Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. Inferential statistics refers to the techniques of interpreting and generalizing about the
population based on the information obtained from the sample.
• Statistics are used in nearly all aspects of life, for example it is widely used in
health-related fields, academia, sports, etc.
• For this reason, it is critical that the statistical results are studied and
appropriate conclusions are formed.
Case Study 1.1
1. Who was surveyed?
American travelers who take trips of more than 100
miles
1
Case Study 1.3
1. Who was surveyed?
American Adults
2. Sample - a subset of a population. The part of the population from which the data values of information are
obtained.
• Discrete – A quantitative variable that can assume a countable number of values. The
domain of a discrete variable has gaps between the possible values.
• Continuous – A quantitative variable that can assume an uncountable number of values.
Theoretically, the domain of a continuous variable has no gaps since all numerical values
are possible.
(Ex. Amount of time, age, area, volume)
2
4. Data (singular) - the value of the variable associated with one element of a population or sample. This value may
be a number, a word, or a symbol.
(Ex. 5'5"- this height is constant)
5. Data (plural) – The set of values collected for the variable from each of the elements belonging to the sample.
7. Parameter – a numerical value summarizing all the data of an entire population. (Parameters are calculated from
populations.)
8. Statistic – a numerical value summarizing the sample data.(Statistics are calculated from samples)
Example:
When you look at a carton of candy bars, it states that each of the 24 candy bars weighs 7/8 ounce, to the
nearest 1/8 ounce.
In all actuality, if you were to weigh each bar, not all of them would weigh exactly 7/8 ounce. The different weights
show our variability.
3
1.4 DATA COLLECTION
Basic Definitions:
1. Biased Sampling method – A sampling method that produces values which systematically differ
from the population being sampled. An unbiased sampling method is one that is not biased.
a. Convenience sample – when a sample is selected from elements of a population that are
easily accessible.
b. Volunteer sample – results collected from those elements of the population that choose to
contribute the needed information on their own initiative.
2. Experiment - The investigator controls or modifies the environment and observes the effect on the
variable under study.
3. Observational Study – The investigator does not modify the environment and does not control the
process being observed.
Case Study 1.5
1. Was this study an experiment or observational study?
Observational; The experimenter can not control the
weather.
4
A convenience sample or volunteer sample, as indicated by their names, can often result in biased samples.
Data collection can be accomplished with experiments (the environment is controlled) or observational
studies (environment is not controlled). Surveys fall under observational studies.
Sample designs can be categorized as judgment samples (believed to be typical) or probability samples
(certain chance of being selected is given to each data value in the population).
The random sample (each data value has the same chance) is the most common probability sample.
1.5 COMPARISON
COMPARISON OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
Probability – asks you about the chance that something specific will happen when you know the possibilities.
(The population is known)
Example: The likelihood that heads will occur when a coin is tossed.
Statistics – asks you to draw a sample, describe it, and then make inferences about the population based on the
information found in the sample.
Example: The weights of 35 babies are studied to estimate weight gain in the first month after birth.