Alfabetul limbii engleze

a[ei]
b[bi:]
c[si:]
d[di:]
e[i:]
f[ef]
g[dji:]
h[eitch]
i[ai]
j[gei]
k[kei]
l[el]
m[em]
n[en]
o[ou]
p[pi:]
q[kju:]
r[a:]
s[es]
t[ti:]
u[ju:]
v[vi:]
w['dablju:]
x[eks]
y[wai]
z[zed]
 Verbul

In limba engleza sunt doua categorii de verbe:

-verbe regulate
-verbe neregulate

Verbele regulate:

Cele mai multe verbe in limba engleza sunt regulate. Ele se conjuga astfel:

Indicativ prezent :

I call I do not call

You call You do not call
He calls He does not call
She calls She does not call

We call We do not call

You call You do not call
They call They do not ask

Forma interogativa: Forma interogativ-negativa:

Do I call ? Don't I call ?

Do you call ? Don't you call ?
Does he call ? Doesn't he call ?
Does she call ? Doesn't she call ?

Do we call ? Don't we call ?

Do you call ? Don't you call ?
Do they call ? Don't they call ?

- - - La indiativ prezent, numai prsoana a treia (III-a) singular, verbele primesc un "-s",

celelalte ramanand neschimbate.

- - - Pentru verbele terminate in "ch", "sh", "ss", "x" - la persoana III-a singular va fi

"-es".

- - - Verbele terminate in "y" precedate de o consoana, schimba pe "y" in "i" si primesc

terminatia "-es".

- - - Verbele terminate in "o" primesc terminatia "-es"

Toate verbele din limba engleza (cu exceptia celor doua verbe auxiliare: HAVE = a avea si

BE = a fi) se conjuga la formele simple interogative si negative cu ajutorul auxiliarului

DO/DOES.
Past tense :

La Imperfect si Perfect Simplu verbele neregulate primesc terminatia "-ed".

I called
You called
He called
she called

We called
You called
They called

Forma negativa:

I did not call

You did not call
He did not call
She did not call

We did not call

You did not call
They did not call

Forma interogativa: Forma interogatv-negativa:

Did I call ? Didn't I call ?

Did you call ? Didn't you call ?
Did she call ? Didn't she call ?
Did he call ? Didn't he call ?

Did we call ? Didn't we call ?

Did you call ? Didn't you call ?
Did they call ? Didn't they call ?

Future Tense:

Viitorul in limba engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare SHALL/WILL urmate de

infinitiv.
- auxiliarul SHALL - pentru persoana I singular si plural
- auxiliarul Will - pentru restul persoanelor

I shall call
You will call
He will call
She will call

We shall call
You will call
They will call

Forma negativa :

I shall not (shan't) call

You will not call
He will not call
We shall not call
You will not call
They will not call

Forma interogativa :

Shall I call ?
Will you call ?
Will he call ?
Will she call ?

Shall we call ?
will you call ?
Will they call ?

Mai-mult-ca-perfect(past perfect):

M.m.c.p se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar HAVE la trecur (adica HAD) +participiu

trecut al verbului.

I had called
You had called
He had called
She had called

We had called
You had called
They had called

Conditionalul prezent
:
Se formeaza cu verbele auxiliarele SHOULD/WOULD + infinitivul verbului.

I should call
You would call
...

Conditionalul trecut :

Se formeaza din conditionalul prezent al verbului HAVE + participiu trecut al verbului

I should have called

you would have called
He would have called
She would have called

We should have called

You would have called
They would have called

Participiu prezent:

Se formeaza adaugand "-ing" la infinitivul verbului.

to call = a striga, a suna -> calling = strigand

Participiu trecut :
 Se formeaza adaugand "-ed" la infinitivul verbului

call -> called

Nr. Tense Form Used to express Romana

S + V1 1.actiuni obisnuite repetabile
Present Tense Do/Does + S + V1 2.adevaruri general valabile
1. Prezent
Simple S + Do/does + not 3.repros, constatari
+ V1 4.in loc de viitpr- pentru actiuni planificate oficial
1.actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii(now, at
present, at the moment)
Present Tense
2. S + To be + V-ing 2.actiuni temporare(today, this week, this mounth) Prezent
Continous
3.repros accentuat aproape de prezent.
4.actiuni oficiale planificate neoficial
1.actiune termiata in moment trecut neprecizat (lately,
just, always, offe, ever, never)
Present Perfect S + have/has + V3 Perfect
3. 2.actiune terminata in perioada de timp neterminata
Simple Have/has + S + V3 compus
(today, this week)
3.actiune terminata care are legatura cu prezentul
S + have/has + actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent
Present Perfect been + v-ing sau al carui rezultat se vede acum in prezent
4. prezent
Continous Have/has + been + For + perioada de timp
S + V-ing Since + inceputul de timp
S + V2
Actiunitrecute terminate in momentul precizat(ago, last, perfect
5. Past tense simple Did + S + V1
yesterday, in 1990) compus
S + did + not + V1
actiune trecuta in progres:
Past tense S + was/were + V-
6. while + timp continuu imperfect
continous ing
when + timp simple
Past perfect exprima o actiune trecuta terminata inaintea altei actiuni
7. S + had + V3 m.m.c.p.
simple trecute
Past perfect S + had + been + actiune trecutain progres, inceputa inaintea altei actiuni
8. imperfect
continous V-ing trecute

In limba engleza este foarte important sa stim conjugarea celor doua verbe auxiliare :HAVE
si BE.

TO HAVE = a avea

Indicativ prezent :

I have
you have
He has
She has

We have
You have
They have

Imperfectul si perfect simplu:

I had
you had
He had
She had

We had
You had
They had

M.m.c.p.

I had had
you had had
He had had
She had had

We had had
You had had
They had had

Viitorul:

I shall have
You will have
He will have
She will have

We shall have
You will have
They will have

Conditional prezent :

I should have
You would have
He would have
She would have

We would have
You would have
They would have

Conditional trecut :

I should have had

You would have had
He would have had
She would have had

We would have had

You would have had
They would have had

Participiu prezent: having

Participiu trecut : had

TO BE = a fi

Indicativ prezent :

I am
You are
He is
She is

We are
You are
They are

Imperfectul:

I was
You were
He was
She was

We were
You were
They were

M.m.c.p.:

I had been
You had been
He had been
She had been

We had been
You had been
They had been

Viitor:
I shall be
You will be
He will be
She will be

They shall be
You will be
Yhey will be

Conditional prezent:

I should be
We would be
...

Conditionalul trecut :

I should have been

He would have been
...

Participiu prezent : being

Participiu trecut : been

Adverbul
Adverbul este cel care ne spune mai mult despre verb, care intareste verbul.

Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaza din adjective.

Ele seformeaza astfel:
- pentru majoritatea adverbele - la adjectiv se adauga teminatia -ly :
bad - badly
hard - hardly
- pentru adjectivele care se termina in -le, ca sa formam adverb, se shimba terminatia -le

in -ly
simple - simply
probable - probably
-pentru adjectivele care se termina in y, precedat de o consoana, ca sa formam adverb

shimbam pe y in i si apoi adauga terminatia -ly

easy - easily
happy - happily

Exceptii :
well = bine; cum trebuie
fast = repede; strâns
very = foarte; chiar; prea
never = niciodata; deloc
always = totdeauna
often = adesea
still = înca; si mai; totusi

Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor sunt aceleasi ca si la adjective si se formeaza in

acelasi moduri.

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ

badly worse the worst

far farther the farthest
further the furthest
late later the latest
the last = ultimul
little less the least
well better the best

Adverbele sunt de mai multe feluri :

- de loc
- de mod
- de timp - precizat
- neprecizat : already = deja, pana acum
always = intotdeauna
ever = totdeauna, vreodata
just = tocmai
often = adesea
never = niciodata
sometimes = uneori, cateodata
seldom = rareori
still = inca, mai

O modalitate usoara de a tine minte adverbele de timp si care ne arata cat de des cineva

face ceva :
100% always
usually
frequently
often
50% sometimes
occasionally
rarely
seldom
hardly ever

0% never

Adjectivul

Adjectivele, in limba engleza , sunt invariabile ( nu se acorda cu substantivele in gen,numar si caz ).

Adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor (I like Chinese food) sau dupa anumite verbe auxiliare
(to appear, to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to keep,to seem, to taste, to make,to smell,to
sound,
to turn, to taste).

Desi stau dupa verbe, ele nu descriu verbul si subiectul propozitiei (in majoritatea cazurilor -
substantive
sau pronume).

Ex: The examination did not seem difficult.

Your friend looks nice.

Unele din adjectivele care pot sta numai dupa verbele auxiliare: asleep, awake, afraid, alike, alive,
alone,
annoyed, difficult, ill, nice, sorry, upset, well
(She is alone.).

Asa cum am mai spus, avem adjective care stau inaintea substantive:
Ex : I like big black dogs.
She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.

Care este ordinea corecta pentru adjective ?

1) Ordinea generala: opinion, fact

Ex : a nice French car (not a French nice car)

"Opinion" este ceea ce crezi despre subiectul propozitiei/frazei .

"Fact" este ceea ce este adevarat despre subiectul propozitiei/fraziei.

2) Ordinea normala a adjectivelor este :

size, age/temperature , shape, colour, material, origin:
Ex : a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table

Size : small, little, thiny, big

Age/Temperature : old, new, hot, cold
Shape : round, square
Color : yellow, red, blue
Material : plastic, silver
Origin : Chinese, Romanian, Franch
 3) Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives:
· articles (a, the)
· possessives (my, your...)
· demonstratives (this, that...)
· quantifiers (some, any, few, many...)
· numbers (one, two, three)

Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives:

adjectives noun

deter- opinion fact

miner
age shape colour

two nice old round red candles

Cand vrem sa folosim doua adjective care se refera la o culoare folosim “and”.
Ex: Newspapers are usually black and white.

Gradele de comparative ale adjectivelor :

- gradul pozitiv : arata prezenta normala a unei calitati a obiectelor (fara comparatii)
Ex : She is beautiful.
- gradul comparativ : compara doua sau mai multe obiecte
o in masura egala : comarativul de egalitate : he is as tall as his brother
o in masura inegala :- comparativul de superioritate : he is taller then she.
- compartivul de inferioritate : not as tall as …
- gradul superlativ: este de doua feluri : relative(in comparative cu alte elemente)
Ex : The biggeste : Cel mai mare
The smallest = Cel mai mic
The most important = Cel mai important
absolute (fata de el insusi)
Ex : Very gig = Foarte mare
Very small = Foarte mic
Very/Highly important = Foarte important

Comparativul de egalitate se formeaza prin incadrarea adjectivului : “ as…as “

Ex : as tall as = la fel de inalt ca, tot atat de inalt ca

Pentru sens negative : incadram adjectivul in : “not as/ so…as”

Ex : not as/so tall as = nu atat/ asa de inalt cat/ca

Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaza incadrand adjectivul in expresia :

“not so(as)…as “ sau “less…then”
Ex : not as tall as/ not so tall as = nu atat de inalt ca
Less tall then = mai putin inalt ca

Atentie la aceste 4 expresii:

So much the better = Cu atat mai bine

So much the worse = Cu atat mai rau
So much the more = Cu atat mai mult
So much the less = Cu atat mai putin

Expresia “cu cat..cu atat” nu are echivalent in limba engleza.

(Cu cat) mai curand, (cu atat) mai bine = The sooner, the better.
(Cu cat este)casa mai veche, (cu atat este) pretul mai mic. = The older the house,
the smaller the price.

Adjectivele terminate in –e mut suprima aceasta vocala inaintea terminatiilor -er , -est .
Ex : large – larger – the largest
fine – finer - the finest

Adjectivele terminate in – y precedat de o consoana, schimba pe y in i inaintea lui – er si – est .

Ex : heavy – heavier – the heaviest

Adjectivele terminate in – y precedat de o vocala raman neschimbate :

Ex : gay – gayer – the gayest (vesel) Acest adjective este foarte rar folosit in
sensului lui propriu, intrand in raza vulgar a vocabularului.

Adjectivele monosilabice terminate in consoana, o dubleaza la comparative si

la superlative :
Ex: big – bigger – the biggest

Unele adjective au forme diferite la comparativ si superlativ:

Good – better – the best = bun(a)

Well – better – the best = bine
Bad – worse – the worst = rau
Ill- worst – the worst = bolnav
Much – more – the most = mult(a)
Many – more – the most = multi(e)
Little – less – the least = putin

Adjectivele posesive:

Se pun intotdeauna inaintea substantivelor:

My = meu, mea, mei , mele

Your = tau, ta, tai, tale
His = lui, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansului, dumnealui, domniei sale
Her = ei, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansei, dumneaei
Its (pers III neutru) = lui, ei , sau, sa, sai , sale
Our = nostril, nostru, noastra, noastre
Your = vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre, d-voastra
Their = lor, dansilor, danselor, dumnealor

Adjectivele demonstrative:

Pentru apropere:

This = acest, acesta, ast, asta, aceasta, asta

Those = acestia, acesti, asti, astia, aceste, acestea, astea, , aste

Pentru departare:

That = acela, acel, ala, aceea, acea, aia

Those = acei, aceia, ai, aia, acelea, alea
 Articolul

Articolul nehotarat (care se traduce in romana : un , o ):

a = inaintea unei consoane (a car)

an = inaintea unei vocale (an inkpot)

Articolul nehotarat este acelasi pentru toate genurile. Trebuie tinut cont atunci cand vorbim ca articolul
nehoratat
nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el. LA plural nu exista articol nehotarat(atunci cand
este cazul
se folosestie some = niste, unele).

Exista unele exceptii :

a ewe = o oaie/mioara
a Europian = un european
a union = o uniune, un sindicat
a university = o universitate

Articolul horatat:

Articolul hotarat in limba engleza este THE , atat la singular cat si la plural, la toate genurile.

Ca si la articolul nehotarat, in vorbire, articolul hotart nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa
el.

Conjunctia

Conjunctia este partea de vorbire care leaga cuvinte sau propozitii.

Conjunctiile pot sa fie:
- coordonatoare = atunci cand leaga doua propozitii de acelasi fel;
- subordonatoare = atunci cand leaga o propozitie principala cu una secundara.

Conjunctiile coordonatoare

Conjunctiile coordonatoare arata ca elementele pe care ele le unesc sunt identice(similare)

in importanta si structura.
+

Intotdeauna conjunctiile coordonatoare se gasesc intre cuvintele sau propozitiile pe care

le leaga.

• I like [tea] and [coffee].

• [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Conjunctiile coordonatoare sunt sapte (7) la numar. Ele sunt cuvinte simple, formate din
doua sau trei litere.
Iara un mod usor si distractiv de a tine minte conjunctiile coordonatoare :
F A N B O Y S

Fo
And Nor But Or Yet So
r

Conjunctiile subordonatoare

Cele mai comune conjunctii subordonatoare sunt :

after
although
as
because
before
how
if
once
since
than
that
though
till
until
when
where
whether
while

Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga o propozitie secundara de una principala. Intotdeauna

conjunctia subordonata se gaseste in fata propozitiei secundare.

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.

Atentie la urmatoarele constructii :

...either ...or = ...sau ...sau

...neither ...nor = ...nici ...nici

...nor only ...but also = ...nu numai ...ci(dar)si

...both ...and = ...ata ...cat si

Numeralul

Numeralul cardinal :

zero = zero = 0
one = unu = 1
two = doi = 2
three = trei = 3
four = patru = 4
five = cinci = 5
six = sase = 6
seven = sapte = 7
eight = opt = 8
nine = noua = 9
ten = zece = 10

Atentie la o deosebire de limba romana. In limba engleza se foloseste virgula in locul

punctului din romana.

hundred = suta = 100

thousand = mie = 1,000
million = milion = 1,000,000

Astfel ceea ce scriem in romana 1,7 - in engleza vom scrie 1.7 = one point seven.

Numeralul ordinal :

first = prim;
second = al doilea
third = al treilea; a treia

De la patru in sus , numealul ordinal se formeaza din numeralul cardinal + th (dar

atentie ca -y se inlocuieste ci - ieth ).

fourth = al patrulea
fifth = al cincilea
sixth = al saselea
seventh = al saptelea
eighth = al optulea
ninth = al noualea
tenth = al zecelea
eleventh = al unsprezecelea
twelfth = al doisprezecelea
thierteenth = al treisprezecelea
twentieth = al douazecilea
thirtieth = al treizecilea
fiftieth = al cincecilea

Datele se exprima in limba engleza cu numeralul ordinal :

The first of May sau May the first

Numeralul multiplicativ :

once = o data;
twice = de doua ori;

De la trei in sus , numeralele multiplicative se formeaza din cel cardinal + times

three times = de trei ori

four times = de patru ori

Numeralele fractionale :

one whole = un intreg (o unitate)

one haf = o jumatate = 1/2
one third = o treime = 1/3
one quarter = un sfert, o patrime = 1/4
one tenth = o zecime = 1/10

Prepozitia

Prepozitiile sunt cuvintele care fac legatura intre partile de vorbire.

Sunt peste 150 de prepozitii in limba engleza.Lista cu cele mai uzuale prepozitii le gasiti la
Cuvinte necesare/Prepozitii.

Prepozitii de loc:

In general se tine cont de urmatoarele reguli:

at = pentru un punct, un reper
in = pentru o anumita zona
on = pentru o suprafata

Iata aici cateva exemple :

at in on

punct, un reper zona suprafata

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling

at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the crossroads in a building on the menu

at the entrance in a car on a page

Exista expresii standar cu prepozitiile de loc.Iata-le :

at in on

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television

at the side in a row on the left, on the right

at reception in Oxford Street on the way

Prepozitiile de timp :

at = atunci cand timpul este precizat

in = pentru luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi
on = pentru zile si date

Iata cateva exemple:

at in on
timp precizat luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi zile si date

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Atunci cand folosim last, next, every, this - nu folosim si at, in, on.

Exemple:

I went to London last June. (not in last June)

He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Pronumele

Pronumele personale :

Nominativ :

I = eu
you = tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra
he = el, dansul, dumnealui
she = ea, dumneaei
we = noi
you = voi
they = ei,ele, dansii, dansele, dumnealor

Acuzativ-dativ :

me = mi-, ma, pe mine, imi

you = ti, te, pe tine, iti, dumitale, dumneavoastra
him = i-, l-, pe el, ii,(lui)
her = i-, -o, pe ea, ii
us = ne-, noua, pe noi
you = v-, voua, pe voi
them = i-, le-, loe, pe ei, pe ele

Pronumele reflexive :

myself = eu insumi/insami, pe mine insumi/insami

yourself = tu insusi/insati, pe tine insuti/insati
himself = el insusi/pe el insusi
herself = ea insasi/pe ea insasi
ourselves = noi insine, pe noi insine
yourselves = voi insiva, pe voi insiva
oneself = pe sine insusi (insasi)

Pronumele posesiv :

mine = al meu, a mea, ale mele, ai mei

yours = al tau, a ta, ale tale, ai tai
his = al lui, a lui, ale lui, ai lui
hers = a ei, ale ei, al ei, ai ei
ours = a noastra, al nostru, ale noastre, ai nostri
yours = al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre
theirs = al lor, a lui, ai lor, ale lor

Pronumele demonstrative sunt identice ca forma cu adjectivele demonstrative(numai ca in

cazul pronumelor, acestea inlocuiesc substantivele).

Substantivul

Substantivul, in limba engleza, are patru genuri:

- genul masculin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen masculin

(boy, man, son , brother, king)
- genul feminin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen feminin
(woman, mother, girl, wife, sister)
- gen neutru = substantivele care denumesc obiecte si animale
(dog, , purse, window, cat)
- genul comun = substantivele care au aceeasi forma atat la masculin cat si la feminin
(teacher, doctor, friend, author)

Deosebirea dintre substantivele feminine si masculine se face astfel:

- se foloseste cuvinte diferite pentru feminin si masculin :

Feminin Masculin
aunt = matusa uncle = unchi
daughter = fiica son = fiu
girl = fata bou = baiat
hen = gaina cock = cocos
nice = nepoata nephew = nepot
sister = sora brother = frate
mother = mama father = tata
wife = sotie husband = sot
woman = femeie man = barbat

- se adauga un sufix:
prince - princess
actor - actress
waiter - waitress

- pentru locuitorii unei tari, terminate in sh si ch, genul persoanei se indica folosind
cuvintele: man si woman.
an Englishman - an Englishwoman
a Romanianmam - a Romanianwoman

Pluralul substantivelor :

1)- In general se realizeaza adaugand "-s" la substantivul la singular:

cat + "s" = cats
dog + "s" = dogs

2)- pentru substantivele terminate in "s", "x", "sh", "ch","zh", "z" sau "j" pluralul se

formeaza adugand "-es" sau "-s", daca substantivul se termina in "e" mut.
bus + "es" = buses
box + "es" = boxes
dish + "es" = dishes
church + "es" = churches
mirage + "s" = mirages
prize + "s" = prizes
bridge + "s" = bridges

3)- a) - pentru substantive terminate in "y" pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand

"-s", daca "y" final este precedat de o vocala(a, e, i, o, u).

boy + "s" = boys

- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "y", unde "y" final este precedat de o consoana,

pluralul substantivelor se formeaza astfe: se transforma "y" in "i" si apoi se

adauga "-es"
baby - y + "s" = babies

4)- a) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", pluralul substantivelor se formeaza

adaugand "-s", daca "o" este precedat de o vocala (a, e, i, o, u).

radio + "s" = radios

- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", unde "o" este precedat de o consoana,

pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-es".

tomato + "es" = tomatoes
 Atentie : - pentru substantivele legate (referitoare) de muzica - pot forma

pluralul adaugand "-s", chiar daca "o" este precedat de o consoana

piano + "s" = pianos

5)-pentru substantivele terminate in "f" sau "fe", pluralul substantivelor se face

adaugand "-s".
roof + "s" = roofs
giraffe + "s" = giraffes

- Exista exceptii la aceasta regula.Unele substantive terminate in "f" sau "fe" fac

pluralul schimband pe "f" in "-ves". Iara aceste exceptii :

calf - calves = vitel/ vitei
elf- elves = spiridusi/i
half - halves = jumatate/jumatati
knife - knives = cutit/cutite
leaf - leaves = frunza/frunze
loaf - loaves = franzela,paine/franzele
life - lives = viata/vieti
penknife - penknife = briceag/bricege
sheaf - sheaves = snop/snopi
staff - staves = portativ
scarf - scarves = esarfa, fular/esarfe,fulare - dar si scarfs
self - selves = ins, fiinta
shelf - shelves = raft/rafturi
thief - thieves = hot/hoti
wolf - wolves = lup/lupi
wife - wives = sotie/sotii

6)- urmatoarele substantive nu respecta nici o regula in formarea pluralelor :

Singular Plural
alga algae
alumna alumnae
alumnus alumni
antenna (on a bug's head) antennae
antenna (on a television) antennas
appendix appendixes, appendices
bacterium bacteria
bison bison
buffalo buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo
bus buses, busses
cactus cacti, cactuses
child children
corps corps
criterion criteria
crisis crises
datum data
deer deer
die dice
dwarf dwarfs, dwarves
foot feet
fish fish, fishes
goose geese
half halves
 hippopotamus hippopotami, hippopotamuses
hoof hoofs, hooves
louse lice
man men
medium media
memorandum memoranda
moose moose
mouse mice
octopus octopi, octopuses, octopodes
ox oxen
scarf scarves, scarfs
series series
sheep sheep
staff (stick or line for
charting music) staves
staff (group of workers) staffs
stegosaurus stegosauri
swine swine
talisman talismans
tooth teeth
wharf wharfs, wharves
woman women

Viitorul Simplu ( Simple Future )

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Viitorul Simplu al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Viitorul Simplu se formeaza cu auxiliarul will urmat de infinitivul verbului de conjugat.

1. Forma afirmativa:

I will come
You will come
He will come
We will come
You will come
They will come

2. Forma interogativa :

Will I come ?
Will you come ?
Will he come ?
Will we come ?
Will you come ?
Will they come ?

3. Forma negativa :

I will not come

You will not come
He will not come
We will not come
You will not come
They will not come

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Will I not come ?

Will you not come ?
Will he not come ?
Will we not come ?
Will you not come ?
Will they not come ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Viitorului in vorbire)

1. Viitorul Simplu il folosim in legatura cu asteptari, predictii, opinii sau presupuneri care se
vor desfasura in viitor.

Don't worry. She'll come back. Nu te ingrijora. Se va intoarce.

My son will be ten next month. Fiul meu va implini zece ani luna viitoare.

2. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste pentru a descrie actiuni obisnuite ce vor avea loc in viitor.

Drivers will always have to pay their speed tickets. Soferii intotdeauna vor trebui sa-si achite amenzile
pentru depasirea vitezei.
Babies will be born and old people will die, as usual. Copii tot se vor naste, si batranii se vor stinge, ca
de obicei.
3. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste in cadrul propozitiilor conditionale de tip 1, precum si in
propozitii temporale.

We will punish him if he does it again. Il vom pedepsi daca va mai face acel lucru din nou.
He will come home when he finishes his work. El va veni acasa dupa ce isi va termina treaba.

4. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste pentru a descrie actiuni ce exprima intentia (mai ales cele luate
in momentul deciziei).

I will have some Pepsi, please. As dori un Pepsi, va rog.

I like this car. I will buy it. Imi place aceasta masina. O voi cumpara.

Perfectul Prezent Simplu ( Present Perfect )

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Perfectul Prezent al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Perfectul Prezent se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have( have, has ) urmat de participiul trecut al
verbului de conjugat.
( Nu uitati: la un verb regulat, participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed; la verbele
neregulate, el reprezinta a treia forma de baza.)

1. Forma afirmativa:

I have arrived
You have arrived
He has arrived
We have arrived
You have arrived
They have arrived

2. Forma interogativa :

Have I arrived ?
Have you arrived ?
Has he arrived ?
Has she arrived ?
Have we arrived ?
Have you arrived ?
Have they arrived ?

3. Forma negativa :
I have not arrived
You have not arrived
He has not arrived
She has not arrived
We have not arrived
You have not arrived
They have not arrived

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Have I not arrived ?

Have you not arrived ?
Has he not arrived ?
Has she not arrived ?
Have we not arrived ?
Have you not arrived ?
Have they not arrived ?

IMPORTANT !!!

Perfectul Prezent se foloseste cel mai adesea atunci cand dorim sa scoatem in evidenta un efect pe
care il are in prezent o actiune desfasurata in trecut.

Ex: I have eaten = Am mancat (deci nu mai imi este foame).

Somebody has stolen my pen = Cineva mi-a furat stiloul (asadar nu mai am cu ce scrie)

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1.Perfectul Prezent descrie o actiune trecuta, ale carei efecte se fac inca simtite in prezent

I have sold my car. Eu mi-am mandut masina(efect=trebuie sa merg la slujba cu autobuzul)

He has read that book. El a citit acea carte (efect=ii cunoaste continutul)

2. Perfectul Prezent se foloseste impreuna cu indicatori temporali nedefiniti, cum ar fi: ever,
never, before, yet, already, dar niciodata cu indicatori temporali definiti, precum yesterday,
last week, a month ago.

She has never seen such a car. Ea niciodata nu a vazut o asemenea masina.
I have already solved that problem. Eu deja am rezolvat acea problema.

3. Perfectul Prezent se foloseste pentru a descrie o actiune care a inceput in trecut si se

continua si in momentul vorbirii(aceeasi parte a zilei, aceeasi zi, acelasi an, etc).

We haven't eaten today yet. Azi inca nu am mancat.

4. Folosit impreuna cu just acest timp descrie ceea ce s-a intamplat de curand. In romana
acest lucru se exprima cu perfectul compus si adverbul tocmai.

They have just got married. Ei tocmai s-au casatorit.

We have just arrived. Noi tocmai ce am sosit.

5. Perfectul Prezent descrie o actiune inceputa in trecut si care se prelungeste in prezent.

In acest caz, se traduce cu prezentul:

How long have they been here? De cand sunt ei aici?

She has been here for three days. Ea se afla aici de trei zile.

6. Perfectul Prezent simplu se foloseste cu expresiile: This is the first time... si It's (a long
time) since...

This is the first time I have been in a cave. E prima data cand ma aflu intr-o pestera.
It's a long time since you have visited me. De mult nu ai mai fost in vizita la mine

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Perfectul Prezent Continuu al
unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Perfectul Prezent Continuu se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have( have, has ) urmat de aspectul
continuu al participiului trecut al verbului de conjugat.
(participiul trecut simplu: worked, cleaned; participiul trecut continuu: been working, been cleaning.)

1. Forma afirmativa:

I have been walking

You have been walking
He has been walking
We have been walking
You have been walking
They have been walking

2. Forma interogativa :

Have I been walking ?

Have you been walking ?
Has he been walking ?
Has she been walking ?
Have we been walking ?
Have you been walking ?
Have they been walking ?

3. Forma negativa :

I have not been walking

You have not been walking
He has not been walking
She has not been walking
We have not been walking
You have not been walking
They have not been walking

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Have I not been walking ?

Have you not been walking ?
Has he not been walking ?
Has she not been walking ?
Have we not been walking ?
Have you not been walking ?
Have they not been walking ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

Perfectul Prezent continuu se foloseste aproximativ in aceleasi situatii ca si Prezentul Perfect

simplu.
Totusi, accentueaza ideea de continuare in prezent a actiunii descrise:

He has read that book. A citit acea carte. ( Deja cunoaste continutul)
He has been reading that book for three hours. Citeste cartea aceea de trei ore. (si inca n-a terminat-o)

Prezentul Continuu ( Present Continuous)

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Prezentul Continuu al unui verb.

1. La forma afirmativa auxiliarul apare de cele mai multe ori in forma sa contrasa:

I'm running
You're runnning
He's running
We're running
They're running
2. La forma interogativa se inverseaza ordinea dintre subiect si auxiliar:

Am I running?
Are you running?
Is he running?
Is she running?
Are we running?
Are you running?
Are they running?

3. La forma negativa cuvantul not precedat de auxiliar apare de cele mai multe ori in forma sa
contrasa (dar niciodata dupa am) :

I' m not running

You aren't running
He isn't running
She isn't running
We aren't running
You aren't running
They aren't running

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Am I not running ?
Aren't you running ?
Isn't herunning ?
Isn't she running ?
Aren't we running ?
Aren't you running ?
Aren't they running ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1. Pentru a descrie o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul vorbirii.

In acest caz, este insotit adesea de o indicatie temporala, cum ar fi now, at the moment

Look! He's wasing his car. Priveste! El isi spala masina.

What are you doing there? Ce faci acolo?

2. Pentru a descrie pozitiile corpului:

She's standing. Ea sta in picioare

He's leaning against a wall. El sta sprijinit de un perete.

3. Cand e vorba de o actiune viitoare, prevazuta sau programata:

They're buying a new house in May. Ei isi cumpara o casa noua in luna mai.
What are you doing next Monday? Ce faci lunea viitoare?

4. Cand e vorba de ceva care s-ar putea produce in orice moment:

He looks funny when he's playing his trumpet. Arata comic atunci cand canta la trompeta.

5. Impreuna cu always, pentru a exprima iritarea sau dezaprobarea:

She's always coming in when we talk something important. Intotdeauna trebuie sa intre in camera fix
cand vorbim noi lucruri importante.

Prezentul Simplu

In lectiile trecute am invatat despre anumite parti de vorbire care nu cereau enorm de mult efort pentru
a fi retinute, insa incepand cu lectia de acum vom invata din tainele Verbului.
Si asa cum va asteptati probabil, vom incepe cu Prezentul.

Numai ca in limba engleza Prezentul are doua forme: una simpla si una continua. In lectia aceasta vom
vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza forma simpla a Prezentului unui verb.

A. FORMARE

1. La forma afirmativa se foloseste infinitivul fara particula "to" al verbului:

to run / run

I run
You run
We run
They run

La persoana a III-a singular se adauga terminatia -s:

He runs
She runs

2.La forma interogativa se foloseste auxiliarul do sau does (la persoana a III-a singular) urmat de
verb:
Do I run?
Do you run?
Does he run?
Does she run?
Do we run?
Do you run?
Do they run?
Observati ca numai auxiliarul se conjuga!

3.La forma negativa se foloseste do not(cu forma sa contrasa don't) sau does not(cu forma sa
contrasa doesn't) pentru persoana a III-a singular:

I do not (don't) run

You do not (don't) run
He does not (doesn't) run
She does not (doesn't) run
We do not (don't) run
You do not (don't) run
They do not (don't) run

4.La forma interogativ-negativa se foloseste don't / doesn't, inversandu-se ordinea dintre subiect
si auxiliar. Forma contrasa e cel mai des folosita:

Don't I run ?
Don't you run ?
Doesn't he run ?
Doesn't she run ?
Don't we run ?
Don't you run ?
Don't they run ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1. Pentru a descrie o actiune care se repeta in mod regulat:

I go to school every day. Merg la scoala in fiecare zi.

Do you brush your teeth every day? Te speli pe dinti zilnic?

2. Pentru a exprima un obicei:

He reads a lot. El citeste mult

She doesn't smoke. Ea nu fumeaza

3. Pentru a exprima un adevar general, de exemplu o lege a fizicii:

Water freezes at 0 degrees. Apa ingheata la 0 grade.

The Earth spins around the Sun. Pamantul se invarte in jurul soarelui.

4. Pentru a reda o succesiune de evenimente scurte:

He unlocks the door, comes in and takes off his shoes near the door. El descuie usa, intra si se descalta
langa usa.
5. Pentru a exprima o actiune programata in viitor, in special atunci cand se specifica
momentul producerii ei:

Your train leaves at two o'clock. Trenul tau pleaca la ora doua.
We meet him tonight. Ne intalnim cu el diseara.

6. Intr-o propozitie subordonata introdusa prin if sau unless, atunci cand verbul din principala
este la viitor:

I'll come if they come. Voi veni daca vor veni si ei.

7. Dupa when, as soon as, before, after , intr-o fraza in care verbul din principala este la
viitor:

We'll tell you when we meet again. Iti vom spune cand ne vom intalni din nou.

8.- Cu verbele care exprima un sentiment (love, hate, prefer, like, dislike...)
- cu verbele care nu presupun notiunea de durata ( seem, want, belong, know, mean, wish)
- si cu verbele care redau cuvintele cuiva ( say, tell, ask, answer)

I like movies. Imi plac filmele.

You seem tired. Pari obosit.
What does he mean? Ce vrea sa spuna?

Numeralul Ordinal

the 1st / first = primul

the 2nd / second = al doilea
the 3rd / third = al treilea
the 4th / fourth = al patrulea
the 5th / fifth = al cincilea
the 6th sixth = al saselea
the 7th / seventh = al saptelea
the 8th / eighth = al optulea
the 9th / nineth = al noualea
the 10th / tenth = al zecelea

the 11th / eleventh = al unsprezecelea

the 12th / twelfth = al doisprezecelea
the 13th / thirteenth = al treisprezecelea
the 14th / fourteenth = al patrusprezecelea
the 15th / fifteenth = al cincisprezecelea
the 16th / sixteenth = al saisprezecelea
the 17th / seventeenth = al saptesprezecelea
the 18th / eighteenth = al optusprezecelea
the 19th / nineteenth = al nouasprezecelea
the 20th / twentieth = al douazecilea

the 21st / twenty-first = al douazecilea

the 22nd / twenty-second = al douazecisiunulea
the 23rd / twenty-third = al douazecisidoilea
the 24th / twenty-fourth = al douazecisipatrulea

the 30th / thirtieth = al treizecilea

the 50th / fiftieth = al cincizecilea

the 100th / hundredth = al o sutalea

Pronumele personal

Nominativ

I = Eu
You = Tu
He = El
She = Ea
It = El, Ea (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite)
We = Noi
You = Voi
They = Ei

Genitiv

Mine = Al meu
Yours = Al tau
His = Al lui
Hers= Al ei
Ours = Al nostru
Yours = Al vostru
Theirs = Al lor

Dativ

(to) me = mie
(to) you = tie
(to) him = lui
(to) her = ei
(to) it = Lui, ei (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite) (to) us = noua
(to) you = voua
(to) them = lor

Acuzativ

me = pe mine
you = pe tine
him = pe el
her = pe ea
it = pe el, pe ea (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite)
us = pe noi
you = pe voi
them = pe ei

Numeralul Cardinal

1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten

11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty

21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three
24 twenty-four
25 twenty-five
30 thirty
40 fourty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety

100 one hundred

200 two hundred
250 two hundred and fifty

1,000 one thousand

2,000 two thousand
2,574 two thousand five hundred and seventy-four

1,000,000 one million

2,000,000 two million
1,000,000,000 one billion

Un lucru care trebuie evidentiat e faptul ca in limba engleza se foloseste virgula pentru a separa miile.
Ati observat probabil faptul ca dupa numarul 1 din 1000 se adauga virgula, rezultand in scris 1,000.
Desigur, nimeni nu va va pedepsi daca nu folositi acest sistem, insa e bine de stiut:-)

Verbul To Be

Afirmativ

I Am = Eu sunt
You Are = Tu esti
He Is = El este
She Is = Ea este
It Is = El/Ea Este
We Are = Noi suntem
You Are = Voi sunteti
They are = Ei sunt

Interogativ

Am I ?
Are You ?
Is He ?
Is She ?
Is It ?
Are We ?
Are You ?
Are They ?

Negativ

I Am not
You Are not
He Is not
She Is not
It Is not
We Are not
You Are not
They are not

Verbul To Have

Afirmativ

I Have = Eu am
You Have = Tu ai
He Has = El are
She Has = Ea are
It Has = El/Ea are
We Have = Noi avem
You Have = Voi aveti
They Have = Ei au

Interogativ

Do I Have?
Do You Have?
Does He Have?
Does She Have?
Does It Have?
Do We Have?
Do You Have?
Do They Have?

Negativ
I do not Have
You do not Have
He does not Have
She does not Have
It does not Have
We do not Have
You do not Have
They do not Have