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ေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ - ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ျခင္းမွ လြတ္ကင္းေရးႏွင္႔ အျခားစာတမ္းမ်ား
ေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ - ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ျခင္းမွ လြတ္ကင္းေရးႏွင္႔ အျခားစာတမ္းမ်ား
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
atmifqef;pk=unf
(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm)
“ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ?
tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG
jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk
oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk
a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf)
“atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru
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jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991)
(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
(tzGifhpmrsufESm)
atmifqef;pk=unf
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
ESifh
tjcm;pmwrf;rsm;
a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf?
La Haule Books
(xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm)
ra=umufr±GHŒESifh
vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm
a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh
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(rmwdum)
rmwdum
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pwnf;. trSm 2
Am;pvAf[mAJvf. pum;OD; 5
a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; 7
aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef; 43
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1? atmifqef; 54
2? 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 97
3? a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; 113
4? ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`m,ftppftrSef 120
5? &nfrSef;csufrsm; 127
6? awmfvSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif 132
7? ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm 138
8? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf 141
9? EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaom rdef‹cGef; 145
10? EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ ay;pm 151
11? vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rSay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; 153
12? pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; 155
13? ppfrSefaomvHkòcH&modk‹ 159
tydkif; - c
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvrS 1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
pma&;ol. trSm
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(1)
vGefcJhaom &SpfESpfcef‹ 1985 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESif;xlxyfpGmusaeonfh xdkESpf aqmif;&moDwae‹wGif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh yxrqHk;t}udrf usaemf awG‹qHkcJh&onf? xkdpOfu t*FvefwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS
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pka0;=uonf?
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usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.?
a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrek f‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef;
a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif
vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.?
a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh
pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm;
jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf?
(2)
xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI
vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf;
a':pkudk awG‹&onf?
usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk;
EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf?
a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif
cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG
tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf?
(3)
a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom
"Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk
jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif
usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk
a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹
jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J
jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk;
tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf
t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif[k vlwkdif;vdkvdk i,fpOfuwnf;u
od&Sdxm;cJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf
em;vnfoabmaygufrdol tvGefenf;yg;vdrfhrnfxifonf? xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif a':pk txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfrnfrSm
ajym&efrvdk[k ,Hk=unfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHI rdrdudk,fydkif
,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;aom a':pk. tawG;tac:udk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufonfh
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsKd; ay:ayguf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&SdcJhyg? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk
ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwGifrS udk,fusKd;pGef‹I wkdif;jynftwGuf tepfemcHvkyf=urnfh
i,f&G,faomacgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif a':pkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk
&,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_
&,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf?
(4)
uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf
yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/
tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI
atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?
a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY
'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹.
udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf
wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh
Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf?
rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef”
[laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf
jzpfonf?
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh
tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m
c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf?
a'gufwmatmifcif
vef'ef
7-9-93
* * *
p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv
(19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u
awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk
(Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek)
wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u
cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdu k faom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS
bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm;
csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf
t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf
tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;)
tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk
ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y
txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf?
Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk
pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf)
("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;)
tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf
Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf
atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf
+Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf
(0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf)
ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/
zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm;
xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr
b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu
0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY
xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf?
usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom
oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif
jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/
rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?)
+Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh
&JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom
twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;umv aemufydkif;Y jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef 0ifa&mufvmaom
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhyHk/ aemufqHk; ppf+yD;acwfY vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk
+Adwdo#wdk‹ vdkufavsm&onftxd tywfwukwf óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJhyHk ponfwdk‹udk pma&;q&mtrsm;u
tao;pdwf a&;om;wifjy+yD; jzpfygonf? a':cif=unf. twˆKy`wWdudkrl aphaphiSiS rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usr owd&aeaom tcsuftcsKdŒrSm txl;atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f
jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;udk twWvD (Attlee) tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk
acgif;aqmifum AdkvfcsKyfa&mufvmaom 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHY tqdk;qHk;aqmif;umv.
&moD'%fudk tvl;tvJcHae&csdef jzpfygonf? vef'efòrd‹v,fY ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;onf &Sif;vif;I
rxm;Edkifavmufatmif xlxyfpGmyHkae+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wnf;cdk&m a':csuf(pf)wm[dkw,f
(Dorchester Hotel) oGm;vrf;udkyif ydwfqdk‹vkrwwf jzpfaeygonf? ppf+yD;pacwf
òcd;+cHpGmaexkdifa&;pepfonf tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdojzifh jrefrmrsm;vnf; tjcm;vef'efwGif aexkdifol
vltrsm;enf;wl ae‹pOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm v#yfppf"mwftm; jzwfawmufcH&onfh'kuQudk aumif;aumif;}uD;
&ifqkdifae=u&ygonf? [dkw,fcef;rsm;wGif rD;aoG;rD;/ xif;rD;wdk‹ESifh [kef;[kef;awmufaeaom rD;vif;zdk}uD;rsm;
r&Sdyg? ao;i,faom "mwfrD;vif;zdkuav;rsm;om &Sdygonf? tae&txdkif& roufomvSaom
tcsdefjzpfaomfvnf;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfwufºuGjcif;wdk‹ jrifhrm;aecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh awG‹qHkEkdif&ef *±kwpdkuf pDpOfcJh.? vef'ef&Sd
jrefrmrsm;qdkonfrSm ynmoifaeolrsm;/ tvkyfvkyfudkif aexdkifaeolrsm;/ c&D;oGm;&if;vm&if; c%wðzwf
&yfem;aeolrsm;ESifh usruJhodk‹ cyf=um=um tvnftywfa&mufaeaom {nfhonfrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
pdk[dk&yfuGuf (Soho) &Sd jrefrmxrif;qkdifwqkdifwGif AdkvfcsKyftm; *k%fðyonfh {nfhcHyJGusif;y=uygonf?
tawmftwef jynfh=uyfaeaom {nfhy&dowfudk E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
usrwdk‹wOD;csif;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;pGm pum;ajymygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. &eH‹oif;aom *k%fowif;rsm; usrwdk‹xH
a&mufcJhonfrSm twef=umyg+yD? vltrsm; todtrSwfðy&aom ol. t&Sdeft0g/ awmufajymifvSaom ol.
wnf=unfajzmifhrwfr_/ twdkuftcHrsm;tm; udkifwG,f&mY vdrRmyg;eyfyHk/ *syefacwftwGif;u *syefrsm;ESifh
ppf+yD;cgeD;ESifh ppf+yD;acwfY t*Fvdyfrsm;tygt0if/ olESifh qufqHvkyfudkif&olrsm;ESifh tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tm%mydkifrsm;. av;pm;jcif;udk &,lEkdifyHk/ olvdkvm;onfh vGwfvyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;tm;
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifonfh tqifhwdkifatmif jrefrmEkdifiHudk o,faqmifvmcJhaom ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ponfh udpPtaygif;udk tm;vHk; odESifh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? TtrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;}uD;onf usrwdk‹
wOD;csif;pD. euf±_dif;aom ±dkaoav;pm;r_ukd &&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ol. ±dk;om;I [efyefrygaom cifrifr_onf
usrwdk‹. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;óuH;vdkufygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0ifrsm; tvkyfwm0efrS tm;vyfaom naersm;wGif usrudk
AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹wnf;cdkaeaom [dkw,f{nfhaqmifY xrif;pm;&ef zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? xrif;
pm;aomuf+yD;aomtcg "mwfrD;vif;zdk cyfrSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hum ppfrjzpfrDu ta=umif;rsm;/ *syefrsm;xHrS
ppfynmoif=um;pOfu ta=umif;rsm;/ tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;Edkifaom ypPKy`efumv
ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdk‹udk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefcJh&yHk ta=umif;wdk‹udkum;
rsm;pGm ajymavhajymxr&Sdyg? tzJG‹wzJG‹vHk;twGuf udk,fa&mpdwfyg oufomap&ef tyef;ajzcsdefyif
jzpfygonf? ppftwGif;umvwGif usru e,l;a'vD&Sd tdENd,jynfvHk;qkdif&m toHv$ifhXmeY
tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum
("gwfyHkrsm;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu
tay:
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdom;pk?
a&SŒwef;wGif xdkifaeolrSm
atmifqef;pk=unf
atmuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
pkpkudk ayG‹csDxm;pOf
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg;tquf)
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh *syefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom tm&Se,fajrrsm;odk‹ toHv$ifhygonf? xdk‹aemuf qefz&efppPudk
(San Francisco) odk‹oGm;I ,ck AGDtdkat (VOA) ac: xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ppfjyef=um;a&;±Hk;Y tvm;wltvkyfrsKd; vkyfygonf? jrefrmjynfrSa&mufvmaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
rawG‹&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfI uJGuGmae=u&pOftwGif; jzpfa=umif;&,fwJhukefpifatmif
ajym&eftcsdefyif ravmufEkdifyg?
xdk"mwfrD;vif;zdk rSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hae=uonfh vlpkxJ yg0ifolrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ/ bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmwOD;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg usruJhodk‹aom {nfhonfrsm;
jzpf=uygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpf+yD;/ *syefacwfumvtwGif;u trnfcHt& vGwfvyfaom
jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfoHrª;tjzpf wdkusKdwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom Adkvfp}uFmvnf; xdkvlpkxJwGif yg0ifonf?
pum;tenf;i,fpJaomtcsdefrsm;Y olu *syefwGif aepOfu wwfcJhaom tvGrf;taqG;oDcsif;rsm;qdk+yD;/
usrwdk‹u jrefrmoDcsif;rsm; qkd=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu ol. rdom;pk/ ZeD;ESifh om;orD; oHk;a,mufta=umif;/
ti,fqHk;rSm rdef;uav;jzpfa=umif;wdk‹udk ajymavh&Sd+yD;/ ‚if;wdk‹twGuf vufaqmifrsm; 0,fay;yg[k usrudk
ajymygonf? odk‹ESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ tvkyfudpPrsm; +yD;pD;I vef'efrS jyefoGm;aomtcg ol. rdom;pk0if
wOD;csif;pDtwGuf usr 0,fay;vkdufaom vufaqmifrsm; AdkvfcsKyfESifh twlygoGm;ygonf? pktwGuf
t±kyf}uD;wck 0,fay;vdkufygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umaomtcg xdkt±kyf}uD;udk pku rysufrpD; aumif;rGefpGm
xdef;odrf;xm;vsuf&Sdao;onfudk awG‹&I usr auseyftHhtm;oifh&ygonf?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ rjyefrD &uftenf;i,ftvdkwGif rdrdwdk‹ +yD;pD;vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaom udpPt00ESifh
ywfoufI bDbDpDjrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS toHv$ifh&ef pmwrf;wapmifudk AdkvfcsKyf jyifqifxm;ygonf?
toHv$ifhrnfhae‹wGif usrwdk‹u AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmfwdk‹tm; bDbDpD pm;aomufqkdifYqHk+yD;
ae‹vnfpm twlpm;&efjzpfygonf? xdkae‹vnfpmpm;yJGrSm aysmf&$iftm;&zG,fr[kwfcJhyg? xrif;pm; pm;yJGonf
qdwf+idrfae+yD; AdkvfcsKyf. rsufESmrSm +cdrf;awmhrnfhrdk;uJhodk‹ tHk‹r_dif;ae.? bDbDpDjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf
Xmerª;jzpfol (t*FvdyftrsKd;om;wOD;) u t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfrdef‹cGef;.
tpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk jzwfawmufjyifqifcJh+yD;/ rl&if; jrefrmpmwrf;udkvnf; tvm;wl jyifqif&rnf[k
t=uyfudkifaeygonf? bDbDpDrS xkwfv$ifhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;yg EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
xm;&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;uef‹owfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnD&efjzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;jyygonf?
Ttjzwftawmufrsm;udk vufcHvkduf&rnfavm/ toHv$ifhtpDtpOfudkyJ zsufodrf;vdkuf&rnfavmESifh
AdkvfcsKyfrSm pdwf'dG[jzpfae.? AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; ,lvmaom usru
pm;aomufcef;odk‹ tenf;i,f ta&mufaemufusygonf? usra&mufoGm;+yD;aemufydkif; wjznf;jznf;
wif;rmr_ESifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒr_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;um ae‹vnfpmpm;yJG pwifygawmhonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;xH toHv$ifhtpD&ifcH&ef xGufoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; óudwiftoday;jcif;
r&SdbJESifh ol. pmwrf;udk rðyvkyfoifh[k ol ,lqaom wnf;jzwfr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh rnfr#
rauseyfrESpfòrd‹jzpf&a=umif;udk &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;}uD; odomapcJh.? Tonfum; AdkvfcsKyf. toGifwyHk?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfvnf; +yD;qHk;I jyefcsdefvnf; eD;vmav+yD? AdkvfcsKyftm;
{nfhcH=unfh±_cJhaom t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;twGuf {nfhcHyJG}uD; usif;yygonf? {nfhy&dowfvnf;
tawmfrsm;ygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDreftrwfrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹. tvkyfudpPt00 tqifajyacsmarG‹ap&ef
wm0ef,lcJhaom tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/
jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmjynf. tem*wfwGif pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm;ESifh vma&mufEdkifaom jrefrmrSefor#wdk‹
toD;oD;yg0if=uygonf? {nfhcHyJGrwdkifrDnu AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk {nfhcHyJGY oDcsif;qdk&ef ajymygonf? usru
vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf [kwfrnfrxif[kajymum jiif;cJh.? {nfhcHyJGae‹Y *syefrsm; 0ifvmonftxd jrefrmjynfwGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhaom t*FvdyfrdwfaqGa[mif;wa,mufxH usr tvnfoGm;cJh.? ol.
tdrf&Sd&mt&yfrS vef'efodk‹ tjyefc&D;rSm aES;auG;vSI usrESifhtwl ygvmaom rdwfaqGrsm; {nfhcHyJG
ta&mufaemufusrnfpdk;um &ifwrr jzpfae.? {nfhcHyJGrrDvdkufu AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ESifh
aemufqHk;awG‹&rnfhtcGifhta&; vGwfoGm;rnfxifum usrwdk‹ ylyefae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
uref;uwef; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; a&mufoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu apmifhaeygonf? tcsrf;ajy rkef‹tenf;i,f
pm;aomuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:wifxm;aom pEN,m;&Sd&modk‹ ac:oGm;+yD;/
‘jrefrmtrsKd;orD;av;wa,mufu oDcsif;qdk{nfhcHygrnf’ [k y&dowftm; a=unmvdkufygonf? usrvnf;
oDcsif;qdk&ygawmhonf? xdknu qdkcJhaom oDcsif;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfoDcsif;wyk'f/ jyifopfoDcsif;wyk'fESifh
jrefrmoDcsif;wyk'fwdk‹jzpfygonf? ,ck jyefvnfawG;=unfhaomtcg aemufqHk;wyk'fudkom qdkcJhoifhonf[k
usr xifrdygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkoDcsif;udk jrefrmrsm;uom em;vnfESpfouf=urnf jzpfygonf?
xdkoDcsif;rSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od=uaom v_difxdwfacgifwif. ‘pdefjcL;=umanmif’ abmv,fjzpfygonf?
y&dowfu ,Ofaus;pGm =obmay;=uygonf? xdk‹aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:rS qif;&ef vmac:+yD;
usr. tqdkudk ol rnfr#oabmusESpfoufa=umif; ajymygonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)
tay:
atmifqef;OD;/
a':cif=unf/
atmifqef;vif;ESifh
pkpk (xkdifaeol)
1948 ckESpf
atmuf
pkpk ajcmufESpforD;t&G,f
1951 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ txl;av,mOfESifh vef'efòrd‹ajrmufydkif;&Sd ppfzufqdkif&mavqdyfrS
xGufcGmoGm;csdefY wwdkif;jynfvHk; ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;ESifh zHk;v$rf;xm;qJyif jzpfygonf? E_wfquf&ef tqifhjrifh
t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm; tzJG‹}uD;wzJG‹ a&mufaeygonf? usrwdk‹ jrefrmtcsKdŒvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl [kef;[kef;awmufaeonfh rD;vif;zdk}uD;. tyl&SdefESifh aEG;aeaom {nfhóudcef;r}uD;Y
oGm;a&mufpka0;aeygonf? usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;xkdifpum;ajym=uygonf? c%=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu
t*Fvdyfrsm;t=um;rS xvm+yD; usrwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymygonf? usrudk òyH;+yD; ‘usaemfwdk‹ESifh Armjynfudk
vdkufcJhygvm;’ [k ajymygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwd‹k taygif;tazmfwpk ESif;cJrsm;t=um;&yf+yD;
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ av,mOf&Sd&modk‹av#mufI xGufcmG oGm;aeonfudk ai;ar#mf=unfh&if; vufrsm;a0S‹&rf;
E_wfquf=uygonf? aqmif;ae‹uav;. vGrf;zG,fhtoGifESifh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh cJGcGm&jcif;/ txl;ojzifh
AdkvfcsKyfESifh cJGcGm&jcif;wdk‹a=umifh usrwdk‹wawG 0rf;enf;woo jzpfae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcrsm
wdkawmif;vSaom b0oufwrf;av;r#om usefawmhonfudkum; usrwkd‹ rnfuJhodk‹r# rrSef;qrdcJh=uyg?
*syefacwfESifh ppf'%fwdk‹a=umifh ysufpD;,k, d Gif;aeaom wkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifI
jrefrmjynfwGif acwfopfxGef;aprnf [lonfh AdkvfcsKyf o,faqmifoGm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;òydifbufwOD;. ya,m*a=umifh xdkESpfwGifyif òyduJGcJh&ygawmhonf? bk&ifcH. tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG‹
tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf tcef;twGif;odk‹ vlowform;rsm; twif;0ifa&mufvmum ppfaoewfrsm;jzifh
tv,fwGifxkdifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfudk OD;pGmypfcwf+yD; tjcm;yk*~Kdvf &SpfOD;udkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfoGm;ygonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; wEkdifiHvHk; owdw&,lusKH;r&jzpf&aom tmZmenfae‹/ 19 Zlvdkif 1947 ckESpf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. usef&pfol ZeD; a':cif=unfonf rdrdtwGufomru wrsKd;om;vHk;twGufyg
a=uuJGzG,f&m Ttjzpfqdk;}uD;aemufydkif;Y olrb0udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ygawmhonf? jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme/ xdk‹aemuf vlr_0efxrf;Xmewdk‹.
t}uD;tuJtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif.? rtm;rvyf tvkyfwm0efrsm;txJ epfðryfaepOfyif
uH=urRm.'%fudk aemufwzefcH&jyef.? 'kwd,om;jzpfol atmifqef;vif;crsm &efukeaf etdrf+cH0if;twGif;&Sd
a&uefabmif±dk;ay: upm;aepOf vdrfhusum a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smonf? atmifqef;vif;onf ‘pk’
txl;cspfjrwfEdk; tm;udk;aomtudkjzpfI pktzdk‹ xdktjzpfqdk;}uD;a=umifh pdwfwkefv_yfxdcdkufcJh&r_onf
tawmfESifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r&SdEkdifcJhyg? ‘pk’onf olr. tudkudk rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifouJhodk‹ olr.
zcifudkvnf; rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifcJhyg? zcif. b0Zmwfa=umif;/ pmayta&;tom;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; aqmf=ocsufrsm;ESifh (32) ESpfwm oufwrf;twGif; jzpfajrmufcJhaom tHh=ozG,f&m
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rSm ‘pk’twGuf tqufrjywfEdkifaom pJGvrf;csufw&yfjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unfonf om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfuyif olwdk‹. zcifay;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk
t+rJowd&aeap&ef óud;yrf;cJh.? AdkvfcsKyf. &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;ESifh olxlaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfrS
tzJG‹0ifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktay: xm;&Sdaom oHa,mZOfrSm ysufuGufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? xdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’
u wyfrawmfom;rsm;vufay: }uD;jyif;vmcJhonf[k yuwd&Sd&if;twkdif; ajymEkdifygonf?
t&nftcsif;ºuG,f0/ tawG‹tóuHrsm;jym;/ &mxl;&mcHjrifhrm;aom jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif; trsm;tjym;
a':cif=unfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifpGm qufqHjcif;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJh.?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;wOD;tjzpf ajymifajrmufpGm wm0efxrf;&GufcJhaom w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
OD;jrifhodef;qdkv#if woufwm &if;ESD;cifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;jzpfygonf? ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ =unf!dkr_/
cspfcifr_ paom t&Sdeft0grsm;u olESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹tay: v$rf;òcHxm;ygonf?
a':cif=unfonf rdrd. om;orD;rsm;tm; jrefrmhvlr_a&;ESifh udk,fusifhoDv. wefzdk;udk
tav;xm;+yD;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;udk ,Hk=unfudkif;±_dif;&ef oGefoifqHk;rcJh.? usr. tjrift& 0wfpm;/
oGm;vm/ aexdkifr_t&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;I vltrsm;jrifuGif;wGif‚if;/ tdrfwGif;todkif;t0dkif;wGif‚if;/ ‘pk’ onf
jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_t& pHwifavmufygonf? Oyrmwck ay;&rnfqdkv#if rdrdxuf wESpf/ w&uf/
wreuf}uD;olrSefor#udk udk,ftrlt,m/ E_wt f rlt,mt& ±dkaoav;pm;or_jyjcif;jzpfaom
vl}uD;rsm;a&SŒrS jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg cg;nGwfjcif;/ vl}uD;rsm;xHyg;wGif usKHŒusKHŒ,Hk‹,Hk‹ aexkdifjcif;/
,Ofaus;av;pm;aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&G;cs,foHk;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹rSm ‘pk’ twGuf
t±dk;pJGaeaom trltusifhrsm;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk‹ xif&Sm;vSaom jrefrmqefr_wdk‹a=umifh ‘pk’ udk
jrefrmrsm;u cspfjrwfEkd;=u+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifaomfvnf; ‘pk’ . jrefrmyDor_rSm
arS;rSdef,drf;,dkifoGm;onf[lI r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEdkifiHvlxk}uD;tm; pJGaqmifI ‚if;wdk‹. twufºuGqHk;/
tlv_dufonf;v_duf axmufcHr_udk ‘pk’ &,lEkdifjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; wcsufrSm olr. jrefrmyDor_yif
jzpfygonf?
1960 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf a':cif=unftm; tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? xdk&mxl;ae&mwGif 1962 ck OD;ae0if;u ppftm%modrf;ydkuf+yD; aemufydkif;Yyif
a':cif=unf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;onf olrtm; ±dkaoav;pm;r_twdkif;twm rnfr#
}uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoygonf? tvkyfoufwrf;+yD;qHk;I t+idrf;pm;,laomtcg a':cif=unfonf
tif;vsm;uefabmif&Sd rdrdtdrfY jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? tif;vsm;uefabmifwavsmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;avmurS txifu&yk*~Kdvftrsm;tjym; aexkdif=uygonf? ,ck ‘pk’ vnf;
xdktif;vsm;uefaetdrfwGifyif tus,fcsKyfb0ESifh txdef;odrf;cHae&ygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹odk‹ rdcifESifhtwl a&mufvmpOfu ‘pk’ onf uspfqH+rD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf}uD;rsm;ESifh
(15) ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,±_ESifhar&D uGefbifhausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary)
ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdk‹Y qufvufynmoifygonf? olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;rSm us,fjyef‹vmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh *s0g[mvmae±l;wdk‹. wdkif;jynfudk
pl;prf;avhvm em;vnfEkdif&ef ‘pk’ tzkd‹ tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? ‘pk’ . zcifvnf; Twdkif;jynfudk
a&mufzl;+yD; ae±l;ESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? ‘pk’ . rdcif
oHtrwftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&csdefwGif ae±l;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ A[kokw tawG‹tóuH us,fjyef‹ap&ef olr.rdcif pDpOfay;aom udpPrsm;teuf
*syefyef;tvSjyifenf;/ tEkynmoifjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk‹ yg0ifygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH orRw}uD;.
udk,f&HawmfwyfzJG‹avhusifh&m jrif;pD;uGif;Y tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ EkdifiHwum oHtrwfrsm;.
om;orD;rsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;. ajr;/ tif'D&m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;wdk‹ESifh ‘pk’ awG‹qHkavh&Sdygonf? eHygwf
(24) tuUbmvrf; (24 Akbar Road) &Sd aetdrfwGif pEN,m; qufoif&ygonf? xdkoHtrwfaetdrfonf
}uD;rm;I tvGefcef‹nm;wifhw,faom yef;O,sOfysK;d xm;onfh +cH0if;us,f}uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf?
tqifhtjrifhqHk; tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom tdrfrsKd;jzpf+yD; tpdk;&u
+Adwdo#vufxufuuJhodk‹yif vSyaumif;rGefpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? a':cif=unfudk
txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
‘pk’ txl;ESpfoufrufarmaom 0goemrSm pmzwfjcif;yif? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEdk;r_udk
tm;ay;cJhaom OD;tkef;udk ‘pk’ tpOf cspfcifaus;Zl;wifpGm owd&avh&Sdygonf? owif;pmq&mwOD;
jzpfcJhaom OD;tkef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tu|rf;0ifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD; ppf+yD;acwfY vef'efwGif
zqyvtzJG‹csKyf udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aemifwGif armfpudkòrd‹awmfodk‹
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? olonf ‘pk’ tm; zwfoifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
yef'pfae±l;ESifh a':cif=unf
atmuf
a':cif=unfESifh pk a'vDòrd‹wGif
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
zwfxdkufonfh jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpmtkyf pm&Sif;&Snf}uD;rsm; ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygonf? ‘pk’
. todynm tawG;tac:ydkif; zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdðyrd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;cJholrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;cJhaom
&efukefwuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;. wcsdefu t,f'DwmjzpfcJh+yD; ‘pk’ . zcifESifhtwl wuUodkvfwGif&SdcJhaom
OD;!dkjryif jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;wGif OD;!dkjrudk pme,fZif;orm;wOD;ESifh tvGefemrnf&aom
pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydk+yD;
‘pk’ zwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhygonf? OD;!dkjr vufaqmifay;cJhaom
tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Auf*EW0if pmtkyfwJG wpHkvHk; (Harvard Classics) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;+yD;
r=umc% zwfcJha=umif;vnf; ‘pk’ u ,ckxd owd&aeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u ‘pk’ udk pmayavmuwHcg;
zGifhay;cJhygonf? ‘pk’ . pmzwf0goemrSm tdENd,ra&mufrDuyif tjrpfwG,f+yD;jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDòrd‹ qifajczHk;tpGeftzsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuGufwGif
*±kwpdkufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfrSm =um+yDjzpfI ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&
trnfwGifaom Ak'<bmomXmewck&Sdygonf? xdkXme jyefvnf&SifoefvmEkdifap&ef a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;
txl;ojzifh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,faom EkdifiHrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDudk a':cif=unf &,lcJhygonf?
Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS
Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdŒtwGuf jyefvnftouf0ifvm+yDjzpfaom tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfusa&mufaom
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf}uD;rsm; usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfðy&m urRÏmef; bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
trsKd;om;a&;udpPrsm;qdkif&m/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;qkdif&m tcrf;tem;
}uD;i,ftrsm;tjym;wdk‹wGif ‘pk’ yg0ifulnDcJh.? a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m; EkdifiHom;
Ak'<omoembkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&Sd.? ‘pk’ . tudkvnf;
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; t*FvefrS a&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tarESifh
orD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf. vkyfazmfudkifzuf oHwrefrsm;ESifh yef'pfae±l;rS
tpcsDI tdENd,tpdk;&tzJG‹0iftaygif;wdk‹uvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,wGif &&SdcJhaom
tawG‹tóuHrsm;onf ‘pk’ twGuf tifrwef ta&;yg pdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;&SdaomarwWmESifh oHa,mZOfwdk‹rSm ckdifrmvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktcsdefu a'vD&Sd +Adwdo#r[mrif;}uD;rSm qmayg(vf)*dk;bl(of)(Sir Paul Gore-Booth)
aemiftcg avm('f)*dk;bl(of)/ (Lord Gore-Booth) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESifh ol. ZeD; yuf}wD&Sm (Patricia) wdk‹onf a':cif=unfESifh
aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJh.? xdkcifrif&if;ESD;r_rSm tdENd,Y jyefvnfqef;opf&Sifoefvmygonf? odk‹ESifh ‘pk’
atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmoif&ef oGm;aomtcg ayg(vf)ESifh yuf}wD&Smwdk‹u rdbudk,fpm;
=unfh±_apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,lcJh.? ‘pk’ onf olwdk‹. rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhodk‹/ olwdk‹ om;ESpfa,mufESifh
orD;ESpfa,mufwdk‹. nDtr&if;csmwOD;uJhodk‹ jzpfvmygonf? xdkrdom;pktdrfwGifyif ‚if;wkd‹.
rdwfaqGrsm;tjyif ‚if;wdk‹zdwf=um;{nfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk ‘pk’
odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;. toGiftjyif/ trltusifh/ tajymtqdkESifh xl;jcm;aom
"avhp±dkufuav;rsm;udk ‘pk’ pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmcJh.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm olr 0if&awmhvkqJjzpfonfh
us,f0ef;vSaom urBmavmurS yk*~Kdvfrsm;yif r[kwfygvm;?
aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; ‘pk’ onf rdcif&Sd&m e,l;a'vDodk‹ jyefavh&Sd.? odk‹aomf
wESpfwGif usrESifh tJ(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹ (Algiers) wGif vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD
ukvor*~jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH (Algeria) . òrd‹awmfodk‹ ajymif;a±$Œum
tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif; cH&ygonf? t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;(vf)'D*dk;(vf)
(Charles de Gaulle) tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwfxkd;+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwv f yfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um ±kef;uefr_aemufydkif;
wjznf;jznf; emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk‹a=umifh t,f(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)òrd‹wGif ae&mxkdifcif;
tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom &yfuGufa'orsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom
[dkw,frsm;enf;yg;aejcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uef‹owfxm;jcif;wdk‹rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGifhvSpfpoH±Hk;rsm;/ ukvor*~±Hk;rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg tdrfae&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifae&mrsm;&&Sd&ef oJoJrJrJ vHk;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;wGif =umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm Twkdif;jynfrS
xGufcGmoGm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm ppfr_xrf;rnfhtpm;/
y&[dwvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;wdk‹wGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a±G;cs,faom jyifopftrsKd;om;vli,frsm;/
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ axmufyHha&; pDrHudef;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
‘pk’ a&mufvmcsdefrSm [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari Boumedienne) u tmrufbifbJvm;
(Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;avmufatmif ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
pkESifh a':oef;at;
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;
a&muf&SdaepOf
atmuf
yef;csDq&m *sJ&,fu,fvD
a&;qJGxm;aom a':oef;at;.
yHkwlqDaq;yef;csDum;
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_uif;rJhaom tm%modrf;yJGðyvkyfum ðzwfcst+yD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfygonf?
zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcHyJGrsm;pGmodk‹ oGm;&rnfxuf ‘pk’ u tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awG‹qHkum
‚if;wdk‹wdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#udk avhvm&ef ydkrdkI pdwfxufoefygonf? ‘pk’ rSm zwf±_usufrSwf&ef
pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr'_ %fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm;
ulnDaxmufyHh&ef pDrHudef;rsm;udk uGyfuJaeaom tzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh usrwdk‹ qufoG,fygonf?
pDrHudef;w&yf. wm0efcHjzpfol vli,fwOD; vma&mufI ‚if;wdk‹vkyfief;ta=umif; &Sif;jyygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwGif usqHk;cJhaom &Jabmfrsm;. usef&pfolZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;
aqmufvkyfae=u&m tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef
zdwfac:óudqdka=umif; ajymygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;pcef;wGif &ufowWywftawmf=um
oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;ay;cJhygonf? tvkyfoGefoif}uD;=uyfolrSm ±k&Sm;vlrsKd;jzpf+yD;
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;rSm tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ a[mfvefESifh *smreD paom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?
‘pk’ . rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle) awmifwef;rsm;odk‹ vufxyfr*FvmyJGwyJG
wufa&muf=unfh±_&ef ac:oGm;zl;onf? usrwdk‹ESpfOD;twl q[m&oJuEWm&tpyf&Sd
òrd‹av;wòrd‹wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI
roGm;EkdifcJhyg? aemuf tvnftywfc&D;w&yftaeESifh a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfwnfcJhaom
òrd‹ysuf}uD;&Sd&modk‹ oGm;cJh.? xdkòrd‹ysufwGif;&Sd v[mjyifZmwf±Hk}uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom
wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHrsm;u ‘bifbJvm; touf&Snfygap’ [k pmvHk;}uD;rsm;ESifh
a&;xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ armfa&mfudkodk‹ c&D;wacgufxGufcJh+yD; pydefEdkifiH awmifbufurf;ajcudkvnf;
ajccsrdonfqdkoavmufawmh a&mufcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf jyefvnfpmzwf+yD; ausmif;ydwf&uftqHk;wGif
ausauseyfeyf}uD;ESifh atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ jyefoGm;EkdifcJhygonf?
bJG‹&+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf vydkif;r# pmoifydk‹csjcif;ESifh ordkif;q&m [,l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
ESifhtwl okawoevkyfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk aqmif±Guf+yD;aomtcg e,l;a,muf&Sd usrESifh vmIaeygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;,m;wGif av;ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufydkif; usr ukvor*~XmecsKyfodk‹
jyefa&mufaeygonf? rdom;pkrdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol z&ifhxa&*g (Frank Trager) u ‚if;tjynfjynfqkdifa&;&m
ygarmuQtjzpf aqmif±Gufaeaom e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfY ‘pk’ bJG‹vGefoifwef;wuf&ef pDpOfygonf?
ygarmuQxa&*gonf tar&duef axmufyHha&;tpDtpOfwckjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif ESpftwef=um aecJhzl;ygonf?
olonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SESifh ta&SŒzsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyef‹pGm c&D;vSnfhvnfzl;um/ xdka'orsm;.
udpPt00wdk‹wGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD;jzpfygonf? ola&;aom bm;rm;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrS orwEkdifiHodk‹
trnfcHpmtkyfxGufcJhonfrSmvnf; r=umao;yg? olonf ‘pk’ . wdk;wufr_udk *±kwpdkufavhvmygonf?
usrwdk‹ae&m òrd‹v,f ref[wfwif (Midtown Manhatten) rS e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfodk‹
oGm;&aombwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmf&Snf+yD; um;rl;wwfaom ‘pk’ twGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf?
bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;+cHwckudkjzwf+yD;/ 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif (Washington Square) odk‹ oifwef;wuf&ef
‘pk’ oGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&Sdaom vl=urf;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdygao;onf? ukvor*~±Hk;odk‹
usrwdk‹aetdrfrS ajcmufrdepfavmufom vrf;av#muf&ygonf? odk‹jzifh avmavmq,f ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif
tvkyf0if+yD; aemufrS pmqufoif&ef pdwful;ay:ygonf? tvkyfav#mufv$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
awG‹qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESifh jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf =uef‹=umr_ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;aomtcg ‘pk’
ukvor*~0efxrf;wOD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? oHk;ESpf=umr# ‘pk’ ukvor*~wGif tvkyfvkyf+yD;
aemufqHk;ESpfESpfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh bwf*sufðypka&;qkdif&m t}uHay;aumfrwDudk taxmuftulðy&aom
ukvor*~±Hk;tzJG‹wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹EkdifiHrsm;.
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfxm;&jcif; r[kwfbJ/ b¾ma&;qkdif&mudpPrsm;wGif u|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpf
cef‹tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifh t&HtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzJG‹/
pm;eyf&duQmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tzJG‹rsm;uJhodk‹aom txl;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
bwf*sufrsm;udk xdkaumfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsufcsjyifqif+yD; oabmwlnDr_&&ef wifjy&ygonf?
tvkyfrsm;cufcJaomfvnf; ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfudk tao;pdwfpDppf&jcif;ESifh
xufjrufxl;c|efaom tzJG‹0ifrsm;wdk‹a=umifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? xdktzJG‹0ifrsm;ESifh ‘pk’
aumif;pGm odu|rf;vmygonf?
ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf naeydkif;ESifh owif;ywfukefydkif; tm;vyfcsdefrsm;Y
y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? ref[wfwif&Sd usrwdk‹aetdrfrS bwfpfum;ESifhoGm;v#if
q,frdepfcef‹oma0;aom bJ(vf)A,l; (Belleview) qdkonfrSm e,l;a,mufaq;±Hk}uD;wck.
tpdwftydkif;jzpfygonf? òrd‹}uD;&Sd tqif;&JqHk;/ ukr&aom a&m*gpJGuyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhrsm;twGuf
jzpfygonf? b0udk &ifrqkdifEkdifawmhbJ udk,fpdwfESpfjzmòydvJvkrwwf jzpfaeolrsm;udk xdkaq;±Hkodk‹
ac:vmavh&Sdygonf? vlrrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfðy&ef tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0if&ef trsKd;orD;/
trsKd;om;rsm; t+rJ ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk &efukefaetdrfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdaeonfh ESpfrsm;wGif ±dkuful;xm;onf?
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
tvdk&Sdaeygonf? xdktpDtpOfwGif ‘pk’ yg0ifI tywfpOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;ygonf? Tum; olr
rdcif. y&[dwvkyfief; tpOftvmt& aqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHrS OD;oef‹onf ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;csKyf jzpfygonf? ['fpifjrpfudk
vSrf;Ijrif&aom ol.tdrf}uD;onf &D;Am;a';(vf) (Riverdale) t&yfwGif&Sd+yD; usrwdk‹aetdrfrS um;ESifh
wem&Dcef‹ oGm;&ygonf? OD;oef‹tdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaom we*FaEGae‹ xrif;pm;yJGrsm;rSm usrwdk‹tzdk‹
tvGefpdwf±$ifvef;zG,f&m jzpfygonf? tjcm; jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vm=u+yD; usrwdk‹tóuduf
jrefrmtpm;tpmrsm; au|;arG;avh&Sdygonf? OD;oef‹. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;ae‹uJhodk‹aom txl;ae‹rsm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;tjyif EkdifiHwumrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg zdwf=um;{nfhcHygonf?
tpm;tpmrSmrl tpOft+rJ taumif;qHk;jrefrmxrif;[if;rsm; jzpfygonf? OD;oef‹rdom;pku
aEG;axG;ysLiSmum {nfh0wfausvSygonf? usrwdk‹url {nfhonfawG odyfrrsm;aom xrif;pm;yJGrsm;udk ydkrdkI
ESpfoufaomfvnf;/ xdktcgrsm;Yyifv#if vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ urBmhtajctae/ OD;oef‹udkifwG,fae&aom
jy\emrsm; ponfwdk‹udk pdwfygvufyg 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdyg? OD;oef‹. tdrf&SiftaeESifh
aqmif±Guf&aom wm0eft00a=umifh xdkuJhodk‹ pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rjzpfEkdifcJh[k xifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol OD;pdk;wif. zdwf=um;{nfhcHyHkrsm;rSmrl
tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf? olvnf; &D;Am;a';(vf)Yyif OD;oef‹. a*[mavmuf
}uD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;r&Sdaom tdrfwvHk;Y aeygonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD; usif;ycsdefjzpfaom
pufwifbmv 'kwd,tywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fcef‹twGi;f qdkv#if OD;pdk;wifonf tvkyfudpPrsm;/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ESifh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;udk {nfhcHau|;arG;&jcif;jzifh
rtm;rvyfjzpfaeavh&Sdygonf? tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifrl e,l;a,muf&Sd jrefrmrsm;udk ol. tdrfodk‹
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf tcgor,rsm;Y zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? usrwdk‹onf ol. ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udk
cifrifESpfoufygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf oabmxm;}uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrsm;udk odk;rsm;/
qdwfrsm;[lI cJGjcm;+yD; rqufqHyg? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm OD;ae0if;vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeudk
a0zefolwdk‹jzpf+yD;/ omreftm;jzifh oH±Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;. yxm;jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf? OD;pdk;wiftdrfYum;
tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefEkdifygonf? wcgw&H tjiif;tckefrSm jyif;xefaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh
aAGr,lwrf;/ cifrifaom oabmaqmifygonf?
wcsdefwGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH usif;yqJtcsdeftwGif; usrESifh ‘pk’ udk OD;pdk;wiftdrfodk‹
xrif;pm;zdwfygonf? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒu usrwdk‹ESifhawG‹vdka=umif; ajymygonf?
OD;pdk;wifonf tpOf,Ofaus;azmfa±GolwOD; jzpfaomfvnf; Tzdwf=um;yHkrSmrl xl;jcm;aeojzifh ‘wckckawmh
wckckyJ’ [k usr xifrdygonf? ol. &D;Am;a';(vf)aetdrfodk‹ usrwdk‹ ae‹v,favmuf a&mufoGm;ygonf?
yef;rsm;/ &GufvSyifrsm;/ teufESifh a±$a&mifjc,f jrefrm,Gef;xnfrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaom av;axmifhyHk
{nfhcef;}uD;twGif;&Sd qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk tcef;ab;udkuyfI a±$Œxm;+yD;/ aumfzDyef;uefwif
pm;yJG}uD;rsm;udk xdkifckHrsm;a&SŒwGif pDxm;.? qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xkdifrsm;ay:wGif taxGaxGnDvmcHwuf&ef
a&mufaeaom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;rsm; woDwwef;}uD; xdkifae=u.? usrwdk‹ESifh rawG‹zl;ao;aom
olrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;+yD; ‘pk’ udk tcef;wzufpGef;Y vl}uD;ESpfa,muft=um;wGif xkdifapygonf? usrudkrl
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk OD;aqmifol Adkvfrª;}uD;armifvGif&Sd&mESifh ra0;vSaom vlESpfOD;t=um;Y xdkifapygonf?
OD;pdk;wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm; vdkufIurf;jcif;/ tmvl;a=umf paom oGm;&nfpmrsm;udk
pm;yJGrsm;ay:csjcif; ponfh 0wW&m;rsm; +yD;pD;onfESifh txl;{nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh xdkufwefatmif
csufðywfxm;aom xrif;yJGudk t+yD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJodk‹ xGufoGm;ygonf? tm;vHk; tv†my/
ov†my pum;rsm; ajym=uygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf ,Ofaus;pGm òyH;aeaomfvnf; tae&cufaeyHk&ygonf?
a&muf&Sdaeaom vlpkvla0;u ‘pk’ tay:wGif pD&ifcsufwrsKd;rsKd;cs&ef pdkif;jyif;aeonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufrsKd; csrnfudkawmh usr rawG;Ekdifjzpfaeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJu
OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf? ‘pk’ rnfuJhodk‹ ukvor*~Y tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/
rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ygoenf;/ olrrdcifonf oHtrwf}uD; r[kwfawmhojzifh ‘pk’
taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm
rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr
odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf?
wpkwa0;vHk;u OD;vGifajymor#udk rsufESmvdkrsufESm& atmufusKdŒaomtoGifjzifh
axmufcHoHrsm;ðyum ‘pk’ udk 0kdif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’ u taerysuf wnf+idrfpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm
usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru Áa¹EN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodk‹aom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
=uef‹=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk‹ olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY
uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJhaom EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk
vef'efoH±Hk;rS ydk‹ay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk
0rf;ompGmjyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEkdif&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpfap/
±dk;±dk;yJjzpfap) wrsKd;rsKd; vkdtyfonfudk tcef;wGif;&Sd OD;av;tm;vHk; em;vnf=urnf[k olr ,lqa=umif;/ ‘pk’
u ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh wdusaumif;rGefaom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;I
ajymoGm;ygonf?
vef'efrS jrefrmoHtrwfu xum ‘pk’ taeESifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef
av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &Sd+yDjzpfa=umif;udk twnfðyum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk
&efukefodk‹ydk‹xm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf;
ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todk‹enf;wl
aESmifhaES;=uef‹=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsL±dku&uf,EW&m;ESifh
tvkyftudkifryDjyifr_rsm;ta=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS
tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESifh rdrdvyk fcJhyHkrSvJGI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJh[k
oabmwl=uygawmhonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; rwifrusjzpfvm.?
awmif;yefouJhodk‹aom avoHESifh tputajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg EkdifiHul;vufrSwf±Hk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef
oludk,fwkdifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? Tyk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;rSm ‘pk’ xuf touftm;jzifh
}uD;=uolrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsi;f tm;jzifh }uD;olrsm;r[kwf[k usr xifrdygonf?
usrvnf; csufaumif;,lum ‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rvdkawmhwJhae‹ jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk‹ usrwdk‹
ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ’ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwdk‹ ae‹v,fpmpm;=uygonf?
t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; “pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k
,lqaomtcgrsm;Y ‘pk’ u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&Sd±Hkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;”[k
aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrmS ‘pk’ onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk‹. orD;jzpfojzifh
awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk‹&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh ‘pk’ onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr
rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf?
ukvor*~±Hk;Y oHk;ESpf=um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf qufvufwm0efrxrf;awmhbJ
om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odk‹ESifh
b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol
rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;.
pmjyq&mtjzpf‚if;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpf‚if; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
blwefY wESpfcef‹ aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJG‹wGif;odk‹ r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh ‘pk’ onf
csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? ‘pk’ wdk‹
ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk‹ jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum;
vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJG‹oifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk‹'fY
ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? ‘pk’ vnf;
uav;rsm;tm; ðypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk‹jzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf?
rdom;pkudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&if; ‘pk’ pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf?
pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;
pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf;
wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;jym;vmygonf? odk‹ESifh olwdk‹. atmufpzdk‹'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? ‘pk’ onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef
pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif;
a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm;
wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfðypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd
ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG‹,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr.
vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHk‹v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy&ef
wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd ‘pk’ vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm
tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk awG‹qHkum/ ‚if;wdk‹rSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh
*syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðycJhygonf? awG‹qHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;
wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm;
vmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae‹/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae‹ 1972 ckESpf
om;OD; tvufZENm;
(jrifhqef;atmif)
ESifhtwl
1973
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
rsm;vnf; us,fjyef‹vmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;òrd‹&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH
tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u
atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu ‘pk’ ESifh wdkusKdòrd‹odk‹ ygvmygonf? 1986
ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdk‹ESifhtwl vmae&ef ‘pk’ u
zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcef‹oGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifh‚if;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef
*syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh‚if; ‘pk’ cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf?
*syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k ‘pk’ ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk‹ ‘pk’/
om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f
tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY ‘pk’ vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr
tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdk‹wkdufcef;Y wvcef‹ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?
Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹.
±Hk;tzJG‹rsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹a&mufvmygonf?
cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf
pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk
ðypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef‹
tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk ae‹wkdif;vdkvdkyif
awG‹jzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf
wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef
qkawmif;ydk‹oaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf tdrfaxmifrðyrDu‚if;/
tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomtcgY‚if; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf
om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsuaf phrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;.
&Sifðyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf
rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd‹ &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk
tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf)
tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk‹ tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf
atmuf – om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifðypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yO…if;/
a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yO…if;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm)
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
‚if;wdk‹ESifh awG‹qHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf?
odk‹aomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom
avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ 1987
pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY
a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm;
ðypk&ef &efukefodk‹ vdkufoGm;ygonf?
1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u
qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm;
&SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? ‘8-8-
88’ ae‹onf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae‹ jzpfygonf?
TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI
usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;òrd‹ wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh
w±kwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? ‘pk’ acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf
t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum;
r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf?
‘pk’ onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taejzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;ygonf? Tpnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;rsm;
zGifhvSpf&efomru OD;ae0if;. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ppftm%m&Sifpepf (aemufykdif;wGifawmh t&yfom;ta&òcH
ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHŒpdwfrsm;rS
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; ±kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf?
jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;ðyum olr.zcifuJhodk‹yif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodk‹a&mufatmif
pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodk‹wifjy&eftwGuf
t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfðryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS
qENjy&ef Edk;=um;vmcJh=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;ay;&ef jrefrmbmompum;onf
ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ jynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;&eftwGuf ‘pk’ onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk;
tvGefyifyef;pGm tm;xkwf&onfhtjyif ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif tEW&m,frsKd;pHkESifh pGef‹pm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
óuHawG‹&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef‹t& vl av;OD;xufydkI pka0;jcif;onf
Oya'ESifhqef‹usif+yD; ppfwyfu tiftm;oHk;um vlpkcJGcGifh&Sdygonf?
wcgwGif ppftpdk;&. trdef‹xkwfjyefxm;csufESifhtnD[k xifygonf? =unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;u
‘pk’ ESifh olr. pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG‹0ifwdk‹udk a&SŒqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum
vrf;c&D;udk ydwfqdk‹ygonf? ‘pk’ u tvGefwnf+idrfpGmjzifh olr.tazmfrsm;udk ab;odk‹z,fI apmifhae&efrSm+yD;
olru vrf;udk wOD;wnf;om qufIoGm;ygonf? olru vdktyfv#if toufwacsmif;udkompGef‹&efESifh
,if;rSmvnf; olr. toufomjzpfap&rnf[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf
tvGef&J&ifh+yD; atmifjrifr_vnf; &cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkaemufqHk;tcsdefydkif;uav;rSmyif ab;rS
Adkvfrª;wa,mufu =um;0ifI ypfcwfrnfudk wm;qD;cJhygonf? wcgw&H ‘pk’ u olrrdcif a':cif=unf.
pnf;urf;pepfuspGm oGefoifxdef;a=umif; vrf;n$efr_atmufwGif olr }uD;jyif;vmcJh&yHkrsm;udk ajymjywwf+yD;
Todk‹aom yJhjyifoGefoifr_rsm;a=umifhyifv#if b0wGifawG‹óuH&aom rxifrSwfonfh tcuftcJ/ 'kuQrsm;udk
ausmfv$m;atmifjrifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? qdkcJh+yD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodk‹aom tcuftcJ
t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGmxJrS wckomjzpfygonf?
Ttjzpftysufta=umif;udk =um;&/ zwf&onfhtcg usrtaeESifh a':cif=unfudk wzefjyefvnf
owd&apygonf? tcgaygif;rsm;pGm olrvnf; vuf±Hk;&nf/ jzwfxdk;Om%fESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf/ xdk;xGif;Om%f/
rdrdtvdkodk‹ygatmif qJGaqmifpnf;±Hk;wwfr_ESifh vltrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif qufqHwwfr_wdk‹udk toHk;csum
tusOf;t=uyfxJrS vGwfatmif qdk;0g;aom ab;tEW&m,frS z,f&Sm;Ekdifatmif }uHaqmifEkdifcJhygonf?
a':cif=unfu usrwdk‹udk olr awG‹óuHcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;pGmudk ajymjywwf+yD; ‘pk’ vnf;
Ttjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? a':cif=unfonf tvkyfwm0efrS
t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemufrSmyif trsm;ESifhqufqH&mY tvGefodkodyfjcif;/ rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk‹ &SdcJhygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmrl trsm;od+yD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; vuf±Hk;&nfa&m/ ESvHk;&nfyg jynfh0&atmif
woufwmvHk; óud;yrf;cJhygonf?
‘pk’ . oabmobm0ESifh }uHŒcdkifaompdwf"mwfwdk‹. Zpfjrpfudk avhvmpl;prf;&mwGif usr.
&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr}uD;udk trSDðyum tvGefxl;qef;&Sm;yg;aom tzl;tyGifhuav;wck
jzpfay:vm&ouJhodk‹yif rdbESpfOD;udk t&if;cH+yD; Txl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom &ifaoG;wOD;jzpfxGef;vm&yHkudk
qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom
ZJGvHk‹vESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf
tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS
=unfhwwfjcif;/ olwyg;. qkdvdk&if;udk em;vnfwwfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ESifh &efrlr_rsm;ESifh awG‹óuH&aomtcg
Áa¹ENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk‹'fwGif
ynmoif=um;cJhaomESpfrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrb0ESihf olr. om;ESpfa,mufudk ðypkysKd;axmif&r_/
tiftm;csdeJ‹olrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *±kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyef‹aom
oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dki;f / ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom olr. pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;/ olr. tqdkt&
olrcifyGef;onfudk pHerlemðyI tm;ustwk,l+yD; ynmxl;c|efatmif avhvmvdkufpm;r_/
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif &&SdcJhaom tawG‹tóuHrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹udk pkaygif;vdkufaomtcgwGif &v'frSm
&ifhusufr_/ vdkufavsmnDaxGqufqHwwfr_/ tvGefta&;ygaom pdefac:r_rsm;udk vdkvm;pGm
udkifwG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? twdkajym&v#if ‘pk’ onf tzdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolw&yfvHk;.
ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf?
,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif olrtwGuf tcsdefonf &yfwef‹vsuf &SdaeouJhodk‹ xif&aomfvnf;
olr. t&nftaoG;rsm; ydkrdkpl;&Sawmufajymifvmr_udkrl rwm;qD;Edkifyg? olrudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&aom
vlwpkudk,fwkdifuyif olrudk txifr}uD;bJ raeEdkif=u[k ,lqygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay:
v$rf;òcHvsuf&Sdonfh “a=umuf±GHŒjcif; qdkaom r_dif;xk}uD;” udk òzdcJGypf&ef olr. óud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm
tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom &nfrSef;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ T&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifatmif wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf
olrwGif um,pGrf;&nf/ Om%pGrf;tm;/ jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹ESifhvnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf?
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?
* * *
pkESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹ta=umif;udk txufygtwdkif; usra&;cJhonfrSm
tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
TtcsdeftwGif; usrwdk‹. jrefrmjynfolrsm; rnfodk‹aomtajctaersm; óuHawG‹ae=u&ygovJ?
‘pk’ wa,mufa&m b,frSmvJ? jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeonf[k
toHaumif;v$ifhaeaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ (e0w) u olwdk‹tajymESifhnDatmif
bmawGrsm; vkyfae=uygovJ?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;avmufatmifyif usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;rSm yifyef;qif;&Jr_ESifh
emusifr_rsm; jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeqJjzpfygonf? omrefvlwa,muftwGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmvnf;
edrfhus+rJomjzpfygonf? e0w u aps;uGufwGif vloHk;ukefrsm; ydkI aygrsm;vmygonf[k qdkaomfvnf;
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;rSm wuf+rJwufvsufom jzpfaeygawmhonf? jrefrmwjynfvHk;udk a=umuf&GHŒjcif;u
v$rf;rdk;xm;qJjzpfygonf? wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;tzJG‹0ifrsm;uvnf; xHk;pHtwkdif; ae&mtESH‹&Sdaeygonf?
rnfolr# wOD;tay:wOD; r,Hk=unf&J=uyg? Oya'ESifhrnDaom wzufowftrdef‹pD&ifcsrSwfjcif;rsm;/
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh wyfrawmfuom }uD;pdk;cs,fvS,fjcif;wdk‹vnf; qufIjzpfyGm;aeygonf?
tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aom wyfrawmftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udkvnf;
vlwkdif;todyifjzpfygonf? rnfonfha0zefr_udkrS cGifhrðy/ vufcH=uyg? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhqdkonfrSmvnf;
vHk;0r&Sdyg?
e0w u ‚if;wdk‹. uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fr_aygif;rsm;pGmxJrS tenf;i,fudk tav#mhay;oa,mif
[efjyaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif vlxku ,Hk=unfvmatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? xkdif;/ w±kwfESifh jrefrmwdk‹
arSmifcdkul;jcif;vkyfief;ukd w&m;0ifcGifhðy+yD; vrf;rsm; zGifhay;vdkufjcif;onfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;udk
rnfodk‹r# racsmifvnfapyg? ppftpdk;&u w±kwf/ xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹ESifh ydkrdkcifrif;&if;ESD;pGm qufqHjcif;jzifh
ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk‹. tem*wftwGuf &ifav;zG,fjzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf
qif;&JwGif; ydkIeufapygonf? EkdifiHtwGif;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rwefwq aps;rsm;avsmhIa&mif;+yD;
&onfhaiGjzifh vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeaom rqHk;Ekdifonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGrsm;wGif
toHk;ðy&eftwGuf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l=uygonf?
e0w u olwdk‹ajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒudk a&G;cs,fac:,l+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;yaeygonf? olwdk‹u
“ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t&if;cHaom tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qJG&ef” óud;yrf;aeonf[k ajymygonf?
olwdk‹a&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom “[kwfuJh” [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif
tcsKdŒu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðyaom tcef;u¾rS
yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkðyonfudk uef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh tm%mudk tcsdet f uef‹towfr&Sd qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifatmif
tuGufqifxm;aom vkyf&yfwckomjzpfonf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk‹. vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsr_
trsKd;rsKd;cH&ygonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1991 ESifh 1992 ckESpfrsm;wGif xkdodk‹aom
a0zefuef‹uGufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf? 1992 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom
a=unmcsufwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu owfowfrSwfrSwf trnfESifhwuG xkwfazmfum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tjcm;xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&SiftzJG‹u *sDeDAmòrd‹Yusif;yaom aqG;aEG;yJGwGif
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJh+yD; twdkuftcHtzJG‹.
txif&Sm;qHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk e0w u qufIzrf;qD;xm;jcif;udkvnf;
±_wfcscJhygonf? Taumfr&Sifu jrefrmjynftwGif;Y qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfh
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefr_rsm;/ Oyrm &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf t"rRajymif;a&$Œapjcif;/ jynfolrsm;udk
twif;t=uyf ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf ckdif;apum tpmrau|;bJxm;jcif;/ ppfa=umif;ta&SŒrS
rdkif;&Sif;&mwGif vlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;/ ppfyJGrsm;rS zrf;qD;aom ppfoHk‹yef;rsm;udka&m/
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkyg vlrqefpGm n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom
vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD; jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH&eftwGuf
txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;tm; ESpf}udrfapv$wfcJhygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. wav;wpm;qufqHr_udk qHk;±_H;cJh+yD;
,ckrSom ðyjyifxm;aom toGifwrsKd;tm; urBmhEkdifirH sm;udk wifjy&ef óud;pm;aeygonf? tcsnf;ESD;ygwnf;?
a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ uav;rsm;ygrusef bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk‹rSm +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkjrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfjzwfjcif;ukd rnfonfhtcgrS arhEkdif=urnfr[kwfyg? ,ckwkdif jyif;xef=urf;wrf;&ufpufaom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
twdkuftcHrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ae&mwGif txl;ojzifh vlrqefaom n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;
toHk;ðyae=uonfudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u pHkprf;od&SdcJh=u+yD;
±_wfcsuef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? e0w . todomtxif&Sm;qHk;aom tjypfwckrSm 1990 jynfhESpf arvwGif
usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonfh ‘pk’ wnfaxmifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;ajryHkay:udk
wifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxHodk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udpPudk ra&&ma0;uGmvSonfh
tem*wfqDodk‹ a&$Œqdkif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
urBmhEkdifiHrsm;tv,fwGif e0w ppftpdk;&. *k%foduQmrSm usqif;cJh&oI ‘pk’ rSmrl ol.
EdkifiHwGif;Yomru wurBmvHk;.tjrifwGif *k%f&SdefjrifhwufausmfaZmvsuf&Sdaeygawmhonf? olrudk
tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;+yD; vljrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;xm;onfh=um;uyif olr. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu
1990 arva&G;aumufyJGwGif v$wfawmfae&mtrsm;qHk; tEkdif&cJhygonf? urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;u olrudk
*k%fxl;rsm;/ qkrsm; tajrmuftjrm; tyfESif;cJhygonf? xkdtxJrS tjrifhrm;qHk; qkwckrSm olr.
t=urf;rzufaom 'Drkdua&pD/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh olr. jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf
vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sdatmif &yfwnfcsuf/ óud;yrf;csufrsm;twGuf 1991 ckESpfwGif *k%fðycsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&aom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkyif jzpfygonf? EdkbJvfaumfrwD. obmywdu qkay;yJGwGif rdef‹=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;wGif
“olronf ,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru useftm&SwcGifESifh tjcm;aom urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;wkd‹wGif
ay:aygufaeaom t=urf;zufr_wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;
jzpfay:vma&;wdk‹twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. txdef;trSwfoauFwwckyifjzpfygonf” [k ajymoGm;ygonf?
1993 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;u awmiftmz&durS c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; bda&Smhwl;wl;ESifh
wdbufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vdkifvm;rm;wdk‹tygt0if tjcm;EdkbJvfqk&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzJG‹wzJG‹u
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;&ef txl;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? odk‹aomf t&mrxifcJhygay? xdktzJG‹u
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck ðyvkyfcJhygonf? e0w ESifh urBmw0Srf;odk‹ toHv$ifhcJhygonf? olwdk‹u
“a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf urBmw0Srf;wGif vGwfvyfjcif;. txdrf;trSwfoauFwjzpf+yD;
jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkvnf; pdwf"mwfwufºuGatmif v_H‹aqmfEdkifqJyifjzpfygonf? olrudk
vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;&ef oifhygonf” [k ajymcJhygonf?
tif;vsm;uefab;rS olr. aetdrftwGif; wOD;wnf; tcsdef=um&SnfpGm csKyfaESmifr_cHae&onfrSm
,ckqdkv#if ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfaom ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk usr awG;aerdygonf?
Todk‹aom qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifEkdifatmif b,ft&mursm; olrudk
pGrf;aqmifay;aeygvdrfh?
olr taumiftxnfazmf }uHaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh &nfrSef;csufrSm txl;rGefjrwfvS+yD; rvJGraoG
rkcsatmifjrif&vdrfhrnf[laom rnfodk‹r# ,kdifESJ‹zsufqD;ypfI r&Edkifonfh ckdifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwck olrwGif
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
'Drkdua&pDESifh jrefrmjynfoltaygif;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdatmif
óud;yrf;csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf; ‘pk’ u olr. rdom;pkxHrS tqHk;pGefaom ,Hk=unfr_/ em;vnfr_ESifh
axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk &xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ xHwGif yifudk,fpGrf;&nfowWdrsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?
pl;&Sxufjrufaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh todOm%f/ tvdrRmrsm;vnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? pnf;pepfvnf;us+yD;
olr.b0udk ynmA[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESifh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmusifh}uHjcif;tm;jzifh
jznfhqnf;wwfygonf?
olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyf. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay:xm;aom AdkvfcsKyf.
arwWmapwemESifh vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifpGm owd&vsuf&Sdaea=umif;rsm;udk ‘pk’
t+rJpOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf[k usr xifygonf?
olru trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ &&Sda&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD;
oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifatmif
e0w tpdk;&ukd ,cifuvnf; zdwfac:cJh+yD; ,ckxdvnf; zdwfac:aeqJjzpfygonf?
‘pk’ onf usrwdk‹. jrifuGif;rsm;rS aysmufaeaomfvnf; usrwdk‹. tawG;rsm;xJrS rnfonfhtcgrS
uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;a&m/ jynfywGifa&mufaeol
jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;yg tm;vHk;u ‘pk’ udk owd&ae+yD;/ ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk awG;awmvsuf&Sdae=uygonf?
urBmuvnf; ‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkvnf; apmifhar#mfvsuf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rS
vGwfajrmufatmif vrf;jyac:aqmif&rnfh olr. uH=urRmudk olr jznfhqnf;cGifh&awmhrnfh xdktcsdeftcgudk
apmifh=unfhae=uygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkESifhtwl &Sdaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkbufrSom
&yfwnfygonf? jrefrmjynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ‘pk’ u jznfhpGrf;ay;rnfqdkonfudk
pdk;pOf;r#yif oHo,rjzpfrdyg?
‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkom usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ar#mfvifhw}uD; apmifhpm;aerd=uygawmhonf?
roef;{
1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae‹Y atmfpvdkòrd‹awmfwGif usif;yaom 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
csD;jr‡ifhyJGtcrf;tem;Y aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpwuf (Francis Sejersted)
ajym=um;aomrdef‹cGef;
* * *
bk&ifrif;jrwf/ zdbk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm; cifAsm;/
,ae‹ Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk‹ pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. xif&Sm;aom
vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk *k%fðy&efESifh olrtm; 1991 ckESpftwGufjzpfaom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk csD;jr‡ifh&efyif jzpfygonf? cHpm;csuf trsKd;rsKd;/ tzHkzHkjzpfay:&onfh
tcgor,jzpfygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif rvma&mufEkdifbJ jzpfae&ygonf? usaemfwdk‹
todtrSwfðyaeaom óud;yrf;r_}uD;rSmvnf; qHk;cef;a&muf&ef vdkygao;onf? olronf
olr.,Hk=unfcsuftwkdif; jzpfajrmuf&ef wkdufyJG0ifaeqJyifjzpfygonf? olr. pGrf;&nfowWdESifh
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh olronf jrefrmjynfY ,Hk=unfcsuf. tusOf;om;b0Y
a&muf&Sdaeygonf? olr rvma&mufEkdifonfhtwGuf usaemfwdk‹ pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm;
jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; olr.rdom;pk cHpm;ae&aom pdk;&drfylyefr_ESifhpmv#if ajymyavmufrnfr[kwfyg?
olr.rdom;pkjzpfaom cifyGef;onf rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh om;rsm;jzpf=uaom tvufZENm;ESifh uifrfwdk‹tm;
tvGefyif udk,fjcif;pmemrda=umif; Ttcrf;tem;wGif ajymvdkygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf oifwdk‹ESifhtwl
cHpm;=u&+yD; oifwdk‹.ZeD;ESifh rdcifjzpfoludk,fpm; atmfpvdkodk‹ vma&mufI EdkbJvfqk vufcH,lonfudk
usaemfwdk‹ rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
usaemfwdk‹. pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_rsm;onf ,Hk=unftm;xm;r_/ ar#mfvifhr_wdk‹jzifhvnf;
a&maxG;Ijzpfay:aeygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk&,l&ef wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;&mwGif usaemfwdk‹
pHerlemtjzpf xm;&rnfhyk*~Kdvfrsm;onf usaemfwdk‹&,l&ef óud;yrf;aeonfh t&mrsm;.
oauFwtjzpf&yfwnf+yD; usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdor# taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk v_yf&Sm;wufºuGapaom
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av;eufpGmwm0ef,lr_ESifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay: - EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkwHqdyf
atmuf – EdkbJvfqk&Siftm; csD;jr‡ifhtyfESif;onfhvufrSwf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
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aygif;pyfay;xm;ygonf? ,if;tjrif. ta&;}uD;qHk;aomt*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ±dkaoav;pm;r_/ tkyfpkrsm;t=um; aphpyfjzefajzr_/ t=urf;rzufr_ESifh
wOD;jcif;taejzifh‚if;/ pkaygif;I‚if; pnf;urf;user_ ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
olrtm; pwif pdwf"mwfwufºuGv_yf&Sm;apaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;onf y"getm;jzifh r[wWr*ENDESifh
olr.zcif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_acgif;aqmif atmifqef;wdk‹yifjzpfa=umif; olrudk,fwkdif &Sif;vif;pGm
&nfn$ef;xm;ygonf? t=urf;rzufa&; tawG;tac:orm;}uD;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wdk‹t=um;
uJGjym;jcm;em;csufrsm; trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf; tajccHwlnDcsufrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&ygonf?
‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;pvHk;wGif ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfa&;pdwfxm;/ ppfrSefaomed0gww&m;ESifh atmifqef;pk=unfu
ol‹zcifESifhywfoufI a&;om;&mwGif toHk;ðyonfhpum;twdkif; “euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_” wdk‹udk
awG‹&Sd&ygonf? atmifqef;tzdk‹ acgif;aqmifr_onf wm0efjzpfI rdrdacgif;aqmifrnfh jynfolvlxk.
,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹udk&,lI wm0efxrf;aqmif&mwGif ed0gww&m;&SdrS wm0efausyGefrnf
jzpfygonf?
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atmifqef;pk=unfwGifvnf; vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm;&Sd+yD; ,if;wdk‹onf olr.EdkifiHa&;0g'
jzpfvmygawmhonf? t"durl&if;rSm olr.zcifY olr jrifawG‹&aom “euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_” yif
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umuG,f&ef wu,fwrf;vdktyfonfhoabmudk a&mifjyef[yfaeyHk&ygonf? vlom;onf
vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wGif aexdkifcGifh&SdonfomrubJ ±kdaoav;pm;cHydkifcGifhvnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
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xl;jcm;pGmaygif;pyfxm;aom vrf;pOfw&yfudk olru csrSwfwnfaxmifxm;ygonf? olrtzdk‹ TonfrSm
oDtdk&Dt,ltqr#om r[kwfyg? Todk‹aom t,ltqudk vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;Y usifhoHk;Ekdifonfudk
jyo&mwGif olronf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulðyol jzpfaeygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;rl0g'udk vufawG‹taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vHk;0r&Sdrjzpfaom
vdktyfcsufw&yfrSm a=umuf±GHŒjcif;uif;rJhr_yif jzpfygonf?Ttcsufudk atmifqef;pk=unf odem;vnfygonf?
olr.pmwrf;wckwGif tm%ma=umifhr[kwfbJ a=umuf±GHŒr_a=umifhom vlom;wkdif;
azmufjyef=ujcif;jzpfonf[k pwifa&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? olr. wdkif;jynfrS tm%m&Sifpepftm;
&nf&G,fI a0zefxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹u OD;aqmifvrf;jyðy&rnfjzpfaom jynfolvlxkudk ‚if;wkd‹u
a=umuf&GHŒaeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ azmufjyefapcJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf? Tonfa=umifh ‚if;wdk‹onf
raumif;r_oHo&m vnfae=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olr.tawG;tac:wGif a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJh&ef
E_d;aqmfcsufonf OD;pGmyxrtaejzifh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifaom E_d;aqmfcsufjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;
a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;rJh=u&ef awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfygonf? olrudk,fwkdifvnf; a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJha=umif;udk
vufawG‹jycJhygonf? olronf aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfudk wudk,fwnf; qef‹usifcJholjzpfygonf?
Todk‹aomowWdudk rnfonfht&mu cHEkdifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqHk;trdef‹ay;vdkufol Adkvfrª;.
pdwfxJwGif rnfodk‹&Sdygoenf;? olr.owWdudk av;pm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ =urf;wrf;aom tiftm;jzifh
rnfonfht&mudkr# atmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfonfudk ,if;Adkvfrª; oabmaygufoGm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifygonf?
t=urf;zufr_. tqdk;0g;qHk;aom&efolonf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI ,if;udkwkdufzsuf&mwGif
a=umuf&GHŒr_uif;rJhjcif;onf txufjrufqHk; vufeufjzpfygonf? olr. tm;uszG,f&m &JpGrf;owWda=umifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf *ENDESifh zcifjzpfol atmifqef;uJhodk‹ tmedoif}uD;rm;aom oauFw
trSwftom;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf ‚if;.óud;yrf;r_rsm; r+yD;jywfao;rD
aoewfypfcH&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh atmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rS z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnf[k
vkyf}uHowfjzwf&efpDpOfolrsm;u ,lqcJhygv#if rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufomjzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf
vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynftwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_. oauFwjzpfvm+yD; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk
wnfaqmufEkdif&ef ,ck wkdufyJG0ifóud;yrf;aeolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfwufºuGaponfh yk*~Kdvfvnf;
jzpfvmygawmhonf? Todk‹ pHerlemxm;p&m/ pdwf"mwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxkpdwfESvHk;wGif
atmifqef;&,lxm;onfhae&ma=umifh ‚if;aoqHk;+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf
EkdifiHa&;pwifvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfaomtajccHudk &&SdEkdifcJhygonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfudk qufcHcJh+yD;
,cktcg olrudk,fwkdifyif jrefrmjynfwGifomrubJ tm&SwdkufwcGifvHk;ESifh tjcm;urBmhae&m tESH‹tjym;wGif
t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; wnfaxmif&ef óud;yrf;csuf.
oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owWdESifh jrifhrm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹onf usaemfwdk‹wGif&Sdaom
taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk ay:xGufvmaprnf[k usaemfwdk‹uJhodk‹aom omrefyk*~Kdvfwdk‹u cHpm;=u&onf[k
usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? tem*wfwGif ,Hk=unfr_&Sdaeao;&eftwGuf olruJhodk‹aomyk*~KdvfrsKd;udk usaemfwdk‹
vdktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr óud;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpf+yD;
olrudk rw&m;vkyfwkdif; usaemfwdk‹ESvHk;om;wGif tjrwfwEdk; apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;onfht&mudk
csKd;azmufcH&ouJhodk‹yif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&ol TtrsKd;orD;onf
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xdkae&mY&Sdaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwdk‹ ydkI
,Hk=unfudk;pm;vm=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1945 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;ygonf? olr.zcif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu olronf
(2) ESpforD;jzpfygonf? zcifudk rSwfrdEdkifaomt&G,fr[kwfyg? rdcifjzpfolrSm oHwrefjzpfojzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf i,fpOfumvu‚if;/ aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif‚if; EdkifiHjcm;Y aexdkifcJhygonf? 1967
ckESpfwGif olronf atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹[l‹pfaumvdyfrS EdkifiHa&;ynm/ '\eduaA'/ abm*aA'
bmom&yfrsm;jzifh bJG‹&cJhygonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI e,l;a,mufòrd‹ ukvor*~XmecsKyfwGif (2) ESpfr#
tvkyfvkyfygonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif olronf wdbufa&;&m +Adwdo#ynm&Sifjzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh
vufxyfygonf? blwefEkdifiHwGif acwWaexdkif+yD;aemuf atmufpzdk‹'fwGif 1975 ckESpfavmufY
jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? olronf uav;i,f (2) a,muf&Sdaom tdrf&Sifrwm0eftjyif
ynma&;bufwGifvnf; qufvufóud;pm;+yD; jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh pmayukd t"duxm;avhvmygonf? olronf
*syefjynf usKdwdkwuUodkvfESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhokawoeXmewdk‹wGif {nhfonfawmfynm&Siftjzpf
avhvmcJhygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyefvmaomtcgwGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif avhvmjcif;udk &yfem;vdkuf&ygonf? Todk‹aom jyifytjzpftysufrsm;u
1988 ckESpfY olr pwifrnfh tcef;u¾udk &nfn$ef;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomf olronf aumif;pGm tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;+yD;olyif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. uH=urRmESifhywfoufI tpOfojzifh olr &ifav;aecJh&aom
om"ursm;&Sdygonf? olronf wae‹wGif jrefrmjynfodk‹ jyef&zG,f&m&Sdonf/ ,if;odk‹aomtcgwGif
cifyGef;onf. axmufcHtm;ay;r_vdka=umif; olru ajymcJhonfudk olr.cifyGef;u ajymcJhzl;ygonf? olr
avhvmqnf;yl;aom udpP&yfrsm;wGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. acwfopforkdif;udkom ydkI
t"duxm;avhvmonfudk awG‹&ygonf? zcifESifh jrefrmhorkdif;wGif zcifjzpfol yg0ifcJhaom tcef;u¾udk
avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh olr. EkdifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_ESifh zcif. t±dkuft&m qufcH&rnf[laom oabmudkvnf;
ydkrdkckdifrmvmapygonf?
*syefodk‹oGm;aomtcgY zcifjzpfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vdkufaeouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;&ygonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; atmifqef;onf *syef&Sd ppfpcef;wckwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk
wnfaxmifjcif;yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefu usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif
atmifqef;wdk‹tzJG‹vnf; twlvdkufygvmcJhygonf? odk‹aomf r=umrDwGif ‚if;wdk‹onf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk
wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif ‚if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh
aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk‹ a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk
avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk‹.
udkvdkeDacwftawG‹tóuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_
±dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
orkdif;onf ta&;}uD;.? rdrdonf rnfonfh±dk;&mtpOftvmwGif yg0ifonfudk
rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdrnfoljzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&ma&mufonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ ±dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk
*±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf? Todk‹ av;eufaomtodynmjzifh rdrd.tcef;u¾udk eufeJpGm
oabmaygufjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tiftm;yifjzpfygonf?
xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodk‹jyefoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif
xdyfwdkufawG‹r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef‹ aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol
rdcif}uD;tm;ðypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odk‹aom tajctaewGif
“'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_” [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufºuGºuG
yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom
qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae
ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf tpdk;&xH tdwfzGifhay;pm a&;om;I
ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGusif;yonftxd wkdif;jynfukd OD;aqmifoGm;&eftvdk‹iSm ±dkaoav;pm;&aom/
oduQm&Sdaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh twdkifyifcHaumfrwDudk zJG‹pnf;cef‹tyf&ef wifjycJhygonf? xdkpmwGif
pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh tiftm;oHk;r_udk ESpfbufpvHk;u a&Smif=uOf&ef vdktyfa=umif;
tav;xm;Iazmfjy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf?
&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefòrd‹ a&$wd*HkapwDa&SŒwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdef‹cGef;ajymqdkI vl‹tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom
EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfw&yfudk wifjyygonf? vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;onf &ufowWywftawmf=um
wkef‹qdkif;ae+yD;rS pufwifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif ydkI wif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifjcif;jzifh wefjyefvdkufygonf?
“EkdifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹” (e0w) udk zJG‹pnf;um tpnf;ta0;yJGrsm;udk
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ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k ,lqxm;[ef&Sdygonf)? e0wzJG‹pnf;+yD; &ufowWwywft=umwGif
atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; twdkuftcHtcsKdŒu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (tift,f'D) udk
wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum
tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudk‚if;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudk‚if; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm
wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&;
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGef‹qdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif
olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf? TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u
oabmwl=uygonf?
e0w onf rnfonfhtwGuf vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyJGudk usif;ycGifhðyygoenf;? ‚if;wdk‹u
qef‹usifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf
w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todk‹aom tpdk;&rsKd;.
t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap e0w
onf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk vufcH&efjiif;qefvdkufygonf? a&G;aumufyJGudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&onfh
oabmyifjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf;
qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeygonf? w&m;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhyif ydkI&ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm vkyfaqmifae=u&ygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f qufvufazmufzsufaeonfudk tifrepfwD (Amnesty)
urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹u tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf? e0w tpdk;&onf ,ae‹urBmwGif
tzdESdyftcsKyfcs,fqHk;aom tpdk;&tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh aemfa0; EdkbJvfaumfrwDonf +idrf;csrf;a&;qktcsKdŒudk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m
tcGifhta&;wdk‹ukd todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh csD;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
Todk‹csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufw&yfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf
taemufwkdif;t,ltqom r[kwfbJ ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;wGifvnf; &Sdonfudkjyovdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I atmifqef;pk=unf. “'Drkdua&pD&SmyHkawmf”pmwrf;rS
pmydk'fwydk'fudk udk;um;wifjyygrnf?
“opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydkI at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;.
t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?”
xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh
*±k%mxm;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom
tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
(wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf)
(wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;)
tydkif;-u
1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif;
a&;om;aom
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm;
(aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;)
atmifqef;
* * *
usr rSwfrdEkdifaom t&G,fra&mufrDuyif usr.zcif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf? xdk‹a=umifh “azaz[m
b,fvdkvlpm;rsKd;ygvdrfh” [laom odcsifpdwfjzifh zcif. b0vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;udk usr pwifpkaqmif; avhvmzwf±_jcif;yifjzpfygonf? atmufwGif azmfjyyg
txky`wWdpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mY yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk t"dutajccHxm;ygonf?
ta=umif;t&mESpf&yfESifhywfoufIomv#if usrwdk‹rdom;pkESifh azazhtm; aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJholrsm;xHrS
od&Sd&aomtcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif tawmftoifh tajccHxm;ygonf? aoG;om;eD;uyfpGm
awmfpyfolwOD;. txky`wWdudk a&;&onfrSm rvG,fulyg? "rR"dXmefusus a&;Ekdifrnfr[kwf[k
tpGyfpJGcH&Edkifygonf? wu,fwrf;wGifvnf; txky`wWda&;olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹ &SmazGpkaqmif;&&Sdaom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrdwdk‹. udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfOm%fudk yHkpHoGif;ay;cJhaom tjzpftysuf/
tawG‹tóuHrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_rS uif;vGwfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? usrtaejzifh usrzcif. ±kyfyHkv$mudk
usrjrifonfhtwkdif; rSefuefpGm ay:vGifap&ef óud;yrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf[kom ajymEkdifygonf?
* * *
atmifqef;udk jrefrmEkdifiH tnma'o&Sd ewfarmufòrd‹uav;Y 1915 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13
&ufae‹wGif zGm;jrifygonf? rEWav;òrd‹awmf&Sd jrefrmbk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ysufokef;ap+yD; jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufodk‹ usqif;apcJhaom wwd,t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyJGt+yD; ESpfaygif; (30)
t=umwGifjzpfygonf? ewfarmufe,fole,fom;rsm;onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. tr_udkxrf;aqmifonfh
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aewwfolwOD;jzpfygonf? Om%f&nfaumif;I pmayzufwGif xl;c|efaomfvnf; pum;enf;vGef;ojzifh
OD;zmonf rdrd. toufarG;0rf;a=umif;tvkyfjzpfaom a&SŒaetvkyfY atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? xkd‹a=umifh
xufjrufoGufvufvSaom rdcif a':pkomv#if rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;udk t"duwm0ef,l&ygonf? a':pk.
OD;av;awmfolonf +Adwdo#wdk‹udk a&S;OD;pGm awmfvSefqef‹usifcJhaom jrefrmtkyfpkwpkudk
acgif;aqmifcJhygonf? aemufqHk;Y “Adkvfva&mif” ac: “OD;rif;a&mif”tm; +Adwdo#wdk‹u
zrf;qD;owfjzwfvdkufygonf? “ukvm;wdk‹u|efrcH” [laom pdwfxm;&SdcJhonfh xdk&J&Jawmuf
rsKd;cspfyk*~Kdvf}uD;um; atmifqef;rdom;pkESifh e,fole,fom;rsm; *k%f,lpHxm; tm;uszG,f&mjzpfvmygonf?
nDtudkarmifESr (6) OD; [uav;b0uyif uG,fvGef=uolrsm;tygt0ifqdkv#if arG;csif; - 9 OD;]
teuf taxG;qHk;jzpfol atmifqef;onf oludk,fwkdiaf &;cJhaom rSwfwrf;t& npfywfcsLcsm tpm;=uL;I
vHk;0 ESpfvdkzG,fr[kwfaom uav;wOD;jzpfygonf? pum;ajymvnf; aemufusvSojzifh rdom;pku ‘pGef‹t’
aeovm;[lIyif ylyifcJh&.? odk‹aomf atmifqef;uav;onf y&d,m,fr&Sdjcif;/ tvGef±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/
qif;&Jolrsm;tm; oem;=uifemwwfjcif; paom cspfpzG,fpdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh jynfhpHkonf[k ol‹tm; i,fpOfu
aumif;pGmodcJholrsm;ESifh ol‹rdom;pk0ifrsm;u aumufcsufcs=uygonf? atmifqef;rdom;pkrSm
Om%f&nfaumif;+yD; ynmzufwGif xGef;aygufolrsm;tjzpf emrnfaumif;&xm;ygonf? atmifqef;. tudk
(3) OD;rSm toufi,fi,fav;wGif ausmif;pwuf=u.? odk‹aomf atmifqef;rSmrl tarygwufrS
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(8) ESpfom;t&G,fa&mufaomtcgrS atmifqef; ausmif;wuf&ef qHk;jzwfygawmhonf? tudkjzpfol
atmifoef; &Sifomra%abmifodk‹ 0ifaomtcgY bkef;}uD;ausmif;ae oHCmwdk‹b0udk oabmusIayvm;/
&Sifavmif;rsm;pD;onfh uóud;wefqm qif&ifxm;aom jrif;jzLav;udk oabmusIvm;rod/ atmifqef;u
olvnf; &Sifðycsifygonf[k qdkvmygawmhonf? vdrRmyg;eyfaomtaru tcGifhaumif;udk csufcsif;,lI
&SifrðyrD pma&;pmzwfwwf&ef vdkrnf[k axmufjyvdkufygonf?
ausmif;pwufonfqdkonfESifh atmifqef;onf xl;c|efaom ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfa=umif;
ay:vGifvmygonf? pmóud;pm;I pnf;urf;±dkao+yD; twef;xJwGif tpOfxdyfwef;u &SdaecJhygonf?
atmifqef;. yxrausmif;rSm ewfarmuf OD;aombdw bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;yifjzpfygonf?
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xdktcsdefu txufwef;ynmoif=um;&mY vdktyfcsufwckjzpfaom t*Fvdyfpmudk tudk}uD;rsm;u
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atmifqef;vnf; a&eHacsmif; trsKd;om;ausmif;odk‹ touf (13) ESpft&G,fY ajymif;oGm;ygonf?
om;axG;av;udk tdrfrS cJGcGmroGm;apvdkaom a':pkxHrS a&eHacsmif;ausmif;wufcGifh&&ef atmifqef;
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trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;onf jrefrmvli,fwdk‹tm; olwdk‹. udkvdkeDvufatmufcH b0tajctaeudk
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vlrsKd;jcm;wdk‹tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufvdkaomqENonf
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aepOftwGif; EkdifiHa&;avmuY emrnf}uD;aomyk*~Kv d frsm;. rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vm+yD;
pum;&nfvkyJGrsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifqifEJ$cJh.? ol. a[myHkajymyHkrSm tm;wufp&mr[kwfaomfvnf;
udkifwG,f&rnfhta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI aocsmaphpyfpGm jyifqifxm;jcif;/
,Hk=unfcsuftjynfht0&Sdjcif;wdk‹a=umifh ta[maumif;/ tajymaumif;[lI emrnf&cJh.? ausmif;*sme,f
pmwnf;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ pmoifcef;jyifyvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaomfvnf;
wa,mufwnf; tawG;e,fxJ epfðryfaewwfjcif;/ aeyHkxkdifyHkaxmifhrusKd;jcif;wdk‹a=umifh atmifqef;udk
vl‹*Gpm vlxl;vlqef;tjzpf ausmif;aezufrsm;u jrif=uygonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif wuUodkvf0ifpmar;yJGY
jrefrmpm/ ygVdbmom*k%fxl;rsm;jzifh “at” tqifhrS atmifjrifum &efukefwuUodkvfodk‹ ynmqufoif&ef
a&mufoGm;ygonf?
atmifqef; &efukefwuUodkvfodk‹ a&mufvmonfhESpfonfum; q&mpHolykefudk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u
acsr_ef;um acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ao'%fay;cJh+yD; wESpf=umumvuyifjzpfygonf? awmifolv,form;rsm;
cHpm;ae&aom twd'kuQrsm;rS ay:aygufvm&aom ykefuefr_udk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u &Sifbk&ifjzpfvdkaom
t,lonf;olwa,muf OD;aqmifonfh awmolawmifom;ykefuefr_r#omjzpfonf[k ao;odrfap&ef ESdrfI
azmfjycJhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmrsm;taejzifh udk,fxdvufa&muf yg0ifqifEJ$cJhol rrsm;jym;aomfvnf;
xdkykefuefr_tay: tawmfyif *±k%mxm;=uygonf? q&mpHudk pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;&SdolwOD;tjzpf
rjrifolrsm;uyif olykefwdk‹. rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh owWdajymifajrmufr_a=umifh pdwfv_yf&Sm;wufºuGcJh&+yD; tpdk;&.
&ufpuf=urf;wrf;wkH‹jyefr_rsm;a=umifh ta&;edrfhoGm;&aom olykefwdk‹udk rsm;pGm oem;=uifemcJh=u.?
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_ tapmydkif;umvwGif usifhoHk;aom +idrf0yfat;csrf;a&;vrf;pOfrSm tawmftwef
atmifjrifr_&SdcJhaomfvnf; vlrsKd;jcm;}uD;pdk;r_ukd jrefrmrsm;u auseyfpGmvufcHjcif;r&Sdyg? udkvdkeDtpdk;&
ydkrdkcdkif+rJvmonfESifh tkyfcsKyfolvlrsKd;jcm;wdk‹. y v$m;armufrmaom trltusifhrsm;ESifh wkdif;jynftwGuf
ppfrSefaom aumif;usKd;udpP&yfwdk‹udk vspfvsL±_r_rsm;onf wkdif;oljynfom;wdk‹. rESpfoufrauseyfpdwfrsm;udk
qGay;ouJhodk‹ jzpfvmygonf? yxrOD;pGmay:xGe;f cJhaom trsKd;om;a&;&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;onf
Ak'<bmomESifh jrefrmh±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ wnfwHhckdif+rJ&efESifh oef‹&Sif;pif=u,f&efudkom aqmif&Guf=uonf?
odk‹aomf acwfynmwwf jrefrmvli,fta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;yg
ay:aygufvmygonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif; (0dkiftrfbDat)
onf EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk pwifudkifwG,faom tzJG‹tpnf;jzpf+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfoydwfudk atmifjrifpGm
pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfcJhygonf?
trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft[kef&vmaomtcg ‘0dkiftrfbDat’ onf 1920 ckESpfY ‘*sDpDbDat’
toGifodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;ygonf? yxrOD;qHk; ay:aygufvmaom trsKd;om;r[mrdwftzJG‹[k ac:Edkifygonf?
jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;&mv_yf&Sm;r_udk wkduf&nfcdkuf&nfoGif;ay;vdkufaom yk*~KdvfrSm
q&mawmfOD;OwWrjzpfonf? q&mawmf. pdwftm;xufoefaom vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkr_wdk‹a=umifh
EkdifiHw0Srf;wGif rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfjyif;jypGm wufºuGvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; pkaygif;nDnmaom
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ay:aygufaprnfh tiftm;rsm;rSm EdkifiHa&;tuJGtjym;rsm;a=umifh vGifhpifoGm;&.? 1922
ckESpfwGif (21) OD;ygwDonf *sDpDbDatrS cJGxGufoGm;+yD;aemufwGif xyfrHuJG=ujyefojzifh 1920 ckESpfrsm;
ukefqHk;cgeD;wGif tzJG‹tpnf; (3) zJG‹jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? 1930 ckESpfrsm;. tpydkif;umvwGifrl
+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tdENd,EkdifiHwdk‹ yl;wJGxm;oifh/ rxm;oifh [laom “cJGa&;-wJGa&;”
udpPtay: jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;pGm tjiif;yGm;=uonfudk awG‹&ygonf?
xdkEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;teuf tcsKdŒrSm q&mpHolykefwdk‹tm; +Adwdo#tpdk;&u ckH±Hk;wifppfaq;&mY
olykefrsm;bufrS ckcHumuG,fay;cJhojzifh xifay:ausmf=um;vmolrsm;jzpfygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif
+idrfIacgif;iHk‹cHonfhumvrSmvnf; qHk;cef;odk‹ OD;wnfvmum xkd;ESufwdkufckdufjcif; oabmaqmifaom
enf;AsL[mrsm;oHk;pJG&ef wGef‹qkwfvdrfhrnfr[kwfaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf&Sdonfh rsKd;qufopfrsm;vnf;
EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:odk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygonf?
touf (18) ESpft&G,f atmifqef;onf cyf±dkif;±dkif; tnmom;uav;yifjzpfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹udk,frdrdwdk‹ vl‹rvdkif[k txifa&mufae=u+yD; a=umh&Sif;0HhºuGm;pGm 0wfqifaexkdif=uaom
&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; todkif;t0dkif;wGif rsufESmxm;±_odk;odk;ESifh t0wftpm;
ydkoDywfoD0wfqifaom atmifqef;onf tHr0if*Gifrus jzpfae.? xdk‹tjyif ol‹xufodrfarG‹yg;eyfaom
ausmif;aezufrsm;. a0zefaemufajymifr_udkvnf; *±krpdkufa=umif; apmpD;pGmay:vGifapcJh.? atmifqef;
wuUodkvfa&mufp yxrESpfywfwGif ausmif;om;or*~rS pum;&nfvkyJGw&yf usif;yygonf?
xdkpum;&nfvkyJGt+yD;Y atmifqef;onf y&dowft=um;rSxum ol‹tudkatmifoef; wifoGif;aom
“bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; EkdifiHa&;rvkyfoifh” [lonfh tqdkudk axmufcHvdkufygonf? TonfrSm
rdom;pkaoG;pnf;a&; oabmaqmifonfh tðytrlr[kwfyg? ,Hk=unfcsuft& vkyfaqmifvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf?
atmifqef; t*Fvdyfpum;ajym&mwGif toHxGuf trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; udk‹,dk‹um;&m;
acsmarG‹ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh ol‹pum;rsm;rSm em;rvnfEdkifoavmufyif jzpf.? y&dowfu
ajymifavSmifoa&mfatmf[pf=uojzifh tudkjzpfol tawmfyif tae&cufoGm;.? atmifqef;url
a=umuf&GHŒI toHaysmufoGm;jcif;r&Sd/ uJh&JŒoHrsm;/ jrefrmpum;ESifhom ajym&ef ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif;
atmf[pfoHrsm;udk vspfvsL±_um tqifhtwef;rrDaom ol‹t*Fvdyfpum;udk ygVdtoHk;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh
jznfhpGufI olajymvdk&mtm;vHk;udk +yD;qHk;atmif qufvufajymqkdoGm;ygonf?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJG tjzpftysufonf aemiftwGuf tpOftvmw&yf csrSwfay;vdkufouJhodk‹
jzpfoGm;ygonf? y&dowfu uJh&Jα_wfcsaeonfh=um;uyif olajymvdk&mudk t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhajymjcif;/
okefokefr_efr_ef aewwfjcif;wdk‹a=umifh olonf tla=umifa=umifEkdifaom t±l;wa,muf[lIyif emrnf&cJh.?
odk‹aomf atmifqef;onf ta0zefcH&rnfudk a=umuf±GHŒ+yD; olvkyfudkif&ef qHk;jzwfxm;aomudpPrsm;udk
rvkyfbJaernfh vlrsKd;r[kwfyg? acwfòydifurBmwGif t*Fvdyfpum; ta&;ygyHkudk od&Sdem;vnfojzifh
t*Fvdyfpum;udk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifoHk;pJGEkdif&ef ol óud;pm;.? t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;udk oJ}uD;rJ}uD;zwfjcif;/
tjcm;olrsm; ajymyHkqdkyHkudk em;axmifavhvmjcif;/ t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJhol
rdwfaqG&if;wOD;xHrS tultnD,ljcif; ponfwdk‹jzifh bkef;}uD;ausmif;xGuf tnmom;wOD;twGuf
xl;jcm;avmufaom t*Fvdyfpum;usifvnfr_udk ol &&Sdvm.?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJGwGif atmifqef; axmufcHcJhaomtqdkrSm ol. a&&Snf,Hk=unfcsufw&yftm;
azmfxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfonfudk owdrloifhygonf? xdk,Hk=unfcsufrSm oHCmawmfrsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifjcif; rðyoifha=umif;yifjzpfygonf? ruG,fvGefrDwESpfausmfcef‹u ajym=um;cJhaom
a&$wd*HkapwDawmf tv,fypP,HnDvmcHrdef‹cGef;Y “bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udk a&mpyfygrl bmoma&;.
oabmw&m;udk qef‹usif&ma&mufay.” [k ajymcJh.? &[efoHCmrsm;tm; “t&Sifbk&m;wdk‹u
omoemawmfa&mif xGef;ajymifatmif tm;xkwfawmfrl=uyg – urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ arwWmw&m;yGm;rsm;I
orpdwWESifh nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESruJhodk‹ aeEkdif=uygvdrfhrnf -- TuJhodk‹ aqmif&Gufr_onf
omoemzufuom=unfhI jrifhrwfonfr[kwfyg/ wynfhawmfwdk‹. EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd;twGuf
tjrifhjrwfqHk;aom EkdifiHa&;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif a&mufygonfbk&m;” pojzifh av#mufxm;cJhygonf?
trsm;u EkdifiHowW0g yuwdtjzpfjzifhjrif=uaom atmifqef;rSm pifppfwGif bmoma&;Y
av;eufpGm woufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;olyif jzpfygonf? a&eHacsmif;Y ausmif;wufaepOf zcifuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh
0rf;enf;a=uuJGum &[ef;abmif0if&efyif pdwful;cJhygonf? wuUodkvfa&mufptcsdefuvnf; tDwvDvlrsKd;
Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD; OD;avmueENudk =unf!dkav;pm;vSojzifh q&mawmfESifh twlvdkuf+yD;
omoemðyvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef rdcifxH tcGifhawmif;zl;.? tcGifhum; r&cJhay? odk‹aomf
avmukwW&mudpPrsm;udk atmifqef; qufvufI *±kwpdkuftav;xm;ygonf? EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk‹
ajcpHkypf0if+yD;aemufydkif;Yyif olEiS fh t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGwOD;tm; ol. “opPmw&m;ESifh vHk;0tjypfuif;pifr_
&SmyHkawmfb0c&D;” ta=umif;ESifh um,uH/ 0pDuH/ raemuHt& ±dk;ajzmifhEkdif&ef
owdðyóud;yrf;aea=umif;wdk‹udk pma&;I &Sif;jyzl;ygonf? acwfvli,f pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
todw&m;acgif;yg;aeonfudk pdk;&drfrda=umif;/ avmu'%fv_dif;rsm;udk }uHŒ}uHŒcdkif
&ifqkdifwGef;vSefEkdifpGrf;r&Sdygu xdktodw&m;rsm; vHk;0uG,faysmuf+yD; pdwf"mwfAv rJGjymusaomtjzpfodk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfylyefrda=umif; pojzifhvnf; a&;om;xm;ygonf?
ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;ESifh ocifrsm;
udkatmifqef; ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_rSm tpY cyfajz;ajz; rSefrSefomjzpfaomfvnf; 1935
ckESpfaemufydkif;Y t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vm.? xdktcsdefwGif olonf udkEk/ udkvSaz (aemif AdkvfvuFsm)/
udkodef;az/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udk&m&SpfuJhodk‹aom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhtwl pwifvkyfudkifae+yD;
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xif&Sm;vmrnfh xdkvli,frsm;ESifh atmifqef;wdk‹ vufwJGum
ausmif;om;rsm; tawmfyif*±kðy&rnfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpkjzpfvmatmif pnf;±Hk;ygonf?
udkatmifqef;wdk‹vlpkonf tm%mydkiftvdkawmf&drsm; v$rf;rdk;xm;aom wuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~udk
xdk;xGif;0ifa&mufEkdif&ef óud;yrf;jcif;jzifh pwifv_yf&mS ;.? yxrwGif atmifjrifr_odyfr&SdcJhay? ‚if;wdk‹txJrS
udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdk‹om or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odk‹aomf aemufydkif;wGif
xufoefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh ZGJvHk‹vwkd‹. tusKd;tjrwfrsm; xGef;um;vm.?
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf; ajymif;vm.? v_yf&Sm;wufºuGaom
jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif
t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf
tr_aqmiftzJG‹0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf?
or*~ r*~Zif; “tdk;a0” wGif “i&JacG;}uD; vGwaf e+yD” [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf
us,fjyef‹pGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh
v_H‹aqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef
t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk‹ azmfxkwfjcif;onf
owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk‹
jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif
udkEkonfvnf; ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; ypfypfcgcg a0zefr_jzifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh
ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odk‹jzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef
qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh
udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG
wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk‹ trsm;axmufcHr_ukd
&,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;.
vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
todtrSwfðyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm
rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufðywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.?
wuUodkvftufOya'wGif ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef
aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJG‹pnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf?
vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936
ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf?
ol‹*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf
wnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~wdk‹. tr_aqmiftzJG‹rsm;wGifvnf;
wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif
or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZ…mbJG‹&+yD;I
Oya'0dZ…mwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk‹ Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif
qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/
ZJGvHk‹v}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf;
tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk‹ ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹I qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl‹*GpmwOD;yif
jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif
wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJG‹jcif;ESifh tjcm;
axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf;
“&Hzef&Hcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg
vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vl±dkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf” [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odk‹aomf vl±dkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.?
±dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k olu
tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"du±k%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom
'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;xJodk‹ 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;t±Hk;onf
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufºuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;t±Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf? rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY b0udkjr‡KyfESH&ef
tmoDojyif;xefaeaom acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf
&Joifhonfavmufr&J/ jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/ tajccHrS ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef
qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/ i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf; ri,f&G,f[k ,lq=uygonf?
'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u óuduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKd‹u olwdk‹udk uavuacs
jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘ocif’ wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk
}uD;us,fonf/ rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k a0zef=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk
vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdk‹u ‘ocif’ [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf
udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif;
az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;u ‘ocif’ bJG‹udk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf?
twGif;oabmxm; rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf?
ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk acgif;aqmifolrSm jrefrmhpmayESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif
txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;t±Hk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf?
udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
‘r_dif;ocif’ rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdk‹tjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD
ocifatmifqef;onf 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;t±Hk;.
a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf?
1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’ [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm;
jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J.
eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom
EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ Armwdk‹ESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du±k%f;/
tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/
a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;jcif; ponfwdk‹ woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:cJhygonf?
Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif; róuHpzl; r+idrfrouf qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD;
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odk‹aomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;
t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk‹. qdk;0g;aom
t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdk‹taeESifh rdrdwdk‹omv#if txda&mufqHk;/
rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fòydifvkyfvdkaom pdwf±l;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef
pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHŒESH‹vmavonf?
*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom
vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk‹,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif
ay:aygufvmaom tcsKdŒu rmhufqf0g' avhvma&;tkyfpk[lI‚if;/ tcsKdŒu yxrOD;qHk;
jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;‚if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk.
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf
uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomf‚if;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomf‚if;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh
,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf ol‹tm;
qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odk‹aomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm
ol‹wkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf?
1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD ‘udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/
vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf’ [kjrifum ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf?
a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;vdkufaom xdk ‘xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD;’ onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku
owfrSwfcJh.? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ . jynfolvlxu k dk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk‹ uwda=unmcsufrðyygu ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf
qef‹usif&rnf? wHk‹jyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk
zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹rSm
axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD? ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&ef;trdef‹xkwfcJhaomfvnf;
tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf?
*syefESifh r[mrdwfzJG‹jcif;
("gwfyHk)
tay: - Adkvfvufsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ Adkvfatmifqef; 1941 ckESpf *syefjynf
atmuf – AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ 1943
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
[dkifeefoifwef;ausmif;qif;rsm;/ xdkif;EkdifiHae jrefrmrsm;ESifh rDemrDtzJG‹0ifrsm;yg0ifaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif befaumufòrd‹Y w&m;0ifzJG‹pnf;vdkuf.?
plZluD;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;ESifh
ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? tysHoifp wyfrawmftzJG‹0ifrsm;onf opPma&aomuf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;u
ol&Jaumif;qefaom ygVdtrnfrsm;udk cH,l=uygonf? plZluD;onf Adkvfrdk;óud;jzpfvm+yD;/ atmifqef;onf
AdkvfawZjzpfvmonf? rdrdwdk‹trnfopfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;vmrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;teuf AdkvfvuFsm/
Adkvfp}uFm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&efEkdif/ AdkvfausmfaZm ponfwdk‹ yg0ifygonf? ‘AdkvfcsKyfawZ’ url
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh ocifacgif;aqmiftjzpf wkdif;jynfuodcJhaom atmifqef;trnfudkom
jyefvnfoHk;pJGum ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ [lI jynfolwdk‹ tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf
xifay:vmygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf *syefrsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;I jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ csDwufvmjcif;onf
jrefrmrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,f/ aysmf&$ifzG,fjzpfygonf? usqif;aeaom rdrdwdk‹. trsKd;om;*k%foduQmudk
jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifay;vdkufouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&JbuftcsKdŒu
a&SŒwGifjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk odESifh=u+yD? befaumufrSm &SdaepOfuyif jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹
*syefrsm;0ifvmaomtcg EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. pDrHvkyfaqmifcsufjzifh
vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;EkdifiHY &ifqkdif&rnfh tajctaeudk pDpOf&ef óud;pm;cJha=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rSwfwrf;wifcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹raqmif&GufEkdifygu jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfum ajratmufawmfvSefa&;
pwifxm;jcif;jzifh usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmolrsm; ajcukyfr&Edkifatmif tajctaezefwD;&ef jzpf.? odk‹aomf
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uarmufurjzpfae+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;trsm;pkvnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHb0 a&mufae=u&m
tpDtpOfESpfckvHk; vufawG‹usus taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfEkdifyg? *syefrsm;vnf; jrefrmjynfudk
0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufygonf?
*syefacwfum; txiftjrif}uD;cJhor# òyduJG&+yD; raocsra&&mr_rsm;ESifh
'kuQaygif;pHkjzpfaeaomumvjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k ar#mfrSef;cJholrsm;onf
tm&Swdkufom;csif;. zaemifhatmufom a&muf&a=umif; odvmaomtcg ta=uuJG}uD; a=uuJGcJh&.?
trsm;u vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf óudqdkcJhaom edyGefppfom;rsm;onf vlóudufrrsm;aom
+Adwdo#wdk‹xufyif qdk;0g;onfudk awG‹&awmh.? wae‹wjcm; pufqkyfzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; wkd;yGm;vmav
("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (Adkvf&efatmif) wdk‹ 1940 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfodk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif atmifqef;tm;
jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ v#KdŒ0SufpGm jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJhol rdqk±kpl*D;ESifh
4-3-42 Y twlawG‹&pOf/ &efukef
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
onf? ‘uifaytd’ (ppfykvdyf) [laom trnfonf a=umufrufzG,f&ma0g[m&jzpfvmonf? vlrsm;
tpterusef aysmufoGm;jcif;/ tESdyfpuftn‡if;qJcH&jcif;/ ac|;wyfqJGcH&jcif; ponfwdk‹rSm
edpP"l0udpPr#omjzpfaom avmu}uD;wGifaewwfatmif ae=u&avonf? xdk‹tjyif r[mrdwfavwyf/
*syefavwyfwdk‹. AHk;}uJ'%f/ ppfwGif;&duQm&Sm;yg;r_'%f/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;ay;rsm;'%f/ pdwf"mwfESifh
,Ofaus;r_t& zDvmqef‹usifaeolrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom yÉdyuQrsm;/ bmompum;rwlolwdk‹t=um;
jzpfwwfaom txiftjrifvJGr_rsm; ponfjzifh 'kuQtaygif;udkvnf; xyfavmif;cH&ygao;onf?
jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefrsm;teuf w&m;r#wa&;/ vlom;csif;pmema&; pdwf"mwfrsm;t&
usifh}uHaexkdifolrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹. aumif;rGefaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ppf0g'Drsm;.
vlrsKd;cJGjcm;a&;pepfa=umifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpf&ygonf?
rdrdwkd‹uwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom
rDemrDuDuef tzJG‹0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒ[efwlygonf? 1942
ckESpf/ &efukefòrd‹udk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfr;dk óud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk
OD;pD;OD;aqmifcef‹vdkufygonf? xdktpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? *syefwyfrsm; wdkif;jynfudk
qufvufodrf;ydkufonfESifhtr# *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹v$rf;rdk;vmum jrefrmEkdifiHudk
ppf±_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk‹ udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf;
ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm
0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom
wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk
trdef‹ay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;óud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.?
Adkvfrdk;óud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk‹
rnfonfhtcef;u¾u yg0if&rnf[laom udpPESifhywfoufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh
jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdŒ Adkvfrdk;óud;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhpOfu Zmwfqefqef
tjzpftysufta=umif;udk a&;om;cJhzl;.? &ifqkdifr_. &v'fum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. aoemywdcsKyftjzpf‚if;/ AdkvfvuFsmudk ppfOD;pD;tjzpf‚if;
cef‹tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufI‚if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh
ywfoufI‚if;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef
rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk
tm±HkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðy&efudkvnf; olóud;yrf;cJh.? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkr¾dKifðyum
zJG‹pnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk‹&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS
aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?
1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif Adkvfrdk;óud; jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf
Adkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;ESifh ppfaoemywdjzpfvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; topfzJG‹pnf;vdkufaom wyfrawmf.
tqifhqifhY *syef‘t}uHay;t&m&Sd’rsm; wJGcef‹tyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawG‹tm%mrsm;udk
wif;usyfpGm uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? =o*kwfvwGif *syefwyfrsm;. aoemywdcsKyf
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk w&m;0iftwnfðyvdkufum a'gufwmbarmftm;
EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? tay:,Htm;jzifh jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹vufodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k jrifEkdifaomfvnf; pifppfrSmawmh *syeftkyfcsKyfa&;
ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
+Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_
ed*Hk;
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf
* * *
1
tay:
oDv&Sifrsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf
bk&m;0wfðyaepOf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
acwfrDynm&yfqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk r&Edkifaoma=umifh wkdif;jynf qkwf,kwfysufpD;
,kd,Gif;&jcif;ta=umif;. t"dutcsufukd &SmazGavhvm&mwGif Ak'<bk&m;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;udkom
tm;udk;tm;xm;ðy=u&m ta=umif;t&if;av;ckudk awG‹&ayonf? “aysmufv#if r&Sm/ ysufwm rjyif/
qifjcif roHk;/ tðzef; a[mh&rf;/ vl‹aygufyef;ukd/ a&SŒwef;rSmwif/ Tav;tif-rSefyifysufpD;a=umif;?”
(t*FkwW& edum, pwkwˆ edygu ygVdawmf?)
rsufarSmufacwftajctaet& t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk&rnfqkdygu ppftm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh
aysmufqHk;oGm;&aom 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf óud;yrf;r_ tvHktavmufr&Sdjcif;/
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm; ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;vmonfudk tjyif;txef
óud;pm;[ef‹wm;r_ rðyvkyfjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk qdk;0g;pGm }uD;=uyfuGyfuJjcif;ESifh wkdif;jynfudk
ynmtar#mftjrifvnf;r&Sd/ orm"dvnf; r&Sdaomolwdk‹u tkyfcsKyfjcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?
1962 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vm&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &SmazG&mwGif
tu|rf;usifqHk;aom ynm&Sifu aemufqHk;ay: acwfrDtaumif;qHk; okawoeenf;pepfrsm;udk oHk;I
aocsmjynfhpHkatmif avhvmxm;csufonfyifv#if xdkxufydkI rSefuefwdusjywfom;pGm
azmfjyEkdifrnfr[kwfyg?
wygwDqdk&S,fvpf tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif csrSwfaom tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;onf
wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfjcif;r&SdI jrefrmjynfY pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; raocsm ra&&mr_rsm;
jzpfay:vmojzifh ae‹pOfb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ESifh pnf;urf;Oya'wdrf;a&Smifr_rsm;udk
rvJGraoG usL;vGefvm=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ESpaf ygif;=umjrifhpGm udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r_ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rS jynfolvlxkESifh acgif;aqmifydkif;wdk‹ yl;aygif;I rludk tajccH+yD;
óud;pm;vkyfudkifygu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹udk atmifjrifpGm &Edkifrnf[laom pdwful;tjrifonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &Sifoefvsuf usef&Sdaeygonf? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf ,if;pdwful;tjrifudk
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifrnfh ar#mfvifhcsufudk ay:aygufapygonf? tajccHtusqHk;ESifh
csufcsif;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtqifhwGif oabmxm;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDpepf[lonfrSm
tzJG‹tpnf;w&yftaejzifhqdkygu w&m;r#wI vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyJGpepft&
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh
tcsdefumvtwGif; zJG‹pnf;xm;aom tpdk;&yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹.
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk‹zmom a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk wm0ef&SdpGm usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh qkwf,kwfusqif;onfh
jzpfpOfudk xda&mufpGm pwifwGef;vSefEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhae=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf
tpdk;&ESifhywfoufaom xHk;wrf;pOfvm oDtdk&Dt,ltqrsm;udk qef;ppfI 'Drdkua&pDonf ‚if;wdk‹.
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh roifhavsmf[laom 0g'jzef‹csufudk wefjyefqef‹usif=uygonf?
opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydk at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?
xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPm&Sdjcif;/ *±k%mxm;jcif;ESifh w&m;"rR
apmifhpnf;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom tpdk;&udk
&&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif vwfwavm ta&;}uD;onfh ta&;ay:EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;onf
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;tkyfomG ;zG,f&m odk‹r[kwf ysufjy,foGm;zG,f&m&Sdaom
tEW&m,fESifh t+rJwrf; óuHawG‹ae&ygonf? pdwf"mwfa&;&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk yxr OD;pm;ay;&rnf/
rysufpD;atmifvkyf&rnf[k ckdifrmpGm wdkufwGef;ae&onfrSm pdwful;,Of0g'udkom xkwfazmfaejcif; r[kwfbJ
wd&p>mefO,smOf0wˆKxJrS tjzpfrsKd;ay:aygufrvmEkdifatmif tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? (+Adwdo#pma&;q&m}uD; a*smhtdk0Jvf a&;om;aom) wd&p>mefO,smOf0wˆKwGif pepfopfudk
wnfaxmifolwdk‹onf tpyxrwGif pdwftm;xufoefpGm wufwufºuGºuG ðyjyifa&;rsm;
ðyvkyf=uaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifrl ‚if;wdk‹ tpm;xkd;vdkufaom pepfa[mif;. rESpfòrd‹zG,f&m
tusifhp±dkufrsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;vm=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf tpkd;&pepfudkom
ajymif;vJvdkonfr[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkyg ajymif;vJvdkygonf?
“tpdk;&. tajccHtkyfjrpfonf tºuGi;f rJhtm%mjzpfonf” [laom t,ltqudk
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;tm%m. t&if;cHtiftm;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqjzifh
tpm;xdk;rSomv#if tm%m&Sifpepf. pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒp&m tarGtESpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf?
wkdif;jynf. uH=urRmudk tqHk;tjzwfay;Ekdifaom jynfolwdk‹. tcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nfrsm;tay:wGif
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;/ tpkd;&ESifh jynfolt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfjcif;/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;
oabmw&m;rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹ vdktyfygonf? Ak'<bmomt,ltqrsm;t&
rGefjrwfaom tusifhoDvoabmw&m;rsm;wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdaom o'<gpdwfonf
avmuDcsrf;omr_xufomaom avmukwW&mcsrf;omr_&&Sd&eftwGuf yxrqkHk;aom
vdktyfcsufyifjzpfygonf? t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhr_ESifh raocsmr_wdk‹udk =um&SnfcHpm;ae&aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;twGif;odk‹ Todk‹aom ,Hk=unfr_rsKd;udk oGwfoGif;&mY qENtm±Hkudk tm;udk;jcif;rðybJ
todOm%ft& oabmaygufvufcHvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;.
tESpfom&jzpfygonf? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m urBmhpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnDjzpfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
OD;wnfonfh awmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹wkdif;jynfjyifywGif&Sdaom
EkdifiHa&;oDtdk&Dt,ltqESifh vufawG‹usifhpOfrsm;udk avhvm±Hkr#omru ‚if;wkd‹. ywf0ef;usiftajctae
toGiftjyifudk jzpfay:vmaponfh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh todOm%f tawG;tac:ydkif;qkdif&m
wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; avhvm=uygonf?
wkdif;jynfwjynf. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;wdk;wufzHG‹òzd;r_onf tpOft+rJ
v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeom jzpfpOfjzpfa=umif; jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹ yifudk,fobm0pdwfu
em;vnfoabmayguf=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh wkd;wufzHG‹òzd;Ekdif&eftwGuf xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;/
wDxGifprf;oyfr_rsm;/ t,ltq ta[mif;rsm;ESifh topfrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus wefzdk;jzwfr_rsm;udk
toHk;ðy=u&rnfudk oabmayguf=uygonf? twdwfumvudk wnf=unfajzmifhrwfodrfarG‹pGm tuJjzwfr_ESifh
ypPKy`efumvudk vdrRmyg;eyfpGm tuJjzwfr_wdk‹tm; nDnGwfap (o[Zwf) &ef vdktyfonfh todw&m;twkdif;
'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;oltm;vHk;u v_yf&Sm;aeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? odk‹aomf Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf
todOm%fqdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;udk tar#mftjrif&Sd&Sd/ &J&J&ifh&ifhESifh &ifqkdifEkdifpGrf;udk &Sdaponfh
oabmxm;jynfh0r_jzifh ºuG,f0vsuf&Sdygonf? tqufrjywf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwdkufyJGrsm; qifEJ$&eftwGuf
cHEkdif&nf&Sdygonf? rkef;wD;r_/ w,loefr_/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhr_ ponfhtiftm;pkrsm;udk }uHŒ}uHŒcHEdkif&ef
vdktyfaom ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m cHEkdif&nfvnf; &Sdygonf? tm;&SdzG,f&m taumif;qHk;tcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJG.
t"duwGef;tm;onfh tm%m&&ef/ vufpm;acs&ef/ zsufqD;&ef tmomjyif;jyr_r[kwfbJ vGwfvyfr_/
w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk wu,fwrf; ±dkaoav;pm;a&;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiH. 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;wGif vGwfvyfaom
wef;wlnDwl tzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexkdifEkdif&ef ±kef;uefr_}uD;yifjzpfygonf? TonfrSm
rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrdwdk‹obm0. c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm; ausmfvGefEkdifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef
vlom;wdk‹ tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_. tpdwftydkif;wckyifjzpfygonf?
3
a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&;
* * *
vlwdk‹tm; t*wdvdkufpm;azmufjym;aponfrSm tm%mr[kwf/ pdk;&drfa=umuf±GHŒjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
tm%mvufv$wf&rnfudk a=umuf±GHŒjcif;onf tm%mvufudkifxm;olwdk‹tm; azmufjyefap+yD; tm%m.
'%fcsufukd a=umuf±GHŒjcif;onf tm%mvufatmufcHwdk‹tm; azmufjym;aponf? jrefrmtrsm;pkonf
t*wdw&m;av;yg;ESifh tu|rf;w0if&Sd=uygonf? tvdkqENa=umifh azmufjyefr_ (qENm*wd) [lonfrSm
wHpdk;vufaqmifvdkcsifI‚if;/ rdrdcspfcifolrsm; tusKd;twGuf‚if;/ rSefuefaomvrf;a=umif;rS aoGzDoGm;jcif;yif
jzpfygonf? a'gom*wdqdkonfrSm rdrrd kef;wD;olrsm;udk &efòid;vkyfvdkojzifh vrf;rSm;odk‹ a&mufoGm;jcif;
jzpfygonf? arm[m*wdqdkonfrSm rodem;rvnfr_a=umifh azmufjyefoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
T*wdav;yg;xJwGif tqkd;0g;qHk;rSm b,m*wd jzpfz, G f&m&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm a=umuf±HGŒr_ (b,m)
onf trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifonfh pGrf;&nftm;vHk;udk epfrGef;atmifðyI wajz;ajz;
ysufpD;aponfhtjyif tjcm;t*wdoHk;yg;. rlvt&if;tjrpfvnf; jzpfwwfygonf?
avmboufoufa=umifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfygu qENm*wdonf csKdŒwJhrnfudk a=umuf±GHŒjcif;/
rdrdcspfcifolrsm;. arwWm/ apwemqHk;±H_;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh jzpfay:vmEkdifouJhodk‹
rdrdxuf omoGm;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ tESdrfcH&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ epfemrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;
ponfwdk‹uvnf; a'gom*wdudk jzpfapygonf? a=umuf±HGŒr_tcsKyftaESmifrS vGwfuif;pGm trSefw&m;udk
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf r&SmEkdifrjcif; arm[udk z,fxkwf&ef cufcJrnfjzpfygonf? a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh
azmufjyefr_wdk‹onf tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufoG,faeojzifh ae&mtESH‹tjym;Y a=umuf±HGŒae&aom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wkdif;wGif azmufjyefr_rsKd;pHkwdk‹onf euf±_dif;pGm tajcpdkufvmygonf?
1988 ckESpf ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm;rS pwifcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_.
t"duta=umif;&if;onf pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;rsm;tay: jynfolvlxku rauseyfcsufyif
jzpfonf[k trsm;u ,lq=uygonf? pyf[yfIr&aom vrf;pOfrsm;/ rqDavsmfaom
ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ wae‹wjcm;wdk;yGm;aeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ 0ifaiG. 0,ftm;usqif;r_ ponfwdk‹
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfyGm;cJhojzifh wjynfvHk; pD;yGm;a&;upOfhuvsm;jzpfae&onfrSm rSefygonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
±dk;&m"avht& oabmaumif;+yD; qdwf+idrfpGmaewwfaom jynfolwdk‹. onf;cHEkdifr_w&m;
ysufjym;oGm;&jcif;rSm vufcHEkdifavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;udk &&SdEkdif&efyif cufcJpGm
±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;&Iomr[kwf/ a=umuf±HGŒr_/ azmufjyefr_wdk‹a=umifh ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfae&onfh b0.
&SufzG,f&m taetxm;a=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd‹. taygif;tazmfrsm;
aoqHk;&onfudkom uef‹uGufqENjyaeonfr[kwfbJ ypPKy`efb0udk t"dy`m,fuif;rJhap+yD;
tem*wftwGufvnf; ar#mfvifhcsufray;Edkifaom tm%m&Sifpepfu ‚if;wdk‹. touf&SifoefydkifcGifhudkyif
jiif;qefaeonfudk uef‹uGufae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? xkd‹jyif ausmif;om;wdk‹.
uef‹uGufawmif;qdkr_rsm;onf jynfolvlxk. rcsifhr&J rcHcsifpdwfrsm;udk yDyDoo xkwfazmfajymqdkaeouJhodk‹
jzpfav&m qENjyyJGrsm;onf EdkifiHw0Srf; vsifjrefpGm jyef‹ESH‹oGm;ygonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk pdwftxufoefqHk;
ulnDaxmufcH=uolrsm;xJwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SiftcsKdŒvnf; yg0ifygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf
azmufjyefaompepfwGif &Sifoef&yfwnfEkdifa&;twGufomru }uD;yGm;csrf;oma&;twGuf vdktyfaom
u|rf;usifr_ESifh tquftoG,frsm; &&Sdxm;=uolrsm;yif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹.
ºuG,f0csrf;omr_u ‚if;wdk‹udk ppfrSefaom vHkòcHr_udkaomf‚if;/ auseyfr_udkaomf‚if; ray;Ekdifyg?
wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; xdkufxdkufwefwef touf&Sifoefvdkonfqdkygu wm0ef&Sdaom
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfw&yfum; tenf;qHk; vdktyfcsufjzpfonf[k ‚if;wdk‹u rodbJraeEkdif jzpfvm&ygonf?
tm%m&Sifwdk‹vufckyfxJrS a&uJhodk‹ rv_yfEkdifr&Sm;Edkif pdk;&drfa=umuf±HGŒae&aom rvHkòcHaomb0udk
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹ +iD;aiG‹vm=uygonf?
vufckyfxJu
a&b0rdk‹
igwdk‹ at;jr&aomfvnf; æ
vufckyfxJu
zefuJGpawG
igwkd‹ jzpfvdkufcsifygbd
(armifom,m. “awmfvSefa&;qdkwm” rS)
tao;i,fqHk;aom zefpuav;rsm;onfyifv#if ‚if;wdk‹. pl;&Sc|efxufajymifvufaom pGrf;tifjzifh
‚if;wdk‹tm; acsr_ef;rnfh vufwdk‹tEW&m,frS ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ umuG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdjcif;onf
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_atmufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef óud;pm;aeolrsm;. t&if;tESpfjzpfaom ol&owWdESifh xif&Sm;aom
oauFwrsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqEkdifygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd awmfvSefa&;orm;[k ,lq+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH
&ifqdkifae&aom jy\emrsm;udk tajz&Sm&mY raerem;óud;pm;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “owWd/
AswWd&Sdolrsm;udkom tm;rudk;rlI vlwkdif;vlwkdif;yif rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif owWd/ AswWd&Sdaom
ol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfatmif pGef‹pm;&ayvdrfhrnf? okd‹rSomv#if usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; vGwfvyfa&;tppfudk
cHpm;cGifh&=uayvdrfhrnf” [k ajymqdkcJhygonf? (tv,fypP,H nDvmcHrdef‹cGef; - 20-1-46)
ae‹pOfb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf a=umuf±HGŒae=u&aom ywf0ef;usiftajctaewGif
razmufjyef&avatmif rnfr# óud;pm;tm;xkwf&onfudk w&m;Oya't&tkyfcsKyfaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif
uHtm;avsmfpGm aexdkifae&olrsm;tzdk‹ tvG,fwul odjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? w&m;r#waom
Oya'[lonfrSm tjypfusL;vGefolwdk‹udk rsufESmrvdkufbJ tjypf'%fcwfI azmufjyefr_udk
wm;qD;umuG,fjcif;om r[kwfyg? azmufjyefaomtavhtusifhrsm;udk tm;rudk;bJ
vl‹*k%foduQmudkxdef;odrf;xm;&eftwGuf tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jynfolwdk‹u jznfhqnf;Ekdifaprnfh
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk wnfaxmif&mwGif w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;u taxmuftulðyaejcif;yif jzpfygonf?
Todk‹ w&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;r&Sdonfh ae&ma'orsm;wGifrl w&m;r#wr_ESifh [D&d=owWy` w&m;wdk‹ESifh
udkufnDaomusifhpOfwdk‹udk ckcHumuG,f&ef wm0efonf omrefjynfolwdk‹tay:wGif usa&mufvmygonf?
jynfolwdk‹. tqufrjywf óud;yrf;r_ESifh wnf=unfpGm cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_rsm;. pkaygif;tusKd;qufrsm;onf
a=umuf±HGŒr_a=umifh qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh tqdk;taumif; odwwfaompdwf"mwfwdk‹ ysufjym;ae&onfhEkdifiHwGif
vlom;wdk‹. qdk;oGrf;aom p±dkufudkxdef;csKyf+yD; ‚if;wdk‹. w&m;r#wr_ESifh nDnGwfr_vdkvm;aom pdwfrsm;udk
tm;ay;Ekdifrnfh Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; pdk;rdk;aom EkdifiHtjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJEkdifrnf jzpfygonf?
twwfynm tvGeftrif; xGef;um;aomacwfwGif wDxGifxm;onfh aoapEkdifaom
vufeufrsm;udk tm;enf;olESifh tultnDrJholwdk‹tm; v$rf;rdk;}uD;pdk;&mwGif tiftm;}uD;ol/ tm%m&SdolESifh
w&m;vufudkifr&Sdolwdk‹u toHk;ðyEkdif=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifh wkdif;EkdifiH toD;oD;wGif‚if;/
tjynfjynfqkdif&mtqifhwGif‚if; EkdifiHa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm qufpyfxm;&ef
tvGefyifvdktyfaeygonf? bmomt,l0g'ra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G;/ EkdifiHra&G; vlom;tm;vHk; &ydkifcGifh&Sdaom
tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef vlwkdif;/ tzJG‹tpnf;wdkif;
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfoifhonf[k ukvor*~ urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;u
xkwfjyefa=unmxm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vwfwavmtusKd;tjrwfudk a&&Snfom,m0ajyma&;ESifh
+idrf;csrf;a&;wdk‹xuf ydkI OD;pm;ay;aom udk,fusKd;&Smtkyfpkrsm;udk tajcðyI‚if;/ jynfolvlxkay;xm;aom
vkyfydkifcGifhtay:wGif tajcrcHbJ twif;t"rRvkyfr_tay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdk;&rsm;
&Sdaeor#umvywfvHk; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f/ jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&mu
pkaygif;ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;[lonfrSm wydkif;wpom taumiftxnfazmfEkdifaom
&nfrSef;csuftqifhwGif wnf&Sdaernfomjzpfygonf? vl‹rdom;pk0iftjzpf &&Sdxm;aom rdrdESifhcJGjcm;Ir&aom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&mwGif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif; cHae=u&olrsm;u rdrdwdk‹udk,frdrdwdk‹ tm;udk;I
±kef;uefóud;yrf;ae&onfh ae&ma'orsm;rSmrl qufvufwnf&Sdaernfjzpfygonf?
tppfrSefqHk;aom awmfvSefa&;[lonfrSm wkdif;jynfwdk;wufzHG‹òzd;a&;vrf;a=umif;udk yHkazmfonfh
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;ESifh wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udk ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfae+yD[laom todrS aygufzGm;vmaom
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf? ±kyfydkif;tajctaersm; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef a&SŒ±_I
tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;ESifh &Sd+yD;om; vkyf±dk;vkyfpOf Oya'rsm;udkom ajymif;vJ&ef &nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;onf
ppfrSefaom atmifjrifr_udk &,lEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; rqifEJ$ygu pepfa[mif;wGif
rr#wr_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tiftm;pkrsm; qufvufv_yf&Sm;aernfjzpfI ðyjyifa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;
jyefvnf&Sifoefa&;jzpfpOfudk t+rJwrf; tEW&m,fay;aernf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfr_/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;wkd‹udk awmif;qdkae±Hkjzifh rvHkavmufyg? qENm*wd/ a'gom*wd/ arm[*wd/ b,m*wd wdk‹udk
wGef;vSef&ef xm0&wnf&Sdaom trSefw&m;twGuf tepfemcH&ef‚if;/ ckdif+rJaom ZJGvHk‹vjzifh wdkufyJG0if&ef‚if;
tm;vHk; wnDwnGwf jywfom;pGm oEMdXmefcs=u&rnf jzpfygonf?
olawmfpif/ olawmfaumif; [lonfrSm tjypfusL;vGefr_rsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; raumif;r_tukodkvfudk
a&SmifusOf&ef óud;yrf;&mY ZJG/ vHk‹v rav#mholrsm;jzpfonf[k tqdk&Sdygonf? xdk‹enf;wlyif
vGwfvyfolqdkonfrSmvnf; vGwfvyfaomvl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk xdef;odrf;xm;rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk
umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;Ekdifaom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk rdrdESifhavsmfuefoifhjrwfa&;twGuf rav#mhwrf;
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae=uaom tzdESdyfcHrsm;yif jzpfygonf? jynfh0I usOf;usyfr_r&Sdaom b0udk &&Sda&;twGuf
vlom;wdk‹ ar#mfvifhawmifhw=uaom tajccHvGwfvyfr_rsm;wGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;onf
enf;vrf;tjzpf‚if;/ aemufqHk;yef;wkdiftjzpf‚if; xif&Sm;pGm ay:vGifaeygonf? tpdk;&. +cdrf;ajcmufr_rS
vGwfuif;ap&ef tmrcHay;Ekdifrnfh 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; ckdifrmpGm tajcpdkufxm;aom wkdif;EkdifiHudk
wnfaxmifvdkolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹. a=umuf±HGŒpdwf/ vspfv#L±_pdwfrsm;rS vGwfajrmufatmif yxrqHk;
óud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
tajymESifhtnD tpOfðyvkyfavh&Sdaom atmifqef;onf owWdudk t+rJwrf; vufawG‹jyocJhygonf?
um,owWdudkomr[kwfbJ trSefw&m;udk ajymqdk&Jjcif;/ ajymonfhpum;twdkif; &yfwnfjcif;/ a0zefr_udk
vufcHjcif;/ rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csufudk 0efcHjcif;/ rdrd. trSm;udk jyifEkdifjcif;/ twdkuftcHudk ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;/
&efolESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;/ rdrdonf acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfoifh/ rjzpfoifhudk jynfoltm; qHk;jzwfydkifcGifhay;jcif;
paom pGrf;&nfowWdrsm;udk vufawG‹jyocJhygonf? Todk‹aom udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m owWdrsm;a=umifh
atmifqef;tm; jrefrmwjynfvHk;u t+rJwrf; =unf!dkav;pm;cspfcifaernf jzpfygonf? ‚if;tm;
ol&Jaumif;ppfonfawmftjzpfESifhomrubJ wkdif;jynf. pdwf"mwfudk wufºuGoef‹pifaponfh
pHerlemxm;tyfoltjzpf cspfcifjrwfEkd;ae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifhywfoufI *s0g[vmae±l;
oHk;oGm;aompum;rsm;udk atmifqef;ta=umif; ajym&mwGifvnf; oHk;Ekdifygonf? “‚if;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;.
tESpfom&onf a=umuf±HGŒjcif;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh trSefw&m;yifjzpfI Tpdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh v_yf&Sm;vkyfudkifum
vlxk. om,m0ajyma&;udk t+rJwrf; OD;wnfjcif;yif jzpfygonf?”
t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfudk a&SŒaqmifjzef‹csDol acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfaom *ENDESifh trsKd;om;ppfwyfudk
wnfaxmifcJhaom atmifqef;onf yifudk,fobm0t& uGmjcm;vSygonf? odk‹aomf umva'ora&G;
tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;rS ay:xGufvmaom pdefac:r_rsm;onf qifwl±dk;rSm;&SdouJhodk‹ xdkpdefac:r_udk
òydifqkdiftHwk&ef xGufay:vmolrsm;. t&nftaoG;rsm;onfvnf; wlnDavh&Sdygonf? *END.
t}uD;rm;qHk;aom atmifjrifr_w&yfrSm tdENd,jynfojl ynfom;rsm;wGif owWdpdwfoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf[k
,lqaom ae±l;onf EkdifiHa&;wGif acwfopftjrif&Sdoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ESpfq,f&mpk
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfaomtcgwGif a&S;a[mif;tdENd,jynf.
'\etawG;tac:rsm;txd jyefvnf&SmazGum a&;om;wifjyxm;onfum; “vlwOD; odk‹r[kwf
wkdif;jynfwjynftzdk‹ }uD;us,ftjrifhjrwfqHk;aom yg&rDonf tb, ac: a=umuf±HGŒr_r&Sdjcif;jzpf.?
um,owWdomr[kwf pdwfxJrSmyif a=umuf±HGŒr_uif;jcif;jzpfygonf?”
a=umuf±HGŒpdwfr&Sdjcif;onf yg&rDjzpfzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; xdkxufydkI tzdk;wefzG,f&m&Sdaom
owWdrsm; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh &&Sdvmaom owWd/ a=umufpdwfudk vdkufavsm&onfhtjzpfudk
ra&mufatmif ðypkysKd;axmifavhusifhI &&Sdvmaom owWd/ t=uyfudkifzdESdyfaeonfh=um;rS
wnf=unfodrfarG‹pGm &nfwnfEkdifjcif;/ =urf;wrf;cufxefpGm tqufrjywf zdESdyfaeonfh=um;xJrSm
xyfcgwvJ wnf=unfodrfarG‹r_udk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh &&SdaomowWd ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd[k jiif;y,fxm;aompepfatmufwGif a=umuf±HGŒpdwfom ae‹pOfESifhtr#
v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? axmifusrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ao&rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ rdwfaqGrdom;pk/ OpPmypPnf; odk‹r[kwf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;±H_;rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ qif;&Jrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ txD;usefjzpfrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ysufpD;qHk;±_H;rnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf? arG;&myg vl‹*k%foduQmESifh rdrdudk,frdrd av;pm;r_wdk‹udk
rqHk;±_H;&avatmif xdef;odrf;umuG,f&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapaom owWdjyonfh
ae‹pOfvkyf&yfuav;rsm;udk tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfonf/ odk‹r[kwf t&mra&mufaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf/
t&rf;uma&mvkyfonf/ rdkufrJjcif;jzpfonf ponfjzifh jypfwif±_wfcsum rdrduyif b0ay;todOm%f
odk‹r[kwf ynmOm%f&SdouJhodk‹ [efaqmifjcif;onf wdwfwcdk;tEW&m,fay;onfh tqkd;0g;qHk;aom
a=umuf±HGŒr_rsKd;yif jzpfygonf? tiftm;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf[laom rljzifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaom
pepfatmuf. yHkoGif;jcif;udk cH&olrsm;tzdk‹ tiftm;ukefcrf;apaom a=umuf±HGŒr_tqdyfaiG‹rS
vGwfu|wfatmif ±kef;xGuf&efrSm rvG,fulvSyg? odk‹aomfvnf; a=umuf±HGŒr_onf ,Ofaus;aomvlom;.
obm0r[kwfaoma=umifh tzdESdyfqHk;aom tpdk;&,EW&m;atmufYyif owWdonf xyfcgwvJvJ
xºuGvmygonf?
txdef;tcsKyfr&Sdaom tm%mudk &ifqkdif&mwGif owWd&Sdr_ESifh cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_wdk‹tm; t+rJwrf;
&Sifoefaeapaom a&aomufjrpfrSm udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk
txGwftjrwfxm;onfhtay:wGif ckdifrmpGm,Hk=unfjcif;jzpf+yD; rnfr#yif ±_H;edrfhr_/ qkwf,kwfr_rsm; &Sdapumrl
vlom;onf aemufqHk;wGif ±kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m wkd;wufr_ESpfckpvHk;udk &&Sd&rnf[laom
orkdif;oabmudk ,Hk=unfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif óud;pm;jcif;/ rdrdukd,frdrd
raumif;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif óud;yrf;jcif; paom pGrf;&nfwdk‹onf vlom;wdk‹udk wd&p>mef±dkif;rsm;ESifh
txift&Sm;uJGjym;apaom t"dutcsufyifjzpfygonf? vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;. rlvt&if;tjrpfrSm
vHk;0tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvdkaompdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef
enf;vrf;&SmEkdifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;twkdif; vkdufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk
tqHk;wkdif rvdkufemEkdifonfhwkdifatmif udk,fydkifc|wf,Gif;csuftuef‹towfESifh
ywf0ef;usiftwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvGef&efvdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif
óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdI ,Ofaus;aomvlom;wdk‹ESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom
vl‹avmuudk vlom;wdk‹ pdwful;ar#mfjrif=uonfhtwGuf a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh csKdŒwJhr_rS uif;vGwfaom
vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef ra=umufr±HGŒ/ tepfemcHvkyf0Hh=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? opPmw&m;/
*±k%mw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_wdk‹udk +iD;aiG‹zG,f&m tawG;tac:a[mif;}uD;rsm;[kqdkum ypfy,fI r&yg?
&ufpufaom tm%mpufukd wGef;vSef&mwGif Tw&m;rsm;onfomv#if tumtuG,fay;aevsuf
&Sdwwfygonf?
4
“Adkvf” . t"dy`m,ftppftrSef
* * *
Adkvf[laom a0g[m&rSm tpdk;&±Hk;toHk;tE_ef;wGif =unf;wyfrS Adkvf odk‹r[kwf “vufzfwifheifh” udk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;pum;wGif ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ trdef‹ay;olrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
“Adkvf” [k ac:avh&Sdygonf? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh wufºuGaeaom
xGef;opfp ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhajray:ajccsvmonfESifh ‚if;wyfrSt&m&Sdrsm;udk
&mxl;ra&G; “Adkvf” [k ac:a0:cJh=uygonf? vltrsm; pdwf"mwft&Sdefjrifhrm;I ab;tEW&m,fxlajymaom
ppfwGif;umvwGif vlpGrf;aumif;rsm; aps;aumif;av&m “Adkvf” wkdif;udk pJGrufzG,f&m
pdwful;,OfyHkjyifqefqef roJuGJaom tawG;jzifh ±_jrif=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf a&SŒqHk;rS xifay:aeolrSm
atmifqef;jzpfygonf? touf (27) ESpfyif rjynfhao;bJ pdwf"mwftvGefjyif;xef+yD;
ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfojzifh rsKd;cspfvli,f ppfaoemywdtoGifaqmifae&m ‚if;ESifhywfoufI oDcsif;/
uAsmrsm; a&pyf&mY pdwful;uGef‹jrL;vm=uygonf?
igwdk‹jrefrmjynfr,f
rdbwdkif;uuG,f
Adkvfatmifqef;vdk tmZmenftppfawG
arG;=u&r,f –
&mZ0iftwˆKywWdvnf; &Sd&r,f
armfuGef;vnf; xdk;avmufwJh
jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f
(aqmif;yg;tquf vmonf)
&Sif;vif;jyefom;pGmjzifh vHk;0pdwfxm;rSefatmif xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? xkdpOfu usif;yavh&Sdaom
tcrf;tem;wckwGif atmifqef;tm; urBmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;rnf[k csD;rGrf;aom=obmpmudk
zwf=um;aomtcg urBmhorkdif;wGifrqdkESifh/ Armhorkdif;Yyif ae&mr&ao;yg[k atmifqef;u ºuGwfqyfqyf
rSwfcsufcsoGm;cJhygonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wav#mufwGif ppfwyfudk OD;aqmifcJhonfhaemufydkif;wGif
jyefvnfwnfaxmifvdkufaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh+yD; bk&ifcH. tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif
'kOuUXtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aomtcgYyif atmifqef;u “usKyfwdk‹ tck rp&ao;/ rvkyf&ao;bl;? 'ga=umifh
csD;rGrf;p&m&Sdvnf; tckcsD;rGrf;rcHcsifao;bl;” [k ajymaewkef;yif jzpfygonf? xdkpOftcsdefu ‚if;onf
trsKd;om;vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpf+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif “AdkvfcsKyf” [k od&Sd=uum
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfðycHae&olyif jzpfygonf?
“AdkvfcsKyf” [lonfrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmufwGif&Sdaom tqifhyifjzpfaomfvnf; atmifqef;u
&,lvdkufaomtcg ,if;&mxl;tqifhonfvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif twkr&Sd/ xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom
t"dy`m,foufa&mufr_&Sdvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyf[lonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcif/ tiftm;}uD;aom
udk,fusKd;r=unfhaom acgif;aqmifr_/ a0g[m&t"dy`m,ft& “Adkvfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol” [k oabm&ygonf?
“Adkvf” ygVdpmvHk; “Av” (cGeftm;) rS vmjcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; csD;usL;xdkufaom cGeftm;ESifh
rvdkvm;tyfaomtiftm;udk cJGjcm;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? “um,” ðyvkyfjcif;ESifh “Av” wdk‹
aygif;pyfvdkufygu AvuUm, t=urf;zufjcif;jzpfvmygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vufcHEkdifavmufaom
tuef‹towf twkdif;twmxufausmfvGefI cGeftm;udk toHk;ðyaomtcg zsufqD;jcif;tjzpfodk‹
a&muf&Sdvmygonf? TtEW&m,fudk udk,fusifhw&m;jzifh xdef;csKyfjcif; rðyygu EdkifiHa&; odk‹r[kwf
vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh 0±kef;okef;um; jzpfaeaom tcsdeftcgY t}uD;rm;qHk;aom
tEW&m,fjzpfvmEkdifrnfrSm txl;ajymp&mrvdkyg? Todk‹aom tcsdefumvwGif atmifqef;onf
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wdkufyJGudk OD;pD;OD;udkifvkyfcJh&onf? Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;xGufjzpfojzifh
‚if;onf pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfwdk‹. pGrf;tm;ESifhqkdifaom oabmw&m;ukd i,fpOfuyif od&SdrnfjzpfI Avig;yg;
(Áa¹ENig;yg; odk‹r[kwf pdwfudk xdef;odrf;Ekdifaomw&m;rsm;) udkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;cJhrnfjzpfygonf?
‚if;wdk‹rSm o'<g/ 0d&d,/ owd/ orm"dESifh ynmwdk‹jzpfygonf? avmuDtvdkt& Avig;wefjzpfaom um,/
Om%/ abm*/ rdwW/ pm&dwWAvwdk‹onf avmukwW&mtusKd;aqmifAvrsm;xuf edrfhus+yD; *k%foduQm&SdpGm
tusKd;ay;rnfhtiftm;rsm;jzpfvmEdkif&ef ‚if;wdk‹udk pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfðypkysKd;axmifjcif;jzifh
xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; cGeftm;. aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;udk todOm%fynmt&
em;vnfoabmaygufonfhtcsufonf atmifqef;udk rv$rf;rdk;yg? wm0ef&Sdaom ppftzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh
aygif;pyf&rnfh ay:xGef;p ppfwyf. ppfaoemywdtjzpf‚if;/ rwnf+idrfaom yk*~dKvfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeonfh
trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmiftjzpf‚if; pnf;urf;jzifh rxdef;xm;aom tiftm;.
vufawG‹tEW&m,frsm;udk ‚if;u aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;olyifjzpfygonf?
atmifqef;onf ‚if;wnfaxmifxm;aom wyfrawmfudk pnf;urf;}uD;I *k%fusufoa&&Sdaom
tzJG‹tpnf;tjzpf &nfrSef;xm;ygonf? tepfemcHjcif;/ udk,fhpnf;udk,fxdef;jcif;/ azmufjyefr_uif;jcif; paom
ausmufom;yuwdcdkifrmonfh jrifhjrwfaom*k%ft*Fgrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aomwyfrawmf/
udk,fydkiftusKd;tjrwfrar#mfudk;bJ wkdif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rdrd.cGeftm;udk vHk;0ay;vªxm;aom
wyfrawmfomjzpf&rnf[k atmifqef;u ,lqygonf? vufeuftiftm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&m
ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xifrSwfaprnfh oabmxm;rsm;/ &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg&ef
ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;qHk;rcJhygonf? tm;}uD;olu tm;enf;oludk
tEdkifusifhvdkaom vl‹obm0udkaxmufjyI rw&m;ðyusifhaom tm;}uD;olwdk‹tm;
ra=umufr±HGŒqef‹usif&efESifh tm;enf;olwdk‹tay:wGif ajzmifhrSefw&m;r#wpGm ðyusifh&ef atmifqef;u
wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? “'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEkdifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG&JŒ udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/
qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd;jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ 'Dwyfrawmf[m EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf[m tvum;yJjzpfr,f”
[kvnf; owday;cJh. (31-1-44)? wkdif;jynfu udk;uG,fqnf;uyfxdkufaom
xl;c|efonfhwyfrawmfjzpfvmap&ef tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf
xl;c|efojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ay;&ef txl;tcGifhta&;&Sdaom vufa&G;pifvlwpkjzpfvm&rnf r[kwfyg?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf/ wzJG‹/ vlwpk/ wygwDtwGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ
wjynfvHk;twGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k atmifqef;u &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymqdkxm;ygonf?
‚if;wdk‹Yomv#if jynfcspfpdwf&SdEkdifonf[laom t,ltqudk cH,lxm;=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;.
ao;odrfarS;rSdefaom tjrifudkvnf; atmifqef;u y,fcsygonf? “wjcm; ppfom;r[kwfayrJh EdkifiHtwGuf
trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyfwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh
pdwf"mwfoabmxm;udk ajymif;=u&r,f” (13-3-44)?
atmifqef;u ppfom;rsm;udk wif;rmjyif;xefpmG owday;qHk;rae&onfhtcsufrSm wyfrawmfudk
ESdrfvdkaoma=umifhr[kwfbJ “igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifvlawGjzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EkdifiH&JŒ
&efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;oabmaygufatmif ajymjyjcif;yJ” [k
udk,fwdkifrdef‹=um;cJhygonf (13-3-44)? wkdif;jynf. *k%foduQm[lonfrSm jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmjzpfonf/
jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmonf ‚if;ESifh ‚if;ppfom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh cJGjcm;Ir&[k atmifqef;u
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? olvdkvm;aom pHjyvufeufukdifwyfzJG‹qdkonfrSm ppfr_xrf;wkdif;.
tðytrltusifhwdk‹onf 18 &mpk eef;wGif;pmqdkawmf vuf0JokEN& (1723-99) a&;om;zJG‹qdkxm;aom
eENdaoeysKdŒyg oabmw&m;jzifh jynfh0aernfjzpfaom wyfzJG‹yifjzpf&ayrnf?
ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvdkomvnf;
pJGudkifvufeuf/ b,fvdkxufvnf;
jynfol‹ESvHk;/ rodrf;óuH;v#if
jynfol‹cGeftm;/ rudk;pm;v#if
"g;oGm;vnfaºuG/ vSHvnf;acGtHh?
(vuf0JokEN&/ eENdaoeysKdŒrS)
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tjrifhrm;qHk;tqifhodk‹ a&muf&SdvmonfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
jynfol‹pdwfESvHk;udk odrf;óuH;I/ jynfol‹tiftm;udk udk;pm;a=umif; ydkI odomxif&Sm;vmygonf?
“vlwOD;wa,mufonf rnfr#avmuf pGrf;yum;&Sdapumrl vlxk. tm;ay;,kdif;yif;r_r&SdbJvsuf
&mZ0ifwGifavmufaom vkyfief;rsKd;udk jzpfajrmufatmif raqmif&GufEkdif” [k ,Hk=unfonfhtavsmuf
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif jynfolwdk‹udk ‚if;aemufrS +rJ+rHpGm }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif &yfwnf=uyg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
ppfrSefaom tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh r&,lEkdifa=umif; ‚if;u od&Sdxm;ygonf?
r[kwfrrSefaom uwdrsm;ay;I‚if;/ ajr‡mufyifhajymqdI k ‚if;/ axmufcHr_&,laomenf;udk ‚if;u roHk;yg?
ppfa=umifh t}uD;tus,fysufpD;ae&onfh ajray:wGif vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fx wdkif;EkdifiHudk
wnDwnGwfwnf; 0dkif;0ef;wnfaxmif&ef ‚if;ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfr_ESifh
±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹. wckwnf;aomtajccHrSm ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfyGifhvif;r_yif jzpfonf[k
AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u ,lqygonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ aumufuspfpOf;vJr_wdk‹udk
OD;pm;ay;usifhoHk;aejcif;onf jynfolvlxkudk apmfum;&ma&mufonfhtjyif rdrd. oduQmorm"dudkvnf;
azmufzsuf&ma&mufygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf todw&m;jzifh trSm;xuf trSefudkom wefzdk;xm;+yD;
trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,lqI atmifqef;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
,if;,lqcsufonf rSm;,Gif;jcif;r&Sdyg? ‚if;. óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk jynfolvlxku tjynfht0
em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; pnf;vHk;nDnmpGm axmufcHtm;ay;I wHk‹jyef=uojzifh 1947 ckESpf {+yDvY
usif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; (zqyv) tzJG‹rS
0ifa&muf,SOfòydifoltrsm;pk tEkdif&cJhygonf? atmifqef;onf tpdk;&tm%m. tqift,if/
taqmifta,mifrsm;udk *±kpdkufvSolr[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolwdk‹u a&G;cs,fxm;aom
acgif;aqmifqdkonfh*k%fudkrl ±dk;om;pGmjrwfEdk;olyifjzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk atmifqef;
av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;ygonf? acgif;aqmifr_[lonfrSm ao&rnf odk‹r[kwf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsrnfudk
a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ rdrdrSefonf[k ,lqaomudpPukd owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfudkif&Jojzifh vlxku
,Hk=unfpGmay;tyfxm;aom t&mjzpfonf[k atmifqef;u jrifygonf? wkdif;jynftay:wGif xm;&Sd&rnfh
‚if;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ysufuGufygu ay;xm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolu
jyefvnfodrf;,l&rnf[kvnf; vufcHygonf? ‚if;ESifh ‚if;. tpdk;&tzJG‹udk wkdif;jynfu
±dkaoav;pm;jcif;r&SdawmhaomtcgwGif ‚if;wdk‹ &mxl;rS E_wfxGufrnf[k atmifqef;u ajymaomtcg
tajymoufoufomr[kwfbJ zsufrnfr[kwfaom uwdudk ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k jynfolwdk‹u
od&Sd=uygonf? tiftm;qdkonfrSm w&m;r#wrSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf toHk;ðyrSomv#if
wefzdk;&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfaom EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif ppfonfwOD;tzdk‹ *k%foduQmr&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf
ESpfvdkzG,f&mr[kwfyg?
jynfol‹vlpGrf;aumif;[lonf jynfol. ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufudk udk,fpm;ðyygonf? vufawG‹b0&Sd
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl jynfolwdk‹. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfay;Ekdifrnfh twkdif;twmudkom
a&mifjyef[yfae=uygonf? óuHcJvSaom orkdif;tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufESifh
wu,fhvufawG‹b0wdk‹ wxyfwnf; wkdufqdkifoGm;aomtcgY jynfolvlxkonf udk,fa&mpdwfyg
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpGrf;ukefvkyfaqmif=u+yD; tcsif;csif; nDnGwf=uygonf? ,if;tcsdeftcgudk
owd&aejcif;jzifh oduQmrJhI atmifjrifr_ajcmufcrf;aom umvrsm;wGif tm;arG;/ *k%f,lEkdifygonf?
atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkawmif;vSonfh umvtwGif;Y jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf
‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ xdkufxdkufwefwef ,Hk=unftm;udk;cGifh&=uolrsm;wGif&Sdaom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;/
vkyfcsifudkifcsifaom tiftm;rsm;jzifh jynfhòzd;ae=uygonf? ‚if;wkd‹. AdkvfcsKyfu ‚if;wdk‹udk pnf;urf;ESifh
vHk‹v0d&d,r&Sd[lI ol‹0oDtwdkif; wHk;wHk;wdwd jypfwif}udrf;armif; qlylonfhtcgYyif ‚if;wdk‹onf
pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd=ubJ AdkvfcsKyfonf rdrd. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif jyifqif&ef qEN&SdouJhodk‹
‚if;wdk‹udkvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifapvdkonf[k taotcsmod&Sdxm;=uojzifh ydkIyif
óud;pm;csifpdwf aygufvm=uygonf?
“b0[lonfrSm trSefw&m;ESifh tjypfuif;pifr_udk &SmazGaom rGefjrwfonfh c&D;pOf” [k
atmifqef;u ,lqxm;ygonf? Todk‹ &SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif olESifhtwl wkdif;jynfudkyg o,faqmifoGm;&ef
óud;pm;cJhygonf? vufawG‹rusavmufatmif jrifhrm;onf[k qdk&avmufaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&mY tHh=ozG,f&matmifjrifr_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. t&nftcsif;udk‚if;/
ajymonfhtwkdif; vkyfI oduQmorm"dESifh ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_onf vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;.
xda&mufaomtajccHjzpfEkdifa=umif; jyocJhaom atmifqef;. pGrf;&nfudk‚if; *k%fðy&ma&mufygonf?
atmifqef;onf ppfonfawmfwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkv#if
taotcsmwdkufoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomf wdkufyJG+yD;aomtcgwGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ vufeufudk
ab;z,fum +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk vdkufcJholjzpfygonf? ‚if;. vufxJodk‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%m
a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGifvnf; “usKyfu arwWmESifh opPmudk a&SŒxm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfr,f” [k [efrvkyfbJ
±dk;om;pGmajymEkdifolyifjzpfygonf? ‚if;tm; axmufcHolrsm;u ‚if;onf rdrdwdk‹. touf/ rdrdwdk‹.
csrf;omr_ESifh rdrdwdk‹. ,Hk=unfr_wdk‹udk rqifrjcif tusKd;rJhatmif vkyfrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsEkdif=uygonf? ol.
pum;twkdif; qdk&v#if atmifqef;onf wkdif;jynfudk “t&rf;rJh ajAmif;qefatmif” vkyfrnfh
“EkdifiHa&;pwef‹rif;om;” r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxku ‚if;. acgif;aqmifr_udk ,Hk=unfrnfqdkygu wESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;udk twwfEkdifqHk; +idrf;csrf;pGm&,lrnf[k &J&J}uD; tmrcHcJhygonf? “usKyf[m usKyfuwdudk
rzsufcJhbl;qdkwm cifAsm;wdk‹ odw,fr[kwfvm;”? Tpum;udk 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&D (4) &ufae‹wGif
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom orwEkdifiH[k ra=unmrD (11) vwdwdtvdku
ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&aomtcgwGif atmifqef; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? olwyg;tm;
qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufcHI pdwfaumif;apwemaumif; tppftrSefudk wHk‹jyefwwfaom todOm%f&Sdonf[k
,lqonfh tajccHoabmxm;&Sdol atmifqef;onf tm%m&&Sda&;udk udk,fusifhw&m;xufydkI
*±kðy=uaom EkdifiHa&;òydifzufwdk‹. opPmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;. '%fudk cHoGm;&ygonf? jrefrmjynftwGuf
‚if;xm;&Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif *±kwpdkufpOf;pm;awG;ac:
t}uHOm%frsm;xkwfouJhodk‹ ‚if;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmvHkòcHr_twGuf *±kwpdkuf&SdcJhygu atmifqef;onf
vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&rnfr[kwf[k ajymolrsm;&Sd=uygonf? odk‹aomf olom xdkuJhodk‹ udk,fusKd;iJholjzpfcJhygu
“acgif;aqmifonf EkdifiH.tiftm;jzpfonf” [laomxHk;udk toufoGif;ay;vdkufaom AdkvfwumhAdkvf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u ‘igwdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf’ [k owfrSwfxm;aom Adkvfatmifqef;jzpfawmhrnf r[kwfyg?
&nfrSef;csufrsm;
awmfvSefa&;tv,fA[dkwGif
EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaomrdef‹cGef;
("gwfyHkvmonf)
om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) 1991 ckESpf 'DZbFmv 10 &ufae‹Y
rdcifudk,fpm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk vufcH&if; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufvmonf)
Ttpdk;&onf ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg; rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfhtwGuf wcsdefu
}uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhaom jrefrma&$0gajronfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wGif urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiHb0odk‹
a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf? =oZmtm%mudk xda&mufap&ef +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ a=umuf&GHŒr_/ zdESdyfr_/ rkef;wD;r_wdk‹udk
toHk;ðycJhaom tjcm;tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;. uH=urRmuJhodk‹ aemufqHk;wGif ‚if;wdk‹. uH=urRmvnf;
jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfudk &efukef&Sd tm%mydkifwdk‹. twGif;pdwfxJY od&Sd=u&rnf jzpfygonf? vuf&Sd
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDóud;yrf;r_wkdufyJG 1988 ckESpfu/ vrf;rrsm;ay:Y aygufuJGxGufay:vmjcif;onf ta&SŒOa&my/
tm&SESifh tmz&duwdk‹wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD 'Da&v_dif;}uD;. yxrqHk;aom
v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfyif jzpfygonf? ,ae‹ 1991 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom/ acgif;rmaom
EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ vufatmufwGif qufvuf 'kuQcHae&ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHonf
odomxif&Sm;aeygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'Drkdua&pDatmifyJGcHoGm;aom om"uonf
jrefrmjynfolwdk‹twGuf ta&;}uD;aom owif;yg;csufyifjzpfygonf? tm%m&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;onf vHk;0
pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf vuf&Sdtpdk;&onfvnf; usqHk;&rnf[laom ta=umif;=um;csuf
jzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif jrifhwufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvJGvJGtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
wefzdk;r&Sdaom usyfaiGwdk‹ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdrdwdk‹ ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif;
cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg?
odk‹aomfvnf; vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;& usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; vHk;0
òydusysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umifh rjzpfygapESifh[k usaemf av;eufpGm ar#mfvifhygonf? ,ckESpftwGuf
qka=unmpOf EdkbJvfaumfrwDu azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; vl‹tajccH*±k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;onfudk
tm%m&tpdk;&u *±kðyrdaumif; ðyrdygvdrfhrnf? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fI a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹atmif ðyvkyfaeaom
vuf&Sdvrf;pOfrsm;onf jrefrmhAk'<bmomtpOftvm. rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqum &GHrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpdk;&tzJG‹wGif yg&Sda=umif; usaemfodygonf?
TonfrSm tcsnf;ESD; udk,fvdk&mudk,fqJG+yD; awG;ac:jcif;r[kwfbJ usaemfhrdcifudk,fwkdif tm%mydkiftqifh&Sd
yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh xdawG‹qufqH&if; &&Sdvmaom ,Hk=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ppfr_xrf;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹
rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifaom rJqENe,fajrrsm;wGif olr. ygwD tEdkif&&SdonfrSmvnf;
Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;pGm om"ujyjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;xJrS ,if;odk‹ r#wvdkaom/
oifhjrwfvdkaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvdktyfqHk;aom tcsdefumvY ‚if;wdk‹. cHpm;csufrsm;udk
xdxda&mufa&muf tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdEkdif&ef vkyfEkdifygap[k usaemf av;eufpGm qENðyygonf?
usaemfhrdcifom ,ae‹ vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymqdk&if;
zdESdyfolESifh zdESdyfcHae&olwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. vufeufrsm;udk pGef‹ypfI twlwuG yl;aygif;um
+idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh *±k%mw&m;wdk‹tay:wGif tajccHaom wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmufapEkdif&eftwGufyg
qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wdk‹tm; yef=um;rnf[k usaemf odygonf?
usaemfhrdciftm; 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &,lvdkaom
EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajymqdk a&;om;=uaomfvnf; olr óud;pm;&SmazGaeonfrSm
tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m ajymif;vJr_jzpfonfudk usaemfwdk‹ owd&oifhygonf? “tppfrSefqHk;aom
awmfvSefa&;onf pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD;” ,if;odk‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&mwGif “vdktyfaom
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;” ESifh ywfoufIvnf; olr. a&;om;xm;csufrsm; &Sdygonf? ,if;
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&efrSm vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;tay:wGif vHk;0 rlwnfaeygonf?
vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;odpdwf. rlv t&if;tjrpfrSm “vHk;0 tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI
tjypfuif;pifvdkaom pdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef enf;vrf;&SmEdkifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;udk
vdkufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk tqHk;wkdif rvdkufEkdifonfhwkdifatmif rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csuf
tuef‹towfudk ausmfvGef&ef vdktyfaomtwkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹
jzpfygonf”? b0wGif jynfh0pGm aexkdi&f eftwGuf olwyg;. vdktyfcsufwm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifvdkaomowWd &Sd&rnfjzpf.? Twm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk&rnf[k olru qdkcJhygonf? Ttcsufudk
olr.,Hk=unfr_ESifh qufpyf,l&mwGif “owW0gtaygif;wdk‹teuf vlom;ppfppfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfudk &&SdEkdifojzifh vlom;tm; tvGefwefzdk;xm;onfh jrefrmh±dk;&m
,Ofaus;r_tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g't& vlwkdif;onf rdrdqENt& óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh opPmw&m;udk
odEkdifpGrf;&Sd+yD; olwyg;udk odap&eftwGufvnf; ulnDEkdifaom tvm;tvm&Sdonf” [k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemufqHk;wGif olru “jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u
urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfaom wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexdkifEkdif&ef
±kef;uefr_}uD;yif jzpfygonf? TonfrSm rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrd. obm0c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm;
ausmfvGefEdkifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef vlom;wdk‹u tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_.
tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfygonf”[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemfa0;wGif rdciftwGuf usaemfESifh usaemfhnDwdk‹ qkxl;}uD;udk vufcH=u&onfrSm Tt}udrfonf
'kwd,t}udrfyif jzpfygonf? ,refESpfuvnf; odka&mhzf&mzfwdk (Thorolf Rafto) vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk
vufcH&ef bm*if (Bergen) odk‹ usaemfwdk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? ,ckESpftcrf;tem;. y%mryif
jzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwdk‹wGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdae=u+yD jzpfygonf?
r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwdk‹rdcifonfvnf; TcHpm;csufudk r#a0cHpm;Ekdif+yD; usaemfrSwqifh odk‹r[kwfbJ
rdrdudk,fwkdif wkduf±dkuf pum;ajymEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf ar#mfvifhygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESifh
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm; Todk‹ }uD;rm;xl;jcm;pGm axmufcHjcif;onf urBmhtpGefqHk;
qef‹usifbufae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifae=uaom jynfolESpf&yftm; ydkrdkeD;uyfatmif pkaygif;ay;&mus+yD;
,ckuJhodk‹ jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf
,Hk=unfygonf?
vl}uD;rif;tm;vHk;udk usaemfhtaejzifh pdwfxJESvHk;xJrS aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymvdkygonf?
,ae‹rSpI emusnf;csufrsm;/ tmCmwrsm; pwif ys,fajymufI jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&mwGif 1991
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkonf orkdif;wGifrnfh ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwdk‹ qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvifh&rnf
jzpfygonf? twdwf. oifcef;pmrsm;udk arhavsmhrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; tem*wf ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf
usaemfwdk‹ ,ae‹ tcrf;tem; qif,ifusif;yjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
10
EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ay;pm
56/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
&efukef
14 ar 1992
ygarmuQ vGef'Dpwuf&Sifh
atmifqef;pk=unf
11
* * *
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS ESppf OfcsD;jr‡ifhaom vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk orw
yufx&D±_d-tvf0if (Patricio Aylwin) ESifhtwl wcsdefwcgxJ vufcH&,l&onfudk rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf?
Tqkonf ,cktcgY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaom udpP&yfrsm;udk tm±Hkpl;pdkufvmap&ef
rD;armif;xdk;ouJhodk‹ jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEkdifiH orw}uD;onf trSefw&m;ESifh
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdk‹t=um; ckdif+rJaom qufpyfr_&SdaeyHkudk wae‹wjcm; vltrsm;
ydkrdkod&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif us,jf yef‹pGm ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vSonfh
acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf?
vSnfhjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl‹*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;r_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom a=umuf&HGŒr_ESifh
oHo,jzpfr_wdk‹onf vl‹tcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_a=umifh uJGtufae&aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;tay:Y
avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf&Sdygonf? Todk‹aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;udk
aysmufuif;atmif uko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? Todk‹ðyvkyfEkdif&ef
wjynfvHk;. csrf;ajrŒom,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk‹. usOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk‹xuf a&SŒwef;rS
xm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifhwOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom
tajctaevnf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
cg;oD;vSaom &efòid;zJG‹r_rsm; tcsdef=umjrifhpGm jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wOD;ESifhwOD;
jyefvnf,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmEkdifatmif jyefvnfðyvkyf&mwGif pdwfoabmuJGvJGr_ESifh aomu'kuQtaygif;udk
ay:aygufapaom tðytrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus trSefudk trSeftwdkif;
oHk;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk &ifqkdif&aomtvkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owWd&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
oef‹pifaomapwemESifh ±dk;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm; arG;jrLjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif rvdkrkef;wD;r_ESifh
vdrfvnfr_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusK;d qufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnf[k
,Hk=unfaom o'<gpdwfudkvnf; arG;&efvdkygonf?
trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfIvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom
tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI udk,fpdwfESvHk;yg nDnGwfpGmjzifh
bHkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifEJ$ydkifcGifh
&Sd r&Sd/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd?
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifh‚if;/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; r¾Kdifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifh‚if;/
vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,af y;jcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdk‹udk urBmu ,ae‹
apmifh=unfhavhvmaeygonf?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfoGm;aomtcgY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdk‹onf
vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k usr tpOft+rJ
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&SnfpGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmif umuG,f&ef
enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sda&;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom
tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usr ar#mfvifhygonf?
vl‹tcGifhta&; odk‹r[kwf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh oufqkdifaom qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf[k
od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk‹,Hk=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;
tepfemcH=u/ pGef‹v$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹EdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk‹ qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf&Sdygonf? ,ae‹ csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?
usr. wkdif;jynfESifh usrudk TuJhodk‹ *k%fðyvkdufaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m
vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm av;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;&if;
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef 12 arv 1992
12
pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef;
("gwfyHkvmonf)
tdkvHypfrD;±_; pydefEdkifiHodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmonfudk óudqdkaom atmifqef;pk=unf.
rdef‹cGef;tm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u
1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufae‹Y zwf=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmonf)
arG;&myg t&nftaoG;rsm;udk txl;c|efqHk;tqifhwkdif zHG‹òzd;apEdkifrnfh b0rsKd;twGuf
pdwftcs&qHk;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;yif jzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_a=umifh ydjym;pdwf+idrfaejcif;/
wzufowf w,loeftawG;tac:rsm; ydkufzufxm;onfh acgif;aqmifydkif;Y ya,m*a=umifh rv_yfr&Sm;
+idrfoufaeonfh pdwftajctae[lonfh o±kyfysuftwkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg?
w&m;r#wr_/ *±k%mpdwf/ nDnmoifhjrwfr_/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_/ trsm;jynfol xdef;odrf;tyfaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom nDr#r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtay: xm;tyfaom wm0efodpdwfESifh
tjynfjynfqkdif&m todtjrifem;vnfr_rsm;udk r#watmifjrifatmif ðyvkyfr_ ponfwdk‹tay:wGif
tajccHaom +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkygonf?
tdkvHypfrD;±_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh
pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoef‹pifjrifhrm;apr_wdk‹. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk‹. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fðyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom
tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usi;f yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y
EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk‹
a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydk‹ovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom
ydkrdkus,fjyef‹onfh ±kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh
tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef
8-6-1992
13
ppfrSefaom vHkòcH&modk‹
(pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)
tydkif;-c
1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom
rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
14
* * *
(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
'DudpPrSm usr tcef;u¾udkvnf; eJeJ&Sif;jyyg&ap? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh vltaygif;u
usrta=umif; odyf+yD;awmh rod=uygbl;? rod=uwJhtcgusawmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'guvnf;
rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? odawmhvnf; odxdkufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh wcsKdŒuvnf; ajym=uw,f? usr[m EdkifiHjcm;rSm
aew,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusaew,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ta=umif; bmodovJvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f?
yxr usr 'Duaep+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm
aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'gav;twGufa=umifheJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkeJ‹rS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?
aemufwck ajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrS em;rvnfbl;wJh?
wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk‹ cufaewmyJ? ArmEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf±_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D±_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz
b,favmufcHcJh&w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rdom;pk todqHk;ygyJ? azaz[m pdwfyef;udk,fyef;eJ‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;udk
vkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrS rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹vnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz
twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvdk ajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifygw,f?
tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS 'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f?
tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf;
azazh&JŒorD;vkyf+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh
'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;
vdkcsifwJhqEN jyif;jyvGef;vdk‹ jzpfay:vmwJh wdkufyJG}uD; jzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f?
'Dtcsufuawmh “usaemfwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udo k m acwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f? tJh'D 0g'rsKd;t&om
vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif óud;pm;&r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if usaemfwdk‹jrefrmjynfu
vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? usaemfwdk‹jynfudkvnf; urBmu =unfhaevdk‹ r&wJhwae‹ *syefeJ‹ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD;
tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk owd&Sd=u&r,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ qDavsmfw,f? 'D
0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f” tJh'g[m azazajymcJhwJh pum;awGyg?
("gwfyHkvmygonf)
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &ufae‹ a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf
(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr[m usr&JŒtaz tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwzf dk‹ vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if
bmrqdk jzpfEkdifygw,f? rnDnGwf&if bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;?
jynfolvlxk[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ r&SdEkdifvkd‹&Sd&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpf wkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;?
tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;pJGrSwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? pnf;urf;r&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEkdifygbl;? tJh'Dawmh
usrwdk‹ wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m nDnGwfzdk‹/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ t+rJvdkygw,f?
'DnDnGwfzdk‹ta=umif;awG ajymaewkef;rSm usrwdk‹ wckyJajymcsifygw,f? ,ck
usrajymoGm;wJhpum;awGxJrSm wcsKdŒuvnf; oabmusr,fhpum;vnf; ygr,f/ rusr,fh pum;awGvnf;
ygr,f? 'gayr,fh usrtaeeJ‹uawmh jynfolvlxkudk rSefrSefuefuefajymoifhw,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfw,f?
usrpdwfxJrSm&Sdovdk rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ? óuduf&ifvnf; axmufcH=uyg/ róuduf&ifvnf;
usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJhtwdkif;vkyfwmyJ? róudufwmawmh b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbl;? usr wckajymcsifwm[m
tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxkt=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGae=uygw,f? 'Dpdwf0rf;uJGr_}uD;[m
aemifwkdif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh
wyfrawmfyg?
azaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfqdkwm pum;t&om r[kwfygbl;? tppftrSefygyJ?
azazudk,fwkdif ca&aphwGif;us atmufajcuaep+yD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfudk b,fvdkxlaxmif&r,fqdkwm
ol‹vufa&;eJ‹ a&;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? azazu wyfrawmftwGuf
bm&nfrSef;csufawG &SdcJhovJ? tJh'D &nfrSef;csufwckavmuf usr zwfjyyg&ap?
“'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEdkifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh
taersKd; jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ wyfrawmfu EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdk&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum;
jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?”
usr rSefrSefyJ ajymyg&ap? usr[m wyfrawmftay:rSm tifrwef oHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f?
azazwnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? usrwdk‹qdkwmvnf; i,fi,fuwnf;u
&JabmfawGvufxJrSm }uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk}uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwef
arwWm&Sdw,fqdkwm usr odygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwef aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
azazðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfeJ‹ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&SdwJh vlxk}uD;xJrSm yÉdyuQ
rjzpfapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; usr 'DuaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxktm;udk;EkdifwJh
wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? wkdif;jynf&JŒ *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;EdkifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpf+yD;cJhwJh[mawGudk óud;pm;cGifhv$wf+yD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm
arwWmrysufygapeJ‹vdk‹ awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ qufvufoGm;rSom
wnfwHhckdif+rJwJh jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif}uD;udk a&mufEdkifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;ygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudkawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;? ra&mufcifu uJGuJGjym;jym; r&SdygeJ‹? tm;vHk;
wnDwnGwfwnf; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk OD;wnf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uyg? tJh'Dvdk csDwufoGm;wJhae&mrSm
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;apcsifygw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdk‹[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹/
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ udk,fvdkwJhqENawGudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifw,fqdkwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJ‹jynfhpHkwJh
tðytrljzpfygw,f?
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±Hk;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD/ tckvnf;
quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'Dausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; tcsif;csif; nDnn D GwfnGwfeJ‹ quf+yD; vufwJGoGm;zdk‹ usr
arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? tckqdk&if ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvnf; tzJG‹tpnf;awG &Sd=uygw,f?
'DtzJG‹tpnf;awG[m tm;vHk;pk±Hk;+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf; jzpfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'D[mtwGufvnf;
ausmif;om;nDvmcHwck ac:r,fvdk‹ usr =um;aeygw,f? 'DnDvmcH}uD; jzpfay:wJhtcgus&if
ausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm;ygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;vdkufygw,f?
ausmif;om;av;awGu usrudk ar;=uw,f? usr&JŒaemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; &SdaeovJ/
'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m usrudk óud;qJG+yD;awmh olwdk‹udk eif;oGm;rSm pdk;&drfw,fvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymwm usr tifrwef0rf;omw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tifrwef yGifhvif;w,f?
oG,f0dkufwJh pum;awG rajymwwfbl;? usruvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ jyef+yD;awmh ajymvdkufygw,f?
usraemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rS r&Sdygbl;? usr tckvkyfaewJh vkyfief;[mawmh jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh
'Drdkua&pDjzpfajrmufa&; vkyfief;ygyJ? 'Drdkua&pD jzpfajrmufa&;twGufudk 0dkif;+yD;awmh ulnDcsifygw,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG &Sdygw,f? tJh'D EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudk usruawmh &Sif;&Sif;yJ
ajymxm;ygw,f? 'DvdkulnDvdk‹ aemif EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfr,fqdk&if usr vHk;vHk;raxmufcHbl;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymxm;ygw,f?
jynfolvlxka&SŒrSm usr jyef+yD;awmh ajymygr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG[m aemifEdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzdk‹ óud;yrf;&if usrudk,fwkdif wuf+yD;awmh 'Dvl}uD;awGudk
±_wfcsay;yghr,f?
aemufwckuawmh usrwdk‹wdkif;jynfrSm vl}uD;eJ‹vli,f =um;xJrSm uGJuGmr_awG &Sdygw,f?
tJh'DuJGuGmr_awGudkvnf; ajz&Sif;zdk‹vdkygw,f? vli,fawGu vli,fawG/ vl}uD;awGu vl}uD;awG qdkwJh
pdwfxm;awG jzpfaeygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ }uD;vmyg+yD? 'Dvdk}uD;vmvdk‹vnf;
ydk+yD;awmh pnf;eJ‹urf;eJ‹ xdef;zdk‹vdkygw,f? pnf;r&SdwJh tiftm;/ trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh tiftm;qdkwm
b,fawmhrS aumif;usKd; ray;Ekdifygbl;?
trsm;twGufyg tEW&m,fjzpfEkdifygw,f? tJh'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udkyJ
quf+yD;awmh oHk;=uyg? trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udk roHk;ygeJ‹? tckvlxkbufuae
tm;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm tm;i,fwJh tpkt0dkif;udkvnf; EdkifhxufpD;eif; rvkyf=uygeJ‹? 'Dvdk
EkdifhxufpD;eif;vkyfwm[m tusifhraumif;ygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ *k%foduQmudkvnf; usqif;apygvdrfhr,f?
jynfolvlxkbufuae+yD;awmh cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh oabmxm;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m tm;vHk; jynfolvlxktaygif;u bmudk vdkvm;aeovJqdkwm pOf;pm;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if
t"dutcsufuawmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkvm;ae=uygw,f? wygwDpepfudk ðzwfcscsif=uygw,f?
aemuf tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if orw a'gufwmarmifarmif[m vlxkqENcH,lyJGusif;yzdk‹/ rusif;yzdk‹
nDvmcHac:r,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? usrtaeeJ‹ ajym&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyJG[m rvdkawmhygbl;?
wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JŒ qEN[m uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:aeyg+yD? tm;vHk;[m ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkyJ
vdkvm;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS ay:vGifaeyg+yD? 'Dpepfudk tjrefqHk;jzpfay:vmEkdifzdk‹ vkyfay;zdk‹[m ,ck
tm%mydkiftpdk;&awG&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?
yef;wdkifudk ra&mufao;bl;qdkwm rarh=uyge‹J ? 'Drkdua&pD&wJh tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if
b,fvdkjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk wnfwHhckdif+rJatmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wkdif;jynf&JŒ
tem*wfudk a&SŒ±_=uyg? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk rawG;vdk‹&Sd&if tckvufiif; jzpfay:vmwJh
ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ay;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh azazajymcJhovdk
usrwdk‹ EdkifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m pnf;urf;±dkaozdk‹/ nDnGwfzdk‹qdkwmudk b,fESpfcgyJajymajym ajymvdk‹udk
rukefEdkifatmif ajym&r,fhudpP}uD;wck jzpfaeygw,f?
tck usrwdk‹[m vlxkqENcH,lyJG}udD; rvdkawmhygbl;? ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDpepfudkyJ vdkvm;ygw,f?
'D[mudk jrefjrefjzpfatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D[m jzpfay:vmatmifvdk‹ w&m;r#wwJh/ oef‹&Sif;wJh
a&G;aumufyJGudkvnf; jrefjrefqefqef jzpfEkdifatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D oef‹&Sif;wJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfEkdifzdk‹ tajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;ay;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:rSm t,Hkt=unf tifrwefrS ysufaew,f? tJh'Dawmh[m
oef‹&Sif;pif=u,fwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJG jzpfay:vmzdk‹ta&;udk tu,fIrsm; b,fvdkjzpfatmif
vkyf&rvJ/ vkyfay;zdk‹&m aumif;ygw,f?
t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/
aemuftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJ om,m0ajyma&;twGuf vkyfay;EkdifwJh
tpdk;&ygyJ? 'Dt"duudpPtay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ‹? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ‹?
arhoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if tck&&SdwJh atmifjrifr_[m aemifus qHk;±_H;r_ jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? tck usrwdk‹
b,ftajctaerSm a&mufae+yDvJ/ yef;wdkifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifaeyg+yD? jrifaewJh yef;wdkifudk tm;vHk;
vufwJG+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygpdk‹/ pdwf0rf;ruJG=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awGbufu txl; pdwf0rf;ruJGzdk‹
vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGudk pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvnf; xdk;qGray;=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awG[m
wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wf acgif;aqmifay;r,fh vli,fav;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG&JŒ pdwf"mwf
usatmifvkyfvdkufr,fqdk&if aemif wkdif;jynf nDnGwfa&;twGufvnf; xdyg;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
nDnGwfa&;ta=umif; ajymaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkta=umif; c%avmuf ajymvdkufyg&ap?
vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vHk;[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tck vlrsm;pk/ vlrsm;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f?
vlrsm;pk jrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ‹ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzpfzdk‹ tvGefóud;pm;zdk‹
vdkygw,f? ukd,fu tm;&SdaewJhvl/ udk,fu tm;rsm;aewJhvlrdk‹vdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f?
tm;rsm;aewJhvlqdkwm tm;enf;aewJhvludk tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh n‡may;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tJh'Dae&mrSm
'DwygwDpepfudk axmufcHaewJhvlawGeJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr wckajymyg&ap? ygwD0ifaygif;
tajrmuftjrm; 'DygwDtay:rSm t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhbl;qdkwm usr odygw,f?
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; 'DygwDu xGufvdkuf=uyg? ygwD0ifu'fjym;awGvnf; jyeftyfvdkuf=uyg?
'gayr,hfvnf; olwdk‹&JŒ t,Hkt=unft& ygwD0iftaeeJ‹ quf+yD; xrf;aqmifaewJh vlawGudkvnf;
tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm rm;rm;rwfrwf udk,fh,Hk=unfcsufudk,f&SdEkdifwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f?
olwdk‹u quf+yD;,Hk=unfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? udk,fhbmom udk,fvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudkom
nDnDnGwfnGwfwufyg? udk,fu tm;}uD;aevdk‹ tm;enf;wJhvludk jyef+yD; uvJhpm;acswJhudpPrsKd;
rjzpfay:ygapeJ‹? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹rSef;xm;wJh tcsdefxuf trsm;}uD; tcsdefvGefoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh usr
pOf;pm;xm;wmxuf eJeJ ydk+yD;awmh twdkcsKH;+yD;awmh ajym&r,fh tajctaersKd; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJGudk
aemufqHk; usr ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk‹vlxk[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f?
trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJhpGrf;tm;udk quf+yD;oHk;oGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? tJh'Dvdk oHk;oGm;rSom usrwdk‹vdkwJh
yef;wdkifudk a&mufEdkifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usr tEl;tnGwf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk awmif;yefyg&ap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; nDnGwf=uygap? pnf;urf;&Sdygap? trSefw&m;eJ‹udkufnDwJh vlrsKd;w&yfjzpfygap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; ab;b,mtjzmjzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufqHk;taeeJ‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ
aºuG;a=umfoHuawmh
* qENcH,lyJG rvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmuf=u
* w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay; qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHygyJ?
tcrf;tem;rª;
tqdkðycsuf (2)
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;rS wcJeuf
qENjycJh=u+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh wygwDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh
tpm;xkd;wnfaqmuf=u&efom&Sda=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðycJhygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk
axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
tqdkðycsuf (3)
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;ðy&aom jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufEkdif&ef w&m;r#w oef‹&Si;f aom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;udk tjrefqHk;
usif;yEkdifa&;twGuf =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay;&eftqdkukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðyygw,f?
jynfolvlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
usaemf tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdkifay;yghr,f?
* qENcH,lyJG tvdkr&Sd/ tvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufay;
* w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay;
* =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay; [laom aºuG;a=umforH sm;udk tcrf;tem;rª; OD;xGef;a0rSwkdifay;I
vlxky&dowf}uD;u wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfI eHeuf 11 em&D 30 rdepftcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk
atmifjrifpGm ±kyfodrf;vdkufygonf?
15
("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf?)
1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)
wdk‹pdwfxJ pJG+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaom Tvkyfief;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfY vdktyfaom tcsuf}uD;wckudk
xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;yif rnfygonf? Tum; tjcm;r[kwf? trsKd;om;ody`Hausmif;}uD;aywnf;?
xdkausmif;}uD;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifayonf? tdENd,EkdifiHY
trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvm=uay&m jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif
jrefrmwdk‹onf EkdifiHom;ppfI cspfcJhygv#if b,feHa&mtcgr# rwnfaxmifEkdifbJ &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
pdwfygvufygvkyfv#if rkcsjzpfygvdrfhrnf?”
'Dwkef;uawmh ajymwmuawmh 'DwuUodkvfudpPeJ‹ywfouf+yD;awmh ajymwmyJ? 'gayrJh
ajymoGm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;awGu tck 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf oHk;r,fqdk&ifvnf; tifrwef oifhavsmfygw,f?
'D[m aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,f rodayr,fhvnf; udk,fwwfEkdifor# rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefpGm/ cdkif+rJpGm
od&SdI vkyfygonfqdkwm/ tck 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? aemif b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwmvnf; rodbl;?
aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm rodbJeJ‹ 'DwkdufyJG0if&jcif;[m rSefuefw,f/ oifhavsmfw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfvdk‹
tm;vHk;0ifcJh=uwmyJ? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
vkyfrSmvm;vdk‹ ar;&ifvnf; usr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymw,f? jzpfrSm/ rjzpfrSmudk rpOf;pm;aeygeJ‹/ udk,f
rSefwmuefwmudkvkyfwm vkyfvdkufyg? 'D aemuftusK;d qufawG[m ol‹zmomol jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DrSm
udk,fh&JŒwm0efuawmh rSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹yJ? 'D 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;0ifvm+yDqdkuwnf;u
usrwdk‹ atmifyJGcHEdkifw,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sdvdk‹om 0ifvmwmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhqdkvdk‹&Sd&if òydifyJGwck
0ifòydifwJhvl[m Ekdifr,fxifvdk‹ òydifwmyJ? xDxdk;wJhvlqdkwmvnf; xDaygufEkdifwJhudef; &Sdw,fxifvdk‹
xdk;vdkufwmyJ? b,folurSawmh rEdkifbl;xifvdk‹&Sd&if 0ifòydifrSmr[kwfbl;? rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
óud;pm;+yD;vkyfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD[m atmifjrifEkdifvm;vdk‹ar;&if usruawmh
rSefrSefuefuefyJ atmifjrifEdkifw,fvdk‹ jyefajz&rSmyJ? atmifjrifEdkifw,fxifvdk‹om 'DwkdufyJGrSm ygaewmyJ?
'Dtwdkif;yJ ausmif;om;vli,ftm;vHk;[mvnf; 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGxJ 0ifaewJhtcgus&if
atmifjrifEkdifr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGxm;+yD;awmh qufvuf+yD; vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh
tifrwefrS ±kef;uefzdk‹&Sdygao;w,f? óud;pm;zdk‹ &Sdygao;w,f? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;&r,fqdkwm[m
tckvydkif;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? ESpfydkif;eJ‹udk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;oGm;&rSmyg? 'Da&G;aumufyJGjzpfvdk‹
a&G;aumufyJG0ifòydifvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDbufu tEkdif&&ifawmifrS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;?
±kef;uefoGm;&r,fh tcsdef[m rukefao;ygbl;? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&rSmygyJ?
tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,frsm;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if touf (20) 0ef;usif&Sd=urSmaygh? touf (20) 0ef;usif&SdwJh
vlrsm;[m ArmawG&JŒ oufwrf;qdk&if tck 60 avmuf&Sdr,f? usrwdk‹ 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm
usef;rma&;awGbmawG aumif;oGm;vdk‹ (70) avmuftxd &SdoGm;r,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aemiftESpf (50)
avmufudk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&r,f? 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm woufvHk;xdef;odrf;oGm;rS &Sifoefr,fhudpPyg?
vlwa,muf&JŒ usef;rma&;vdkaygh? i,fi,fwkef;u udk,fhtaztaru aumif;aumif;au|;arG;xm;vdk‹/
aumif;aumif;=unfhxm;vdk‹ usef;usef;rmrm&Sdayr,fh udk,fu touf}uD;vmwJhtcgusawmh
jzpfovdkaer,f/ jzpfovdkpm;r,fqdk&if usef;rma&;u csKdŒwJhoGm;rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh
'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;qdkwm woufvHk;vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m udk,fhwoufwmrSm
udk,fhwkdif;jynftusKd; aqmif&GufoGm;r,fqdkwJh pdwf"gwfeJ‹vkyfoGm;r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfrSm
bmrSqkwf,kwfEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vufwJGvkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk
usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;awmh ac:oGm;csifygw,f? vufwJGw,fqdkwmvnf; rwJGcsif/ wJGcsif wJGenf;rsKd;udk
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? udk,faygif;pdwfcGmr[kwfygbl;? pdwfwloabmwlvufwJG+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhenf;rsKd;udk
usrwdk‹ ajymvdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Dae‹uaep+yD;awmh 'Dae‹[m trsKd;om;ae‹jzpfw,f/
trsKdom;ae‹rSm trsKd;om;a&;twGuf tm;vHk;uae aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk
csapcsifygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;qdkwm wkdif;jynf&JŒaumif;usKd;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&JŒ trsm;pk}uD;&JŒ aumif;usKd; vkyf&r,fhudpPjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh
'DvdktrsKd;om;a&;udk vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dyk*~KdvfpJGwdk‹/ qENpJGwdk‹ r&Sdzdk‹qdkwm usrwdk‹&JŒ
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'xJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? tJh'Dawmh yk*~KdvfpJGawG rxm;=uygeJ‹/ 'g aumif;wJh
tpOftvmawG r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ qufoGm;&r,fh c&D;rSm tifrwefrS apwemoef‹oef‹/ pdwfoef‹oef‹eJ‹
vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh vlwkdif;udk usrajymw,f? jrifhjrifh}uHyg? tjrifhqHk;}uHyg? óud;pm;&if
bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ qdk±dk;&Sdyga&mvm;? bmhvdk‹ r}uHEkdif&rSmvJ? óud;pm;&if ±kd;±kd;omrefvl/
jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwmvnf; omrefvlygyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;awmifrS 'Dvdk bk&m;jzpfatmif usifh}uHEkdif&if
vlawG[m jrifhjrifh}uHEdkifygw,f? udk,f[m woufvHk; trSefw&m;t& vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwJhudpP[m
rjzpfEkdifwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? jzpfEkdifwJhudpPyg? wcsKdŒu xifw,f? vlyJuGm/ trSm;awmh&SdrSmyg? ykxkZOfyJ?
'gawGudk usrawmh vufrcHbl;? ykxkZOfvlom;rdk‹vdk‹udk óud;pm;+yD;awmh trSefw&m;eJ‹ ae&r,f? owW0gawGrS
r[kwfbJ? wd&p>mefawGawmifrS trSm;/ trSefukd odygw,f/ [kwfvm;? opPm&SdwJhae&mrSmqdk&if
acG;vdkwd&p>mefudk vlawGu rvdkufEkdifbl;? acG;[m vlxufydk+yD; opPm&Sdw,fqdkwm vlwkdif;odw,f? acG;vdk
wd&p>mefwaumifawmif opPm&SdEkdifw,fqdk&if vlrsm;[m bmjzpfvdk‹ opPmr&SdEdkif&rSmvJ? opPmrJhwm
vlawGyJ? vlawGxJrSmqdk&if opPmw&m;[m tifrwefeJw,fvdk‹ ajymvdk‹&Sd&if rSefvnf;rSefw,f/
opPmw&m;[m pOf;pm;=unfh&if opPmqdkwJhpum;[m pum;vHk;u tifrwefvSovdk t"dy`m,fvnf;
tifrwefvSw,f? tJh'Dvdk opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ tm;vHk;u vkyfoGm;rS usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf wdk;wufvmrSmyg? 'Dvdk
wdkif;jynfwdk;wufrS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;[m *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ urBmhtv,frSm &yfwnfEkdifr,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh 'Dae‹up+yD;awmh 'Dae‹ (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹up+yD;awmh
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m trsKd;om;a&;twGuf udk,fwwfEdkifor# aqmif&GufoGm;=ur,fvdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uygvdk‹
usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;
ac:oGm;csifygw,f?
16
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 3
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmygonf?)
r[kwfygbl;qdkwm ajymcJhygw,f? 'gudkvnf; bmrSpHkprf;jcif; r&Sdbl;? bmrS ar;jref;jcif;r&Sdbl;? bmrS
aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdbl;? olwdk‹ owif;pmeJ‹ a&'D,dkrSm ajymcsifwmudk ajymoGm;w,f? 'g[m odyf+yD;awmh
rSefuefwJh vrf;r[kwfbl;vdk‹ usrxifygw,f?
usrwdk‹uae+yD; qlylapcsifvdk‹ vkyfw,fvdk‹ajymw,f? rSefrSefuefuef +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
vkyfcsifwJhtzJG‹tpnf;udk qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfay;ygw,fvdk‹ ajymwmudku +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ rjzpfapcsifwJh
pdwfoabmrsKd;ygovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ 'gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uef‹uGufygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh armifzkef;armfudpP? armifzkef;armfae‹ &ufowWywfa[majymyJGawGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? b,fae&mawGrSm b,folawGu a[majymoGm;w,f/ wyfrawmfqef‹usifa&;awG
a[majymoGm;ygw,fayghav? a[majymoGm;wJh ae&mawGxJrSm usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awG ygw,fqdkwm
rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ 0efcHygw,f? 'g rjiif;ygbl;? usrwdk‹&JŒ tift,f'Dvli,fxJu
a[majymoGm;w,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;? 'Dvdkvli,frsm;udk usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awGrSm
a[majymcGifhay;wm[m ±kef;&if;qefcwf rjzpfoGm;atmifvdk‹qdkwJh qENeJ‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoGm;wmyg? usrwdk‹eJ‹
aqG;aEG;r,fqdk&if tajz[m ay:rSmyg?
armifzkef;armfudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;rsm;
vkyfcsifw,fqdkuwnf;u usrwdk‹udk wdkifyifygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyf=uyg/
wwfEkdifor# at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfatmif vkyf=uyg? jyifyrSm qENjyr_awG vkyfvdk‹&Sd&if ±kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfrSmpdk;vdk‹/ a[majymyJGawG olwdk‹u odyfvkyfcsifw,f/ 'Dawmh uJ 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh
taqmuftODawGtwGif;rSm vkyfyg? usrwdk‹ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;óud;pm;cJhygw,f?
'gudkvnf; wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if odzdk‹&m rcJ,Of;ygbl;? b,fum;eJ‹ b,fvlawG b,ftcsdefrSm
oGm;w,fqdkwm odEkdifwJholrsm;[m usrwdk‹b,fvdk xdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdk&if
odEkdifzdk‹ta=umif; trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? wdwdusus odcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹udk vm+yD;awmh ar;vdk‹&ygw,f?
usrwdk‹ ajymzdk‹tqifoifhygyJ? vli,fawGudk usrwdk‹ xdef;zdk‹ óud;pm;w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹udk b,ftcsdefar;ar;
ajymEkdifygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh w&m;r0ifwJhtzJG‹tpnf; ‘Auo’ u rif;udkEkdifudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;xJrSm
a[majymoGm;w,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usru ar;csifw,f? ‘Auo’ udk 'Dvdkajymawmh ‘ruo’
ua&m w&m;0ifwJh tzJG‹tpnf;vm;? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzJG‹csKyfqdkwJh ‘ruo’ vnf;
w&m;0ifwJhtzJG‹tpnf;r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbJeJ‹ Adkvfrª;csKyfcifnGef‹ udk,fwkdifac:+yD;awmh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;w,f?
pmawGbmawG a&;w,f? 'D[musawmh jzpfEkdifovm;? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfa&;/
+yD;awmh tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;awGxJrSm ‘ruo’ udk a[majymcGifhay;wmusawmh tjypf}uD;jzpfoGm;a&mvm;? 'D[m
rSefuefwJhenf;r[kwfbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ xifygw,f? usrwdk‹udk w&m;0iftzJG‹tpnf;wckxJrSm wckckjzpfaevdk‹
rauseyfbl;qdk&if ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifygvm;? bmjzpfvdk‹ ‘ruo’ vdk w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;r[kwfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;usawmh aqG;aEG;vJ?
wu,fyJ wkdif;jynfxJrSm +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f/ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ e0wt=um;
bmrSyÉdyuQ rjzpfapcsifbl;qdk&if tcsdefra&G; usrwdk‹udk ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;vdk‹&ygw,f? nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifvdk‹
&ygw,f? usrwdk‹ tpuwnf;uvnf; ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? aqG;aEG;zdk‹ usrwdk‹ tqifoifhyg? pum;ajymzdk‹
tqifoifhyg? usrwdk‹rSm bmrS ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; vkyfp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tpuwnf;u
ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? w&m;0if yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymxm;+yD;om;yg?
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk b,fawmhrS rypfy,fbl;qdkwmvnf;
usrwdk‹ ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? 'ga=umifh Auo u usrwdk‹qDrSm vm+yD;awmh awG‹csifw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹
tawG‹cHw,f? ruo u vm+yD;awmh awG‹csifw,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ tawG‹cHwmyJ? usr
tawG‹rcHbl;qdkwJh ausmif;om;vli,ftzJG‹&,fvd‹k r&SdoavmufygbJ? usr tcsdef&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if
t+rJyJtawG‹cHygw,f? nd‡E_dif;w,f/ wkdifyifw,f/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;vkyfoGm;zdk‹ usr
t+rJtm;ay;ygw,f? 'g usrwifr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf&JŒ rlt& tzJG‹csKyfu vl}uD;tm;vHk; 'Dtwkdif;yJ
vkyfygw,f? 'gudk ckwifuajymovdk b,fol b,fum;eJ‹ b,feHygwfeJ‹ b,ftcsdef b,fudkoGm;w,fqdkwm
ca&aphwGif;us odwJhvlawG odr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? odvsufom;eJ‹ 'D[mawGusawmh azmfrjybJeJ‹
tzGJ‹csKyfudk xdcdkufEkdifr,fhudpPawGudkom uGuf+yD;awmh azmfjywm[m tifrwefrSyJ w&m;rr#wwJhudpPvdk‹
usr ,lqygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'g[m bmoabmvJ? 'g[m bmvkyfcsifvdk‹vJ/ bmjzpfapcsifvdk‹vJ? 'Dv (25) &ufae‹u
owif;pmxJrSm a&;xm;wmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tcsKd‹aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,m&Sdaer_udk
rvdkvm;=uwJh? usrwdk‹awmh r[kwfygbl;?
usrwdk‹[m EkdifiHawmfrSm at;csrf;om,m &Sdapcsifvdk‹ wwfEkdifor# ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk
xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyfaeygw,f? 'gudk odvsufeJ‹ wrifoufouf qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfaew,fvdk‹
ajymaewJhvlrsm;[m at;csrf;jcif;udk rvdkvm;vdk‹ ajymaewmvm;vdk‹/ usrwdk‹u trsm;}uD; jyefar;p&mawG
jzpfaeygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh EkdifiHawmfudk qef‹usif/ wyfrawmfudk qef‹usifa[majymaew,f/ qlylr_jzpfap&ef
zefwD;aew,fwJh? usrwdk‹ rzefwD;ygbl;? usr wyfrawmfta=umif;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ b,fawmhrS wae&mwrsKd;/
wae&mwrsKd; rajymygbl;? trdef‹trSwf 8§88 t& wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;/ wyfrawmfeJ‹jynfol
pdwf0rf;uJGa&;twGufqdkwm usr wcgrS rvkyfcJhbl;/ usr t+rJyJajymw,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGa&;qdkwm jynfolzuf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGzufuom vkyfEkdifwmr[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfzufuvnf;
vkyfEkdifw,f/ wyfrawmfzufu vkyfyHkudkifyHk rrSefuefvdk‹&Sd&if/ ajymyHk/ qdkyHk/ aeyHk/ xkdifyHk rrSefvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf;
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSm odyfpdwf0rf;uJGEdkifygw,f?
usr twefwefajymygw,f? wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;udk rvdkvm;ygbl;? wyfrawmf wnfwHhckdif+rJrSom
EkdifiHawmf wnfwHhckdif+rJr,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ vufcHxm;+yD;om;yg? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGa&;udkvnf; rvdkygbl;? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGaevdk‹om usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf
'Davmufawmif 'kuQa&mufaewmyg? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr twefwefajymygw,f? wyfrawmf&JŒ tm%mudk
tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfwJholrsm;omv#if jynfoleJ‹wyfrawmf=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGatmif vkyfaeolawGyJ?
usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ wcgrS wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfol=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uJGatmif rvkyfcJhygbl;?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfxJrSm usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ 0g'jzef‹csDa&;awG
trsKd;rsKd;vkyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =um;&ygw,f? 'gawGu v#KdŒ0SufwJhudpPr[kwfygbl;? e0w twGif;a&;rª;
(2) jzpfwJh Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;[m pnf;a0;yJGawGrmS usrwdk‹udk ±_wfcsaew,fqdkwm =um;&ygw,f? 'D[m
e0wt&m&SdwOD;taeeJ‹ vkyfoifhwJhudpPr[kwfygbl;? e0w wnfaxmifuwnf;u “=um;”aeyghr,f/
ta&mifqdk;xm;jcif; r&Sdygbl;/ b,fEdkifiHa&;ygwDtzJG‹urS rygygbl;vdk‹ ajymcJh+yD;awmh e0wtwGif;a&;rª; (2)
u 'Dvdk usrwdk‹udk xdyg;ajymqdkaewm[m tifrwefrS tajymeJ‹tvkyfrnDwJh udpPwckjzpfygw,f?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfukd bmjzpfvdk‹ wdkufaewmvJ? 'gar;p&myJ? rae‹wkef;u udpPqdkvdk‹&Sd&if qifuGufeJ‹
trsm;}uD;wlygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ bmrSroufqdkifwJh ausmif;om;awGudk b,folu oGm;+yD;awmh
v_H‹aqmfovJ? wevFmae‹wkef;uvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ? ausmif;om;awG qlylaew,f/ vm=uyg/ vm=uygvdk‹
w,fvDzkef;awG qufw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJu r[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹emrnfudk oHk;+yD;awmh
vkyfwmvnf;&Sdw,f? 'g[m qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfaewm b,folawGvJqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹eJ‹wdkifyifyg? usrwdk‹vnf; odcsifw,f? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf&JŒemrnfudk b,folawGu
tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfaeovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ odcsifwmyg?
rae‹uudpPvnf; xdkenf;‚if;yJ? tzJG‹csKyfa&SŒrSm bmjzpfvdk‹ qENvmjyovJ? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk
tr_ywfapcsifvdk‹ vkyfwmvm;/ 'g ar;p&mjzpfae+yD? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; tuGufu odyf+yD;awmh
aooyfvGef;w,f/ tuGufqifxm;wmusaewmyJ? wck+yD;wck wqufwnf;jzpfoGm;vdkufwm tm;vHk;
tzJG‹csKyfa&SŒrSmcsnf;yJ? ppfum;awGu a&mufvmw,f/ ppfom;awGu qENjyaewJh uav;awGudk
vdkuf+yD;awmhvkyfwm xm;ygawmh? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf0if;xJudk 0ifvm+yD;awmh ±dkufzdk‹óud;pm;w,f? 'gu
b,fvdkt"dy`m,fvJ? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfwHcg;awGudk ydwfxm;w,f? txJuvlvnf; tjyifrxGuf&/
tjyifuvlvnf; txJr0if& qdk+yD;awmh wm;xm;w,f? usrwdk‹eJ‹ bmrSrqkdifbl;qdkwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
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aumvm[vowif; v$ifhvdkufao;w,f? &Jabmfrsm;udk r=um;Ekdif/ rcHEkdifavmufatmif
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0efcHcdkif;ygw,f?
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wrifoufouf &r,f&Sm+yD; ajymaew,fqdkwJhoabmrsK;d owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹
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ta=umif;a=umifh a&tvkyform;rsm; b,fvdk'kuQa&mufaew,fqdkwJh ta=umif;rsm;udk pma&;cJhygw,f?
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usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfxJu awmifolv,form;rsm;u ajymw,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;? tzJG‹csKyftjyifbufu
awmifolv,form;rsm;u wcsdefvHk;ajymaewmyg? usrwdk‹ wu,fyJ qlylaomif;usef;r_
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jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewmudk rjrifcsifvdk‹ e0w udk wifjyygw,f? 'DvdkyJ 'kuQa&mufaeygw,f? 'DvdkyJ
jy\emawG jzpfaeygw,f? =unfh+yD;awmh vkyfay;ygqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ wifjyygw,f?
jynfolvlxkodatmifvdk‹ 'Dvdkawmifolv,form;rsm; 'kuQa&mufaew,fqdkwm/ usrwdk‹
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdkajym&jcif;rSm usrwdk‹jynfolvlxk[m udk,fh&JŒtcGifhta&;awGudk udk,fumuG,f&r,fqdkwm
usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ajymcJhwmyJ? tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹ n$ef=um;csufwckxkwfxm;ygw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaevdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu wwfEkdifor# ulnD&r,f? 'g[m vlr_a&;t&yJ? 'g EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,f
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t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;? usr 'DudpPvkyfwm rSew f ,fxifvdk‹vkyfw,f? awmifolv,form;rsm;
'kuQa&mufaewmudk usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu ulnDcsifvdk‹ vkyfwJhudpPyJ jzpfygw,f?
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tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;udk oufouftjypf&Smaew,fqdkwm usr jrif&ygw,f? oufoufwdkufcdkufvmw,f?
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rae‹ujzpfwJh udpPawGuvnf; wrifoufouf tuGufqif+yD;awmh usrwdk‹udk
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wyfrawmfae‹twGuf pdk;&drfw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹eJ‹ aqG;aEG;Ekdifygw,f? wyfrawmfae‹ ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif;
b,fvdkrvkyfapcsifbl;qdkwm ajymyg? usrwdk‹ aqG;aEG;zdk‹ tqifoifhyJ? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk trsm;}uD;xdef;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfvli,frsm;udk wyfrawmfae‹rSm
pDwef;vrf;av#mufwmwdk‹/ qENjywmwdk‹ rvkyf&bl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'Dwyfrawmfae‹udk
wyfrawmfae‹taeeJ‹ vufrcHbl;qdk&if b,folrSroGm;=ueJ‹? b,folrS xGufr=unfh=ueJ‹? tJh'Dvdkenf;eJ‹
oydwfarSmuf&if arSmuf=uaygh? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rwfv (27) &ufae‹udk
awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹ vufcHw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'g jynfolvlxk&JŒ awmfvSefa&;ae‹yg?
1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;ºuGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk‹
awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae‹ jzpfygw,f?
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹awmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;ae‹vdk‹ vufcHygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹vnf; azazu todtrSwfðycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹yJ
quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhae‹tjzpf todtrSwfðyygw,f?
usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w
eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm
usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ‹ tzJG‹csKyfudk oufouf
vufn‡dK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdk‹udk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r±_pdrfhvdk‹vm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹
ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m
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&yfzdk‹vdkr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ‹ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk‹ &Sd&if ar;=uyg?
17
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;
* * *
wem&Davmuf apma&mufzdk‹yg? cyfcsKduxGufwm aemufuswm awmif;yefygw,f?
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wcgwav tcuftcJav;awG awG‹wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvdk aemufus&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
jrpf}uD;em;udk rvmcifwkef;uqdk&if =um;&wmawmh jrpf}uD;em;rSm 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_&JŒ tajctae
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tJh'Dawmh usru enf;enf;tm;i,frdygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; jynfolvlxku
ydk+yD;wufºuGw,fqdkwmjrif&vdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ tm;&SdoGm;ygw,f? *k%fvnf; *k%fðyygw,f?
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&Sdw,fvdk‹ em;vnfcJhygw,f?
tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ±kd;±dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ‹
quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J
ae=u&ygw,f?
'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm
tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk‹&Sd&if usaemfwdk‹vlrsK;d pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf
bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taeeJ‹uawmh
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk‹&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ‹ wkdifyifn‡dE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk‹[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk
wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JŒ arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;
todtrSwfðy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹
tzJG‹csKyfwckwnf;&JŒ wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr c%c%
ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdk‹qdk&if usaemfwdk‹udk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk‹ ar;r,fhtpm;
'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹twGuf usaemfwdk‹ b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/
'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;
auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefudk usrwdk‹ azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef
azmfxkwfzdk‹qdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f
&Sd&r,f?
jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf
r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JŒtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u
jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ‹ vkyfzdk‹vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm
'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&Sdvdk‹bJ? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf
wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&SŒrxm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f?
wygwD tm%m&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxk[m rSefuefwJh
EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&Sdvdk‹bJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;?
usrwdk‹EkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk‹ vdkygw,f?
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?)
tay:
ucsifwkdif;&if;om;
0wfpHkwrsKd;udk
0wfqifxm;pOf
atmuf
yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif
pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu
tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl
18
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;
(tquf jyefvmygonf)
bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ
trdef‹tm%mt& usrwdk‹ wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹
a&Smifvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; òzdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk òzdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&yJ?
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t& nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&JŒ
oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m “u|ef” oabmxm;a&mufw,f
qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf;
ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,fol‹oabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJ‹awmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk‹
jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd
jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk‹ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gudk usr AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifa&m/ OD;ae0if;a&m odatmifvdk‹ 'Duae‹
ajymoGm;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;udk b,favmufyJ umuG,fay;ay;/ umuG,fvdk‹
r&ygbl;? orkdif;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSmyg? tck oHk;aewJh enf;vrf;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrtaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf+yD;awmh &Sifoefaew,fvdk‹ ajym&wmyg?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf&Sifoefjcif; r&Sdygbl;qdkwm jycsifvkd‹&Sd&if
'Denf;'Dvrf;awGawmh quf+yD;awmh oHk;vdk‹rjzpfygbl;? nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;udk vufrcHwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ
enf;awGyg? jynfolvlxkudk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ESdrfeif;wm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;awGyg? “ppfwyfqdkwm
rdk;ay:axmif+yD;awmh rypfbl;? wnfhwnfhypfr,f” vdk‹ ajymoGm;wm[mvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ 'DtcsdefrSm trsm;}uD;yJ owdxm;&r,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ avoHudk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuwqifh v$ifhaejyef+yD? 'Dvdkv$ifhaewJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk
jyefpOf;pm;+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m tifrwefrS owdxm;&r,f? pOf;pm;qifjcif&r,fhtcsdefrSm
a&mufaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ odzdk‹vdkygw,f? aemufwcg tidkufrdvdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m
tEW&m,f&Sdw,fqdkwm em;vnf&r,f? 'DtEW&m,f[m b,fuvmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;vnf;
od&r,f? todtrSwfðy&rSmjzpfygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;awG[m
wae‹xufwae‹ ydk+yD;awmh xkd;ESufcsufawG cHae&ygw,f?
apmapmu obmywd}uD; OD;wifOD; ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJu acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;yHkqD;yHk[m w&m;Oya'eJ‹ rnDnGwfbl;? 'Dhtjyifvnf; OD;wifarmif0if; ajymoGm;wJhtwdkif;yJ/ t&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfwJh a'gufwmarmifarmifausmfwdk‹/ OD;vSa&$wdk‹udkvnf; zrf;qD;xm;ygw,f?
zrf;qD;xm;yHkawGuvnf; wckrS w&m;Oya'eJ‹ rudkufnDygbl;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm 'DEdkifiHrSm
vHk;vHk;r&Sdygbl;? e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfxJrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ygayr,fhvnf;
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf vHk;vHk;rxrf;aqmifcJhbl;qdkwmawmh tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dvdk
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; r&SdwJh EkdifiHrSm jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk‹wm0ef[m usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGrSm
&Sdygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f/
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awGomru jynfolvlxk 'kuQqif;&Ja&mufrSm/ xdrSm/ emrSmtwGuf usrwdk‹ tifrwefrS
pdk;&drfygw,f? 'D[mawGtwGuf tumtuG,fawG ay;&r,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh
trdef‹tm%mudk zDqef&r,fvdk‹ ajymaewmyJ? qlylr_vdkcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? qlylr_qdkwm[m usrwdk‹twGuf
vdkvm;oifhwJhudpPvnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;jzpfr,fhudpPvnf; r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJh
'DtcsdefrSm rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mudk/ w&m;Oya'udk csKd;azmufaewJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk usrwdk‹
rwGef;vSef rzDqef&ifawmh jynfolvlxk aemufxyf 'kuQa&mufvdrfhr,fqdkwJh todtjrifawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹
'Dtm%mawGudk zDqefae&wmjzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
quf+yD;awmh zDqefoGm;zdk‹ tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? urBmhorkdif;rSm tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&JŒ
&Jabmf}uD;wa,mufjzpfwJh rmwifvlomuif; u wcgwkef;u ajymoGm;ygw,f? olwdk‹rSm
tdyfrufwck&Sdw,fwJh? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSmvnf; tdyfrufwck&Sd&r,f? b,fvdktdyfrufvJ? 'Drdkua&pD
tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awG jrefrmEkdifiHrSm xGef;um;a&;twGufyJ? 'gayrJh tdyfrufrufaevdk‹ r+yD;bl;?
'Dtdyfrufudk usrwdk‹ taumiftxnfazmfEkdif&r,f? 'Dtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifzdk‹[m
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efrdk‹vdk‹ tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
xrf;aqmif&r,f? 'DudpPtwGuf usr yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmuwnf;u
aqmf=ocJhygw,f? nDnGwf=uyg/ nDnGwf=uyg? tJh'Dtcsdefwkef;u ta&;tcif;umvtwGif;wkef;u qdkvdk‹&Sd&if
ygwDzJG‹pnf;a&;twGuf usrudk ajymwJh/ ar;jref;cJhwJhvlawG &Sdygw,f? usr ajymcJhygw,f?
nDnGwfr_òyduJGrSmpdk;vdk‹ ygwDawGawmh raxmifhoifhbl;xifw,fvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u 'g[m usrwdk‹
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyef+yD;awmh =unfhvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if xif&Sm;ygw,f? ygwDrsm;axmifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m
pdwf0rf;uJGwwfw,f? 'g usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf&JŒ tm;enf;csufyJ? nDnGwfr_bufrSm odyf+yD;awmh tm;roefbl;?
nDnGwfr_rSm tm;roefvdk‹/ nDnGwfr_òyduJGrSm pdk;&drfvGef;vdk‹ usr[m ygwDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; raxmifcsifbl;?
'gayrJhvnf; (18) &ufae‹ pufwifbmaemufydkif;usawmh EkdifiHa&;t& v_yf&Sm;ydkifcGifh twkdif;twmwcktxd
&Sdatmifvdk‹qdk+yD;awmh ygwDtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
v_yf&Sm;vmcJh&ygw,f? 'Dvdk ygwDrsm;axmif+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;cJh&ayr,fhvnf; trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wck
jzpfw,fqdkwmvnf; tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfeJ‹omvkyfzdk‹ ta&;}uD;ygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wufwufºuGºuG/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ 1988 u EkdifiH&JŒ tpOftvmtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm
yg0ifcJhw,f? 'Dvdkyg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;rsm;a&SŒa&;twGuf usrwdk‹[m ±kef;uef&r,f? 'Dvdkyg0ifcJhwJh
ausmif;om;rsm;[m aemifjyef+yD;awmh ynmudk at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ qufvufoif+yD;awmh
ynmjynfhpHkwJhtcgusawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;aqmifvmEkdifr,fh tajctaea&mufoGm;atmifvdk‹
usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ulnDay;&r,f? vli,frsm; a&SŒwufEkdifzdk‹twGuf vlvwfrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;uae+yD;awmh a&SŒu
vrf;cif;ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDvrf;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0dkif;+yD;cif;aeygw,f? 'Dvdk
tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD;awmh cif;aewJhae&mrSm wa,muftay:wa,muf apwem&Sd&Sd/ wa,muftay:wa,muf
em;vnfr_&Sd&SdeJ‹ ulnDoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vrf;}uD;[m jrefjrefqefqef +yD;oGm;rSmyg? 'Dvrf;}uD;cif;w,fqdkwm
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ omom,m,m/ ºuGºuG&G&GeJ‹ av#mufoGm;zdk‹ r[kwfygbl;?
jynfolvlxk at;at;csrf;csrf;/ omom,m,m/ *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ av#mufoGm;zdk‹jzpfygw,f? usrwdk‹[m
vrf;cif;orm;rsm;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm av#muf+yD;awmh
=unfhvdkufvdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if vrf;tvkyform;rsm;[m tyifyef;qHk;yJqdkwm tm;vHk; jrifygvdrfhr,f?
tkwfawGudkvnf; cJG&w,f/ aeylusJusJ}uD;xJrSm 'Dtw k fawGudk cif;&w,f? uwW&mqDylyleJ‹ tvkyfvkyf&w,f?
tckacwfawmh uwW&mqDu enf;enf;eJ‹ oGm;vdk‹ tvkyfawmh enf;enf;oufomwmayghav? 'gayrJh
'DtvkyfawG[m r+yD;jywfao;ygbl;? tJhawmh usrwdk‹[mvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ? tifrwefrS yifyef;EGrf;e,fwJh
tvkyfawGudk vkyf&r,f? aeylusJusJ}uD;xJrSm aeylcH&r,f? 'D rawmfrw&m;whJ w&m;Oya'tkwfawGudk
qef‹usifwJhtaeeJ‹ usrwdk‹uae cJGypf&r,f? 'DtkwfawGudk cJGypf+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeif;EkdifwJh
tajctaejzpfatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vrf;udk acsmarmatmifvkyfoGm;&r,f? 'DvdkacsmarmatmifvkyfoGm;rS
usrwdk‹&JŒ tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifygr,f? tdyfrufomrufwJh vlqdkwm tifrwefrS
tm;enf;wJhvlyg? 'gayrJh udk,fhtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifwJh vlqdkwm[m
wu,fhtm*ol&Jaumif;}uD;yJ? tdyfrufwckudk ruf+yD;awmh taumiftxnfazmfzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹&JŒ tck
wm0ef}uD;w&yf jzpfvmygw,f? usrwdk‹rSm wm0ef}uD; 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 awG &Sdzdk‹rvdkygbl;? wm0ef}uD;w&yf &Sdzdk‹om
vdktyfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifa&;twGufyJ?
usrwdk‹[m usrwkd‹&JŒ vlr_a&;t&yJvm;? bma=umifhvJawmh rodbl;? usrwdk‹&JŒEkdifiHrSm
nDnGwfr_qdkwm odyf+yD;awmh r&SdcJhbl;? wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf remvdkw,f/ 0efwdkw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS
rsm;cJhw,f? 'gvnf; usr c%c% rdwfaqGrsm;eJ‹vnf; aqG;aEG;ygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ vli,frsm;eJ‹vnf;
aqG;aEG;w,f? vl}uD;awGeJ‹vnf; aqG;aEG;w,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm 'DavmufawmifrS
remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG rsm;ovJ? usr EkdifiHawG trsm;}uD; a&mufzl;ygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;awG
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ‹ usr aqG;aEG;zl;w,f? 'DudpPawG ajymzl;w,f? wjcm;EkdifiHawGrSmvnf;
remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG r&Sdbl; r[kwfygbl;? vlawG&SdwJh todkif;t0dkif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'D0efwkdpdwfawG &SdrSmyJ?
'gayrJh usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSmawmh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 'Dremvdk0efwdkpdwfawG[m usrwdkŒ&JŒ EkdifiHa&;atmifjrifr_awG
r&atmifvdk‹ 0if0if+yD;awmh ±_wfaew,fqdkwm jrif&ygw,f? 'g bmjzpfvdk‹vJ? usr 'Djy\em&JŒ Zpfjrpfudk
&Sm&r,f? 'Djy\em&JŒ Zpfjrpfudk&SmrS 'Djy\emudk usrwdk‹ ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?
tckvdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu tm;vHk;pka0;aewm[m yxrOD;qHk; 'Djy\emudk ajz&Sif;zdk‹
vrf;pOfay:udk a&mufvm+yDvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Djy\emudk usrwdk‹ ajz&Sif;&r,f? ygwDwcku
tm%m&Sif}uD;vdk‹ emrnf}uD;aevdk‹ igwdk‹ rvdkvm;bl;qdkwJh pdwfawG&Sdaevdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? 'DrSm usr
awmif;yefcsifygw,f? 'DrSm usr tm%mqdkwJh pum;vHk;av; oHk;rdw,f? 'D tm%mqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ roHk;wm taumif;qHk;yJvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ tm%mqufoHk;r,f/
tm%mqufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaewm[m tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;ygw,f?
usr =um;wkdif;/ =um;wkdif; e0wtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f? usrwdk‹EkdifiHtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f?
'DvdktkyfcsKyfaewJh vlwpk[m vufeufudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f/ tm%mudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f?
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vufeufrJhwJh jynfolvlxkudk tm%mqufoHk;r,fvdk‹ ajymaewm[m tifrwefrS
roifhawmfwJhudpPyg? 'gudk usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu 0dkif;+yD;awmh uef‹uGuf&r,f? 0dkif;+yD;awmh
jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? bmjzpfvkd‹ 'D EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awG zJG‹xm;ao;vJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹
tm%mydkifrsm;=um;xJrSm tcktcHwck&Sdzdk‹ zJG‹xm;wmaygh? tpwkef;u bmjzpfvkd‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awG
rSwfyHkwifcGifhay;ovJ? EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rSwfyHkwifcGifhay;w,fqdkuwnf;u
EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ EkdifiHa&;vdkvm;csufawGukd ajymqdkydkifcGifh&SdwJh
tzJG‹tpnf;awGqdkwm todtrSwfðyxm;wmeJ‹ twlwlyJ? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxk (39) oef;eJ‹aqG;aEG;zdk‹/
nd‡E_dif;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹qdkwm rvG,fwma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹awmh aqG;aEG;oifhw,f/
nd‡E_dif;oifhw,f/ wkdifyifoifhw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;uvnf; odrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;? 'D (200)
ausmfuae+yD;awmh wajz;ajz;aqG;aEG;zdk‹/ wkdifyifzdk‹/ nd‡E_dif;zdk‹ vG,fatmifqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹uae+yD;awmh
udk,fpm;vS,fawG wae‹eJ‹wae‹ ydk+yD; enf;vmatmifvdk‹ qdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;aeygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dbufu
b,fvdkyJ óud;pm;óud;pm; e0wbufuvnf; óud;pm;csifrS atmifjrifEkdifrSmyg? nd‡E_di;f zdk‹/ aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwm
ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;u vkyfrSjzpfwmyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ ordkif;&JŒ tjypfwifcHjcif;udk
rvdkvm;bl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;emawGudk quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;vdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? OD;ae0if;uJhodk‹
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif; rvdkvm;wJh taetxm;awGudk usrwdk‹ ajymif;vJ&r,f?
vlxkeJ‹ raqG;aEG;csifbl;/ rwkdifyifcsifbl;/ rnd‡E_dif;csifbl;qdkwm vlxkudk todtrSwfrðywmbJ? jynfolvlxkudk
ae&mrxm;wmbJ? 'Dawmh tcktcsdefrSm EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;eJ‹awmifrS rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ rwdkifyifEkdifbl;qdk&if
jynfolvlxkeJ‹ b,fvkdvkyfnd‡E_dif;/ wkdifyifEkdifrvJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ b,fvdkvkyfem;vnfr_ ,lEkdifrvJ? (200)
ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_ r,lEdkifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if (38) oef;ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_,lEkdifzdk‹ tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f?
t"duawmh 'D (38) oef;ausmfeJ‹ em;vnfr_,lEkdifzdk‹twGufyJ? 'gudk OD;wnfyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
tckcsdefrSmawmh wdkif;jynf&JŒ tpdk;&t}uD;tuJwa,muf jzpfaeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tpdk;&&JŒ
t}uD;tuJwa,mufqdkwm[m t}uD;tuJwa,mufyDyDawmh qufqH&r,f?
t}uD;tuJwa,mufyDyDawmh vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk usr ajymvnf; ajym/ pmvnf; a&;xm;ygw,f? 'Duae‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f?
usrwdk‹[m nd‡E_dif;csifw,f/ aqG;aEG;csifw,f/ wkdifyifcsifw,fqkdwm pum;&nfvkyJGvkyfcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;?
t±_H;tEkdif qHk;jzwfcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk; tajz&Smcsifvdk‹ jzpfygw,f? 'g[m
usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;ygr,f?
aemifusvdk‹&Sd&if or*~}uD;udkòzdvdkufovdk xyf+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttHkrsm; ròzdEdkifatmifvdk‹
usrwdk‹uae+yD;awmh tckuaep+yD; wEkdifiHvHk;udk tumtuG,fay;oGm;EkdifwJh tiftm;pk}uD;jzpfzdk‹
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'Dtiftm;pk}uD;[m wkdif;jynftwGuf taumif;qHk;tajzudk qufvuf+yD;awmh
&SmoGm;ygr,f? wae‹eJ‹wae‹ tajzqdkwmvnf;/ taumif;qHk;tajzqdkwmvnf; ajymif;vJ&ifvnf;
ajymif;vJaeygvdfrfhr,f? usrwdk‹[m wkdif;jynftajctaeawG ajymif;vJovdk vdkuf+yD;awmh ajymif;vJEdkifwJh
t&nftcsif;awG &Sd&r,f? jynfolvlxk tajctaeajymif;vJovdk vdkuf+yD;awmh ajymif;vJEkdifwJh
t&nftcsif;awG &Sd&r,f? wae&muae tumtuG,fay;vdk‹ rvHkavmuf&if aemufwae&muae
a&$Œ+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f? 'g[m usrwdk‹&JŒ t"du 'Drdkua&pDwm0efyg? 'D
'Drdkua&pDwm0efudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; 0kdif;+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ xrf;aqmif=uyg? 'Dor*~}uD;udk
wae‹usvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m aemifròyduJGEkdifatmifvdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh
wnfaqmuf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkwnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm or*~}uD;[m ausmif;om;or*~wifr[kwfbl;?
'Drkdua&pDor*~}uD;/ 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttHk}uD;jzpf&r,f? 'DEkdifiHrSm aemifacwftqufquf
wnfwHhckdif+rJoGm;r,fh 'Drkdua&pDtaqmufttHk}uD;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m yifyef;w}uD;eJ‹ aqmufoGm;zdk‹
jzpfygw,f? pdwf"mwfrus=uygeJ‹? usrwdk‹rSm pdwf"mwfusp&m r&Sdygbl;? tcktcsdefrSm +cdrf;ajcmufr_trsKd;rsKd;
&Sdygw,f? +cdrf;ajcmufr_trsKd;rsKd; =um;xJuae+yD;awmh usrwkd‹ owWdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if atmifjrifr,fvdk‹
xifygw,f? wae‹eJ‹wae‹ nDnGwfr_tiftm;[mvnf; rsm;vmwm usr awG‹&ygw,f? pnf;urf;[mvnf;
ydk+yD;awmh }uD;vmwm awG‹&ygw,f? usrwkd‹bufu nDnGwfr_tiftm;[m }uD;vmavav/ pnf;urf;[m
}uD;vmavav/ 'Drkdua&pDudk rvdkvm;wJhbufu a=umufavavqdkwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f? a=umufvdk‹vnf;
usrwdk‹udk zsufqD;zdk‹/ xdk;ESufzdk‹ óud;pm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹[m owdeJ‹ 0d&d,eJ‹ pl;pl;prf;prf;/
qifqifjcifjcif wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? aemif qufvmr,fh
vawGxJrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf em;vnfrvJGatmifvdk‹
óud;pm;=uyg? tqufrjywf tquftoG,fvkyf=uyg? wa,mufudkwa,muf txiftjrifrvJG=uygeJ‹?
tiftm;awGudk pk=uyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹vnf; 'Dvdktiftm;pkawGudk pk+yD;awmh wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf
jynfol‹aumif;usKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJhqENawG &Sdygw,f? usrudk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒ
udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ‹ wifajr‡mufvdkufwJhtxJrSm usr[m azazhorD;jzpfvdk‹qdkwJh ta=umif;[m
t"duyJqdkwm usr odygw,f? usrudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;taeeJ‹ wkdif;jynfu vufcHwmr[kwfvm;vdk‹
ar;vdk‹&Sd&if usr [kwfygw,fvdk‹yJ ajymygw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf emusifp&mr[kwfygbl;? 'g[m
*k%f,lp&myg? usrtaeeJ‹ azazhorD;rdk‹vdk‹ ae&may;wmqdkvdk‹ remygbl;? 'g[m usr&JŒ pdwf"mwf/
pdwf"mwftm;jzifh tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&mudpPyJvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh azazvdkcsifwJh
jynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifzdk‹ qdk+yD;awmh usr tifrwefrS pdwfoefygw,f? azaz[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹
jynfaxmifpk}uD;wckudk xlaxmifoGm;apcsifw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usr vkyfoGm;csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk usr uwday;Ekdifygw,f? azaz&JŒ pdwf"mwftay:awmh usr b,fawmhrS
opPmrazmufbl;? azaz vdkcsifwJh 'DvkdopPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGay;wJh wm0efrSefor#udkvnf; usr
qufvuf+yD;awmh xrf;aqmifoGm;yghr,f? ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ‹ usrtay:rSm wm0efay;vdk‹&Sd&if usr
wwfEkdifoa&GŒ opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ xrf;aqmifoGm;ygr,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ wm0ef/ jynfol&JŒ wm0ef/
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ wm0efudk tpOft+rJyJ xrf;aqmifoGm;&if;eJ‹ usrwdk‹tm;vHk;
'Drkdua&pDyef;wdkif}uD;udk a&mufr,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dae‹'D&uf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&wJh
ae‹vnf;jzpfw,f? 'Dvdkausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&vdk‹ usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;twGuf
tifrwefrS epfemoGm;ygw,f? tck usrwdk‹vkyfaewm[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk jyefvnf+yD;awmh
wnfaqmufzdk‹yJ? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfrdk‹vdk‹ vkyfaewmjzpfwma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tem*wftwGuf ypPKy`efrSm
bmyJ pGef‹pm;& pGef‹pm;&/ bmyJ pGef‹v$wf& pGef‹v$wf& pGef‹v$wfygr,f? pGef‹pm;ygr,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfeJ‹
qufvuf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ usr awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
19
Zlvkdif ckepf&ufae‹
* * *
usrwdk‹ Zlvkdifv (7) &ufae‹[m or*~òyduJGwJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae‹[m ynma&;eJ‹vnf; oufqdkifw,f? EkdifiHa&;eJ‹vnf;
oufqkdifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;/ ynma&;udpPrsm; ajymwJhtcg twdwf/
ypPKy`efeJ‹ tem*wf[m qufpyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh twdwfu jzpfcJhwJh
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm tckypPKy`efrSm b,fvdkjzpfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =unfh&r,f?
ausmif;om;or*~udk bmjzpfvdk‹òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,folu òzdcJGoGm;ovJ?
b,fvdkta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&rSmyJ?
b,fvdkenf;awGeJ‹ òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfowfjcif;/ ausmif;om;or*~udk òzdcJGjcif;rjzpfcifrSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m
tJh'Dwkef;u ppftm%mydkifrsm;eJ‹ aqG;aEG;yg? nd‡E_dif;ygqdk+yD;awmh awmif;qdkcJhw,f? 'gudkvnf; jiif;cJhw,f?
'Dppftm%mydkifrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;eJ‹ ausmif;om;or*~ta&;udk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm Aid to Civil
Power vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwJh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufembJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh
ajz&Sif;wJhenf;/ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifwJhenf;udk jiif;qefcJhwJh Aid to civil Power qkdwJh wyfrawmfwcktaeeJ‹
xdef;oifhxdef;xdkufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGudk rxdef;cJhwmuawmh OD;ae0if;yJ? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;&ifqkdif&r,f?
usr 'Dvdkajymae&jcif;ta=umif;[m OD;ae0if;udk oufouf yk*~Kdvft& wkdufcdkufcsifvdk‹r[kwfbl;?
tck ypPKy`efjzpfaewJh udpPawGeJ‹ qufEG,faevd‹k yg? wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
rdef‹cGef;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Drdef‹cGef;xJrSm Aid to Civil Power qdw k m ol
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwmudkvnf; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;udk rvkdvm;bl;qdkwJh
oabmxm;udkvnf; azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tJ'Doabmxm;awG[m OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGeJ‹
wxyfxJygyJ? OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;awGeJ‹ wxyfxJr‹dk vdk‹ tckxdwdkifatmif OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%m[m
jrefrmEkdifiHay:rSm v$rf;rdk;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f?
usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuef r&ifqdkifEkdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fenf;eJ‹rS
ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr 'DudpPawGudk azmfjywmyg? tcktcsdefrSm
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m b,fvdkyJ OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ajymajym/ OD;ae0if;vkyfwJhtwdkif;
quf+yD; vkyfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%matmufrSm&Sdw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ quf+yD;awmh acsr_ef;OD;r,f/ xdcdkufOD;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmhvnf;
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& vkyfw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? 'Dawmh e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ
OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%matmufuae+yD;awmh vGwfuif;w,fqdkwm jycsifvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;enf;awGudk
quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? or*~ukd òzdcJGwJh OD;ae0if;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfcJhwJh OD;ae0if;&JŒ
enf;awGudk vHk;vHk;quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ 'Duae‹ quf+yD;awmh awmif;qdk&rSmyJ? 'g
EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& EkdifiHa&;jy\ersm;udk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;w,fqdkwm
nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifwJhenf;yg? t&ifwkef;u EkdifiHjcm;udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;awmifrS 'Denf;udk oHk;cJhygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; 'Denf;udk ydk+yD;awmh oHk;oifhygw,f? tcsif;csif; nd‡E_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/
wkdifyif&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSm/ nd‡E_dif;&rSm/ wkdifyif&rSmjzpfygw,f? nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/
wkdifyifw,fqdkwm pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? t±_H;tEkdif&SmwJhyJGr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf
taumif;qHk; tajz&SmwJhyJG jzpfygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; OD;wnf&r,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m
vGwfvyfa&;r&cifuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f/ ygvnf; yg0ifoifhygw,f? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;vnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efvnf; &Sdw,f?
ynma&;wm0efqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynm&Smzdk‹yJ? 'gayrJh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm bmvJ?
usrtjrifawmh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EdkifwJh ynmomjzpf&r,f?
trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf roHk;EkdifwJh ynm[m wefzdk;r&SdEkdifbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EkdifwJh ynmrsKd;udk &Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk&SmwJhae&mrSm
ynmrmefwufzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;om;or*~ òzdcJGa&;udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ reufwkef;u tcrf;tem;rSm
yg0ifcJhwhJ t&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;a[mif; OD;wifarmif0if;[m ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u
tjyifrSm wyfawGu&Sdw,f/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ twGif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ tJovdk
wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ‹ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m
a'gojzpf+yD;awmh atmfvdkuf=uw,fwJh? rif;wdk‹ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹rS (7) wef;atmif&JŒvm;vdk‹
ajymvdkuf=uw,fwJh? (=obmoHrsm;) usreJ‹ em;vnfr_vJG+yDvdk‹ xifygw,f? usr rajymoifhbl;vdk‹ ajymrvdk‹/
'Dvdk[m rajymoifhygbl;? 'Dvdk (ajymwm[m) ynmrmefygw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? &Jabmfrsm;/
wyfrawmfom;[mvnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif;yJ? 'DvdkwyfrawmfxJudk 0ifoGm;&wJh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m b,fvkdtajctaeu vmvJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f?
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkxJu vmwmyg? usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf qif;&Jaevdk‹ tJh'Dvdk
qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkawG &SdaewmyJ? tJh'Dvdk rdom;pkxJu vlawG[m wyfrawmfxJudk 0if=uw,f?
wyfrawmfxJrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif=uw,f? tJ'Dawmh ynmqdkwmeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wcgxJ ajymoGm;r,f?
'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m [kwfw,f/ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹ (7) wef;atmifcsifrSvnf; atmifr,f? 'gayrJh
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m ESdrfzdk‹rvdkygbl;? ta&;tcif;wkef;u jynfolvlxkatmfoGm;wJh
aºuG;a=umfoHwck&Sdw,f? AdkvfcsKyfay;wJh ppfynm/ ausmif;om;jynfol owfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;wJh? tJ'Dawmh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynmay;xm;w,f? ppfynmqdkwm bmvJ? jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk‹/
jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJhynmyJ? tJh'Dvdk jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJh ynmr&Sdvdk‹om
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ynmr&Sdbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajym&rSmyJ? (7) wef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;/
q,fwef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? wuUodkvfra&mufvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? rSefrSefuefuef jynfolvlxktusKd;
xrf;aqmifzdk‹ ay;xm;wJhynmukd tvJGoHk;pm; vkyfvdk‹omjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh ynmqdkwm[m
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;om ydkifqkdifwmr[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifEkdifw,f? rSefuefwJh
ppfynmudk ydkifqdkifEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk‹ (26) ESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJh
awG;ac:wwfwJhynmukd ray;xm;bl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJhppfynmudk ray;xm;bl;?
tJh'Dvdk ray;wmvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ? w&m;cHudkawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&r,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif&r,f? 'DvdkvlrsKd;
aemif 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm ray:vmatmif usrwdk‹ vkyf&r,f? OD;ae0if; bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynfudk
b,favmuf=um=um tkyfpdk;oGm;vJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;a=umifhyJ? jynfolvlxku bmjzpfvdk‹ vlwa,muf&JŒ
=oZmtm%m/ rSefrSefrvkyfEkdifwJh vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%m/ wefzdk;&SdwJh ynmudk em;rvnfwJh
vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%mudk 'Dwkdif;jynfay:rSm 'Davmuf=um=um v$rf;rdk;cGifhay;oGm;ovJ? 'g
usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? tck 'DrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uawmh wm0eftuif;vGwfqHk;yJ?
bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh tckawmifrS (26) ESpft&G,fr&SdwJh vli,fawG trsm;}uD;ygyJ? i,fi,fav;awGrdk‹vdk‹
rvkkyfEkdifbl;vdk‹ ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tm;vHk;uawmh wm0ef&SdwmyJ? b,fvdkrS usrwdk‹[m
'Dwm0efatmufu ±kef;uef+yD;awmh xGufvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ uH=urRmudk zefwD;wm[m EkdifiHol/
EkdifiHom;taygif;jzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? t&ifwkef;u tjzpftysufawGtwGuf
wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? rSm;wJhEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfawG/ rSm;wJhynma&;vrf;pOfawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf[m E$JcJh&+yD?
aemifusvdk‹&Sd&if rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rSefuefwJh ynma&;vrf;pOfawGom 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm &Sdzdk‹vdkygw,f?
'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tcktcsdefrSm ausmif;awGydwfaew,f? ynma&;eJ‹
uif;uGmaew,fqdkwm ausmif;ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,f? avmuxJrSm ynm&Smae&w,f?
avmu}uD;xJrSm ynm&SmaewJhtcg EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;xJrSm ynm&SmwJhtcgrSmvnf;
wefzdk;&SdwJhynm&Smzdk‹ vdkygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm &Sm=uygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh
ynm[m ausmif;wcgrS raezl;wJh vlawmifrS &SmEdkifygw,f? 'DvdkynmawG usrwdk‹EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awGrSm
tm;vHk;&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwkdif;jynfu EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f?
vlr_a&;pepf/ EkdifiHa&;pepf/ ynma&;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkwm tm;vHk; qufEG,faeygw,f? 'gvnf;
tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? 'Dawmh rSefuefwJhynm &Sma&;qdkwm rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
wcgxJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;a&m/ ynma&;a&m atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f?
'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;rsm;ydwfaewmawmifrS atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Edkifygw,f?
tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7 Zlvdkif) owd&wJhtcgrSm tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;w,f?
wdk‹&JŒwdkif;jynfrSm tifrwefrS ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrloGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckrSm rjzpfoifh/
rjzpfxdkufwJh jzpf&yfawG[m jzpfoGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJhwkdif;jynfwck jyef+yD;awmhjzpfatmif usrwdk‹
óud;pm;&r,f? 'Dvdk,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckjzpfzdk‹qdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ vufxJrSm
&Sdygw,f? apmapmu 0d"l&OD;cspfarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;yJ tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; vli,fawG&JŒ vufxJrSm
trsm;qHk;yJ&Sdygw,f? 'Dtem*wfudk csDwufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm rSefrSefuefuef csDwufoGm;=uyg?
usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf&JŒ a&SŒa&;udk t+rJyJ=unfhyg? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ wrifoufouf wyfrawmfom;rsm;&JŒ
ynma&;udk xnfh+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? wyfrawmfe‹J jynfol tpOft+rJuGJaevdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;?
'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m tifrwefrS qif;&JwJh todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u vmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&r,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vkd‹ usrwdk‹rSm =uifempdwfawG &Sd&r,f? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGvkd ynmoif&wJh tcGifhta&;awG r&SdcJhbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm OD;ae0if;wdk‹vkd
yk*~KdvfrsKd;ay;vdkufwJh ppfynmawG/ rrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGom &SdcJhw,f? 'Dawmh 'DvdkrrSefruefwJh
ppfynmawGtpm; rSefuefwJhtrsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfawG usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oGif;ay;&r,f? 'g tm;vHk;rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHjzpfzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJ/ *k%foduQm&SdwJhwyfrawmf
&Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh txl;ojzifh pdwf0rf;uJGaewmuawmh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹
wyfrawmf=um;xJrSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfvufxJrSm tcH&qHk;u ausmif;om;awGyJ?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ausmif;om;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm tifrwefrS emusnf;ae=uw,f? c%c%yJ usrudk ajymygw,f?
ppfqdkvdk‹ a&awmifppfraomufzl;vdk‹ usrudk ajymygw,f? a& ppfraomufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh ydk;0if±HkyJ&Sdw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdk‹rjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹
ydk+yD;awmh oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? ydk}uD;awmh tjrifus,f&r,f? oabmxm;}uD;}uD; tjrifus,fus,feJ‹
cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfawG &Sd&r,f? ynmr&SdwJhvleJ‹ ±kef;aevdk‹/ ebrf;owfaevdk‹vnf; roifhawmfygbl;?
'Dawmh udk,feJ‹ wef;wlnDwljzpfatmif ynmay;+yD;rS ebrf;owfwmrS ebrf;owf&usKd; eyfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
óud;pm;=uyg?
ppfynmrsm; jyef+yD;awmh oifay;Ekdif&r,f/ ppfynmqdkwm jynfol‹twGuf/ jynfol‹udk umuG,fzdk‹/
jynfoludkowfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oifay;&r,f?
tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? rae‹wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymoGm;wJh
rdef‹cGef;xJrSm jynfolvlxkukd +cdrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifawG ygw,fvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk
+cdfrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifqdkwm usr vHk;vkHk;rESpfoufygbl;? 'Dvdk tm%mudk udkif+yD;awmh/ vufeufudk
udkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfygbl;? enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹
r[kwfrrSefuefwmawG ajym+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk xdk;ESufaew,f? 'gawGu qdk;vS+yD? ckusawmh
tm%mpufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufvmwJhtcgusawmh tifrwefrS vGefaeyg+yD? usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm
tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; b,fawmhrS cGifhv$wfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tm%mpufoHk;wJh tavhtx}uD;udkawmh
usrwdk‹ 'Duae+yD;awmh &yfqkdif;&awmhr,f? e0w taeeJ‹ EkdifiHtay:rSm apwem&Sd&if/ e0w taeeJ‹
OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mudk vGefqef&JwJh owWd&Sd&if tm%mpufqdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd vHk;vHk; quf+yD;awmh
roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyif&JwJh owWdudkom
arG;jrLyg? tJh'grS wu,fhowWdyg? aoewf}uD;&Sdvdk‹ ypf&Jw,fqdkwm[m owWdr[kwfygbl;? bmrS vufxJrSm
r&SdbJeJ‹ trSefw&m;t& tajz&SmcsifwJh owWdrsKd;om usrwdk‹ vkdcsifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; twdwfujzpf&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;+yD;awmh
rSefrSefuefuefvkyfzdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uyg? usr 'g xyfwvJvJajymaewJhudpPyg? rSefrSefuefuefvkyf&if usrwdk‹
wae‹r[kwfwae‹ atmifjrif&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ rSefuefwJhtiftm;/ nDnGwfr_tiftm;udk b,folrS
a&&SnfvGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? e0w vnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfvnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm
r[kwfbl;? e0wwdk‹/ wyfrawmfwdk‹qdkwmuvnf; jynfolvlxku au|;arG;xm;wJh
tzJG‹tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxktay:rSm tifrwefrS aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f? aus;Zl;&Sifudk
aus;Zl;rodwwfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'kuQa&mufp+rJyJ? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;taeeJ‹
pdwf"mwfrusygeJ‹? +cdrf;ajcmufwma=umifh ra=umufygeJ‹? 'gayrJh owWdqdkwmawmh &Sdyg? usrudk
q&mawmf}uD;wyg;uae+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufovdkayghav? t&ifwkef;u azazhudkvnf; rdef‹cJhygw,fqdk+yD; usrudk
xyf+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufygw,f? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹ayghav?
ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹qdkwm[m owdxm;&r,f?
tumtuG,f,l&r,f? 'Dvdk+cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqkdwm em;vnf&r,f? b,fvdkoabmeJ‹
+cdrf;ajcmufaeovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ em;vnf&r,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ taumif;qHk;tumtuG,fuawmh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;yJ/ pnf;urf;yJ? usrwdk‹ nDnDnGwfnGwf pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk
&ef&Smzdk‹ tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f? tckvdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd wnDwnGwf
tcrf;tem;}uD; usif;yoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS tm;wufp&mjzpfygw,f? reufwkef;uvnf;
ygwDaygif;rsm;pGm[m (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; usif;yoGm;ygw,f?
'DvdknDnGwfr_tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ wufvmw,fqdkwm jrifawG‹&ygw,f? 'DvdkwufvmwJh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;eJ‹yJ usrwdk‹ atmifyef;udk qifEkdifygw,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;rSmyg?
wajz;ajz; r[kwfbJeJ‹ ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&mufa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;&r,f?
'Dhaemuf wv/ ESpfvtwGif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tcrf;tem;trsKd;rsKd; usif;y&r,fqdkwm usr
ajymcJhygw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv/ (19) &ufae‹
Zlvdkifvqdk+yD;awmh }udrf;armif;aew,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr }udrf;armif;aewm r[kwfygbl;?
owday;aewmyg/ jynfolvlxkudk? 'Dtcrf;tem;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm
EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;cJhvdk‹jzpfw,f? aemifxyf+yD;awmh vufeufenf;eJ‹
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm; rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹
óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? 'gyJ usr xyfwvJvJ ajymoGm;wmyg? usr pyDumraumif;vdk‹ atmfrdvdk‹
}udrf;armif;aew,fxifovm;awmh rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxku 'gudk pdwfxJrSmxm;yg? aemif
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ rajz&Sif;a&;/ rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹
óud;pm;&r,f? quf+yD; óud;pm;oGm;&rSmyJ? 'D ESpfv/ oHk;v&JŒ jy\emrsm;udk usrwdk‹ atmifatmifjrifjrif
ausmfv$m;Ekdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk jrefjrefqefqef &Ekdifw,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? t&ifht&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wkdif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifcJhovdk tckacwf
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh wdkif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk‹ usr
,Hk=unfygw,f? 'D,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;yJ tm;vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwf/ owWd&Sd&Sd/ owd&Sd&SdeJ‹
qufvufcsDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ usr ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
20
wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ
21
e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&;
22
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 6
23
jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf
1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae‹ tóudrdef‹cGef;
* * *
usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk 'Dvdktm;ay;wJhtwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
usrwdk‹&JŒ vkyfief;awGudk trsKd;rsKd;yJ wdkufcdkufaew,fqdkwm trsm;od+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tck
'Dvdkjynfolvlxk}uD;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ a&mufvmwmjrifwJhtwGufvnf; usr trsm;}uD;0rf;omw,f?
'DbufrSm vufeufudkifwyfawG r&SdwJhtwGufvnf; usrwdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ 0rf;omygw,f? usrwdk‹
t+rJyJajymygw,f? vufeufukdifwyfrsm; r&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdygw,f?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm; a&mufrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdwmyg? 'ga=umifh e0w taeeJ‹
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udkvnf; oufomapcsifw,f/ jynfolvlxkudkvnf; pdwfoufomapcsifw,f
qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk‹ pnf;±Hk;pka0;wJhae&mrSm vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;udk rv$wfzdk‹qdkwm tifrwefrS
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trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm Auy qefw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfygbl;?
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tmZmenfukef;udk oGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðy&r,fh tajctaeudk usrwdk‹ OD;wnfygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwm[m
qlylcsifvdk‹vnf; r[kwfygbl;? azazajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? 1946 ckESpfwkef;u +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk ajymcJhygw,f?
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tmZmenfukef;usrS vkyfrSmyg? *g&0ðyr,f/ tav;ðyr,f/ wkdifwnfcsifvnf; wkdifwnfEdkifygw,f?
'Dawmh tmZmenfae‹rSm jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk
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tck e0w vkyfyHkvkyfenf;awGuawmh atmifqef;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rudkufnDygbl;? azaz[m nd‡E_dif;/
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tckqdkvdk‹&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;qdk+yD;awmh owif;pmxJrSm
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raqmif&Guf0Hh=u&ifvnf; aqmif&Guf0HhwJhvlawGudk ae&mz,fay;=uapcsifw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usr ajym&rSmyJ?
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ausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifzdk‹yJ?
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0efxrf;rsm;[m udk,fh&JŒ 0wW&m;udk ausyGefatmif xrf;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒwm0ef[m jynfolvlxkudk
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ajym&rSmyJ? 'Dvdk usr ajym&jcif;ta=umif;[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;[m
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vufrcHEkdifygbl;?
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rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufwck/ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk w&m;aomenf;rsm;xJu rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk w&m;twdkif;
vkyf=uygwJh? w&m;aomenf;rsm;wJh? usrwdk‹ w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ vkyfaewmyJ? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;+yD? tJh'D[mudk
e0w &JŒ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrSmawmif ygygw,f? usrwdk‹[m rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGudk
zDqefaewmyg? w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkawmifrS usrwdk‹[m &atmifvkyfaewm r[kwfygbl;?
w&m;aomenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;zdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkvkyfwJhvlawGudk
“w&m;Oya'eJ‹ avsmfnDpGm usaemfwdk‹u tpGrf;ukefumuG,fay;rnfwJh”? b,frSmvJ w&m;Oya'eJ‹
avsmfnDpGm usrwdk‹udk umuG,fay;aewm? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf0ifawGeJ‹ jynfolvlxkudk rw&m;wJhenf;awGeJ‹
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zDqefwJhae&mrSm usrwdk‹[m at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; xyfwvJvJ
ajymygw,f? 'Dvdk xyfwvJvJajymaewJhtxJu oabmraygufwmawmh raygufcsifvdk‹bJvdk‹ usr
xifygw,f?
wyfrawmfeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m yifyifyef;yef; a&SŒwef;rSm
wkduf&w,fqdkwmudk c%c% ajymygw,f? a&SŒwef;rSm yifyifyef;yef;wdkuf&w,f? aemufwef;rSm
vHkòcHa&;vkyf&w,f? vHkòcHa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu wm0ef,lay;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfom;rsm; at;at;aq;aq; aeyg? 'Dvdk jynfolvlxktpnf;ta0;awG vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if
pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;/ vHkòcHa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ wm0efcH&Jw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGudk bmrS
'kuQray;csifygbl;? at;at;aq;aq; wyfwef;vsm;xJrSm 0if=uyg?
tJh'Dvkdaer,fqdk&if wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; oufomw,f/ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkvnf;
oufomw,f/ wyfrawmftwGufvnf; trsm;}uD;*k%foduQm&Sdygw,f? wyfrawmfqdkwm rvkyfoifh/
rvkyfxdkufwJhudpPawG vkyfaevdk‹&Sd&if *k%foduQm trsm;}uD;yJ usygw,f? 'Dvkd *k%foduQmusapwJhudpPawGudk
quf+yD;awmh rvkyfygeJ‹? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ wyfrawmfom;awGtay:rSm
apwem&Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfom;awG zwfzwfarmaeatmifvkd‹ wòrd‹vHk;udk vSnfhvnf+yD;awmh
jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufckdif;ygeJ‹?
tmZmenfae‹udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ jynfolvlxk[m vufeufudkifwyfrsm;
r&Sdbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ jzpfap&r,fvdk‹ usr tmrcH&Jygw,f?
vufeufudkifwyfrsm;&SdrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfwmyg? 'Dawmh usr 'Duae+yD;awmh usreJ‹ raqG;aEG;/
rnd‡E_dif;/ rwdkifyifcsifwJh e0wudk 'Duae‹yJ ajym&rSmyJ? tmZmenfae‹rSm pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/
at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfzdk‹twGuf vufeufudkifwyfrsm; rcsxm;ygeJ‹? a0;a0;uae+yD;awmh ae=uyg?
aemufwckvnf; usr ajymcsifygw,f? 'D e0w tpdk;&vufxufrSm ydk+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹udk *k%f&Sd&SdeJ‹
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tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem;udk wufygw,f? 'g[m bmoabmvJvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ? wae‹eJ‹wae‹
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awG&JŒ u¾udk arS;rSdefzdk‹ wrifoufoufvkyfwmvm;? 'DvdkvkyfcsifwJh
pdwfawGuawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒ pdwfawGyJvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'Dawmh wu,fyJ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk
vkyfcsifw,f? wu,fyJ wyfrawmf&JŒ zcif[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yg qdkwmudk em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
bmjzpfvdk‹ tmZmenfae‹rSm wyfrawmfu =unf;/ a&/ av (OD;pD;csKyf) awGu tav;rðyovJ? usr
ar;&rSmyJ? wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifyJ? wyfrawmfuvm+yD;awmh tav;ðy&rSmaygh?
tJhawmh wu,fyJ zcifqdkwm em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if =unf;/ a&/ av OD;pD;csKyfrsm;
tm;vHk;wuf+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹rSm tav;ðyyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk,fwkdifvnf; wuf+yD;awmh
tav;ðyyg? tJh'D[mudk =unfh/ jynfolvlxk 'gudk avhvm=uyg? tmZmenfae‹us&if b,folawG
oGm;+yD;awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk tav;ðyovJ? b,favmuf
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk av;pm;ovJqdkwm jynfolvlxk oHk;oyf=unfh=uyg? tJh'DawmhrS
odygvdrfhr,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh csDwuf+yD;awmh
tav;ðyrSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usr[m e0weJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktxd
rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ raqG;aEG;bl;/ rwkdifyifbl;qdk+yD;awmh bl;}uD;yJ jiif;aewmyJ?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ EkdifiHrSm jy\emawG trsm;}uD;&SdwJhtxJrSm qefjy\em[m
tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? 'Djy\emeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGuyJ vkyfvkd‹
qefaps;}uD;ovdkvdk/ qefr&Sdovdkvdk ajymaeygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudkawmh usrwdk‹ ajymcsifygw,f?
tpdk;&&JŒ vufxJrSm qefawG&Sdygw,f? wu,fyJ qefjy\emudk ajyvnfapcsifvdk‹&Sd&if tpdk;&[m
vkyfEkdifygw,f? e0w u vkyfvdkufyg? e0w vufxJrSm&SdwJh qefawGudk jzef‹jzL;vdkufr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm qefjy\emrwufygbl;? qefjy\emudk wu,fyJ ajz&Sif;csif&if e0wrSm ajz&Sif;EdkifwJh
pGrf;tif&Sdw,f? rajz&Sif;csifvdk‹om rajz&Sif;wmyJ? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGeJ‹ bmrS rqkdifbl;?
'DEdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGtxJrSm qef0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmifEkdifwJh taetxm;&Sdwm/ ydkufqH&Sdwm wpn
wckyJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh qefawG 0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmif+yD;awmh qefaps;wufatmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;
EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;[m b,f[mvJvdk‹ &Smvdkufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpn wckyJ awG‹rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh e0wtaeeJ‹
'Dvkdqefaps;}uD;atmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rauseyfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpnudk ta&;,loifhw,fvdk‹ usr
xifygw,f?
tck ar;cGef;av;awG wufvmygw,f? wufvmwJh ar;cGef;xJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh
ol‹&JŒrdef‹cGef;rSm usr[m wcgwkef;u (2) ESpfavmuf=umrS a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;w,fvdk‹
qdkygw,f? usr tJh'Dwkef;u ajymcJhwm rSefygw,f? usr 0efcHygw,f? usr b,fawmhrS vdrfrajymygbl;?
[kwfw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u u|HajymcJhw,f? wu,f ygwDrsm; awmifhawmifhwif;wif; jzpfatmifvdk‹
axmifzdk‹qdkwm tenf;qHk; (2) ESpfavmuf vdkr,f/ 'gvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfaum/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGaum zJG‹pnf;wJhae&mrSm yDjyifoifhoavmuf
ryDjyifao;bl;? tcsdefurS r&Sdao;bJ? 'gayrJhvnf; 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewJh
tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ usrwkd‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk
a&G;aumufyJGawG jrefjrefqefqefvkyfrS jynfolvlxk oufomrSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh usr tJ'Dwkef;u (2)
ESpf=umatmif apmifh&w,fvdk‹ ajymcJh&if usr rSm;ygw,f? usr 0efcHw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr
jrifwmuawmh tjrefqHk; a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh usrbufu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if usr 0efcHzdk‹
0efrav;ygbl;? 0efcHyghr,f? e0wbufuvnf; trSm;t,Gif;awG&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 0efcHygvdk‹ usru
awmif;yefcsifygw,f?
'gayrJh bmyJajymajym a&G;aumufyJGawGjzpfwJh tcsdefusvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usr ajymwJhtcsdefuae (2)
ESpfavmufeD;yg;awmh jzpfoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh odyfvnf; usr rSm;w,fvdk‹awmh rqdkEdkifbl;aygh? usrwdk‹
EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJhae&mrSm rrSm;wJhvlqdkwm r&Sdygbl;? ta&;}uD;wmu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if 0efcH&r,f? jyef+yD;awmh
jyif&r,f? tckjy\emu e0w u ae+yD;awmh trSm;qdkwm[m b,fawmhrS r&Sdbl;vdk‹qdk+yD;awmh
xm;aewmyJ? b,fawmhrS rSm;w,f&,fvdk‹ r0efcb H l;? vl}uD;wa,muftaeeJ‹/ txl;ojzifh vufeuf/
tm%mudk udkifxm;wJh vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹awmh rSm;w,fAsmvdk‹ 0efcHvdkuf&if b,favmuf
*k%foduQm&SdovJ? jynfolvlxk[m b,favmuf av;pm;oGm;rvJ? 'gawGudk rpOf;pm;=ubl;?
tcktcsdefusawmh 'Dvdk usKyfwdk‹rSm;w,fvdk‹ r0efcHbJeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹vufxJrSm aoewf&Sdw,fcsnf;yJ
ajymaewmyJ? 'g tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJh udpPawGyg?
'gvnf; ckeudpPa=umifh ar;wmyJeJ‹ wlw,f? c%av;aemf? “tmZmenfae‹ csDwuftav;ðy&m
tift,f'D trnfryg0ifI jynfolrsm; odk‹avm/ odk‹avm jzpfaeonfudk &Sif;vif;ay;&ef” wJh? usrwdk‹u
q,fa,mufxJeJ‹awmh rcsDwufygbl;? q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;ðywm[m
apmfum;&ma&mufw,fvdk‹ xifvdk‹ q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹ rcsDwufygbl;?
“uif;vGwfcGifhrSwfyHkwifwJh tift,f'Doabmxm;udk &Sif;vif;ay;yg” wJh? usrwdk‹oabm
apmapmu ajymcJh+yD;yg+yD? 1962 ckESpf w&m;Oya't& yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhOya't&qdk&if usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhr&Sdbl;qdkwJh
trdef‹tm%m rw&m;wm? usrwdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0wmu rw&m;wm r[kwfygbl;?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ uif;vGwfcGifhqdkwm usrwdk‹ &Sdxdkufygw,f? avhvmzdk‹twGuf av#mufv$mawGawmifrS
oGm;+yD;awmh ,l=unfhvdkufygw,f? b,fvdkuif;vGwfcGifh[m awmif;oifh/ rawmif;oifh/
uif;vGwfcGifhawmif;wJhae&mrSm rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGygw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ jrifygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ
EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh 0efcHcsufawGudk vufrSwfxdk;ckdif;xm;w,fqdkwm jrifygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ 'D0efcHcsufawGudkvnf; rxdk;Ekdifbl;? uif;vGwfciG fhvnf; usrwdk‹ rawmif;Ekdifbl;?
“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS tm%m&&Sdygu jynfwGif;ppfudk rnfodk‹ oabmxm;ygovJ” wJh?
jynfwGif;ppfudk uif;+idrf;atmif/ +yD;+idrf;atmif rvkyfcJhwmuawmh rqvyJ? usrwdk‹uawmh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&
wufvdk‹&Sd&if jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;oGm;atmifvdk‹ EdkifiHa&;enf;awG &Sm&r,f? vufeufenf;eJ‹
tESpfav;q,fausmf óud;pm;cJhwm jynfwGif;ppf[m r+yD;cJhbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ &Smr,f?
apwemrSefvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹vnf; &Smvdk‹&r,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? tck wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m
yifyef;aewm/ a&SŒwef;rSm aoae&wm/ ysufpD;ae&wm[m 'D jynfwGif;ppfa=umifhyJ? 'DjynfwGif;ppf
jzpfay:vmwm[mvnf; jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? jynfwGif;ppf ruif;+idrf;wmvnf;
jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? rqvtpdk;&[m apwemrSefrSefeJ‹ jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;a&;twGuf
rvkyfcJhvdk‹ jzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufrSmawmh 'Djy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ ajz&Sif;&rSmyJ?
“ppftpdk;&u tvkyform;rsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;rvkyfatmif wm;qD;zdESdyfr_rsm;udk bma=umifh
&Sif;vif;zGifhcsjcif; rðyao;ygovJ? ‚if;Oya'rsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; Oya'vm;/ u|efoabmufacwfu
Oya'vm; ajz=um;ay;yg&ef”? u|efoabmufacwfu 0efxrf;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdw,f?
e0wacwfusrS 0efxrf;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdwm? tJh'Dawmh [dkt&ifwkef;u
u|efoabmufacwfqdk&if 'gudk bmacwfvdk‹ ac:&rSef;awmif rodawmhbl;?
“ppftpdk;&u vuf&SdaumufcHaewm tcGeftwkyfrsm; 200 &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaejcif;udk
bma=umifh zGifhcswdkufyJGr0ifao;ovJ” wJh? ckajymvdkufwm wdkufyJG0if&rSmaygh? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹
'D tcGeftaumufrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf e0w[m 'DavmufawmifrSyJ rJGaevdk‹
tcGefawG jr‡ifhwifae&wmvm;? tJh'Dawmh e0w u rJGawaevdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxkvnf; rJGawaewmyJ?
b0wlcsif;yJ? trJGtawcHygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹ 'DtcGefawG
jr‡ifhw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'D e0w&JŒ apwemrrSefbl;qdkwm &Sif;aewmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;?
jynfolvlxkudk ulnDzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;? e0w[m qHk;jzwfyg? jynfolvlxkudk wu,fyJ ulnDcsifwJh apwem&Sd&if/
jynfolvlxktay:rSm =uifemwJhpdwfawG &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if tcktcsdefrSm trsKd;rsKd;EdkifiHa&;enf;awGeJ‹
zdpD;ESdyfpufwJhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;awmh wif;usyfatmifvdk‹/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;pdwfnpfatmifvdk‹ tcGeftaumufudk rjr‡ifhwifygeJ‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹
ajym&rSmyJ?
trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrSm t"du &efolESpfOD;&Sdygw,fwJh? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ
&efol[m ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDudkvdv k m;wJh jynfolawG&JŒ &efolvdk‹ em;vnfygw,f? eHygwfwpf&efol[m
trsm;jynfolvlxk od+yD;om;jzpfwJh OD;ae0if; trdef‹tm%mudk vufcHusifhoHk;aewJh ppft&m&SdtcsKdŒ
jzpfygw,f? eHygwfESpf&efoluawmh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ tvHawmfatmufrSm
'Drdkua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; atmfaewJh tacsmiform;awG jzpfygw,f?
'gvnf; rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;?
bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'DavmufawmifrS}uD;wJh EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tacsmiform;awGu
&SdaerSmyJ? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; rqvpepfatmufrSm (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; tacsmiform;awG
woGifoGifarG;xkwfvdkufawmh usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG rsm;aewmaygh? wajz;ajz;eJ‹
'Dtacsmiform;pepf ajymif;vJatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;pm;yghr,f? óud;pm;oGm;ygr,f? 'gayrJh (26) ESpfvHk;vHk;
vkyfcJhwJhudpPawGudk usrwdk‹u q,fvtwGif; jyef+yD;awmh rðyjyifEkdifwJhtwGufawmh awmif;yefygw,f?
trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u[k tjynfhtpHkazmfjy&r,fhtpm;
vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmY “trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh” [laom emr0daooe csefxm;cJh+yD;
csefvSyfcJhjcif;jzifh trsm;jynfol t"dy`m,faumufvJGEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdk rvkyfoifhyg?
“trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf[m taxGaxG tm%mzDqefjcif; r[kwfbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f? zDqefaewJh
Oya'rsm;udk vufvSrf;rDor# &Sif;jyay;ygcifAsm” wJh? vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmu b,fwkef;ursm;
rSefrSefuefuef a&;om;cJhzl;vdk‹vJ? 'g[m tHh=op&mrvdkygbl;? 'gayrJh tm%mzDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr
apmapmu &Sif;oGm;+yDqdkawmh usr quf+yD;awmh r&Sif;awmhygbl;?
“EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ‹ pm;yJG0dkif;xkdifI raqG;aEG;Ekdifa=umif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ jiif;qdkjcif;[m
t+yD;tjywfjiif;y,fjcif;vdk‹ xifygovm;” wJh? t+yD;tjywfqdkwm b,fawmhrS r&SdEdkifygbl;? tajctae[m
ajymif;vJaeovdk usrwdk‹ vkyfyHkudkifenf;awGvnf; ajymif;vJ&rSmyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹
t+yD;tjywf jiif;y,fw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wdkif;jynftay:rSm apwemrJh±Hkwifrubl;/ tifrwefvnf;
rdkuf&musr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? ol‹taeeJ‹ t+yD;tjywfjiif;cJhvdk‹&Sd&if apmapmu usrajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&awmifrS aqG;aEG;cJhw,f/ nd‡dE_dif;cJhw,f/ wdkifyifcJhw,f? tJhawmh e0wtaeeJ‹
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&avmufawmh oabmxm;}uD;yg/ tjrifus,fygvdk‹awmh usrwdk‹u ajym&rSmyJ?
&&if& r&&ifcsqdk+yD; a&;xm;wJhvlawG[m 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJhvlawGvm; qdk+yD; ar;oGm;ygw,f?
usr wckyJ owday;csifwmuawmh &&if& r&&ifcsqdkwm azazajymoGm;wJhpum;awGyg? tJh'Dawmh azazhudk
rapmfum;ygeJ‹? usr 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; c%c% ajymygw,f? &&if& r&&ifcsvdk‹ajymwJh acwfwkef;u
vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufaewJhacwfyg? 'ga=umifh tcktcsdefrSm udk,fhtcsif;csif;=um;xJrSm
pdwf0rf;uJGaewJhtcsdefrSm 'Dvdk &&if& r&&ifcsqdkwJh oabmxm;awG tifrwefrS qifjcif&ygvdrfhr,f?
usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; usrwdk‹ rcscsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhav 'Dbufu tkwfwjcrf;awmif r&Sdbl;? [dkbufueJ‹
csvdk‹ usrwdk‹ b,fa&mufoGm;rSmvJ? 'Dawmh 'DvdkcscsifwJhpdwfawG usrwdk‹ r&Sdygbl;? usrwdk‹[m
at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ nd‡dE_dif;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;rsm; enf;vrf;t& jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudk
csDwufoGm;zdk‹ =um;csifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh e0w[m wu,fyJ jynfolvlxkudk at;csrf;csifovm;/ wu,fyJ
qlylv_H‹aqmfr_ rvdkvm;bl;vm;? rvdkvm;vdk‹&Sd&if nd‡E_dif;yg? wu,fyJ Confrontaion head on vdk‹
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? head on qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmayghav? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ head
on vdk‹ oabmrxm;ygbl;? Confrontation qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmr[kwfygbl;? &ifqkdifwmyg?
wa,mufeJ‹ wa,muf pm;yJG0kdif;rSmxkdif+yD;awmh &ifqdkifwJh Confrontation rsKd;om usrwdk‹ vdkcsifygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ e0wtaeeJ‹ wu,fyJ xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;/ ESmacgif;udk
a&Smifcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pm;yJG0kdif;rSm xdkif+yD;awmh nd‡E_dif;yg? 'Dvdkvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh e0w[m wu,fyJ
xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;qdkwm jy&ygvdrfhr,f? usrwd‹k uawmh xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifygbl;? usrrSmvnf;
ESmacgif;qdkwm wacsmif;yJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh ESmacgif;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; a&Smifcsif=uwmaygh?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹u a&Smifcsif=u&JŒvm;/ 'gudk ar;&rSmyJ? a&Smifcsifvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;odjynfodjyyg?
Confrontation udk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ xdyfwdkufawG‹wmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ ESmacgif;csif;±dkufwmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹
aqG;aEG;yghr,f/ nd‡E_dif;yghr,f/ wkdifyifyghr,fqdkwm vl}uD;yDyD oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ‹ a=unmyg? vl}uD;qdkwm
oabmxm;}uD;&w,f? wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk‹eJ‹rsm;
aqG;aEG;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹bufuae+yD;awmh axmufcHaewm ygwDaygif; (80)/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu
wa,mufxJqdkawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifbufuyJ tm;enf;oGm;rvkdvdk ajymoGm;ygw,f?
wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pOf;pm;=unfhyg? usru oGm;vdk‹&Sd&if wa,mufxJ oGm;&rSm?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifaemufrSm wyfrawmfwckvHk; aoewfawGeJ‹ &Sdygw,f? +yD;awmh tiftm;&SdwJhvl/
tiftm;vnf;&Sdw,f/ tm%mvnf;&Sdw,f? aoewfvnf;&Sdw,f? 0gtm;jzifh/ touftm;jzifh usrxuf
trsm;}uD; }uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ oabmxm;}uD;a=umif; jy+yD;awmh usrwdk‹eJ‹ awG‹yg? usrwdk‹u
tm;enf;wJhbufuyg? tm;}uD;wJhbufu tm;enf;wJhbufudk oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? tav#mhay;&r,f?
oD;cH&r,f? n‡mwm&r,f? 'DvdkpdwfawGxm;yg? tckawmh aoewfudkifxm;wJh vlcsnf;uyJ
+cdrf;ajcmufaewmyJ? usrwdk‹uudk r+cdrf;ajcmuf&bl;? tJh'g roifhawmfygbl;? "EkjzLoGm;wkef;uvnf; usreJ‹
awG‹cJhygw,f? qkdif;bkwfwck/ tJ – wyfrawmfudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹wJh? 'dk‹ra=umufwwfbl;wJh? usru
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'Davmuf 'Dvdk vufeufudkif+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJhudpPyJ? tifrwefrS
*k%foduQmudk usqif;apwJhudpPawGyJ? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk
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&efvdkwmr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; &efvdkwm r[kwfygbl;? at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹
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'Drkdua&pD&wJhtxd csDwuf=uyg? usrtaeeJ‹ jynfolvlxkukd b,fawmhrS r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGvnf;
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'Dvdk wifjywJhtcg jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ axmufcHcsifaxmufcHr,f/ raxmufcHcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tiftm;[m
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jynfolvlxktwGuf/ wkdif;jynftwGufqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk apwemrSefrSefeJ‹
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'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;t& usrwdk‹udk wifjyyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ &Sif;jyyghr,f? aemifvmaemufom;rsm;
aumif;usKd;twGuf tck&SdaewJh tckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m owWd&Sd&Sd rSefrSefuefuefeJ‹
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifa&mufwJhtxd quf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uEkdifygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;arwWmydk‹&if;eJ‹
ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
24
rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)
tay: - rdwˆDvmòrd‹e,fwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
atmuf – uav;rsm;cspfwJh tefwDpk
("gwfyHkvmygonf)
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD OD;ay:odrf;