Parade of Kingdoms

Review
Chapters 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34
Name the 3 domains used today to
classify organisms

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Organisms are divided into the

3 DOMAINS based on the kind of
Ribosomal RNA
________________ they have.
Name this diagram used to show
evolutionary relationships
between organisms

cladogram

Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
Name the 6 Kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Which kingdoms are included

in the DOMAIN EUKARYA?

Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

 From slide show by Kim Foglia http://www.explorebiology.com

Bacteria that can live in

HOT environments like
volcano vents are called
thermophiles
______________

Explain how thermophiles are

useful in running PCR?
Enzyme (Taq polymerase) from a thermophilic
bacteria is used in PCR because it can
withstand the higher temps used in the PCR
process
 Bacteria that can survive in very
SALTY environments are called
halophiles
_________________

Classification system in which each

species is assigned a two-part
scientific name
Binomial nomenclature
 The evolutionary history of an
phylogeny
organism = ____________

Large taxonomic group made up

of closely related phyla;
top level in Linnaeus’s classification
hierarchy
kingdom
Characteristics that appear in
recent parts of a lineage but not
in its older members which are
used to create cladograms
Derived characters

The science of classifying and naming

organisms
taxonomy
 Group of closely related classes

Phylum (pl. phyla)

Model that uses DNA comparisons to

estimate the length of time that two
species have been evolving
independently
Molecular clock
Group of similar orders
CLASS

Most inclusive taxonomic category

based on ribosomal RNA;
Taxon level above kingdom in today’s
hierarchy DOMAIN
 Group of similar families
ORDER

Swedish botanist who came up with

a classification system that groups
organisms in a 7 level hierarchy and
gives each a 2 part scientific name

Carolus Linnaeus
Group of genera that share many
characteristics

FAMILY

Greek philosopher and teacher that

came up with the first classification
system that separated organisms into
2 groups … plants or animals
Aristotle
The 1st part of a two part
scientific name that is always
capitalized genus

Polysaccharide molecule found in

plant cell walls that makes them
different from bacteria and fungi

cellulose
The 2nd part of a two part
scientific name
species

Polysaccharide molecule found in

the cell walls of some fungi that
makes them different from bacteria
and plants chitin
Organisms that use oxygen for
cellular respiration and can’t live
without it are called
obligate aerobes

Molecule found in the cell walls of

bacteria that makes them different
from fungi and plants
peptidoglycan
Polymer made of sugars and amino acids
found outside the cell membrane in
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
bacteria = ___________________

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481
Organisms that are poisoned by
oxygen like Clostridium botulinum
are called obligate anaerobes

Organisms that can use oxygen if it is

present for cellular respiration, but
can also grow by fermentation in an
anaerobic environment
Facultative anaerobes
Kingdom that includes all
prokaryotes with peptidoglycan
in their cell walls
Eubacteria

Kingdom that includes all multicellular

eukaryotic heterotrophs with no cell
walls or chloroplasts
Animalia
Kingdom with includes
heterotrophic eukaryotes with
chitin in their cell walls
Fungi
Kingdom that includes multicellular
eukaryotes that have chloroplasts for
photosynthesis and have cell walls
made of cellulose
Plantae
 Kingdom that includes prokaryotes
without peptidoglycan in their cell
walls
Archaebacteria

Diverse kingdom composed of eukaryotes

that are not classified as plants, animals,
or fungi
Protista
The scientific name for red maple
is Acer rubrum. To which species
does it belong? rubrum

Do you know a silly phrase that will

help you to remember the 7
hierarchy levels in Linnaeus’s
classification system?
Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach.
Kings play chess on fat green stools.
Kids playing chicken on freeways get squished.
King Phillip cried, “Oh for goodness sake”.
NAME the 7 taxonomic levels in
Linnaeus’s hierarchy in order
starting with the largest
Kingdom
_________________
Phylum
_________________
Class
_________________
_________________
Order
Family
_________________
Genus
_________________
Species
_________________
Name the KINGOM for these organisms:

PLANTAE
_____________

FUNGI
____________
 The scientific name for red maple
is Acer rubrum. To which genus
does it belong? Acer

The correct way to write the scientific name

for lion is ________
Panthera leo panthera leo Panthera Leo Panthera leo

Panthera leo or Panthera leo

1st name capitalized, second name lower case,

Underlined or in italics
Name the original kingdom in the
5-Kingdom system that was split
into 2 separate bacterial kingdoms
MONERA

Name the two kingdoms that

resulted from this split
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
 Name the 6 Kingdoms used to classify
organisms today

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,

Plantae, Animalia

The scientific name for humans

Homo
is _______ sapiens
________

(OR Homo sapiens)

Based on this
cladogram, which of
the following is true?

Roaches and mantids share a more recent common

TRUE ancestor than do roaches and termites.

TRUE Roaches and mantids share a more recent common

ancestor than do termites and mantids.

FALSE Termites and mantids do not share a common ancestor.

Euglena, paramecium, and amoeba
belong in the
Eukarya
domain __________ and the
kingdom ______________
Protista

Give an example of an organism

in the fungi kingdom.
Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold
Name the DOMAIN for these organisms:

Eukarya
______________

Eukarya
______________
Organism that can make its own
food using photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis autotroph

Cell with out a nuclear envelope

prokaryote
Which DOMAIN includes all the living
things whose cells have a nucleus?

Eukarya

Which polyphyletic kingdom includes the

most diverse organisms because they
are grouped by what characteristics
they don’t have rather than what
they have in common?
Protista
Name the KINGDOM for these organisms:

PROTISTA
______________

ANIMALIA
______________
The Endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn
Margulis suggests which two organelles
evolved from symbiotic prokaryote ancestors?

Mitochondria & chloroplasts

Mycorrhizae
___________ form when plant
roots + fungi live symbiotically
Give an example of the kinds of
organisms that would be found
in the Archaea domain
Halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens

A cell with a nucleus and

membrane bound organelles
eukaryote
is called a ___________
Name the three shapes of bacteria
Spherical- cocci
Rod shaped- bacilli
Spiral-spirilli

Bacteria are ____________

prokaryotes
prokaryotes eukaryotes
Name the KINGDOM
Includes PROKARYOTES
EUBACTERIA
______________
with peptidoglycan in their
cell walls

Includes HETEROTROPHIC
FUNGI
EUKARYOTES with CHITIN______________
in their cell walls

Includes HETEROTROPHIC ANIMALIA

_______________
EUKARYOTES without
chloroplasts or cell walls
Name the KINGDOM
Includes PROKARYOTES
WITHOUT peptidoglycan in ______________
ARCHAEBACTERIA
their cell walls

Includes AUTOTROPHIC
EUKARYOTES with chloroplasts PLANTAE
______________
& cellulose in their cell walls

Includes EUKARYOTES
PROTISTA
_______________
that aren’t plants, animals,
or fungi
COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING

ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA

Nuclear NO NO YES
envelope
Membrane
enclosed NO NO YES
organelles
Peptidoglycan
in cell wall NO YES NO
Histones
associated YES NO YES
with DNA
COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING

ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA

Circular NO
YES YES
chromosome

Present in
Introns some genes
NO YES

RNA Several Several

Polymerase 1 kind
kinds kinds
Ability to
grow at YES NO NO
temps > 100°
 COMPARE/CONTRAST THE FOLLOWING
Fungi Protist Plant Animal

Some chitin
Cell wall Chitin NO
Some cellulose cellulose cell wall
Some none

AUTO/ HETERO
HETEROTROPH
HETERO AUTO HETERO
& AUTO

Multi/uni
Cellular Most multi;
except yeast Both Multi Multi
Name the three ways protists move

Flagella, cilia, pseudopods

Tell how bacterial flagella are

different from eukaryotic flagella
Eukaryotic flagella-made from microtubules in
9 + 2 pattern; covered by plasma membrane

Bacteria- single filament; no plasma membrane

Which theory proposed by Lynn Margulis
explains the origin of eukaryotic
mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Endosymbiotic theory

__________form
LICHENS when
algae + fungi live symbiotically
Name some of the beneficial roles
fungi play
Decomposers in ecosystems
Lichens-pioneer species in ecosystems
makes soil from bare rock
Food-mushrooms, morrels
yeast makes bread rise/beer/yogurt
Mycorrhizae-increase plant growth
Antibiotics-penicillin
Tell two ways spores are produced
during the fungal lifecycle.
Asexual-mycelium make spores via mitosis
Sexual- diploid zygote formed by fusion of
mycelia undergoes meiosis to make spores

Fungi are ____________

heterotrophs
heterotrophs autotrophs
The interwoven fungal mass of hyphae that
surrounds and infiltrates the material the
fungus feeds on is called a ____________
mycelium

Fungi spend the majority of

their lifecycle as 1n
__ organisms.
1n 2n
What are some ways bacteria are
modified geneticially
Mutation

Conjugation-”bacterial sex”
Plasmid transfer

Transformation-
pick up ‘naked’ DNA from envrionment

Transduction- viruses transfer DNA

How is gram staining used to
distinguish differences in bacterial
cell walls?
Gram + has peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram – has peptidoglycan cell wall
covered by lipopolysaccharide layer

Process in which nitrates/nitrites in

the soil are converted to nitrogen gas
in the atmosphere
denitrification
What is the medical significance of
Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria are more pathogenic
Outer lipopolysaccharide layer is often toxic,
protects bacteria against body’s defenses,
and resists antibiotics

Small extrachromosomal circular DNA

found in bacteria
plasmid
The process by which bacteria
convert nitrogen gas in the
atmosphere into ammonia is called
Nitrogen fixation

Cytoplasmic region in bacteria where

DNA is located
Nucleoid region
The process by which bacteria convert
ammmonia in the soil into
nitrates and nitrites is called

Nitrification
Peptidoglycan is made from which
molecules?
Network of sugar polymers
crosslinked by polypeptides
Name some of the beneficial roles
bacteria play
Decomposers in ecosystems

Nitrogen cycle-
nitrogen fixation- N2 gas → ammonia
nitrification- ammonia → nitrates/nitrites
denitrification- nitrates/nitrites → N2 gas

Symbiosis in digestive tract

make cellulase to break down cellulose
make vitamin K & B12

Genetically engineered bacteria-

produce insulin/human growth hormone