Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROFILEE PREPA
ARATIO
ON
OF HIGH VALUUED
NON TIMBER FOREEST PRO ODUCTSS (NTFPss)
OF
JA
AJARKO
OT DISTTRICT
Subm
mitted to
We
estern Uplands Povverty Alle
eviation P
Project,
Nepalggunj, Banke
Subm
mitted byy
Khilendra Gurun
ng & Dipe
esh Pyaku
urel
Jully 2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge support of Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project (WUPAP) for
providing the responsibility to carry out the “Assessment and Profile Preparation of High
Valued NTFPs of Jajarkot District”. We would like to thank Project Coordination Unit,
Nepalgunj for providing the necessary support while conducting the study.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Mr Ramesh Kumar Adhikari, Project
Coordinator, WUPAP and Mr Sanjeev Kumar Shrestha NTFP & Marketing Specialist, WUPAP
for helping in outlining the study. Coordination of Mr Shrestha with field staff for the
smooth running during the survey was exceptional. Similarly, we would like to acknowledge
the continual contribution and support of Local Development Fund Board (LDFB) Jajarkot
team namely Mr Prakash Shahi secretary, Mr Uday Rana and Mr Suraj Niroula for their
support in one day consultation meeting in district headquarter.
We would like to thank District Forest Officer Mr Devendra Lal Karna; Assistant Forest
Officers Mr Jiya Lal Yadav and Mr Uttim Sahu Teli; Rangers Mr Ajaj Ahmed Ansari, Mr Megh
Raj Paudel, Mr Lokmani Sapkota and Mr Ashok Khatri; and Mr Rishav Dev Khanal for their
assistance in selecting the VDCs, management of field visit and one day consultation
meeting in district headquarter. Forest Guard Mr Ganesh Bahdaur Karki assisted during the
field survey, for which we thank him.
We are thankful to the government officials, district level political leaders, all the
organizations and traders of Jajarkot who took time out of their busy schedule to provide
with their valuable inputs and suggestions during the consultation meeting and in the field.
And finally, we are thankful to the people of Jajarkot who supported us during the field visits
by providing necessary information, accommodation and food.
Thanks
Khilendra Gurung
Dipesh Pyakurel
i
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
DFO: District Forest Office/cer
FUGs: Forest User Groups
GDP: Gross Domestic Production
kg: Kilogram
m: Meter
MAPs: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
NRs: Nepali Rupees
NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products
RVA: Rapid Vulnerability Assessment
VDCs: Village Development Committees
WUPAP: Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project
CF: Community Forests
PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
MPR: Matrix Preference Ranking
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................... i
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 WUPAP & NTFPs .......................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Study Area ................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 District characteristics ............................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Land Utilization ......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Natural vegetation .................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 7
2.1 Primary Data Collection .............................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping ........................................................... 8
2.1.2 Focus group discussion ............................................................................................. 8
2.1.3 Identification of NTFPs .............................................................................................. 8
2.1.4 Inventory of NTFPs .................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Secondary Data Collection .......................................................................................... 9
2.3 Data Processing and Analysis ...................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency ............................................................................ 9
2.3.2 Density and relative density ................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Prioritization of NTFPs ............................................................................................ 10
2.3.4 Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA) .................................................................... 11
2.4 Report Writing ........................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE: FINDINGS .............................................................................................. 12
3.1 Documentation of Plant Species ............................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Distribution of Plant species in surveyed VDCs ...................................................... 12
3.1.2 List of plant species recorded in surveyed VDCs .................................................... 12
3.2 Assessment of NTFPs in Jajarkot ............................................................................... 18
3.2.1 Dhime VDC .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2 Ramidanda VDC ...................................................................................................... 19
3.2.3 Rokayagaun VDC ..................................................................................................... 19
3.2.4 Paink VDC ................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.5 Garkhakot VDC ........................................................................................................ 20
3.2.6 Kortang VDC ............................................................................................................ 20
iii
3.2.7 Majhkot VDC ........................................................................................................... 20
3.2.8 Dasera VDC.............................................................................................................. 20
3.2.9 Sima VDC ................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.10 Bhur ....................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.11 Khagenkot ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.12 Ragda .................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.13 Bhagwati ............................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Identification of Tradable NTFPs of Jajarkot ............................................................. 22
3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs ............................................................................................... 23
3.5 RVA of Tradable Species of Jajarkot .......................................................................... 25
CHAPTER FOUR: TRADE VALUE AND TRADING PATTERN .................................................. 26
4.1 Trade Value of NTFPs in Jajarkot ............................................................................... 26
4.2 Trading Pattern/ Market Chain of NTFPs .................................................................. 26
CHAPTER FIVE: OVERVIEW OF ENTERPRISE MODALITIES TO BE SET UP IN JAJARKOT ........ 27
5.1 Comparative Analysis of Enterprise Modalities in Jajarkot ...................................... 27
5.2 Identification of Enterprise Modalities to be set up in Jajarkot ............................... 30
5.3 Potential Markets of Value Added Products ............................................................. 30
5.4 Requirements for Enterprise Success ....................................................................... 31
5.5 Challenges for Forest Based Enterprises ................................................................... 32
5.6 Value Addition Techniques ....................................................................................... 32
5.7 Processing Technology .............................................................................................. 32
5.8 Need Based Assessment for Enterprise set up in Jajarkot ........................................ 33
CHAPTER SIX: NTFPs PROFILE ........................................................................................... 35
6.1 Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) ................................................................................... 35
6.2 Allo (Girardinia diversifolia) ...................................................................................... 35
6.3 Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) ................................................................................. 36
6.4 Kaulo (Persea odoratissima)...................................................................................... 36
6.5 Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) ................................................................................. 37
6.6 Jhyau (Lichens) .......................................................................................................... 37
6.7 Samayo/Sugandhawal (Valeriana jatamansii) .......................................................... 38
6.8 Sajwan/Ratanjoto (Jatropha curcas) ......................................................................... 39
6.9 Padamchal (Rheum australe) .................................................................................... 39
6.10 Majitho (Rubia manjith) ........................................................................................ 39
6.11 Dhatelo (Prinsepia utilis) ....................................................................................... 40
6.12 Bael (Aegle marmelos) ........................................................................................... 40
6.13 Lokta (Daphne bholua, D. papyracea) ................................................................... 41
iv
6.14 Bojho (Acorus calamus) ......................................................................................... 42
6.15 Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi) .................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................ 44
7.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 44
7.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 45
References........................................................................................................................ 46
Annex: List of Plant species recorded (Sorted by Common/ Local Names) .................... 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Surveyed VDCs .......................................................................................................................... 3
Table 2: Land Utilization of Jajarkot ........................................................................................................ 4
Table 3: Forest types (Broad Category) .................................................................................................. 5
Table 4: Matrix Preference Ranking ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 5: Criteria for RVA ....................................................................................................................... 11
Table 6: List of plant species documented in surveyed 11 VDCs .......................................................... 13
Table 7: List of NTFPs of the area.......................................................................................................... 22
Table 8: Matrix ranking of NTFPs in Jajarkot district (Most preferred species have high score) ......... 24
Table 9: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Jajarkot (Vulnerable species have low score) ................................. 25
Table 10: Marketing status/trade value of NTFPs in Jajarkot ............................................................... 26
Table 11: Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities on market, social, technology and
conservation criteria in Jajarkot ............................................................................................................ 28
Table 12: Potentiality for enterprise development in Jajarkot ............................................................. 30
Table 13: Potential markets for NTFPs products .................................................................................. 30
Table 14: Value addition techniques of NTFPs ..................................................................................... 32
Table 15: Processing technology and application ................................................................................. 33
LIST OF PICTURES
Picture 1: Map of Jajarkot district with surveyed VDCs ............................................................. 3
Picture 2: Dhatelo scrubland in Kortang .................................................................................. 20
Picture 3: Harvesting Bael at Bhur ........................................................................................... 21
Picture 4: Chiuri tree in Khagenkot .......................................................................................... 21
Picture 5, 6 and 7: Pictures of one day workshop at, Jajarkot ................................................ 23
v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) consists of goods of biological origin other than timber
or fuelwood derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests (FAO, 1999).
Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) collected
for trade make an important contribution to the household economies for the local
communities residing in mountainous areas of Nepal (Edwards 1996). In some rural hilly
areas, it contributes up to 50% of total annual family income. NTFPs sub‐sector in Nepal
contributes about 5% of national GDP out of total estimation of about 15% from the whole
forestry sector (CECI 2006). More than 100 types of plant species are harvested from wild
and traded to international market mostly to India; 95% of the NTFPs are collected from the
wild and 90% are exported to India in raw form.
The importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) has increased progressively over
the last two decades. Herbal remedies are increasingly becoming mainstream consumer
products manufactured by multinational companies amongst other, and sold in super
market chains and in a variety of other outlets, globally. Food supplements, cosmetics,
fragrances, traditional cuisine, dyeing and coloring agents are just a few of the application
where medicinal, aromatic and dye plants are finding increasing use by the day.
For centuries, wild collection of these resources for trade has been possible without major
negative effects. However, during the past few decades these resources have been highly
exploited for trade, owing to increasing population pressure and demand from the
international markets for natural products (Edwards 1996, Olsen and Larsen 2003). As a
result, large numbers of high valued plants have been considered as threatened throughout
the entire Himalayan region. The high Himalayan regions remain most vulnerable to over
harvesting of NTFPs and MAPs for trade due to (a) lack of regulatory mechanism, (b)
inadequate land for agriculture, (c) minimum chances of other income generating activities
and (d) relatively easier access to Tibet where the demand of Himalayan herbs is very high.
A wide variety of high valued traded NTFPs like Yarcha Gumba/ Keera (Cordyceps sinensis),
Samayo (Valeriana jatamansii), Akasechuk/ Padamchal (Rheum australe, R. nobile), Kaulo
(Persea odoratissima), Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi) etc are
distributed from tropical to nival regions in Jajarkot district. Collection of these NTFPs is not
a regular practice among the local communities and it has been felt that communities are
quite unaware of the role of NTFPs in alternative income generation. Moreover, the small
amount of NTFPs transaction is not institutionalized and often governed by the traders from
Jumla.
Till date, inventory of traded species is not completed in any of the Community Forests (CF)
and government forests of Jajarkot, resulting the haphazard issuing of collection permit. The
1
collection permit should be issued only after the determination of stock of concerned
species to overcome the threat of overharvesting.
In this aspect, the proposed study aims to document the availability (plants per hectare) and
distribution pattern of high valued NTFPs in the surveyed VDCs of Jajarkot district. The study
will also look after the prospects of community based forest enterprise and its linkage to
market through product promotion. NTFPs profile development for highly traded species
will focus on the conservation and domestication of concerned species.
1.2 Objectives
The overall objective of the study was to explore availability of NTFPs in Jajarkot district and
its prospects for enterprise development with the possibility of market linkage, in
consultation with the communities. Specific objectives were as follows:
To document the NTFPs of Jajarkot district.
To assess the availability and distribution of high valued NTFPs in Jajarkot district.
To prioritize NTFPs on the basis of trade value, availability and threat.
Profile preparation of high valued NTFPs.
To analyze the marketing status and trading pattern of high valued NTFPs.
To identify the forest based community enterprises to be set up and its
implementation models.
To visualize the NTFPs products that can be value added locally.
To provide recommendations for sustainable promotion of NTFPs in the district.
1.3 WUPAP & NTFPs
Western Uplands Poverty Alleviation Project (WUPAP) has given high priority for NTFPs and
MAPs amongst its program in mid and far western developmental region and initiated its
cultivation and domestication in leasehold forests. Forest user groups are responsible for
the cultivation of NTFPs, with WUPAP giving the technical and financial support and District
Forest Office providing the legal support. Cultivation of high valued NTFPs in leasehold
forests helps in maintaining the healthy population of important traded species in the wild
in the future. WUPAP is also providing financial and technical support for the product
development, value addition at local level, exposure visits for potential entrepreneurs etc,
all for the conservation of forest resources in the wild.
1.4 Study Area
This chapter outlines the physical characteristics of Jajarkot as a whole. The study was
undertaken in 13 VDCs (out of 30 VDCs) of Jajarkot district. VDCs were selected with the
active participation of District Forest Office personnel. Whole district was divided into 5
clusters namely eastern, western, northern, southern and middle clusters and 2‐3 VDCs
were selected from each cluster except from middle cluster where only Dhime was selected.
2
Name of the surveyed VDCs is given in table 1 while picture 1 gives the map of Jajarkot
district and surveyed VDCs.
Table 1: Surveyed VDCs
Clusters VDCs
East Khagenkot, Ragda, Bhagwati
West Garkhakot, Kortang, Dasera, Majkot
North Paink, Rakayagaun, Ramidanda
South Bhur, Sima
Middle Dhime
Picture 1: Map of Jajarkot district with surveyed VDCs
3
1.4.1 District characteristics
Centrally located in the Bheri zone of Mid‐Western Development Region of the Nepal,
Jajarkot occupies approximately 1.5 percent of total land area of the country. Altitudinal
variation ranges from 610m to 5412m with tropical to alpine to alpine climate. Annual
precipitation is 1868.5mm and mostly fed by monsoon rains. The district is surrounded by
Jumla and Dolpa in the North, Rukum in the East, Jumla, Kalikot and Dailekh in the West and
Surkhet in the South (picture 1). The district has 30 Village Development Committees (VDC).
Jajarkot district extends from 81o46’12” to 82o34’47’’ longitude to 28o37'20’’ to 28o7'32’’
latitude.
1.4.2 Land Utilization
The cultivated area covers about 16.47%, forest area covers approximately 54.04 percent,
and bush/shrub and grassland area covers about 24.50%. About 78% of the district area is
covered by forest, scrubland and meadows therefore it is rational that the district is
reservoir of forest based NTFPs. Similarly 3.44% of land is covered by ice and rocky area
(table 2).
Table 2: Land Utilization of Jajarkot
4
1.4.3 Natural vegetation
Vegetation in the Himalayas varies primarily with altitude, aspect and geographical settings.
The district harbors a number of forest types. Coniferous forest occupies the highest area of
forest with 47% cover, followed by mixed forest (26.11 %), hardwood forest (20.88 %).
Details of the forest type and area covered are given in table 3.
Table 3: Forest types (Broad Category)
Hill Sal Forest, dominated by Shorea robusta, Terminalia alata, Acacia catechu and
Diploknema butyracea forests upto 1400m;
Chir Pine Forests (Pinus roxburghii) along the planted sites and few naturally
occurring isolated patches, from 1000m to 2200m.
Mixed broadleaved forest (Asesculs indica‐Juglans regia‐Acer sp‐Quercus lamelossa)
between 2100m to 3000m;
Rhododendron Forest: Rhododendron arboreum is widely distributed forest of study
area. R. arboreum is dominant vegetation and is associated with Quercus
semecarpifolia. Although a large area of pure forests of R. arboreum was not
noticed, it was recorded in the mix form with characteristics of Mountain Oak‐
Rhododendron Forest and Mixed Rhododendron Forest.
Tsuga dumosa forest from 2300m to 3300m. T. dumosa was dominant in the forests
of Paink, Garkhakot, Rokayagaun and Ramidanda VDCs. Thick and dense forest of T.
dumosa was recorded in forest of these VDCs, within the altitude of 2300m to
2800m.
Quercus semecarpifolia forest between 2500m to 3400m, mostly on southern slope.
Abies spectabilis and Betula utilis forest above 3200m to 3550m. Ideally Betula utilis
should supersede the Abies spectabilis but alpine regions of Jajarkot are different as
Abies spectabilis delineate the timberline and alpine meadows.
Alpine meadows starts from 3600m and valuable NTFPs like Dactylorhiza hatagirea,
Cordyceps sinensis, Rheum australe etc are found in these meadows.
Cross verified from TISC, 2002.
5
1.5 Limitations
The present study is limited in a number of ways. Due to shorter period of time, it was not
possible to survey the whole district. Often the settlements are in lower elevation and
survey has to be focused on high altitudes because alpine pastures and meadows are home
to high valued NTFPs. Due to the unavailability of settlement or temporary herder shed
house in pastures, going to pastures for study and come back to settlement at night wastes
ample time. The study time was perfect for temperate species but a bit earlier for sub‐alpine
and alpine species. Therefore, it was difficult to identify some of the herbaceous species
which were not in flowering stage.
Key informants who would have been able to provide valuable information could not be
traced and local names provided are often misleading.
6
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY
The conceptual framework of research methodology for NTFP profile preparation and its
resource mapping is shown in diagram 1. The study was carried out basically in an
exploratory approach in order to document the NTFPs and ethno botanical knowledge on
the use of NTFPs.
Diagram 1: Conceptual framework of Methodology
2.1 Primary Data Collection
The primary information regarding the NTFPs distribution and ethno‐botanical use of NTFPs
were collected during the field work using PRA tools. Primary data collection was done by
following methods:
7
2.1.1 Key informant survey and resource mapping
Information about the availability, current status and use of NTFPs were collected from
forest user groups. Discussions were done for listing of available NTFPs and their
identification and suitable site selection.
The workshop was conducted at the district level comprising the community members,
traders, concerned stakeholders, members of the political parties, media personnel and
other key informants in Khalanga, district headquarter of Jajarkot. The objectives for the
conduction of workshop were:
Participatory assessment and information on the traded NTFPs,
Trading pattern/trading centers of NTFPs,
Existing NTFPs based enterprises in the district,
Potentiality for the establishment of various models of community based forest
enterprises in the district,
NTFPs having the potentiality of value addition at local level,
2.1.2 Focus group discussion
Discussion/interaction was held with the villagers, NTFPs collectors and traders to discuss
about NTFPs collection, trading pattern, trade value at the local level.
2.1.3 Identification of NTFPs
NTFPs were identified visually on the basis of researcher's knowledge and consultation with
local resource persons. Unidentified species were identified consulting with the reference
literatures Polunin and Stainton 1984, Stainton 1988, Manandhar 2002, IUCN 2004, Baral
and Kurmi 2006, Ghimire et al. 2008 etc. Documentation of all available NTFPs were carried
out according to Shrestha 1998 and Press et al. 2000.
2.1.4 Inventory of NTFPs
Inventory methods include two different steps; habitat identification and sampling.
a) Habitat identification
The sampling was conducted in defined habitats. The identification of NTFPs habitats was
done systematically by observing at each of the following characteristics.
Altitude
Forest type
Aspect
Slope
Plant abundance
8
b) Sampling
Following procedures were applied for the inventory of NTFP resources by sampling
techniques:
At least one vertical elevation line was taken from bottom to top of the habitat. The number
of elevation line depends on the habitat width, plant density, aspect and topography.
For every elevation line, horizontal sampling lines were set up at 100 m elevation
intervals.
The sampling plots were set up along the horizontal line.
The plots were determined as 1 m × 1 m for herbs, 5 m × 5 m for shrubs and 10 m ×
10 m for trees (Raunkiaer, 1934).
Horizontal distance between two plots was 100 m.
Inventory forms were filled for every sampling plot.
2.2 Secondary Data Collection
Secondary data were collected from all the possible documents as reports, articles, maps,
official records, and other published and unpublished materials related to NTFPs assessment
and surveys.
2.3 Data Processing and Analysis
Data obtained from the field were analyzed to find out frequency, relative frequency,
density, relative density, matrix preference ranking (MPR), rapid vulnerability assessment
(RVA), potentiality for value addition and market linkage, etc.
2.3.1 Frequency and relative frequency
Frequency is the number of sampling units in which the particular species occur, thus
express the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of
dispersion in terms of percentage occurrence (Raunkiaer, 1934; Zobel et al., 1987).
Frequency and relative frequency were calculated using the following formulae;
No. of quadrats in which species occured
Frequency = × 100
Total Number of quadrats studied
Relative frequency is frequency of a species in relation to other species.
Frequency of a species
Relative Frequency % = × 100
Total frequency of all species
9
2.3.2 Density and relative density
Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of species in a community. It is the
number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare (Raunkiaer,
1934; Zobel et al., 1987).
Total number of plant of any spcies
Density Pl/ha = × 10000
Total number of quadrat studied × area of quadrat
Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.
Density of individual species
Relative Density % = × 100
Total density of all species
2.3.3 Prioritization of NTFPs
Matrix preference ranking (MPR) was used to find out most preferred NTFPs. By using this
tool, the most preferred NTFP species were identified from forests for the detail study. The
criteria of preference were made by the users, availability of the resources and potential for
value addition.
Moreover, the prioritization criteria of other development organizations like NSCFP, SNV,
ANSAB, BDS‐MaPS and matrix ranking criteria have been thoroughly examined to attain the
set objectives with proper justification.
Table 4: Matrix Preference Ranking
10
2.3.4 Rapid Vulnerability Assessment (RVA)
RVA method was used to collect information to identify species that may be at risk of over
exploitation. It was developed as a quick way of collecting both scientific and indigenous
information about species and has been used to recommend whether or not that resource
species is suitable for harvest.
Four broad criteria viz ecology, life forms, parts used and harvesting methods was selected
for the RVA analysis. Under the four criteria, there were 7 sub criteria. Score of 1 was given
to criteria which causes vulnerability to the species whereas 2 were given to those criteria
which cause less vulnerability to the species. For example, Kaulo reproduces only from
seeds, therefore score 1 will be given whereas Sugandhawal can be reproduced both from
seeds and from rhizomes, therefore score of 2 will be given.
Table 5: Criteria for RVA
Criteria Potential for sustainable use
Low abundance (1) High abundance (2)
Slow growth (1) Fast growth (2)
Ecology Sexual reproduction only Both sexual & vegetative reproduction
(1) (2)
Habitat ‐ specific (1) Habitat ‐ non specific (2)
Life forms Tree and shrub (1); Herb (2)
Parts used Roots, rhizomes barks and bulbs (1); leaves, flowers , fruits (2)
Harvesting Size/age classes not selected for harvesting (2); particular size/age classes
methods selected for harvesting (1)
Source: Watts et al., 1996; Cunningham, 1994, 1996a, 2001; Wong and Jenifer, 2001 and
Gurung and Pyakurel (2006)
2.4 Report Writing
All the collected information will be compiled to prepare a comprehensive report on NTFPs
assessment of Jajarkot district.
11
CHAPTER THREEE: FINDING
GS
3.1 Do
ocumentation of Plan
nt Species
3.1.1 Disstribution o
of Plant spe
ecies in surveyed VDC
Cs
Survey fo
or NTFPs/MAPs was concentrated in 3 distinctt ecological regions according to th
he
altitude. Altogether 13 VDCs weere surveyedd during the e visit. Uppeer tropical to o sub tropical
zone waas representted by Khaagenkot, Raggda, Bhagwwati, Bhur, Dasera and d Sima VDC Cs;
temperatte zone was represented d by Dhime, Kortang and d Majhkot V VDCs; and sub alpine zon ne
was represented by Paink, Ramid danda, Rakaayagaun and Garkhakot V VDCs.
List of plaant species rrecorded froom the 13 VD DCs of Jajarkkot district iss given in an
nnex 1. Higheer
number o of plant species was reccorded in Garkhakot VDC C with 142 species, follo owed by Pain nk
with 1388 species, Ro
okayagaun with
w 133 species and Dhime D with 120 species (Diagram 2 2).
Due to limited perio od of time, it was nott possible to
o survey the whole disstrict. Dhime,
Rokayagaaun, Garkhaakot and Paink were th horoughly su urveyed therefore higheer number of o
plants were
w recordeed from those VDCs. M Most of the high
h valuedd NTFPs and d MAPs werre
incorpora ated despitee the limitedd time framee and other r constraintss. This was done primarily
by visit to the NTFPs hot spotts or, intervview with villagers,
v colllectors andd village level
traders, aand also witth the refereence from ccollection peermit issued by District Forest Office.
Only lowwer part of Bhagwati, Raggda, Khagen nkot, Bhur, SSima and Dassera VDCs w were surveyeed
therefore e these VDCs were repre esented by least numbeer of plant sp pecies.
160
142 138
140 133
12
20
120 107
Number of Species
97 95
100 91 89 86
77 73 73
80
60
40
20
0
Diagram 2
2: Number off Plants recorrded in surveyyed 11 VDCs..
3.1.2 Lisst of plant sspecies reco
orded in su
urveyed VDCs
A total of
o 248 plant species falling into 95 families were recorded
d from Jajarkkot district. It
should be noted thatt not all the plants weree recorded in the quadrrat and furth
her few of th he
herb species were no ot documented becausee they were not in floweering stage. TTherefore th he
12
number of plant species will increase after the repeated survey. However, the research was
comprehensive in the sense that all the NTFPs (both traded and non tradable) were
recorded and documented during the survey. List of documented plant species is given in
Table 6. Most of the plants were identified up to species level while few are indentified up
to genus level and some were left unidentified.
Table 6: List of plant species documented in surveyed 11 VDCs
SN Scientific Name Common/ Local Name Family
1 Abies spectabilis Gobre salla Pinaceae
2 Acacia catechu Khayar Leguminosae
3 Acanthopanax cissifolius Dangdinge Araliaceae
4 Acer caesium Tilailo Aceraceae
5 Acer oblongum Phirphire Aceraceae
6 Acer sp Tilailo Aceraceae
7 Achyranthes bidentata Dativan Amaranthaceae
8 Aconogonum molle Thotne Polygonaceae
9 Acorus calamus Bojho Araceae
10 Aegle marmelos Bael Rutaceae
11 Aesculus indica Pangar/Pangra Hippocastanaceae
12 Agave cantula Kituki/ Ketuki Agavaceae
13 Ageratum conyzoides Gandhe Compositae
14 Ainsliaea latifolia Sahadeva sahadevi Compositae
15 Albizia chinensis Kalo siris Leguminosae
16 Albizia julibrissin Siris Leguminosae
17 Alnus nepalensis Utis Betulaceae
18 Anacyclus sp Akarkara Compositae
19 Anaphalis busua Seto ghas Compositae
20 Anemone rivularis Kangarate Ranunculaceae
21 Anemone tetrasepala Ranunculaceae
22 Anemone vitifolia Kaptase Ranunculaceae
23 Argemone mexicana Thakal Papaveraceae
24 Arisaema costatum Sarpa makai/ Banku Araceae
25 Arisaema griffithii Sarpa makai/ Banku Araceae
26 Arisaema tortuosum Sarpa makai/ Banku Araceae
27 Arnebia benthami Boraginaceae
28 Artemisia indica Titepati Compositae
29 Asparagus racemosus Kurilo Liliaceae
30 Aster himalaicus Compositae
31 Astilbe rivularis Thulo ausadhi Saxifragaceae
32 Bauhinia purpurea Koiralo Leguminosae
33 Bauhinia vahlii Bhorla Leguminosae
34 Benthamidia capitata Dimmur/ Dimmar Cornaceae
35 Berberis aristata Chutro Berberidaceae
36 Berberis asiatica Chutro Berberidaceae
13
37 Berberis wallichiana Chutro Berberidaceae
38 Bergenia ciliata Pakhanved Saxifragaceae
39 Betula alnoides Saur Betulaceae
40 Betula utilis Bhoj Patra Betulaceae
41 Boehmeria rugulosa Dar/ Githa Urticaceae
42 Boenninghausenia albiflora Makhe mauro Rutaceae
43 Bombax ceiba Simal Bombacaceae
44 Brassaiopsis sp Palouri Araliaceae
45 Butea minor Bhujetro Leguminosae
46 Calanthe tricarinata Orchidaceae
47 Caltha palustris Ranunculaceae
48 Campylotropis speciosa Sakhino Leguminosae
49 Cannabis sativa Bhango Cannabaceae
50 Capparis zeylanicum Capparaceae
51 Chesneya cuneata Chyali Leguminosae
52 Cinnamomum glaucescens Malagiri/ Sugandhakokila Lauraceae
53 Circium sp Sungure kanda Compositae
54 Cirsium falconeri Sungure kanda Compositae
55 Cissampelos pareira Batulopate Menispermaceae
56 Cleistocalyx operculata Kyamuna Myrtaceae
57 Clematis alternata Junge lahera Ranunculaceae
58 Clematis buchaniana Junge lahera Ranunculaceae
59 Clematis montana Junge lahera Ranunculaceae
60 Coccinia grandis Gol Kankri Cucurbitaceae
61 Colebrookea oppositifolia Dhusure Labiateae
62 Colocasia fallax Araceae
63 Coriaria napalensis Machhyan Coriariaceae
64 Corydalis sp Okhre ghas Fumariaceae
65 Cotoneaster microphyllus Rosaceae
66 Cuscuta reflexa Akashbeli Convolvulaceae
67 Cynoglossum zeylanicum Kanike Kuro Boraginaceae
68 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Hatajadi Orchidaceae
69 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Leguminosae
70 Daphne bholua Lokhta Thymelaeaceae
71 Daphne papyracea Lokhta Thymelaeaceae
72 Daphniphyllum himalense Rachan/ Rakchan Daphniphyllaceae
73 Datura suaveolens Dhature phul Solanaceae
74 Debregeasia longifolia Urticaceae
75 Debregeasia salicifolia Urticaceae
76 Dendrobium aphyllum Sungava Orchidaceae
77 Dendrophthoe falcata Ainjeru Loranthaceae
78 Desmodium multiflorum Bakhre ghas Leguminosae
79 Dioscorea bulbifera Gittha Dioscoreaceae
80 Dioscorea deltoidea Ban tarul Dioscoreaceae
14
81 Diploknema butyracea Chiuri Sapotaceae
82 Dipsacus inermis Banmula Dipsacaceae
83 Drepanostachyum falcatum Nigalo Gramineae
84 Drymaria diandra Abijalo Caryophyllaceae
85 Elaeagnus parvifolia Gunyeli Elaeagnaceae
86 Elsholtzia blanda Ban silam Labiateae
87 Elsholtzia eriostachya Labiateae
88 Elsholtzia fruticosa Labiateae
89 Engelhardia spicata Mauwa Juglandaceae
90 Eupatorium adenophorum Banmara Compositae
91 Euphorbia royleana Syundi Euphorbiaceae
92 Euphorbia wallichii Euphorbiaceae
93 Eurya acuminata Jhingano Theaceae
94 Fagopyrum diabotrys Ban phapar Polygonaceae
95 Ficus neriifolia Dudhilo Moraceae
96 Ficus semicordata Khanyu Moraceae
97 Fragaria nubicola Bhuin kafal Rosaceae
98 Ganoderma lucidum Chyau Ganodermataceae
99 Gaultheria fragrantissima Dhasingre/ Kalo angeri Ericaceae
100 Gentianella sp Gentianaceae
101 Geranium wallichianum Raklamul Geraniaceae
102 Geum elatum Rosaceae
103 Girardinia diversifolia Allo Urticaceae
104 Gnaphalium affine Buki phul Compositae
105 Hedera nepalensis Kathe lahero Araliaceae
106 Hedychium spicatum Gai sarro Zingiberaceae
107 Heracleum candicans Umbelliferae
108 Holarrhena pubescens Indrajau/ Ban Khirro Apocynaceae
109 Hypericum uralum Khareto Hypericaceae
110 Ilex excelsa Thinke Aquifoliaceae
111 Impatiens sulcata Mujuro Balsaminaceae
112 Imperata sp Khar ghas Gramineae
113 Indigofera sp Leguminosae
114 Inula cappa Gai tihare Compositae
115 Ipomoea purpurea Convolvulaceae
116 Iris clarkei Ninejadi Iridaceae
117 Iris hookeriana Ninejadi Iridaceae
118 Jasminum dispermum Seto jai Oleaceae
119 Jasminum humile Jai Oleaceae
120 Jatropha curcas Sajwan/ Ratanjoto Euphorbiaceae
121 Juglans regia Okhar Juglandaceae
122 Jurinea dolomiaea Dhupjadi Compositae
123 Lagerstroemia parviflora Bot Dhayaro Lythraceae
124 Lantana camara Ban Phanda Verbenaceae
15
125 Lilium nepalense Khiraula Liliaceae
126 Lindera pulcherrima Fusure Lauraceae
127 Lobaria sp Jhyau Lobariaceae
128 Lonicera myrtillus Caprifoliaceae
129 Luculia gratissima Lukuli Rubiaceae
130 Lycopodium clavatum Nagbeli Lycopodiaceae
131 Lycopodium phlegmeria Nagbeli Lycopodiaceae
132 Lyonia ovalifolia Angeri Ericaceae
133 Macaranga pustulata Mallato Euphorbiaceae
134 Maesa chisia Bilaune Myrsinaceae
135 Maesa macrophylla Bhogate Myrsinaceae
136 Mahonia napaulensis Daruhaldi Berberidaceae
137 Mallotus philippensis Sindure/ Rohini Euphorbiaceae
138 Mazus surculosus Tapre jhar Scrophulariaceae
139 Meconopsis paniculata Papaveraceae
140 Melia azederach Bakainu Meliaceae
141 Morchella sp Guchi chyau Morchellaceae
142 Morina sp Dipsacaceae
143 Morus alba Kimu Moraceae
144 Murraya koenigii Mitho nim Rutaceae
145 Myrica esculenta Kafal Myricaceae
146 Neolamarckia cadamba Kadam Rubiaceae
147 Neolitsea cuipala Lauraceae
148 Neolitsea pallens Lauraceae
149 Nepeta nervosa Labiateae
150 Osbeckia stellata Chulesi Melastomataceae
151 Osyris wightiana Nune/ Nundhiki Santalaceae
152 Oxalis corniculata Chari amilo Oxalidaceae
153 Paris polyphylla Satuwa Liliaceae
154 Parmelia sp Jhyau Parmeliaceae
155 Peperonia tetraphylla Piperaceae
156 Persea gamblei Kathe kaulo Lauraceae
157 Persea odoratissima Kaulo Lauraceae
158 Persicaria capitata Raktanyaule jhar Polygonaceae
159 Phoenix acaulis Khajuriya Palmae
160 Picea smithiana Juhule sallo Pinaceae
161 Pinus roxburghii Khote salla Pinaceae
162 Pinus wallichiana Rani salla Pinaceae
163 Piptanthus nepalensis Leguminosae
164 Pleione hookeriana Orchidaceae
165 Plumeria rubra Galainchi/ Choya phul Apocynaceae
166 Polygonatum cirrhifolium Khiraunla Liliaceae
167 Polygonatum verticillatum Khiraunla Liliaceae
168 Potentilla fruticosa Rosaceae
16
169 Potentilla fulgens Bajradanti Rosaceae
170 Primula denticulata Primulaceae
171 Primula floribunda Primulaceae
172 Prinsepia utilis Dhatelo Rosaceae
173 Prunus cerasoides Paiyin Rosaceae
174 Pyracantha crenulata Ghangaru Rosaceae
175 Pyrus pashia Mayal Rosaceae
176 Quercus glauca Phalant Fagaceae
177 Quercus lanata Banjh Fagaceae
178 Quercus leucotrichophora Banjh Fagaceae
179 Quercus semecarpifolia Khasru Fagaceae
180 Ranunculus brotherusii Ranunculaceae
181 Rheum australe Aksechuk Polygonaceae
182 Rhododendron arboreum Lali guras Ericaceae
183 Rhododendron barbatum Chimal Ericaceae
184 Rhododendron campanulatum Ericaceae
185 Rhododendron lepidotum Ericaceae
186 Rhus wallichii Bhalayo Anacardiaceae
187 Ribes orientale Grossulariaceae
188 Ricinus communis Ander Euphorbiaceae
189 Rosa macrophylla Ban gulab Rosaceae
190 Rosa sericea Ban gulab Rosaceae
191 Rosa webbiana Ban gulab Rosaceae
192 Roscoea alpina Zingiberaceae
193 Roscoea purpurea Zingiberaceae
194 Rubia manjith Majitho Rubiaceae
195 Rubus ellipticus Ainselu Rosaceae
196 Rubus hoffmeisterianus Bhalu aainselu Rosaceae
197 Rumex crispus Polygonaceae
198 Rumex hastatus Halhale Polygonaceae
199 Salix babylonica Bains Salicaceae
200 Salix calyculata Salicaceae
201 Salix sp Salicaceae
202 Sapindus mukorossi Rittha Sapiindaceae
203 Sapium insigne Khirro Euphorbiaceae
204 Sarcococca hookeriana Telparo/ Fitfiya Buxaceae
205 Saurauia napaulensis Gogan Saurauiaceae
206 Saussurea sp Compositae
207 Selinum tenuifolium Bhutkesh Umbelliferae
208 Semecarpus anacardium Bhalayo Anacardiaceae
209 Shorea robusta Sal/ Sakhuwa Dipterocarpaceae
210 Sida rhombifolia Balu Malvaceae
211 Skimmia laureola Chumlani Rutaceae
212 Smilacina purpurea Liliaceae
17
213 Smilax ferox Kukur daino Liliaceae
214 Smilax orthoptera Kukur daino Liliaceae
215 Smilax sp Kukur daino Liliaceae
216 Sorbaria tomentosa Rosaceae
217 Sorbus cuspidata Rosaceae
218 Species 1 Ghagar
219 Swertia angustifolia Bhale chiraito Gentiniaceae
220 Swertia chirayita Chiraito Gentiniaceae
221 Symplocos pyriifolia Kholme/ Kharane Symplocaceae
222 Symplocos ramosissima Dabdabe Symplocaceae
223 Taraxacum officinale Tukee phul Compositae
224 Taxus wallichiana Lauth salla Taxaceae
225 Terminalia alata Saaj Combretaceae
226 Thalictrum foliolosum Bansuli Ranunculaceae
227 Toona ciliata Tuni Meliaceae
228 Trifolium repens Beuli Leguminosae
229 Tsuga dumosa Thingure salla Pinaceae
230 Unidentified sp Kamale Leguminosae
231 Unidentified Tree, P10064
232 Unidentified Tree, P10065
233 Urtica dioica Sisnu Urticaceae
234 Usnea longissima Jhyau usneaceae
235 Valeriana jatamansii Samayo Valerianaceae
236 Vanda sp Orchidaceae
237 Viburnum cylindricum Sambucaceae
238 Viburnum erubescens Tite/ Asare Sambucaceae
239 Viburnum grandiflorum Sambucaceae
240 Viburnum mullaha Malo Sambucaceae
241 Viola wallichiana Violaceae
242 Viscum album Hadchur Loranthaceae
243 Vitex negundo Simalee Verbenaceae
244 Woodfordia fruticosa Dhayaro Lythraceae
245 Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Rutaceae
246 Zanthoxylum nepalense Boke timur Rutaceae
247 Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Lahare timur Rutaceae
248 Zizyphus mauritiana Bayar Rhamnaceae
3.2 Assessment of NTFPs in Jajarkot
This chapter deals with the study on the population parameters of traded (or valuable)
NTFPs of the surveyed 13 VDCs. As the study focused on the assessment of high valued
NTFPs; population parameters of none traded and/or low volume/low valued NTFPs was not
assessed.
18
3.2.1 Dhime VDC
Lokta and Allo are the most potential NTFPs for enterprise development in Dhime VDC. Both
Lokta and Allo were distributed abundantly in the higher altitudes of Dhime VDCs. Kalo Lokta
(Daphne papyracea) had density of 13136 individuals per hectare in the temperate forest.
Similarly, Seto Lokta (Daphne bholua) had density of 9225 individuals per hectare. Allo has
the density of 7067 individuals per hectare. Kaulo was available in the edges of agricultural
fields and was not abundant in the core forest region.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Kurilo, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Nigalo, Allo,
Okhar, Kafal, Kaulo, Majitho, Sisnu, Malo and Jhyau1.
3.2.2 Ramidanda VDC
Ramidanda was surveyed between 1800m to 2800m. Lokta, Allo and Lauth salla are the
potential NTFPs and available evenly in the higher elevations of the VDC. Kalo Lokta had the
density of 9400 individuals per hectare, Seto Lokta had the density of 8000 individuals per
hectare, Allo had the density of 5333 individuals per hectare and finally Lauth salla had the
density of 200 individuals per hectare. Guchi chyau was not recorded during the survey
because of the off season but secondary information reveals that it was available in the area.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bojho, Titepati, Kurilo, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Tarul,
Allo, Ninejadi, Okhar, Guchi chyau, Kafal, Satuwa, Dhatelo, Majitho, Lauth salla, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.3 Rokayagaun VDC
Rokayagaun VDC was surveyed between 1800m to 3565m. Lokta, Allo, Bhutkesh and Bhang
are the potential NTFPs of the region. Kalo Lokta had the density of 8750 individuals per
hectare, Seto Lokta had the density of 10667 individuals per hectare, Allo had the density of
6267 individuals per hectare and finally Bhang had the density of 9091 individuals per
hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bojho, Titepati, Bhang, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Tarul, Allo,
Ninejadi, Okhar, Guchi chyau, Kafal, Dhatelo, Majitho, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.4 Paink VDC
Paink VDC was surveyed between 3565m to 1760m. Dhatelo was dominant NTFP along the
lower belt of Paink. It was abundant along the Sarughat River with the density of about 1000
individuals per hectare. Kalo and Seto Lokta were abundant in the temperate and lower sub
alpine region of Paink VDC. Both of them had the density of 10800 individuals per hectare.
Similarly, Allo had the density of 7500 individuals per ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bojho, Titepati, Bhang, Hatajadi, Kalo Lokta, Seto Lokta, Tarul,
Allo, Bhutkesh, Okhar, Kaulo, Guchi chyau, Kafal, Dhatelo, Majitho, Lauth salla, Timur, Jhyau.
1
The list was given in common/local name so that the all the readers understand the report. Refer to annex 1
for corresponding scientific names.
19
3.2.5 Garkhakot VDC
Garkhakot VDC was surveyed between the altitude of 1650m to 3600m. Most number of
species was recorded from this VDC. A total of 130 species were recorded from Garkhakot
VDC. Valuable NTFPs like Samayo, Hatajadi etc were recorded, but their density was very
low. Lokta was potential in the upper elevation while Timur and Dhatelo were potential
NTFPs in the lower elevation (upper tropical to lower temperate). Density of Seto Lokta was
6675 ind/ha; Kalo Lokta was 6843 ind/ha; Allo was 4827 ind/ha; Timur was 1200 ind/ha
and that of Dhatelo was 1400 ind/ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Simal, Bhang, Malagiri, Hatajadi, Kalo and Seto Lokta,
Nigalo, Allo, Sajiwan, Okhar, Kafal, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Kaulo, Bhutkesh, Lauth salla,
Majitho, Samayo, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.6 Kortang VDC
The VDC was surveyed from 1400m to 2400m. The
study primarily focused on the availability of sub
tropical NTFPs in Kortang VDCs. A total of 103
species was recorded from the VDC. Dhatelo and
Timur were the most promising NTFPs for enterprise
development. Dhatelo and Timur co dominates the
second storey of forest in few parts of Korthang
VDC. Density of Timur was 1578 individuals/ha and
that of Dhatelo was 1183 individuals/ha.
Picture 2: Dhatelo scrubland in Kortang
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Simal, Bhang,
Kalo Lokta, Nigalo, Sajiwan, Okhar, Kafal, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Kaulo, Majitho, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.7 Majhkot VDC
A total of 91 plant species were recorded in Majhkot VDC. Sub tropical region of the VDC was
surveyed more thoroughly; therefore temperate species of Majhkot VDC was not
represented in this study. Survey was done between the altitudes ranging from 1000m to
1700m. Shorea robusta was found up to 1400m in the hills of Majhkot. Dhatelo and Timur
were most promising NTFPs of Majhkot VDC. Density of Timur was 980 individuals per ha
and that of Dhatelo was 1120 individuals/ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Kaulo, Khote
salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Timur, Jhyau.
3.2.8 Dasera VDC
Dasera VDC was surveyed least therefore represented by least number of plant species. Only
73 species are recorded during the survey. The survey was confined to sub tropical region
(900m to 1850m). Lower part of the VDC is influenced by tropical vegetation. Chiuri was the
potential NTFPs of the VDCs. It is generally distributed on the edges of agricultural land,
20
fallow land and near the bank of river. Its density is low and as low as 320 individuals/
hectare was recorded from Dasera VDC.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Titepati, Koiralo, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure,
Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Jhyau.
3.2.9 Sima VDC
Upper tropical and lower subtropical region of Sima VDC was surveyed. Only 72 species was
recorded from the VDC. Lower part of VDC is dominated by Shorea robusta. Bael and Chiuri
are the potential NTFPs for enterprise development. Bael had the density of 400
individuals/ha, whereas Chiuri had 360 individuals/ha in Sima VDC.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Bael, Titepati, Koiralo, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto,
Sindure, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Jhyau.
3.2.10 Bhur
Tropical region of Bhur VDC was surveyed. Bael (Aegle marmelos),
Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) and Khayar (Acacia catechu) was
found potential for enterprise development. Bael was available on
forests and along the edges of river and cultivated or fallow lands.
The fruit is yet to get the appropriate attention. Bael had the
density of 338 individuals per hectare, Chiuri had the density of
250 individuals per hectare and Khayar had the density of 167
individuals per ha.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Bael, Titepati, Koiralo, Dar,
Picture 3: Harvesting
Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Khote salla, Dhatelo, Bael at Bhur
Majitho, Bayar, Jhyau.
3.2.11 Khagenkot
Upper tropical and lower sub tropical region of
Khagenkot VDC was surveyed for valuable NTFPs.
Survey was concentrated along the Thuli Bheri
River. Chiuri and Khair were the potential NTFPs of
the lower parts of the VDC. Population of Chiuri
was 267 individuals per hectare and that of Khayir
was 129 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Titepati, Dar,
Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Khote salla, Picture 4: Chiuri tree in Khagenkot
Dhatelo, Majitho, Bayar, Jhyau.
21
3.2.12 Ragda
Upper tropical and lower sub tropical region of Ragda VDC was surveyed for valuable NTFPs.
Survey was concentrated along the Thuli Bheri River. Chiuri was the potential NTFPs of the
lower parts of the VDC. Population of Chiuri was 196 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Titepati, Dar, Simal, Bhang, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Khote
salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Bayar, Jhyau.
3.2.13 Bhagwati
Lower sub tropical region of Bhagwati VDC was surveyed for valuable NTFPs. Survey was
concentrated along the Thuli Bheri River. Chiuri was the potential NTFPs of the lower parts of
the VDC. Population of Chiuri was 146 individuals per hectare.
NTFPs/MAPs of trade value: Khayar, Bojho, Bhang, Dar, Chiuri, Ratanjoto, Sindure, Khote
salla, Dhatelo, Majitho, Jhyau.
3.3 Identification of Tradable NTFPs of Jajarkot
This study was limited to document NTFPs that are already in trade or potential to trade. A
wide variety of NTFPs have been recorded during the survey. Out of the 248 plant species
recorded, only 38 are NTFPs of trade value (Table 7). They have been used in traditional
medicines, foods and other purposes. With access to marketing infrastructures, many of
traditionally used NTFPs can be traded commercially.
All the available NTFPs fall under following seven broad categories:
Table 7: List of NTFPs of the area
SN Category NTFPs
1 MAPs Jhyau, Sindure, Bhutkesh, Bojho, Dar, Dhatelo, Guchi
chyau, Hatajadi, Kaulo, Kurilo, Lauth salla, Malagiri,
Ninejadi, Samayo, Satuwa, Simal, Timur, Titepati, Dhupjadi,
Pakhanved, Akarkara
2 Fibers Bhang, Allo, Lokta
3 Dyes Majitho, Padamchal
4 Bamboos, Rattans Vines Nigalo
5 Wild Food Bael, Bayar, Chiuri, Kafal, Koiralo, Malo, Okhar, Tarul
6 Resins Khote salla,
7 Others Rittha, Ratanjoto (Sajiwan)
22
3.4 Prioritization of NTFPs
Ten generic criteria were selected for NTFPs prioritization. Table 8 presents the matrix
preference ranking of fifteen high valued NTFPs which were compiled according to the
outcome of consultation meeting and as per the market demand and availability within
Jajarkot district.
The weightage ranged from 1‐4 for each commodity, with 1 being the lowest and 4 being
the highest. However, for the last three criteria i.e. possibilities of cultivation and
domestication, value addition at local level and collection frequency, the weightage was
given 0 or 4; 0 being no possibility and 4 with possibility.
Similarly, weight of each generic criteria ranged from 1 to 5, which was given by the
researcher according to their importance, and consultation with the experts. It is worth to
mention that project related overriding criteria (WUPAP focal area) lies concurrent with
potential to employment generation with emphasis on the involvement of pro poor,
therefore value of 5 was given to this critieria.
Final score was a result of multiplication of score of generic criteria and score given by
communities for each commodity for specific criteria.
Picture 5, 6 and 7: Pictures of one day workshop at, Jajarkot
23
Table 8: Matrix ranking of NTFPs in Jajarkot district (Most preferred species have high score)
Market Price (4)
Criteria →
at local level (3)
Cultivation and
Trade value (4)
Technology (3)
Value addition
Domestication
Manpower (2)
frequency (4)
Conservation
Potential for
Quantity (4)
Availability,
Availability,
Total Score
Collection
status (3)
SN
Space (4)
Skilled
NTFPs ↓
(5)
1 Kurilo 12 4 16 16 8 12 6 20 12 12 118
2 Allo 12 16 16 12 4 6 3 20 12 12 113
3 Timur 16 12 12 8 6 3 9 20 12 12 110
4 Kaulo 8 12 16 8 6 12 3 20 12 12 109
5 Chiuri 8 16 8 4 6 9 9 20 12 12 104
6 Jhyau 12 12 16 16 8 6 6 0 12 12 100
7 Sugandhawal 12 8 16 8 4 3 3 20 12 12 98
8 Ratanjoto (Sajiwan) 8 12 4 4 6 3 12 20 12 12 93
9 Aksechuk (Padamchal) 8 8 16 16 4 9 9 20 0 0 90
10 Majitho 8 4 4 4 8 3 12 20 12 12 87
11 Dhatelo 8 8 4 4 4 6 9 20 12 12 87
12 Bael 4 12 4 4 6 3 9 20 12 12 86
13 Lokta 8 12 16 8 4 6 3 0 12 12 81
14 Pashanved 12 12 8 8 6 3 9 20 0 0 78
15 Jatamansii 4 4 16 16 6 3 3 0 12 12 76
16 Satuwa 4 4 16 16 4 3 3 20 0 0 70
17 Rittha 4 8 8 4 6 3 12 20 0 0 65
18 Dhupjadi 8 8 16 16 4 9 3 0 0 0 64
19 Guchi chyau 4 4 16 16 4 3 3 0 0 0 50
The preference from above came from the deliberations of the workshop, consultation with NTFP experts, researcher’s knowledge, available
data and findings from the field.
24
3.5 RVA of Tradable Species of Jajarkot
Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) analysis was carried out for the prioritized NTFP species
of the study area within Jajarkot. RVA was conducted on the basis of the following criteria: 1)
Ecology, 2) Life form, 3) Parts used and 4) Harvesting method. The lower the score, most
vulnerable is the NTFPs. On the basis of RVA analysis, the most vulnerable NTFP species were
Kaulo, Jatamansii, Satuwa, Dhupjadi and Guchi chyau. It was observed that bark, root,
rhizome and whole plant yielding NTFPs are most vulnerable among the prioritized NTFPs.
The details are shown in table 9 below:
Table 9: RVA analysis of NTFPs in Jajarkot (Vulnerable species have low score)
reproduction
Criteria↓
Growth rate
Abundance
Harvesting
Parts used
Life form
methods
SN
Mode of
Habitat
Score
NTFPs→
1 Kaulo 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
2 Jatamansii 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8
3 Satuwa 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8
4 Dhupjadi 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8
5 Guchi chyau 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 8
6 Kurilo 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 9
7 Sugandhawal 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 9
8 Padamchal (Aksechuk) 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 9
9 Lokta 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 9
10 Rittha 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 9
11 Pashanved 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 10
12 Jhyau 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 11
13 Bael 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 11
14 Chiuri 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 12
15 Sajiwan 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 12
16 Allo 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 13
17 Timur 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 13
18 Majitho 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 13
19 Dhatelo 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 13
25
CHAPTER FOUR: TRADE VALUE AND TRADING PATTERN
The local communities of the study areas depend on subsistence agriculture, animal
husbandry and seasonal migration to different parts of Nepal and India for labor work for
their livelihood support. However, few villagers are engaged in the collection and trade of
NTFPs as an additive source of income.
4.1 Trade Value of NTFPs in Jajarkot
The traded NTFPs/products and their trading pattern in the study areas are as follows
Table 10: Marketing status/trade value of NTFPs in Jajarkot
SN NTFPs Products Trade value, Kathmandu (NRs)
1 Allo Raw, Semi processed Dry bark: 80‐100/kg
Fiber: 350‐380/kg; Cloth: 350/meter
2 Bael Raw 5/kg
3 Bojho Raw Rhizome: 15‐20/kg; Oil: 2800‐3000/kg
4 Chiraito Raw, Crude form 375‐450/ kg
5 Chiuri Ghee Raw 120/kg
6 Dhatelo Raw Oil: 350/liter
7 Guchchi chyau Raw 13000‐15000/kg
8 Handmade paper 10gm: 850/kori, 20gm: 1600/kori,
30 gm: 2800/kori 40gm: 3200/kori
9 Hemp fibers/ Hemp clothes Fibre/ Cloths Fibre: 70‐90/kg
Cloths: 300‐3500/meter
10 Jatamansi rhizomes Raw 200‐240/kg
11 Jhyau Raw/ Crude form 80‐100/ kg
12 Kaulo Raw 15‐20/kg
13 Kurilo Raw 200‐250/ kg
14 Lokta Raw 80‐100/ kg
15 Majitho Raw 40‐50
16 Malagiri Raw Seed: 80‐90/kg; Oil: 2100/kg
17 Padamchaal (R. australe) Raw Stem: 60‐80/kg; Root: 120‐150/kg
18 Rittha Raw 30‐40/kg
19 Satuwa Raw 400‐500/kg
20 Sugandhawal Raw/ Crude form Rhizomes‐ 90‐100/ kg
Oil: 32000/kg
21 Timur Raw/ Crude form Seed: 60‐80/ kg; Oil: 3500‐4000/kg
4.2 Trading Pattern/ Market Chain of NTFPs
Collectors → Village traders → Roadhead traders → District level traders (Jajarkot Khalanga)
→ Terai Traders (Nepalgunj)
26
CHAPTER FIVE: OVERVIEW OF ENTERPRISE MODALITIES TO BE SET UP IN
JAJARKOT
Forest based enterprises exist in various modalities, which can be outlined in aspects of
ownership structure, linkages to raw materials, target markets, seasonality of operation,
technological sophistication, management structure, product types and similar
characteristics.
On the ownership dimension, 5 different modalities can be set up in Jajarkot, they are as
follows:
a) Sole enterprise,
b) FUG enterprise,
c) Consortium of FUGs enterprise,
d) Cooperatives and
e) Private limited company
In terms of linkages of raw materials, economic and enterprise activities are based on raw
materials drawn from community forests and government forests of the district.
5.1 Comparative Analysis of Enterprise Modalities in Jajarkot
Using ranking scores at three levels (Good: 3, Fair: 2 and Poor: 1), a comparative analysis of
the proposed five enterprise modalities in Jajarkot was done as developed by ANSAB (2000),
Subedi et al. (2002) and Gurung (2007). The analysis revealed that sole ownership is not
necessarily the best modality in the forest enterprise sector. Its main weakness lies in the
organization for all kinds of issues and there are many risks.
Company scored the lowest of the other modalities. This is due to the lack of institutional
mechanism, such as with FUGs, to ensure linkages with support services, environmental
management and advocacy with DFO. On the other hand, companies scored higher than FUG
enterprises in the area of marketing because they can have better management capacity.
Cooperative also scored less than FUG enterprises because they have no institutional
mechanism for advocacy with the DFO or for guarantying environmental management. They
also scored higher than FUG enterprises on marketing and on participation of woman.
FUGs enterprise scored less on marketing because of the lack of management capacity for
marketing. However, in many other respects, they are at least potentially as strong as the
other enterprise modalities.
In summary, if conservation of resource is the most important factor, and those criteria are
given additional weight, then the FUGs enterprise would score the highest.
On the other hand, if woman’s participation is the most important and if this ranking is
weighted, then the cooperative modality would come out higher than the others.
27
Table 11: Comparative analysis of enterprise modalities on market, social, technology and conservation criteria in Jajarkot
Factors Enterprise modalities
Sole Enterprise FUG Enterprise FUGs Consortium Cooperative Company
Market No bargaining power Potential for own Potential for own Potential for own Potential for own
a. Price unless organized into financing and therefore financing and therefore financing and therefore financing and therefore
a trade association for increased bargaining for increased bargaining for increased bargaining for increased bargaining
and even then it’s power, but difficult to power, but difficult to power, can also achieve power and can also
difficult to guarantee reach agreement reach agreement agreements amongst easily reach agreement
agreement on sale amongst all members on amongst all members on members on sale price to on sale price amongst
price to buyers (1) sale price to buyers (2) sale price to buyers (2) buyers (3) shareholders (3)
b. Economy of Difficult to achieve (1) Can be achieved (3) Can be achieved (3) Can be achieved (3) Can be achieved (3)
scale
c. Access to Difficult to organize Easy to organize (3) Easy to organize (3) Easy to organize (3) Easy to organize (3)
transport (1)
d. Access to Difficult to achieve Management capacity is Management capacity is Management capacity is Better management
forward linkage (1) lacking to organize (2) lacking to organize (2) lacking to organize (2) capacity to achieve
and services (3)
Environment No positive impact Potential for good More difficult to ensure Good impact is only Good impact is only
a. Biodiversity can be guaranteed impact if participation of participation but has achieved if increased achieved if increased
and chances of all users is ensured and potential for good impact income results in income results in
negative impact are conflicts are resolved (3) (3) increased awareness of increased awareness of
high without peer conservation (2) conservation (2)
pressure (1)
b. Management Needs good linkage Can easily be organized Can easily be organized Needs good linkage with Needs good linkage with
and monitoring with FUGs and can’t (3) (3) FUG in order to be FUG in order to be
be ensured (1) possible and can’t be possible and can’t be
ensured (2) ensured (2)
28
Social There is no control Potential to be Potential to be equitable By law‐guarantee, equity Equity is only ensured
a. Distribution of over equity (1) equitable if there is if there is transparency and transparency with through distribution of
income transparency and good and good participation in distribution of dividends shares. Influential share
participation in decision decision making on FUG but distribution of work holders can dominate
making on CFUG funds funds (2) opportunities may not decision making (2)
(2) always be equitable (3)
b. Participation of Potential to be very Potential for it to be Potential for it to be high, Can be very high in the Potential to be very high
women high if it’s a women high, only if there is only if there is support case of a women’s only in the case of a women’s
owned enterprise in support for participation for participation in cooperative (3) only company (3)
which women are in decision making in decision making in FUG
allowed in decision FUG committee (2) committee (2)
making (3)
c. Impact of Policy No advocacy power Strong advocacy power Strong advocacy power Little advocacy power if No advocacy power with
with DFO (1) and potential support and potential support it is community owned DFO (1)
from related from related cooperative (2)
organizations (3) organizations (3)
Technology Poor access (1) Good access (3) Good access (3) Good access (3) Good access (3)
a. Access to value
addition
b. Sustainability Very difficult to Can be ensured with Can be ensured with More difficult to ensure Can be ensured with
ensure (1) good management (3) good management (3) continuing linkages (2) good management (3)
Total Score (13) (29) (29) (28) (28)
29
5.2 Identification of Enterprise Modalities to be set up in Jajarkot
On the basis of the resource availability, processing technology, communities’ willingness
and market linkage, following are potential NTFPs for enterprise development in surveyed
areas.
Table 12: Potentiality for enterprise development in Jajarkot
5.3 Potential Markets of Value Added Products
The enterprise models and the NTFPs products to be value added are designed with the
motive of markets linkage assurance focusing basically at the local level consumption.
Table 13: Potential markets for NTFPs products
30
Lokta papers: Handicrafts and handmade paper
exporters in Nepalgunj and Kathmandu
8 Organic insecticide/pesticides Farmers/ Household level
9 Seedlings and saplings of Other VDCs or user groups for cultivation /
multipurpose herbs and NTFPs Household level
10 Timur fruits Traders of Jajarkot Khalanga, Surkhet, Nepalgunj
and Kathmandu
5.4 Requirements for Enterprise Success
The success of the enterprises can be assessed according to the following dimensions:
a. Raw material availability: A long term biologically sustainable supply of the targeted
natural product in sufficient quantities is necessary for the enterprise activity to be
financially viable.
b. Legal access to and control over the natural resources: Collectors should be able to
manage natural products harvesting and incorporate the enterprise activity into their overall
forest management plans. Enterprise activities must comply with a range of legal
requirements.
c. Equitable distribution of benefits: If community members do not feel the benefits are
being distributed fairly there will be less incentive to protect the natural resources. The
overall raw material source could become threatened as well as the commercial activity and
ecosystem’s biodiversity.
d. Appropriate processing technology: Is the technology compatible with the prevailing
infrastructure and human resource conditions at the chosen location? Conditions to be
considered include: transport and storage facilities; equipment/machinery availability;
power or fuel required for the processing activity and technical skills available.
e. Good management: People with knowledge of, and experience with managing proposed
activities should be available to run the enterprise or they should be closely involved in its
operations.
f. Commercial sustainability: Commercial sustainability is a simple concept. Sell the product
at a price and volume that covers all the costs associated with the natural product enterprise
with enough money left over as profit.
g. Access to capital: Startup capital and ongoing working capital is needed for the enterprise.
h. Available and accessible market for the products: Is there a market for the available
quantity and quality of product? Is there adequate demand at the expected selling price?
Who will buy the product?
31
5.5 Challenges for Forest Based Enterprises
Marketing barrier is the major identified challenges for the NTFP based enterprises. The
specific challenges are as follows:
Limited number of wholesalers and controlled price information.
Less developed market for many products and high price fluctuations.
Many producers with small quantities of products receiving only a small portion of
the total income.
Role and services of brokers and middlemen.
Lack of market information; current marketing channels, amount of each products,
price variation as well as future supply and demand of the products, processed
product, development and future price projection etc.
Most of the traders with an inadequate marketing knowledge and skills.
Limited access to availability of information and technology for product development.
Lack of marketing infrastructure like storage, transportation, quality testing
laboratory facilities, etc.
Difficulties in matching market requirements by suppliers due to several uncertainties such
as production fluctuation, decreased collection due to unfavorable weather, inconsistent
quality of products, lack of quality checking facilities, etc.
5.6 Value Addition Techniques
Value addition techniques at local level includes; cleaning, drying, grading, packaging and
improved marketing. Commonly practiced methods of value addition of NTFPs and their
techniques are presented in table 14.
Table 14: Value addition techniques of NTFPs
5.7 Processing Technology
Simple and locally available technologies are more sustainable than the imported and more
sophisticated ones. Through the technological interventions there is a scope to improve the
quality, reduce the loss, increase the efficiency of operation and thereby reduce the cost.
32
Technological improvements can also be made building on the traditional and existing
technologies to match the current market requirement.
Few processing technology that can be adopted in Jajarkot are as follows:
Table 15: Processing technology and application
5.8 Need Based Assessment for Enterprise set up in Jajarkot
The chain of steps for the establishment of community based forest enterprises in Jajarkot
include:
Yield estimation of the prioritized NTFPs in selected Community Forests
↓
Selection of local motivators
↓
Designation and preparation of worksheet for orientation to motivators
↓
Orientation to local motivators
↓
Identification of NTFPs collectors, local traders, and processors
↓
Ranking of local collectors
↓
Formation of collectors group
↓
33
Group discussion/ interaction/ motivation among motivators, collectors, traders,
processors, members of FUGs
↓
Networking among FUGs/individuals
↓
Capacity building/strengthening the concerned FUGs on institutional development,
governance/equity, fund mobilization, financial management, record keeping, benefit
sharing mechanism etc.
↓
Training package on NTFPs promotion – time and technique of collection, local processing
technology, storage, quality control, packaging, labeling, cultivation of major NTFPs
↓
Revisions in operational plan (OP) of concerned FUGs‐for the inclusion of enterprise
development activities in OP
↓
Coordination with concerned government agencies and I/NGOs
↓
Site selection (accessible site) for the modalities of enterprise other than sole
↓
Assessment of the enterprise modalities – Sole/ FUG owned/ Consortium of FUGs/
Cooperatives/ Private Ltd. Co.
↓
Threat/challenges/risk factor analysis
↓
Visualization of output/expectations
↓
Development of biological sustainable harvesting system – block rotation system preferable
for harvesting/ participatory monitoring system, cultivation of major traded NTFPs
↓
Feasibility study on market, technology, equipments and availability of skill manpower
↓
Identification of the enterprise modalities to be set up
↓
Discussion among network members in different stages/steps (about objective, structure,
regulatory mechanisms, business plan, marketing strategy etc.)
↓
Final meeting to discuss on common consensus and minuting of decisions
↓
Preparation of work plan/division of work
↓
Preparation of enterprise development plan/ business plan
↓
Registration of enterprise in concerned government office
↓
Management and conduction of pilot model enterprise
34
CHAPTER SIX: NTFPs PROFILE
A total of 15 species were selected for the profile preparation, as per the outcomes of one
day consultation workshop and field study and rigorous field survey. Thirteen species out of
15 were ranked high on Matrix Preference Ranking. This portion deals with the short
description of these plants, their availability in respected VDCs, their commercial uses and
traded parts.
6.1 Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus)
Kurilo (Eng: Asparagus; Family: Liliaceae) is a perennial
much branched, spiny climbing shrub, about 1.5m. Roots
tuberous, succulent, 30‐50cm or more in length, found
growing wild in tropical and sub‐tropical parts. The plant is
rather variable, and three varieties are generally
recognized although not distinguished in trade. The plant
grows in 600‐2100m altitude.
Tuber of Asparagus is used in tuberculosis, hysteria, night
blindness, kidney and stomach problems. Asparagus tuber is traded wild from
Kurilo is sparsely distributed throughout study region. It was documented at Dhime, Paink,
Ramidanda and Rakayagaun VDCs. Over‐harvesting, combined with fodder use of this plant
was responsible for depletion in the wild. The sustainable management of plant requires
technical understanding of its cultivation and harvesting. Benefit oriented collection without
any regulatory or control mechanism is responsible for complete destruction of its natural
stand. Since there are very limited researches on cultivation of Asparagus in Nepal except a
limited research in Terai region, the potentiality of commercial cultivation and harvesting is
not clear. This had opened the room for research (in cultivation) where there were plenty of
natural stock in past.
6.2 Allo (Girardinia diversifolia)
Allo (Eng: Himalayan Nittle, Local: Thulo sisnu or Chalne sisnoo,
Family: Urticaceae) is annual herb with contains bristles on leaves.
The stem bark contains fibres with unique qualities‐strength,
smoothness, lightness and, when appropriately treated, a silk like
lustre. Propagated by seeds or root offshoots. It grows wild under the
forest canopy between 1200 m and 3000m in moist and shaded
areas.
Young leaves and inflorescence are cooked as a green vegetable. The
plant is considered useful for fever. Roasted seeds are pickled.
35
There is no commercial harvesting of Allo except for domestic use. Mostly poor were
involved in collection of Allo for domestic and limited commercial purpose. Inner bark of
stem furnishes fine silky fiber. People have for centuries extracted and spun these fibres to
weave strong and durable sacks, mats, porters’ headbands and fishing nets.
Allo is widely distributed in the study site with an excellent natural stock. It was documentd
at Dhime, Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ramidanda and Rokayagaun VDCs.
6.3 Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum)
Timur (Eng: Nepal Pepper, Family Rutaceae) is a spiny
shrub about 3 m high, with corky bark and strong prickles
on the branches. Leaves stalked, alternate, slightly
winged, with stipular spines at the base. Flowers small,
whitish, in loose clusters. Seeds solitary, shiny black.
Flowering on April May and fruiting on July November.
Propagated by seeds and branch cuttings.
Distributed throughout Nepal at 1100m to 2900m in open places or in forest undergrowth.
Timur was documented at Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ramidanda and Rokayagaun
VDCs.
Fruits contain 2.5‐3% essential oil. It is traded in the name of Zanthoxylum oil.
It is highly traded NTFPs and stands in the highest rank in term of production and trade.
There is an excellent commercial potential of this plant from existing natural stock of forest
areas. But there is a need of systematic and scientific harvesting. Harvesting is noted being
tradition but not necessarily be unscientific. People said they harvest it by hand picking and
using sticks. Some people cut down whole tree or its branches to make collection easier.
This tendency is found to be in increasing trend as resource is diminishing.
6.4 Kaulo (Persea odoratissima)
Kaulo (Family: Lauraceae) is a medium sized evergreen
tree. Leaves stalked, 7.5 to 20cm by 1.5‐4.8cm wide,
lanceolate, acute or long pointed, narrowed towards the
base, bright green above. Flowers yellowish in lax,
branched clusters. Fruits purple and supported by
persistent perianth. Flowering in March‐April.
Propagated by seeds.
Distributed at 1000m to 2000m in moist, open places. In
Jajarkot, it was found on the edges of agricultural and fallow lands. Kaulo was documented
at Dhime, Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink and Rokayagaun VDCs of Jajarkot district.
36
Kaulo bark (commercially known as Jiket Powder) is the highest exporting commodity of the
district. Jiket has the outstanding binding capacity and used in the manufacture of incense
stick by commercial and small scale industries.
6.5 Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea)
Chiuri tree (Eng: Butter tree; Family: Sapotaceae) is a
deciduous, medium size tree about 20m high native to
Nepal. Leaves stalked, generally crowded near the ends of
branches, oblong, entire, acuminate, hairy beneath,
glabrous above. Flowers stalked, crowded at the ends of
branches, yellowish. Fruit a berry, pear shaped, with one
or two seeds. Flowers: November‐January; Fruits: April‐
July. The plant propagates by seeds.
It grows mainly in the sub‐Himalayan tracts on steep slopes, ravines and cliffs at an altitude
of 300‐1500m from east to west Nepal. It was documented at Bhagwati, Bhur, Dasera,
Khagenkot, Majkot, Ragda, Sima VDCs of Jajarkot distirct.
The main product of the tree is ghee or butter, extracted from the
seeds and popularly known as "Chiuri ghee". Chiuri is one of the most
promising species for its promotion as a source of livelihood
improvement of the people of Jajarkot district.
The Chiuri ripe fruit has sweet edible pulp. The fruit pulp supplements and sometimes
substitutes staple food in the villages of Jajarkot. According to local key informants, Chiuri
juice is considered to make the body warm and possess intoxicating properties. Juice of the
corolla is boiled into a liquid which is used by the villagers as a syrupy sugar. Juicy pulp of
ripe fruits is eaten fresh. Juice of the bark, about 4 teaspoons, is given to treat indigestion.
The juice is also applied to treat rheumatic pain and boils. Seed oils are applied for
headache, rheumatism, boils, pimples, wounds, chapped skin and burns.
The plant constitutes an important source of nectar and pollen for bees. Leaves are used as
plates and good fodder. Resin of Chiuri tree mixed with resins of Khirra (Sapium insigne) and
Katahar (Artocarpus heterophyllus) makes good glue used for trapping birds and also
houseflies. The pulp syrup is mixed with tobacco and used in “Hookka”. The timber can be
used in construction and for furniture.
6.6 Jhyau (Lichens)
Jhyau (Eng: Lichen) is found in wide variety of habitats. They are commonly found growing
on the old walls, trunks, and branches of the trees, bare ground and exposed rocks. It
prefers moist areas but also found in dry areas. There are more than 465 species of jhyau in
Nepal and are found in tropical to sub‐alpine zone depending upon species. Lichen is a dual
organism, i.e. mutual association of an alga and a fungus. Lichen plays an important role in
37
ecosystem and is considered bio‐indicator to monitor
environmental pollution. It is used in reliving from
menstrual disorders and food poisoning, dyeing silk and
wood.
Two species of Lichens are currently in trade, Parmelia sp
and Usnea longissima. Parmelia was documented at all
surveyed VDCs whereas Usnea longissima was
documented at Dhime, Garkhakot, Kortang, Majkot,
Paink, Ramidanda and Rakayagaun VDCs.
The species is reported distributed in most of CFs. A lower
estimate of annual trade of Lichen from Jajarkot is more
than 55 tones.
Harvesting method of lichen includes manual collection
from forests. As mentioned above, the species is
abundant in branches and trunks of trees in the moist areas, people collect either cutting
branches or falling down tree if there is good stock of lichen. The practice is detrimental for
both forest and species. In the local level, there is no processing but people dry green lichen
before its marketing.
There is no researches on cultivation of lichen, if done, has not been practiced in Nepal. It is
prudent to conserve forest areas and set harvest quota to ensure sustainable harvesting.
6.7 Samayo/Sugandhawal (Valeriana jatamansii)
Samayo (Eng: Valerian, Family: Valerianaceae) is an herb
of about 50 cm high with a thick rootstock. Basal leaves
long stalked, ovate, acuminate, dentate or sinulate, cauline
leaves short stalked, opposite. Flowers are tiny, white
tinged with pink. Flowering March‐June. Propagated by
seed or root offshoots. Rhizome and lateral roots are parts
of commercial value.
Distributed throughout Nepal at 1300 m to 3300 m in moist, shady places but the gathering
of its rhizomes for sale is a cause of conservation concern. It is one of the major exporting
NTFP commodities of Jajarkot and is recorded from 8 out of 11 surveyed VDCs of Jajarkot.
About 100 MT of raw Samayo rhizomes are traded raw from the district in a fiscal year.
Sugandhawal was documented at Garkhakot, Paink, Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Dhime,
Majkot, Kortang.
Despite the possibility of value addition at local level, it has not been performed. Value
addition (extraction of Valerian oil from roots and rhizomes of Samayo from simple steam
38
distillation method) within the district will add more profit to the collectors and traders. The
export of unprocessed rhizome from country is legally banned.
6.8 Sajwan/Ratanjoto (Jatropha curcas)
Sajiwan (Eng: Physic nut, Purging nut; Family:
Euphorbiaceae) is a soft wooded tree about 4m high.
Leaves stalked blade angled or three or five lobed,
orbiculate, glabrous base cordate. Flowers yellowish in
cymes. Seeds oblong, dark brown, smooth oily. Flowering
on April‐October and fruiting on November‐January.
Distributed throughout Nepal to about 1300m in open
places, generally around villages.
Tender shoots are cooked as vegetable. The cotyledons serve as candles for villagers. The
plant makes excellent hedge.
Seeds contain 20‐40% nonvolatile oil that is also used for lighting. Recently, the oil is used as
substitute to fossil fuel.
It was documented at Bhagwati, Bhur, Dasera, Garkhakot, Khagenkot, Kortang, Majkot,
Ragda and Sima VDCs.
6.9 Padamchal (Rheum australe)
Padamchal (Eng: Himalayan Rhubarb, Family: Polygonaceae) is
erect robust perennial herb with thick rootstock. Stem stout
hollow and branched above. Leaves large orbicular or broadly
ovate, with heart shaped base, long petioled, upper leaves
smaller. Flowers small, dark reddish purple, in dense terminal
panicles. Flowering occurs in June July and fruiting in July‐
September.
It is endemic to the Himalayas and found distributed between 3200m and 4200m on moist
scrub, open rocky slopes, alpine meadows and forest margins. It was documented at
Garkhakot, Paink and Rokayagaun VDCs.
Rootstock is traded commercially. Petioles and rootstocks are collected for trade.
6.10 Majitho (Rubia manjith)
Majitho (Eng: Indian Madder, Family: Rubiaceae) is a herbaceous climbing perennial, with 4
angled stems and branches, with unequal stalked leaves in whorls of 4, and with usually
reddish brown flowers in small clusters aggregated together in to a large branched cluster
with small leafy bracts. Leaves with hooked prickles on the veins beneath. Leaf stalk as long
39
as blade, with hooked prickles, stems with hooked prickles on angles.
Flowering occurs in June to October, fruiting in November‐December.
Majitho is endemic to the Himalayas and found distributed in open
forests and shrubland between 1200m to 3000m altitude. It was
documented from the entire surveyed VDCs of Jajarkot district.
A valuable dye, Manjith is obtained from roots and stems and is
traded from different parts of Nepal. Root has medicinal properties
and is used to treat various ailments in remote hilly villages of Nepal.
Root decoction is used in blood, liver and menstrual disorders, fever, cough, chest and
kidney pain. Root is also used as tonic and astringent. Root paste is used to treat skin
disease.
6.11 Dhatelo (Prinsepia utilis)
Dhatelo (Family: Rosaceae) is a deciduous shrub about 2 m
high, branches armed with stout spines. Leaves stalked,
alternate, 6‐7 cm long, 0.5‐3 cm wide, lanceolate,
acuminate, slightly serrate. Flowers stalked, white, in short
axillary racemes. Fruit purple when ripe. Flowering on
February‐March, Fruits on April‐May. Propagated by seeds.
Seed is collected and grinded to extract oil of food and
cosmetic value.
Dhatelo is distributed throughout Nepal at 1300 m to 2900 m in sunny, open places. It was
recorded in 10 VDCs. It is also found along the riverbanks, in the edge of agricultural field
and in open forest areas. Dhatelo is a common plant of Karnali region and potential plant to
uplift the socio economic condition of marginal people. It was documented at Bhagwati,
Garkhakot, Khagenkot, Kortang, Majkot, Paink, Ragda, Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, and Dhime
VDCs
Dhatelo oil can be extracted locally and can be used either as substitute of conventional
cooking oil or traded of cosmetic purpose. The demand of Dhatelo oil is emerging with the
expanded market preference for natural products.
6.12 Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Bael (Eng: Bael Fruit tree, Family: Rutaceae) is a
deciduous thorny tree about 15 m high. Leaves stalked,
alternate, trifoliate, leaflets ovate to lanceolate. Flowers
white in sub terminal panicles. Fruits yellowish, globose,
with woody rind and sweet pulp. Flowers March‐May,
fruits March‐June the following year. Propagated by
seeds and root offshoots.
40
Distributed throughout Nepal from Terai to 1100m, apparently wild in open, dry places and
planted around villages.It was documented at Sima and Bhur VDCs of Jajarkot district.
Pulp of ripe fruit is eaten fresh or mixed with cold water to prepare juice. Government of
Nepal has launched One Village One Product Program and is supporting Bael products in
Sindhuli and Bardiya districts. Similarly, few private companies are involved in the
production of Bael juice. In Bardiya, communities collect Bael from community forests and
sold to Bael factory at Rs 4 per kg (PAC, 2010).
Leaves are offered to Shiva in religious functions and are also used as fodder, especially for
goats. The gummy substance around the seed is used as an adhesive. The root, stem, leaves
and fruit all have medicinal values. Juice of root is given for fever. Wood ash is applied to
swollen parts of the body. Juice of bark is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves are
astringent, digestive, febrifuge and laxative. Fruits are astringent, digestive and used to treat
stomachic.
6.13 Lokta (Daphne bholua, D. papyracea)
Two species of Lokta (Eng: Nepali Paper Plant, Family:
Thymelaeaceae) are commonly in trade in Nepal, Daphne
bholua and D. papyracea. D. bholua (Seto Lokta) is erect or
spreading evergreen or deciduous, less branched shrub, found
within the altitude of 1800‐3100m. Leaves elliptic to
oblanceolate, entire dull green leathery, with very sweet
scented white flowers flushed externally pink or purplish. Fruit
ellipsoid, black when ripe.
D. papyracea (Kalo Lokta) is evergreen, much branched and
found within the altitude of 1500m to 2100m. Leaves dull
green narrow lanceolate to oblanceolate leathery leaves and
with scented white or greenish white flowers borne in
terminal clusters with persistent hairy bracts. Fruits small and
fleshy, orange colored at first and later deep red when fully ripe.
Lokta is found distributed more gregariously in the moist conifer and temperate Himalaya.
Both Kalo and Seto Lokta were available at Dhime, Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Paink and
Garkhakot VDCs. Kalo Lokta was documented from Kortang also. The plant is reported in
higher density in the study area and it has good potential for future harvesting and
processing.
There is not commercial harvesting of Lokta (except in Majkot) and domestic use is not so
intense. Some people harvest it by cutting immature plants randomly without retaining the
sufficient numbers for future supply and regeneration. The existing stock may be affected by
41
the increased disturbances in forest ecosystem as the plant requires unique environments
to thrive.
Inner bark of Lokta is commercially harvested for the manufacture of Nepalese handmade
paper. Handmade paper from Lokta is the fifth highest exporting commodity amongst the
handicraft sector.
6.14 Bojho (Acorus calamus)
Bojho (Eng: Sweet Flag, Family: Araceae) is a perennial
herb. It is semi‐aquatic, aromatic herb with creeping
rhizomes, growing wild and also cultivated. The plant
thrives best in marshy and moist places. The plant is grown
in clayey loams and light alluvial soils of river banks and
streams. It has been cultivated in some villages in study
region for domestic use only. The dried rhizomes are
considered to possess anti‐spasmodic, carminative and anthelmintic properties, and are
used for the treatment of host of diseases such as epilepsy and other mental ailments,
chronic diarrhea and dysentery, bronchial catarrh, intermittent fevers and glandular and
abdominal tumors.
Bhojo was documented at Ramidanda, Paink, Bhagwati, Khagenkot, Ragda, Rokayagaun,
Dhime and Garkhakot VDCs. It can be infer that the plant is poorly distributed, mostly near
human settlements and water sources. However, the plant has a high potentiality for
commercial cultivation in selected areas.
6.15 Rittha (Sapindus mukorossi)
Rittha (Eng: Soap nut, Family: Sapindaceae) is a deciduous
tree, reaching height of 25m. It is one of the most
important trees of tropical and sub‐tropical regions of Asia.
The bark of Rittha is shinning gray and fairly smooth when
the plant is young. Rittha leaves are long stalked odd
pinnate. Ritha flowers during summer. The flowers are
small and greenish white, polygamous and mostly bisexual
in terminal thyrses or compound cymose panicles. These
are sub‐sessile; numerous in number and at times occur in lose panicles at the end of
branches. The fruit appears in July‐August and ripens by November‐December. These are
solitary globose, round nuts 2 to 2.5 cm diameter, fleshy, saponaceous and yellowish brown
in color.
The species is widely grown in upper reaches of the Indo‐Gangetic plains, Siwaliks and sub‐
Himalayan tracts at altitudes from 200m to 1500m. It was documented from Bhur VDC.
42
The dried fruit of Ritha is most valuable part of the plant. Its fleshy portion contains saponin,
which is a good substitute for washing soap and is as such used in preparation of quality
shampoos, detergents, etc. Skin of the fruit is highly valued by the rural folks as a natural
produced shampoo for washing their hair. Ritha foliage can be used as cattle fodder. The
fruit is of considerable importance for its medicinal value as well. Ayurvedic, Unani and
Tibetan systems of medicine consider it to be useful for treating a number of diseases like
common cold, pimples, epilepsy, constipation, nausea, etc. It is also used as expectorant and
anthelmintic in small doses.
There is limited trade of this species, mainly due to low production. Though not have
immediate market potential, this plant needs to be conserved and cultivated for use and
potential.
43
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Conclusion
Jajarkot harbors rich diversity of NTFP resources due to wide altitudinal variation.
Considering the fact, WUPAP commissioned the “Assessment and Profile Preparation of
High Valued NTFPs of Jajarkot District”. The survey was conducted in 13 out of 30 VDCs of
Jajarkot distirct, covering east, west, north, south and middle zone. The study was
concentrated to three distinct ecological zones: tropical and sub tropical, temperate and sub
alpine.
A total of 248 species falling under 95 species were recorded from 13 surveyed VDCs. 142
species were recorded from Garkhakot VDC, followed by Paink with 138 species. Most of
the high valued NTFPs and MAPs were incorporated despite the limited time frame and
other constraints. The research was comprehensive in the sense that all the NTFPs (both
traded and non tradable) were recorded and documented during the survey.
Out of 38 listed NTFPs, Lokta, Allo, Samayo, Kaulo, Timur, Dhatelo, Chiuri and Bael are the
most promising NTFPs of the district and holds tremendous potentiality for enterprise
development. Jhyau are collected from the entire VDCs and traded raw.
Most of the local communities of the study areas are unaware about the use and benefits of
NTFPs available in the nearby forests and their farm lands except for fuelwood, timber and
fodder.
Resource assessment of NTFPs in Jajarkot district using the inventory parameters revealed
that there are tremendous potentialities for the cultivation, harvesting, value addition and
marketing of prioritized NTFPs. The local communities are more curios for the promotion of
NTFPs which would support their livelihood.
Enterprise development potentialities assessment in Jajarkot revealed that, there are
immense potentialities of enterprise set up for the product lines as edible oil expelling,
herbal drinks/juice making, organic insecticide/pesticide, cultivation of NTFPs, collective
marketing centre for crude herbs and NTFPs and essential oils extraction (Valerian and
Zanthoxylum oil) in various locations of Jajarkot district.
For genesis, operation and growth of forest based enterprise in Jajarkot; a biologically
sustainable harvesting mechanism should be prepared for each community forests,
leasehold forests and government forests. Moreover, some factors that contribute to or
hinder the genesis, operation and growth of enterprises should be taken into account.
These include: awareness raising, technical assistance, financial support, marketing support,
marketing outlets, community characteristics, natural resource base, technology, policy
factors, enterprise consequences and natural resource conservation.
44
In conclusion, the communities’ motivation towards entrepreneurship, institutionalization
of user groups (FUGs) and regulatory mechanisms for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs would
definitely create the income generating opportunities and would assist in the conservation
of biodiversity, and reduction of poverty in Jajarkot district.
7.2 Recommendations
Local communities play crucial role for the conservation and sustainable utilization of NTFPs
in Jajarkot district. Conservation and sustainable management are the ever raised issues,
but why and how to conserve and manage are the big questions challenging ever.
Therefore, following steps are recommended for addressing conservation and livelihood
issues of local communities in Jajarkot:
1. Awareness programs (workshops, exhibitions, exposure visits, and demonstration of
the products) on the importance of NTFPs; conservation and sustainable utilization,
cultivation and harvesting at local level need to be conducted.
2. Capacity building/strengthening the concerned FUGs on institutional development,
governance/equity, fund mobilization, financial management, record keeping, benefit
sharing mechanism etc. should be initiated.
3. Field based training package on NTFPs promotion; time and technique of collection,
local processing technology, storage, quality control, packaging, labeling, and
cultivation of major NTFPs should be conducted.
4. Development of biological sustainable harvesting system; block rotation system
preferable for harvesting/ participatory monitoring system should be prepared for
each user groups.
5. Detailed assessment of the potential enterprises that can be set up in the district
should be conducted in collaboration with various user groups.
6. Feasibility study on market linkage, technology transfer, equipments and availability of
skill manpower should be conducted for each product line.
7. Micro‐credit facilities should be provided for the initiation of small scale enterprises
and financial and operational support should be provided for the medium scale
consortium enterprise/ cooperative model.
8. Initiation for the management and conduction of pilot model enterprise preferably,
herbal incense, juice making, essential oil production, Lokta for paper making and Allo
and Hemp processing for weaving clothes.
9. Formation of committee/ organization for providing necessary technology,
seeds/seedlings to farmers.
10. Establishment of marketing information system (MIS) on NTFPs at Jajarkot Khalanga
and Paink VDCs.
11. Formation of collective marketing centre/ cooperative for marketing NTFPs / NTFPs
products in Khalanga.
45
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47
Annex: List of Plant species recorded (Sorted by Common/ Local Names)
Common/ 36 Bhogate Maesa macrophylla
SN Local Name Scientific Name 37 Bhoj Patra Betula utilis
1 Abijalo Drymaria diandra 38 Bhorla Bauhinia vahlii
Dendrophthoe 39 Bhuin kafal Fragaria nubicola
2 Ainjeru falcata
40 Bhujetro Butea minor
3 Ainselu Rubus ellipticus
41 Bhutkesh Selinum tenuifolium
4 Akarkara Anacyclus sp
42 Bilaune Maesa chisia
5 Akashbeli Cuscuta reflexa
43 Bojho Acorus calamus
6 Aksechuk Rheum australe
Zanthoxylum
7 Allo Girardinia diversifolia 44 Boke timur nepalense
8 Ander Ricinus communis Lagerstroemia
9 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 45 Bot Dhayaro parviflora
10 Bael Aegle marmelos 46 Buki phul Gnaphalium affine
11 Bains Salix babylonica 47 Chari amilo Oxalis corniculata
12 Bajradanti Potentilla fulgens Rhododendron
13 Bakainu Melia azederach 48 Chimal barbatum
Desmodium 49 Chiraito Swertia chirayita
14 Bakhre ghas multiflorum Diploknema
15 Balu Sida rhombifolia 50 Chiuri butyracea
16 Ban gulab Rosa macrophylla 51 Chulesi Osbeckia stellata
17 Ban gulab Rosa sericea 52 Chumlani Skimmia laureola
18 Ban gulab Rosa webbiana 53 Chutro Berberis aristata
19 Ban Phanda Lantana camara 54 Chutro Berberis asiatica
20 Ban phapar Fagopyrum diabotrys 55 Chutro Berberis wallichiana
21 Ban silam Elsholtzia blanda 56 Chyali Chesneya cuneata
22 Ban tarul Dioscorea deltoidea 57 Chyau Ganoderma lucidum
23 Banjh Quercus lanata Symplocos
58 Dabdabe ramosissima
Quercus
24 Banjh leucotrichophora Acanthopanax
59 Dangdinge cissifolius
Eupatorium
25 Banmara adenophorum 60 Dar/ Githa Boehmeria rugulosa
26 Banmula Dipsacus inermis 61 Daruhaldi Mahonia napaulensis
27 Bansuli Thalictrum foliolosum Achyranthes
62 Dativan bidentata
28 Batulopate Cissampelos pareira
Dhasingre/ Gaultheria
29 Bayar Zizyphus mauritiana 63 Kalo angeri fragrantissima
30 Beuli Trifolium repens 64 Dhatelo Prinsepia utilis
31 Bhalayo Rhus wallichii 65 Dhature phul Datura suaveolens
Semecarpus
66 Dhayaro Woodfordia fruticosa
32 Bhalayo anacardium
67 Dhupjadi Jurinea dolomiaea
33 Bhale chiraito Swertia angustifolia
Colebrookea
Rubus
68 Dhusure oppositifolia
34 Bhalu aainselu hoffmeisterianus
Dimmur/
35 Bhango Cannabis sativa 69 Dimmar Benthamidia capitata
48
70 Dudhilo Ficus neriifolia 110 Khareto Hypericum uralum
71 Fusure Lindera pulcherrima Quercus
72 Gai sarro Hedychium spicatum 111 Khasru semecarpifolia
73 Gai tihare Inula cappa 112 Khayar Acacia catechu
Galainchi/ 113 Khiraula Lilium nepalense
74 Choya phul Plumeria rubra Polygonatum
75 Gandhe Ageratum conyzoides 114 Khiraunla cirrhifolium
76 Ghagar Species 1 Polygonatum
115 Khiraunla verticillatum
77 Ghangaru Pyracantha crenulata
116 Khirro Sapium insigne
78 Gittha Dioscorea bulbifera
Kholme/
79 Gobre salla Abies spectabilis 117 Kharane Symplocos pyriifolia
80 Gogan Saurauia napaulensis 118 Khote salla Pinus roxburghii
81 Gol Kankri Coccinia grandis 119 Kimu Morus alba
82 Guchi chyau Morchella sp 120 Kituki/ Ketuki Agave cantula
83 Gunyeli Elaeagnus parvifolia 121 Koiralo Bauhinia purpurea
84 Hadchur Viscum album 122 Kukur daino Smilax ferox
85 Halhale Rumex hastatus 123 Kukur daino smilax orthoptera
Dactylorhiza
124 Kukur daino smilax sp
86 Hatajadi hatagirea
Asparagus
Indrajau/ Ban Holarrhena
125 Kurilo racemosus
87 Khirro pubescens
Cleistocalyx
88 Jai Jasminum humile 126 Kyamuna operculata
89 Jhingano Eurya acuminata Zanthoxylum
90 Jhyau Lobaria sp 127 Lahare timur oxyphyllum
91 Jhyau Parmelia sp Rhododendron
92 Jhyau Usnea longissima 128 Lali guras arboreum
93 Juhule sallo Picea smithiana 129 Lauth salla Taxus wallichiana
94 Junge lahera Clematis alternata 130 Lokhta Daphne bholua
95 Junge lahera Clematis buchaniana 131 Lokhta Daphne papyracea
96 Junge lahera Clematis montana 132 Lukuli Luculia gratissima
Neolamarckia 133 Machhyan Coriaria napalensis
97 Kadam cadamba 134 Majitho Rubia manjith
98 Kafal Myrica esculenta Boenninghausenia
99 Kalo siris Albizia chinensis 135 Makhe mauro albiflora
100 Kamale Unidentified sp Malagiri/ Cinnamomum
136 Sugandhakokila glaucescens
101 Kangarate Anemone rivularis
Cynoglossum 137 Mallato Macaranga pustulata
102 Kanike Kuro zeylanicum 138 Malo Viburnum mullaha
103 Kaptase Anemone vitifolia 139 Mauwa Engelhardia spicata
104 Kathe kaulo Persea gamblei 140 Mayal Pyrus pashia
105 Kathe lahero Hedera nepalensis 141 Mitho nim Murraya koenigii
106 Kaulo Persea odoratissima 142 Mujuro Impatiens sulcata
107 Khajuriya Phoenix acaulis Lycopodium
143 Nagbeli clavatum
108 Khanyu Ficus semicordata
144 Nagbeli Lycopodium
109 Khar ghas Imperata sp
49
phlegmeria 178 Siris Albizia julibrissin
Drepanostachyum 179 Sisnu Urtica dioica
145 Nigalo falcatum 180 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo
146 Ninejadi Iris clarkei Dendrobium
147 Ninejadi Iris hookeriana 181 Sungava aphyllum
Nune/ 182 Sungure kanda Circium sp
148 Nundhiki Osyris wightiana 183 Sungure kanda Cirsium falconeri
149 Okhar Juglans regia 184 Syundi Euphorbia royleana
150 Okhre ghas Corydalis sp 185 Tapre jhar Mazus surculosus
151 Paiyin Prunus cerasoides Sarcococca
152 Pakhanved Bergenia ciliata 186 Telparo/ Fitfiya hookeriana
153 Palouri Brassaiopsis sp 187 Thakal Argemone mexicana
154 Pangar/Pangra Aesculus indica 188 Thingure salla Tsuga dumosa
155 Phalant Quercus glauca 189 Thinke Ilex excelsa
156 Phirphire Acer oblongum 190 Thotne Aconogonum molle
Rachan/ Daphniphyllum 191 Thulo ausadhi Astilbe rivularis
157 Rakchan himalense 192 Tilailo Acer caesium
Geranium 193 Tilailo Acer sp
158 Raklamul wallichianum
Zanthoxylum
Raktanyaule 194 Timur armatum
159 jhar Persicaria capitata
195 Tite/ Asare Viburnum erubescens
160 Rani salla Pinus wallichiana
196 Titepati Artemisia indica
161 Rittha Sapindus mukorossi
197 Tukee phul Taraxacum officinale
162 Saaj Terminalia alata
198 Tuni Toona ciliata
Sahadeva
163 sahadevi Ainsliaea latifolia 199 Utis Alnus nepalensis
Sajwan/ 200 Anemone tetrasepala
164 Ratanjoto Jatropha curcas 201 Arnebia benthami
Campylotropis 202 Aster himalaicus
165 Sakhino speciosa 203 Calanthe tricarinata
166 Sal/ Sakhuwa Shorea robusta 204 Caltha palustris
167 Samayo Valeriana jatamansii 205 Capparis zeylanicum
Sarpa makai/ 206 Colocasia fallax
168 Banku Arisaema costatum Cotoneaster
Sarpa makai/ 207 microphyllus
169 Banku Arisaema griffithii Debregeasia
Sarpa makai/ 208 longifolia
170 Banku Arisaema tortuosum Debregeasia
171 Satuwa Paris polyphylla 209 salicifolia
172 Saur Betula alnoides 210 Elsholtzia eriostachya
173 Seto ghas Anaphalis busua 211 Elsholtzia fruticosa
Jasminum 212 Euphorbia wallichii
174 Seto jai dispermum
213 Gentianella sp
175 Simal Bombax ceiba
214 Geum elatum
176 Simalee Vitex negundo
215 Heracleum candicans
177 Sindure/ Rohini Mallotus philippensis
216 Indigofera sp
50
217 Ipomoea purpurea 233 Ribes orientale
218 Lonicera myrtillus 234 Roscoea alpina
Meconopsis 235 Roscoea purpurea
219 paniculata 236 Rumex crispus
220 Morina sp 237 Salix calyculata
221 Neolitsea cuipala 238 Salix sp
222 Neolitsea pallens 239 Saussurea sp
223 Nepeta nervosa 240 Smilacina purpurea
224 Peperonia tetraphylla 241 Sorbaria tomentosa
Piptanthus 242 Sorbus cuspidata
225 nepalensis
Unidentified Tree,
226 Pleione hookeriana 243 P10064
227 Potentilla fruticosa Unidentified Tree,
228 Primula denticulata 244 P10065
229 Primula floribunda 245 Vanda sp
Ranunculus Viburnum
230 brotherusii 246 cylindricum
Rhododendron Viburnum
231 campanulatum 247 grandiflorum
Rhododendron 248 Viola wallichiana
232 lepidotum
51