Structural Design of Taipei 101 Tower

Ching-Chang Chang
Assistant V.P.
Evergreen Consulting Engineering, Inc.
 Evergreen Consulting Engineering, Inc.
永峻工程顧問股份有限公司
• Structural Design and Site Supervision for Taipei 101
• Over 30 Years in Practice, Since 1974
• Specialize in Building Structural Consulting Services
 Site Plan
Parking North Square Parking
Exit Entry

Grand
Hyatt Shopping Mall Retail
Hotel Center
Office
World Tower City
Trade Park
Center South
Square
Parking Entry Parking Exit
Main Street
 PROJECT PROFILE

•Site Area(基地面積 30,277 m²

•Floor Area(樓地板 373,831 m²
•Height 508 m
•Floors
Main Tower 101
Podium 6
Basement 5
•Main Usage
Main Tower Office (7F – 84F)
Mech. Level (Every 8F)
Podium Shopping Mall (B1F – 5F)
Basement Parking (B2F – B5F)
Tower Podium

Clay

Colluvium (1)
380×150ψ 167×200ψ
Colluvium (2)

Sandstone
 A
FOUNDATION PLAN
B C D E F G H H.5 J K L M N P Q R S T

1.6

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
TYPICAL FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Lower Story

16
TYPICAL FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Upper Story

16
 MECHANICAL FLOOR

2X4=8 outriggers,
1 vertical belt truss,
1 horizontal belt truss,
SMRF

18
 SCA M.2 M.9 P.1 P.7 SCB
SCA M.2 M.9 P.1 P.7 SCB
SCA M.2 M.9 P.1 P.7 SCB
SC1
SC1
SC1

12.2

12.2
12.9 12.2

12.9
12.9

14.1

14.1
14.7 14.1

14.7
14.7

SC2

SC2
SC2

Elevation
 BUILDING MODE SHAPES

1st mode 2nd mode 3rd mode

10
 Structural Design OUTLINE

• Structural System
• Analysis & Design
Wind Design

Seismic Design
Special Measures
 Wind Design
Wind Tunnel Test
TYPHOON
 DESIGN CRITERIA

WIND
• ½ YEAR (14 m/s) - HUMAN COMFORT (a<5 cm/s2 )
• 50 YEAR(39.9m/s) - DRIFT RATIO < 5/1000
• 100 YEAR(43.3m/s) - STRESS CHECK(factored load)
 Wind Analysis – 1/2-yrs
10
floor acceleration @ Level 89F w/ inherent damping
8 7.4cm/sec2 (w/ typhoon) > 5 cm/sec2
6.2cm/sec2 (w/o typhoon) > 5 cm/sec2
N(%g)

6
TALACCELERATIO

Taiwanese Criteria (5 milli-g)

4
TO

0
0.1 1 10
RETURN PERIOD (years)

ISOCriteria WithTyphoons (1.5%damping)

WithoutTyphoons (1.5%damping) with TMD(5%damping- TYPHOON)

 Wind Analysis – 50-yrs
Maximum drift ratio < 5/1000
DES IGN S HEAR DR I FT R ATI O
50 y ear r etu r n p er io d lo ad 50 y ear r etu r n p er io d lo ad
6 0 0 .0 450

1.0Wx 400
1.0Wx
5 0 0 .0 1.0Wy 1.0Wy
350
ELEVATION（M）

ELEVATION（M）
300
4 0 0 .0

250

3 0 0 .0 200

150

2 0 0 .0
100

50
1 0 0 .0

0 .0 -5 0
0 .0 5 0 0 0 .0 1 0 0 0 0 .0 1 5 0 0 0 .0 0 1 2 3 4 5
SHEAR (TONS) SHEAR (TONS)
 Wind Analysis – 100yrs
DES IGN S HEAR DES IGN MOMENT
1 0 0 y ear r etu r n p er io d lo ad 1 0 0 y ear r etu r n p er io d lo ad
550 550

1.0Wy 1.0Wy
450 1.0Wx 450 1.0Wx

ELEVATION（M）
ELEVATION（M）

350 350

250 250

150 150

50 50

-5 0 -5 0
0 5000 10000 15000 0 .0 E +0 0 1 .0 E +0 6 2 .0 E +0 6 3 .0 E +0 6 4 .0 E +0 6
SHEAR (TONS) MOMENT (T-M)
 RESULTS OF WIND ANALYSIS

• For 0.5 year return period of wind:

floor acceleration without damper=7cm/sec2
• For 50 year return period of wind:
max story drift =0.499%＜0.5% allowable
• For 100 year return period of wind:
max member stress ratio ＜1.00
max story drift=0.57%

20
 Structural Design OUTLINE

• Structural System
• Analysis & Design
Wind Design

Seismic Design
Special Measures
 SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA

Motion of Plates

CODE DESIGN LOADING

DRIFT RATIO < 5/ 1000
• 100 YEAR - REMAIN ELASTIC Distribution of Active Faults

DESIGN INTENSITY:0.13G
• 950 YEAR - RETAIN STABILITY
PGA=0.39G
FACTORED SHEAR COMPARISON
DES IGN S HEAR
1 0 0 y ear r etu r n p er io d lo ad
550

1.3Wy
450 1.0Ey

ELEVATION（M） 350

250

150

50

-5 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
SHEAR (TONS)
DRIFT RATIO COMPARISON
DISPLACEMENT
100 year return period load
450

400

350

300

Elevation（ M）
250

200
1 .0 W y
150
1 .0 Ey

100

50

- 50
0 2 4 6

DISPLACEMENT（M)
 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS (信義國小震譜）

X-SC1 X-12.2 X-12.9 串連分析

 HIGH DUCTILE GIRDER FLANGE
PROVIDES 5% PLASTIC ROTATION

24
 RESULTS OF EQK ANALYSIS
• Under envelope of Code shear and dynamic shear:
max story drift =0.325%＜0.5% allowable
• For 100 year return period of earthquake:
stress ratio＜1.00 by response spectrum analysis
• For 950 year return period of earthquake:
ductility demand <2.5 by pushover method;
plastic hinge rotatio=0.25%
• For 2500 year return period of earthquake:
plastic hinge rotatio=4%＜4% allowable
• If plastic rotation demand＞0.5%, cut girder flange
23
 Structural Design OUTLINE

• Structural System
• Analysis & Design
Wind Design

Seismic Design
Special Measures
 SPECIAL MEASURES TO RESIST
WIND AND SEISMIC FORCES

• High Strength and High Ductility Steel Plates

– SM570M

• High Strength and High Performance Concrete

Infilling Columns - 10,000 psi
• Pile Capacity Test
• Tuned Mass Damper - Tower
• Smaller Tuned Mass Dampers - Pinnacle
HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL PLATES - SM570M
• Used for tower columns, girders & braces
• High strength : 60 ksi≦Fy≦74 ksi
• High ductility :
Yield ratio≦80% For girders & braces (t ＞40 mm )
≦85% For girders & braces (t ≦40 mm ),
columns
• High weldability : Ceq ≦ 0.44 % ( t ＜40 mm )
≦ 0.47 % ( t ≧40 mm )
• Through-thickness ductility
• Impact absorption energy
SUPER-COLUMN FABRICATION

•Max Col. Size:2400mm×3000mm×80mm/70MPa HPC

 WELDING OF SUPER-COLUMN

Welding Sequence Preheat Pads

 WELDING OF SUPER-COLUMN

ElectricPads
Electric Pads
10000 psi HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
• Design strength : 10000psi @ 90 days
• High flowability: slump - 250±20mm
slump flow - 600±20mm
• 5% maximum air bubble underneath diaphragm plate
• Autogenous shrinkage ≦300×10-6 m/m @ 90 days
COLUMN INFILL MOCKUP TEST
10,000 psi HPC
REVERSE CIRCULATION PILE
 STATIC TESTING OF PILES

COMPRESSION: 4000 TONNES

TENSION: 2200 TONNES
 DYNAMIC TESTING OF PILES

COMPRESSION:
消音設備
Silencer
2000 TONNES MAX.
碎石級配
Gravel

反力配重鋼板
Reaction Mass

燃燒氣室
Combustion Chamber

活塞
Piston

荷重計
Load Cell
Laser Laser
雷射光
Beam Generator
雷射發光器

承載鋼鈑
承載鋼鈑
Bearing Plate
雷射感應器
Laser
Sensor Pile
Transducer 載重試驗樁
SLURRY WALL
REDUCED BEAM SECTION
 10

8
N(%g)

6
TALACCELERATIO

Taiwanese Criteria (5 milli-g)

4
TO

0
0.1 1 10
RETURN PERIOD (years)

ISOCriteria WithTyphoons (1.5%damping)

WithoutTyphoons (1.5%damping) with TMD(5%damping- TYPHOON)

TMD
 BUILDING TMD
Building Wind Damper Animation
TMD CONSTRUCTION
尖塔TMD
尖塔VIO載重
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION