THE CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

Presented by:
Fasama Hilton Kollie
Lecturer, Department of Biology
Mother Patern College of Health Sciences
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Cell Division

2. Importance of Cell Division

3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Division

4. Cell Cycle

5. Regulation of the Cell Cycle

 LESSON OBJECTIVES
• By the end of this session, the learners will be able to;

1. Define cell division and cell cycle

2. Identify the purpose of cell division
3. Describe cell division in prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cell
4. Describe the cell cycle
 CELL DIVISION
• It’s the process by which a cell divides to form two new
cells

• Three types of cell division or cell reproduction in

organism

• Prokaryotes (bacteria)
— Binary fission
• Divides forming two new
identical cells
 Eukaryotes

— Mitosis (somatic cell)

• Cell or organism growth
• Replacement or repair of damaged cells

— Meiosis (sex cells, germ cell, gametes)

• formation of sex cells, or gametes
WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
• Cells divide for growth, development, repair of worn-out tissues and

• To facilitate the exchange of materials

• To control DNA overloading

 PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
1. Binary Fission

• Three (3) major steps;

• DNA Replication
DNA is copied resulting into two identical chromosomes

• Chromosome Segregation
Chromosomes separate and move towards ends (poles) of cell

• Cytokinesis (Separation)
Cytoplasm divides forming two (2) cells

• Each new daughter cell is Genetically Identical to parent cell

Prokaryotic Cell
Division
 EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
• Cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same
number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell

1. MITOSIS
• Two (2) main steps:
1. Mitosis
Fours steps; [Prophase>Metaphase>Anaphase>Telophase]

2. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells

• Each daughter cell is Genetically Identical to parent cell

Prophase
Prophase
 Eukaryotic Cell Division Cont.
• Cell division that results in four daughter cells

2. MEIOSIS
• Two (2) major steps:
1. Mitosis
Four steps; [Prophase>Metaphase>Anaphase>Telophase]

2. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells

• Each daughter cell is NOT Genetically Identical to parent cell

CELL
CYCLE
 THE CELL CYCLE
• The sequence of events from the time a cell first arises as a result of cell division
until the time when that cell itself divides.

• Arise – Divide

• This consist of periods of;

• Growth and Development
• DNA Replication
• Preparation For Division
• Cell Division
• Cell after division begins a new cycle
 The Cell Cycle
• Consist of two(2) main
periods;
G1 phase
I. Interphase
II. Mitotic Phase M phase

S
phase

G2
phase
 CELL CYCLE - Interphase
• Interphase: period of growth and DNA
replication between cell divisions

• Three (3) phases:

• G1 Phase Centrioles
‒ Cell
increases in size Nuclear membrane
• S Phase Nucleolus
‒ Replication of DNA
‒ Two sister strands of DNA called chromatids
are produced Chromosomes
• G2 Phase
‒ Organelles double
‒ New cytoplasm forms
‒ All other structures needed for mitosis form
CELL CYCLE
G1 phase

M phase

S phase

G2 phase
 CELL CYCLE – Mitotic Phase
• Mitotic phase is the stage when a cell divides

• Mitosis – the division of a single nucleus into two genetically

identical daughter nuclei

• This division involves two(2) processes;

‒ Division of the nucleus
‒ Separation of the cytoplasm and the new nuclei into daughter
cells
 Mitotic Phase
• Divided into two (2) mitotic phases

• 1st MP contain four stages (P-MAT)

‒ Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase

• 2nd MP is cytokinesis
 Mitosis

Interphase 1 2
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase 3
4

• P-MAT
Cytokinesis
Interphase:
Centrioles

Nuclear
membrane
Nucleolus

Chromatids
 Early Prophase:
• Chromatids condense becoming
chromosomes
Centriole
s
Spindle made
• Nucleolus disappears of
microtubules

• Centrioles separate and start moving Chromatids

connected by
to opposite ends of the cell a centromere.

• Spindle begins to
form
Late Prophase:
• The nuclear membrane
fragments and the centrioles
microtubules invade the Microtubules
nuclear area form a
complete
spindle
• Centrioles have moved to the chromatids
opposite poles
centrioles

• The spindle is completely

formed
Metaphase:
In metaphase; Centriole
s

• The chromosomes are aligned

Chromosomes
at the metaphase plate

• Centrioles move at polar ends Spindle

and projects spindle fibers to composed of
connect each chromosome microtubule
s
Anaphase:
In anaphase;
Chromatids are
• The paired chromosomes being pulled to
opposite sides
(sister chromatids) separate of the cell.

• Separated chromatids move Shortening of

the
to opposite pole microtubules

• Partial division of cytoplasm

begins
Telophase:
In telophase;
Nuclear
• Chromosomes are at the membrane
poles is
returning
• Chromosomes uncoil-turn
chromatin

• Nuclear envelops reforms

• Spindle fiber disappear

Cytokinesis:
• Occurs at the end of mitosis

• Animal cells: a cleavage furrow

separates the daughter cells

• Plant cell: a cell plate separates the

daughter cells

• Daughter cells are genetically

Cells return to interphase
identical
 Mitosis
Animation
 Mitosis
A
SELF QUIZ

1. Name the phases

E
starting at the
top. C

B D
Design an Education Game from Here
 SELF QUIZ
Name the phases:
1. Identify W
w
Sister Chromatid z
2. Identify X
Spindle fibre
3. Identify Y
Centriole
4. Identify Z
Centromere
Name this phase
and provide
brief description

Telophas
e
 CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE
• Regulatory proteins called cyclins control the cell cycle at
checkpoints:

• G1 Checkpoint—decides whether or not cell will divide

• S Checkpoint—determines if DNA has been properly

replicated

• Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint—ensures chromosomes are aligned at

mitotic plate
 REFERENCE
• Nabor, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Copyright 2004 Pearson
Education, Inc., Publilshing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San
Francisco, CA 94111.
www.aw-bc.com

• CK – 12
https://www.ck12.org/biology/cell-division/lesson/Cell-Division-BIO/

• Image Attributions
[Prokaryotic cell division]
Credit: Mariana Ruiz
Villarreal (LadyofHats)
for CK-12 Foundation
Source: CK-12
Foundation
License: CC BY-NC 3.0