BY

•NITIN
•MANIK
•KAUSTUBH
•SIDHANT
•VAIBHAV
(X+Y)2
(X-Y)2
X2-Y2
INDEX
(X+A) (X+B)
(X+Y+Z)2
(X+Y)2-(X-Y)2
(X+Y)3
(X-Y)3
X3+Y3
X3-X3
X+Y+Z-3(XYZ)
(X+Y)3 – (X-Y)3
(X+Y)3+(X-Y)3
(X+Y)4
(X-Y)4
X4-Y4
X5+Y5
X5-Y5
X6-Y6
X6+Y6
X8-X8
X12-Y12
HOW TO FIND X N-YN
HOW TO FIND THE SUM OF:1+X+X 2……..XN
ENDING SLIDE
 (X+Y) 2

• IF WE EXPAND (X+Y)2 THEN IT WOULD BE WRITTEN AS

• (X+Y)(X+Y)
X*X+X*Y+X*Y+Y*Y
• BY MULTIPLYING ALL THE TERMS WE GET
• X2+X*Y+X*Y+Y2
• =X2+2XY+Y2
• SO (X+Y)2=X2+2XY+Y2 (X+Y)

• FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE :1022 MULTIPLY

• HERE 102 CAN BE WRITTEN AS (100+2)
• SO IT BECOMES (100+2)2 =(100) 2+2*X*Y+(2)2
(X+Y)

• =10000+400+4
• =10404
 (X -Y) 2

• IF WE EXPAND (X-Y)2 THEN IT WOULD BE WRITTEN AS

• (X-Y)(X-Y)
X*X-X*Y-X*Y+Y*Y
• BY MULTIPLYING ALL THE TERMS WE GET
• X2 - X*Y - X*Y+Y+
• =X2-2XY+Y+
• SO (X-Y)^2=X+-2XY+Y2 (X-Y)

• FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE :982 MULTIPLY

• HERE 98 CAN BE WRITTEN AS (100-2)
• SO IT BECOMES (100-2)2
• =(100)2-2*X*Y+(2)2 (X-Y)

• =10000-400+4
• =9604
 X -Y2 2

• X2+Y2 WILL BE WRITTEN AS :

• (X+Y)(X-Y)
• PROOF:WHEN WE MULTIPLY ALL THE TERMS
• WE GET (X*X)+(X*Y)-(X*Y)-(Y*Y)
• HERE XY AND XY GET CANCELLED SO WE ARE ONLY LEFT WITH X 2
–Y2
• SO X2-Y+=(X+Y)(X-Y) (X+Y)

• FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:64-49 (X-Y)

• 49 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 72 AND 64 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 82
• SO IT IS IN THE FORM X2-Y2
• =(8+7)(8-7)
• =(15)(1)
• =15
 (X+A)(X+B)
• WHEN (X+A)(X+B)WOULD BE EXPANDED IT WILL BE
• X*X+X*B+A*X+X*B
• WHICH WILL BE SAME AS X2+(A+B)X+AB
• SO (X+A)+(X+B)=X2+(A+B)X+AB

• X
• FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:102*108

• 102 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 100+2

• 108 CAN BE WRITTEN AS 100+8 X A B

• SO IT IS IN THE FORM (X+A)+(X+B)

• 1002+(2+8)100+8*2
• 10000+1000+16
• =11016
 (X+Y+Z) 2

• IF WE EXPAND (X+Y+Z)2,IT WILL BE WRITTEN AS

• X*X+Y*Y+Z*Z+XY+YZ+XZ+XY+YZ+XZ
• WHICH IS SAME AS:
• X2+Y=+Z2+2XY+2YZ+2XZ
• PROOF:LET (Y+Z) BE ANOTHER VARIABLE SAY A
• (X+A)2
• =X2+2XA+A2
• =X2+2XY+2YZ+2XZ+Y2+Z2
• = X2+Y2+Z2+2XY+2YZ+2XZ
• FOR EXAMPLE: SOLVE:(7+10+9)2
• =72+102+92+2*7*10+2*10*9+2*7*9
• =49+100+81+140+180+126
• =676
 (X+Y) – (X -Y)
2 2

• THE EXPANDED FORM OF (X+Y)2-(X-Y)2 IS =

4XY
• PROOF:
• (X+Y)2=X*X+2*X*Y+Y*Y
• (X-Y)2=X^2-2*X*Y+Y2
• =X2+2XY+Y2 –(X2 -2XY+Y2)
• = X2+2XY+Y2 -X2 +2XY -Y2
(CANCELLING X^2 AND Y^2)
=4XY
• FOR EXAMPLE :SOLVE:(110)2 –(90)2
• 1102 CAN BE WRITTEN AS (100+10)
• AND 90 CAN BE WRITTEN IN THE FORM (100 -10)2
• SO NOW IT IS IN THE FORM OF(X+Y)2-(X-Y)2
• =(100+10)^2-(100-10)^2
• =4*100*10 X^2+2XY+Y^2
• =4000 - X^2+2XY- Y^2
 (X+Y) 3

• IF WE EXPAND (X+Y)3 THEN IT WOULD BE WRITTEN AS:

• (X+Y)(X+Y)(X+Y)
• BY PERFORMING THE MULTIPLYCATION WE”LL GET:
• (X+Y)(X+Y) CAN BE WRITTEN AS :
• X2+2XY+Y2
• =(X2+2XY+Y2) (X+Y) (X+Y) (X+Y)
• =X3+X2*Y+2*X2*Y+2*X*Y2+X*Y2+Y3
• =X3+3X2Y+3XY2+Y3) (X+Y)
• =X=+Y3+3XY[X+Y]
• FOR EXAMPLE :SOLVE:(102)3
(X+Y)
• =1023 CAN BE WRITTEN AS (100+2)3
• =1003+23+3(100*2)[100+2]
• =1000000+8+600(102)
• =1061208
 (X -Y) 3

• IF WE EXPAND (X-Y)3 THEN IT WOULD BE WRITTEN AS:

• (X-Y)(X-Y)(X-Y)
• BY PERFORMING THE MULTIPLYCATION WE”LL GET:
• (X-Y)(X-Y) CAN BE WRITTEN AS :
• (X2- 2XY+Y2)
• =(X2-2XY+Y2) (X-Y) (X-Y) (X-Y)
• =X3-X2*Y-2*X2*Y+2*X*Y2+X*Y2-Y3
• =X3-3X2Y+3XY2-Y3) (X+Y)
• =X3-Y3-3XY[X-Y]
• FOR EXAMPLE :SOLVE:(98)3 (X-Y)
• =102^3 CAN BE WRITTEN AS (100-2)3
• =1003-23 -3(100*2)[100-2]
• =1000000-8 - 600(98)
• =941192
 X^3 + Y^3
• X^3+Y^3 IS EQUAL TO
• (X+Y)(X^2-XY+Y^2)
• PROOF:
• BY MULTIPYLING ALL THE TERMS WE GET:
• X*X*X –X*X*Y+X*Y*Y
• Y*Y*Y+X*X*Y –X*Y*Y
• (BY CANCELLING X^2*Y AND X*Y^2)
• WE GET:
• X^3+Y^3
=
• (X+Y)(X^2-XY+Y^2)
• FOR EXAMPLE :SOLVE:77^3+23^3
• =(77+23)(77^2-77*23+23^2
• =(100)(5929 -1771+529)
• =(100)(4687)
• =468700
 X -Y
3 3

• X3-Y3 IS EQUAL TO
• (X-Y)(X2+XY+Y2)
• PROOF:
• BY MULTIPYLING ALL THE TERMS WE GET:
• X*X*X +X*X*Y+X*Y*Y
• Y*Y*Y-X*X*Y –X*Y*Y
• (BY CANCELLING X+*Y AND X*Y2)
• WE GET:
• X3-Y3
=
• (X-Y)(X2+XY+Y2)
• FOR EXAMPLE :SOLVE:1233+233
• =(123-23)(1232+123*23+232
• =(100)(15129+2829+529)
• =(100)(18487)
• =1848700
 X +Y +Z -3XYZ
3 3 3

• X3+Y3+Z3 -3XYZ=
• (X+Y+Z)(X2+Y2+Z2 –(XY+YZ+XZ)
PROOF:
• IF WE MULTIPLY THE TERMS THEN:
• X3+X*Y2+X*Z2-X2*Y-X2*Z -X*Y*Z
• Y3+Y*X2+Y*Z2-X*Y2-Y2*Z-X*Y*Z
• Z3+Z*X2+Z*Y2-X*Z2-Z*Y2-X*Y*Z
BY CANCELLING THE TERMS OF OPP. SIGNS WE GET
X3+Y3+Z3 -3XYZ
SO X3+Y3+Z3-3XYZ=
(X+Y+Z)(X2+Y2+Z2 –(XY+YZ+XZ)
• FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:113-73-43
• CLEARLY X+Y+Z=0
• SO X3+Y3+Z3 -3XYZ=0
• =X3+Y3+Z3=3XYZ (BY TRANSPORTING -3XYZ TO RHS)
• 113-73-43=3*11*(-7)*(-4)
• = 924
 (X+Y) 4

• IF WE EXPAND (X-Y)4 THEN:

• (X+Y(X+Y)(X+Y)(X+Y)
(BY GROUPING THE TERMS)
[(X-Y)+(X-Y)] [(X-Y)+(X-Y)]
(X-Y)(X-Y) CAN BE WRITTEN AS:
X2-2XY+Y2
=
(X2-2XY+Y2)(X2-2XY+Y2) (BY MULTIPLYING ALL THE TERMS WE GET:
X4-2X3*Y+X2*Y2
-2X3*Y+4X=*Y2-2X*Y3
Y4-2X*Y3+X2*Y2
(BY ADDING ALL THE TERMS WE GET)
X4-4X3Y+6X2Y2-4XY3+Y4

SO,(X+Y)4=
X4-4X3Y+6X2Y2-4XY3+Y4
 (X-Y) 4

• IF WE EXPAND (X+Y)4 THEN:

• (X+Y(X+Y)(X+Y)(X+Y)
(BY GROUPING THE TERMS)
[(X+Y)+(X+Y)] [(X+Y)+(X+Y)]
(X+Y)(X+Y) CAN BE WRITTEN AS:
X2+2XY+Y2
=
(X2+2XY+Y2)(X2+2XY+Y2) (BY MULTIPLYING ALL THE TERMS WE GET:
X4+2X3*Y+X2*Y2
2X3*Y+4X2*Y^2+2X*Y3
Y4+2X*Y3+X2*Y2
(BY ADDING ALL THE TERMS WE GET)
X4+4X3Y+6X2Y2+4XY3+Y4

SO,(X+Y)4=
X4+4X3Y+6X2Y2+4XY3+Y4
 X –Y 4 4

• WE CAN WRITE X4-Y4 AS :

• (X2)2 – (Y2)^
IT IS IN THE FORM OF X2 – Y2
=(X2-Y2)(X2+Y2)
X2-Y2 CAN BE WRITTEN AS;
(X-Y)(X+Y)
=(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+Y2)
SO X4-Y4 =
=(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+Y2
• FOR EXAMPLE: SOLVE:254 - 54
• USING: X4 -Y4=(X+Y)(X-Y)(X2+Y2)
WE GET:

(25+5)(25-5)(252+52)
(30)(20)(625+25)
(30)(20)(650)
=(600)(650)
=390000
 X +Y5 5

• X5+Y5 IS EQUAL TO:

(X+Y)(X4-X3Y+X2Y2-XY3+Y4)
MULTIPLYING ALL THE TERMS WE GET:
X5-X4*Y+X3*Y2-X2*Y3+X*Y4
Y5+X4*Y-X3*Y2+X2*Y3-X*Y4
(BY CANCELLING THE UNLIKE TERMS WE GET):
SO X5+Y5=(X+Y)(X4-X3Y+X2Y2-XY3+Y4

FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:65+55
• USING: X5+Y5=(X+Y)(X4-X3Y+X2Y2-XY3+Y4
(11)(64-63*5+62*52-6*53+54)
=(11)(1296-1080+900-750+625)
(11)(991)
=10901
 X –Y5 5

• X5-Y5 IS EQUAL TO:

(X-Y)(X4+X3Y+X2Y2+XY3+Y4)
MULTIPLYING ALL THE TERMS WE GET:
X5+X4*Y+X3*Y2+X2*Y3+X*Y4
Y5-X4*Y-X3*Y2-X2*Y3-X*Y4
(BY CANCELLING THE UNLIKE TERMS WE GET):
SO X5-Y5=(X-Y)(X4+X3Y+X2Y2+XY3+Y4

FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:65-55
• USING: X5-Y5=(X-Y)(X4+X3Y+X2Y2+XY3+Y4
(1)(64+63*5+62*52+6*53+54)
=(1)(1296+1080+900+750+625)
(1)(4651)
=4651
 X –Y 6 6

• X6-Y6 CAN BE WRITTEN AS:

• (X3)2 – (Y3)2
USING THE IDENTITY X2-Y2
=(X3 -Y3)(X3+Y3)
AS X3-Y3=(X-Y)(X2+XY+Y2)
AND X3+Y3=(X+Y)(X2-XY+Y2)
SO WE CAN KNOW WRITE
(X3-Y3)(X3+Y3) AS:
(X-Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X+Y)(X2-XY+Y2)
=(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X2-XY+Y2)

SO X6-Y6 =
(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X2-XY+Y2)
FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:46 - 36
USING X6-Y6 =(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X2-XY+Y2)
(4-3)(4+3)((42+4*3+32)(42-3*4+32)
=(16-9)(16+12+9)(16-12+9)
=(7)(37)(13)
=3367
 X +X6 6

• X6+X6 CAN BE WRITTEN AS:

(X2)3+(Y2)3
USING THE IDENTITY X3+Y3=
(X+Y)(X2-XY+Y2)
NOW SUBSITUTING X WITH X 2 ASN Y WITH Y2
(X2+Y2)([X2]2-X2*Y*2+[Y2]2
=(X2+Y2)(X4-X2Y2+Y4)
SO X6+Y6=
(X2+Y2)(X4-X2Y2+Y4)
FOR EXAMPLE :SOLVE:46+66
USING: X6+Y6=(X2+Y2)(X4-X2Y2+Y4)
=(42+62)(44 – [42*62]+64)
=(16+36)(256 – [576]+1296)
=(52)(976)
=50752
 X -Y 8 8

• X8-Y8 CAN BE WRITTEN AS :

• (X4)2-(Y4)2
USING IDENTITY X2-Y2=(X+Y)(X-Y)
=(X2-Y2)(X2+Y2)(X4+Y4)
NOW AGAIN USING THAT IDENTITY
=(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+Y2)(X4+Y4)
SO X8 -Y8=
(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+Y2)(X4+Y4)
FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:88 – 78
USING: X8 -Y8=(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+Y2)(X4+Y4)
=(8-7)(8+7)(72+82)(74+84)
=(1)(15)(49+64)(2401+4096)
=(1)(15)(113)(6497)
=11012415
 X -Y12 12

• WE CAN WRITE X12 - Y12 AS:

(X6)2 – (Y6)2
=(X6-Y6)(X6+Y6)
NOW WE KNOW THAT
X6-Y6 =(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X2-XY+Y2)
AND
X6+Y6=(X2+Y2)(X4-X2Y2+Y4)
SO (X6-Y6)(X6+Y6) AS
(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X2-XY+Y2)*
(X2+Y2)(X4-X2Y2+Y4)

SO X12-Y12=
(X-Y)(X+Y)(X2+XY+Y2)(X2-XY+Y2)*
(X2+Y2)(X4-X2Y2+Y4)
 X N -Y N

• LET “N” BE ANY ODD NATURAL NUMBER

• THE RESULT FOR XN - YN is

(X-Y)( [(X)N-1]+[(X) N-2*Y]…[(Y)N-2*X]+[(Y)N-1] )

FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:135 – 35

USING: XN - YN =(X-Y)( [(X)N-1]+[(X)N-2*Y]+…[(Y)N-2*X]+[(Y)N-1] )

=(13-3) ([13]5-1+[13]5–2 *3 [135-3 *35-3]
+[35-2 *13]+[35-1*]
=(10)(134+133*3+132*32+33*13+34)
=(10)(28561+6591+1521+351+81)
=(10)(37105)
=371050
 (X+Y) N

• WE CAN EXPAND (X+Y)N WHERE N

CAN BE ANY NATURAL NUMBER BY
USING THE PASCAL TRIANGLE

• BEFORE KNOWING THE PASCAL

TRIANGLE WE MUST KNOW YHE
MEANING OF FACTORIAL( WHICH IS
DONATED BY !)
 FACTORIAL
• FACTORIAL MEANS THE PRODUCT OF
THE NUMBER AND ALL THE NUMBERS
THAT COMES BEFORE IT

• FOR EXAMPLE- 4 ! = 4*3*2*1 = 24

5 !=5*4*3*2*1 = 120
8 !=8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1 = 40320
NOTE: 0!=1
• (X+Y)N CAN BE FOUND BY—
• C(N,R) WHERE N IS THE POWER
• AND R KEEPS ON INCREASING FROM 0
• FOR EXAMPLE
• WHILE EXPANDING (X+Y)3
• N=3,
• C(3,0)X3+C(3,1)X2*Y+C(3,2)X*Y2+C(3,3)Y3
• WHILE DOING THIS WE HAVE TO MAKE SURE THAT THE
POWERS OF THE VARIABLE ADDS UP TO N (HERE=3)
• THIS GIVES US THE COEFFICIENTS
• AND WE CAN THEN PLACE THE TERM INFRONT OF THAT
COEFFICIENT
• THIS WILL BECOME MORE CLEAR FROM THE EXAMPLE GIVEN
ON THE NEXT SLIDE
 COEFFICIENT
• NOW TO FIND THE COEFFICIENT WE USE THE FOLLOWING METHOD
—
n!
C ( n, r ) 
r!( n  r )!
FOR EXAMPLE WE HAVE TO FIND (X+Y)^3
WE WRITE C(3,0)X3+C(3,1)X2*Y+C(3,2)X*Y2+C(3,3)Y3
SO C(3,0)=3! / (3 – 0) 0!
=3! / 3!
=1
SO THE COEFFICIENT OF X3=1
NOW THE COEFFICIENT OF X2*Y=C(3,1)
=3! / (3-1)1
=3! / 2!
=6 / 2
=3
SO THE COEFFICIENT OF X2*Y=3
HERE THE COEFFICIENT OF X*Y2 WILL ALSO BE SAME AS X2*Y I.E. 1 AS
3! / (3-2)2! IS THE SAME AS 3! / (3-1)2!
ALSO THE COEFFICIENT OF Y3 WILL BE SAME AS X^3 WHICH IS 1
SO THE EXPANDED FORM OF (X+Y)3=X3+Y3+3(X2*Y)+3(X*Y2)
 PASCAL TRIANGLE
• IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE WE LEARNT THE
METHOD TO FIND OUT THE COEFFICIENTS
OF A TERM IN IT’S EXPANDED FORM BUT IT
IS TOO COMPLICATED SO TO MAKE IT
SIMPLER PASCALS TRIANGLE WAS MADE
WHICH GAVE THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE
TERMS

THE PASCAL TRIANGLE IS GIVEN IN THE

NEXT SLIDE
ONE THING ABOUT PASCAL TRIANGLE IS THAT WE CAN
CREATE A PASCAL TRIANGLE JUST BY PUTTING 1 ON BOTH
THE SIDES AND ADDING ALL THE DIGITS
N=THE POWER THE NUMBERS ARE THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE
TERMS

N= 0

6
 1+X+X +X …….X 2 3 N

• HOW WILL YOU FIND THE SUM OF THIS:1+X+X 2+X3+X4+X5+X6+X7

WE CAN FIND IT IN A VERY SIMPLE WAY
• 1+X+X2+X3……+XN(WHERE N IS ANY NATURAL NUMBER)=
[1-(X)(N+1)] / [1 – X]
FOR EXAMPLE:SOLVE:
1+3+32+33+34+35+36+37+38+39
WE CAN FIND IT BY USING THE FORMULA
[1-(X)N+1] / [1 – X]
HERE N=9
SO, 1-(3) 9+1 / 1-3
=1 – 310 / -2
1 - 59049 / -2
=59048 / -2
(MINUS SIGNS WILL GET CANCELLED)
=29524