, cht chng cht trn may.
Goi theo mt s nha ch bin vt dung cao su nc ta. Danh t chuyn mn cua Phap
la Grillage, cua Anh My la scorch.
Trong s lu hoa cao su, co hai tin trnh ma hin nay khng
th phu nhn c:
- Lu huynh hoa hp vi cao su,
- cha bao hoa cua hydrocarbon cao su giam xung trong
tin trnh lu hoa.
Nh vy tt ca moi thuyt cn phai phu hp vi hai tin trnh
thc nghim nay.
Tin trin cac gia thuyt:
Vao nm 1918, Prins a ra cac gia thuyt gm co thuyt hoa
vong lin phn t, vi lu huynh hay khng co lu huynh (vong
loai cyclobutan hay thiofen), hoc gia thuyt lu huynh cng vao
ni i, vong 3 hoc 4 co le t chnh xac hn:
+S
cau truc
tetetrahydro
tra-hydro thiofen
thiofen
S
+S
vonnggthioether
thioete
vo
(co le t ung hn)
+ 2S
gia thuyt
-H2 S
cu a Prins
va
+S
-H2 S
Van Rossem
Vong disulfur
thiol
thioozonide
Vo
thio-ether
Vonngg thioether
(ket vong gia
2 noi oi)
Vonngg thioether
thio-ether
Vo
(ket vong noi oi)
- H2S
S
S
S
+ SH2
S
S
S
S
S
+ SH2
Gia thuyet cua Hauser va Brown
+ H2 S
SH
H2S cong vao mot noi oi
S thanh lp thiol(1) ni i (theo Fisher)
SH + SH
+ 2S
SH
SH
d hoan
hoa
hay
S
+
SH
SH
C ch hin nay:
Farmer va Bloomfield a b sung cac thuyt trn va a ra
mt c ch hp ly nht giai thch cac hin tng. Ta han ch
ch xet ti trng hp cua cac ni lin phn t.
- Ban u, co s hin din cua lu huynh, mt nguyn t hydrogen cua carbon -methylene t tach ri cho ra mt gc hydrocarbon va mt gc sulfhydryl:
...
CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
...
... + S
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
... + S**HH
+S
+ SH
**
Hai gc nay tip o co th tin trin theo nhiu cach khac nhau:
G c hydrocarbon h p v i lu huy n h ta o tha n h m t g c sulfur:
+S
**
*
S*
*
S **
S
S
S*
*
S
**
S **
**
+
**
b) Phan ng chui hay phan ng dy chuyn, gm co gc sulfur cng vao mt ni i, cung vi mt cha bao hoa ng vi
mt ni i cho mi nguyn t lu huynh:
*
S **
+
**
S **
**
SH
(x - 1)S
+ H2 S
Sx
SH
V g c sulfhydryl, no c n g va o m t n i i cho ra m t g c
m i , co th pha n n g v i m t phn t hydrocarbon cao su kha c
hay v i acid hydrosulfuric H 2S:
+ HS **
(goc mi)
**
SH
+
SH
**
SH
**
*
+ *SH
+ H2 S
SH
SH
+ (x - 1)S
+ H2 S
Sx
SH
SH
+
SH
(x - 1)S
Sx
+ H2 S
CH2
CH3
CH2
+ S2Cl2 +
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH2
Cl
CH
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
Cl
S
CH3
CH
CH2
Cl
S2 Cl2
Sx
2
Cl
ZnO
+
(CH3 ) 2NCSSCN(CH3 ) 2
S
va
H
SCN(CH3 ) 2
S
(CH3 )2NCSCN(CH3 )2
S S
+
polysulfur
tetrametylthiuram
+ polysulfur
tetramethylthiuram
S
S
polysulfur tetramethylthiuram
polysulfur
tetrametylthiuram
(CH3 )2NCSS
(CH3 )2NCS
S
disulfur
tetrametylthiuram
disulfur
tetramethylthiuram
(CH3 ) 2NCS
S
(CH3 )2NCSS
(CH3 )2NCSCN(CH3 )2
S S
S
+ cao su
(CH3)2 NCSS
CH3
...
CH2
CH
CH2
SSCN(CH3)2
S
S
) _
+(CH
(CH)
3 232 NCS
cao su lu ho a
CH3
CH2
CH
*
S
CH2
(CH3 )2NCSCN(CH3 )2
S*
S S
CH2
CH3
S
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
N
C6H11
S2
; (C2H5OCS)2S2 ;
NCS
C6H11
2
O
S2
2
O
C
C6 H5
O
C6 H5
2 C6 H5
O **
O
RH + C6 H5
O **
2R**
R ** + C H5
R
COOH
N NH
NH
NH2
NH
R2
1. Hp cht diazoamine co cng thc: R1 N = NN
vi R1 la mt nhom aryl, R2 la
R3
nhom aryl, aralcoyl hay arylamine va R3 la hydrogen, mt kim loai, mt nhom alcol, acyl,
aryl, hay aralcol.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 211
no, quinonehydrazone:
Ta cung co th ngh hp cht diazoamine t phn tch thanh
cac gc t do, chng han nh:
C6H5 N = N NHC6H5 C6H5* + N2 + C6H5NH*
Va gc t do nay co th gy ra s thanh lp cac ni ngang carbon-carbon.
Levi lp lun cac hp cht diazoamine co xu hng cho san
phm lu hoa co l va lao hoa kem, trong trng hp cao su
thin nhin; nhng vi cao su tng hp ngi ta khng thy xu
hng o va tnh lao hoa co th sanh c vi cao su lu hoa vi
lu huynh.
H.L Fisher a ra chc nng cua N-benzyldiazoaminobenzene,
kt hp tnh cht cua mt cht gia tc lu hoa va mt cht khang
oxygen. J. Le Bras chng minh lu hoa cao su vi cht loai nay
khng co hin tng hoan nguyn, chng han nung nong keo dai
t 10 phut n 8 gi 1430C mt hn hp gm 100 phn cao su va
5 phn diazoaminobenzene, cac tnh cht cua cao su a lu hoa
vn ging nh nhau; ngoai ra ng con lp lun la nu nung nong
keo dai se cai thin c tnh khang lao.
II.4. Quinone va dn xut:
Vao nm 1931, nha hoa hoc H.L Fisher (My) tm thy cac
quinone va quinone halogen hoa co kha nng lu hoa cao su. Cac
quinone halogen hoa u hoat ng c bit va tetrachloroquinone
(hay chloroanil) cho mt cao su lu hoa tt qua nung nong trong
khoang 12 phut 1430C(1).
Mc du co kha nng lu hoa ring, tt ca cac cht quinone cho
c kt qua kha quan phai co s hin din cua cht oxide nh
oxide st, oxide thuy ngn sc vang, peroxide ch hay cromate ch.
*O
O *
cao su
NOH
ON
NO + 2H**
ON
NO
Z
N
N
Z
+ 42H *
t cao su:
II.5. Hp cht c kim:
HO
HO
HO
+ HCHO
HO
- H2 O
HO
CH
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
OH
HO
H
- H2 O
gi a cac
O
pha n t
kho ng
OH
xa y ra
OH
O
OH
Phan ng
gia cac
phan t
OH
- 3H2O
co the
OH
xay ra
OH
O
OH
CHNG VII
S OXIDE HOA VA
LAO HOA CAO SU THIEN NHIEN
CH2
H
cis
I. ai cng:
Th nghim u tin chng minh kh oxygen gn vao cao su
do J.Thompson thc hin: cao su c duy tr chn khng hay
kh tr tht s khng b h hong. Cho n nm 1912 vn
khng tin trin my, k o S. Peachey xut gia thuyt v s
thanh lp peroxide ma ng qui vao la do s gn oxygen ni i.
Cac peroxide nay u la nhng cht oxide hoa manh hn oxygen,
o la y tng v phan ng t xuc tac c B. Porritt trin khai
tip o.
S. Peachey chng minh hydrocarbon cao su co th gn ti a
47% oxygen tnh theo trong lng cua no, nhng ng khng giai
thch c s h hong xay ra do lng nho oxygen gn vao. Vao
nm 1923, B. Marzetti nhn nh tac dung pha huy la do vt oxygen gn vao cao su co anh hng i vi c tnh cao su. Hin nay
ta bit ch cn 1% oxygen gn vao cao su thi cung u lam cho c
ly tnh cua no i khi giam qua 90% i vi gia tr ban u. y
co s khac bit ro gia mt th polymer nh cao su va mt cht
thp phn t nh aldehyde benzoic, v phng din t oxide
hoa. So sanh gia cao su va aldehyde benzoic (do Ch. Dufraisse)
cho thy aldehyde benzoic co th gn 30% oxygen va cao su la
47% oxygen tnh theo trong lng. Vi 1% oxygen hoa hp, aldehyde benzoic ch b oxide hoa 6%, con lai 94% aldehyde khng b
bin i; trong luc cung t l oxygen gn vao cao su, th s h
hong xay ra hoan toan.
H. Staudinger xac nhn phan ng cua mt lng nho oxygen
vi cao su u gy ra s ct t a s phn t. Ch. Moureu va Ch.
Dufraisse chng minh c c tnh t xuc tac cua hin tng
oxide hoa. Hai tac gia nay a kham pha ra hiu qua khang oxygen, ung ra la hiu qua ngn tr hay con la s xuc tac tiu cc
cua s t oxide hoa.
Sau o cac tac gia khac thc hin nghin cu hoa hoc trn hp
cht ethylene a em lai nn tang hoa hoc v c ch oxide hoa
cao su vng chc hn. R. Criegee, k o la H. Hock nghin cu
oxide hoa cyclohexene, cho thy s tao thanh hydroperoxide gn
trn nhom -methylene.
OH
+ O2
+ O2
CH
C
O
C. Paquot phac hoa kha chnh xac c cu cua cac peroxide ethylene. Cung thi vi ng, E.H. Farmer va cac cng s vin nu ra
...
CH2
CH
CH2
peroxide s cp
(khng bn)
oxide (bn)
BO2
O2 A(O2);
A(O2) + B
...
AO
BO
O
+ O2
C
H
C6H5
O
(O2)
C
H
C6H5
C
O
OH
acid perbenzoic
O
C6H5
O
+ C H
6 5
C
O
OH
O
2 C6H5
C
OH
Kha nng oxide hoa va cac hiu qua xuc tac cua nhng cht
peroxide nay c noi n v chung tham gia vao trng hp cua
cao su. Va lai, nhng hp cht nay co kha nng oxide hoa con ln
hn chnh oxygen t do ma chung sinh ra. Sau cung ngi ta con
chu y ti vai cht nao o bnh thng th bn vi khng kh, co
th b oxygen tac kch khi co mt h thng t oxide hoa co chc
nng nh la cht cam ng hin hu.
Trong trng hp cao su, ngi ta a lu y lng oxygen theo ly
thuyt co th gn la 47%. Trong luc o cac tr s thc nghim bao
hoa cao su bng oxygen th rt bin thin va nho hn 47%. Tht ra,
khng phai la vn bao hoa cung mt lt tt ca cac ni i cua
mt phn t cao su, bi v ai phn t xp gp vi nhau mt cach
hn n ch cho mt s nho ni i trc tip, co th d b tac kch
hoa hoc. Phan ng oxide hoa xay ra theo dy chuyn nn trung
tm tr nn phc tap va la mt hn hp gm nhiu ai phn t
khac nhau, khng th tach ra hay biu th c tnh trong trng
hp tng quat c. Tuy nhin, s hin din cua peroxide cao su
co th biu th trong vong t oxide hoa (Peachey). Cac tac gia cung
a nhn thy ro chc acid carboxylic oxyhydryl... cao su a t
oxide hoa th khng th nao c lp c hp cht nht nh. Chc
chn phan ng cng cua oxygen a xay ra trong qua trnh oxide
hoa cao su, nh nhiu cng b a chng minh; nhng ngi ta cung
chng minh t mt mc oxide hoa nao o cac hin tng chay
ngm tao nc va kh carbonic cung xay ra bn canh aldehyde formic va nhng cht nh la acid.
CH3
C
+ O2
C
H
CH3
Farmer va cac cng s vin a gop phn quan trong vao vic
lam ro c ch oxide hoa nhng alken (hay olefin) co ni i cha
b bin i.
Tnh c sc cua thuyt Farmer la t gia tr chc nng cua
nhom -methylene ngang vi ni i va a chng minh c ch
oxide hoa chu yu la c ch phan ng dy chuyn gm 3 giai
oan: giai oan bt u, giai oan truyn va giai oan ngng
phan ng.
- Giai oan bt u co th c xet 2 cach, hoc bi phan ng
cua ni i:
+ O2
O
O
+ *
O* + R
OH + R* )
( R* + O2
O* )
O
O
( *R
OOH + R
OOH + R* )
hay
OOH
OOH
va
O
+ O3
O
O
O
hay
(1)
O (2)
Cht nay khng bn, b thuy giai cho hai hp cht carbonyl:
O
C
+ H2O
+ O
- H2O2
O
O
1. Acid levulinic
CH3
C
HO
228 CAO SU THIN NHIN
CH2
CH2
Ch t oxide ho a v c:
H2O2 c dung nh cht oxide hoa dung dch cao su. Khuy
trn lu mt dung dch co cha 4% cao su tan trong
tetrachloromethan (CCl4), hin din cua mt dung dch nc co
3% H2O2, nhit bnh thng se thu c hai cht. Lp nc
co khi keo trng hut O2 nhanh chong luc tip xuc vi khng kh.
Lp dung mi cho mt san phm mau vang trong, kha cng va
c bit tan trong ether. T o, ta kt tua bng methanol cho
mt cht ng vi cng thc C25H40O, hay con hao oxygen, phn
nay theo Boswell co th sanh c vi hp cht co c bi tac
dung cua KMnO4. Phn tan trong CCl4 va khng tan trong ether
th ng vi thanh phn C15H24O.
Tuy nhin, s oxide hoa cao su bi dung dch oxy gia (H2O2) con
phc tap hn kt qua co c bi Boswell. Nhiu nha khao cu a
ao su chu , c bit la Robertson va Mair, Mair va Todd,
Kagan va Sukhareva, k o la Bloom-Field va Farmer. Trong khi
o cn nhn manh ti s kin nhng nha khoa hoc Bloomfield va
Farmer khng s dung H2O2 duy nht ma con co s hin din cua
acid acetic va co le cht phan ng tht la acid peracetic.
S oxide hoa cao su bi H2O2 a c ung h My oi hoi nhi
can cao su vi BaO2 k o x ly vi acid chlorine hydride ma ng
dung c xem xet ti la ch tao chewing gum. Mt tai liu
khac a ngh dung H2O2 oxide hoa cao su latex, tip o
chlorine hoa. Sau ht, Bloomfield, Farmer va Schidrowitz a
nghin cu ti phng phap oxide hoa nong latex a ly tm, n
nh hoa va kh amoniac a ti mt hp cht deo va dnh.
Peracide h u c:
O
Peracide RCOOH c bit dung oxide hoa ni i
C = C. Tng quat chung phan ng cho ra epoxy:
O
C
C
OOH
O
O
C
OH
*
O*
*
2 O*
+
O
CAO SU THIN NHIN 231
*
O*
H2O
OH
O*
*
HO
O
HO
+
OH
H2 O
O
O
*
O*
+
O
+
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
-- H2O
iu kin nay, cac phng phap phn giai hoa hoc thng
thng u khng thch hp va ch co th khao sat s hin din
cua nhom chc oxide cao su. Cng vic nay a c Hilton, k
o la Naylor dc tm lam vi Rubbone loai B co 10,8% oxygen va
loai C co 13,3% oxygen.
Sau y la ai cng v phng phap phn giai a s dung:
- Oxygen nguyn (phn giai nguyn t qua phan ng chay
ngm).
- Oxygen thuc peroxide (phng phap Zerewitinoff c
Bolland cai tin).
- Oxygen cua nhom COOH (phep o kim tnh).
- Oxygen cua nhom COOR (savon hoa)
- Oxygen cua chc ru nh (hydrogen linh ng)
- Oxygen cua chc carbonyl C = O (phng phap Lund)
Cac chc ether va epoxy theo cac tac gia k trn, ngc lai,
khng th nh phn c nh y. cha bao hoa c o bng
ch s iodine theo phng phap Kemp. Kt qua co c chng to
t l hydroperoxide ln lt giam, oxide hoa nguyn liu tng
ln. Cac Rubbone c oxide hoa nhiu nht ch cha lng hydroperoxide vao khoang t 102% n 103%.
Phn giai nh lng oxygen cua nhng chc khac nhau
trong Rubbone C ch cho kt qua 5,9%, trong luc oxygen nguyn
co c qua phan ng chay ngm ln ti 13,3% Theo Naylor, co
s khac bit la do cac chc epoxy cha nh lng. Ch s iodine
cho thy ro s bin mt cua mt s ni i tng ng vi cac ni
i b bin i thanh epoxy.
Toan b cng vic k trn a n nhn nh la cac oxide
cao su Rubbone chng han, oxygen c tm thy di dang
epoxy hay ether, k o la ru, nhng chc carbonyl va carboxyl
ro rang him hn. Sau cung, cac nhom peroxide con him hn
na.
234 CAO SU THIN NHIN
PBNA(%)
0
0,5
s O2 c hp
cht khang
thu (cm3/g/gi)
oxygen
19 x 104
s O2 h.thu
(cm3/g/gi)
khng co
57 x 104
PBNA
157 x 104
26 x 10
22 x 10
DNPD
106 x 104
22 x 104
lu huynh
26 x 104
hydroquinon
26 x 104
20 x 10
PBNA
phenyl--naphthylamine
PNPD
Di--naphthyl-p-phenylendiamine
chn quan trong nhiu hn vn oxide hoa cac ai phn t polyene. Bu lai, chnh vn cui lai la i tng cua ai a s cng
cuc khao cu trit ; ngi ta dung danh t ky thut hn la
nghin cu s lao hoa cua cao su lu hoa vn la i tng cua mt s
rt nho khao cu tm mc quan trong trc tip. Moi cng vic nay
khng th nu ra ht c, do o ta gii han nhng im chu yu.
S lao hoa cua cao su lu hoa b anh hng khng ch bi ban
cht cao su, ma con b anh hng bi ban cht cua cht lu hoa
va iu kin lu hoa, ban cht cua cht n va cht phu gia, ban
cht cua cht khang lao cung nh t l dung cua chung.
Mt khac, cac iu kin vt ly v s lao hoa u rt quan trong.
Nhit, ozone, cac tia sang u y nhanh s h hong cao su.
Sc chu keo t
A
thi gian lao
Hnh VII.1: Cac ng biu din lao
1,4
aph
p (%)
oxygenoxy
hoaho
h
(%)
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
60
70
80
90
100
110
khang oxygen
bm ap
chu un dp
s dung
sut O2
lin tip
PBNA
100
100
DPA
30
90
DNPD
120
30
rt c
resinate ng...
sulfate ng...
chloride ng...
acetate ng...
oxide ng...
c trung bnh
bt ng...
sulfur ng...
t c
o, ta chp nhn chung cho vao cao su sao cho khng qua 5 x 103%
Mn. Trong khi o quan nim nay kha ni long va tuy thuc vao
dang cht co nguyn t c.
Nh lng 7x103% Mn di dang carbonate mangan (MnCO3)
trong bt a vi CaCO3 th gn nh v hai. Ban cht lu hoa
hnh nh co chc nng lin quan ti c tnh cua Mn; cao su lu
hoa co cht gia tc MBT chu tt hn cao su lu hoa co DPG. Ta
co th ngh rng cac cht gia tc lu hoa nhom thiazole va dithiocarbamate cho ra mt cach d dang mui ng tng i tan t
trong cao su, nh vy t c va che khut nguyn t c. Bu lai,
cac guanidine va thiuram khng co kha nng nay, nhng co th
noi la cha co mt chng c thc nghim trc tip nao.
Cung chiu hng, co mt s cht hu c co kha nng lam
giam nhe bt hiu qua c rt ro cua ng hay mangan, chc la
tao ra cht phc hp kha bn va tan t trong cao su, nhng hp
cht nay co th goi la cht phc hp. Ta co th k:
- Disalicylal ethylene diamine, disalicylal propylene diamine:
khang ng rt tt, khang oxygen yu hoc khng;
- Dinaphthyl-p-phenylene diamine (DNPD): khang ng rt
tt, khang oxygen kha tt; diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine
(DPPD): khang ng tt, khang oxygen rt tt;
- Phenyl cyclohexyl-p-phenylene diamine: khang ng tt,
khang oxygen tt;
- N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-N-phenylene-p-phenylene diamine
khang ng tt, khang oxygen tt.
V cao su tng hp, chung khng phai la khng nhay vi kim
loai hao oxygen. Neal va Ottenhoff a chng minh cao su tng
hp butadiene-styrolene lu hoa b h hong bi s hin din cua
mui ng hay mangan tan c trong cao su, nhng so ra hiu
qua kem manh hn trng hp cao su thin nhin. Ta se cp
phn khac.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 245
Anh nng tac dung ti nht cac dung dch cao su sng rt
ro, thiu oxygen no gy s kh a phn hoa ang k. Nu cao su
cha lu hoa co cha lu huynh, anh nng mt tri se gy ra
mt hin tng tng t s lu hoa bc u. Ca n cac cht
amine hay cetone di tac dung cua anh nng u co th co mt
hiu ng lu hoa.
Cao su sng th c phi di anh nng, tranh oxygen, ta se
thy t l cao su gel cua no tng ln manh, tng ng vi s lu
hoa nao o. Hin tng tng t xay ra vi vai bc xa nao o (tia
Cobalt 60) khi khng co moi cht lu hoa ph thng hin din.
Co oxygen hin din, trc tin anh nng tac dung theo cach
khac, gy ra chay nha nhy dnh rt thng, do chui phn t b
phn ct; sau o ta thy co s thanh lp mt vang mong cng va
gion mt ngoai, phn ln tao bi nhng cht tan trong acetone.
Trong trng hp nay, nhng cht khang oxygen (khang lao)
ph thng lai tac ng n tin trnh h hong; c bit ta co th
k ti phenyl--naphthylamine c xem nh la cht co hai.
Ngc lai, lu huynh, benzidine hay dinitrophenol lam chm
s h hong cao su sng phi di anh nng, no co xu hng t
hoa cng hn.
S hin din cua peroxide trong cao su a phi ra anh nng co
chiu cao, cung khng bao v cao su chng lai anh sang c v
m uc (opacity) thp.
Vi cao su a phi nng, lun phin thc hin keo dan dai ri
tha ra, cac ng ran nt se xut hin thng goc vi phng keo.
phng din nao o kho ma noi hin tng nay chu anh hng
trc tip cua anh sang hay ozone va khng co qui tc chnh xac
v cht bao v lam chm s xut hin nhng ng ran nt nay,
nu khng nhng cht thuc paraffin hay sap (thng thng co
hiu qua bao v vao trng hp phi tnh) u v hiu ngay t
luc co nhng bin dang lin tuc.
IV.2. Tac dung cua ozone:
So sanh cao su thin nhin va cao su copolymer butadienestyrolene co li ch c bit, ca hai loai cao su nay co bn
thng la khac bit nhau.
Trong trng hp cua cao su butadiene-styrolene (GRS hay
SBR), ngi ta thy co s tng module ln trong qua trnh
nhit lao, a ti khai nim co phan ng phu lp cu ni trong
o, trong luc cao su thin nhin ngc lai thy b giam module
khi hu lu hoa a ngng lai.
Cac nghin cu bung lin tuc va gian oan cac hn hp cao
su b keo dan, c Tobolsky thc hin, cho thy nhng s khac
bit gia hai loai cao su nay nh hnh VII.3 va VII.4 sau y:
20
oan
n
a
i
g
18
Lc buong (kg/cm2)
16
14
Hn h
Ho
hpp
m
t
ngoa
i i
mat ngoa
vo
xe
vo xe
Lie
n t
uc
12
10
8
6
4
2
0,01
0,1
100
10
20
Hnnh
pp
Ho
h
m
t
ngoa
i i
mat ngoa
vo
xe
vo xe
18
gia
n
14
o
an
12
en
Li
10
c
tu
Lc buong (kg/cm2)
16
8
6
4
2
0,001
0,01
0,1
10
100
Thi gian (gi)
CHNG VIII
cao su, suy ra th tch phu hp vi nng sut may can luyn; t
tng khi lng va tr gia ta tnh c gia thanh hn hp cao su.
Kem theo phiu nay la cac chng t cua tng loai hoa cht, co
ghi ro: tn hoa hoc, tn thng mai, qui cach, s hiu, c quan
san xut, tnh trang nhp kho tn tr, kt qua xet nghim cua
hn hp cao su lu hoa iu kin a ghi.
Trng hp latex, t l hoa cht vn c tnh theo ty l phn
trm i vi 100 phn cao su kh co trong latex. Th du: 100
phn cao su kh tng ng 166,7 phn latex co ham lng 60%
cao su.
Phong th nghim
S: 011/CL-N
Ngay: 01/02/1982
Cng thc nguyn
thuy s 010/CL-XK
Ly do thay i: thm vao bt t
giam gia thanh
Mau: o (ti)
T trong: 1,2
Lu hoa: 07 phut 1400C
c im cn co: lc keo t
khng ha xung di 1800N/cm2
khng thm nc - Bn lao hoa
nhit m.
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tn va qui cach
nguyn liu
T l
dung
Th
tch
100 107,527
25
9,262
15
6,773
2
2,128
10
1,790
1,5
0,750
1
0,709
0,7
0,865
0,4
0,370
1
3,840
156,6 130,114
Tr gia
Ghi
n gia thanh tin chu
24
9
1
30
80
4
50
65
200
100
2400
225
15
60
800
6
50
45,5
80
100
3781,5(*)
Th t
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8
Tn va quy cach
nguyn liu hoa cht
Cao su t xng khoi I
Oxide kem Nht s 3
Acid stearic Nht dang hat
Antioxydant PBN
Accelerator M
Accelerator D
Mau o B
Bt a vi CaCO3 ( kho 1)
Bt t trng (kho 1)
Hn hp chu 100-S
Tng cng
Lu y:
kg
7.900
0.800
0.160
0.080
0.080
0.056
0.032
2.000
1.200
0.240
12.548
dm3
i ra
Thi gian
5 phut
5 phut
5 phut
4 phut
6 phut
1 phut
4 phut
Lu y:
30 phut
I. Phn tch
Ta t ra hai vn chnh:
II. Nghin cu
Bc tip theo ta nghin cu cac yu t c ban do chuyn gia
ch bin cao su hay hoa cao su t ra:
II.1. Nghin cu vt t:
III. Xac nh
Sau khi phn tch va nghin cu, ta i n xac nh hai vn
a phn tch.
III.1. i vi hn hp cao su lu hoa (san phm tiu dung) cn
n nh, ng c v.v...
III.2.2. iu kin lu hoa: nhit va thi gian gia nhit,
a ngay vao khu san xut khac) lam ngui tc thi, ngui t
nhin, nhit va thi gian tn tr v.v...
Cn bit, tuy theo ban cht cua cht xuc tin lu hoa, din
tin lu hoa co th co hiu ng i sut thi gian dai, cac tnh
cht c ly cua hn hp cao su lu hoa vn duy tr tr s cao gn
mc ti hao, ng dung cho san xut mt hang cao su chu nhit.
268 CAO SU THIN NHIN
xut, kim tra thi gian tng cng oan, o nhit truyn qua hn
hp, nhit nc giai nhit truc may, trch cac mu tng cng
oan, o deo va co rut, ta co th khao sat cac ng biu
din bin thin theo thi gian, giup iu chnh (nu co) quy trnh
can luyn hay nh thi gian hoan tt c ung hn. Khu nh
hnh hn hp cao su c tin hanh tng t, nhng c bit lu
y ti lu hoa sm co th gy cht trn may cac hn hp ang
nh hnh (nh oi nha chng han) hoc a qua mt thi ky tn
tr (nh vun tha chng han).
Tip tuc theo doi va kim tra cac khu trong quy trnh san
xut, nht la khu lu hoa, kim tra deo trc khi lu hoa,
nhit va thi gian gia nhit, ap lc v.v...
Cui cung, ly nhiu san phm hoan tt a kim tra tnh cht
c ly hoa va so sanh vi cac tnh cht co c phong th nghim.
Tng quat, kt qua co s chnh lch do co s khac bit v iu
kin lam vic. Mt s tiu chun c cng nhn nh sau:
- Lc keo t:
8%
- cng:
3 shore
12%
10%
I. P
hn tch
Phn
1. La cai tui tron dep c ban la cao su, cha nc a cuc.
2. Chm bung, tran bnh nhn.
3. Tiu thu nganh y t va nhn dn.
Do o san phm co yu cu:
1. Chu lanh 00C - chu trong lng khi nc a - khng
thm nc - ming tui d v nc a, kn.
2. Truyn nhit tt - khng tip xuc dc phm, thc phm.
3. ep, bn, re, gon, sach se.
Qua hnh dang va yu cu ky thut mt hang co th thc hin
qui trnh ch bin theo li tiu thu cng nghip, hn hp cao su
ep uc khun, lc ep cao hn hp d at khang thm nc.
Ming tui tng i ln cho phep s dung nong rut bng kim
loai (tao rng rut). Sau lu hoa thao khun ly nong rut ra qua
cp vis giao u va cn co mt cht trn khng anh hng hn
hp cao su lu hoa: chon nc xa bng khng co xut d va ra
nc (lp lc quy trnh ch bin).
Xng a co: mt may can luyn hn hp cao su, h, 2 truc
300mmx600mm, co nc giai nhit; 5 may ep tht
400mmx400mm, nhit hi nc hoat ng tt v.v... Cn trang b 5
b khun va nong rut bng hp kim nhm (ban ve ky thut), gia
cng hai b vis i, v.v...
cho c tui chm khng b bin dang, gia cng b c + np
nha, mt khun joint tron, (cac ban ve), s dung hn hp cao su
vun tha ep uc np c kn, v.v...
Mt bng san xut cn sach se, tranh nhim bn cac loai mau
khac.
Tht may ep nho ch u cho 1 khun/thanh phm/t, cn lu
hoa nhanh tng san lng nhng phu hp thi gian thao tac.
II. Nghin cu
III.1 Nghin cu vt t:
CAO SU THIN NHIN 273
100
- CaCO3 ni a a ry:
20%
- Bt t trng mn (l 2):
20%
12%
2,5%
- Lu huynh:
1,7%
1%
0,5%
- Phm mau o:
0,6%
- Antioxydant PBN:
1%
CT
CT
CT
CT
th 1
th 2
th 3
th 4
th 5
- T xng khoi L1
100
100
100
100
100
- CaCO3
20%
20%
20%
25%
20%
- Bt t
20%
20%
20%
15%
10%
- ZnO
12%
12%
10%
10%
10%
- Acid stearic
2,5%
2,5%
2%
2%
2%
- Sulfur
1,7%
1,7%
1,5%
1,5%
1,5%
- Accelerator M
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
- Accelerator D
0,5%
0,5%
0,5%
0,5%
0,5%
- Mau o
0,6%
0,5%
0,4%
0,4%
0,4%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
2.150
2.104
2.100
2.090
2.270
- dan t (%)
602
601
670
749
751
20
20
18
14
12
- cng shore A
50
50
46
42
42
10
10
12
11
hi sm
va y
va y
va y
va y
- Anti - O2 PBN
Th du kt qua at c:
- Lc keo t (N/cm2)
(phut)
- Mau o
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
th 1
th 2
th 3
th 4
th 5
- T xng khoi L1
100
100
100
100
100
- CaCO3
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
- Bt t
15%
15%
15%
15%
15%
- ZnO
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
- Acid stearic
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
- Sulfur
1,5%
1,5%
1,5%
1,5%
1,5%
- Accelerator M
1,2%
1,1%
1%
1%
1%
- Accelerator D
0,5%
0,6%
0,7%
0,6%
0,8%
- Mau o
0,4%
0,4%
0,4%
0,4%
0,4%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
- Anti - O2 PBN
- T xng khoi L1
- CaCO3
- Bt t
- ZnO
- Acid stearic
- Sulfur
- Accelerator M
- Accelerator D
- Mau o
- Anti - O2 PBN
CT
CT
CT
CT
CT
th 1
th 2
th 3
th 4
th 5
100
25%
15%
10%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,7%
0,4%
1,5%
100
25%
15%
10%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,7%
0,4%
0,8%
100
25%
15%
10%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,7%
0,4%
0,5%
100
25%
15%
10%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,7%
0,4%
1%
100
25%
15%
10%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,7%
0,4%
1,2%
Sau khi cn ong, can luyn, lu hoa theo loat cng thc trn,
ta cho th lao hoa lo nhit 700C x 48 gi tng cng thc mt;
tt ca cac kt qua o c tnh, ly hoa tnh c so sanh vi nhau.
Th du cac cng thc th 1, 2, 3 u at v lao hoa, ta chon
cng thc 1 v lng dung thp, bao gm mau sc cua hn hp
khng anh hng tip tuc do tng lng cht khang lao PBN
(loai nay gy anh hng mau sc hn hp lu hoa).
Vay cuoi cung ta at cong thc phong th nghiem hoan chnh nhat
1. Cao su t xong khoi pham hang 1:
100
2. CaCO3 noi a a ray:
25%
3. Bot at trang mn (lo 2):
15%
4. Oxide kem ngoai (Nhat so 3):
5. Acid stearic dang hat (Nhat):
6. Lu huynh:
7. Accelerator M (Nhat)
8. Accelerator D (Nhat)
9. Mau o hu c chu nhiet:
10. Antioxidant PBN (Bayer):
10%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,7%
0,4%
1%
CHNG IX
Tuy theo loai san phm, nguyn liu phu (ch si, cc thep,
xng, xa bng hay bt talc v.v...) tham gia t nhiu trong cac khu
cua quy trnh, noi chung, ch bin san phm gm cac giai oan
chnh:
- Bin i vt ly cao su sng co th hoa trn hoa cht cn
thit goi la giai oan hoa deo cao su.
- Giai oan nhi trn cac hoa cht vao cao su a hoa deo cho
ra hn hp cao su.
- Giai oan nh hnh hn hp cao su (t can, trc din lin
tuc un ep, dung dch), va nh hnh san phm s b (ct, rap,
dan, vn, ni...)
- Giai oan lu hoa.
Khng k giai oan kh gel hoa (ng cng cao su) ma ch ap
dung cac nc co kh hu lanh, t nguyn liu ban u ch bin
ra mt hang cao su tiu dung gm cac giai oan:
A. TON TR NGUYEN LIEU VAT T
Cac iu kin vt ly nh s thoang kh, sach se, nhit , anh
sang, m , thi gian tn tr v.v... trong bao quan nguyn liu
vt t kho bai co tm mc quan trong anh hng n qui trnh
san xut va cht lng thanh phm.
Cn b tr phn cach gia cao su - hoa cht - nguyn liu phu
nhom cht lu hoa - nhom cht khac, cac loai phm mau,
cht d chay v.v... nhm muc ch phong chay, cha chay va
tranh s anh hng do nhim bi mt s ln hoa cht nganh cao
su. Cac hoa cht nay thng co hiu qua tac dung rt ln du ch
vi mt lng nho.
B. CAT XE CAO SU
Cao su thin nhin thng c tn tr di dang cua mt
kin hang ln, cn c xe thanh banh hay manh nho t 5 - 15kg
mi cho vao may nhi can c. Giai oan nay bao gm cn cao
282 CAO SU THIN NHIN
Tng quat c thc hin phong nong hay lo nong 150 2000C di tac dung ap sut kh tri bnh thng va thi gian gia
nhit khoang 24 gi.
Vi san xut qui m ln, co th thit k lo hoa deo lin tuc,
thc hin dy chuyn vi lu lng nhiu tn/gi qua bng tai
hm dai. Cn bit, phng phap nhit hoa deo mi hin nay (xut
CAO SU THIN NHIN 283
phat t phng phap x ly cao su tng hp) la cho cao su chu tac
dung bi hi nc bao hoa vi ap lc cao trong mt thi gian rt
ngn. Kt qua at rt nhanh nhng oi hoi co ni ap lc (autoclave)
vi sc cha ln, chu c ap sut khoang 40kg/cm2 (2500C).
I.3. Hoa deo hoa hoc
Tng quat nh mt hoa cht goi la cht hoa deo pepti (xem
chng cht hoa deo) tac dung ang k khi gia nhit khoang 80 1000C, cao su hoa deo cc nhanh. Ta lu y phn bit vi cht hoa
deo thng thng (plastifiant) tac dung kem hn nhiu va co anh
hng ln ti cht lng thanh phm.
I.4. Hoa deo c hoc
Phng phap ph bin hoa deo cao su bng may moc thng la
may nhi 2 truc, loai h hay kn hoc may c bit goi la may
hoa deo Gordon.
Cho cao su kh qua lai, can ep gia hai truc may, sau mt thi
gian tuy theo iu kin lam vic, no se bin i trang thai t th
cng dai dn dn tr nn mm deo. S hoa deo theo cach nay
con c goi la s luyn. Tng quat, deo mm anh hng
bi:
a/ Thi gian nhi can: cang nhi can lu bao nhiu, cao su
cang mm deo by nhiu.
b/ iu kin c ly cua may: nng sut, cng sut, sc can ep,
nhit . Thc t, cao su cang trai rng th din tch cang tip
xuc vi nhiu khng kh tri, s nen ep co xat phat sinh nhit
v.v... Toan b cai thin deo mm cao su.
Ta co th ngh nhit cang cao, s hoa deo cang co hiu qua.
Nhng vao nm 1938, Busse va Cunningham chng minh cao su
nhi nhit thay i gia 700C va 1700C cung mt thi gian
nht nh, deo sau cung khng phai la ham s ng bin theo
nhit : nhit tng, tc hoa deo trc ht se giam xung
cc tiu 1200C, sau o tc hoa deo lai tng nhanh. T v tr
284 CAO SU THIN NHIN
cc tiu nay, ngay nay ta phn bit s hoa deo c hoc ngui va
nong. Trong hoa deo c hoc ngui hay nhi can ngui, nhit
khoang 60 - 700C, cng sut mc ti thiu, do o ngi ta thch
hoa deo cao su nhit nay cho may nhi h. (Va tranh hin
tng cht trn may cho hn hp co dung cht xuc tin cc
nhanh va giup cng nhn ng may d thao tac, khi n giai
oan hn luyn).
c/ Thao tac cua ngi ng may: chu yu cn lam cho cng
vic hoa deo tin trin u n, khng tr tr, deo mm ng
nht, am bao cao su chui qua gia hai truc toan b va thu lm
vun bn ra v.v...
d/ Oxygen kh tri: cac cuc th nghim nhi can cao su trong
mi trng kh tr (khng co oxygen) s hoa deo hu nh khng
xay ra. Do o, oxygen la yu t cn thit cho s hoa deo. Trn
thc t la yu t khng i.
May nhi h 2 truc (con c goi la may can luyn) cu tao
chu yu gm 2 truc nhn ( Vit Nam thng thng truc = 1/2
chiu dai lam vic cua truc). 200 - 500mm (loai nho). 500 800mm (loai ln), dai 400 - 1200mm (loai nho) hay 1.500 2.000mm (ln) bng gang cng hay thep c bit, nm ngang,
trn khung bng gang hay thep uc, qua cac paliers. i paliers
truc sau c nh, i trc di ng co muc ch thay i c
khoang h gia hai truc. Ca hai truc u rng rut, cha nc
dn giai nhit lam sao co th duy tr nhit khoang 60 700C. Quay tron qua b truyn lc va tc thng la khac nhau:
truc trc t 15 - 25 vong/phut, truc sau nhanh hn, ty l sai kem
1 - 1,5%. ng c in 20 - 25CV (may nho) hay 50 - 150CV (may
ln), i khi thay th bi ng c n nhng ni san xut khng
co in.
May nhi kn cu tao chu yu gm hai truc co ng ke xon
nm trong mt bung kn, pha trn hai truc la 1 piston y ep
cao su vao, vn tc quay cua hai truc t 20-60 vong/phut, cng
CAO SU THIN NHIN 285
II. Lu y cn thit
- S hoa deo mm cao su nhi nong (1200C tr ln) c giai
thch qua s phn ct nhit chui ai phn t hydrocacbon cao su,
bi phan ng t oxide hoa. nhi can ngui (1200C tr xung)
c giai thch qua c ch nghin ct phn t cao su tao ra cac
gc t do; khng co oxygen hay mt cht nhn gc khac, cac gc
t hp vi nhau khng gy bin i phn t khi, ngc lai, co
oxygen hay cht nhn gc, no se t gn vao gc t do, xay ra phan
ng gc tn cung, tao ra oan phn t ngn: o la s hoa deo. C
ch nay co gia tr k ca cho loai cao su tng hp co cha no cao.
- Nganh cao su ch bin nc ta ap dung hoa deo theo phng
phap c hoc, thng goi la s luyn, vi may nhi h hai truc. Ta
bit s hoa deo cao su xay ra la do s oxide hoa (s oxide hoa
cung la nguyn nhn cua s lao hoa cao su sng hay cao su lu
hoa). Nh vy, cac loai cao su th phm cua n in: mu dy,
mu chen, mu t v.v... chung a trai qua mt thi gian oxide lu
dai n in (nng trng) cao su va qua qui trnh s ch thanh
crpe nu, crpe en s oxide hoa xay ra tip tuc, do o se mm
deo hn cac loai cao su s ch t latex va tt ca cac loai cao su
cang tn tr lu dai cang mm deo hn. Trong ch bin san
phm tiu dung, khi thay th phm loai cao su cn lu y ti
deo mm luc s dung cua no chnh qui trnh va thi gian hoan
tt hoa deo hoc thng qua giai oan hoa deo. Ap dung phng
phap nay rt kho am bao an toan lao ng may can luyn h.
D. CA N ONG
Khu cn ong rt quan trong, no anh hng n quy trnh ch
bin va cht lng san phm. Ngi cn ong lam vic cn co 3
yu t: th t - chnh xac - co phng phap; va lu y nhng im:
1. Kim tra va b tr co khoa hoc cac dung cu, phng tin cn ong.
2. Nghim chnh chp hanh nhng qui nh ghi cng thc
xng: loai, qui cach, phm cht, s lng nguyn liu hoa cht,
nhom hoa trn chung v.v...
3. Cn ong tng cht mt va theo tng cng thc mt.
4. Tn trong cac iu l bao h lao ng va phong chay cha chay.
5. Khng qun tr b, vt cha va dung ung loai vt cha.
6. Kim tra toan b nguyn liu sau khi cn ong.
Ni cn ong tht kh rao, sach se, ngn np. Nguyn liu
hoa cht c anh du va ghi nhan hiu (ky hiu nu co) nht
nh. Dung cu va phng tin cn ong cn co: cac loai cn ln
nho, cac loai vt cha: thau, chu (phn bit loai cha phm
mau en vi phm mau khac) xung, mung, dao v.v... i vi
cht long sanh, sn st cn co h thng hm nong va dung cu cn
ong chuyn bit.
Cn lp mi quan h mt thit gia phong ky thut - phong
th nghim - xng - khu cn ong.
E. NHOI TRON
La s trn ln c hoc cac hoa cht cn thit vao cao su a hoa
deo thanh mt hn hp, ta thng goi la hn luyn.
I. Nguyn tc chung
CAO SU THIN NHIN 287
Cng tac nhi trn hay hn luyn c thc hin may nhi 2
truc loai h hoc kn nh hoa deo c hoc (s luyn), may nhi
h cai tin co thm truc th 3 mang ng soi, nm trn, gia
hai truc nhn (may nhi Shaw) hay may un ep c bit tao s
nhi trn c lin tuc.
a. Cng sut:
Sc ep phat sinh gia hai truc may vao luc hn luyn rt ln,
no cung thay i nh cng sut va sinh ra chn ng rt manh
vao luc nap cao su vao. Nh vy, toan b may cc khoe, chon
cht trn (m du) chu nhit va chu sc ep tt.
Vi may nhi truc dai 2.100mm, ngi ta tnh sc ep sau 1
phut ri nhi hn hp cao su vo xe (lp) la 1 tn/cm2 hay 120 tn
cho toan may.
I. nh hnh hn hp cao su
- T can: la cng vic nh hnh thc hin may can. Hn hp
cao su a c ch tao can ra thanh mt t dai, co day mong
mun, ng nht va khng i.
May can tng quat gm loai 4 truc va loai 3 truc. Loai 3 truc
nhn, nm doc, thng goc vi mt t, song song vi nhau. Truc
gia c nh, 2 truc con lai di ng c chnh khoang h cac
truc hay day hn hp. Chiu quay tron cua truc trn va di
ging nhau, nghch chiu vi truc c nh.
t hn hp can ra co day u nhau sut chiu ngang cua
t va khng i, may can cn co hai yu t chnh: cac truc may
phai song song va iu chnh c nhit .
i vi may can 3 truc (dung c cho can trang vai manh mt
mt) nh b day cua t hn hp trai qua 2 ky: hn hp chui qua
khoang h cp truc (trn va gia) ri qua cp truc 2 (gia va
di). i vi may 4 truc, nh b day cua t trai qua 3 ky va
dung c cho can trang vai manh 2 mt trong 1 ln.
Nganh ch bin san phm cao su nc ta thng s dung may
nhi h 2 truc kim nhim khu can, tc la s dung cho khu
hoa deo c hoc (s luyn), nhi trn (hn luyn) va can. Khuyt
im la t can ra co day khng ng u (bn day, bn mong
hn), khng chnh xac (cn day 2mm, can ra 2,1mm chng han) va
khng ng b cac t can khac (t nay can 2mm, t k can
1,8mm, t kia 2,1mm) phu thuc rt nhiu vao tay ngh va kinh
nghim ngi ng may (ch bin san phm uc cn cn kim
tra trong lng).
CAO SU THIN NHIN 291
I.2. Dung dc
h:
dch:
3 shore n 5 shore
- T trong:
0,05
- Lc keo t:
5 kg/cm2 n 7 kg/cm2
( 50 N/cm2 n 70 N/cm2)
CHNG X
1. T xng khoi: RSS (Ribbed Smoked Sheets). San xut t latex ti qua x ly xng khoi khang nm mc do cac cht dn
xut phenol co trong khoi va sy kh.
2. T sy kh ADS (Air Dried Sheets). San xut t latex ti,
sy kh vi hi nong, khng co xng khoi.
3. T co c theo phng phap Michelin: cao su ICR (Initial
Concentration Rubber). San xut t latex ti ng c thung
hnh tru, khi ng xe thanh t, khng qua pha loang vi nc
trc khi ng c hoa vi acid.
4. T co c theo phng phap C.E.X.O (Caoutchouc
dExtrme Orient) san xut t latex ti kim soat ng c latex bng pH k, kt hp nung nong va dao ng c hoc han
ch lng acid s dung.
5. Bun, cm. San xut t latex ti, nha ra si ng lai nh
si bun, ra, sy kh, ct vun, ep lai thanh kin.
6. Crpe nhat: Ch crp c goi t Phap ng crpe co y
ngha la s nghin can vi nc tht nghim ngt qua h thng
298 CAO SU THIN NHIN
cac may can truc co ranh ngang va doc, su cua khe ranh giam
dn, goi la crpeuses (ta goi la may can bng).
San xut t latex ti, sau khi ng cn qua qua trnh ra
nc tht ky loai tr thanh phn cu tao latex phi cao su.
7. Crpe dep (crpe semelle). San xut t latex ti loai bo
phn vang trong latex vi mui hoa tr 2 (calcium chloride hay
magnesium chloride), x ly tip theo nh crpe nhat, co dung
cht ty trng bisulfite.
8. Crpe nu. San xut t mu tap: mu dy, mu chen, mu ng
bn cha qua qua trnh nghin ra nc tht ky, a v trang
thai cua mt ming mong, sach hn va hp cach.
9. Crpe en. San xut t mu t, mu vo cy, x ly nh crpe nu.
10
10.. Crpe remilling (Blanket, Remilled, Flat Bark). San xut
t loai cao su nu hoc en qua thm mt ln can ra nc na
sach hn (tai crpe hoa).
11
11.. Manh vun (Cuttings, Dechets) cua t xng khoi hay crpe
dep.
I.2. Nhom cao su th phm nng trng (n in): mu tap
Tn goi
Tn nc ngoai
Xut x
trong nc
- Mu chen
- Mu dy
Sernamby
G ly dy latex ng ng
rach cao cy cao su.
- Mu t
Eark Scrap
- Mu vo cy
Bark Scrap
- Mu ng
Coagula
Skimmings
mu thi.
Mu dy + mu chen.
a. Heveaplus MG (Methyl methacrylate-Greffes): phm polymer ghep dang crpe, cng hn crpe nhat va t b nhit deo hn san xut t latex m c ghep vi n phn t methyl methacrylate, s kem theo la ham lng n phn t, nh Heveaplus NG-23
la phm a phn ghep 23% methyl methacrylate.
b. Heveaplus SG (Styrolen Greffes): phm polymer ghep tng
t Heveaplus MG nhng ghep vi n phn t styrolene.
b. Hn hp chu khoi carbon en. San xut t latex ti + carbon black - phn hang theo ham lng va loai carbon black - rt
nhiu c s trn th gii san xut.
c. Hn hp chu lignine (mc cht). San xut t latex ti +
mc cht cc mn, thai tr cng nghip giy. Rt nhiu c s
trn th gii san xut.
d. Cac hn hp chu khac u co tnh cach s ch ngay tai
xng ch bin mt hang cao su tiu dung qua s nhi can vi
cao su kh: hn hp chu lu huynh, hn hp chu oxide kem v.v...
Cao su dang hn hp chu c s dung thng thng trn th
gii ngoai tnh cht tt v khuch tan, con co muc ch bao v
mi trng va han ch c hai cho ngi th ng may can
luyn.
II.6. Cao su skim
280-324
I. Latex co in tch m
I.1. Latex thng:
en. (Tranh s dung ch bin cac san phm chu s thm thu
kh nh rut xe do tap cht co kch thc to).
i khi ngi ta con s dung loai 3 hay cao su th phm nng
trng cho ch bin san phm mau ti co mt lp ao boc (sn
hay nhung v.v...) bng hn hp mau ti ( chi tre em chng
han).
CHNG XI
1. Khai quat:
- Tn khac: Lu hoang, dim sanh, dim sinh, soufre, sulfur.
- Ky hiu: S
- Phn loai: Trn th trng co 4 th chnh: Lu huynh thoi,
lu huynh thng hoa, lu huynh thng hoa ra lai, lu huynh
kt tua.
2. Tnh cht:
a. Tnh cht chung:
Cht mau vang, t trong d = 2,07, khng mui, khng v, khng
tan trong nc, tan t trong cn, ether, glycerine, tan nhiu trong
carbon disulfide, cha xat phat sinh in m. trang thai nguyn
cht co phan ng trung tnh. dn in va dn nhit kem. Nong
chay 1190C; thanh cht long mau vang nhat, trong, sm mau
1600C; hoa day va nhao 200-2500C, tr lai long 3300C va bc hi
mau nu 444,60C. Nhit bc chay la 2660C, vi ngon la mau
xanh lam va bc kh anhydride sulfurous (SO2) hi.
4. Lng dung:
S lu hoa xay ra (hay u xac nh co s lu hoa) khi co lng
lu huynh hoa hp la 0,15% i vi trong lng cao su.
Lng dung tng quat cho cac hn hp:
6. C ch lu hoa vi lu huynh:
Trc tin, co s hin din cua lu huynh cao su, mt
nguyn t hydrogen cua carbon - methylene t tach ri cho ra
mt gc hydrocarbon va mt gc sulfhydryl:
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH
CH2
CH
**
CH
**
+ SH
CH2
*
SH
S*
+
**
*S*
+
S*
S
S
**
*
S*
**
**
b. Phan ng chui gm co gc sulfur cng vao mt ni i,
cung vi mt cha no ng vi mt ni i cho mi nguyn t
lu huynh:
+
S
**
S*
*
+
**
S*
*
**
SH
(x - 1)S
Sx
H2S
SH
**
+ SH
**
(gc mi)
SH
+
SH
*
*
**
SH
**
+ SH
H2S
SH
SH
(x - 1)S
Sx
H2S
SH
(x - 1)S
Sx
H2S
SH
Bnh thng, cac hin tng lu hoa c bit nh ban cht cua
cht xuc tin lu hoa, se h tr t nhiu cac phan ng a cp;
va lai s thanh lp mi loai ni lin kt phn t co th i kem
theo s mt cha no. T o, ta hiu v sao khng th nao lp
c mt tng quan tng quat nht nh gia s mt cha no
va t l lu huynh hoa hp.
Nh vy, s thanh lp ni gia cac phn t khac bit nhau, tt
nhin dn n s phat trin mt cu truc mang li cht che,
lam giam bt ti han cua chung va deo. Hu qua tng ln
phn t khi, c bit la tnh khng tan trong dung mi, deo
giam i, la c tnh cua cao su t trang thai sng chuyn sang
trang thai lu hoa.
II. SELENIUM
1. Khai quat:
- Tn thng mai: VANDEX (Cty R.T. Vanderbilt), v.v...
- Ky hiu: Se
- Phn loai: Co hai loai selenium:
a. Selenium xam: selenium o x ly ra vi acid chlorine hydride va nc, kt tinh. S dung trong tin trnh lu hoa cao su.
b. Selenium o: co c t dung dch acid selenic vi cac mui
kim loai khac (chit rut t qung Zorgite) x ly qua mt lung kh
SO2. Loai nay khng s dung cho ch bin san phm cao su.
2. Tnh cht:
Selenium di dang thoi hoc bt. S dung trong cng nghip
cao su la bt mau xam (cua thep), t trong la 4,79 - 4,81, nong
chay > 2170C, si 6850C. Khng mui nhng bui cua no kch
thch ng h hp. Khng tan trong nc va cac dung mi hu
c. Selenium kt tinh (loai mau xam va loai nguyn cht) co tnh
cht ni bt la dn in cao va t l hp thu anh sang thp.
4. Lng dung:
Lng phi hp vi cht lu hoa khac la 0,5 - 1%, i vi trong
lng cao su.
1. Khai quat:
- Tn khac: Bis (dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide; disulfure de
tetramethylthiuram; tetramethylthiuram disulfide; DTMT;
TMTD.
- Tn thng mai:
TMTD (Lin x)
FEPMAT (Tip khc)
THIURAM M (Cty E. I Du Pont de Nemours)
TUEX (Cty Naugatuck Chemical thuc United States Rubber)
CH3
N
CH3
S
S
CH3
N
CH3
2. Tnh cht:
Dang bt mn hoc mau kem nhat, gn nh trng, khng mui. Tan
trong cac dung mi hu c thng dung. Tan t trong trichloroethylene. Khng tan trong nc, xng (du hoa), acid loang va cht kim.
T trong t 1,29 (TUEX, CYURAM DS VULCACURE TMD
NOCCELER TT....) n 1,42 (SUPER ACCELERATEUR 501,
c. Trong latex (thin nhin hay tng hp): lng dung nh trn
hay cao hn, nhng tnh theo trong lng cao su kh co trong
latex.
5. C ch lu hoa:
Vao nm 1921, E.Romani kham pha ra cht lu hoa la disulfur
tetramethylthiuram, no cho phan ng lu hoa gian tip vi lu huynh.
Trc ht, gia thit mt trong bn nguyn t lu huynh cua
disulfur tetramethylthiuram co th gy ra lu hoa. Va lai
monosulfurtetramethylthiuram khng th lu hoa cao su c
khi khng cho lu huynh vao. A.D. Cummings va H.E. Simmons
ung h thuyt cua C.W.Bedford va H. Gray, cho hoat tnh cua
disulfur tetramethylthiuram la kt qua cua s thanh lp dimethyl dithiocarbamate kem. E.H.Farmer va G.Gee cho s lu hoa
cao su bng cht disulfur tetramethylthiuram la mt phan ng
cua cac gc t do tham gia tao lp ni C-C.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 323
ZnO
va
(CH3)2NCSSCN(CH3)2
S
S
H
SCN(CH3)2
S
(CH3)2NCSCN(CH3)2
S S
+ polysulfur
tetramethylthiuram
polysulfur tetrametylthiuram
+*
S
polysulfur
tetrametylthiuram
polysulfur
tetramethylthiuram
(CH3)2NCSS
S
(CH3)2NCS
disulfur
tetrametylthiuram
disulfur
tetramethylthiuram
(CH3)2NCS
S S
* tao no i ngang
S*
(CH3)2 NCSS
S
cao su
(CH3)2NCSS
(CH3)2 NCSCN(CH3) 2
CH3
CH2
**
CH
CH2
SSCN(CH32
)
S
cao su lu hoa
+ (CH3)2NCS
CH3
CH2
**
CH
S
CH2
S*
*
(CH33)22
(CH3)2 NCSCN(CH)
S S
CHNG XII
B. PHAN LOAI:
- Theo pH: baz, trung tnh, acid
- Theo tc lu hoa (1):
1. Gia tc lu hoa chm
2. Gia tc lu hoa trung bnh
3. Gia tc lu hoa nhanh
4. Gia tc lu hoa ban cc nhanh
5. Gia tc lu hoa cc nhanh
- Theo nhom hoa hoc:
1. Amine
2. Amino - alcol
1. Cng ty Rhne-Poulenc Phap t tn thng mai theo tc , con s kem theo sau tn
cang ln, tc cang nhanh.
3. Aldehyde - amine
4. Thiourea va urea
dung ph bin:
5. Guanidine
6. Thiazole va Thiazoline
7. Sulfenamide
8. Thiuram
9. Dithiocarbamate tan va khng tan trong nc
10. Xanthate
H
C
HN
NH
M: 211
+ Cao su thin nhin: 0,2 - 0,7%, khi o cht gia tc MBT (accelerator M) dung t 0,5 - 0,8%, hoc MBTS (accelerator DM) 0,5
- 1,2% (lng lu huynh t 1,5 - 3%).
+ Cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene: 0,1 - 0,7% khi o cht
gia tc MBT dung t 0,7 - 1,5%, hay MBTS t 1 - 1,5% (lu huynh
dung t 1,5 - 2,5%).
2-mercaptobenzothiazole
2-benzothiazol-tiol
M.B.T:
M = 167
II.3. Tnh cht:
Bt hay hat xp, vang nhat, v ng, mui c trng. Cac phm
thng mai hi khac bit nhau v tnh cht: co phm c ch tm
du c bit khng anh hng ti tac dung, tranh bc bui,...
Nhng phm thng mai in hnh:
ACCELERATOR M: T0nc: 1750C. Tan trong acetone, chloroform, ether, benzene va ethanol. Tan t trong et-xng. Khng tan
trong nc.
l
a. Tac dung xuc tin lu hoa nhanh cho cao su thin nhin,
cao su tng hp va latex k t nhit trn 1200C. Nhom thiazole, acid.
b. Tac dung tng hoat manh cho cht gia tc baz, nh DPG
nhom guanidine chng han, tr thanh hn hp xuc tin lu hoa
ban cc nhanh.
c. Tac dung hoa deo mm cao su thin nhin theo tin trnh
hoa hoc: xem chng Cht deo hoa cao su va cht peptit.
Trong trng hp s dung nh cht gia tc lu hoa chnh,
MBT truyn vao san phm cao su lu hoa lc nh dan (module)
thp, sc chu lao hoa cao va chu ma sat mai mon tt. o la
nguyn nhn chung dung cho ch tao hn hp cao su mt ngoai
vo xe (lp) cac loai.
l
SH
N
S8
S*
*+
+
HS*
S ++
7 8-1
+
(cao su)
*
C --S*
S
C _SH
*
C--S*
+
S
**
S
C
N
*
C-S*
+
S
**
S
C
N
2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide,
Disulfur de benzothiazyl,
Dibenzothiazyl disulfide,
2,2'-dithio-bis-benzothiazole.
M.B.T.S:
N
C
C
S
M: 332
III.3. Tnh cht:
Cao su thin nhin: 0,8 - 1,5% (lu huynh dung t 1,5 - 3,5%)
OXAF - ZETAX - BANTEX - ACCELERATEUR RAPIDE Z 200 ACCELERATEUR RAPIDE GZ VULKACIT ZM -ACCELERATOR MZ - NOCCELER MZ).
N
C
S
NH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
M: 264
IV.3. Tnh cht:
Dang bt hoc hat mau trng hi vang (mau kem). d = 1,27 1,3. T0nc > 950C. Co v ng. Tan trong cac dung mi hu c
thng dung. Khng tan trong nc. Tnh n nh thch hp
iu kin tn tr bnh thng.
V. MONOSULFUR TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM:
- Tn khac: Tetramethylthiuram monosulfur, TMTM, MTMT.
Tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide,
Bis-(dimethyl thiocarbamyl) sulfide.
V.1. Tn thng mai:
CH3
N
S
S
CH3
N
CH3
CH3
M = 208
V.3. Tnh cht:
Dang bt hoc dang hat, mau vang nhat hoc vang chanh,
d = 1,37 - 1,4. T0nc = 103 - 1050C. Khng mui, khng v. Tan trong
cac dung mi hu c thng dung: benzene, chloroform, acetone...
Khng tan trong nc va gazoline. Tan t trong ether, cn.
V.4. Tac dung:
Khac vi cht cung nhom thiuram, monosulfur tetramethylthiuram ch co tac dung gia tc lu hoa nhanh cho cao su thin
nhin va cao su tng hp nhit t 1000C n 1200C hay gia
tc lu hoa ban cc nhanh nhit 120-1500C va tac dung tng
hoat cho cac cht gia tc lu hoa khac. Loai trung tnh.
S lu hoa cao su co monosulfur thiuram oi hoi phai co lu
huynh lam cht lu hoa, nhng co th s dung lng thp hn
lng bnh thng, khi o cao su lu hoa se co tnh cht chu
nhit va chu lao ni bt.
Trong cao su thin nhin, so vi cac cht nhom dithiocarbam-
ate hay cung nhom, s dung cung lng, th TMTM co tac dung
tr hoan lu hoa ni bt. Tc la kem gy cht trn may hay t
lu hoa sm hn so vi cac cht k trn.
Trong cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene, TMTM co tac dung
nh cht gia tc lu hoa nhanh, cho san phm lc nh dan
thp, c bit hu ch cho ca cao su Nitrile.
No thch hp lu hoa cao su vi khng kh nong (gio nong),
hi nc ap lc hay nen ep.
TMTM co hiu ng i lu hoa khi s dung lng lu huynh
thp. Hiu ng nay khng con na khi s dung lng S bnh
thng, ng biu din lu hoa co nh nhon, d b lu hoa
qua mc, va thm ch b hin tng hoan nguyn, san phm lu
hoa tr nn b muc, hoc dnh.
Khi tng hoat cho cht gia tc nhom aldehyde-amine, guanidine hoc thiazole, d gy hin tng lu hoa sm trn may va
luc tn tr.
l
c. Trong latex:
Lng dung tng t, nhng tnh theo trong lng cao su kh
cha trong latex, co th s dung lng cao hn. Khi o cn bin
i thanh dang phn tan trong nc.
M = 361,4
C2H5
C2H5
S
S
Zn
C2H5
N
C2H5
b. Trng hp latex:
Dung nh cht gia tc chnh: 0,5 - 1,5%, co th c tng hoat
manh hn na vi 0,2 - 0,6% nhom thiazole (S dung t 0,5% n 2,5%).
VI.6. Cht co tac dung tng t:
+ Dimethyl dithiocarbamate kem (EPTAC I - METHAZATE METHASAN - METHYL ZIRAM - ZDMD - ZIMATE METHYL VULKACIT L - ACCELERATEUR 1605 - ACCELERATEUR
RAPIDE 4R - ACCELERATOR PZ, v.v...) tac dung gia tc hi manh
hn diethyl dithiocarbamate kem.
+ Dibutyl dithiocarbamate kem (BUTAZATE - BUTYL
ZIRAM - ZIMATE BUTYL - ACCELERATEUR RAPIDE 3RS SUPER ACCELERATEUR 400S - CYZATE B - ACCELERATOR
BZ - NOCCELER BZ, v.v...) tac dung gia tc hi manh hn diethyl dithiocarbamate kem.
+ Ethyl phenyl dithiocarbamate kem (VULKACIT P EXTRA
N - ACCELERATEUR RAPIDE 3RN - SUPER
ACCELERATEUR 1105 - ACCELERATOR PX - NOCCELER PX
- HARMAT FEDK VUCAFOR ZEP, v.v...): tac dung gia tc lu
hoa hi kem hn diethyl dithiocarbamate kem.
+ Pentamethylene dithiocarbamate kem (ZPD HENLEY
ROBAC Z.PD - SUPER ACCELERATEUR 1555, v.v...): tac dung
tng ng diethyl dithiocarbamate kem.
+ Methyl phenyl dithiocarbamate kem (ACCELERATEUR
RAPIDE R,...)
348 CAO SU THIN NHIN
CH2
CH2
N
CH2
CH2
S
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
N
H
CH2
CH2
a. Xuc tin lu hoa cao su, loai trung tnh, thuc nhom dithiocarbamate tan trong nc, co hiu qua k t nhit bnh
thng va tr nn cc nhanh nhit k t 600C. Nh vy ch
thch hp pha trn vao cac hn hp latex s dung ngay tc thi.
b. Tng hoat rt manh cho cac cht gia tc nhom thiazole va
thiuram. Phi hp vi nhom thiazole cho san phm co cht lng
tt hn. Tac dung nay co hiu qua vi lng dung cc thp.
c. Hoa deo cao su tng hp polychloroprene (neoprene):
Cht phu tr: Oxide kem cn thit s dung hiu qua tron
ven. Acid steatic khng cn thit.
l
ti hao. Khng anh hng mau sc, ch tao c san phm mau
ti, mau trng.
Cung nh moi cht dithiocabamate tan trong nc, co th
thc hin lu hoa san phm cao su mong ngm nc si co cha
cht nay. Tuy nhin khac bit vi cac cht tan trong nc khac
nh diethyl dithiocarbamate sodium, dibutyl dithiocarbamate
sodium, v.v... thch hp cho ch tao hn hp latex nhung khi s
ng c c ap dung theo li kh n thun, bi tac dung
cua penta methylene dithiocarbamate piperidine qua manh.
VII.4. Lng dung: (% i vi trong lng cao su kh)
M: 335
S
CH3
CH
S
S
Zn
CH3
O
CH
CH3
CH3
CHNG XIII
I. nh ngha:
La cht co tac dung phu tr gia tc lu hoa cao su, tng cng
hoat tnh cht gia tc hay b chnh tac dung nghch cua mt s
hoa cht khac trong cu tao hn hp cao su (bao gm latex).
III.1.1. Ch tao: Trc tip t kim loai kem hay gian tip t
qung kem hay hp kim kem.
a. Phng phap kh: Oxide hoa hi kem bc ln do nung nong
kim loai kem hay qung kem.
b. Phng phap t: Nung hydrate kt tua bng cht kim t
dung dch hoa tan kim loai kem.
1. Dang
Chnh phm
Th phm
Bt mau
Bt mau trng
trng
hi xam
0,5%
0,5%
2. m , ti a
3. Gi lai ry 200 mesh
1%
1%
4. Acid, ti a
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
99%
97%
0,1%
0,5%
0,002%
0,002%
Cao su sng + S
+ ZnO
+ S
a. o nht cua hn hp ngay sau khi pha trn va sau 2448-72 hay 144 gi yn, xac nh n nh (hoc dung n
nh k nu co).
b. o tc trm hin cua no th khuch tan trong nc (t
trong ZnO cao) bi mt s hn hp latex thng c yn t
nht la 24 gi cho tan bot va i khi tn nhiu ngay.
c. Th nghim v c tnh cua hn hp lu hoa ch tao iu
kin bnh thng anh gia nng lc tng hoat.
hai th nghim u rt quan trong v oxide kem co xu
hng lam day latex t nhiu, thay i nht va lam tnh n
CAO SU THIN NHIN 357
Zn(NH3)3OH+ + OH +
III.1.7
III.1.7. Cht co tac dung tng hoat tng t:
a. Oxide ch: (litharge, lead monoxide) PbO.
Dang bt rt nng d: 9,1 - 9,7, co mau vang hoc mau o tuy
theo tc lam ngui nhanh, chm luc ch tao, thng la phm
mau vang. Hp thu CO2 trong khng kh bin i thanh carbonate ch. Tac dung tng hoat nhanh hn ZnO, cho san phm mau
en sc ep, do co phan ng tao sulfur ch. Lu y: hin nay tuyt
i khng c s dung cho nganh cao su, bi c tnh rt nguy
him cho sc khoe.
b. Carbonate kem: (ZnCO3)
Nganh ch bin cao su ch dung loai carbonate kem kt tua, t
trong d: 4,43 - 4,45. Dang bt v nh hnh mau trng. Ngoai s
dung lam cht n tr, con c s dung nh cht tng hoat thay
th ZnO cho ch bin san phm trong (dy thun khoanh, gng
tay cao su trong, chng han).
III. 2. Magnesium oxide (MgO)
III.2.1
III.2.1. Tnh cht:
S dung cho nganh cao su la MgO loai nhe: dang bt mn v
nh hnh mau trng. d= 3,2, khng mau, khng c. Ham lng
tap cht khng qua 2,5%. Hut m rt manh, gy ong khi cng.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 359
III.2.2. Tac dung: s dung cho ch bin san phm cao su, MgO
co 3 tac dung:
1. Tng hoat lu hoa cao su, latex. Rt thch hp cho tng hoat
cac hn hp cao su ban ebonite va ebonite, giup cho lao
hoa at tt nhng lam cho sc en cua san phm mt bong va co
mau hi xanh luc. MgO rt d gy lu hoa sm, cht trn may
cho tt ca cac hn hp cao su, do o cn chnh lng dung cung
nh cach can luyn, mm deo cua hn hp hoc co hin din
cua cht tr hoan lu hoa.
2. Hut m: c bit la trng hp hn hp cao su co cht n
trang thai co m con tn tai nh: ch si, vai xay nho, cao su
tai sinh, bt t v.v... lam giam anh hng gy tr hoan lu
hoa hay tao bot kh luc lu hoa san phm.
3. Lu hoa cao su tng hp polychloroprene, nh vy MgO la
cht lu hoa cho loai cao su nay va truyn vao cac tnh cht:
a. Giam cht trn may hay trong luc tn tr.
b. Tng bn nhit va anh nng.
c. Hp thu HCl phong thch trong luc lu hoa va trong qua
trnh lao hoa. MgO co tac dung ngc lai ZnO. Do o nn dung
phi hp hiu qua tt hn.
mau trng sang. Dang thng mai: bt, hat, vay, phin, cuc. d:
0,84 - T0nc: 69,60C - T0s: 2910C (100mmHg). Tan trong ether, chloroform, benzene, CCl4, CS2, cn (t). Khng tan trong nc.
Cac phm thng mai ni va ngoai khac bit nhau v ham
lng acid oleic con tn tai trong ch tao.
III.3.4. Tac dung: Trong nganh cao su, acid stearic co 6 tac dung:
1. Tng hoat cht gia tc trc tip hoc qua s thanh lp
savon kem tan trong cao su khi phan ng vi oxide kem.
2. Hoa mm deo cao su can luyn.
3. Khuch tan cht n va hoa cht khac.
4. Giam tnh dnh cua cao su sng: trn.
5. Khang lao hoa vt ly cho cao su lu hoa.
6. Phu tr tao xp (tr ni) cho bicarbonate sodium.
- C ch tng hoat cht gia tc a cp oxide kem. Trong
trng hp latex, phai i thanh dung dch sodium stearate mi
co th hoa trn vao c. Savon nay con rt thch hp cho thoa
khun, d thao ly san phm lu hoa hoan tt hn cac loai savon
ch t du thc vt.
- Tac dung d dang khuch tan cht n la do acid stearic co
chc nng tm t cht n; va co:
I. nh ngha:
Cht tr hoan lu hoa la nhng cht (s dung lng nho) co
kha nng tr hoan s lu hoa cua cac loai cao su, lam cho phan
ng cua cht gia tc khng xay ra sm hay b chnh tac dung
nghch cua vai cht cu tao hn hp. Khng lam tng s keo dai
lu hoa, nhng giam nguy him lu hoa xay ra sm.
II. Nitrosodiphenylamine
II.1. Tn thng mai:
II.3. T
nh cht:
Tnh
Dang bt hay phin, tinh th mau nu hay vang tuy theo phm
thng mai. d: 1,24. T0nc: 63 - 670C. Tan trong benzene nong.
II.4. Tac dung:
- Acid salicylic (RETARDER W: Du Pont de Nemours, RETARDER TSA: Monsanto, v.v...): thch hp cho ch bin san
phm mau trng, mau ti. trang thai nguyn cht cn c
x ly c bit tranh kch thch nim mac mui. Con co tac dung
phu tr tao xp cho dinitrosopentamethylene tetramine, do s
phn huy thanh CO2 va phenol khi gia nhit cao.
- Acid benzoic (RETARDER BA: Monsanto - Akron Chem.
Ltd.) RETARDER (C.P. Hall Ltd.) v.v...
- Anhydridephthalic (E.S.E.N: Naugatuck - RETARDER PD:
Cyanamid - RETARDER PA; Monsanto - WILTROL P: National
Polychemicals - VULKALENT B Bayer, v.v...)
- SCURAX (Rhne Poulenc, thanh phn hoa hoc khng cng b).
- Sodium acetate.
v.v...
364 CAO SU THIN NHIN
CHNG XIV
I. Khang oxygen:
Khang lai oxide hoa cao su cac iu kin tn tr va s dung
khi khng ra nng.
Tr hoan s bin i giam mt c tnh toan khi a at tt va
hin tng chay nhao cua cao su a lu hoa.
III. Kha
zone:
Khang quang huy va o
ozone:
Khang oxide hoa hay ozone hoa cao su cac iu kin phi ra
anh nng mt tri hay ra kh tri lin tuc.
Can tr hin tng chay nhao, hoa cng hay xut hin cac
ng ran nt b mt cao su.
Phn bit cac ng ran nt xut hin:
- Hn loan: do anh nng tac dung.
- Song song vi nhau: do ozone tac dung.
- Hn loan + song song: anh nng + O3.
khang quang huy va ozone co th ap dung mt trong hai cach:
- Phong khang hoa hoc: s dung cht phong lao chuyn bit
tao ra phan ng hoa hoc.
- Phong khang vt ly: s dung cac loai sap tao ra mt lp vang
mong, c lp cao su va kh tri.
C. S PHONG KHANG PHOI HP:
Tuy theo yu cu san phm cao su ch bin ma cn thit phai co
s phong lao thch hp, thng la phi hp hiu qua at ti u.
Chng han, mt hang vo xe (lp) vn tai la san phm tiu dung
ngoai tri chu nhng iu kin c bit, hn hp cao su mt ngoai
co s phong lao ti hao nht la co y u cac yu t sau y:
II. Khang Cu va Mn
Mn:: v hiu hoa tac dung xuc tac oxide hoa
cua chung khi s dung cht n kinh t co tnh chu ma sat mai
mon cho cao su: tinh t o, set kaolin cc mn.
III. Khang quang huy va ozone theo li phong khang vt ly.
o la nguyn nhn ma trn th trng co nhiu phm thng
mai la hn hp cac cht phong lao.
D. NHNG CHAT PHONG LAO S DUNG PHO BIEN:
1. PH
ENYL-NAPHTHYLAMINE
PHE
NYL-
NH
1. Kha n g oxygen:
PBN, PAN cho ch bin mt hang chu nhit + chu cac iu kin
bt li v c tnh nh lp (vo) xe, dy couroie, phu tung cao su ky
thut cac loai may v.v...
H
N
3.4. Tac dung: Phong lao cho san phm cao su lu hoa ch
bin t cao su, latex (thin nhin, tng hp) co hiu qua:
1. Kha n g oxygen:
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
4.3
4.3.. Tnh cht:
Dang tinh th hay vay mau trng hi co mui phenol. d: 1,04.
0
5. MERCAPTOBENZIMIDAZOLE: MB
SH
N
H
H
5.3. Tnh cht: Bt mau trng hay trng hi xam, khng mui,
v ng. Ty trong d: 1,42, T0nc: 280 - 3000C va b nhit phn.
Khng tan trong nc va chloroform. Tan t trong xng va benzene. Tan kha trong cn.
5.4. Tac dung: Trong ch bin san phm tiu dung t cao su
kh hay latex, mercaptobenzimidazole co 4 tac dung:
1. Chu yu phong lao cho cao su lu hoa co hiu qua khang
oxygen c bit (antioxidant desactiveur) va khang ng (Cu).
2. Tr hoan manh cht xuc tin lu hoa cc nhanh nhom
dithiocarbamate.
3. Xuc tin lu hoa cao su tng hp polychloroprene.
4. Nhit ng c latex 80 - 1700C, nht la latex n nh
hoa vi NH3.
- Khac vi a s cht phong lao khang oxygen khac co nng lc tr
hoan s hp thu oxygen cua cao su lu hoa, MB co nng lc ky diu la
tai lp cac cu ni gia cac phn t cao su b t trong vong lao hoa.
o la nguyn nhn thng dung phi hp vi cac cht phong lao khac
hiu qua at ti a, nht la s khang nhit va khang Cu, Mn.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 375
C
OH
H
N
C
OH
C
S
Ni
N(C4H9)2
7.4. Tac dung: Trong ch bin san phm tiu dung co tac dung:
1. Khang quang huy ozone phong s nt ran iu kin tnh
hay ng cho cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene phi ra anh
nng mt tri. Khng co hiu qua khang oxygen. Giup nng cao
chu thi tit rt tt.
2. Tr hoan s hoa nu cho cao su tng hp chloroprene khi
phi ra anh nng.
3. Gia tc lu hoa cc nhanh cho cao su thin nhin. Tuy
nhin, do no lam suy yu tnh chu lao hoa cua san phm nn
him khi dung vi tac dung nay.
Trong s phong khang quang huy, cac cht khang oxygen ph
bin PBN lai gia tc tin trnh h hong san phm khi phi ra
nng, k ca co dung cht lu hoa nhom polysulfur thiuram.
Trong khi o dibutyl dithiocarbamate Ni co hoat tnh khang
CAO SU THIN NHIN 379
0,1 - 0,25%
0,1 - 0,5%
0,5 - 1%
8.1. Tnh cht: Dang khi, phin, tinh th trng trong. d: 0,85
- 0,91. T0nc: 45 - 620C. Si trn 3000C. Cu tao chu yu la hydro
carbon no chui thng. Khng tan trong nc. Tan trong ether va
cn nong, chloroform, tinh du thng, carbon disulfide. Acid va
baz khng n mon. S dung cn tan nghin hay got mong.
8.2. Tac dung: Trong ch bin san phm cao su lu hoa, sap
paraffin co hai tac dung chnh:
1. Hoa deo yu cho cao su (thin nhin, tng hp) hn luyn
giup cho hn hp cao su tranh dnh truc may nhi, may can, vis
may un ep.
380 CAO SU THIN NHIN
CHNG XV
I.1. Ch tao:
- HMF-1 hay FEF: High Modulus Furnace hay Fast Extrusion Furnace
- HMF-2 hay HMF thng: High Modulus Furnace
- SRF hay GPF: Semi Reinforcing Furnace - General Purpose Furnace
- CF : Conductive Furnace
- FT : Fine Thermic
- MT : Medium Thermic
I.3. Tnh cht: Tt ca cac loai dang bt hay hat xp, mau en
ng
B mt
knh
ring
trung
(m2/g)
pH
bnh cua
Lng
in
du
tr
en
hut
(kg/100
sut
cht
kg)
(/cm)
xuc
mi phn
tin
t (m)
(%)
Mang
5-30
CC
17-24
HPC
23-26
3,7-5,6
140-280
108
5-50
80-100
72-80
15-20
40-50
MPC
25-28
90-115
75-89
EPC
27-30
105-140
83-108 120-180
Lo
25-80
HAF
26-30
90-100
VFF
25-35
80
72
CF
50
75-80
70-80
1-3
FF
30-40
65-95
67-78
1-3
HMF
45-50
30-50
60
FEF
55-60
40-60
60-65
HEF
55-60
35
60
SRF
75-80
25-35
60
1-3
8,5-10
100-110
110-120
15-35
90-1050
5-10
75-80
105-1160
6,3-9
15-25
8-20
68-900
60
60
900-1300
2-3
hut du o c
tng lng MBT, khi dung khoi nhom mang n t l cao hoc
giam lng MBT khi dung khoi nhom lo.
- c tnh tng cng lc cho hn hp cao su lu hoa, th hin
tng loai nh sau:
Khoi carbon CC: Co hiu qua tng dn in ln ti a,
chu lc xe rach, va chu ma sat mai mon tt. Do o thch hp
cho ch bin san phm dn in tt, khuch tan tnh in sinh ra
trong luc s dung: dy couroie (dy trn), tham cao su nong v.v...
l
Khoi SRF: Loai nay s dung rng rai, ng dung cho moi san
phm mau en. Co 3 im ni bt nht ngoai c tnh ban tng
cng lc:
l
1. T trong thp.
2. Cai thin chu du cho san phm lu hoa khi tng lng n.
3. Cho an hi (tng) cao cac hn hp cha no.
Thch hp cho san phm ng dn xng bng cao su chloroprene, hng vo xe cao su butadiene-styrene, m chng chn
ng cao su thin nhin, giy dep, vo boc dy in, rut xe,
v.v....(khoi Lamblack (LB) tng t)
Khoi FT: Cho lc nh dan thp, an hi ln va lc xe
rach cao. Thch hp cho ng dung ch bin rut xe, cac san phm
uc.
l
2. Kim tra mau sc hay ham lng cht co anh hng mau
sc san phm lu hoa khng phai mau en nh: Fe, Cd, Pb, v.v...
Trn thc t co th ap dung lu hoa hn hp (mu nho) co cha
san phm t so sanh vi mu hn hp chun. Phm tinh t o
thch hp ch bin san phm mau en hay mau o hoc giam
c lng phm mau o.
Phm bt kaolin thch hp cho ch bin san phm mau trng,
mau ti khi ham lng tap cht hoa en rt thp hay a qua x
ly ty trng.
vi - Bt phn.
III.2. Thanh phn hoa hoc: Chu yu la calcium carbonate, co
tap cht silica, calcium sulfate, oxide st, t set, calcium hydroxide, manganese hydroxide, v.v...
III.3. Tnh cht: Bt mau trng. d: 2,7. nguyn cht 90 -
99,5% CaCO3 tuy theo phm thng mai. Kch thc phn t
thay i t 0,02 - 3m.
III.4. Ch tao va phn loai:
trnh hn luyn vi dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerine triethanolamine hay acid benzoic, bi co s ha thp nht
va phat nhit cua hn hp.
SiO2 c bit thch hp cho ch bin san phm cao su (t cao
su kh n latex) trong sut co n, tt hn magnesium carbonate. Khi o tranh dung acid stearic, bao gm dung cht phn tan
hoa chuyn bit nh glycol, glycerine hay amine: ng truyn
mau, gng tay giai phu (y t) v.v...
Ngoai ra SiO2 c bit con thch hp cho ch bin dy couroie
mau ti, phu tung may san xut thc phm, vo boc dy in,
ng hut, hng trng vo xe v.v...
IV.3. Calcium silicate: CaSiO3
V. Mc cht (lignine)
V.1. Ngun mc cht:
Tng cng lc cho san phm cao su thin nhin, tng hp,
ch bin t cao su kh hay latex. Cho cai thin lc keo t va xe
rach tng t calcium carbonate cc mn va tng cng lc nh
dan va giam chu ma sat mai mon.
cao su thin nhin, khi lng n mc cht cang cao, th lc
keo t giam dn va ngc lai i vi lc xe rach.
san phm co moi tnh cht hoan hao, nht la cai thin lc
nh dan va chu ma sat nn dung phi hp vi khoi carbon
en hay cht tng cng lc khac. Cn lu y, mc cht cho kt
qua tng cng lc cao su lu hoa tt khi no phn tan tt trong
cao su, nht la dang hn hp chu san xut t latex, tng t
hn hp chu tinh t hay khoi carbon en.
Trong hn hp cao su hay latex, cn thay i lng cht tng
hoat hay cht gia tc trong trng hp gy tr hoan lu hoa.
Do mau nu cua cht n nay, ta khng th dung trong ch
tao san phm mau trng, mau rt ti. Nhng do t trong thp,
nn no thch hp cho ch bin san phm nhe, mau en hay mau
nhat, san phm nh hnh qua phng phap nhung t latex.
phm trong san xut, san phm h hong khi tiu dung, nhng
cha lao hoa chay nhao. Tng quat, cho vao may can nghin 2
truc nm ngang co ng soi b mt truc, co ri nc, cao su
lu hoa se b nghin nat. Cac phn t to gi lai ry c a
tr lai vao may nghin nay.
VI.2. Tnh cht va phn loai s dung:
Gm co 2 loai chnh:
Loai nu: Ch tao qua phan ng nhit gia lu huynh va du
beo; oxide hoa c; co sc nu, th nhao, dnh n th kh (tuy
theo t l lu huynh, nhit va thi gian gia nhit).
Loai trng: Ch tao qua phan ng ngui gia chloride lu
huynh va du beo, co trng tuy theo loai du, th c cng.
Sau mt thi gian, no tr nn mm va nhao dnh.
CHNG XVI
I. C ch hoa deo:
Ta bit cao su cu tao bi nhng chui phn t ri loan dai;
di tac dung keo dan, chung cng thanh mt dang th trt t.
Nhng chui nay c ni vi nhau bi nhng lc t nhin khac
nhau va do anh hng nhit chung se t ni long ra. Khi mt
cht hoa deo cao su tip xuc vi mt h thng nh th, no xen
vao gia nhng chui cao su va lam tach nhng chui ra va
lam giam lc hut gia cac phn t.
Tng quat, ngi ta phn bit hai loai cht hoa deo: loai dung
mi cao su va loai khng phai la dung mi. Nhom dung mi
tng hp vi cao su moi ty l va ngi ta tha nhn nhng
cht hoa deo thuc loai nay khng ch lam giam lc hut gia
phn t cua cac chui, ma con cho nhng nhom c bit polymer, cung nh lp ra nhng lc hut mi khng ch gia polymer
vi polymer ma con gia polymer vi cht hoa deo cao su.
Nhom phi dung mi co chc nng pha loang va tac dung cua
no thun tuy la c hoc. No lam tng n thun khoang cach gia
cac chui.
II. Chc nng cua cht hoa deo trong cao su:
Cht hoa deo co chc nng ln trong cao su giup ch bin va
gia cng hn hp cao su c d dang, lam bin i vai c ly tnh
cua cao su lu hoa.
Vai cht cai thin c qua trnh ep un, can lam tng hay
lam mt tnh dnh nh keo; vai cht lam cho hn hp cao su
trang thai sng hoa deo nhng lai lam cho cao su lu hoa cng;
vai cht lai lam bin i cac c ly tnh khi san phm a hoan tt.
II.1. Tac dung vao cao su sng:
Mt trong cac cng dung chnh cua cht hoa deo cao su la d
dang cho x ly ban u cac loai cao su. Vic x ly ban u cao su
cang d dang bao nhiu, cht hoa deo cang phai tan vao cao su
by nhiu.
V x ly ban u, vai cht hoa deo giup cho ta nhi trn c
cht n vao vi ty l cao va giup cht n phn tan tt trong cao
su; d dang nh hnh v sau (tng tc can va ep un); giup
thc hin nhi trn cac cht phu gia va cht n nhit
khng cao lm, giup cho hn hp cao su tranh hin tng "chn
sm" hay cht trn may.
V phng din kinh t, cac cht hoa deo lam giam bt thao
tac c hoc cn thit cho s hoa deo cao su; giup giam c cng
sut tiu thu va i khi giup ta giam c thi gian ch tao hn
hp.
Vai cht hoa deo nh vai loai nha hay hc n lam cho hn
hp cao su tng tnh dnh nh keo co ch cho vic ch tao vt
dung (bi th mt s nha ch bin cao su tai nc ta thng goi
hn hp cao su la keo v chung co tnh dnh t hoc nhiu).
Co cht hoa deo lam giam tnh dai cua cao su, hoc lam cho
nhng hn hp dai hn.
Trong vai trng hp, chung tac dung nh cht khuch tan
(agent dispersant) khi chung co chc nng dnh, tm ngm cht
CAO SU THIN NHIN 405
Trong mi nhom (tr nhom cht tng hp) ta chia cht hoa
deo theo chc nng chu yu cua chung trong cao su nh sau:
a. Cht du: Cht hoa deo co cng dung tng quat d dang
lam deo mm va ha thp nht cua cao su.
b. Cht trn: Co cng dung gii han, trt d dang trong qua
trnh can va ep un. Nhng cht nay t tng hp vi cao su, t
hoc khng co tnh dnh nh keo.
c. Cht dnh va nha: Tng tnh dnh nh keo hn hp sng.
Chung tm t cht n va do o cai thin c tnh nng c ly
cua cao su lu hoa. Trong nhng cht nay co nhng cht co chc
nng la cht pha loang. Nhng cht loai nay tng quat c chu y
ti tnh cai thin v sc chu un cong va sc chu nhit.
d. Hc n th va nha rai ng: Nhng cht hc n u la
nhng cht pha loang re tin, chung giup cho hn hp cao su
chay d dang trong khun (chay chui vao nhng ke hoa cua
khun, tc la san phm cao su lu hoa se co mt hoa y n,
khng b theo) va cho vao hn hp sng mt t tnh dnh nh keo.
Cac nha rai ng (bitume) va Mineral Rubber c xem la
cht pha loang rt tt v chung t lam bin i cac c ly tnh cua
cao su lu hoa, ca n khi ta dung liu lng cao.
Sau y la mt s cht hoa deo in hnh:
III. 1. CHT HOA DEO CO NGUN GC NG VT VA THC VT
III.1.1. Du:
Cac loai du thc vt va ng vt co nht thp u co tac
dung tt trong hoa deo cao su. Chu yu chung c dung cho x
ly ban u va trn cac cht n vao hn hp. Chung khng co tac
dung nao cho x ly ban u s lu hoa, nhng cac tnh nng c ly
cua cao su lu hoa noi chung u b ha thp khi ta dung du loai
nay. Anh hng nay c bit ni bt trong trng hp cua cao su
tng hp butadiene-styrene.
Co th noi du ng vt va du thc vt thng c s dung
trong nhng hn hp cn ban la cao su thin nhin hay cao su
tng hp butadiene-styrene (trong cac loai cao su khac th t
hoc khng dung ti).
Cht hoa deo cao su la du co ngun gc thc vt nh: du
tht nt, du lanh (lin), du da, v.v... V du co ngun gc ng
vt ta co th k ti du ca ng.
Cn noi thm, ta co th dung du thc vt lam cht hoa deo
cao su trong trng hp ch tao vt dung cao su xp co dung cht
tao xp la sodium bicarbonate (xem chng Cht tao xp) v
chung con co tac dung tng tr cho cht tao xp.
a. Du tht nt: La loai du ban long c chit sut t nhn
ht cy tht nt bng cach ep va un si vi nc. Co cu tao chu
yu la acid palmitic, oleic va linoleic va mt t acid stearic. T
trong t 0,88 n 0,94.
b. Du lin (lanh): La du c trch ly t hat lanh bng cach
ep nong. o la cht long co cu tao chu yu la acid linoleic, linolenic, isolinoleic va oleic vi cac t l thay i. cac nc khac,
du lin c dung chu yu trong nhng hn hp ebonite re tin.
nc ta, du nay hu nh khng dung n v o la loai du
nhp.
c. Du da: La loai du c trch ly t phn cm trng cua
trai da gia, kh.
d. Du ht cao su: Cn c nghin cu anh hng tac dung
cua loai du nay trong cao su ky hn na.
408 CAO SU THIN NHIN
III
.1.2.6. Mui acid beo :
III.1.2.6.
Trong cao su, mui cua acid beo co chc nng cung tng t
nh cac acid beo.
Mui acid beo trong vai trng hp ngi ta chung dung
thay th acid beo va oxide kem trong chc nng tng tr lu hoa.
Nhng cht thng dung hn ca la:
- Cac stearate kem, nhm, ch va calcium.
- Laurate kem.
Nhng cht nu trn hu nh ch c dung trong cac hn
hp cn ban la cao su thin nhin, va cac mui acid beo nay noi
chung la hoa cng cao su lu hoa. Cac stearate kem hay nhm
i khi cung c dung cho cao su butyl d dang x ly ban
u va lam giam tnh dai va tnh keo dnh.
co khai nim v phn tan cua cac mui acid beo trong
cao su, ngi ta a th nghim va a ra bang so sanh cac tnh
cht cua cao su lu hoa at c gia acid stearic va cac mui
acid beo dung lam cht hoa deo trong cung mt hn hp cn ban
la cao su thin nhin (cao su t xng khoi) c n 80% khoi
mang MPC. (xem bang 1 trang 453)
III
III..1.2.7. Ester acid beo:
COOH
CH3
H3C
CH
CH3
COOH
H3C
COOH
_H
CH3
H3C
CH
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH
CH3
Trong cao su, cac loai du nha thng co cung chc nng nh
collophane (tc la hoa deo va tnh dnh cho cao su), nhng chung
truyn vao hn hp cao su cac tnh cht kem hn collophane.
c bit ngi ta thng dung cac loai du nay lam thanh
cac dung dch cn ban la cao su thin nhin, cao su tng hp
butadiene-styrene hay neoprene, trong o chung se truyn vao
tnh keo dnh rt tt.
III.
1.4. Hc n g thng: Goudron de pin; pine tar
III.1.4.
Hc n c chit xut t cy cht, ma nhng phn giau nht
c tuyn chon va nap lin tuc vao mt lo t thanh than, nm
doc co mt lung kh xuyn qua, tranh hin tng qua nhit
cuc b va hu qua lam hc n b nt ran. Nh vy mt trong
nhng phn nay phai qua nhng ln gan long lin tuc, muc ch
tach hc n thanh nhiu phn, tip o phai qua cng oan x ly
cui cung la tinh luyn, kh acid va kh nc.
- Ly tnh:
La cht th ban c, mau en, mui hc n c trng, ty trong
d = 1,08. Thanh phn nha thng co th trn 23%. Khng tan
trong nc, d tan trong ru va ether.
Trong nhom nay khng co cht hoa deo co tac dung lam trn.
Ta cp ti mt s cht:
- Cht du, in hnh la du anthracene.
- Cht nha, in hnh la cac loai nha p-coumarone indene.
- Hc n va du hc.
III.2.1. Du anthracene:
Du nay ta ch cp tn vi muc ch bit ch vic s
dung chung lam cht hoa deo cao su a c bo hn v ban cht
cua chung co tnh gy phn huy.
o la phn hc n cua than a chng ct phn oan t 2800C n
4000C: cht long lnh, mau vang hi xanh luc, hoa nu ngoai tri.
- Tnh cht:
Cac cht nha nay co cu tao cua mt hn hp coumarone
(C8H6O), indene va cac loai nha khac a phn hoa.
Mau sc cua chung thay i t mau vang nhat n mau nu
sm tuy theo tinh luyn cua chung. Phn t khi nm gia
600 va 1000 va c cua chung thay i t trang thai st nh
mt n trang thai cng va gion. Chung bn nhit cho n 2500C
va bt u nong chay vao khoang 3000C. Khi cho chung nong
chay, ta se thu c cac cht rt long va sau khi hoa tan trong
cac dung mi thch hp, cac dung dch se co nht thp.
Trn thc t, cac cht nha nay trung tnh va khng th savon
hoa c, do o chung chu c cac acid, baz, nc va nhit
nong. Co tnh khng dn in cao va h s tn hao th rt nho. T
trong t 1,03 n 1,16. Tan c trong nhiu dung mi hu c va
khng tan trong ru.
- Nhng phm trung gian (khng mm, khng cng qua) giup
d x ly ban u va cho ra cao su lu hoa mm deo.
Vai phm a phn hoa (nh NEVILLE RESINS) gop phn vao
tng cng lc cao su ma khng lam giam nht mt cach ang
k; chung thng lam bin i cng lc cua cao su, bi tnh d
dang phn tan cng oan can luyn. Cao su lu hoa th cng
hn va module th cao hn.
Tt ca cac cht nha nay co khuyt im la anh hng n
gion cac nhit thp cung nh sc chu anh nng kem.
uc m cua nha coumarone indene giup ta tin liu c
phn tan cua no trong hn hp cao su: mt dung dch nha
trong du se b hoa m uc khi lam ngui. Trong cac hn hp cn
ban la cao su thin nhin, th cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene
hay cao su Nitrile co m cang cao, se cho tac dung hoa deo cao
su cang t ni bt; cac hn hp cang cng, module cang cao, th
sc chu keo dan va dan dai cang thp. Chnh cac nha hoa
tan co m thp mi co tac dung lam mm hn hp cao su ni
bt hn. Trn 1000C, nha se tr nn kho phn tan.
Nha coumarone indene c cho trc tip vao cao su khi hn
hp c ch tao qua may nhi 2 truc, no se giup cho cng vic
hoa deo c d dang va rut ngn qui trnh ch tao hn hp. Nu
ch tao hn hp (nhi trn cao su vi cac cht phu gia, cht n)
c thc hin may nhi ni (nh may Banbury) th cn cho
nha mm deo se phn tan c d dang di 600C, trong luc
nhng phm cng hn th cn phai nhi nong trn 650C.
Tng quat, nha coumarone indene co tac dung lam chm s
lu hoa trong cao su thin nhin va cac cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene, do o khi dung cht hoa deo nay ta cn chnh (tng
liu) cht xuc tin lu hoa. Tac dung lam chm lu hoa nay gop
phn vao vic tranh cho cac hn hp khng phai trai qua x ly
ban u hay c tn tr khng b chn (lu hoa) sm (con goi
la cht) mc du ta co tng t l cht lu hoa ln.
418 CAO SU THIN NHIN
NHA
HC N
G
CO
AX
BHF
HBF
THNG
CHT
(Long
(chay
(nong
(collophane) THNG
HOA
st)
650C)
chay
(pine tar)
1250C)
DEO
- deo
Williams,
4,16
3,52
3,65
3,63
3,44
3,85
8 min
11 min
11 min
11 min
15 min
11 min
232
252
252
280
255
243
192
98
116
132
106
98
43,5
53,5
48
60
54
48
- Lu hoa
tt nht...
- bn keo
t (kg/cm2)
- Module
300% (kg/cm2)
- bn xe
rach (kg/cm2)
III.3.1. Du:
Tt ca cac dn xut du mo u c dung nh cht hoa deo trong
cao su, o la nhng loai du c san xut co mc tiu thu ln.
Trn th trng co rt nhiu loai va ta co th phn theo cu
tao cua chung thanh 4 loai sau:
a.- Cac cht du co cu truc paraffinic.
b.- Cac cht du co cu truc naphthenic.
c.- Cac cht du phng hng chim u th.
d.- Cac cht du co cu truc phng hng.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 421
0 - 50%
T l C naphthenic
20 - 45%
T l C paraffinic
20 - 75%
o la nhng cht hoa deo co cng dung tng quat. Tac dung
hoa deo cua chung la nh vao s hin din cua nhn vong va
chung trn vao cao su khng kho khn.
Tt ca nhng cht co cu truc vong u la nhng cht anh
hng n hn hp cao su cac c tnh tt hn ht. Sc chu oxide hoa tt, bn nhit nm khoang gia bn nhit cua du
paraffinic va du phng hng. S phat nhit, sc chu chem
bat (nh trng hp vo xe) va ma sat noi chung u rt tt.
Nhng phm co nht thp u co bay hi tng i cao.
Chnh nhng du co nht cao hn c dung ch tao vai
loai cao su butadiene-styrene giau du.
Cng dung cua du naphthenic c bit c phat trin cho
cao su tng hp. Chung la nhng cht hoa deo tt cua neoprene:
Neoprene cang hut ly du bao nhiu, im naphthenic cang ni
bt va im aniline cang thp by nhiu nh bang kt qua th
nghim sau y: (vi neoprene co nht cao, ngi ta chung
dung loai du phng hng hn).
- Tn thng mai du loai naphthenic.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 423
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
50
Vu ng co ta c du ng
deo hoa cao
Vu ng gia
40
50
30
40
20
30
Vu ng co ta c du ng
deo hoa thap
10
8
7
6
5
4
32
2
0
i
omANILIN
ANILINE(o(C)
C)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
im naphthenic cua du
trong vic phi hp vi cac cht phong lao co tac dung chng
ozone, chng anh nng cho cao su lu hoa, xem chng Cht
phong lao.
III
.3.2.1. Petrolatum: (Petroleum)
III.3.2.1.
III.3.3. Nha:
Tng quat, o la nhng san phm t s a phn hoa n phn
t (monomer) co ngun gc t du mo, ban cht la cu truc
phng hng c bao hoa nhiu hoc t.
Dung vi ham lng thp, chung t lam bin i cac tnh cht
cua cao su lu hoa. Trong khi o, chung lai cai thin c bn
xe rach, thm nc, chu acid va baz cung nh lao hoa.
Cac tnh cht ma chung anh hng n cao su so vi nhng
cht hoa deo khac, ta co th xem bang so sanh.
Dung lng cao va c bit la trong cao su thin nhin, chung
lam tng c keo dan, un cong va xe rach.
Trong cac hn hp ebonite, chung d dang ep un va gop phn
hoan tt san phm mt hnh dang ep.
Vai tn thng mai cua bitume:
BITUME D-3 ERGUM (Cng ty Bitumes Speciaux);
HARD ASPHALT (Standard Franaise des Petroles);
BITUME 135/10 (Cng ty Shell);
SOFTENER 20 (Cty Witco Chem.);
MINERAL RUBBER, HARD HYDROCARBON (Witco
Chem.): bitume oxide hoa; v.v...
III.4. CHT HOA DEO TNG HP
phan ng cua 2 cht hu c. Ru c dung nhiu nht la butanol, hexanol, octanol, capranol (ru caprylic), glycol (ru
glycolic). Cac acid c dung thng la acid phthalic, phosphoric, sebacic, adipic, ricinoleic va azelaic. Qua nhng qua trnh
phan ng cua nhng cht nay, ta se thu c cac ester khac nhau
co mt tm quan trong nhiu hoc t cho cng nghip cao su.
Cac cht hoa deo ester c ap dung chu yu vao cao su Nitrile va neoprene. Chc nng chu yu cua chung la gop phn vao
cai thin cho cac loai cao su co tnh cht tt. Tng quat, ngi ta
ch dung cac cht hoa deo nay khi vn dung cac cht hoa deo
khac khng giai quyt c, v gia thanh cua chung kha cao.
Co mt s li ch v tnh tng hp, tnh n nh va tnh chu
nhit thp cua chung (x lanh).
1.
1.- Nh vao tnh tng hp, nht la vi cao su Nitrile hay neoprene, chung khng b di chuyn ra ngoai san phm (hin tng
di chuyn).
2.
2.- Do phn t khi cao, trn 300, chung khng b kh (khng
bay hi) cng oan u, vao luc s dung vt dung hoan tt.
y la tnh n nh cua mt cht hoa deo va tnh nay cang tt
hn bao nhiu th phn t khi cang cao by nhiu. Nhng cht
hoa deo biu hin c tnh qua sc chu nhit tt khi phn t
khi at ti vao khoang 400. Nhng cht hoa deo lam tng
chu dung mi tt khi phn t khi at ti 2.000 hay hn na.
Th du nh sebacate butyl la acid sebacic c ester hoa bng
butanol co phn t khi la 314, o la mt cht hoa deo cao su
thng dung cac nhit thp. Khi thay th butanol bng mt
ru co phn t khi cao hn nh octanol, ta thu c sebacate
octyl co phn t khi la 426, th hin c tnh qua bn nhit.
Nu thay th octanol (ru octylic) bng glycol, san phm a
phn hoa se co chu du tt.
3.
3.- Nhng cht hoa deo nay giup hn hp cao su tng un
cong rt cao nhit thp. Ngc lai vi iu ma ta co th ngh
434 CAO SU THIN NHIN
Phosphate
l
Cht hoa deo ester nay cho kt qua ging nh adipate dioctyl,
nhng no kh hn (bay hi hn).
Tn thng mai cua cht hoa deo nay:
PLASTOLEIN 9050 DH-2 (Emery Industries);...
l
Trong cac cht hoa deo nay, th dn xut ethyl hexyl va isooctyl la c chung dung nht. kh (bay hi) cua chung th
thp hn kh cua adipate dioctyl.
Vai tn thng mai cua cht hoa deo nay:
PLASTOLEIN 9058 DO-2 (Emery Industries): dn xut ethyl
hexyl hay di (2-ethyl hexyl) azelate;
PLASTOLEIN 9057 D 102 (Emery Industries): azelate isooctyl;
CABFLEX D-102G (L. Cabot): azelate isooctyl;
MORFLEX 410 (Chas. Pfizer): azelate di-(ethyl hexyl);
Phosphate:
Cht hoa deo nay ch dung cho cac loai cao su kh tng hp
ma c bit la cao su Nitrile, no tng cng cho hn hp lu hoa
un (cong) deo cac nhit thp ( lanh) ngoai ra con tng
cng cho hn hp sng keo dnh rt tt. Nhng tnh v ky
la (kho chay) cua no th hi kem hn phosphate tricresyl.
Cht hoa deo ester nay thng c bit qua tn thng mai:
KP-140 (Food Machinery and Chem., Ohio Apex);
440 CAO SU THIN NHIN
REOMOL BJ (Geigy);...
l
Ricinoleate:
Cac cht hoa deo ester nay ang k la ricinoleate methyl, ricinoleate methyl acetyl, ricinoleate butyl acetyl va ricinoleate
glyceryl triacetyl.
Cac cht hoa deo nay u tng hp vi cac loai cao su tng
hp, chung tng cng un deo lanh cao hn phthalate
dibutyl. Chung lam cho cac hn hp cao su trn (tac dung trn
hoa), d dang nhi trn cac cht n cung nh gia cng v sau.
Tng quat o la nhng cht long nh du, co t trong d = 0,9 - 1.
Tn thng mai cua cac ester nay c bit qua tn:
FLEXRICIN P-1 (Baker Castor Oil): ricinoleate methyl, dang
long nh du trong, mau rm nhat co mui du rt yu, d = 0,92 0,94, si 2250C ap sut 15 mmHg, nht 1,5 cp 400C va 2,7 cp
1000C; ch s acid la 4, ch s iod la 83 va ch s savon hoa la 179.
FLEXRICIN P-4 (Baker Castor Oil): ricinoleate methyl
acetyl, cht long trong, mui du rt yu, d = 0,94, ng c di
300C m, ch s acid t 1-6, ch s iod la 73 va ch s savon hoa la
290.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 441
Oleate:
Trong cac cht hoa deo ester nay, oleate butyl la quan trong
nht, k o la cac oleate diethylene glycol, oleate methoxyethyl
va oleate phenoxy ethyl, ma chc nng th ging nh chc nng
cua cac stearate.
Ester kha c :
l
Methylene-bis-thioglycolate butyl:
Trong cao su Nitrile, cht hoa deo nay tng cng cac tnh
442 CAO SU THIN NHIN
cht chu lanh cao hn cac cht adipate. Cht hoa deo nay c
bit qua tn thng mai sau:
PLASTICIZER SC (Harwick Standard Chem.);
BISOFLEX 102 (British Ind. Solvents);
TG-8 (Rubber, My);...
Sau cung ether dibutoxyethoxyformal c bit di tn
PLASTIFIANT TP-90B (Thiokol).
c. Cht hoa deo kho chay:
Cac cht hoa deo tng cng cho cao su lu hoa tnh kho chay
(ignifugeant), o la cac ester cua acid phosphoric, tc la phosphate:
Phosphate tricresyl: cht hoa deo giup cho cao su kho chay,
no cung c dung nh la cht hoa deo co cng dung tng quat.
l
La cht hoa deo ch tng hp vi cao su Nitrile va cao su butadiene-styrene, th hin c tnh qua tnh bn nhit u vit cua no
(n khoang 4000C). No tng cng hn hp cao su cac tnh cht
ging nh phosphate tricresyl, nhng chu lanh tt hn.
Cht hoa deo ester nay thng c goi theo tn hoa hoc cua no.
Tom tt:
V chu lanh, bang kt qua th nghim sau y giup ta so
sanh cac cht hoa deo cai thin c chu lanh (nhit thp)
CAO SU THIN NHIN 443
gay cua
hn hp
- Thin nhin
-52,50C
(t xng khoi)
-550C
-550C
-460C
standard...(GR-S
-460C
Stand.)
-550C
-560C
- Dutrex --------------------- 5%
-440C
- GR-S lanh
-550C
(Krylene)
-560C
-200C
-200C
-200C
-200C
-350C
-350C
-380C
-440C
-410C
-390C
-400C
- Hycar OR 15 EP
- Neoprene GN
- Butyl 301
b. Copolymer butadiene-acrylonitrile:
in hnh la HYCAR 1012X41 (B.F Goodrich Chem.) la mt
copolymer co a phn hoa nho, ch dung cho cac hn hp cn
ban la cao su Nitrile; trong o, no cai thin c trong x ly ban
u, d dang trong cng oan can luyn va ep un. Trn 500C,
cac hn hp sng co cht hoa deo nay se co tnh keo dnh u vit
co gia tr quy bau cho quy trnh ch bin san phm.
o la nhng cht dang long mau vang nhat ma nht tng theo
chlorine hoa, hoc dang c khi chlorine hoa at ti 70%.
Cac paraffin chloride u tr i vi hoa cht. nhit
thng, chung bn, nhng trn 1350C chung phong thch acid
chlorine hydride; nh vy ta cn thm cht n nh khi dung
chung. Chung cung tng cng cho cao su lu hoa tnh kho chay
bi v khi b t chay, nhit tng cao, chung se phong thch
gc Cl* dp tt ngon la; noi chung tnh kho chay tng theo ham
lng chlorine.
Ngi ta dung cac cht nay chu yu la cho cao su Nitrile, butadiene-styrene va neoprene do tnh kho chay cua chung anh
hng. Ngoai ra chung con giup d dang gia cng ban u cac
hn hp cao su noi trn.
Nhng cht hoa deo nay c bit qua tn thng mai nh:
CERECLOR (I.C.I);
CHLOROWAX (Cty Diamond) s 40, 50, 70 ch nh ham
lng chlorine;
CP (Hooker Electro Chem.)...
III
III.4.3.3.
.4.3.3. Cac dn xut chlorine khac:
Bang 1: So sanh cac c tnh cua nhiu loai cht hoa deo tng
cng cho hn hp cn ban la cao su thin nhin c n vi
80% khoi MPC.
Bang 2: So sanh cac c tnh cua nhiu loai cht hoa deo tng
cng cho hn hp cn ban la cao su butadiene-styrene c n
vi 80% khoi MPC.
Ghi chu:
- ng biu din lin tuc la hn hp co cht pepti; ng
gian oan la hn hp khng co cht pepti.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 455
- Hnh (B) cho thy in nng tiu thu khac bit cua hai hn
hp cung at mt deo mooney la 50.
(Ghi chu: - Tr s deo mooney cang thp th hn hp cao su
cang deo mm).
100
o de o Mooney
o de o Mooney
100
50
50
20
10
20
15
Thi gian pepti-ho a (A)
50
100
150
ie n nang (B)
sau khi cho cao su vao ri mi cho pepti vao; nu la may nhi 2
truc (may h truc), ta i cao su b can nghin cun quanh truc
ri mi cho pepti vao.
Nhng cht phu gia khac (ch tao hn hp) ch c cho vao
khi tin trnh hoa deo cao su a hoan tt, v noi chung chung
lam chm hoc can tr tac dung cua cht pepti; v phng din
nay lu huynh la cht c bit co hiu qua va chnh no giup ta
chnh hoa deo nh y mun (lu huynh can tr tac dung).
Lng dung cht pepti lun lun thp. Trong cao su thin
nhin, lng dung t 0,05% n 0,1% la u co tac dung. Trong
cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene th oi hoi lng dung cao
hn gp 1,5 ln n 2 ln.
Nhit hoa deo cao su tuy thuc vao ban cht cua cht pepti
va cua cao su. Trong cao su butadiene-styrene, mt nhit qua
cao se co khuynh hng lam cng hn hp nu ham lng cua
oxygen khng y u.
- Tn thng mai:
RPA N02 (E.I.Du Pont de Nemours va Cty) gm 33,33%
naphthalenthiol va 66,67% sap tr.
CAO SU THIN NHIN 457
VULCAMEL TBN (I.C.I): gm 33% naphthalenthiol ( - naphthyl mercaptan) va 67% sap tr;
- Cng thc:
SH
- Ly tnh:
Dang phin mau Creme nhat co mui c bit, ty trong d = 0,92.
Cn tn tr trong thung cha kn va nhit thp. (RPA
N0 2) CHT C.
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa c dung cho cao su thin nhin va cao su
butadiene-styrene. Co tac dung tng tr lu hoa nhe cac hn hp
gia tc lu hoa vi cht nhom thiazole hay thiuram. Khng anh
hng ti mau sc cua cao su lu hoa. Trong neoprene, no co tac
dung lam chm lu hoa nhe. Cac cht co tac dung can tr hiu
qua cua no la lu huynh, khoi carbon en nhom mang va cac cht
xuc tin lu hoa.
- Tn oc khac: Xylenethiol
- Tn thng mai:
RPA N03 (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours): co 36,5% xylenethiol va
63,5% du co ngun gc t du mo;
458 CAO SU THIN NHIN
PEPTISANT 3 (M.L.P.C.);...
- Cng thc:
SH
CH3
CH3
- Ly tnh:
RPA N03: Dang cht long mau h phach, co mui c bit, t
trong d = 0,91. Tn tr n nh tt nu cha trong thung kn va
ch mat. CHT C.
- Cng dung:
Xylyl mercaptan hay xylenethiol la cht pepti hoa cho cao su
thin nhin, co tac dung tng tr lu hoa nhe cac hn hp cao su
c gia tc lu hoa vi cac cht xuc tin nhom thiazole va
thiuram. No cung c dung cho cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene thng.
Tac dung thuc y hoa deo cua cht nay b can bi lu huynh,
khoi carbon en, ring oxide kem th can nhe.
Lng dung cua RPA N03 cho cao su thin nhin la t 0,25%
n 0,6% tuy theo hoa deo cao su vi may nhi hai truc hay may
nhi ni va nhi ngui hay nong.
- Tn thng mai:
RPA N05 (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours): Gm 50% mui kem cua
xylyl mercaptan va 50% hydrocarbon tr.
- Cng thc:
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
S
Zn
- Cng dung:
RPA N05 la mt cht pepti hoa cua cao su butadiene-styrene
manh hn RPA N03. No co tac dung giam kha chm tc lu hoa.
Trong luc -naphthyl mercaptan va xylyl mercaptan la nhng
cht c dung nguy him th mui kem cua xylyl mercaptan t
c hn, s dung t nguy him hn, nhng cung cn nn tranh
cht nay tip xuc vi da.
Phenyl mercaptan:
*
Pentachlorothiophenol:
- Tn thng mai:
RPA N06 (E.I. Du Pont Nemours) gm 90% pentachlorothiophenol va 10% hydrocarbon tr;
RENACIT V (Bayer): gm pentachlorothiophenol va cac cht
phu gia khac:
...
- Cng thc:
Cl
Cl
SH
Cl
Cl
Cl
- Ly tnh:
RPA N06: Dang bt (khng bc bui) mau xam nhat, co mui terpene thoang, t trong d = 1,79. Khng c khi dung nhng iu
kin bnh thng.
RENACIT V: Dang bt mau xam, t trong d = 1,5; tan c
460 CAO SU THIN NHIN
mt phn trong xng, benzene, chloroform va carbon tetrachloride. Khng tan trong nc.
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa cua cao su thin nhin va cac loai cao su
tng hp. No cung co tac dung hoa deo cao su butadiene-styrene
lanh nhng kho hoa deo hn cao su butadiene-styrene thng.
Tac dung thuc y hoa deo cao su cua no b can bi lu huynh,
cac cht sulfide va tetrasulfide thiuram (cht gia tc lu hoa va
la cht lu hoa).
y la cht pepti khng c, khng gy anh hng mui, khng
lam phai mau cung nh khng anh hng ti tc lu hoa va s
lao hoa cua cao su lu hoa (thc ra cht nay co anh hng ti
mau sc cao su lu hoa nhng khng ang k).
RPA N06 va RENACIT V hnh nh la nhng cht thng mai
co tac dung pepti hoa cng hiu nht cho cao su Nitrile. Cac thc
nghim may nhi ni Banbury mt l 40 kg Perbunan co cha
2,5% cht pepti hoa, a cho kt qua deo Defo sau 20 phut hoa
deo 1650C nh sau:
Cht pepti hoa thng mai:`
deo Defo
RENACIT V
1123
RPA N03
1175
Peptone 22
1275
2450
- Tn thng mai:
CAO SU THIN NHIN 461
- Cng thc:
Cl
Cl
Cl
S
Cl
Cl
Zn
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
- Ly tnh:
ENDOR: Bt mau xanh luc hi xam, khng mui, khng c. T
trong d = 2,39. Tn tr n nh tt.
RENACIT IV: Bt mau trng xam, khng mui, khng c. T
trong d = 2,33. Nong chay 3400C va b phn tch. Khng tan
trong cac dung mi va nc. Tn tr n nh tt.
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa dung cho cao su thin nhin va cao su tng
hp butadiene-styrene. Ngi ta cho bit ENDOR co hiu qua
manh hn RPA N03 trong cao su thin nhin; trong cao su butadiene-styrene giau du, hoat tnh cua ENDOR va RENACIT IV
th bng nhau.
Cht pepti nay tac dung thuc y hoa deo b can bi lu
huynh va cac cht thuc y lu hoa; khoi carbon en th khng
co tac dung nay hoc co tac dung can nhe.
Liu dung trong cao su thin nhin la t 0,1 - 0,4% (ENDOR);
liu dung ENDOR trong cao su butadiene-styrene la 1 - 4%.
*
Benzamidothiophenate ke m :
- Tn thng mai:
PEPTONE 65 (American Cyanamid);
- Cng dung:
O
NH
NH
S
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa cua cao su thin nhin, cao su butadienestyrene, cao su Nitrile va neoprene. Cht nay co tac dung hoa
deo cao su trn 1150C (2400F), khng nhum mau vao cao su
thin nhin va cao su butadiene-styrene.
Tac dung hoa deo cao su cua no b ngn can bi lu huynh,
khoi carbon en va a s cht xuc tin lu hoa. No khng co anh
hng ti tc lu hoa.
Peptone 22 va Peptone 65 u la nhng cht khng c nhng
cung nn cn thn luc s dung.
Mercaptobenzothiazole MBT
- Cng dung:
Khi nhi deo duy nht vi cao su thin nhin, MBT la cht
pepti hoa c ngi ta chng minh la co tac dung manh hn
Peptone 22, c bit khi phi hp vi DPG (diphenylguanidine).
(MBT la cht pepti hoa cao su thin nhin).
Cac dn xut cua MBT nh mui kem MBT, disulfide
benzothiazole (MBTS) cung co kha nng la pepti hoa cao su thin
nhin, nhng chung co tac dung kem ni bt hn MBT.
- Trong hn hp cao su lu hoa (cao su thin nhin va cac cht
phu gia, cht n...) MBT la cht xuc tin lu hoa tng cng cac
tnh cht c hoc tt cho cao su lu hoa.
IV.2. Nhom dn xut imidazole:
- Tn thng mai:
PLASTOR EG 33 (Cty khao cu va ng dung ky ngh hoa hoc
x Languedoc); thanh phn hoa hoc la dung dch co 33%
dimethylimidazole;
- Cng thc:
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
- Tn thng mai:
PEPTAX (Cty trch ly va tng hp hoa hu c): thanh phn
hoa hoc la stearate phenylhydrazine dn xut.
- Cng thc:
C6H5NHNHCOC17H35
- Cng dung:
Peptax cung la mt cht pepti hoa cao su co tac dung cac
nhit thp. Hoat tnh cua no tt nht gia 600C va 1000C.
Trai hn vi a s cht nhom phenylhydrazine, stearate phenylhydrazine co u im la khng co c tnh.
IV.4. Nhom dn xut t acid sulfonic
- Ly tnh:
Bt mau trng, tn tr n nh rt tt, t trong d = 1,12.
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa cho cao su chloroprene (neoprene G). Cht
nay khng lam chm lu hoa hn hp neoprene, do o cn nn
cho thm mt cht lam mun lu hoa tranh hn hp b cht
luc gia cng.
Liu dung cho bit la t 0,5 - 3% tnh theo trong khi neoprene G.
PEPTIZER W-9 (Cty Americhem):
- Ly tnh:
Bt mau vang, tn tr n nh rt tt, tng i khng c
khi dung nhit thp. T trong d = 1,38.
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa cho neoprene loai W, co th dung phi hp
vi neoprene Peptizer P-12. Lng dung cho bit la 3/4 cht nay
dung phi hp vi 1/2 Peptizer P-12.
PEPTIZER H-20
- Ly tnh:
Phin mau nu da. Tng i khng c nhit thp. T
trong d = 1,37.
- Cng dung:
La cht pepti hoa cho hypalon (polyethylene bin tnh) vi
lng dung cho bit la t 0,5 - 3% tnh theo trong khi hypalon.
PEPTIZER (Crowley Hydrocarbon Chemicals):
- Ly tnh:
Cht long lnh sm mau, khng c. T trong d = 1,08.
- Cng dung:
Cht pepti hoa cho cao su thin nhin va cac loai cao su tng
hp. Lng dung cho bit la 0,15 - 3% (cn giam liu cht du hoa
deo khac).
Ghi chu:
Co hai cht xuc tin lu hoa dung c nh la cht pepti hoa
cua neoprene:
1. Pentamethylene dithiocarbamate piperidine: Cht xuc tin
trung tnh ACCELERATOR 552 cua E.I. Du Pont de Nemours,
(xem Chng cht gia tc lu hoa).
2. Diorthotolylguanidine.
CHNG XVII
- Tn khac:
Carbonate ammonium (carbonate dammoniaque), bt khai
lam banh bao, mui bay hi (sel volatil), v.v...
- Cng dung:
La cht tao xp cho hn hp cn ban la cao su thin nhin, cao
su tng hp hay latex. Khi dung cht nay, hn hp cao su sng
cn c hoa deo mm va khi nhi trn nn may cn tranh nhit
cao qua gy nhit phn cht nay. Noi chung cht tao xp nay
t dung hn sodium bicarbonate.
SODIUM BICARBONATE: NaHCO3
- Cng dung:
La cht tao xp cho hn hp cao su thin nhin, cao su tng
hp hoc latex, nhng noi chung t khi dung cht nay duy nht
bi no tan t trong cao su ma thng dung phi hp vi mt acid
hu c co tac dung tng tr phong thch kh CO2. Acid hu c
thng c dung nhiu nht la acid stearic va acid oleic (acid
beo) la nhng cht cung co tac dung hoa deo va tng tr lu hoa
hn hp cao su. Theo ly thuyt, 335g sodium bicarbonate se phan
ng vi 1 kg acid oleic hay acid stearic (phan ng xay ra hoan
toan) nhng trn thc t ta thng dung lng acid beo cao hn
am bao sodium bicarbonate phan ng tron ven, ngoai ra mt
phn acid beo lai con phan ng vi oxide kem trong hn hp (tac
dung tng tr lu hoa).
Cht tao xp sodium bicarbonate co tac dung tng tr nhe cho
cac hn hp c gia tc lu hoa vi cht nhom acid, nhng no
khng tac dung n lao hoa cao su.
- Lng dung:
Ta co th dung t 0,5% n 8% tnh theo trong khi cao su va cn
phi hp vi cht tng tr tao xp la acid stearic hay acid oleic.
SODIUM CARBONATE: Na2CO3
- Cng dung:
Cht tao xp cho hn hp cao su thin nhin, cao su tng hp
hoc latex. Luc lu hoa cht nay giai phong kh CO2. Noi chung
cht nay co tac dung kem hn sodium bicarbonate va co tac dung
tng tr lu hoa cho hn hp co cha cht gia tc lu hoa nhom
acid. Thng dung phi hp vi cac cht tao xp khac.
- Tn thng mai:
CELLULAR-D (Eiwa Chem. Ind. Cty Nht);
NOCBLOW D.P.T (Ouchi Shinko Chem. Ind. Cty Nht).
POROGENE NS (National Polychemicals, My): gm OPEX 40
(thanh phn gm 40% DPT va 60% cht n tr) va OPEX PL-80
(co 80% DPT va 20% cht hoa deo cao su loai ester).
UNICEL ND (40% DPT) va UNICEL NDX (80% DPT) (cua E.I.
Du Pont de Nemours va Cty; My).
VULCACEL BN, VULCACEL B 40 (40% DPT) cua Arnold,
Hoffman va Cty, Harwick Standard Chem., I.C.I);
SAPAMINE-CH (Cty Ciba), v.v...
- Cng thc:
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
- Ly tnh:
Trn th trng co di dang phin cuc vun xp mau creme
hay mau vang nhat nh UNICEL NDX (80% DPT) hoc di
dang bt mau vang nhat (40% DPT). Ngoai ra ngi ta con a
n vao nitroso pentamethylene tetraamine giam bt nguy
him v tnh d chay cua cht nay (nh Cellular-D, Unicel ND,
Opex 40, Nocblow DPT...).
Noi chung trn th trng co hai nhom:
- Loai co 80% DPT: t trong d : 1,38 - 1,40.
1 - 15%
Neoprene
1 - 15%
Cao su butadiene-styrene
1 - 15%
Cao su Nitrile
5 - 15%
Cao su butyl
5 - 15%
0,5 - 5%
Neoprene
0,5 - 5%
Cao su butadiene-styrene
0,5 - 5%
Cao su Nitrile
2 - 5%
Cao su butyl
2 - 5%
- Tn thng mai:
CELOGEN - AZ (Naugatuck);
VINYFOR-AC (Eiwa Chem. Ind.; Nht)
CAO SU THIN NHIN 473
- Ly tnh:
Bt mn tinh th cc nho (vi tinh th) mau vang n vang
nhat, khng mui. T trong d : 1,63 - 1,65. Tan t trong nc va cac
dung mi thng dung nh benzene, acetone, ethylene dichloride.
Cn bao quan tranh nong, anh nng mt tri hay cac ngun nhit
khac. Nhit phn 1900C giai phong kh N2 vi th tch ln; co
diethylene glycol (1%) no b nhit phn nhit thp hn
khoang 1300C.
- Cng dung:
La cht tao xp cho cao su thin nhin, cao su tng hp butadiene-styrene, neoprene, cao su butyl va nha P.V.C. (polyvinyl
chloride).
Dung cht nay, cao su xp co cac l trng u va nho mn. Du
no co mau vang nhng dung c cho cac vt dung cao su mau
trng hay mau nhat (khng nhum mau).
Luc nhi trn, cn tranh nhit ln cao qua 1400C. Tuy
nhin y la cht an toan s dung luc nhi trn may nhi 2
truc. V lu hoa, cht nay khng co anh hng ti.
thuc y tao xp hay hn hp cao su ni nhanh va ni
nhit thp hn nhit phn tch cua cht nay cung nh
cai thin ly tnh cua san phm hoan tt, ta nn dung cht thuc
y tao xp urea, oxide kem, carbonate ch, phosphate ch, stearate ch va cac glycol.
Trong nha PVC, cht thuc y ni la cac dn xut cua hp
cht ch va cac hn hp PVC nhit phn co hiu qua 140 1500C.
- Tn thng mai:
CELOGEN (Naugatuck);
POROPHOR BSH (Bayer);
BSH NOCBLOW (Ouchi Shinko Chem. Ind. Cty);
- Cng thc:
H2NHNO2S
SO2NHNH2
- Ly tnh:
Bt tinh th mau trng mn, khng mui, t trong d = 1,52, tan
trong acetone (co phan ng), tan t trong nc nong, ethanol.
Khng tan trong benzene, ethylene dichloride, xng du, nc
lanh. Cn bao quan tn tr tranh xa cac ngun nhit. Nhit phn
th kh la 1500C n 1600C, trong latex kim tnh la 80 - 900C.
- Cng dung:
Cht tao xp cho cac hn hp cao su thin nhin, cao su tng
hp va nha PVC (poly vinyl chloride). Cht nay co tac dung yu
hn dinitroso pentamethylene tetraamine va cho san phm xp
khng mui, khng anh hng mau sc hn hp cao su xp. Cht
tng tr tao xp la sodium bicarbonate.
Cht nay co tac dung lam chm nhe lu hoa cao su thin
nhin va cao su tng hp. Co th dung di dang phn tan trong
nc co 25% cht nay cho vao latex (latex cao su thin nhin,
latex cao su tng hp).
III. CAC CHAT TAO XOP KHAC:
DIAZO AMINO BENZENE:
CHNG XVIII
MU C LU C
Li Gii Thieu:
CHNG I: AI CNG
A.LCHS
7
7
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
22
23
25
25
41
41
42
52
60
I. LY TNH
60
62
64
CAO SU THIN NHIN 485
82
82
82
83
87
I. TRNG HP CAO SU KH
87
89
91
I. V TR CUA NI I
97
100
III. C CU LP TH
102
102
102
104
108
I. TINH TH CAO SU
108
108
108
111
113
A. PHAN NG CNG
114
114
115
121
124
127
128
130
B. PHAN NG HUY
134
134
135
137
138
138
139
141
145
148
152
153
155
156
V. MODULE: LC NH DAN
157
157
159
162
164
X. RACKING
166
B. NEN EP CAO SU
167
169
D. T TRONG CAO SU
171
171
173
178
A. AI CNG
178
I. LCH S
178
II. NH NGHA
180
181
B. LU HOA VI LU HUYNH
182
182
187
192
203
203
209
217
218
I. AI CNG
218
220
222
225
226
235
236
237
242
243
246
252
258
A. HN HP CAO SU
258
258
259
261
264
I. PHN TCH
264
II. NGHIN CU
264
III. XAC NH
266
267
269
269
271
272
I. PHN TCH
273
II. NGHIN CU
273
III. XAC NH
274
275
281
A. TN TR NGUYN LIU VT T
282
B. CT XE CAO SU
282
283
283
II. LU Y CN THIT
286
D. CN ONG
287
E. NHI TRN
287
I. NGUYN TC CHUNG
287
289
F. NH HNH
291
I. NH HNH HN HP CAO SU
291
293
G. LU HOA
294
H. GIAI NHIT
295
I. HOAN TT - KCS
296
298
298
298
300
B. LATEX
303
I. LATEX CO IN TCH M
303
305
305
309
I. LU HUYNH
310
II. SELENIUM
318
319
326
A. NH NGHA
326
B. PHN LOAI
326
I. DIPHENYLGUANIDIN: DPG
327
330
336
340
342
346
349
351
354
354
I. NH NGHA
354
354
354
363
I. NH NGHA
363
II. NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
363
365
A. NH NGHA
365
B. PHN BIT
I. KHANG OXYGEN
365
365
365
366
366
I. KHANG OXYGEN
366
II. KHANG Cu VA Mn
367
367
367
382
A. NH NGHA
382
B. PHN LOAI
382
C. CAC IM LU Y
383
383
383
390
393
395
399
400
402
404
404
I. C CH HOA DEO
404
405
406
455
455
455
456
457
468
I. CHT TAO XP V C
468
471
475
477
479
479
II. FACTICE
481
483
: THANH LIEM
Trnh bay
: THU HA
S ban in
: THANH LIEM