ADVERB

Adverb is a part of speech that describes or modifies a verb,

an adjective, clause, or sentence.

Many descriptive adjectives can be changed to be adverbs by adding –ly to the

adjective base.

The following word are also adverbs :

so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather atc...
 Kinds of
ADVERB
Adverb of manner – answer the Question HOW...
Ex: I walk Carefully

Adverb of Time - answer the Question When...

Ex: Lately, I have had many sleepless night

Adverb of Place - answer the Question Where...

Ex: I will meet you outside

Adverb of Degree - answer the Question How much...

Ex: He is completely tired from the journey

Adverb of Time - answer the Question How Often...

Ex: she usually goes to school
ADVERB 
CLAUSE
 DEFINITION
An adverbial clause is a clause that functions
as an adverb.
It contains subject and predicate, called as a
clause.
 KINDS OF ADVERB CLAUSE
A. Adverb Clauses with Time Expressions
B. Adverb Clauses to Show Opposition
C. Adverb Clauses to Express Conditions
D. Adverb Clauses with Expressions of Cause
and Effect
A. ADVERB CLAUSES WITH TIME
EXPRESSION
1. When
'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.‘
Example: He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
2. Before
'Before' means 'before that moment'.
Example: We will finish before he arrives.
3. After
'After' means 'after that moment'.
Example: We will finish after he comes.
4. While, as
'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. It indicates an
action in progess.
Example:
• She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
• As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
5. By the time
'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been
completed before another. The idea of something
happening up to another point in time.
Example:
• By the time they arrive, we will have finished our
homework.
6. Until, till
'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'.
Example:
• We waited until he finished his homework.
• I'll wait till you finish.
7. Since
'Since' means 'from that time'.
• I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
8. As soon as
'As soon as' means 'when something happens -
immediately afterwards'.
• He will let us know as soon as he decides.
9. Whenever, every time
'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something
happens'.
Example:
• Whenever he comes at Salatiga, we always hang out at
SS cafe.
• We take a hike every time he visits.
10. The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means
'that specific time'.
Example:
• The first time I went to Jakarta, I was intimidated by the city.
• I saw Jack the last time I went to Serpong.
• The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.
 B. ADVERB TO SHOW OPPOTITION
1. Even though, though, although
Notice how 'though, even though' or 'although' show a
situation which is contrary to the main clause to express
opposition.
Example: Even though it was expensive, he bought the car.
2. Whereas, while
'Whereas' and 'while' show clauses in direct opposition to
each other.
Example:
• Whereas you have lots of time to do your homework, I
have very little time indeed.
• Mary is rich, while I am poor.
 C. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO EXPRESS
CONDITIONS
1. If
'If' clauses express the conditions necessary for the result. If clauses
are followed by expected results based on the condition.
Example: If we win, we'll go to Kelly's to celebrate!
2. Even if
In contrast to sentences with 'if' sentences with 'even if' show a
result that is unexpected based on the condition in the 'even if'
clause.
Example: Even if she saves a lot, she won't be able to afford that
house.
3. Whether or not
'Whether or not' expresses the idea that neither one condition or
another matters; the result will be the same.
Example: They won't be able to come whether or not they have
enough money.
4. Unless
'Unless' expresses the idea of 'if not'
Example: Unless she hurries up, we won't
arrive in time.
5. Only if
'Only if' means 'only in the case that
something happens - and only if'.
Example: We'll give you your bicycle only if
you do well on your exams.
D. ADVERB CLAUSES WITH EXPRESSIONS OF
CAUSE AND EFFECT
1. Because
• They received a high mark on their exam because they had studied
hard.
2. Since
'Since' means the same as because.
Example: Since he loves music so much, he decided to go to a
conservatory.
3. As long as
'As long as' means the same as because. 'As long as' tends to be used
in more informal spoken English.
Example: As long as you have the time, why don't you come for
dinner?
4. As
'As' means the same as because.
Example: As the test is difficult, you had better get some sleep.
 Reduction of Adverb Clauses
to Modifying Adverbial Phrase
By : M. Yogi Nirwan Srg. (25)
An adverb clause can be changed to
modifying adverbial phrase
only when the subject of the adverb
clause and the subject of the main
clause are same
 Changing Time Clauses to Modifying
Adverbial Phrase
Adverb Clauses beginning with with
After, Before, While, and Since
can be changed to modifying adverb phrases.

Infinitive
Past Tense (V2) V+ing
Past Participle (V3)
Examples

Clause : Before I came to class, I had breakfast.

Phrase : Before coming to class, I had breakfast.
I had breakfast before coming to class.

Clause : After I had breakfast, I came to class.

Phrase : After having breakfast, I came to class.
I came to Class after having breakfast.
Expressing The Idea Of "During The Same
Time" in Modifying Adverbial Phrase

Sometimes while is ommited but the –ing phrase at

the beginning of the sentence gives the same
meaning.

While S+V+O (all tenses), …

While V+ing + O, … the same meaning
V+ing + O, …
Examples

While I was going to campus, I saw many goats.

While going to campus, I saw many goats.
Going to campus, I saw many goats.

Pointing to the statue in a castle, She told its history.

 Expressing Cause and Effect
in Modifying Adverbial Phrase
an –ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives
the meaning of because.

Because S+V+O (all tenses), …

Because V+ing + O, … the same meaning
V+ing + O, …

Having + Past Participle, … = because dan before

Examples

Because I didn`t want to spent any more money this

month, I went to campus by foot.
Because not wanting to spent any more money this
Month, I went to campus by foot.
Not wanting to spent any more money this month,I
went to campus by foot.

Because he studied before, he could answer the

question.
Having studied before, he could answer the question.
 Using Upon + -ing
in Modifying Adverbial Phrase
Modifying adverbial phrases beginning with
upon + -ing usually have the same meaning as
adverb clauses introduced by when, and
upon can be shortened to on.

Upon +V+ing +O, …

When S+V+O (all tenses), … the same meaning
On +V+ing+O, …
Examples

When I looked in my wallet, I discovered I didn`t have enough

money to pay my restaurant bill.
Upon looking in my wallet, I discovered I didn`t have enough
money to pay my restaurant bill.
On looking in my wallet, I discovered I didn`t have enough
money to pay my restaurant bill.
 Adverb phrase
What is an adverb phrase?

An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or

yesterday. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with
prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain
the basic types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial
phrases") and how to recognize them. Basic types of adverbs In
the section on adverbs above, you learned about three basic types
of adverb: manner, place and time adverbs. There are at least two
more that are important. Frequency adverbs answer the question
"How often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the
question "Why?". Here are some examples:
Here are some examples:
Type Adverb Example

Frequency usually Mary usually gets up early.

I write computer programs

Purpose for fun
for fun.

While the first example, usually, is a single word, the second example
(for fun) is a phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun -- in other
words, it is a prepositional phrase which functions as an adverb
phrase.
Adverb phrases made with prepositions All kinds of adverb phrases can be
made with prepositions. Here are some examples:
Type Adverb phrase Example

Manner with a hammer The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.

The woman who lives next door is a

Place next door
doctor.

We must finish our project before the

Time before the holidays
holidays.

Frequency every month Sally buys two CDs every month.

Purpose for his mother John bought the flowers for his mother.
Adverb phrases made with infinitives Another kind of adjective phrase can be made
with the infinitive form of a verb. Most of these phrases express purpose, as in these
examples:

Type Adverb phrase Example

I'm saving my money to

Purpose to buy a car
buy a car.

The students all showed

Purpose to support the team
up to support the team.

Sally brought a painting

Purpose to show to her mother home from school to
show to her mother.
 EXERSICES 1
1. ____ unprepared for the exam, I felt sure I would get
a low score.
a.Having b.Being c.Because d.Upon
2. While ____ to help Tim with his math, I got
impatient because he wouldn`t pay attention to what
I was saying.
a.I am trying c.I try
b.having tried d.trying
3. Since _____ here, I have learned a lot of english.
a.caming c.coming
b. I coming d.I comes
 EXERSICES 2
1. No wanting to know her answer, I didn`t ask her the
a b c d
question.
2. I went to campus after read this book.
a b c d
3. On entering the theater, we hands the usher
a b c
our tickets.
d