1.

Packet switching and circuit switching

( connection oriented / connection less)

2.Structure of the telephone system.

3 History of Internet.
Fully interconnected network
Centralized switch
Two level hierarchy
 History of the internet
• The concept of networking started way
back in 1960’s.
• The US Department of defense-DoD
wanted a robust control network that could
survive any war.
• Traditional circuit switched telephone
networks are quite vulnerable.
 The ARPANET

• (a) Structure of the telephone system.

• (b) proposed distributed switching system.
• To solve this problem DoD turned to its research
arm ARPA (Advanced research project agency)
• ARPA decided that the network should be packet-
switched comprising of subnet and host computers.
• The subnet consist of minicomputers called IMP
(Interface Message processors) connected by
various transmission lines.
• Each IMP would be connectd to two other IMP’s.
• The subnet was to be a datagram subnet, so even if
some lines and IMP’s were destroyed the data
could still be automatically re routed along
alternativ paths
• Each node of the network comprised of a host and
an IMP connected by a short wire.
 The ARPANET (2)

• The original ARPANET design.

• The host would send messages to the IMP which
would break it down into smaller packets and
forward them independently toward destination.
• ARPA gave the contract of building the subnet
and its software to a consulting firm called BBN.
• The IMP were interconnected by 56 kbps
telephone lines leased from the telephone
companies.
• An experimental network called as ARPANET
went on air in 1969 comprising of only four nodes
in different regions of north america.
• Later on the IMP software was changed to TIP
which allowed multiple hosts per IMP.
 The ARPANET (3)

• Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.

• (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
• But one demerit of ARPANET was that the
protocols used at that time did not support
multiple networks.
• Therefore further research was conducted which
finally led to the invention TCP/IP protocol.
• By he late 1970 NSF (national science foundation)
saw the impact ARPANET was having but any
university had to have a research contract with
DoD for becoming a part of it.
• As a result NSF set up a virtual network called
CSNET which centered around a single machine
at BBN that supported dialup lines.
• NSF now began designing a high speed network
which would act as a successor to ARPANET and
which connected all universities.
• NSF built a back bone network which connected
6 supercomputers at different places of north
america.
• The hardware was same as that of ARPANET, but
here instead of IMP they had Fuzz Balls and used
the TCP/IP protocols.
• All the universities,libraries etc who wanted to
share data could now communicate with one
another by connecting to any of 6 supercomputers.
• Thus this network came to be known as the
NSFNET.
• It in turn connected to the Arpanet by a link
between fuzz ball and IMP.
• The speed of the backbone was 1.5 mbps.
 NSFNET

• The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

• The NSFNET was now taken over by another agency called
ANS and the network came to be known as ANSNET and
speed became 45 mbps.
• The ANS was taken by NREN( national research and
education network)
• Many companies too wanted to use the network for
commercial purposes.
• As a result the concept of NAP’s and ISP’s came into
existence.
• These ISP’s allowed all the smaller networks to become a
part of the one huge network called Internet.
• Each country has its own national backbone network which
is connected to the other countries backbone networks and
the continents backbone network’s are also interconnected
which result in one single huge backbone network which
helps in data communication.