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COMPUTER
NETWORKING
TOPOLOGIES
INTRODUCTION
A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A NETWORK OF
COMPUTERS THAT ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY
DISTRIBUTED, BUT CONNECTED IN A
MANNER TO ENABLE MEANING FUL
TRANSMISION AND EXCHANGE OF DATA
AMONG THEM. ALL THIS EXCHANGE OF
INFORMATION IS DONE BY COMPUTER
NETWORKING. IT IS MEAN OF
COMMUNICATION.
IN COMMUNICATION BASIC ELEMENTS ARE:
1. SENDER (SOURCE)
2. MEDIUM
3. RECEIVER(SINK)
DATA TRANSMISSION MODE
THERE ARE THREE MODES OF DATA
TRANSMISSION:
1. SIMPLEX
2. HALF-DUPLEX
3. FULL-DUPLEX
SIMPLEX: HERE SYSTEM CAN TRANSMIT DATA
ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION.
HALF-DUPLEX: HERE SYSTEM CAN
TRANSMIT DATA IN BOTH DIRECTIONS
BUT IN ONE DIRECTION AT A TIME. IT
REQUIRES TWO WIRES.
FULL-DUPLEX: HERE SYSTEM CAN TRANSMIT
DATA IN BOTH DIRECTIONS
SIMULTANIOUSLY.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
TOPOLOGY OF A NETWORK REFERS TO THE
WAY IN WHICH THE NETWORK’S NODES ARE
LINKED TO EACH OTHER.
MAINLY NETWORK TOPOLOGIES ARE OF FIVE
TYPES:
1. BUS NETWORK TOPOLOGY
2. RING NETWORK TOPOLOGY
3. STAR NETWORK TOPOLOGY
4. HYBRID NETWORK TOPOLOGY
5. COMPLETELY CONNECTED NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
1. BUS NETWORK TOPOLOGY
IN BUS NETWORK TOPOLOGY ALL NODES SHARE A
SINGLE TRANSMISSION MEDIUM .
WHEN A NODE WANTS TO SEND A MESSAGE TO
ANOTHER NODE, IT CHECKS WHETHER
COMMUNICATION LINE IS FREE OR NOT.
AS SOON AS THE LINE BECOMES FREE, IT BROADCASTS
THE MESSAGE.
IT HELPS IN RADUCING THE NUMBER OF PHYSICAL
LINES.
FALIURE OF ONE NODE DOES NOT AFFECT
COMMUNICATION AMONG OTHER NODES
ADDITION OF NEW NODES TO THE NETWORK IS EASY.
IF THE SHARE COMMUNICATION LINE FAILES, ENTIRE
NETWORK FAILS.
2. RING NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 HERE EACH NODE HAS TWO CONNECTING
SUBORDINATES.
 THERE IS NO MASTER NODE TO CONTROL
COMMUNICATION.
 NODE RECEIVES DATA FROM ONE OF ITS
TWO ADJACENT NODES.
 IF ANY NODE FAILS THE ENTIRE NETWORK
FAILS.
3. STAR NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 IT HAS MULTIPLE NODES CONNECTED TO A
HOST NODE (ALSO KNOWN AS HUB)
 THAT IS, EACH NODE COMMUNICATES
THROUGH THIS CENTRAL HUB
 IT HAS MINIMAL LINE COST BECAUSE ONLY
n-1 LINES ARE REQUIRED FOR CONNECTING n
NODES
 IF ANY NODE OTHER THAN HOST NODE
FAILS THERE IS NO AFFECT ON OTHER
NODES
 IF HOST NODE FAILS ENTIRE NETWORK
FAILS
4. HYBRID NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 HYBRDI NETWORK USES A COMBINATION OF
TWO OR MORE TOPLOGIES.
 A HYBRID TOPOLOGY IS ALWAYS PRODUCED
WHEN TWO DIFFERENT BASIC NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES ARE CONNECTED.
 TWO COMMON EXAMPLES FOR HYBRID
NETWORK ARE: STAR RING NETWORK AND
STAR BUS NETWORK.
 A STAR RING NETWORK CONSISTS OF TWO
OR MORE STAR TOPOLOGIES CONNECTED
USING A MULTISTATION ACCESS UNIT
(MAU) AS A CENTRALIZED HUB.
5. FULLY CONNECTED NETWORK TOPOLOGY
 HERE EACH NODE IS CONNECTED TO EACH
OTHER NODE THROUGH A SEPARATE LINK
 HERE POINT TO POINT COMMUNICATION IS
DONE.
 IT IS VERY RELIABLE BECAUSE IF ANY LINK
FAILS OTHER LINKS DOES NOT AFFECT.
 COMMUNICATION IS VERY FAST BETWEEN
TWO NODES.
 THIS IS VERY COSTLY, BECAUSE EACH NODE
HAS A SEPARATE LINK WITH OTHER NODE.
THANKS