11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Assessment Problems Ae— Zz AP 11.1 Make a sketch: + Vw Be Zz oN + Vic ce Zz ‘We know Van and wish to find Vgc. ‘To do this, write a KVL equation to find Vp, and use the known phase angle relationship between Van and Vac to find Vac. Vas = Van + Vis = Van — Ven Since Van, Van, and Von form a balanced set, and Van = 240/—30°V, and the phase sequence is positive, ‘Vow = [Van|//Van ~ 120° = 240/ Then, Vas = Van — Ve = (240/= 30°) — (240/— 150°) 140/ — 150° V ) = 415.46/0° V Since Vaz, Vac, and Vea form a balanced set with a positive phase sequence, we can find Vac from Vap: Vac = |Vasl/( ‘Thus, Voc = 415.69/ = 120° V 20° = 415.69/— 120° V d-111-2 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits AP 11.2 Make a sketch: Zz Vas Be Zz + ce Zz an We know Voy and wish to find Van. To do this, write a KVL equation to find Vgc, and use the known phase angle relationship between Van and Vac to find Vas. Vac = Ven + Vic = Ven — Vow Since Van, Vn, and Vex form a balanced set, and Vex the phase sequence is negative, Va = [Ven //Ve ‘Then, x — 120° 50/ — 23° — 120° 450/ = 25° V, and = 450/— 145° V Vac = Van — Ven = (450/— 145°) — (450/— 25°) = 779.42/—175°V Since Van, Vac, and Vca form a balanced set with a negative phase sequence, we can find Van from Vac: Vas = |Vacl|//Vnc ~ 120° 79.42/ — 295° V But we normally want phase angle values between +180° and 180°. We add 360° to the phase angle computed above. Thus, Vas = 779.42/65° V AP 11.3 Sketch the a-phase circuit: A | 0.024j0.160] 0.14j08Q [—e + Ta 2400/) 16412 + NProblems 11-3 [a] We can find the line current using Ohm’s law, since the a-phase line current is the current in the a-phase load. Then we can use the fact that 1,4, np, and I.c form a balanced set to find the remaining line currents. Note that since we were not given any phase angles in the problem statement, we can assume that the phase voltage given, Vax, has a phase angle of 0°. 2400/0° = Ta(16 + 12) 80 2400/0" 2400/0" = 96 — 72 = 120/— Igy jig = 90-972 = 120/= 36.87" A With an ach phase sequence, Mop = Max + 120° and flec = [Tua — 120° 80 Tha = 120/— 36.87° A Tun = 120/83.13° A Teg = 120/ = 156.879 A [b] The line voltages at the sonrce are Vat Vie, and Vex. They form a balanced set. To find Vp, use the a-phase circuit to find Vay, and use the relationship between phase voltages and line voltages for a y-connection (see Fig. 11.9[b]). From the a-phase circuit, use KVL: Van = Vas + Van = (0.1 + 70.8)Taa + 2400/0" la= = (0.1 + 0.8)(96 — 772) + 2400/0° = 2467.2 + j69.6 2468,18/1.62° V From Fig. 11.9(b), Vav = Van(V3/— 30°) = 4275.02/ — 28.38° V With an acb phase sequence, Moc = [Van +120? and /Vex = [Vin — 120° $0 Vab = 4275.02/ — 28.38° V Voc = 4275.02/91.62° V Veq = 4275.02/— 148.38" V11-4 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [e] Using KVL on the a-phase circuit Vein = Vata + Van = (0.2 + j0.16)Taa + Van = (0.02 + j0.16)(96 — 72) + (2467.2 + 769.9) = 2480.64 + 783.52 = 2482.05/1.93° V With an acb phase sequence, Nun = Varn +120? and (Ven = (Ven ~ 120° 80 Varn = 2482.05/1.93° V Von = 2482.05 /121.93° V Von = 2482.05/— 118.07 V AP 114 Tec = (V3/= 30°)Ica = (V3/ = 30°) - 8/ = 15° = 13.86/— 45° A AP 115 Tag = 12/(65° - 120°) te (Gea 6.93/ = 85° A 12/ = 55° AP 116 [a] Inn = [(Js) aw] (69.28/— 10°) = 40/20° A A _ 4160/0° _ ° Therefore 24 = Fp = 104/— 20° {b] Ian = [( z ) cw] [69.28/— 10°] = 40/—40° A Therefore Zs = 104/40°2 AP 1L7 110 | 110 le= 667 + prs 30 — j40 = 50/—53.13° A Therefore [I,q| = V3I4 = V3(50) = 86.60 A AP 11.8 [a] |S] = V3(208)(73.8) = 26,587.67 VA Q = \/ (26,587.67)? — (22,659)? = 13,909.50 VAR.Problems 11-5 AP 11.9 [a] Van = ( Therefore (384+ 3288)1000 _ Tron va 7 (159.88 + 3119.91) A Tq = 159.88 — j119.91 = 199.85/ = 36.87° A [Taal = 199.85 A, (4160)? _ (4160)? [b] P= RO 3 therefore R= 384,000 = 45.072 (4160)? _ (4160)? Q=*y 5 therefore X= 388,006 = 00.092 Vv, 4160/ V3 Ie) 26= 3" = sasger / 2.02/36.87° 9.61 + 77.21) 2 R=9619, X11-6 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Problems P 111 [a] First, convert the cosine waveforms to phasors: V, = 120/54"; Vy = 120/- 66°; V. = 120/74" Subtract the phase angle of the a-phase from all phase angles: Ni = 50 5" =0° (Nj, = 66° — 54° = —120° (Ni = 114° — 54° = 120° Compare the result to Eqs. 11.1 and 11.2: ‘Therefore abe [b] First, convert the cosine waveforms to phasors: Vi. =3240/= 26; V, = 3240/04; V, = 3240/— 146" Subtract the phase angle of the a-phase from all phase angles: (NI, = -26° + 26° = 0° (Ni = 94° + 26° = 120° (Ni= —146? + 26° = —120° Compare the result to Eqs. 11.1 and 11.2: Therefore ach P12 [a] V,=330/0°V fb) ‘Vy = 339/—120°V V.. = 339/120° V Balanced, positive phase sequence V, = 622(0°V Vj, = 622/— 240° V = 622/120° V Ve 122/240° V = 622/ — 120° V Balanced, negative phase sequence 33/— 90° V ‘Vi, = 933/150° V V.. = 933/308 V Balanced, positive phase sequencePu3 Pid Pls P16 Problems 11-7 fa] _V, = 170/=30°V Vi, = 170/90" V V. = 170/—150°V Balanced, negative phase sequence [e] Unbalanced, due to unequal amplitudes [f] Unbalanced, due to unequal phase angle separation Va = Von [0° = Vin +40 Vo = Vind = 120° = Ve = Vou [120° = Vin(—0.5 + 50.866) (0.5 + j0.866) Vat Vo + Ve = (Vn)(1-+ j0 ~ 0.5 — 70.866 — 0.5 + 70.866) = Vin(0) = 0 _ Vat Vet Ve _ 3(Rw + iXw) [a] The circuit is unbalanced, because the impedance in each phase of the load is not the same, __240/0° (B] Ba = a 730 240/120° 20+ 520 240/— 120° Le = “395497 = 2-90-5448 1, = Tea + Ton + Lec = 7.55 — 93.48 = 8.32/— 24.75° A 2400 80+ 760 _ 240/120" I =24-j72A Ip = 22+ j82A [a] Taw = 2.4/— 36.87°A 4 /83.13° A foe =2.4/— 156.87 A L=tat+hsthec=0 [b] Van = (79 + 755)Ian = (79 + 955)(2.4/ — 36.872) = 231.0/— 2.02° V1-8 P17 Pus CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [ec] Vaw = (79 + 752)Inn = 226.99/116.48° V Van = Van ~ Vey = 393.6/ = 32.5°V [4] Unbalanced Zou + Zia + Zia = 80 + 7602 Zap + Ziv + Zin = 40+ 5300 2ge+ Lie + Zre = 160 + j1202 Vn = 480 | Vn ~ 480/—120° | Vv ~ 480/120° | Vw 80 + 760 40+ 730 160 + 7120 Solving for Vy yields Vn = 78.61, 69° V we 93/— 122.69° A Van = 7967/0°V Voy = 7967/+ 120° V Vo = 7967/ = 120° V Vas = Van — Ven = 13,799.25/— 30° V Vac = Van — Von = 13,799.25/90° V 799.25 /— 150° V Uap = 13,799.25 cos(wt ~ 30°) V Vea = Ven = Van = ‘upd = 13,799.25 cos(wt + 90°) V va = 13,799.25 cos(wt — 150°) V 20 0Problems 11-9 P19 [al i630 Ig = 22800 “A V3(216 + 763) al = [| = 32.84 A(rms) 12,800, ° Ub] Van = Zee + (82.84/ — 16.26°)(0.25 + j2) = 7416.61/047° 32.84 / — 16.26° A(rms) [Van] = V3(7416.61) = 12,845.94 V(rms) P1110 [a] La = es = 24/— 16.267 A Typ = 24/120 — 16.26° = 24/103.74° A Too = 24/ eA {b] Van = 4800/0° V Von = 4800/120° V ‘Ven = 4800/— 120° V Van = V3/ = 30°Viy = 8313.84/— 30° V Vie = 8313.84/90° V Vou = 8313.84/— 150° V [el Vaw = (24/ = 16.26°)(190 + 740) = 4659.96/ — 4.37° V Vow = 4659.96 /115.63° V Von = 4659.96/ = 124.37 V [d] Van = V3/—30°V ay = 8071.28/— 34.37 V Vac = 8071.28/85.63° V Vea = 8071.28/ = 154.37? V11-10 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P1111 [a] Van = 1/V3/=30°V., = 120/— 30° V(rms) ‘The a-phase cirenit is 2430 Tax 5 oleae? EAE i370 tn 120, oNED [b] Tas = 04540" 2.4/ — 83.13° A(rms) [e] Van = (28 + 737)Iaq = 111.36/— 30.25° V(rms) Vap = V3/30°Van = 192.88/— 0.25" A(rms) P1112 [a] Ian = re = 88/—16.26°A Tyo = 88/ = 136.26° A Toa = 88/103.74° A [b] Tag = V3/= 30°Tap = 152.42/~ 46.26" A gp = 152.42/ — 166.26° A Teo = 152.42/73.74° A 1350 = 19,052.56/— 30° + (0.1 + 71.0)(152.42/— 46.26" = 19,110.40/— 29.577 V Van = V3/30° Vay = 33,100.18/0.43° V Vie = 33,100.18/ — 119.57" V 33,100.18 /120.43° V VeaProblems 11-11 P 11.13 [a] Ue a + + 960 480 Von -328Q 314g 7500 a Beppnd ~ 217021 = 5.558 A [Lea] = 217.024 7500: [b] Tan = TovSlage = 86.60/13.74° A [Tan] = 86.604 75000" oe og {el Taw = gg— jag = 75016.262 A Wan] = 754 [4] Van = (216 ~ j21)(j1.5) + 7500/0? = 7538.47/2.46° V [Van] = V3(7538.47) = 13,057.01 V P1L14 [a] Van = Vig — /120° = 20/— 210° = 20/150" V(rms) 2, = 2/3 = 39 — 533 ‘The a-phase circuit is frac ak + 20/se?, 21asg [39-3330] Yer Taq = ZOO = o.4/— 173 13° A(rms) 40 — 730 Van = (89 + 583)Lan = 20.44/146.63° V(rms) Van = V3/=30°Vaw = 35.39/116.63° A(rms)1-12 Pls P1116 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits {b] Tas. = 30°, = 0.23/156.87° A(rms) [e] Van = (117 — 799)Ian = 35.3/116.63° V(rms) Von = 1/V3/—30°V 4, Se Vems) Zy = Za/3 = 1-530 ‘The a-phase circuit is Persie] To] 2B /ow [F530] vy (1-530) V (ems) - Zea = (4+ §3)]|(1 — 33) = 2.6 — f1.82 ee 2.6 —j1.8 _ (208 an (144 0.8) + (2.6 — 91.8) (V3 ) (20° = 92.1/— 0.66° V(rms) Van = V3/30°V an = 159.5/29.34° V(rms) %y = Za/: ‘The a-phase ci 120 Lage aH 30 V (ems) 120/80" = Wap aD 7 STAAL ACs) Ta 1 Tap = 5 /30°Taa = 10.82/71.34° A(ems)Problems 11-13 P 11.17 [a] Since the phase sequence is acb (negative) we have: Von = 7200/30" V Vou = 7200/150° V Ven = 7200/ = 90° V 1 Zy = 5 2n = 184 j9.00/6 3921.80 r200fo°v y200fiso°v 392 1.80 120008 v j9Q 1.80 —— [b] Vu, = 7200/30° — 7200/150° = 7200V3/0? V {c] Since the phase sequence is negative, it follows that Vie = 72003 /120° V 42791-14 {d] P 11.18 [al CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 720073/— 120° BA+ j27 Tan = Toa — Toc = 784.46 / = 48.69° A Tec = 452.91/ = 198.69° A Since we have a balanced three-phase circuit and a negative phase sequence we have: Typ = 784.46/7L.31° A Toc = 784.46/— 168.69° A 1.82 392 @)7200/30°v he 7200/150°v > OB > r200/-98 v 390 1.8Q © io Tan = = = 784.46/ — 48.69° WA = Tay ig 7 T84M6L= 48.60" A 1.82, 1.20 4120, 9870 - nob > Ta + 390 You 7200/30°v 42590P 11.19 [a] P 11.20 [a] Ian = 723.74 A Problems 11-15 Van = (957 + 7259)(7.2/13.74°) = 7138.28 /28.88° V [Vas| = V3(7138.28) = 7.2 2,363.87 V [e] Hus! 416A [d] Van = (958.2 + j271)(7.20/13.74°) = 7169.65 /29.54° V [Vu] = V3(7169.65) = 12,418.20V 0.20 0.8Q 46.42 959Q 8 pooh Je 1.60 Pan pagan yay - . a N 34,500 (b] = = 19.92/16.26° A (Pl tea = 75(900 — 7280) {aa = 19.92 - 52880 [e] Van = (959 — j288)(19.92/16.26°) = 19,944.71 / — 0.46° V [Vapl = V3[Vanl = 34,545.25 V [d] Van = (959.8 ~ 5281.6)(19.92/1 [Vu] = V3|Voul = 34,508.88 V le] Has! = (£] Heal = Has] = 11.504. 69,000/0° 9.) ag gre 600+ 7450 = 92/— 36.87° A Tyo = 92/ = 156.87" A Toa = 92/83.13° A [b] Tua = V3/= 30°Tan = 159.35/ — 66.87° A Typ = 159.35/— 186.87" A Tee = 159.35/58.13° A 26°) = 19,923.71/ = 0.09° V11-16 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits fe] Toa = Ian = 92/— 36,879 A Ln = Ino = 92/ = 156.87 A Tye = Toa = 92/83.13° A 20 144/— 16.26° A P1121 [a] Ian = = 36/— 83.13" A _ 720/120° 25+ 725 0.36/75" A [b] Tan = Tan ~ Toa = 138.24 — 740.32 — 5.27 — 19.67 = 132.97 — 759.99 = 145.88/ — 24.28° A hs = Inc — Ian = 4.31 — 785.74 — 138.24 + 740.32 133.93 + 4.58 = 134.01/178.04° A Lc = Ica ~ Inc = 5.27 + j19.67 — 4.31 + 535.74 = 0.96 + 755.41 = 55.42/89.01° A P 11.22 The complex power of the source per phase is 'S, = 30,000/( cos" 0.8) = 30,000/36.87° = 24,000 + j18,000 KVA. This complex power per phase must equal the sum of the per-phase impedances of the two loads: Sy = Si + Sz 80 24,000 + 718,000 = 20,000 + 52 Sp = 4000 + 718,000 VA (240)? Foo + AsO = 9-68 - 13.050 = Zz = 0.68 + j3.052Problems 11-17 P 11.23 [fine ay = 10 A(rms) = V1 _ 208/v8 al = Ty 70 2, = 122520 2g = 32y = 36252 = 32.63 + j15.219/6 P 11.24 The a-phase of the circuit is shown below: sr le a20/20, [a+360] feookze?val Vira) G he ee = 12/—16.87°A(rms) 600/362 20/208 Th +I = 12/=16.87° + 5/— 16° = 17/= 16.61" A(rms) = (120/20°)(17/16.61°) = 2040/36.61° VA GQ = 5/16°A(rms) S.= V0 Sp = 3S, = 6120/36.61° VA P 11.25 [a] Sra = 14,000/41.41° — 9000/53.13° = 5.5/22° kVA Sa = Sra/3 = 1833.46 /22° VA 3000/53.13° | Ar ane | = 800 Vlems) [Vine] = [Vau] = V3IV. P 11.26 From the solution to Problem 11.21 we have: San = (720/0°)(144/16.26") = 99,532.9 + 529,030.04 VA Spc = (720/ = 120°)(36/83.13°) Soa = (720/120°)(20.36/ ~ 75°) = 10,365.62 + j10,365.62 VA [b] [Van] = 300V3 = 519.62 V(rms) = 20,735.97 — j15,552.04 VA1148 P 11.27 [a] {b] P 11.28 [a] CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 1d j100 x, . ha + 300Q 18002 f 31a . 4431.6 v 7200/0°v ee j100Q -j900Q . — 1, = Mong i720 b =324j16A =, 37,440 + 731,680 _ 5 = natin 1y=52-j44A Ian =H +b +g = 30-510 = VI000/— 18.49" A Van = 7200 + j0 + (30 — j10)(1 + j10) = 7330 + j290V Sp = Vaalia = (7330 + 7290)(30 + 710) = 217,000 + j82,000VA. Sp = 3S = 651 + j246kVA Sijp = T200(21.6 + 7.2) = 155.52 + 751.84kVA Sag = 7200(3.2 ~ j1.6) = 23.04 — j11.52kVA Sop = 37.44 + j31.68KVA. So(load) = 216 + j72kVA % delivered = (2) (100) = 99.54% 62 a 3n p40 16770 —_tlm 14,000 4°v" 4600 14,000/0° 1680+ 7490 Tea = i [150° = 4.62/133.74° A Toa = 8/=16.26° AProblems 11-19 [b] Sie = —14,00012, = —107,520 — 731,360 VA, + Paeveloped/phase = 107.52 kW Pavsorded/phase = |Lqa|?1677 = 107.328 kW ‘ 107.328 % delivered = 7" (100) = 99.82% P 11.29 Let p,, pp, and p, represent the instantaneous power of phases a, b, and c, respectively. Then assuming a positive phase sequence, we have Pa = Vanian = [Vn COS wt] [Im c0s(wrt ~ 86)] Py = Uontos = [Vin cos(wt — 120°)][Jm cos(wt — 8 — 120°)] Pe = Venice = [Vn C08(wt + 120°)][Zn cos (wt — By + 120°)] ‘The total instantaneous power is pr = pa + Pu + Pe, 80 Pr = Vinlm[coswt cos(wt ~ 84) + cos(wt + 120°) cos(wt — 8 — 120°) + cos(wt ~ 120°) cos(wt — 6 + 120°)] Now simplify using trigonometric identities. In simplifying, collect the coefficients of cos(wt — 9g) and sin(wt — 04). We get, Pr = Vmlm[coswt(1 + 2c0s? 120°) cos(wt — 45) +2sinwt sin? 120° sin(wt — 0,)] = 1.5VnIm[coswt cos(wt — Oy) + sin wt = 1.BVn lm C08 85 (ot — 6) P 11.30 [a] S,=72—j21kVA Sq = 120 + j90kKVA Ss = 168 + j36kVA Sp = 8+ Sp + Sy = 360+ j105KVA Sp/ = 120+ j35KVA11-20 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Single phase equivalent circuit 19. 50 a ey + Ome 4 5 2s00fo°v | 1204535 ne» —_] N 120,000 + 535,000 2500 Tag = 48 — j14 A = 50/= 16.26" A = 484 j14 Van = 2500+ (1 + §5)(48 — j14) = 2618 + 7226 = 2627.74/4.93° V *. [Van] = V3(2627.74) = 4551.4V [b] P./o = 120kW Ps] = 120,000 + [Iaal?(1) = 122,500 W = 122.5kW. n= () 100 = 97.96% P 11.31 [a] S; = (6.742 + 74.008) kVA. S2 = 18.566(0.93) + j18.566(0.37) = (17.266 + 76.824) kVA V3V.I. sin 43 = 11,623; sin@ = Fronsyery Therefore cos6s = 0.919 Therefore Py= nee x 0.919 = 27,041.67 W Sy = 27.042 + j11.623KVA Sp = S1 + Sp + Sy = 50.05 + j22.455kVA. Srjg= aor = 16.68 + j7.49kVA 208, ana Taq = 138.92 — 762.33 = 152.26/— 24.16? A (rms) (16.68 + 77.49) 108; Thy = 138.92 + 562.33 AProblems 11-21 [b] pf = cos(—24.16°) = 0.912 leading P 11.32 oso 4O — rh + 230.4km a -67 2kvar| 72006" n N 72001; = (230.4 — j67.2)10* 32—j9.33.A Ty = 32+ 59.33A Ly = j%a = 207.36 + 760.482 7200/0 = 39 j9.33A T= 907.36 + 700.48 - La =ht+h=644+50A Van = 7200 + 0 + 64(0.5 + j4) = 7236.53/2.03° V [Van] = V3|Vin] = 12,534.04. V P 11.33 [a] Pour = 746 x 200 = 149,200 W Px = 149,200/(0.96) = 155,416.67 W V3V;I1, cos 0 = 155,416.67 155,416.67 OO OT 468.91 '3(208)(0.92) [b] Q = V3Vz Ii sing = V3(208)(468.91)(0.39) = 66,207.79 VAR.11-22 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P1134 (bl fq re, — (48+ 936)10° “A 480 = 100+ 75 Tua = 100 ~ j75A Van = 480 + j0-+ (100 — 775)(0.2 + 70.4) = 530 + 725V ‘ne 0.2Q j0.4Q ae > Tan + oy |_aexe -350 aa0/o°v | LY | séevar ne To ae =-5 + j106A Tha = Taa + To = 95 + 731 = 99.93/18.07° A Soy = (530 + j25)(95 — 731) = 51,125 — 714,055 VA Syr = 3Sqyp = 158,375 — 742,165 VA ‘Therefore, the source is delivering 153,375 W and absorbing 42,165 vars. Pay = 153,375 W Pain = 3(48,000) + 3[f,a|?(0.2) = 144,000 + 9375 = 153,375 W = Paat Qaet = 3\Ic|?(5) = 168,915 VAR. Quon = 3(36,000) + 42,165 + 3|T.4|?(0.4) = 168,915 VAR = QuaProblems 11-23 P 11.35 [a] Tr eavofe’v [s, 3, Ne S= 3 (1800)(0.96 — 70.28) = 576 — j168kVA Sp $ease + j1d64) = 644 j488KVA St + Sy = 640 + 320KVA - 1 = CAO 010 100+ 550 Tan = 100 j50A 5L2 + j25.60 en — + 6a00/0°v 425.62 =] _ (6400)? _ 1) R= Grose ios = 42 = (6100? _ Xu = 309x108 = 1282 2 savofe’v 600 § jr20011-24 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P 11.36 Assume a A-connect load (series): Se 7(490 44 x 10*)(0.8 — j0.6) = 50,784 — 538,088 VA = 3000/36.87° 0 Zang = 3000/— 36.87° = 2400 — 718000 + oA 24002 Now assume a A-connected load (parallel): _ [18,800)? eR [13,8002 Rae = p74 ~ 87500 13,800)? Op = HAsoor? XaP1137 Problems — 11-25 375003 13, 800v 7 -350002 q, Now assume a Y-connected load (parallel): Ryo = 1 Rag = 12500 Xve= 5X0 = ~1666.672 azsonz 689% 7 _j1666.670 bn Syye = H(78)(0.8 ~ 50.6) x 10" = 20,800 ~ 15,600VA Iy= 80 oe = 100-7754 Toa = 100-4 975A a 0040 020 een + — On + ‘Van = 208 — (100 + 775)(0.04 + 0.20) = 219 — 23 = 220.20/- 6° V11-26 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [Van] = V3(220.20) = 381.41 V [b] Szyp = (219 — 523)(100 — 975) = 20,175 — 718,725 VA St = 31/4 = 60,525 ~ 756,175 VA Cheek: Sy = 3(20,800 — 715,600) = 62,400 — 746,800 VA Pe = 3|Iaa|?(0.04) = 1875 W Py, = Py + Pe = 60,525 + 1875 = 62,400W (checks) Qe = 3Il.al?(0.20) = 9375 VAR Qo = Qt + Qe = —56,175 + 9375 = —46,800 VAR (checks) P 11.38 [a] oso yank 352 3) ae ee + > Tan + 7 6600/0°v | 3,/0 a N Siis=5 5 [ss + see =(08)] 10° = 396,000 + 528,000 VA 396,000 + 7528,000 6600 Tha = 60 — j80A = 60+ j80A Van = 6600 + (60 — j80)(0.5 + 4) = 6950 + 200 = 6952.88/1.65° V [Van] = V3(6952.88) = 12,042.74 VProblems 11-27 (b) 0.52 QA ae om sm «fe he y, e600/o'v| 3, 8, N 1, =60~j80A (from part [a]) Se 0 j3(1920) x 10° = ~j640,000 VAR 1. _ —1640,000 T= —Ge00 = 796-978 *. Tp=j96.97A Tua = 60 — 780 + 96.97 = 60 + j16.97A Van = 6600 + (60 + 716.97)(0.5 + 54) = 6562.12 + 5248.485 = 6566.82/2.17° V [Vay] = V3(6566.82) = 11,374.07V fe] [aa] = 100A Presi = (100)?(0.5) = 5000 W Pajg = 396,000 + 5000 = 401 kW 396 a %nj = yy (100) = 98.75% [4] [Toa] = 62.354.A Pxyg = (3887.98)(0.5) = 1943.99 W 9% = 396:000, = Sa7 gag (100) = 99-51% 6600 P le] Zev = ~J 9g g7 = ~ 168.0622 Zeapjs = 3Zeappy = —J204.187 2 1 1 G7 418%) C= Barrera = 12990F11-28 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P 11.39 [a] From Assessment Problem 11.9, I,q = (159.88 — j119.91) A Therefore Toy = j119.91A 4160/ V3 7119.91 — (20.03)(27)(60) Zea = (—J20.03)(3) = — 760.099 132.43 Therefore Zoey -j20.032 ‘Therefore Cy = = 132.43 uF Therefore Ci, = {b] Cy = 132.43 xP {e] Maal = 159.88. Van P1140 Zp = |2|/0 = >** = 44.14 pF 0 Wan— fan 6, = (Wan ~ Aaa For a positive phase sequence, {Van = [Van + 30° ‘Thus, 01 = Mase + 30° ~ flag = 6+ 30° Similarly, For a positive phase sequence, Neon = Va ~ 120° Acc ‘Thus, Hina + 120° 2 = [Van + 60° — /L + 120° = 0; — 60° = 0+ 30° ~ 60° = 6 — 30°Problems 11-29 P1141 Wri = [Vap|[Taa| cos(/Vap — /Lxy) = (199.58)(2.4) cos(65.68°) = 197.26 W Wma = [Veal [Teel cos(/Ven — /Lac) = (199.58) (2.4) cos(5.68°) = 476.64 W CHECK: W; + W2 = 673.9 = (2.4)*(39)(3) = 673.9 P 11.42 [a] We — Wi = ViIe[c0s(@ — 30°) — cos(# + 30°)] = ViI1[c0s 8 cos 30° + sin sin 30° — cos 0 cos 30° + sin @ sin 30°] = 2V; I, sin 0 sin 30° = V; J, sind, therefore /3(W2 — W;) = V3V, I, sin8 = Qr [b] 2, = (8+ 56) Qr = V3[2476.25 — 979.75] = 2502 VAR, Qr = 3(12)°(6) = 2592 VAR; Zp = (8— j6)2 Qr = V3(979.75 — 2476.25] = -2592 VAR, Qr = 3(12)?(—6) = —2592 VAR; 2g = (1+ 5V3)Q Qr = V3[2160 — 0] = 3741.23 VAR, Qr = 3(12)°(5V3) = 3741.23 VAR; Zp = W0fT" 2 Qr = V3{-645.53 — 1763.63] = —4172.79 VAR, Qr = 3(12)*[-10sin 75°] = —4172.79 VAR P1143 Tha = Van _ [el/-05A, Ze — 25=(2\l0s, Veo = |Vi|L=90°V, Wm = [Vx| [Iz eos{—90° — (—44)] = |Vzl [Lz] cos(84 — 90°) = |VzI|Lz]sin 5, therefore V3W, = V3{V | [Icl sin® = Qtotal11-30 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits P 11.44 [a] Z = 96 + j72 = 120/36.87° 2 Van = 720/02 V; *. Tha = 6/ = 36.87° A Vac = Vex — Von = 720V3/— 90° V Wm = (720¥3)(6) cos(—90 + 36.87°) = 4489.48 W V3Wm = 7776 VAR [b] Qs = (36)(72) = 2592 VAR Qr = 3Q4 = 7776 VAR = V3Wn P 11.45 [a] Zp = 600 + 7450 = 750/36.87° 2 (69 x 108)? 50/ — 36.87° Sp = 3Sy = 15,235,200 + j11,426,400VA {b] Wana Wma = (69,000) V3(92) cos(60 — 53.13°) = 10,916,117.56 W Se = 5,078,400 + j3,808,800 VA. (69,000) V3(92) cos(0 + 66.87°) = 4,318,082.44 W Check: Pp = 15,235,200 W = Wat + Wino. P1146 [a] Ty = Ose Bete 1.67/16.26° A Tua = 41.67/— 16.26" A Typ = 41.67/— 136.26° A Vas = 4800V3/30° V Vac = 4800V3/ = 90° V W, = (4800V3) (41.67) cos 46.26° = 239,502.58 W {b] Current coil in line aA, measure Iga. Voltage coil across AC, measure Vac [e] Taq = 41.67/— 16.76" A Vea = 4800V3/150° V . Vac = 4800V3/— 30° V W.= (4300V3)(41, 67) cos 13.74° = 336,497.42 WProblems 11-31 [a] Wi + We = 576,000 = 576kW Pr = 600(0.96) = 576kW = Wi + We P1147 [a] Wi =[Vaal|Tup| cos Positive phase sequence, using the equivalent Y-connected load impedances: Vaa = 480V3/— 150° V 480/0° La = Spay = LWA Typ = 24/= 150° A W, = (24)(480) V3 cos 0° = 19,953.23 W Wa = |Vealllcl cos Vou = 480V/3/150° V Tee = 24/90° A We = (24)(480) V3 cos 60° = 9976.61 W [b] Ps = (24)?(20) cos 30° = 5760V3 W Pr = 3Pp = 17,280V3 W Wi + Wa = 11,520V3 + 5760V3 = 17,280V3 W WitWe=Pp (checks) P 11.48 [a] Negative phase sequence: Van = 480V3/ = 30° V Vac = 48073 /90° V Vea = 480V3/— 150° V _ 480V3/— 30° _ Ian = alae 8v3/0° A Tso = Sa = 20V3/60° A 6V3/— 150° A11-32 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Tha = Tan + Tac = 83/0" + 63/30" = 23.44/12.81° A Lc = Ics + Toa = 20V3/ = 120° + 6V3/ = 150° = 43.95/ = 126.79° A Wm = 480V3(23.44) cos(—30 — 12.81°) = 14,296.61 W Wa = 480V3(43.95) cos(—90 + 126.79°) = 29,261.53 W [b] Waar + Wong = 43,558.14 W Px = (8V3)?(60 cos 30°) = 9976.61 W Py = (20V3)?(24.cos 30°) = 24,941.53 W Pe = (6V3)"(80) = 8640 W Px + Py + Po = 43,558.14 = Wins + Wino V3(W2 —Wi) _ 873,290.66 Wi+W2 ~ 732,777.88 P 11.49 tang = 1918 - b= 50° 7600V/3|I,| cos 80° = 114,291.64 (h)=50A a= Tn s20 +. 2 152/509 P 11.50 [a] Z = 276 — j207 = 345/—36.87°0 6900/02 ° Lan = 3357 gg aye = 208687 A Typ = 20/— 83.13° A Vac = 6900V3/— 30°V Vac = 690003 / — 90° V W, = (69003) 20) cos(—30 — 36.87°) = 93,803.10 W We = (69003) (20) cos(—90 + 83.13") = 237,306.90 WProblems 11-33 [b] 1 + We = 331,200W Pp = 3(20)?(276) = 331,200W [ce] V3(W, — We) = —248,400 VAR, Qr = 3(20)?(—207) —248,400 VAR, P 11.51 From the solution to Prob. 11.21 we have Tha = 145.88/—24.28°A and Tyg = 134.01/178.04° A [a] Wi = [Vue Hal c08(Oze — Osa) = 720(145.88) cos(—60° + 24.28°) {[b]_ We = [Viel los! 005(Are — As) = 720(134.01) cos(—120° — 178.04°) [e] Ws + We = 130,632 W Pay = (144)?(4.8) = 99,532.8 W Pac = (36)(16) = 20,736 W Poa = (20.36)?(25) = 10,363.2 W Paw + Pac + Pea = 130,632 therefore W; + Wa = Protal P 11.52 [a] 1.2Mvar 1. 70MVA, La fb)11-34 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits v,20003/4.12°V 704-0) =1022.4/45°a (0-6) =127.80/-45°A oY ¥yr7967/0°V 3,7213.00/-45°a la] .249.11/34.12°V 4g13,800/30°V 2 P 11.53 [a] q=WE © = 158.702 x C= = 6.1 3m(60)(158.70) (13,800/V3)? _ 1 1b] [Xe] = SPA = 5 (158.70) “© = 3(16.71) = 50.14 pF P 11.54 If the capacitors remain connected when the substation drops its load, the expression for the line current becomes Hence Tyq = 150.61 A rie + (0.6 + j4.8)(7150.61) = 7244.49 + 790.37 = 7245.05/0.71° VProblems 11-35 ‘The magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the generating plant is [Vin] = v3(7245.05) = 12,548.80 V. This is a problem because the voltage is below the acceptable minimum of 13 kV. Thus when the load at the substation drops off, the capacitors must be switched off. P 11.55 Before the capacitors are added the total line loss is, F,, = 3{150.61 + 7150.61)(0.6) = 81.66kW Alter the capacitors are added the total line loss is, P, = 3]150.61]7(0.6) = 40.83kW Note that adding the capacitors to control the voltage level also reduces the amount of power loss in the lines, which in this example is cut in half = 80 x 10° + 5200 x 10% — j1200 x 10° 80V3 — 71000V3 _ Tey = ES = 1004 = 9125.51 ~~ Tua = 10.04 + j125.51 A Va= a we + (0.6 + 74.8)(10.04 + 125.51) = 7371.01 + j123.50 = '2.04/0.96° V [Vin] = V3(7372.04) = 12,768.75 V [b] Yes, the magnitude of the line-to-line voltage at the power plant is less than the allowable minimum of 13 kV. Ti, = (80 + 7200) x 10% Ig = S0VB+I200V3 _ 1.04.4 525.1 138 *. Taq = 10.04 = 725.14 Vag = 13500 foe + (0.6 + 94.8)(10.04 — 725.1) = 8093.95 + 733.13 = 8094.02/0.23° V w+ [Van] = V3(8094.02) = 14,019.25 V11-86 CHAPTER 11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits [b] Yes: 13KV < 14,019.25 < 14.6kV {€] Pons = 3/10.04 + j125.51/?(0.6) = 28.54kW [4] Press = 3/10.04 + 725.1|?(0.6) = 1.32kW [e] Yes, the voltage at the generating plant is at an acceptable level and the line loss is greatly reduced.