Histology & Cell Biology Lab Manual

CELL CYCLE

Cell Division
Mitosis
 Objectives & Plan

The objectives and plan of this Lab session are:

• Discussion of Mitosis CD.

• Observing the Whitefish mitosis histological
slides.
• Features a series of whitefish blastula cells in
the various stages of mitosis, and noting the
changes occur in each stage.
• Drawing different stages of Mitosis.
 Cell Cycle
• Cell cycle consist of two
periods:

 Interphase
(nondividing period)

 M phase or Cell division

(dividing period) it is
mitosis and cytokinesis.
• Interphase: Is the stage
between two successive Interphase
divisions, Interphase has
three stages: G1,S and G2…
• G1: during this stage cells
grow, enlarge perform their
specialize functions.
• S-phase: DNA synthesis,
replication of centeromere,
and histones of daughter
chromatids is also produced.
• G2: is the period in which
cells prepare for mitotic
division, also special proteins
synthesized.
 Mitosis
Mitosis:
• is nuclear division
followed by
• cytokinesis,
• and produces two
identical daughter
cells during:
• Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase, and
Telophase.
 Interphase

Interphase:
• Non-dividing stage.
• The chromatin appears as an
irregular reticular
meshwork.
• The nuclear membrane, or
envelope, and the nucleolus
are distinctly seen.
• Chromosomes are not
visible.
 Prophase
• Chromatin begins to condense
and becomes visible in the LM
as chromosomes. The nucleolus
disappears.
• Centrioles begin moving to
opposite ends of the cell
• Some fibers form the mitotic
spindle.
• The nuclear membrane dissolves,
marking the beginning of
• prometaphase. Proteins attach to
the centromeres creating the
• kinetochores. Microtubules
attach at the kinetochores and the
• chromosomes begin moving.
Draw a cell in prophase stage (from L.M)
 Metaphase
• Metaphase:
• Spindle fibers align the
chromosomes along the
middle of the cell nucleus.
This line is referred to as the
metaphase plate.
• This organization helps to
ensure that in the next phase,
when the
• chromosomes are separated,
each new nucleus will receive
one copy of each
chromosome.
Draw a cell in metaphase stage (from L.M)
 Anaphase
The paired chromosomes
separate(centromer
divided) at the
kinetochores and move to
• opposite sides of the cell.
Motion results from a
combination of
• kinetochore movement
along the spindle
microtubules and through
the physical interaction of
polar microtubules.
Draw a cell in anaphase stage (from L.M)
 Telophase
Chromatids arrive at
opposite poles of cell, and
• new membranes form
around the daughter nuclei.
• The chromosomes
disperse and are no
• longer visible under the
light microscope.
• The spindle fibers
disperse, and
• cytokinesis may also
begin during this stage.
Draw a cell in telophase stage (from L.M)
 Mitosis - Cytokinesis
In animal cells,
cytokinesis
results when a
fiber ring
composed of a
protein called
actin around the
center of the cell
contracts
pinching the cell
into two
daughter cells,
each with one
nucleus
Conclusion
Conclusion
 Chromosomes
• Karyotyping:
• This arrangement of
the chromosomes into
groups is known as a
karyotyping. the 22
pairs of autosomes
(Nos. 1 to 22) and the
pair of sex
chromosomes (XY in
this case). The 22 pairs
of chromosomes have
been classified
according to the length
& position of
Centromere into seven
groups (A to G).