Confusionfrom Ancient Islamic History

OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) C i OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) p
vdt k yfcsupf mtkyrf sm;ESihf zwf&aI vhvmcGiq hf akd om tcsed u f kd xkwEf ikd f aom udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D vufawGUususocd sio f rl sm; jzpfMuay
cJah vonf/ uReaf wmfonf þpmtkyu f akd &;om;& jcif;ESiyhf wfoufí onf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd vli,fv&l , G rf sm;ESihf ,cif&&dS if;pJt G pOftvmrsm;udk
usrf;OD;pum; rdru d , kd rf rd d txyfxyf jyefvnf prf;ppfro d nf/ aemufq;kH xGuv f m xde;f odr;f vmcJMh uaom a&SUaqmifvBl u;D rsm;\ pyfMum;wGif rwlnD
onft h ajzonfum; rSeu f efaomtaMumif;t&mwpfcu k kd wifjy&rnf aom uGm[csuu f r[mwHwikd ;f Bu;D ozG,f jcm;vsu&f adS eayonf/
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=cs;D usL;axmremjcif;taygif;onf rSm rGwpf vifrw f pfO;D \ wm0efjzpfonf[al om tcsuyf if jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomumvwGif ay:xGufvmaom uRefawmf\
pMu0VmteEÉiS ahf 0ae,souf&o dS ufrt hJ m;vH;k wdtYk m; r&S&d mrS&&Sd modYk xdu k o
hJ Ykd rSeuf efaom taMumif;t&mwpfcu k wkd ifjy&mütusKd ; pmtkyo f nf a&S;tpOftvmudk xde;f odr;f Muaom rGwpf vifrrf sm;
zefqif;jyKpyk sKd ;axmifxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufawmfral om tv’m[f oufa&mufrt I wdik ;f twmonfvnf; tajctaeESit hf csed t f cgay: twGuf &mEIe;f jynfph w d Bf uKd ujf zpfEikd cf sirf S jzpfEikd af yvdrrhf nf/ tb,f
t&Sijf rwftwGuo f mvQijf zpfayonf/ wGif rlwnfí tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f Edik rf nf[k ,HMk unfcyhJ gonf/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf? uReaf wmfu, kd w f ikd Bf u;D jyif;vmaom ywf0ef;usio f nf
' ' = xdt k &Sijf rwfonfomvQiw f pfyg; aMumifq h akd omf uReaf wmf\bd;k ab;? rdbrsm;vufxufru S Reaf wmfwYkd a&S;tpOftvmudk xde;f odr;f vGe;f aom ywf0ef;usirf jS zpfonf/ uRef
wnf;aomcsKd UwJrh t I aygif;rS pifMu,fawmfral omt&Sijf zpf ayonf/ cyf&, G &f , G f tcsed t f xd xde;f odr;f vmcJah om tpOftvm wpf&yfrmS awmf\pmtkyf wGiyf g0if aom ajrmufrsm;pGmaom taMumif;t&m
' uReaf wmfonf þpmtkyu f akd &;om;&ef &nf&, G f rdrw d \ Ykd a&SUaqmifvBl u;D rsm;\ ajymqdak om pum;rsm;udk twwf rsm;teufrS tcsuw f pfcsuf ESiyhf wfoufí wifjyygrnf/ xdt k csuf
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h nfrmS ESpt f wefMum umvuyifjzpfayonf/ odaY k omf tcGit h f a&; Edik qf ;kH emcHMuonf? vdu k ef musio hf ;kH Muonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd vdu k ef musihf onf uReaf wmfu, kd w f idk f uav;b0rS 1999 ckEpS af vmuftxd vdu k f
rMuKH cyhJ g/ tb,f aMumifq h akd omf uReaf wmf wifjy rnfh taMumif; oHk;&jcif;rsm;ESifhywfoufí r&Sif;vif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk emusio hf ;kH vmygvsuf xdu k o hJ Ykd vdu
k ef musio fh ;kH &onfh taMumif;&if;
t&monf tpövmrfo h rkid ;f wpfavQmuf tpövmrhf "r®owfOya'rsm; jyefvnfar;cGe;f xkwjf cif;? apm'uwwfjcif;rsm;onf xdak cwf xdu k m ESiyhf wfoufí wdusaocsmonfh tajzudrk &&Scd ahJ y/ tv’m[ft&Sif
ajymif;vJvmyHk tqifq h ifu h wkd ifjy xm;aom taMumif;t&mjzpf v\ avmu0wft& &dik ;f pdik ;f aomtjyLtrltjzpf cH,cl MhJ uayonf/ jrwf\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh 1999 ckEpS w f iG f udik &f Nkd rKd U&Sd tvftZf[&f
ayonf/ xdu k ohJ Ykd wifjy&mü tpövmrfh ordik ;f ESihf ywfoufaom&I ,aeYacwfumv vli,fv&l , G rf sm;onf 4if;wdaYk cwf? 4if; tpövmrfw h uúov kd Bf u;D wGif oH;k voifwef; wufciG &hf cJo h nf/ xdt k csed f
axmifph rkH aS &;om;xm;onfh pmtkyrf sm;udzk wf&&I ouJo h Ykd tjcm; wdyYk wf0ef;usi?f 4if;wdaYk vhvmqnf;yl;Muonfah usmif;rsm;? ynm&yf wGif oifwef;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom bmom&yfqikd &f m ygarmu©rsm;u
wpfzufwiG v f nf;tpövmrfh "r®owfqikd &f m zdu[fusr;f rsm;? ['Dpf rsm; onf vufawGUusonf/ r&Si;f vif;aomudp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í 4if;wdo Yk ifMum;ydcYk scsurf sm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;&ef wufa&muf
usr;f rsm;udk tus,zf iG hf qdck suu f sr;f rsm;udk avhvmzwf&I &ayonf/ ar;cGe;f xkw&f mü &Iaxmifph rkH aS r;MuouJo h ?Ykd ajzMum;ay;aom q&m vmMuaom oifwef;om;rsm;udk zdwaf c:cJyhJ gonf/
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hJ Ykd avhvmqnf;yl;&efEiS hf a&;om;&eftwGuf t"du vdt k yf rsm;uvnf; &Iaxmifph rkH S tao;pdwu f kd jyefvnf&iS ;f jyaompepfukd uReaf wmfonf i,fpOfuav;b0rSvu kd ef musio fh ;kH cJNh y;D xdu k hJ
csurf mS tcsed Ef iS v hf t kd yfaompmtkyrf sm;jzpfayonf/ usio hf ;kH Muavonf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd ausmif;rsm; ywf0ef; usirf sm;rS Bu;D jyif; odYk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH cJ&h onft h aMumif;&if;udk rodcahJ om ]]a,musmf ;
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwf\aus;Zl;awmfjzifh ESpaf xmifjynfEh pS f vmMuaom vli,fv&l , G f rsm;taejzifh tpövmrfomoemESihf ywf uav;rsm; ajcrsuaf phtxd0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;udk tpövmrfw&m;
aemufyikd ;f avmufrS pwifí uReaf wmfa&;om;rnfh pmtkyt f wGuf oufí 4if;wdUk ud, k w f ikd uf vnf; avhvmvdu k pf m;Muonf/ r&Si;f vif; awmfu rnfonfh twGuaf Mumifh [&mrf[í l wm;jrpfcyhJ goenf;}}[l
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q OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) Z ps OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)
aom tcsuu f kd ar;cJo h nf/ xdak r;cGe;f udk ajzqdak omq&mtygt0if oD;jcm;u@wpfct k jzpf az:jyxm; ygonf/ rawmif;cHyJ az:jycJo
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tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS wufa&mufaom oifwef;om;rsm;taejzifh uReaf wmftxufu qdck o hJ nft h wdik ;f xdpk mtkyo f nf tajc
ar;p&mr[kwaf omar;cGe;f udk ar;onf[yk if xifjrif,q l Muav taeESit hf csed t
f cgay:wGif rlwnfí tusKd ;oufa&mufrt I wdik ;f txl;aus;Zl;wifvmT
onf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf xdu k oJh Ykd udp&ö yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom twmonf ,aeYacwfvil ,frsm;twGuf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef? ['Dqf t&ADpmayESiphf yfvsO;f í vufO;D q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom?
['Dqrf sm;onf [pf*s&D 256 ckEpS af vmufu pwifay:aygufNy;D rsm;? zdu[frsm;? ['Dqpf ak qmif;cJo h rl sm;? ['Dqrf sm;udk tus,f q&m OD;jrwfol MSc. q&m bDvmvf&efEikd f B.A., LLB. wdo Yk nf
xdu k sr;f yg ['Dqrf sm;udk tus,w f 0ifh &Si;f vif;xm;aom &Si;f vif; zGiq hf okd rl sm;? wrefawmfjrwf()ESihf qG[mAmrsm;? omAdteD rf sm;? acwf t&AD pmayudk oifMum;ay;&mü rdrw d Ykd od&xdS m;orQ q&mpm;rcset f yd f
csuf usrf;rsm;onfvnf; [pf*s&D 700 ckEpS f avmufuxJu &S&t D m"r®owfrsm;? cvDz[ftrnfcH oufO;D qHyikd f tkrikd , f [frif; oGezf marSmufoifMum;ay;cJyh gonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwiG v f nf; 4if;wdYk
&SNd y;D jzpfaMumif;udk yPmr&Si;f jyonf/ az:jyyg ajcrsuaf phtyk o f nfh qufrsm;ESihf tAÁmqD,[frif;qufrsm;acwf "r®owf Oya'rsm;? wufa&mufvsu&f adS om q&mCmZD\ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf Alcg&D
txd 0wfpm;qif,ifjcif;ESihf tjcm;tjcm;aom udp&ö yftawmf xdrk if;qufrsm;ESihf acwfNydKiftrd mrfBuD;rsm; taMumif;rsm;tjyif usr;f zGiq hf ckd suo
f ifwef;odw Yk ufa&mufapcJyh gonf/ xdo k ifwef; rS
rsm;rsm;udk Alcg&Dusr;f yg ['Dqrf sm;? xdu k sr;f udk tus,zf iG q hf xkd m; yg&Si;f tifyg,m? r*dt k ifyg,m? atmfwrkd eftifyg,mrsm;? acwf &S&t D m wpfqifh tD*spEf ikd if H udik &f Nkd rKd U&St
d vftZf[&ftpövmrfw h uúov kd w f iG f
aom tpfAae[*s&\ f zo[GvAf m&Dusr;f ? rGwpf vifru f sr;f yg ['Dqf "r®owfrsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJvmyHrk sm;udk vufvrS ;f rSo D a&GUtwwfEik d q f ;k H oH;k voifwef;wufciG &hf &Sjd cif;? usr;f jrwf uk&t f mef? ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;?
rsm;ESihf xdu k sr;f udt k us,zf iG q hf akd om tDrmrfe0g0D\ zGiq hf kd csurf sm;udk wifjyxm;aom pmtkyjf zpfayonf/ zdu[f usr;f rsm;? zGiq hf ckd suuf sr;f rsm;udt k &AD pmayjzifh avhvm vdu k f
rl&if;usr;f zGiq hf ckd suu f sr;f ? u@? pmrsuEf mS ? ['Dqt f rSw?f oH;k oyf xdpk mtkyw f pftyk w f nf;udk zwf&jkHzifh pmtkyaf ygif;rsm;pGmudzk wf pm;Edik rf rI sm;onf 4if;wd\ Yk aus;Zl;aMumifjh zpfaMumif;? rSww f rf;wif tyf
csuf trSwrf sm;tm;jzifh &Si;f vif;xm;aom a'gufwm,lqzG f u&f &Iavhvm&bdouJo h Ykd txufaz:jyyg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f ygonf/
'Gg0D \ ]]wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm;jzifh b0wnfaqmufMupdUk }} Ny;D ay:aygufvmyHo k rdik ;f ckEpS rf sm;jzifh uGuu f u G u
f iG ;f uGi;f rD;armif;xd;k þpmtkyaf y:aygufvma&;twGuf vdt k yfaompmtkyrf sm;udk
qdak omt&ADr&l if;usr;f udk uReaf wmftygt0if wufa&muf vmMu jyxm;ygonf/ uReaf wmf\pmtkyEf iS hf qufpyfr&I adS om taMumif; EdkifiH&yfjcm;&SdrdwfaqGrsm;xHrS wpfqifhrSm,lay;cJhaomUSMAN
aom oifwef;om;tm;vH;k udk wpftyk f pDvufaqmiftjzpf ay; t&mrsm;jzpfonft h pövmrf"r®Ard mef ESpo f ;kH q,f txl;xkwrf *¾Zif;rS MADHA (CALIFORNIA) AvDa*gyuOuú|tm;vnf;aumif;?
cJo h nf/ (uG,v f eG of )l oD&d OD;El&u f akd v; \ ]]umzd&zf of0g\ tedXm&Hpk pfwrf;}} tjcm;vdt k yfaompmtkyrf sm;udk tifwmeufrS rSm,lay;jcif;? a&;xm;
txufygusr;f wGif &Si;f vif;xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm; wuúov kd af rmifarmifoef;(c)*sm0d'o f ef;\]]qm&fquf,'f\ Bu;D rm; aom pmtkypf mrlrsm;udpk mzwfy&dówfrsm;\&Iaxmifrh zS wfí a0zef
teuf uReaf wmfw\ Ykd ywf0ef;usit f odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;twGi;f &Sd rGwpf vSaom pGeUf vTwf pGepYf m;jyKcsurf sm;}} aqmif;yg;rsm;rS tcsKd Utyd'k f rsm;udk ay;cJah om om;oruf armif&efEikd f BSc., Geology .,Hon,MCSC
vifrf rsm;twGuf odoifo h x d u kd af omtaMumif;t&m? tcsut f ul;,laz:jycJNh y;D ? q&mOD;jrwfo\ l ]]ordik ;f pmrsuEf mS ay:rSoifcef;pm tm;vnf;aumif; txl;aus;Zl;wiftyfygonf/
vufrsm;udk a&G;cs,í f jrefrmpmayjzif b h momjyefqckd o hJ nf/ xdpk m rsm; }} aqmif;yg;udk tprStqH;k wdik f jyefvnfaz:jycJo h nf/ az:jyyg þpmtkyw f iG f u@wpfct k jzpf oD;jcm;az:jyxm;aom
tkyrf S bmomjyefqck d ah J om taMumif;t&mrsm;udk uReaf wmf\pmtkyw f iG f aqmif;yg;rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í aqmif;yg;&Sirf sm;xH BuKd wif cGijhf yKcsuf ['Dqrf sm;qdik &f m? taxmuftuljyK ynm&yfrsm;ESihf a'gufwm ,lqzG f
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u&f'gG 0D\]]wrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é rf sm;jzifh b0wnfaqmufMupd}Yk }
[laom t&ADr&l if;usr;f udk jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefq&kd mü pdwaf &m
ud,k yf g 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnaD y;cJah om a'gufwmarmfv0Daqmif;vGiaf tmif
tm;vnf;aumif;? þpmtkyx f wk af 0 Edik af &;ESihf jrefrmpmom;rsm;udk
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wnf;jzwfay;aom i,fuRr;f rdwaf qGBu;D OD;cifñeG Yf BSc., tm;vnf; &( )* ý +(,(-*./01" ý 2 *
aumif;? trSmpmrsm;a&;ay;aom q&m *sm0d'o f ef;tm; vnf; aumif; 3(456ù7 ù7 8,!ú6 (09 : " ,("!
txl;aus;Zl; wif&ydS gaMumif; rSww f rf;wif tyfygonf/
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ysKd ;axmifawmfral om edpx ö m0&tv’m[ft&Sijf rwftwGuo f mjzpf ay
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t&ADpmayrsm;udak vhvm&müvnf;aumif;? oifwef;rsm;
b0wnfaqmufrI vrf;pOftjzpfEpS o f ufoabmwlcaJ vonf/
udk wufa&muf&müvnf;aumif;? pmtkyrf sm;udk zwf&aI vhvm&mü
xdt k v’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf wrefwmfjrwf rk[r®'(f ) tm;eAD
vnf; aumif;? rdrw d wfEikd o f nfzh ufrS bmoma&;qdik &f m? a[majymydYk
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vrf;ñTeo f t l jzpfvnf;aumif;? &plvf tjzpfvnf;
csrIqdkif&m? vkyfief;rsm;üvnf;aumif;? þpmtkyfay:aygufvm
aumif;? Ed;I aqmfot l jzpfvnf;aumif;? tvif;a&mifay;aom aerif;
a&;twGuf taxmuftuljyK pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&Iavhvm&mü
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? t&Sijf rwfxo H Ykd zdwaf c:ol tjzpf vnf;aumif;?
vnf;aumif;? þpmtkyu f kd a&;om;jyKpk &mü vnf;aumif;? ukev f eG cf hJ
vlom;wpf&yfv;kH xHoYkd trSew f &m;twGuf Ny;D jynfph kH aomvlom;tjzpf
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d &ydik cf iG thf csed rf sm;rS MunfjzLpGm cJaG 0ay;jcif;
apvTwcf ahJ vonf/ xdw k refawmfjrwfonf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxrH S
tm;jzifh yg&rDjznfah y;cJah om uReaf wmf\cspZf eD;tm; txl;aus;Zl;
apvTwfjcif;cH&aom eADwrefawmfrsm;\ OaoQmif? pMu0Vm
Oyumwif&ydS gaMumif;udv k nf; rSww f rf;wiftyfygonf/ teE´twGuf r[mu&kPm&Sit f jzpf txl;ap vTwcf &H oljzpfonf/
tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfonf 4if;\ . pnf;pdrrf sm;tm; vlom;
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cJah vonf/ xdo k moemawmf\ vif;a&mifjcnftm; b,faomtcgrS
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Nird ;f owfrnf r[kwo f uJo h Ykd xm0&&Sio f efvif;0if;aprnf jzpfonf/ az:jyygtm,wfawmft& wrefawmfjrwfyifvQif usr;f jrwf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf wrefawmfjrwfxo H Ykd (23) ESpw
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xdt k &Sijf rwf\ Oya'rsm;wGif csKd UwJrh [ I íl pd;k pOf;rQ tvsO;f r&Scd ahJ y/ uk&t f mefOya'ESio hf mqH;k jzwfyikd cf iG hf &Sad yonf/ +(; rSmuk&f tmef qifu h qJ ifu h uJ sa&mufc\ hJ / xdu k sa&mufcahJ om Oya'rsm;udk wref
pMu0VmtwGi;f &Sd t&mcyford ;f wdu Yk kd xdtk &Siu f omvQif xde;f odr;f jzpfNyD;? <7"!rSm uk&t f mefyg ynwfcsufrsm;udk wrefawmfjrwf awmfjrwfu tao;pdwt f aumiftxnf az:jycJ\ h / xdak z:jycsuf
apmifah &Smufvsuf &Sad yonf/ utao;pdwf taumiftxnf az:jycsujf zpf ayonf/ tpövmrf rsm;udk pGE[ é f [kac:onf/ pGE[ é q f okd nfrmS usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefu
xdt k &Sijf rwfonf wrefawmfjrwfxo H Y k d csay;cJah om usr;f jrwf omoem 0ifrw G f pvifrrf sm;u uk&t f mefygOya'rsm;udk tao;pdwf cif;ay;aom vrf;ay:odY k wrefawmfjrwfu avQmufjyjcif;jzpfayonf/
uk&t f mefEiS hf xdu k sr;f ygtrdeyYf nwfcsurf sm;tay: tao;pdwf vdu k f taumif txnf az:jycJah omwrefawmfjrwf\aqmif&u G cf suu
f kd usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS phf EG [ é q f o
kd nfrmS '*Fg;jym;wpfaph\ acgif;ESiyhf ef;
em usio hf ;kH í taumiftxnfaz:jycJh aomwrefawmfjrwf\ pGE[ é f pGE[
é [ f k ac:qdMk uonf/ =" ." qdo k nfrmS wrefawmfjrwf\ yrm'Gew f íGJ &Sad ecJo h nf/ aemif ud,mrofaeYwikd v f nf; &Sad etH;k rnf
usiphf Ofrsm;onfvnf; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS t hf wl ud,mrof aeYwikd f vkyaf qmifcsuf odrYk [kwf aqmif&u G cf suf jzpfonf/ jzpfonf/
tjrx J m0& &Sio f efaernfjzpfayonf/ Äusr;f jrwfu&k t f mefyg tcsKd UOya'rsm;onf wrefwmfjrwf\
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bmompum;wpfcu k kd wDxiG cf o hJ nf/ xdb k mompum;udk t&AD? yg&Se;f pmay tac:ta0:rsm; yg0ifvmcJo h nf/ Oyrm- usr;f jrwf Ahmed Sarhind(1625)
zg&pD? [if'?D ygVd? t*Fvyd f bmomrsm;rS aumufEw I íf wDxiG cf jhJ cif; uk&t f mefyg tv’m[fqakd oma0g[m&udk zg&pDbmompum; ]] ck'g}} 4if;onf txufrw S ifjycJo h nfh t,l0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk qefY
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4if;\rSeu f efaom w&m;ppfw&m;rSerf sm;udk Mum;em&aom trsm; az:jyyg &dk;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk tajccHaom0g'rsm;u jrwf\ tGro ® o f m;rsm;teufrS omoemhynm&Sirf sm;onf AeDtpö&m
rGwpf vifrrf sm;tzdYk wpfaeYxufwpfaeYw;kd yGm;í Ahmed Sarhind xdak cwftpövmrf"r®owfOya'rsm;twGi;f odyYk if xd;k azgufae&m0if,l tDvf vufxufryS ifay:cJah om eADwrefawmfrsm;ESihf tqift h wef;
\w&m;yJrG sm;odYk pk&;kH vmMuonf/ cJah yonf/ wlnDonfqdkaom ['Dqfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;í oifMum;ay;jcif;?
4if;\ Khankah (ac:) w&m;bm0empD;jzef; aom "r®&yd f trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;xuf edru hf sonf/ trsKd ; rGwpf vifrt f rsm;pktwGi;f odYk xdu k o hJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;udk a[majymjcif;tm;
omodYk pk&;kH vmjcif;rsm;udk od&o orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tpf'*grsm;?
dS mG ;aomSha Jahan bk&ifonf jzifh pnf;&H;k Edik cf ahJ vonf/
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Ahmed Sarhind tm; 4if;\a&SUarSmufwiG f OD;ñGwt jyKjcif;rsm;udk wm;qD;ydwyf ifjcif; zof0grsm;onf r*db
f &dk taoay; k &k ifrsm;acwf? rsm;\ tqdt k rderYf sm;udk wpfaoGrwdr;f vdu k ef mMuonf/ xdu k ohJ aYkd om
jcif;udk qefu 4if;wdYk \ywf0ef;usirf S vlrsKd ;rsm;\ &d;k &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;jzpfayonf/
Y siaf omaMumifh axmifoiG ;f tusO;f cs cH&av onf/ ynm&Sirf sm;u rGwpf vifrf oufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifrsm;twGuf rnfuo hJ Ykd
4if;\ ]] rufob l moftrd mrf&AÁmeD }}usr;f onf ausmMf um; onfu r*db k &k ifrsm;wGif zof0gay;ydik cf iG &hf adS om ynm&Sirf sm;vnf;
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bk&ifrsm;\bk&ifjzpfonf/ w&m;qH;k jzwfaom w&m;olBu;D rsm;\ atmfwrkd ef tifyg,mudk (1453-AD)wGif Constantinople 0dZmÆ ? odyEHÜ iS hf tawG;tac:ynm&yfwo Ykd nf yl;wJo G ifMum;ay;aom
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oH;k EIe;f cJjh cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ t&Af? wl&uD ukeo f nf? tGvrf m? wG&u D muJo h Ykd t,ltqrwlol pHrk S vlrsKd ;toD;oD; yg0ifco hJ nf/
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Sarhind \t,ltqudk tajccHí usr;f jrwfu& k tf mefEiS hf pGE[ é f wpfajy;nD tcGit hf a&;rsm; &&Scd o hJ nf/ w&m;rQwrI &So d nf/ 4if;acwf
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aom ESpaf ygif;wpfaxmifEiS hf wpfaxmifEh pS &f mpyfMum;umvwGif usr;f rsm;Ny;D vQif 4if;\usr;f tm; ud;k um;a&;om;ajymqdrk I jyKMuonf/ rsm;ESiq hf efu Y sií f wGvmufay;jcif;? qefUusií f ay;aom wGvmufukd
umzd&rf sm;ESihf ppfjzpfraI Mumifh aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom rGwpf vifrOf ;D a&u 4if;tm; rGwpf vifrt hf awG;tac:ynm&Sif tjzpf taemufwikd ;f om; ydik of nf[k ,lqjcif;rsm;onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS hf ['Dqu f q kd efu
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aom ppfyrGJ sm;aMumifh aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom rGwpf vifrOf ;D a&u ydrk kd Ahmed ibn Taymiya(1263-1328 AD) onf tD&muf ajymqdak ompum;rsm;udk vufrcH&/ vufc&H efrvd[ k k jywfjywfom;
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TAYMIYYAH (ac:) omoem&Si;f vif;csu[ f al omusr;f onf ckEpS f tvD*&fwuúov kd tf w k jf rpfcsonft h csed t f xdrw G pf vifrb f UGJ & aqmufrw I iG f yg0ifjcif;? ajrae&mESihf wdu k w f mtaqmufttHak y;jcif;?
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Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) aomfvnf; ,if;ausmif;rsm;wGif ['DqMf o0g'awmfrsm;ESihf xdMk o0g' vufeufut kd oH;k jyKí acwfrt DS pövmrfw h uúov kd Bf u;D jzpfay:vma&;
4if;onf tdE, ´d Edik if w H iG f arG;zGm;onf/ usr;f jrwf uk&f awmfrsm;qdik &f m &Si;f vif;csuu f sr;f rsm;ESihf [ezD"r®owf wpfrsKd ;wnf; udk t[eft Y wm;jyKcMhJ uonf/ Sayed Ahmed onf ravQmafh omZJG
tmefwiG o f bm0ody[ HÜ al om obm0 "r®taMumif;rsm;ESihf pyf udk tav;ay;oifMum;cJah om umvjzpfonf/ az:jyyg bmoma&; jzifh rGwpf vifrrf sm;xH tvSLcHc&hJ m tcsKd Uae&mrsm;wGif tvSLaiGtpm;
vsO;f í &Si;f vif;csurf sm;yg0ifonfh rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwf ynm ausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifvmMuaom q&mrsm;onf AvD0wfausmif; cJrsm; zdeyfrsm;jzifh aygufjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ 4if;onf ravQmah omZJu G &kd if;
qnf;yl;&rnf? bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif acwfynmyl; wJo G if rsm;wGif a&SUaqmifjyKjcif;? bmoma&;ausmif;cJrG sm; xyfqifzh iG jhf cif;? Ny;D acwfrb DS mom&yfrsm;ESihf yl;wJo G ifMum;aom bmoma&;wuúov kd f
Mum;aom pepfukd pwifco hJ jl zpfonf/ tdE, ´d Edik if wH iG f ALIGARH xdak usmif;rsm;wGif xyfqifí h pmjyjcif; rsm;udo k m jyKvyk v f su&f cdS o
hJ nf/ Bu;D udk wnfaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rSm 1880 jynfEh pS w f iG f
wuúov kd f [lí wnfaxmifNy;D acwfynmESib hf moma&;ynmudk az:jyyg ausmif;rsm;wGif bmoma&;oufoufoifMum;rIjyK pwifí bJUG cs;D jri§ Ehf ikd cf o hJ nf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rS bJUG &olrsm;onfvnf;?
yl;wJo G ifMum; aom pepfukd pwifcahJ vonf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; acwf k ed k eD ,fcsUJ avmif;&dyaf tmufrS &ke;f xGuEf ik d rf nfr[kw?f &ke;f xGuf
&Hjk zif?h udv tdE, d´ Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd tpd;k &&H;k rsm;? w&m;a&;Xmersm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;
ynmwwf&rnf/ Edik rf nfeh nf;vrf;onf rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f acwfynmwwf&rnf/ acwf enf;wl trIxrf;cGi&hf &Scd MhJ uonf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rSwpfqifh t*Fvef
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefut kd ajccHí acwfrw DS ;kd wuf aom ynmwwfrsm;jzpfro S mvQif udv k ekd rD sm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;Edik rf nf[k Edik if H uif;b&pf*sEf iS hf atmufpzd(Yk 'f)uJo h aYdk om wuúov kd Bf u;D rsm;odYk
acwfa&pD; aMumif;ESifhtnD rdrdwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIESifh taemuf cH,í l ALIGARH wuúov kd Bf u;D udk wnfaxmifco hJ jl zpfonf/ rGwpf vifrrf sm; yg&*lajrmuf ynmqnf;yl;rI tcGit hf vrf;rsm; &&Scd MhJ u
wdik ;f ,Ofaus;rIrS pwifcx GJ u G af pcJo h jl zpfonf/ 4if;acwf omoem az:jyyg acwfopfynm&yfrsm;ESihf yl;wJo G ifMum;aom bmom onf/ xdak usmif;Bu;D rS tajccHí rGwpf vifraf cwfynmwwfrsm;
ynm&Sit f rsm;pk\ "r®owft& rGwpf vifrf t*Fvyd pf m oif a&;wuúov kd wf nfaqmufjcif;ESihf pyfvsO;f í tdE, ´d Edik if &H dS omomemh wd;k yGm;vmcJah vonf/
Mum;jcif;onf umzd&af oGznf olw\ Ykd usiphf Of[ck , H cl hJ aomumv ynm&Sit f rsm;pku Sayed Ahmed Khan tm; umzd&zf of0gay;cJh qdu k , f 'fqal vrefe'f0?D &SpAf vDEt k rf meD? armifvmem [mvD?
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rS arG;xkwaf y;cJo h nf/ ,aeUacwfumvwGiSf ayed Khan \ onf bk&m;wk? usr;f wk? wrefawmfwrk sm;udk azsmufzsu&f efenf;vrf; usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ oGeo f ifq;kH rcsuof nf EGm;ausmif;om;
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aqmifjyonfomru? tESpEf pS t f vvu ydwaf ecJah om rGwpf vifrf uREykf w f oYkd nf ppfreS af omtv’m[f? ppfreS af omwrefawmf? omvQif þodYk tm;vH;k aomvlwu Ykd kd wpfnw D pfñw G w f nf; vrf;ñTejf y
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onf/ 4if;\awG;ac:rIonf ESpaf ygif; 600 tvsiu f rGwpf vifrf aomt&mrsm; tjzpfwnfaqmufjyjcif;onf þodaYk om ,HMk unfcsuf aom vlwpfO;D jzpfap? ynm&So d ck rdeBf u;D jzpfap? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\
wd\Yk &S&d if;pJt G awG;tac:omvQif jzpfco hJ nf/ xdt k awG; tac:onf rsm;aMumifh uREykf w f u Ykd kd tjrifusO;f olwu Ykd 'dXb d momrJ[ h k qdjk cif;rSm t"dymÜ ,fEiS hf vrf;ñTecf suu f kd &,lEidk yf gonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\
b*¾'g'fusq;kH cef;ESit hf wl rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGucf sw d yf wd f cHc&hJ aom qdx k u dk yf gonf/ uREykf w f o Ykd nf olww Ykd nfaqmufxm;aom? owfrw S f vrf;ñTecf su?f ydUk cscsuo f nf obm0ESiv hf nf; qefu Y sijf cif;r&Sad y/
wHcg;jzpf avonf/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u tydwcf cH hJ &aomwHcg; xm;aom twkta,mifrsm;udk vufcrH nf r[kwyf g }} urÇmay:wGif vlNyed ;f wpfO;D ESihf tqifjh rifah om 'óeynm&Sif
udk zGijhf cif;rSm tvGecf ufcaJ om udpjö zpfayonf/ Sayed Khan u e0gAf rk[pf efrmvpfux f H ay;ydUk aom pmwGiaf &;om;yHu k ?- wdYk wef;wlnrD Q oabmwlaomusr;f &Syd goavm/ ,if;usr;f onf
rGwpf vifrw f o Ykd nf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefukd tajccHaom b0wnf ]] uREykf w f t Ykd m; w&m;ao0g'avmuf rnfonft h &murQ zwfcsipf zG,v f nf; jzpf&rnf/ tm;vH;k udk nDñw G pf mG tusKd ;jyK&rnf/
aqmufrv I rf;pOfukd rjyKEidk af om umvywfv;kH edru hf srb I 0rS vGwf qH;k &H;I rI rjzpfapcJyh g/ w&mao0g'onf tpövmrf, h MkHunfcsut f wGuf tm;vH;k udk xda&mufaom vTr;f rd;k rIjzpfap&rnf/ þodaYk om usr;f
xGuEf ikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw[ f k ,HMk unfojl zpfonf/ tqdyt f awmufEiS hf wlv\ S / uREykf w f o Ykd nf twdwu f mv ,[l'D onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefomjzpfonf/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefüomvQif
armifvmem[mvD\ ]] [,mao*sma0'f }} (ac:) Sayed rsm;uJo h Ykd bmoma&;vkyu f ikd f pm;aomuforl sm;udk tv’m[fEiS hf az:jyyg t&nftcsi;f rsm;yg0ifayonf/ þonfyifvQif usr;f jrwf
Khan \ tw¬Kyw Ü pdÅ mtkyw f iG f Sayed Khan \ tqdw k pf&yfuw kd if wpfwef;? wpfpm;wnf; owfrw S cf MhJuonf/ þBu;D rm;vSaom tjypf uk&t f mef\ tHzh , G jf zpfonf/
jycJoh nfrmS ]] uREykf t f m; bmomrJ'h Xd [ d k ac:a0:jcif;onf tHMh ozG,&f m rsm;rS uif;a0;atmif tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu u,fawmfryl gap/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf vlom;wdYk urÇmBu;D udk aepMu0Vmu
r[kw/f taMumif;rlum; uREykf w f Ykd vlUtzJUG tpnf;0ifwo Ykd nf wpfyg; tu,fí tv’m[ft&Siu f uREykf w f t Ykd m; w&mao0g'\ vSnyhf wfaeonf[k qdak omacwfwiG v f nf; rSeu f efouJo h Ykd urÇmBu;D
wnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfrw S pfyg; rdrw d \ Ykd bk;d ab;pOfqufrS vrf;vJv G rf;rsm;rS rvGwaf jrmufapyJ pl;prf;wwfaomtjrifukd ray;cJh u aeudv k nS yhf wfaeygonf[k qdak omacwfwiG v f nf; rSeu f efvsuf
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Yusoof Abdullah al Qardawi ['Dqfusrfrsm;\jzpfpOfordkif; 17. AL-BAYHAG 458 AHMED BIN AL HUSSAIN
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SUNNAH HUSSAIN
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wpfO;D jzpfonf/ ['Dqrf sm;ESiyhf wfoufí olrwlatmif zGiq hf Ekd ikd o f l 1. AL MU-WATTA 179 MALIK BIN ANAS udk qG[mbmBu;D rsm;u pm&Guaf y&Gujf zifh rSww f rf;wifxm;aom
wpfO;D jzpfonf/ Edik if t H oD;oD;rS ar;vmMuaom ar;cGe;f aygif;pHu k akd jz 2. AL MUSNAD 203 AL-TAYALISI-SULAYMAN rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm;rS ul;,lxm;aom ['Dqrf sm;yg0ifjcif; r&Sad y/
3. AL-MUSNAD 241 AHMED IBN HAMBAL
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6. TIR MIDHI 268 ABU ISA MOHAMED
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9. AL MUWATTA 282 ALBAZAR ABUBAKAR
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11. AL-MUSNAD 307 ABU YALA AHMED
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13. MASAWI-AL- 337 AL-KHARAITY
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tdrmrftAl [eDzmocif\ "r®owfwiG f txufrS 0kZjl zifh odr;f Ny;D aom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qefu Y sif tqufquf usurf w S xf m;olrsm;xHrS uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom tqdrk sm;udk
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ukEo l f zwfjcif;onf 0g*spAf w f m0efr[kwaf y/ &d;k &m? aq;0g;ukx;kH rsm;taMumif;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ t"dymÜ ,fem; (Al Sharani \ Al Mizan twJ-G 1? pmrsuEf mS -30? t&ADusr;f )
tdrmrftAl[eDzmocif vufxufwiG rf l ['Dqrf sm;onf vnf&ef cufcaJ om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ az:jyyg tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f Muwatta ['D q f u srf ; onf
wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; usr;f pmtkyt f jzpf? ay:aygufcjhJ cif; r&Scd ahJ o;ay/ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;cJah om usr;f &Sit f m;vH;k u 4if;wd\ Yk urÇmay:wGif yxrOD;qH;k ['Dqu f sr;f jzpfcohJ nf/ xdak cwf xdt k cg&Sd
tb,faMumifq h akd omf? yxrOD;qH;k ['Dqu f sr;f tjzpf [pf*s&D 179 ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;udk Oya'tjzpf az:jycJjh cif;r[kwaf y/ tb,faMumifh rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f wGif Muwatta usr;f onf usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefNy;D
ckEpS wf iG f tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f Muwatta ay:xGucf o hJ nf/ tdrmrftAl qdak omf? Oya'tjzpf az:jycJrh nfqykd gu yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D aom vQif rd;k ESiahf jrtMum;wGif trSeu f efq;kH usrf;[k aemufyikd ;f acwf
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tAl[eDzmocifonf xdu k ohJ Ykd ['Dqrf sm;ESihf MuKH BuKd ucf iG hf r&&Sí
d 4if;\ vH;k 0 usio hf ;kH jcif;rjyKawmhaom ['Dqrf sm;udk 4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGif cH,cl sut f & usr;f Bu;D (6) usr;f onf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;wGif trSwpf Of
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wufí &Edik af yonf/ ['Dqrf sm;udk az:jyjcif;tm;jzifh rGwpf vifrrf sm;twGi;f 0d0g'uJjG cif;jzpf [k cH,Ml uonf/ Muwatta onf tapmqH;k usr;f jzpfonf/ qG[m
odaYk omf tdrmrf t[fr'f tpfAae [rfAvfvufxufwiG rf l ayrnf/ 4if;wd\ Yk usr;f rsm;wGif yvyfzsuo f rd ;f Ny;D ['Dqrf sm;a&m? bmBu;D rsm;acwfEiS hf ydí k eD;pyfonf/ Alcg&Dusr;f ray:ciftxd usr;f jrwf
['Dqrf sm;onf usr;f tjzpf wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; oH;k usr;f ay:Ny;D jzpf tpm;xd;k usio hf ;kH aom ['Dqrf sm;a&m? qifjh yeforl sm;xHrS Mum;od& uk&t f mefNy;D vQif trSeu f efq;kH jzpfcohJ nf/ Alcg&Dusr;f tygt0if ['Dqf
onf/ tdrmrf [rfAvfocifonf tdrmrf&mS zDtx D uf 37 ESpaf emuf onft h wdik ;f pkpnf;íaz:jyxm;aom ['Dqu f sr;f rsm; jzpfayonf/ usr;f aygif; 41 usr;f ay:Ny;D aemuf Muwatta onftrSwpf Of 38
usojl zpfonf/ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;&müvnf; trsm;qH;k pkaqmif;cJh tAÁmqD,[fcvDzm refp&l (f [pf*s&?D 136 rS 158)ckEpS t f wGi;f tqifo h Ykd a&muf&cdS o
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oljzpfonf/ 4if;\ rGqef 'fusr;f wGiyf g0ifaom ['Dqt f a&twGuf tkycf sKycf ohJ o l nf tdrmrfrmvpfu\ f Muwatta usr;f udk urÇmrh w G f (tpfAae[*s&\ f Bulugh Al Maram pmrsuEf mS -558)
rsm;rSm tjcm;['Dqu f sr;f rsm;xuf trsm;qH;k jzpfayonf/ 4if;\ pvifrrf sm;tm;vH;k odYk rdwLÅ yGm;í jzefcY s&D ef cGiahf wmif;cJ\ h / xdt k cg
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aom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ tcsKd Ubmoma&;ESihf vH;k 0ywf qifjh yeforl sm;rSm tGqrf mefocif? tvDocif? ZkaA&focif? oGv[ f m rsm;rSm tcsKd Uudok m wnf;jzwfaz:jy cJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd az:jy
oufrrI &Sad om ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ tcsKd U wpfcEk iS w hf pfck ocifwYkd jzpfMuonf/ (Alcg&Dusr;f ? a&csKd ;jcif;u@ESi"hf r®wmu@) cJah om ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;udk aphiekH m;vnfpmG zwfrnf? avhvmqnf;yl;
zDvmqefu Y siaf eaom ['Dqrf sm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ az:jyyg a&csKd ;jcif;u@üyif ,SOw f í GJ az:jyxm;aom tjcm; rnfqykd gu wrefawmfjrwf\ oufwrf;wpfavQmuf oGm;vmaexdik f
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zwfz;l jcif; r&Sad omolw\ Ykd tqdo k mvQijf zpfayonf/ tb,faMumifh t*FgESpcf k xdjcif;tm;jzifh a&csKd ;&ef 0g*spAf w f m0efjzpfonf }} jzpfayonf/ t&ADpum;ajym Edik if rH sm;ESihf t&ADpmayjzifh oifMum;
qdak omf? bmomaygif;pHjk zifh bmomjyefqNkd y;D jzpfaom['Dqu f sr;f rsm; az:jyyg Alcg&Dusr;f a&csK;d jcif;u@wpfcw k nf;udk tptqH;k aom bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;rS atmifjrifcMhJ uaom ynm&Sirf sm;onf
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zwf&jkH zifh ['Dqjf iif;olukd umzd&[ f al om tajymtqdu k kd ajymqdk qifjh yefcahJ om ['Dqrf sm;jzpfonf/ rGwpf vifrw f ikd ;f onf az:jyyg aumif;? xdyk nm&Sirf sm;ESihf trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm;wdw Yk iG f vnf;aumif;?
awmhrnf r[kwaf y/ ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udo k m vdu k ef musio fh ;kH jcif;jzpf trsm;rGwpf vifrrf sm; tcsi;f csi;f wdw Yk iG v f nf;aumif;? ['Dqrf sm;udk
az:jyyg u@wpfcw k nf;üyifvQif uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom ['Dqf onf/ ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udo k m vufcjH cif;jzpfonf/ qefu Y sizf uf taMumif;jyKí ['Dqjf iif;olrsm;? ['Dqq f efu
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jcm;em;qefu Y siaf om ['Dqt f rsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;teuf wpfrsKd ;udk vdu k ef m tm; jiif;y,fMujcif;jzpfonf/ ['Dqrf sm;udt k ajccHí ['Dqjf iif;olrsm;? ['Dqq f efu
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tpm; ['Dqw f pfrsKd ;udk jiif;y,f&rnfjzpfonf/ em;aom ['Dqrf sm;udk az:jyxm;ayonf/ tvm;wl uJjG ym;jcm;em; olrsm;? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf zwf&w G of &Zösm,f&aomusr;f ? ['Dqf
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]]tMuif trsKd ;om;wpfO;D onf rdr\ d ZeD;ESihf aygif;oif;qufqH vsu&f adS yonf/ az:jyyg ['Dqrf sm;udk tajccHí Oya'jyKcMhJ uaom ay:aygufcahJ omae&mrsm;ESihf ywf0ef;usirf sm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh t&AD
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0wfjyK&mwGif jyKvyk af om 0kZjl zifh qGvmof0wfjyKEikd o f nf }} az:jyyg ['Dqu f sr;f &Sirf sm;\ ['Dqrf sm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf ausmif;rsm;wGif t&ADpmayudk bmompmay wpfct k jzpf a&;wwf?
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k ohJ Ukd ['Dqrf sm;? zdu[f"r®owfrsm;? q&mhq&mwd\ Yk
atmifjrifvmaom ynm&Sirf sm;tcsi;f csi;f wdt Yk wGi;f vnf;aumif;? y#dyu©wYkd jzpfMuonf/ tqdktrdefYrsm;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef rSwfausmufjzifh
xdyk nm&Sirf sm;ESihf trsm;rGwpf vifrw f Ykd twGi;f wGiv f nf;aumif;? rGwpf txufaz:jyyg udp&ö yfrsm;\ jyóemt&if;tjrpfukd avhvm prf;ppfjcif;tm;jzifh udkufnDu vufcHí? rudkufnDu
vifrt f csi;f csi;f wdYk twGi;f wGiv f nf;aumif;? ['Dqrf sm;udk taMumif;jyK Munfrh nfqv kd Qi?f - y,f&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;wdaYk Mumifh jzpfayonf/
í y#dyu© tjiif;tcHu k pd &ö yfrsm; ay:aygufvsuf &SMd uonf/ (1) bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;wGif rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ tajccH txufaz:jyyg y#dyu©rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef?
az:jyygEkid if rH sm;twGi;f ay:aygufcahJ om jyóemrsm;rSm?- Oya'jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk t&ADpmayjzifh ['Dqrf sm;? zdu[f"r®owfrsm;? urÇmrh w G pf vifrEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf tjynfjynf
(1) 0g0if0gxGuf vMunfjh cif;ESihf vjrifjcif;tay: vufcH *CeP aphiHkpGmem;vnf oabmaygufatmif oif qdik &f m tpövmrfo
h moemhtzJUG tpnf;rsm;\ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;? cH,cl suf
twnfjyKjcif; rjyKjcif;qdik &f m y#dyu©/ Mum;ay;Ekid rf I r&Sjd cif;/ rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/
(2) rGwfpvifrfrsm; rkwfqdwfxm;jcif; rxm;jcif;tay: (2) ['Dqrf sm; ay:aygufvmyHEk iS hf ['Dqu f sr;f rsm;yg ]]pGE[é }f }
y#dyu©/ Oya'qdik &f m ['Dqrf sm;ESihf ]]pGE[ é }f } Oya'r[kwaf om 0g0if0gxGuf vMunfjh cif;
(3) vifr,m;jywfprJ q I ikd &f m oH;k wGvmuf wpfBurd w f nf;ay; ['Dqfrsm;tm; cJGjcm;wwfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk oif usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(55) tm,wf(5)wGi?f -
jcif;tay: ydik rf ydik f qdak om y#dyu©/ Mum;ay;Edik rf I r&Sjd cif;/ ]] aeonfvnf;aumif;? vonfvnf;aumif;? wGucf su&f ef
(4) trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvD0wfausmif;rsm;? tpf'*f guGi;f jyifrsm; (3) zdu[f"r®owfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&mü [ezD*P kd ;f 0if twGuf tcsed u f u
dk n
f pD mG oGm;vmvsu&f MdS uonf }}
wGif qGvmof0wfjyKyikd cf iG hf &Srd &Sq d ikd &f m y#dyu©/ "r®owfwpfcw k nf;udo k m oifMum;ay;jcif;? tjcm; rm usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(36) tm,wf(38)wGi?f -
(5) uA&focØsKi;f rsm;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0ifa&mufaZ,m vDu?D &SmzDt?D [rfAvD *dP k ;f 0ifrsm;\ "r®owfrsm;udk ]] aeonf 4if;\aeywfvrf;aMumif;xJwiG f t&Sijf rwf\ wdik ;f
&ofjyKyikd cf iG f &Srd &Sq d akd om y#dyu©/ yg ,SOw GJ oifMum;ay;Edik rf I r&Sjd cif;/
f í wmowfrw S xf m;onft h wdik ;f vnfywfvsu&f odS nf }}
(6) AvD0wfausmif;rsm;wGif aomMumaeYEiS hf tD'af eYrsm;wGif (4) ausmif;awmf0g'(ac:) rdrw d \Ykd q&mhq&mrsm;\t,l usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef pl&[f(36) tm,wf(39)wGi?f -
cGwAÅ [fay;&mü t&ADpmayESiahf &;xm;aom cGwAÅ [f tq tpOftvmrsm;udk a&SUwef;wifveG ;f jcif;/ ]] vonfvnf; ajcmufaoGUaom pGeyf vGeu f ikd ;f uJo
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bmompum;rsm;jzifh cGwAÅ [fay;jcif;tay: y#dyu©/ jzpfonf/ ['Dqfrsm;? "r®owfrsm;? q&mhq&mrsm;\ az:jyyg usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftm,wfrsm;udk Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh
(7) ]]'g&Gv[ f &Af}} rGwpf vifrrf [kwaf om e,fy,frsm;? Edik if H tqdt k rderYf sm;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ rSwaf usmufjzifh aeonf vnf;aumif;? vonf vnf;aumif;? wGucf su&f eftwGu?f
rsm;ü twd;k pm;cGi&h f o d S nf[k qdo k rl sm;tcsi;f csi;f ]]'g&Gv[f &Af}} prf;ppfwwfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;Ekid rf rI &Sjd cif;/ tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfu tcsed rf eS v f nfywfaeapaMumif;? vonfvnf;
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vlom;rsm;onf urÇmOD;prS pwifí ae0ifaexGurf sm;udk wGuf ae0if aexGujf cif;? v0ifvxGujf cif;? aeMuwfjcif;? vMuwfjcif;rsm;udk aom tcsurf mS ? wrefawmfjrwfonf rkwq f w d x f m;onf/ rGwpf vifrf
csuí f Solar Calendar ac: ae jyu©'ed f [lívnf;aumif;? v0if BuKd wifaMunmEdik jf cif;rsm;onf aeESiv hf wdt Yk ygt0if N*Kd [rf sm; tm; rsm; rkwq f w
d x f m;&rnfrmS ]]pGE[ é }f } jzpfonf/
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aumif;? jyu©'ed Ef pS rf sKd ;udk oH;k pJcG MhJ uygonf/ aejyu©'ed q f o kd nfrmS \ vnfywfvrf;aMumif;rsm;twGi;f twdtus vnfywfomG ;vm Muwatta usr;f oH;k usr;f wGif 0g0ifayonf/ az:jyyg oH;k usr;f wGif
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hf ikd af om acwfwikd ;f ? &efEiS ?hf pdwx f m;jzLpifí MuUH cdik rf &I &dS ef wdu k w f eG ;f xm;onf/ aumif;&mudk
tu,fí ukvm;tkww f pfaumif\ BuKd ;av;wpfacsmif;uJo h Ykd ao;rTmG ; vlrsKd ;wdik ;f twGuf b0vrf;nTeu f sr;f jzpfayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfonf usií hf ? aumif;&mudñ k eT jf cif;? raumif;&mrS a&SmifMuOfí? raumif;&m
onfh ypön;f uav; aysmufq;kH oGm;yguvnf; jyefvnf&&S&d ef enf;vrf; vnf; ú ' .
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udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f vrf;ñTecf suyf g&SNd y;D jzpfonf [k qdck o hJ nf/ u&kPm&Sijf zpfayonf }} wrefawmfjrwfonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH ? usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ vrf;ñTerf o I nfom vlom;rsm;twGuf
(a'gufwm ,lqzG u f &f'gG 0D\ Islamic Law in The Modern World twGu?f acwfwikd ;f twGu?f ud,mrofaeYwikd af y:aygufvmvwÅUH vG,u f rl &I NdS y;D csKUd wJrh tI aygif;rS pifMu,fvsu&f adS omOya' jzpfonf/
pmrsuEf mS -10) aom vlom;rsm;twGuv f nf; r[mwrefawmfjzpfayonf/ usr;f jrwf vlom;wpfO;D \ xrf;aqmifEikd af om0efxufyí kd wm0efay;xm;jcif;r&Sd
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]] þonf usr;f *efjzpfonf/ toifonf vlom;wpf&yfv;kH onf/ xdu k sr;f yg Oya'rsm;onf acwfwikd ;f ? ae&mwdik ;f ? vlrsKd ;wdik ;f ESihf vH;k qG[mbmBu;D rsm;ESit hf wl usiMhf utH m;xkwcf jhJ cif;tm;jzifh urÇm
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usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftvsiu f csay;cJah om Oya'rsm;ESih f a&G;cs,f qdik &f m vly*k Kd¾ vrf sm;? tkycf sKyo f v l w l ef;pm;rsm;? ola|; qif;&Jom;[l acwfwiG v f nf;? bmom? omoemqdik &f m 0d0g'uJjG ym;jcm;em;rI? r#dyu©
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4ifwx Ykd cH say;cJah om Oya'rsm;onfvnf; rl&if;twdik ;f r&Sad wmhy?J usr;f jzpfonf/
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Oya'rsm;udk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef\ Oya'tm;jzifh yvyfzsuo f rd ;f cJah v\/ tvsi;f r&Scd ahJ y/ usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefonf vlb Y 0atmifjrifrt I wGuf 'DZbFmv(1)&uf? 2003ckEpS ?f wevFmaeY/
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AHMED AKBAR trSmpm
1/ uk&t
f mefusr;f jrwf\ tvif;jyefusr;f / (jrefrmbmomjyef) 17/ A HISTORY OF THE ARAB PEOLE (ENGLISH-1991)
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2/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef(t&ADbmomjyef) s s thT(a0ú*ø+#! 18/ THE RECONSTRUCTION OF RELIGIOUS THOUGHT aomusrf;onf uRefawmf\ a&mif;&if;udpk ;kd vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf)u a&;
IN ISLAM (1989) IQBAL- ALLAMA MOHAMMED om;jyKpak o usr;f jzpfygonf/ udpk ;kd vGio f nf t&ADpmayomru t&AD
3/ Sahih-AL-BUKHARI (ARABIC-ENGLISH) 19/ WESTERN VIEWS OF ISLAM INTHE MIDDLE AGES pum;udkvnf; uRrf;usifpGmwwfajrmufaomjrefrmjynfzGm;ynm&SifwpfOD;
DR.MUHAMED MUHSIN KHAN (Translated) (1962) SOUTHERN.R.W jzpfonf/ þusr;f onf ol\ t&ADuu kd Rr;f usirf t I ay:rSmay:xGe;f vm
4/ #4S. ú!#( u* 20/ ISLAM (U.S.A2000) - KAREN AMSTRONG jcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKd Uonf t&ADo'´gudk wwfonf/ tcsKd Uonft&ADpm
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Confusionfrom Ancient Islamic History

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Confusionfrom Ancient Islamic History

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OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) C i OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) OD;pd;k vGi(f Nidr;f csrf;vQyfppf) p

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