အာမဂႏၶသုတၱန္ - အညႇီအေဟာက္ ဆိုသည္မွာ

tnD§ta[mufqkdonfrSm ...
(tmr*Eökwåef w&m;a'oemawmf)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
]u
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm ................................ ps
tmr*Eökwåef (yxrykdif;) ....................... 1
a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfü tmr*Eökwåef
jzpfay:vmykH .............................. 2
uóybk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfü tmr*Eökwåef
jzpfay:vmykH ............................. 12
tmemygeur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrljcif; ........ 15
tmemygeur®|mef; ........................... 15
uokdPf;bm0emy&duH ......................... 18
or®oepm&acwf (3)rsKd; ....................... 19
or®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY\ or®oepm&acwf ............ 20
oAÁnKwÓPfawmfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlykH ............ 24
yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY\ or®oepm&acwf ............ 28
om0uwkdY\ or®oepm&acwf ................... 29
uóybk&m;tavmif;awmf aAm"dr@dKifokdY <uawmfrljcif; ... 31
rd*'g0kefawmü 0guyfawmfrljcif; ................... 32
wdó&aohBuD; ............................. 33
c ] tnD§ta[mufqkdonfrSm ... (tmr*Eökwåef)
rkom0g'jzifh pGyfpGJjcif; ......................... 41

wdó&aohBuD;&JU avQmufxm;csuf ................. 41
tmr*E¨qkdwm bmvJ¿ ........................ 51
um,'kp½kduf - 0pD'kp½kduf tukokdvfw&m;rsm; .......... 52
tykyfaumifb0 ............................ 60
tvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f cE¨mwkdY&JU taMumif;&if; ......... 65
udavomr&SdolwkdY\ cE¨mtdrf .................... 66
rpärHo0dedpä,uxmykdif; ........................ 69
tom;BuD; (10)rsKd; ........................... 69
tmywfoifhykH .............................. 71
ar;jref;&rnf .............................. 76
&nfñTef;om; .............................. 77
tpGef;okH;yg;vGwfwJh tom;ig; .................... 78
y0wårHo = tvkdvkdjzpfay:wJhtom; ................ 90
O'´dórHo = &nfñTef;om; ...................... 93
rodolESifh odol ............................. 95
&nfñTef;ykHwpfrsKd; ........................... 102
tyfwt hJ om;ig; ............................ 104
rodol ................................. 106
rtyfwJh tom;ig; .......................... 106
xl;jcm;csufESpfck ............................ 107
jAm[®P"r®duokwåef ......................... 110
tmr*Eökwåef ('kwd,ykdif;)..................... 115
om;\ tom;yrm (ykwårHolyrokwåefykdif;) ........... 121
rmwdum ] *
yÍöryg&mZdu&So d ifv h Qif ....................... 127
tm[m&av;rsKd; ........................... 129
uAVDum&tm[m& ....................... 129
raemoaÍöwem[m& ...................... 135
zóm[m& ............................ 136
0dnmPm[m& ........................... 136
uEÅm&c&D;cJukd oGm;aeMuwJh ZeD;armifESHESpfOD; .......... 136
uEÅm& = c&D;cJ (5)rsKd; ........................ 137
olwkdY&JUtMuH .............................. 138
toufukd pGefYvTwfEkdifolrsm; .................... 140
pOf;pm;Munfyh g ............................. 140
om;\ tom; ............................ 142
uAVDum&tm[m&tay:ü xm;&Sdapvkdaom pdwfxm; .... 144
y&dnmokH;rsKd; .............................. 145
ZeD;armifESHwkdY&JU OD;wnfcsuf .................... 147
tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0J&mü rSefuefwJh OD;wnfcsuf ........ 147
tjypf&Sd rI[lonf ........................... 150
tpm;MuL;wJhykPÖm; (5)OD; ...................... 154
tpmtm[m&\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f (9)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m .. 157
1/ *reawm = tpm&SmazG&efoGm;onfhtcg ........... 164
ouFef;tay:ü xm;&Sd&rnfhpdwfxm; ............. 170
oydwftay:ü xm;&Sd&rnfhpdwfxm; .............. 171
taumifykyfawGukd Munfhyg ................... 172
2/ y&da,oe = tpmukd &SmazGjcif; ................ 173
Nydwåm trsKd;rsKd; .......................... 184
t,kwfnHhqkH;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief; ..... 188
C ] tnD§ta[mufqkdonfrSm ... (tmr*Eökwåef)
tpGef;vGwfatmif ,lqyg ................... 193

3/ y&dabm* = okH;aqmifwJhtcg ................ 195
4/ tmo,awm = wnf&SdaewJhykHpHtaetxm; ....... 200
5/ ed"meawm = okdrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;onfhae&m........ 202
6/ ty&dyuúawm = rusufao;wJhtpm ............ 203
7/ y&dyuú = &ifhusufoGm;NyD;wJhtcg ............... 207
8/ zvawm = tusKd;&if; ..................... 211
9/ edóEáwm = tusKd;quf .................. 215
10/ or®u©eawm = vl;vJayusHaewJhoabm ......... 218
1/ wG,fwmrufarmwJh pdwf"mwfr&SdygapESifh .......... 221
2/ aumif;Ekd;&m&mukd a&G;cs,frpm;ygESifh
tpOftwkdif;om pm;yg..................... 222
3/ rQw½kHom pm;okH;yg ....................... 224
t&Sifom&dykwå&mrax&fjrwfBuD;\ ñTefMum;csuf ..... 226
4/ 0efwkdjcif; = rpä&d,uif;wJh pdwf"mwfjzifh pm;yg ...... 228
5/ twåpGJ r&SdygapESifh - trSefw&m;ukd odaeygap ..... 230
terw*¾a'oemawmfrsm;ukd owd&yg ........... 233
y&rw¬opömrsufvkH;ESifh MunfhNyD;awmhvnf; pm;okH;yg ... 241
6/ awmifhwcsufukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;wJh
pdwf"mwfjzifh pm;yg ....................... 247
7/ okdrSD;odrf;qnf;vkdwJh pdwfxm; r&SdygESifh ........... 251
8/ tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0JaepOf rmefrmeukd ESdrfcsxm;yg ... 256
9/ tm[m&tay:ç tvSL&Siftay: ½IwfcswJh pdwfxm;
r&Syd gapESihf ............................ 259
10/ tcsif;csif;vnf; rxDrJhjrif rjyKygESifh ............. 262
rmwdum ] i
qkdvkd&if; tusOf;csKyf ......................... 266

uAVDum&m[m&ykid ;f ......................... 273
y&dnmok;H yg; .............................. 273
uAVDum&m[m&qkdwm bmvJ¿ .................. 277
Ówy&dnm .............................. 284
wD&Py&dnm ............................. 285
y[mey&dnm ............................. 285
yÍöumr*kPdu&m*udk y&dnmoHk;rsKd;jzifh ydkif;jcm;odNyD ...... 286
{uy&dnm ............................... 288
oAÁy&dnm ............................... 290
rlvy&dnm ............................... 294
zóm[m&ydik ;f ............................ 298
ta&cGHcGmxm;wJhEGm;r ........................ 301
raemoaÍöwem[m&ydkif; ...................... 310
0dnmPm[m&ydik ;f .......................... 317
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif; = edó&Pynm 331
tmr*Eökwåef (wwd,ykdif;) .................... 335
1/ umr*kPfü apmifhpnf;rI r&Sdjcif; ............... 335
2/ &om½kHwkdYü wG,fwmrufarmjcif; .............. 336
3/ rpifMu,fonfh rdpämtmZD0 .................. 339
4/ ew¬du'd|d ............................. 340
5/ rnDrQwJh pdwfaepdwfxm; ................... 344
6/ rSefuefwJh todÓPf ay;zkdY&ef cufcJol ........... 345
p ] tnD§ta[mufqkdonfrSm ... (tmr*Eökwåef)
1/ twåudvrxusifhpOfukd usifhol ............... 348
2/ qkdqkH;rzkdY&ef tvGefcufcJol .................. 349
3/ olwpfyg;wkdY&JU ausmufukef;om;ukd cJpm;aeol ....... 350
4/ rdwfaqGukd jypfrSm;wJh pdwfxm;&Sdol .............. 352
5/ tMuifemw&m; uif;rJhol ................... 353
6/ tvGefrmefrmeBuD;ol ...................... 354
7/ ay;vSLavhr&Sdol ........................ 355
8/ ,lwJhbufuom tjrJaeol .................. 357
"r®m"d|mefenf;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrljcif; ............. 359
1/ aum" = trsufxGufjcif; = &efNidK;zGJUjcif; .......... 360
2/ r' = rmef,pfjcif; ....................... 361
3/ xrÇ = pdwf"mwfcufxefwif;rmjcif; ............. 361
4/ ypöKy|myem = qefYusifbuf&yfwnfaerI .......... 362
5/ rm,m = vSnfhywfrI ...................... 363
6/ Ool,m = jiLplapmif;ajrmif;jcif; ............... 364
7/ bóorkó, = tay:pD;uaeNyD; pum;ajymjcif; ... 365
8/ rmemwdrme = rmefrmetvGefBuD;jcif; ............ 365
9/ toAÇd oE¦a0g = rolawmfwkdYESifh aygif;azmfjcif; ..... 367
yk*¾vm"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh xyfrH a[mMum;awmfrljcif; ..... 368
1/ ygyoDvm = ,kwfrmwJh ukd,fusifhw&m;&Sdol ........ 369
2/ £PCmwm = a<u;ukd jyefrqyfol ............. 369
3/ olpum = ukef;wkdufpum; ajymMum;ol ........... 370
4/ wHpkd;vufaqmifpm;NyD; w&m;pD&ifol ............ 371
5/ oDv&Sdoa,mif w&m;&Sdoa,mif [efaqmifol ..... 371
rmwdum ] q
6/ olawmfaumif;wkdYtay:ü &ufpufMurf;MuKwfol ..... 373
1/ tonwm = apmifhpnf;rI r&SdMuolrsm;........... 374
2/ olwpfyg;wkdY\ ypönf;rsm;ukd rw&m;,lum
n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufaeolrsm;.................... 380
3/ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJh 'kóDvyk*¾dKvfrsm; .......... 381
4/ EIwfMurf; tmMurf; vQmMurf;olrsm; ............. 382
5/ ½kdaoav;pm;rI r&SdMuolrsm; ................. 383
owå0gwkdYtay: rufarmwJhpdwfxm; ............... 384
tm'dwåy&d,m,okwåefykdif; ..................... 387
½lyg½kHü wG,fwmrufarmrI ...................... 388
o'´g½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI ................. 393
*E¨m½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI ................. 396
&om½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI ................ 399
azm|AÁm½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI ............... 406
oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; = edó&Pynmpcef;okdY .... 412
tmr*Eökwåef (pwkw¬ykdif;)..................... 421
1/ avmbjzifh wG,fwmrufarmjcif; .............. 422
2/ a'gojzifh xdyfwkduf qefYusifbufjyKjcif; .......... 422
3/ arm[jzifh tjypftrsKd;rsKd;ukd vGefusL;jcif; ......... 422
1/ tom;ig;ukd rpm;jcif; ..................... 424
2/ t0wfr0wfjcif; ......................... 426
3/ OD;jynf;uwkH; wkH;jcif; ..................... 426
4/ qHuspfxkH;jcif; .......................... 427
5/ &aohy&du©&mESifh opfeufa& ................. 427
Z ] tnD§ta[mufqkdonfrSm ... (tmr*Eökwåef)
6/ rD;ukd jyKpkvkyfauR;jcif; ..................... 428
7/ rdrdukd,fukd yifyef;apwJh twåudvrxmEka,m*tusifh . 428
8/ rEÅmef = aA'ifwkdYukd oif,ljcif; ............... 429
9/ [kef;ylaZmfjcif; .......................... 429
10/ ,ZfylaZmfjcif; .......................... 430
11/ Owkukd rSD0Jjcif; .......................... 431
tmr*E¨pifMu,faMumif;usifhpOf .................. 431
1/ £È´d,oH0&oDvESifh jynfhpkHjcif; ............... 432
2/ £aÈ´wkdYukd y&dnmokH;rsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odjcif; .. 434
3/ opömav;&yfw&m;jrwfü &yfwnfyg ............. 435
4/ ajzmifhrwfwJh El;nHhaysmhaysmif;wJh pdwfxm;ü arGUavsmfjcif; 435
5/ o*Fgwdw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif; ......... 435
6/ 'ku©tm;vkH;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufatmif usifhyg .... 436
'da| 'd|rwåH usifhpOf ......................... 436
o*Fg,emrax&fjrwfwkdY\ *gxmrsm; ............... 438
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOf ..................... 445
ed'geuxm ] ps
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
ed'geuxm
e ud&w¬d &ao[d ygyda,m?

tm0gao[d 0g oE¦a0[d 0g/
0gwrd*H *[eedódwH?
0ormaeod &ao[d oÍÆa,m/ (Zmwu?1?4/)
abm = tkd tcsif;wkdY .../ &ao[d = Zd0Sm0dnmPfjzifh odtyf-
ukeaf om csKcd sOzf efcg; ponfjym;ukeaf om &om½kw H üYdk vkv
d m; wyfruf-
wwfukefaom qE´&m*wkdYatmuf/ ygyda,m = txl;ojzifh omvGefí
,kwfrmaom oabmw&m;onf/ e tw¬d ud& = r&Sdavowwf/
&owPSm = &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYtay:ü wG,fwm wyfrufwwfaom
&owPSmonf/ tm0gao[d 0g = tjrJaexkdif&m t&dyftm0go
ae&mxkid cf if; taqmufttkw H tYdk ay:ü vkv
d m;wyfrufwwfuek af om
qE´&m*wkdYatmufvnf;aumif;/ oE¦a0[d 0g = aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ
rSD0Jqnf;uyftyfukefaom rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;wkdYtay:ü vkdvm;
wyfrufwwfuek af om qE´&m*wkaYd tmufvnf;aumif;/ ygyw&m ud&
= tqaygif;&maxmifaomif;ode;f ru omvGeí f ,kwrf mavowwf/
abm = tcsif;wkdY .../ wkarS = oifwkdYonf/ &omeH =
csKdcsOfzefcg;ponfjym;ukefaom &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYtay:ü vkdvm;-
Ú ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
wyfrufukefaom qE´&m*wkdY\/ ygyd,bm0H = tvGefw&m ,kwfrm-

onf\tjzpfu/dk yóx = ½IMunfhMuukefavmh/ *[eedódwH = vlol
reD;onfh awmNrKd iBf u;D uko
d m rSw
D if;aexkid af vh&adS om/ 0gwrd*H = av-
t[kefuJhokdY vsifjrefaom toGm;&Sdonfh 0gwrd*trnf&aom awm-
om;orifu/dk oÍÆa,m = oÍÆ,trnf&aom O,smOfapmifah ,musmf ;-
onf/ &ao[d = ysm;vl;jrufwnf;[laom &om½kw H jYdk zif/h 0oH = rdr\
d
tvkdtBudKufokdY vkdufygatmif/ tmaeod = aqmif,lEkdifcJhavNyD/
þa'oemawmfum; {uuedygwf 0gwrd*Zmwf0,f bk&m;-
tavmif;awmf jA[®'wfrif;Bu;D u rSL;Bu;D rwf&m aoemywdtrSL;&So d nfh
eef;wGif;oleef;wGif;om; y&dowftrsm;wkdYtm; &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdY
tay:ü wG,w f m rufarmwwfonfh &owPSm\ qk;d npf,w k rf myku
H dk
a[mMum;vku d af om w&m;a'oemyif jzpfayonf/ xkad 'oem*gxmukd
a*gwr&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;uvnf; plVyd@ygwduwdórax&f\
&owPSmjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG cH& rIudk taMumif;jyKum om0w¬jd ynfreG f
aZw0efausmif;wkdufawmfü oDwif;okH;pHaeawmfrlckduf wpfzef jyef-
vnfí a[mMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/
wpfcsed wf iG f ewfEiS w
hf uGaom wpfavmuvk;H ukd rao&m tNrKd u-f
edAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif;ç oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;-
jzpfonfh ed,smeduw&m;aumif;wkdYudk a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrl
wwfaom oAÁnKwÓPocif or®morÁK'b ¨ &k m;&Siof nf awmifig;vk;H
ydwzf ;Hk umcko
d nfh &mZN*dK[jf ynfreG f a0VK0efausmif;wku d af wmfü oDwif;-
ok;H pHaeawmfrq l jJ zpf\/ wpfaeY0,f pnf;pdrOf pöm <u,f0csr;f omonfh
olaX;om; wdóvkvifonf a0VK0efausmif;wku d af wmfoYdk oGm;a&muf
um bk&m;&SifxHawmfarSmufrS csKdNrdef aumif;jrwfaom w&m;pum;
awmfwkdYukd emMum;cGifh&&Sdaomtcg omoemhabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum
&Sif&[ef;jyKvkdaom ukokdvfqE´"mwfwkdYonf onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;
ed'geuxm ] #
aeaom rk;d Bu;D yrm onf;xefpmG wzGm;zGm; jzpfay:cJah vonf/ rdbwkx

Yd H
&Sif&[ef;jyKcGifhay;yg&ef tBudrfBudrf awmif;yefcJh\/ okdYaomf tarG-
qufcHrnfh wpfOD;wnf;aom om;&wemjzpfjcif;aMumifh rdbESpfyg;
wkdYuvnf; cGifhrjyKEkdif jzpfaeMu\/ xkdtcg t&Sif&|ygvrax&fjrwf
uJhokdYyif ckepf&ufwkdifwkdif tpmiwfcHum qE´jyavawmhonf/ xkd-
tcgwGifrS rdbESpfyg;wkdYuvnf; omoemhabmifokdY 0ifa&mufum
&Sif&[ef;jyKzkdY&ef cGifhjyKcJhMuavonf/
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; xkdwdótrsKd;aumif;om;ukd &Sif&[ef; jyKap
awmfrlvkduf\/ xkdaemif bk&m;&Sifonfvnf; a0VK0efausmif;wkduf
awmf0,f v0ufcefY oDwif;okH;awmfrlNyD;aemuf wdó&[ef;i,fukdyg
wpfygwnf; ac:aqmifawmfrlum om0w¬djynfrGef aZw0efausmif;
wkdufawmfokdY <ucsDawmfrlavonf/ xkdaZw0efausmif;wkdufawmfü
oDwif;okH;awmfrlckduf &[ef;awmf t&Sifwdó ukd,fawmfjrwfonf
"kwif (13)yg;vk;H ukd aqmifawmfr\ l / om0w¬Nd rKd UwGi;f ü tdrpf Oftwkid ;f
vSnv hf nfum qGr;f &SmrS;D jcif; usi0hf wfy#dywfudk aqmufwnfawmfr\ l /
tcsdefumv awmfawmfuav; Mumanmif;oGm;cJh\/ plVyd@ygwdu
wdórax&f[laom trnfjzifh aumif;uifjyifü vjynfh0ef;yrm
Ak'¨jrwfpGmomoemawmfü xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhavonf/
okdYaomf t&[wåzkdvfedAÁmefudk t&rSef;um tjyif;txef BudK;-
pm;tm;xkwaf eygaomfvnf; wpfaeYwiG f ysupf ;D zk&Yd ef tcGit
hf vrf;um;
qkdufa&mufvmcJh\/ &owPSmukd taMumif;cHum umr*kPf ausmh-
uGif;ukd ZGwftwif; eif;cJhrdjcif;yifjzpf\/
wpfaeYwGif &mZN*dK[fNrdKU0,f awmifxdyfeu©wfyGJobifukd qif-
,ifusif;ycJhavonf/ t&Sifwdórax&fjrwf\ rdbESpfyg;wkdYonf
t&Siwf ó
d vlUb0u 0wfqifcahJ om &wem0wfpHk wefqmtrsK;d rsK;d wk-Yd
udk &wemyef;awmif;üxnfu h m &ifüyku
d Nf y;D vQif --- ]][kad &S;,cif,
h cif
X ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
eu©wyf o
JG bifwüYdk igwk&Yd UJ om;[m þtqif;wefqm&wemjzifh 0wfpm;
qif,ifum eu©wfyGJobifudk qifETJcJh\/ igwkdY&JU xkdwpfOD;wnf;aom
om;udk &[ef;a*gwronf ac:aqmifum om0w¬dokdY oGm;cJh\/ igwkdY
om;onf ,cktcg tb,ft&yfü aexkid af eygoenf;¿ tb,ft&yfü
&yfwnfaeygoenf;¿}} þokdY ajymqkdum ikda<u;aeMu\/
rdrd\ ½kyftqif;ukd Aef;jyum trsKd;om;wkdYukd uRefcHavh&Sdaom
0PÖ'goD = jynfw h efqmrwpfO;D onf ,if;owif;ukd Mum;ojzifh t&Sif
wdó\ rdbwkx Yd o H Ydk csO;f uyfum ikad <u;aeaom olaX;uawmfBu;D ukd
ikda<u;&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; tpkHtvifudk ukefpifatmif pkHprf;
axmufvSrf;NyD;aemuf t&Sifhom;onf ]]tb,f tpmtm[m&ukd
BudKufwwfygoenf;}}[k ar;jref;cJh\/ &owPSm ig;rQm;csdwfjzifh
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dk o
f Ydk
wufa&mufum oif,lzkdY rvkdonfh oHo&mtqufqufrS uyfygvm-
onfh 0rf;wGi;f yg ynmwpfrsK;d yif jzpf\/ xkt d cg olaX;uawmfBu;D u-
vnf; --- ]]þrnf þrnfaom tpmtm[m&udk igYom; odyfBudKuf-
wwfonf}}[k r>cif;rcsefbJ ukefpifatmif jzLpifaom pdwfraemjzifh
'va[m ajymjyvku d af vonf/ xkt d cg olaX;uawmfBu;D \ ajymjycsuf
t&yf&yfukd pdwfxJwGif pm&if;tif; jyKpkNyD;aemuf a':0PÖ'goDu ---
]]t&Siwf oYdk nf þtdrüf &Sad om pnf;pdrOf pömtm;vk;H ukd uReaf wmfrtm;
(tarGpm; tarGcH acR;rt&mxm;um) ay;ukefjim;tHh/ t&Sifhom;ukd
uRefawmfr t&ac:aqmifay;ygrnf}}[k rdrd\ vkdtyfcsufukd wifjy
awmif;qkdavonf/
þawmif;qkdcsufukd rdbwkdYuvnf; oabmwlnDvkdufMu\/
a':0PÖ'goDtvk&d o dS avmuf pm;eyf&ud m© t00ukv d nf;aumif;ç ta>c
t&Hy&dowfuv dk nf;aumif; xnfah y;vku
d u f m ]]&Sirf oGm;ygacs? &Sirf \
tpGr;f jzifh igYom;uko
d m ac:aqmifcyhJ gacs}}[k ckid ;f apvku
d \f / a':0PÖ-
ed'geuxm ] !
'goDuvnf; &xm;aygif;csKyfpD;um om0w¬dodkY c&D;ESifcJhavonf/

om0w¬dokdY a&mufaomtcg t&Sifwdórax&f qGrf;cH <uavh-
&So
d nfh qGr;f cHvrf;ukd a&S;OD;pGm axmufvrS ;f pkpH rf;Mu\/ od&adS omtcg
xkdvrf;wGif oifhawmfonfh tdrfwpftdrfukd iSm;&rf;vkdufMu\/ olaX;-
uawmfBuD;tdrfrS xnfhay;vkdufaom olwkdYukd t&Sifwdórjrifatmif
tdrfwGif;rSmxm;um rdrd\ ta>ct&Hy&dowfjzifhom jcH&Hum qGrf;cH
<u0ifawmfrv l maom t&Siw f ód rax&ftm; wpf[if;csKad om ,m*kudk
vnf;aumif; t&omESifhjynfhpkHaom qGrf;ukdvnf;aumif; qufuyf
vSL'gef;um &owPSmjzifh pwif aESmifzGJUavonf/
&owPSmig;rQm;csdwfum; pl;0ifp jyKavNyD/ tpmtm[m&ukd rSD-
0J&mü oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfonfh edó&Pynm
csKdUwJhoGm;cJhonfhtwGuf &owPSm\ pwif &pfywfaESmifzGJUrIukd cH-
&jcif;jzpf\/ xkdvrf;ukd qGrf;cHroGm;& raeEkdifjzpfae\/ þvuf&m-
rsK;d ESihf cGv
J mcJ&h onfrmS vnf; Mumanmif;vSNyjD zpfonft h wGuf xkv d uf-
&mESifh awGUzkdY&ef OD;wnfum xkdvrf;odkYyif &ufaygif;rsm;pGm qufwkduf
oGm;cJh\/ wjznf;jznf; &yfukd,fawmfb0rS xkdifukd,fawmfb0okdY
a&mufatmif y&d,m,frm,m tuGufqifum usKH;oGif;cJhavonf/
&owPSm ig;rQm;csdwf tpl;cHae&aom t&Sifwdóonfvnf; rdrd
aqmufwnf usifhokH;xm;onfh "kwifusifh0wfy#dywfukdyif ysufap-
Ny;D aemuf &yfu, dk af wmftqifrh S xkid u
f ,
dk af wmftqifo
h Ydk vG,v
f ,
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l l
a&Sma&Sm½SL½S L ajymif;vJvkdufavonf/
a':0PÖ'goDum; ½kyt
f qif; Oy"dorÜwEdå iS hf jynfph o
Hk vl nf; jzpf\/
wu,fh olaX;orD; r[kwaf omfvnf; olaX;orD;toGiu f dk aqmif,-l
xm;olvnf;jzpf\/ tcsut f jyKwu
f vnf; tvGeaf umif;ol jzpfojzifh
t&Sifwdópdwfwkdif;us tpm;tpmukd vSL'gef; qufuyfEkdifolvnf;
jzpf\/ þt&nftcsif;wkdYu --- tpmtm[m&tay:ü oHo&m0#frS
¡ ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
xGufajrmufaMumif; edó&Pynm csKdUwJhae&Smaom t&Sifwdóukd

rdr\
d tvktd BuKd uo
f Ydk vku
d yf gatmif qGaJ qmifEidk af om t&nftaoG;wkYd
jzpfaeMu\/
wpfaeYwiG f t&Siw
f ó
d onfvnf; rdr\ d tvkt d BuKd uo f Ydk vku
d yf g-
EkdifavmufNyD[k od&Sdaomtcg r,frif;BuD;ru rzsm;emaomfvnf;
zsm;emola,mifaqmifum qGr;f cHvmcsed w
f iG f tdrw
f iG ;f yke;f um wku d cf ef;-
twGif;0,f umr*kPfausmhuGif;trsKd;rsKd;ukd toifhaxmifum apmifh-
qkdif;aeavonf/
xkdifukd,fawmft&Sifwdóuvnf; tdrfpOftwkdif; qGrf;cH <u-
0ifawmfrlvmaomtcg xkdtdrfwHcg;0okdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlvm\/
tvkyt f auR;wpfa,mufu rax&f\ oydwu f dk ,lí rax&fudk tdrüf
xkid af eapawmfr\ l / t&Siw f ó
d uvnf; r,frif;Bu;D rukd rawGU&ojzifh
]]Oygodumr tb,frSmenf;¿}}[k ar;jref;awmfrlvkduf\/ xkdtcg
usw d 0f idk ;f xkid x
f m;Ny;D jzpfaeMuonfh tvkyt f auR;wku Yd --- ]]t&Sib
f &k m;
t&Sifbk&m;wkdY&JU Oygodumruawmh rusef;rrm jzpfaeygw,fbk&m;?
t&Sib f &k m;wku Yd v
dk nf; zl;jrifvydk gw,fb&k m; ...}}[k avQmufxm;vku d f
Mu\/
xkdt&Sifwdóum; tpmtm[m&tay:ü edó&Pynm csKdU-
wJhaeonfhtwGuf &owPSmjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUrIukd cHae&olvnf;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh rdrd aqmufwnfusifhokH;xm;onfh usifh0wfy#dywfukd
zsufum r,frif;BuD;r\ tdyf&mwkdufcef;twGif;okdY 0ifa&mufawmf-
rlavonf/ r,frif;BuD;ruvnf; &owPSmig;rQm;csdwfjzifh tom-
t,mqGJcsdwf,lxm;NyD;jzpf&um; toifhaxmifxm;aom umr*kPf
ausmhuGif;jzifh trdzrf;avawmhonf/ t&Sifwdóvnf; vlxGufum
r,frif;Bu;D rESit hf wl &mZN*Kd [of Ydk aumufaumufygatmif vku d o
f mG ;-
cJah vonf/ xkt d cg bk&m;&Siu f t&Siw f ó
d \ a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmuf-
ed'geuxm ] P
arhzG,f ZmwfaMumif;ukd jyefajymif;um a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/

vGeaf vNy;D aomtcg bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf Am&mPoDjynfudk
w&m;ESifhtnD xD;jzLtkyfcsKyfonfh jA[®'wfrnfaom rif;jzpfcJh\/
xkdAm&mPoDrif;O,smOfwGif oÍÆ,trnf&Sdaom O,smOfapmifh-
wpfa,muf&\ dS / xkt
d cg avt[keu
f ohJ Ydk tvGef vsijf refpmG ajy;oGm;-
Ekdifaom 0gwrd*trnf&onfh orifwpfaumifonf rif;O,smOfwGif
vma&muf usufpm;ae\/ tpykdif;wGif oÍÆ,ukd jrifaomf xGufxGuf
ajy;wwf\/ aemufykdif;wGifum; wjznf;jznf; ,Ofyg;vm\/ rMum-
rMum vma&muf usufpm;wwf\/
O,smOfapmifhum; O,smOfrS xGufay:vmMuonfh yef; opfoD;
trsK;d rsK;d wku
Yd dk cl;qGwu
f m &Sib
f &k iftm; aeYpOf qufo&\/ wpfaeYwiG f
O,smOfapmifhukd bk&ifrif;jrwfu ]]tcsif; O,smOfapmifh ... O,smOf-
twGif;ü tHhMozG,f&m wpfpkHwpfckukd awGUjrifygovm;¿}}[k ar;jref;-
cJh\/ ]]t&Sifrif;jrwf...tjcm;wpfpkHwpf&mukdawmh rawGUjrifyg/
0gwrd*orif wpfaumifawmh O,smOfawmfrSm vma&muf usufpm;
aewmukd awGUjrifygw,f t&Sifrif;jrwf ...}}[k wifjy avQmufxm;
avonf/ ]]xk0d gwrd*orifudk oif zrf;,lEidk yf govm;}}[k &Sib f &k ifu
ar;jref;vku d af omtcg --- ]]t&Sirf if;jrwf ysm;&nftenf;i,fudk &&Scd yhJ grl
eef;awmfwGif;okdYwkdifatmifyif oGif;aqmif ac:,lvmEkdifygonf}}[k
wifjyavQmufxm;vkduf\/ &Sifbk&ifuvnf; O,smOfapmifh tvkd&Sd-
oavmuf ysm;&nfukd xkwfay;apvkduf\/
O,smOfapmifhvnf; ysm;&nfukd o,faqmifum O,smOfawmfokdY
oGm;vku
d \
f / 0gwrd*orif usupf m;aeusae&mwGif aygufa&mufvsuf
&SdMuonfh jrufwkdYukd ysm;&nfjzifh vl;í oifhawmfaom wpfae&mwGif
rdrdum; ykef;atmif;aevkduf\/ 0gwrd*orifonf O,smOfwGif;okdY
vma&muf usupf m;aomtcg ysm;vl;jrufwu Ydk dk pm;&avaomf ysm;vl;-
w ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
jruft&omtay:ü &owPSmjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG tyfonfjzpf&um;

tjcm;tjcm;aom t&yfa'ookdY tpm&Sm roGm;awmhbJ O,smOf-
awmfokdYomvQif xm0pOfvma&mufum usufpm;avawmh\/
O,smOfapmifhonf orif\ ysm;vl;jrufwkdYü wyfrufaeonfh
oabmukd od&Sdavaomf wjznf;jznf; rdrdukd,fa&mifukd jyavonf/
orifonf O,smOfapmifu h dk jrifvQif ESp&f ufo;Hk &ufavmufawmh xGu-f
ajy;ao;\/ okaYd omf Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum jrifawGU&avaomf
wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D cspu
f Rr;f 0ifjcif;okYd a&muf&v dS m\/ wjznf;jznf; Mum-
vmaomf O,smOfapmif\ h vufü wnf&adS om qkyu f idk x
f m;onfh ysm;vl;-
jrufwkdYukdyif cJpm;zkdY&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvmavonf/
O,smOfapmifhonf xkdorif\ rdrdESifh tuRrf;w0if aexkdifonfh
tqifhokdY a&muf&Sdvmonfukd od&Sdavaomf O,smOfawmfrSonf rif;-
eef;awmfokdYwkdifatmif vrf;c&D;wpfavQmuf ab;ESpfzufwkdYü zsm½kdif-
wkjYd zifh um&HapNy;D vQif xkxd t
dk &yfü opfcufwu Ydk dk csK;d Ny;D vQif csxm;ap\/
ysm;&nfbl;ukd yckH;üvG,fum jrufpnf;wkdYudk vufuwD;csKdifhMum;ü
xm;NyD;vQif ysm;vl;jrufwkdYukd orif\ a&S;rS a&S;rS MuJcsvsuf rif;eef;-
awmfwiG ;f okYd a&muf&o dS nfwidk af tmif oGm;cJah vonf/ om;orifonf
eef;awmfwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf rif;eef;awmf-
wGi;f okYd 0ifa&muf&mwHcg;udk ydwv f u
dk Mf uavonf/ 0gwrd*orifonf
vlwkdYukd jrifavonf&Sdaomf pdwf"mwfawG wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;um
aoab;rSvnf; aMumuf&UHG xdwv f efo Y jzifh rif;eef;awmf&ifjyifwiG f xkrd S
þrS acgufwkHYacgufjyef ajy;avonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf Am&mPoDbk&ifrif;jrwfonf jymom'f-
xufrS qif;oufNyD; vmcJh\/ aoab;rS aMumuf&GHUojzifh wkefwkef-
&D&jD zpfaeaom xko
d m;orifudk Munf½h u
I m --- ]]0gwrd*orifrnfonf-
um; vlwkdYukd wpfBudrfwpfcg awGUjrifzl;onfht&yfokdY ckepfESpfwkdifwkdif
ed'geuxm ] x
rvmay/ xdwfvefY aMumuf&GHUum xGufajy;zl;onfhae&mjzpfvQifum;

xkdt&yfokdY toufxufqkH; b,fawmhrS rvmay/ þuJhokdYoabm-
&So
d nfh vlorl eD;onfh awmNrKd iBf u;D ukd rSw
D if;aexkid af vh&o
dS nfh 0gwrd*-
orifonf &om½kHü wG,fwmrufarmonfh wPSmu &pfywfaESmifzGJU-
xm;tyfonfjzpf&um; ,cktcg0,f okpYd Ofoabm&So d nfh þeef;&ifjyif
t&yfoyYdk if a&muf&v
dS m&\/ tkd tcsi;f wkYd ...avmuü &owPSm-
atmuf txl;ojzifh ,kwfrmaom oabmrnfonf r&Sdava,mif-
wum;}}[k ESvkH;oGif; MuHpnfum þed'gef;tpwGif wifjyxm;aom
w&m;*gxma'oemudk a[mMum; >rufqkdcJhavonf/ xkd*gxm\
qkdvkd&if;oabmum; þokdYwnf;/
]]tkd tcsi;f wkYd ... Zd0mS 0dnmPfjzifh odtyfuek af om csKcd sOzf efcg;
ponfjym;ukefaom &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYtay:ü vkdvm; wyfrufwwf-
ukeaf om qE´&m*wkaYd tmuf (= qE´&m*wkx Yd uf) txl;ojzifh omvGeí f
,kwfrmaom oabmw&m;onf r&Sdavowwf/ &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdY
tay:ü wG,fwm rufarmwwfaom &owPSmonfum; --- tjrJ-
aexkdif&m t&dyftm0go ae&mxkdifcif;taqmufttkHwkdYtay:ü vkd-
vm; wyfrufwwfuek af om qE´&m*wkaYd tmufvnf;aumif;ç aygif;azmf
,SOfwGJ rSD0Jqnf;uyftyfukefaom rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;wkdYtay:ü
vkv
d m; wyfrufwwfuek af om qE´&m*wkaYd tmufvnf;aumif; tq-
aygif;&maxmif aomif;odef;ru omvGefí ,kwfrmavowwf/
tkd tcsif;wkdY ...oifwkdYonf csKdcsOfzefcg; ponfjym;ukefaom
&om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYtay:ü vkdvm;wyfrufukefaom qE´&m*wkdY\
tvGefw&m ,kwfrmonf\tjzpfukd ½IMunfhMuukefavmh .../ vlol
reD;onfh awmNrKd iBf u;D uko
d m rSwD if;aexkid af vh&adS om avt[keuf o
hJ Ydk
vsivf sijf refjref ajy;oGm;Ekid o
f nfh pGr;f tm;&Sad om 0gwrd*trnf&aom
awmom;orifukd oÍÆ,O,smOfapmifh a,mufsm;onf ysm;vl;jruf-
' ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
&om½kHwkdYjzifh jzm;a,mif;um rdrdtvkdtBudKufokdY vkdufygatmif

ac:aqmifEkdifcJhavNyDwum; ...}}
þa'oemawmfukdyif bk&m;&Sifu --- &owPSmukd taMumif;-
cHum umr*kPfñTwfuGif;ukd ZGwftwif;eif;rdaom plVyd@ygwdu-
wdórax&fudk taMumif;jyKum &[ef;y&dowfO;D aqmifonfh w&m;em
y&dowfwdkYtm; wpfzef jyefí a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/
xkd tcsdeftcgu Am&mPoDbk&ifBuD;rSm a*gwrbk&m;&Sif
tavmif;tvsmolawmfaumif;yif jzpf\/ bom;acsmBuD; t&Sif-
wdóonfum; xkdtcsdeftcgu 0gwrd*om;orifyif jzpfcJh\/ ol-
wpfyg;wkdYukd umr*kPftm½kHESifh Aef;jyum t&zrf;,lonfhtykdif;wGif
olwpfyg;wkdYü enf;cHzkdYrvkd tvkdvkd uRrf;usifvdrfrmawmfrlvSonfh
a':0PÖ'goDonfum; xkt d csed u
f ysm;vl;jrufjzifh 0gwrd*om;orifudk
t&zrf;,lcJhonfh O,smOfapmifhoÍÆ,yif jzpfcJhavonf/
b0wpfck0,f vufcH usifhokH;cJhaom &owPSm"mwfaiGUukd
edó&Pynmjzifh jywfatmif rjzwfEkdifcJhonfhtwGuf umr*kPf
axmifBu;D csKypf cef;wGif pHjref;cJ&h olwpfO;D jzpfomG ;\/ t&Siw
f ó
d uJoh Ydk
umr*kPaf xmifBu;D csKypf cef;wGif rpHjref;vko d l olawmfaumif;wko
Yd nf
&owPSmukd y,f&Sm;Edkifa&;twGuf tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0J&mü umr-
*kPfrS xGufajrmufaMumif; edó&Pynmjzifh rSD0JwwfzkdY vkdayonf/
,if;okdY jzpfvQif edó&Pynm[lonf tb,fenf;[k ar;&ef
&Sd\/ þusrf;pmi,fwGif ,if;edó&PynmtaMumif;ukd oDvusifh-
pOfyidk ;f qkid &f m½Iaxmifçh orm"dusiphf Ofyidk ;f qkid &f m½Iaxmifçh ynmusiphf Of-
ykdif;qkdif&m½Iaxmifh[lonfh ½IaxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;rS bufpkH jrifEkdifatmif
tusOf;csKyfum &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygonf/ t&[wåzkdvfedAÁmefukd
arQmfrSef;um orx-0dyóembm0emwkdYukd tjyif;txef BudK;pm;
ed'geuxm ] "
tm;xkwaf eMuonfh a,m*Doal wmfaumif;wkt

Yd zkYd tm[m&ukd rS0D &J mü
,if;edó&Pynmum; rygrNyD; r&Sdrjzpf tvGef tvkd&Sdtyfonfh
ynm&yf wpfckyif jzpfayonf/ ,if;edó&Pynm&yfudk tao;pdwf
em;vnf oabmayguf&ef &nfoefawmifw h vsuf þusr;f pmi,fwiG -f
1/ tmr*Eökwåef yxrykdif;
2/ rpärHo0ddedpä,uxmykdif;
3/ tmr*Eökwåef 'kwd,ykdif;
4/ ykwårHolyrokwåefykdif;
5/ tmr*Eökwåef wwd,ykdif;
6/ tm'dwåy&d,m,okwåefykdif;
7/ tmr*Eökwåef pwkw¬ykdif; ---
þodkYtm;jzifh tykdif;u@ (7)&yf cGJjcm;um a&;om;wifjyxm;-
ygonf/ þtmr*EökwåefESifhwuG t&yf&yfaom þw&m;a'oem-
awmfudk zm;atmufawm&wGif a,m*DolawmfpifwkdYtm; tcsdef Mum-
jrifph mG u a[mMum;cJzh ;l \/ ,if;w&m;awmfudk em,l&onfh olawmfpif
tcsKdUwdkYu usrf;pmtjzpf a&;om;csD;jr§ifhyg&ef avQmufxm;awmif;-
yefMuojzifh w&m;a[mwdwfacGrS usrf;pmtoGifokdY a&mufatmif
]]vkw d ;dk --- ykad vQm}h } pepfudk tok;H jyKum a&;om; wifjyvku
d &f ayonf/
þusrf;pmukd zwf½Iol olawmfaumif;taygif;wkdYonfvnf; tpm-
tm[m&ukd rDS0Jpm;okH;&mü &owPSmukd y,f&Sm;Ekdifonfh edó&P
ynmjzifh rSD0J pm;okH;EkdifMuygapaom0f .../
olawmfaumif;"mwf w&m;jrwf vTr;f ywfurÇm wnfapaom0f .../
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
1367-ck? 0gacgifvjynfh arwåmtcgawmfaeY/
]1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
tmr*Eökwåef (yxrykdif;)
omrmupd*FlvupDeumed p? ywåyævH rlvzvH *0dyævH/
"ar®e v'¨H owroérmem? e umrumrm tvduH bPEÅd/
(okwåedygw?315/)
abm uóy = tkd t&SifuóyjrwfpGmbk&m; .../ "ar®e v'¨H
d yfaom/ omrmupd*v
= w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh &SmazGojzifh &&St lF u-
pDeumed p = jrufo;D pyg;ç aqmif;avSum;yGio hf P²mefteH&Y adS om pyg;ç
tavhusaygufaom yJaemufwkdYukdvnf;aumif;/ ywåyævH = opf&Guf
d nf;aumif;/ rlvzvH = opfjrpf opfOukv
pdr;f ukv d nf;aumif;/ *0dyv æ H
= opfo;D 0vHuv dk nf;aumif;/ toérmem = pm;ok;H vsu&f dSMuukeaf om/
owH = olawmfaumif;wko Yd nf/ umr umrm = umr*kPu
umrumrm f dk tvk&d dS jcif;
wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh/ tvduH = cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef
rrSefuefwJh pum;ukd/ e bPEÅd = b,fawmhrS rajymqkdMuygukef/
þw&m;a'oemawmfu b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh
jzpfay:vmovJ¿ jzpfay:vm&jcif;&JU taMumif;&if;ukd t|uxmu
tw¬KyÜwådESifhwuG &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/ b,fvkd jzpfay:vm-
ovJvkdY ar;awmh ---
2 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
kd nfrmS ... (tmr*Eöw
k eå )f
a*gwrbk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfü tmr*Eökwåef

jzpfay:vmykH
bkef;BuD;wkdY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; ryGifhxGef; ray:aygufrD tcsdef
tcgumvrSm tmr*E¨ trnf&SdwJh ykPÖm;BuD;u vkvifig;&mawGeYJ
twltuG &aoh&[ef;jyKw,f/ jyKNy;D awmh [dr0EÅmawmukd 0ifMuw,f?
awmxGuMf uw,f/ [dr0EÅmawmtwGi;f okYd 0ifMuNy;D awmh awmifEpS cf -k
wkdYtMum;rSm ocFrf;ausmif;uav;awG aqmufvkyfNyD;awmh awm
opfjrpf opfO opfzkav;awGukdyJ pm;okH;NyD; &aoh&[ef;w&m;awGukd
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfum aexkdifMuw,f/
rSef;arQmfMunfhvkdufaygYaemf/ &aohawG[m tifrwef MunfndKzkdY
aumif;Muygw,f/ awmxJrSm opfO opfzkav;awGyJ pm;okH;NyD;awmh
aexkdifMuw,f/ ig;trJqkdvkdY wpfcgrSvnf; rpm;Mubl;/ tJ'Dvkd
rpm;bJeYJ aexkid v f ukd Mf uawmh bmjzpfvmMuovJ¿ olwrdYk mS tcsOv f nf;
rpm;Mu&bl;? qm;vnf; rpm;Mu&bl;/ awmxJrmS tcsOw f Ydk qm;wkv Yd nf;
r&Sd Mubl;/ tJ'v D dk tcsOw f Ydk qm;wkYd tp&Sw
d hJ rS0D o
J ifh rS0D xJ u dk w f hJ ypön;f -
0w¬KawGukd rpm;okH;&wJhtwGuf olwkdY&JUoEÅmefrSm y@Ka&m*gac:wJh
zuf&Gufa&mfuJhokdY azsmhawmhaom tqif;&SdaewJh a&m*gawG xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vmMuw,f/ 'Dy@Ka&m*gu pmayrSm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awmh
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ olw&dYk UJ oEÅmefrmS aoG;jzLOawGu tvGet f m;aumif;
NyD;awmh aoG;eDOawGu wjznf;jznf; enf;yg;vmMuw,f/ tm[m&-
"mwf csKdUwJhrIyJ/ NyD;awmh tm[m&"mwf rrQwwJhtwGuf ukd,fcHtm;
enf;yg;um olwkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;awGu 0ifvmw,f/
'Da&m*gawGudk taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh pdw"f mwfajcmufcsm;rIqw dk hJ oabm
w&m;awGuvnf; jzpfay:vmMuygw,f/
tmr*Eökwåef (yxrykdif;) ] 3
awmopfO opfzo k m pm;aew,fqadk yr,fv h Ydk tjrw

J rf; use;f rm-
rIu rjzpfMubl;/ wpfcgwpf&H qm;"mwfuav;uvnf; vdkjyefw,f?
wpfcgwpf&H tcsO"f mwfuav;uvnf; vkjd yefw,f? wpfcgwpf&H tcg;-
"mwfuav;uvnf; vkjd yefw,f ponfjzifh "mwfobm0awGu rpm;bJ
MumMum xm;vkdufNyDqkd&ifawmh tm[m&"mwfawGu csKdUwJhNyD;awmh
cE¨mtdr&f UJ wnfaqmufraI wGu ykpH t H rsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJomG ;wwfw,f/
wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGrSmawmh 'D csOfqm;tp&SdwJh pm;oifhpm;xdkufwJh
tm[m&av;awGukd rrSD0J&jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh t½kd;-
tqpfawG aysmhaysmif;wJha&m*g ,m;,HwJha&m*g tp&Sdonfjzifh 'Dvkd
a&m*gawGvnf; jzpfay:vmwwfMuygw,f/
ck 'D&aohawGukd MunfhvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh ... olwkdYrSm
y@Ka&m*gac:wJh a&m*gwpfrsKd; pGJuyfvmw,f/ olwkdY&JU tom;ta&
tqif; [m zuf&u G af &mfuo
hJ Ydk azsmah wmhNy;D aewJh tom;ta&tqif;-
awG jzpfvmNyD? rusef;rmMuawmhbl;/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS 'D csOfqm;-
tp&SdwJh vkdtyfwJhtm[m&"mwfawGukd ]]wkdY rSD0J&ef}}qkdwJh OD;wnf
csufjzifh vlwkdY\ a'oukd oGm;&mjzpfwJh vrf;twkdif; c&D;a'opm&D
<ucsDvmvkdufMuwm wkdif;pGefjynfem;jzpfwJh ypöEÅ&mZf &Gmwpf&GmokdY
qkdufa&mufvmMuw,f/ &aohawGukd jrifvkdufawmh vlawGuvnf;
odyfMunfndKMuw,f/ MunfndKwJhtwGuf &aohawGukd yifhzdwfNyD;awmh
qGrf;ç cJzG,fç abmZOfwdkYjzifh auR;arG; vSL'gef;Muw,f/ vSL'gef;NyD;wJh
tcsdeftcg bmvkyfMuovJ¿
'g,um 'g,dumrwk&Yd UJ wm0efyaJ emf/ <ua&mufvmMuwJh &aoh-
&[ef;awGtay:ü jyKoifhjyKxkdufwJh vkyfief;udpö&yfawGukd olwdkYu
jyKvkyfMuwmyJ/ &aoh&[ef;awGtay:rSm MunfndKwJhtwGuf qGrf;-
awG vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/ qGr;f pm;jcif;udpö Ny;D wJt
h csed t
f cgrSm 'D&aoh
&[ef;awG ok;H aqmifz&Ydk eftwGuf ckwifawG anmifapmif;awG ausmif;
4 ] tn§t
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tokH;taqmifawG tkd;awG cGufawG ajcaq;cGuf tp&SdwJh tokH;-

taqmifypönf;awGukd ,laqmifNyD;awmh t&Sifbk&m;wkdY 'Dae&mrSm
oDwif;ok;H awmfrMl uyg/ Ni;D aiGUawmfrrlMuygeJY qkNd y;D awmh ajymqkad vQmuf
xm;Ny;D awmh ae&ma'oawGudk ñTejf yay;Muw,f/ ñTeMf um; jyoay;Ny;D -
wJh tcsdeftcgrSm rdrdwkdY tdrfbufokdY z,fcGmxGufoGm;Muw,faemf/
'Dawmh ...
'Dae&mrSm Munhv f udk rf ,fqv
dk &Ydk &dS if olwYdk &aohawGuvnf; awm-
xJrSm oDwif;okH;aeusjzpfawmh olwkdYtwGuf ae&mu tqifhtwef;
jrifhjrifhawmh r[kwfMuygbl;/ ,ckumv awmausmif;av;awG Munfh-
r,fq&dk ifawmh 'D&aohawG oDwif;ok;H wJh ae&mxufawmh ykNd y;D tqifh
jrifwh ,fvYdk rajymEkid bf ;l vm;¿ ajymEkid yf gw,faemf/ 'um 'umrawGudk
b,favmuf aus;Zl;wifzkdY aumif;ovJ/ rdrd csrf;csrf;omom edAÁmef-
a&mufaMumif; olawmfaumif;w&m;awGudk tm;xkww f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm
ckvkd rkd;vkHavvkH taqmuftODav;awGeYJ rQwwJh ypönf;av;yg;eJY
jyKpkvkyfauR;aewm tifrwef aus;Zl;wifzdkY aumif;Muygw,f/ ck
'DrmS vnf; &aohawGudk tok;H taqmifjzpfwhJ ckwifawG anmifapmif;-
awG xkid cf aHk wG tok;H taqmifypön;f awG tk;d awG cGuaf wG ajcaq;p&m
cGufawG tp&SdwJh tokH;taqmifypönf;awG ,laqmifNyD;awmh ]]t&Sif-
bk&m;wkdY ... 'DrSm oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuyg? rNiD;aiGUMuygeJYvkdY}} qkdNyD;
avQmufxm;Ny;D awmh ae&muav;awG cif;usi;f ay;Muygw,f/ 'DypHk u H dk
axmufMunfh&ifawmh ausmif;aqmufwJh ykHpHawmh r[kwfbl;aemf/
oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh opfyifatmufawGrSm ckwifanmifapmif;
uav;awG ukvm;xkdifuav;awG xm;ay;NyD;awmh tokH;taqmif
ypönf;uav;awG xkdufovkd vSL'gef;NyD; oGm;MuykH&w,f/ vmvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgukd jyefMunfhvkdufr,fqkdvYkd&Sd&ifvnf; rkd;vvGefajrmufNyD;
aqmif;umvESifh aEGumv pyfMum;umv jzpfaumif;jzpfvdrfhr,fvkdY
,lq&ygw,f/ aemufwpfaeYusawmh bmvkyfMuovJ¿

aemufwpfaeYusawmhvnf; pkaygif;Ny;D awmh tvSL'geawG jyKMu-
w,f/ tJ't D vSL'geawGjyKvyk Nf y;D wJh aemufaeYawGusawmh wpftrd rf mS
wpf&ufpD wpf&ufpD wm0ef,lNyD;awmh tvSL'geawG jyKaeMuw,f/
&aohawGvnf; av;vumvywfv;Hk xkv d w l aYdk 'orSm aexkid v f udk w f -hJ
twGuf av;vywfvkH; csOf qm;tp&SdwJh vkdtyfwJh tm[m&"mwf-
awGudk rS0D v J udk &f awmh cE¨muk, d af wGu tvGef ckid cf o hH mG ;w,f/ ckid cf w
hH hJ
cE¨mukd,f&SdwJhtjzpfokYd a&muf&SdoGm;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS uJ ...
oGm;Mupk?Yd wdYk vk&d if;udpaö wmh Ny;D Nyq
D Ndk y;D wkid yf ifNy;D awmh [dr0EÅmawmukd
jyefzkdY&eftwGuf 'um 'umrawGukd ajymjyMuw,f/ ajymjyvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgusawmh 'um 'umrawGuvnf; xkd&aohawGukd qD qef
tp&Sw d hJ vSLzG,0f w¬Ktpkpak wGudk vSL'gef;ylaZmfMuw,f/ qm;vnf; ygç
ygvdrfhrnf/ rdrdwkdYukd 'Dypönf;0w¬Kav;awGukd vSLvkdufawmh vSLzG,f-
0w¬Kuav;awGukd ,laqmifNyD;awmh rdrdwkdY aexkdif&mjzpfwJh [dr0EÅm-
awmtwGif; awmifESpfckwkdY&JU tMum;rSm wnf&SdaewJh ocFrf;ausmif;-
uav;awGukd jyef<uoGm;MuNyD/
'DykHpHtm;jzifhaygYav &aohawGu awmxJjyef<uoGm;NyD;wJhtcg
aemufESpfusawmhvnf; 'D&Gmukd vmMujyefw,f/ aemufESpfusawmh-
vnf; vmMujyefw,f? ESpfwkdif;ESpfwkdif; 'D&Gmukd vmaeusjzpfw,f/
&aohawG <uvmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; a&S;enf;twkdif; ½kd½kdaoaoeJY
jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd;eJY jyKpkvkyfauR;Muw,f/ vl'um 'umrawGuvnf;
&aohawG b,ftcsed t f cg vmMuawmhr,fqw dk m Mumvmawmh odMu-
w,f/ odwJhtwGuf vSLzG,f0w¬KawGvnf; toifhpDrHxm;Muw,f/
tJ'v
D edk YJ aevmvku d w
f m ESpaf wGMumanmif;vmwJh wpfcsed rf mS bmjzpf-
vmovJ¿
6 ] tn§t
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bke;f Bu;D wk&Yd UJ a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m; avmurSm yGiv hf mNy?D yGiv

hf mNy;D -
wJhaemuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u jrwfaom w&m;"r®pufvkdYac:qkdtyfwJh
"r®pMuma'oemawmf trSL;&SdaewJh w&m;a'oemawmfawGukd vl-
avmurSm a[mMum;jyo qdq k ;Hk rNy/D qkqd ;Hk raewJh tcsed t
f cgrSm tpOf-
twkid ;f om0w¬jd ynfoYdk jrwfpmG bk&m;vnf; qku d af &mufvmNy/D aZw0ef-
ausmif;wkdufawmfBuD;ukdvnf; tvSLcHNyD;NyD/ aZw0efausmif;wkduf-
awmfBu;D ukd tvSLcHNy;D wJt h csed t
f cg xkad Zw0efausmif;wku d rf mS oDwif;-
okH;pHaeawmfrlckduf wpfaeY jrwfpGmbk&m;u r[mu½kPmawmf orm-
ywfukd 0ifpm;NyD; avmuukd Munfh½IawmfrlvkdufwJhtcsdeftcg xkd&aoh
olawmfaumif;wk&Yd UJ t&[wåzv dk &f Ekid w
f hJ tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyedó,
taMumif;w&m;awGeJY jynfhpkHaewmukd bk&m;&Sifu jrifawmfrlNyD/
jrifawmfrv l u
dk w
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xGufcGmawmfrlNyD; &[ef;oHCmtaygif; jcH&Hvsuf c&D;a'opm&D <ucsD
awmfryl gw,f/ tpOfojzifh a'opm&D <ucsaD wmfr&l m aemufq;Hk &aoh-
awG vmaeusjzpfwJh xkdawm&Gmuav;ukd qkdufa&mufoGm;awmf rlyg-
w,f/ ypöEÅ&mZf&Gmuav; a&mufvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh bmjzpf-
vmovJ¿
'um 'umrawGuvnf; bk&m;&Siu f dk zl;awGUvku d &f wJt
h csed t
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bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifukd zl;awGUvkduf&wJhtwGuf
odyf0rf;omMuw,f/ tvSLBuD;awG tBuD;tus,f vSL'gef;Muw,f/
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; xkd'um 'umrawGukd w&m;a'oem a[mMum;-
jyo qdkqkH;ray;awmfrlygw,f/ 'geeJYpyfwJh w&m;pum;ç oDveJYpyfwJh
w&m;pum;ç ewf&Gmok*wdeJYpyfwJh w&m;pum; umr*kPfwkdY&JUtjypf
umr*kPfrS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh opöm (4)yg;eJY pyfwJh w&m;-
pum;tp&SdwJh 'Dw&m;trsKd;rsKd;awGukd a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/
a[mMum;ay;vku d w
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yefç wcsKUd yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu ou'g*grfç wcsKUd yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu tem*grf jzpfomG ;
MuNyD/ wcsKdUyk*¾dKvfawGusawmh omoemawmfokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif
&[ef;jyKMuw,f/ &Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm w&m;bm0emawG
qufvufNyD; usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdufwm t&[wå-
zkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufoGm;Muw,f/ xkdYaemif bk&m;&Sifvnf; om0w¬d-
jynfukd jyef<uawmfrlygw,f/ <uvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh bmjzpf-
vmovJ¿
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aemufykdif;umvrSm 'D&Gmudk a&mufvmNyD? &aohawG 'Dwpfcg qkduf-
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f w
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rif;jypfrif;'Pfjzifh tESyd pf ufc&H vkv
Yd m;¿ okrYd [kwf iwfrwG af cgif;yg;jcif;
qkdwJh 'kAÇdu©EÅ&uyfjzifh tn§Of;yef; tESdyfpufcHae&vkdYvm;¿ okdYr[kwf
wkx
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omvGef jynfph Hk jrifjh rwfaewJh olawmfaumif; &aoh&[ef;wku Yd 'D&mG okYd
tpOfwpkduf qkdufa&mufvmvkdYrsm;vm;¿}}vdkY ar;MunfhMuw,f/
ar;Munfv h udk w
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MuovJ¿
t&Sifbk&m; ... 'D&Gmukd jyefMunfhr,fqkd&if 'D&Gm[m rif;jypf
rif;'Pfjzifh tESdyfpufcH&wJh &Gmvnf; r[kwfbl;? iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;
qkdwJh 'kAÇdu©EÅ&ab;jzifh tESdyfpufcH&wJh&Gmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ t&Sif-
bk&m; ... wu,fpifppf ajym&r,fqkd&ifawmh avmurSm or®m-
orÁK'¨bk&m;&Sif yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlvmNyDjzpfw,f/ xkdbk&m;&Sif-
onf owå0gtaygif;wkdY&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;tvkdYiSm w&m;awmfukd a[m-
8 ] tn§t
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l mygw,f qkNd y;D awmh
avQmufxm;Muw,f/ avQmufxm;vkdufMuawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿ 'D
pum;uav; Mum;vku d wf hJ tcsed t f cgrSm tmr*E¨&aohBu;D u 'g,um-
wkdY ... oifwkdY[m ]Ak'¨}qkdwJh 'Dpum;ukd ajymqkdvkdufMuovm;vdkY
xyfar;Munfw h ,f/ ar;Munfv h u dk af wmhvnf; 'umawGu wynfah wmf-
wkdY ]Ak'¨}vkdYyJ ajymqkdvkdufMuygw,fqkdNyD;awmh avQmufxm;Muw,f/
ok;H Burd w
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f idk w
f idk f 'DypHk tH wkid ;f yJ jyefNy;D -
awmh tajzay;Muw,f/ tJ't D cgusawmhrS --- avmurSm Ak'¨ Ak'¨qNdk y;D
a<u;aMumfwhJ 'Dpum;toH[m tvGef &cJwhJ oabm&Sw d ,f/ avmurSm
bk&m;qkdwJh 'Dpum;toHav;[m Mum;&zkdY&eftwGuf tvGef cufcJyg-
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w,f/ 'Dvdk 0rf;ajrmufwt hJ wGuf 0rf;ajrmufwphJ um;ukd ajymqkNd y;D awmh
xyfar;Munfhjyefw,f/ bmar;ovJ¿
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ta[mufukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifygovm;¿ (okdYr[kwf) rbkOf;ay;
rokH;aqmifbl;vm;¿ ar;Munfhw,f/ tJ'Dtcgusawmh 'um 'umr-
awGu bmjyefar;ovJ¿ ]]t&Sifbk&m; ... tn§Dta[mufqkdwm
bmvJ¿}} 'Dvkd ar;Munhfw,f/
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tJ'Dtcgusawmh 'um 'umrawGu bmjyefavQmufxm;MuovJ¿
t&Sib f &k m; ... bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sio f nf ig;trJ-
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avQmufxm;Muw,f/ tJ'v D dk avQmufxm;vku d w
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awGu jyefNy;D avQmufxm;wJh 'Dpum; Mum;vku d af wmh tmr*E¨ &aoh-
BuD;u tifrwef pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfoGm;w,f/ ]{uEÅuawmh bk&m;-
[kwfykHawmhray:bl;} olu 'Dvkd pOf;pm;w,faemf/ tJ'Dvkd pOf;pm;NyD;-
awmh aemufxyf olu pOf;pm;jyefw,f/ avmurSm bk&m;&Siw f Ydk yGix
hf eG ;f
ay:aygufawmfrw l ,fqw dk mu tvGe&f cJwhJ oabmwpfco k mjzpfw,f/
'Dawmh igukd,fwkdifoGm;r,f? oGm;NyD;awmh igukd,fwkdif zl;awGUr,f?
zl;awGUNy;D awmh iguk,
d w
f idk af r;r,f? ar;Ny;D wJt
h cg igodatmif vkyrf ,f?
olrsm;tajymeJY igvufcv H aYdk wmh rjzpfao;bl;? olu 'Dvdk pOf;pm;w,f/
pOf;pm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS ---
uk,d w f idk o
f ad tmif pkpH rf;ar;jref;r,fqwdk hJ &nf&, G cf sujf zifh jrwfpmG
bk&m; <uoGm;wJv h rf;ukd 'um 'umrawGudk ar;jref;Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Sif
<uwJh vrf;twkid ;f tpOfwpku d f aemufuaevku d Nf y;D EGm;om;i,fuav;
aysmufqkH;aewJh rdcifEGm;rBuD;u EGm;om;i,ftay:rSm cspfcifjrwfEkd;
aewJh pdwf"mwfjzifh EGm;om;i,fuav;ukd tpOfwpkduf vkdufvH&SmazG
ovkdyJ tmr*E¨&aoh trSL;&SdwJh &aohig;&mwkdY[mvnf; wpfae&m
wpfn-aejcif;qkdwJh oabmw&m;jzifh tvGef vsifvsifjrefjrefeJY c&D;
qufcJhMuNyD/ wpfae&mrSm wpfnyJ aexkdifw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vmvkdufwm
om0w¬djynfokdY a&mufNyD/ rdrdy&dowfESifh twlwuG aZw0efausmif;-
wku
d af wmftwGi;f 0ifomG ;Ny/D bk&m;&Siu f vnf; xkt d csed t
f cgrSm w&m;
a[mzkq Yd wdk hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh "r®moeyv’ix f ufrmS wufNy;D oDwif;ok;H
aeawmfrlwJhtcsdef jzpfw,f/
&aohawGuvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;xHokdY csOf;uyfMuygw,f/ 'gayrJh
pum;bmrS rajymMubl;/ olwu Ydk cyfqw
d q
f w
d yf J aeMuw,f/ jrwfpmG -
bk&m;ukd &Sdrckd;bJeJY tjypfajcmufyg;vGwfwJh oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh
wpfae&mrSm xkdifaevkdufMuNyD/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ pdwfxJrSm raus-
10 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
eyfcsufuav;u enf;enf; udef;0yfaew,fav/ &Sdrckd;EkdifMubl;/

jrwfpmG bk&m;onf tom;ig;awG pm;aew,fqw dk meJY ywfoufNy;D olwYdk
enf;enf;av; pl;prf;csifMuao;w,f/ auseyfrIu odyfr&Sd jzpfaeMu-
w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh &Sdrckd;bJeJY wpfae&mrSmyJ tomav; xkdifaevkduf-
Muw,f/
'Dae&mrSm bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU u½kPmawmfrsm; b,favmuf tHhMozkdY
aumif;ovJaemf/ ukd,fhausmif;ukdvnf; vmao;w,f? ukd,fhukdvnf;
pum;rajymbJeYJ &Srd ck;d bJev
YJ nf; olwu Ydk xkid af eMuw,f/ 'DaumifawG
aeyavhapqkw d hJ 'Dpw
d x
f m;rsK;d &So
d vm;¿ r&Syd gbl;aemf/ olwYdk t&[wå-
zkdvf&EkdifwJh taMumif;Oyedó,awGukd bk&m;&Sifu jrifaew,f/
jrifvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh bk&m;&Sifu bmtrdefY&SdawmfrlovJ¿
&aohwkdY ... oifwkdY usef;rmMuyg&JUvm;¿ ukd,f\ usef;rmjcif;
&Sd Mu&JUvm;¿ £&d,myx rQwjcif; &Sd Mu&JUvm;¿ ryifryef;bJeYJ 'Dae&m-
okdY a&muf&Sd vmMuyg&JUvm;¿ ponfjzifh EIwfqufpum;uav;awGukd
bk&m;&Sifu pwifNyD; trdefY&Sdawmfrlygw,f/ wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; ajymqkd
EIwfqufvkdY 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompum;awG ajymqkdNyD;qkH;NyD;wJhaemuf
tmr*E¨&aohBuD;u oltifrwef ta&;wBuD;odcsifaewJhtcsufukd
pwif ar;ygw,f/
t&Sifa*gwr ... t&Sifbk&m;[m tnD§ta[mufukd bkOf;ay;-
okH;aqmifygovm;¿ rbkOf;ay;rokH;aqmifbl;vm;¿qkdNyD; wkduf½kdufyJ
ar;jref;vkdufw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu bmtrdefY&SdawmfrlovJ¿
'umawmfykPÖm; ... oifar;aewJh 'Dtmr*E¨tnD§ta[muf
qkw d mu bmvJ¿ pum;cs&D w,faemf/ tJ'v D dk ar;vku d w f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm
&aohBu;D u bmjyefavQmufxm;vJ¿ ]tmr*E¨ tmr*E¨} tnDt § a[muf
qdkwmu wjcm;r[kwfygbl; t&Sifa*gwr? ig;trJukd ajymaewmygvkdY
avQmufxm;vkdufw,f/
bk&m;&Sifu jyefajymNyD/ 'umawmfykPÖm; ... ig;trJawG[m

tnD§ta[muf r[kwfbl;? tmr*E¨ r[kwfbl;? wu,fpifppftm;jzifh
cyfodrf;aom udavomç cyfodrf;aom tukokdvfw&m; rSeforQ[m
(tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[muf rnfygayw,fvkdY rdefYMum;awmfrlvkdufyg-
w,f/ NyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu qufNyD; rdefYawmfrljyefw,f/
'umawmfykPÖm; ... cktcgrSm oifuomvQif 'Dtmr*EËSifh
ywfoufaewJh ar;cGef;jyóemukd ar;jref;cJhzl;wm r[kwfao;bl;/
a&S;vGeaf vNy;D aom twdwu f mvuvnf; wdótrnf&adS om ykPmÖ ;-
Bu;D wpfO;D u bke;f awmfajcmufyg;ocif uóybk&m;&Siu
f dk 'Dtmr*EËiS hf
ywfoufwJh ar;cGef;awGukd ar;cJhzl;w,f/ wdójAm[®P ykPÖm;BuD;u
vnf; uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;ukd 'Dvadk r;cJw h ,f/ uóybk&m;&Siu f vnf;
xkdwdójAm[®Pac:wJh wdóykPÖm;ukd 'DvkdyJ ajzMum;awmfrlcJhw,f
qkdNyD;awmh a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f Zmwfvrf;ukd jyefajymif;um
a[mMum;awmfrljyefw,f/
wdóykPmÖ ;Bu;D eJY uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;wkYd tar;tajz jyKvyk af e
wJh *gxmawGuydk J aqmif,Nl y;D awmh bke;f Bu;D wkYd a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;u
vnf; 'Dtmr*EÿP k mÖ ;Bu;D ukd 'Dw&m;a'oemukd odMum;apvkw d thJ wGuf
xyfrHNyD;awmh a[may;awmfrlygw,f/ wdóykPÖm;BuD;u uóy-
jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd b,fvkd ar;cJhw,f? uóybk&m;&Sifuvnf; 'D
wdóykPÖm;BuD;ukd 'Dtmr*E¨tnD§ta[mufeJY ywfoufwJh ar;cGef;ukd
b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh ajzMum;awmfrlcJhw,fqkdwJh
'Dtcsufukd bk&m;&Sifu jyefa[mjyawmfrlygw,f/ 'gu bkef;BuD;wkdY
bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;rSm 'Dtmr*Eökwåef jzpfay:vm&-
jcif;&JU taMumif;&if;uav; wpfckyJ/
12 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
uóybk&m;&Sif\ vufxufawmfü tmr*Eökwåef

jzpfay:vmykH
uóybk&m;&Sifvufxufwkef;u 'Dtmr*Eökwåefu b,fvkd
jzpfay:vmovJ¿ wdóykPmÖ ;Bu;D uvnf; uóybk&m;&Siu f dk b,fyHk
b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh ar;jref;ovJ¿ 'Dtykdif;ukdvnf;
t|uxmq&mawmfu qufNyD;awmh zGifhqkdxm;ygw,faemf/
uóybk&m;&Siu f &Spo f acFsEiS hf urÇmwpfoed ;f wkid w f idk f oAÁnKw-
ÓPf &&Sad &;twGuf yg&rDawmfwu Ydk dk jznfu
h sichf yhJ gw,f/ yg&rDawmfrsm;
jynfh0pkHnDvmwJh aemufqkH;b0rSm Am&mPoDrSm jA[®'wfykPÖm;BuD;&JU
"e0wD trnf&w dS hJ ykaPÖ;rBu;D &JU 0rf;Mumwku d rf mS y#doaE¨ wnfaecJ-h
ygw,f/ jA[®'wfykPÖm;BuD;&JU aemufvkdufjzpfwJh 'kwd,yka&m[dwf
ykPÖm;wpfOD; &Sdw,f/ xkd 'kwd,yka&m[dwfykPÖm;BuD;&JU tdrf&Sifr&JU
0rf;Mumwku d rf mS vnf; t*¾om0utavmif;awmfjzpfwhJ olawmfaumif;
wpfO;D uvnf; bk&m;tavmif;awmfet YJ wl wpfaeYwnf;rSmyJ y#doaE¨
aecJhygw,f/ xkdolawmfaumif;ESpfOD;wkdY[m y#doaEäewmvnf;
wpf&ufwnf;? arG;wmvnf; wpf&ufwnf; jzpfMuw,f/ emrnfrSnfh-
awmhvnf; wpfaeYwnf;yJ/ wpfaeYwnf;rSm wpfa,mufukdawmh
uóyvkYd emrnfrn S v hf u
dk w
f ,f? wpfa,mufuadk wmh wdóvkYd emrnf
rSnfhvkdufw,f/ tavmif;awmfBuD; ESpfOD;wkdY[m ajrrIefYupm;buf
oli,fcsi;f ESpOf ;D jzpfomG ;MuNy/D wjznf;jznf;eJY Bu;D jyif;vmMuNy/D Bu;D jyif;-
vmawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿
wdó&JU zcifjzpfwhJ ykPmÖ ;Bu;D uaeNy;D awmh olUom;jzpfwhJ wdóukd
ajymNy/D b,fvadk jymovJ¿ olU&JU ajymqkcd suaf wGuMdk unfNh y;D ykPmÖ ;Bu;D &JU
pdwaf epdwx
f m;awG[m odyaf wmfw,fvYdk bke;f Bu;D uawmh ,lqygw,f-
aemf/ olwkdY[m csrf;om<u,f0wJh ykPÖm;awGyg/ csrf;om<u,f0aewJh
ykPÖm;awGtzkdY aemufxyf pD;yGm;Opöm&SmzkdYqkdwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG[m

&Smr,fqdk&ifvnf; trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'gawG olwkdY rvkdcsifawmhbl;/
bmvJ¿ rdrd tvGef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh om;&wemukd b0rS vGwaf jrmuf-
aMumif;jzpfwJh w&m;aumif;awG usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfzkdYyJ
wku d w
f eG ;f w,f/ bmaMumifh wku d w
f eG ;f &ovJ qdak wmh olw[ Ydk m ynm&Sd
olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuwJt h wGuf tbufbufrmS wwfoed m;vnf-
aeMuw,f/
uóybk&m;&Si&f UJ tavmif;awmfjzpfwhJ uóyolawmfaumif;ukd
vSrf;arQmfNyD; MunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 32-yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwf-
wk\ Yd vu©PmawmfwEYdk iS hf wefqmqifxm;wJt h wGuf tvGef usuo f a&
r*Fvmtaygif;eJY jynfhpkHaewmukd olu awGUjrifaew,f/ 'Dvkd 32-
yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwfwkdY&JU vu©PmawmfeJY jynfhpkHaewJh yk*¾dKvfwpf-
OD;[m tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlYabmifrSmaecJh&ifvnf; pMu0aw;rif;
jzpfr,fç tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlaY bmifrS a&SmifcmG Ny;D awmh &aoh&[ef;jyK-
cJrh ,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifvnf; oAÁnKwor®morÁK'b ¨ &k m;&Sif {uefjzpfr,fqw dk m
olu wyftyfodaew,f/
'Dawmh uóybk&m;tavmif;awmf olawmfaumif;&JU oEÅmefrmS
32-yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwfwkdY&JU vu©PmawmfwkdYu jynfhjynfh00 pkHpkH
vifvif jzpfaew,fqkdwmukdvnf; jrifw,fç tJ'Dvu©PmawmfawG
jynfhpkHwJhtjyif aemufxyf olU&JU pdwfaepdwfxm; tjyKtrlawGukd
vSrf;arQmfMunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm olu tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlY-
abmifrS a&SmifcmG Ny;D awmxGurf nfyh *k Kd¾ vyf q
J w
dk mukv
d nf; ynm&Sad wGu
awG;Munfv h u
dk &f if ajy;Munfw
h mxufawmif wyftyfaocsm odaeMu-
jyefw,f/
odaewJhtwGuf ig tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh igYom;twGuf ig
bmvkyo
f ifo
h vJqw
dk mukd wpfqifjh yefNy;D pOf;pm;vku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm
14 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
igYom;ukd oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©b0awGrS vGwfajrmufap&r,fqkdwJh

pdwx f m; rdbwk&Yd UJ oEÅmefrmS ude;f 0yfvmw,f/ tJ'v D dk pdwx f m;rsK;d [m
raumif;bl;vm;¿ 'umBuD;awG ...olrsm;om;orD;awGukd oGm;NyD;-
awmh uRecf cH idk ;f wmu aumif;ovm;¿ raumif;bl;vm;¿ raumif;bl;-
vkdYawmh bkef;BuD;a&SUrSmawmh ajymwmaygYav/ 'guawmh bkef;BuD;
auseyfatmif ajymw,fxifw,f/ uJ - oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©b0rS
vGwfajrmufap&r,fqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;ygaemf/ tJ'Dpdwfxm;u odyf
ta&;BuD;wJh pdwfxm;yg? tJ'Dtcgusawmh om;vkyfwJh yk*¾dKvfuvnf;
bmajymvJ¿ bke;f Bu;D wku Yd awmh 'Dvpdk w
d xf m;rGejf rwfrrI sK;d ukd odyMf unf-
ndKw,f/ yg&rDqkdwm 'Dae&mrSm pum;ajymw,faemf/
zcifvkyfwJhyk*¾dKvfu tusKd;ukd vdkvm;awmifhwwJh pdwfxm;jzifh
apckdif;aew,fqkdwmukd om;jzpfwJh wdóuvnf;odw,f/ odwJh-
twkdif;vnf; wpfcGef;yJ ajym&ygw,f/ ESpfcGef;ajym&ovm;¿ rajym&-
ygbl;aemf/ aumif;NyDqkd wpfcgwnf;0efcHNyD;awmh rdwfaqGjzpfaewJh
bk&m;tavmif;uóyxH csucf si;f oGm;Ny;D awmh wkYd &[ef;jyKMu&atmif
qkdNyD;awmh oGm;wkdifyifw,f? wkdifyifvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf;
bk&m;tavmif;uóyolawmfaumif;u bmjyefajymovJ¿ ]]om"k}}
aumif;NyDrdwfaqGqkdNyD;awmh 0efcHpum; ajymMum;ygw,f? 'gayrJhvkdY
&[ef;rjyKjzpfMubl;/
enf;enf;av; 'DxufyNdk y;D Bu;D jyif;vmwJh tcsed t f cgusawmhvnf;
wdóvkvifuaeNyD;awmh bk&m;tavmif;uóyukd ajymjyefNyD/
]]rdwfaqG ... vmayawmh? wdkY &[ef;jyKMu&atmifuG,f ..}}
qkdNyD; ajymjyefw,f/
bk&m;tavmif;u xkdtcsdeftcgrSmvnf; awmrxGufEkdifao;
jzpfaew,faemf/ awmrxGufao;bl;/ rxGufao;wJh tcsdeftcg-
usawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿ wdóu pOf;pm;NyD/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf awmrxGuw f hJ tcsed tf cgusawmh wdóu

pOf;pm;w,f/ olU&JU yg&rDÓPfawGu r&ifu h suaf o;vkeYd w
YJ w
l ,f/ 'Dvdk
ESv;Hk yku
d Nf y;D awmh rdru
d uk,
d w
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f &ifawmxGuv f udk w
f ,f/ awmxGu-f
NyD; &aoh&[ef;vkyfNyD;wJhtcg awmtwGif;awmifajcwpfckrSm ocFrf;-
ausmif;uav; aqmufvkyfNyD;awmh &aoh&[ef;w&m;rsm;ukd yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwNf y;D awmh aexdik Nf y?D aexkid vf u
dk wf hJ tcsed tf cgusawmh bmjzpf-
vmovJ¿
tmemygeur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrljcif;
uóybk&m;tavmif;awmfuvnf; aemufykdif;umva&muf-
vmawmh rdrt d rd rf mS wnfaepOftwGi;f rSmyJ tmemygeówdudk ÓPfEiS hf
ykid ;f jcm;,lw,f? tmemygeur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf gw,f? yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm psmefav;yg;ukd &w,f/ qufvufNyD;
uokdPf;y&duHawGukd pD;jzef;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tbdnmPfawG-
ukv d nf; &&Sod mG ;awmfryl gw,f/ b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh
tm;xkwo f vJ¿ 'DXmerSm tmemygeur®|mef;ukd tm;xkwaf ewJh yk*Kd¾ vf
awG 'Dpum;av; Mum;vkdufwmeJY b,fvkd tm;xkwf&r,fqkdwm em;
rvnfMubl;vm;¿ em;vnfomG ;Muw,f? tm;rxkw&f ao;wJh yk*d¾Kvaf wG
twGufawmh enf;enf;av;ajymr,f/
tmemygeur®|mef;
tmemygeusifhpOfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u owdjrJatmif ñTefMum;-
xm;ygw,f/ owdjrJatmif usifh&r,fqkdwJh vkyfief;pOfESifh ywfouf-
NyD;awmh ---
eHygwf wpf yxrpwkuúrSm ---
eHygwf (1) t&Snf
eHygwf (2) twkd
16 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
eHygwf (3) tptqHk; tukefvkH;

eHygwf (4) Nidrfoufatmif Nidrf;atmif usifhyg ...
qkNd y;D awmh 'Dvcdk srw
S af y;xm;w,f/ tJ'aD wmh tmemygeusiphf Ofudk
tm;xkwfpyk*¾dKvf[m 0ifav xGufav xdrIxif&Sm;wJh ESmoD;zsm;
okdYr[kwf txufEIwfcrf;zsm; wpfae&mrSm apmifhNyD;awmh 0ifav
xGufavtay:rSm pdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;-
&ygw,f/ rwnfNidrfvkdY&Sd&if bmvkyf&ovJ¿ a&wGufwJhpepfukd
tok;H jyK&w,f/ 0ifav xGuaf v wpf? 0ifav xGuaf v ESp?f ponfjzifh
&SpftxdyJ a&wGuf? a&wGufvkdufvkdY awmfawmfav; pdwfuNidrfvmNyD
qkd&if t&S nfukd odatmif BudK;pm;Munfh? twkdukd odatmif BudK;pm;-
Munfh/ t&Snfqkdwmu tcsdefMumMum jzpfw,f? twkdqkdwmu tcsdef
cyfwkdwkd jzpfw,f? touf½S LaES;wmukd &Snfw,f? touf½S Ljrefwmukd
wkdw,fvkdY ajymw,faemf/ &Snfatmif wkdatmif rBudK;pm;bJeJY tJ'D
t&SnftwkdrSmyJ pdwfukd ckdifjrJaeatmif BudK;pm;&w,f/
wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh t&SnftwkdrSm pdwfu ckdifcHhvmNyD
qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh tp tqkH; tukefvHk;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif
½I&w,f/ &Snfcsifvnf; &Snfygap? wkdcsifvnf; wkdygap? tp tqkH;
tukefvkH; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odNyDqkdwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS xkdolawmf-
aumif;u a&SUwpfqifhwufNyD; bmvkyf&ovJ¿ tJ'D pw,f qkH;w,f
qkw d mu ESmoD;zsm; okrYd [kwf txufEw I cf rf;rSmyJ pw,f qk;H w,faemf/
txJudk vku d Mf unfph &mvnf; rvkb
d ;l ? tjyifuv dk nf; vku
d Mf unfzh Ydk rvk-d
bl;? tJ'D tp tqkH; tukefvkH;ukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odNyDqkd&if wpfem&D
ESpfem&Davmufvnf; pdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if
xkyd *k Kd¾ vu
f 'Davuav; odraf rGUap&rnfqw dk hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh &Sncf si-f
vnf; &Snfygap? wkdcsifvnf; wkdygap? tp tqkH; tukefvkH; xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; odatmifom quf½Iaeyg/
avuav; wjznf;jznf; odrfarGUvmr,f/ wpfem&D ESpfem&D

ponfjzifh avu odrfarGUvmNyDqkd&if xdkcsdeftcgrSm edrdwfay:wwf-
ygw,f/ rD;ckd;a&mifvkdvnf; pay:csif ay:wwfygw,f? tjzLa&mif-
vkdvnf; pay:csif ay:wwfygw,f/ ay:prSm edrdwfawGu rsm;aom-
tm;jzifh rcdkifcHhwJhoabm&Sdjcif;aMumifh edrdwfukd rMunfhao;bJ yuwd
avukdom Munfhaeygu aemufawmh wjznf;jznf; avay:rSm pdwfu
uyfoGm;wwfw,f/ avESifh edrdwfeJYvnf; wpfom;wnf; jzpfvmvdrfh-
rnf/ wpfom;wnf; jzpfvmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh xkdavESifh edrdwfeJY
wpfom;wnf;jzpfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DedrdwfukdyJ qufNyD; pkdufMunfh-
ae&w,f/
yuwdavukd tm½kHr,lawmhbJeJY edrdwfukd pkdufNyD; MunfhvkdufwJh-
tcg wjznf;jznf; edrdwfawG 0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY jzLvmr,f/ jzL&muae
wjznf;jznf; MunfvifNyD; awmufyvmygvdrfhrnf/ ykHoP²mefuawmh
trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygvdrfhrnf/ a,m*DwkdY&JU bm0emonm&JU uGJjym;rItay:
tajcwnfNyD;awmh edrdwfykHoP²mefuav;awGuawmh trsKd;rsKd;
ajymif;vJwwfw,f/ ta&mifvnf; ajymif;vJwwfygw,f? xkdtcsdef-
tcgrSm a,m*Du ta&mifuv dk nf; ESv;Hk roGi;f &bl;? yko H P²mefuv dk nf;
ESv;Hk roGi;f &bl;? 0ifavxGuaf v qkw d mukd ESv;Hk oGi;f Ny;D awmh aemufq;Hk
edrdwfay:wJhtcg tJ'DedrdwfxJukd pdwfuav; NidrfNyD; uyfaeatmif
BudK;pm;&ygw,f/
edrdwfuvnf; MunfvifawmufyvmNyDç xkdMunfvifawmufy-
vmwJh edrdwfrSmvnf; wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh bm0empdwfu
Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaeNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkw¬psmef 'DpsmefawGukd ul;vkdY&ygw,f/
tJ'DpsmefawGukd &&SdwJh olawmfaumif;u pwkw¬psmefavmuftxd
a&mufNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if vif;a&mifjcnf&JU pGrf;tifu NydK;NydK;jyuf wvuf-
18 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
vuf awmufyaewJhtwGuf xkdÓPfa&mif&JU tultnDjzifh xdktcsdef-

tcgrSm (32)aum|moukd ul;vkduf&if vG,faeNyD/
uokdPf;bm0emy&duH
tZÑwçå A[d'¨ ESpXf mevk;H rSm (32)aum|moawGudk aoaocsmcsm
½IvkdY&&SdwJh olawmfaumif;u (eDvç yDwç avm[dwç Mo'gw =) tndKç
t0gç teDç tjzL --- ac:qkdwJh 'D0PÖuokdPf;av;rsKd;ukd pwifNyD;awmh
½Ir,fq&dk ifawmh vG,o f mG ;Ny/D qHyifuohJ Ydk ndKaewJh aum|moukMd unfNh y;D
tndKa&mifuokdPf; ½IEkdifw,f/ usifi,fuJhokdY 0gaewJh aum|moukd
tm½kH,lNyD;awmh t0ga&mifuokdPf; ½IEkdifw,f? aoG;uJhokdY eDaewJh
aum|moukd tm½kH,lNyD;awmhvnf; teDa&mifuokdPf; ½IEkdifw,f?
t½kd;uJhokdY jzLaewJh aum|mowpfckukd tm½kH,lNyD;awmh tjzLa&mif
uokdPf; ½IEkdifygw,faemf/
tJ'DuokdPf;awGukd ½IEkdifNyDqkd&ifawmh uokdPf;wpfckwpfckrSm
ormywf&pS yf g;txd aygufEidk yf gw,f/ uokP d ;f wpfcwk pfcrk mS ormywf
&Spyf g;aygufaewJh yk*Kd¾ vu
f useaf ewJh yx0DuokP d ;f tp&Swd hJ uokPd ;f -
awGukd qufvufNyD; pD;jzef;r,fqkd&ifvnf; ykdNyD; vG,fuloGm;NyD? tJ'D
uokdPf;awGukd tajccHNyD; psmeform"dawGukd (14)rsKd;aom tjcif;-
t&mtm;jzifh BudwfajcEdkifcJhr,fqkd&if tbdnmPful;vkdY &ygw,f/
(0dok'¨d?2?2 .../)
ck 'Dae&mrSm uóybk&m;tavmif;awmfu tmemygeukd tajc-
wnfNyD;awmh psmefav;yg;ukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;w,f/ tbdnmPf-
awGudk &&Sad tmif BuKd ;pm;w,f/ BuKd ;pm;Ny;D wJt
h csed t
f cg bmvkyo
f vJ¿
jymom'fESifh twlwuG awmxGufNyD/ awmxGufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm olU&JU
tbdnmPfwefckd;&JU pGrf;tifaMumifh jymom'fBuD;ESifh twlwuG awm-
xGufoGm;w,f/ aAm"dr@dKifteD; a&mufoGm;NyD/ aAm"dr@dKifukd
jymom'fBuD;eJY 0ifr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if rawmfbl;qkdNyD;awmh aAm"dr@dKifESifh

rvSr;f rurf; wpfae&mrSm jymom'fuae qif;vku d yf gw,f/ qif;Ny;D wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm 'Djymom'fBuD;vnf;yJ e*kdwnfwJhae&mtwkdif; jyefNyD;
a&mufapqkdNyD;awmh t"d|mefvkdufawmh jymom'fBuD;vnf; rlv-
wnf&mae&meef;awmfoYdk jyefomG ;vku d Nf y/D jyefomG ;vkud w
f hJ tcgusawmh
bmvkyfovJ¿
bk&m;tavmif;u &[ef;rjyKbJeJY aAm"dr@dKifukd <ur,fqkdvkdY-
&Sd&ifawmh roifhawmfbl;/ <uvkdYvnf; r&Ekdifbl;/ tJ'Dvkd ESvkH;ykdufNyD;-
awmh bmvkyo f vJ¿ bk&m;tavmif;awmfu &[ef;jyKw,f/ &[ef;jyK-
Ny;D wJh tcsed tf cgusawmhrS aAm"dr@dKiu
f dk <uawmfrw l ,f/ aAm"dr@dKi-f
rSm ckepf&uf oDwif;okH;NyD;awmh ckepf&uf tjyif;txef w&m;awGukd
usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkww
f ,f/ tJ'v D dk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv f u
dk -f
wJhtwGuf ckepf&ufjynfhwJhaeYrSmyJ oAÁnKwÓPf or®moarÁm"d
ÓPfawmfjrwfBuD;ukd &&Sdawmfrlygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;-
tavmif;awmfrsm; 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf-
awmfrlw,fqkdawmh b,fw&m;awGukd 0dyóem½IovJqkdwmawmh
ajymvkdao;w,f/
tmemyge pwkwp¬ smeftxd yGm;Ny;D awmhrS uokP d ;f (10)yg; orm-
ywf (8)yg;awGuv dk nf; qufvufymG ;rsm;tm;xkww f ,f/ tbdnmPf-
awGuv dk nf; qufvufum &&Sad tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf wmfryl gw,f/
orxykdif;NyD;wJhtcg 0dyóemul;awmh b,fw&m;awGukd 0dyóem
½IymG ;ok;H oyfawmfrol vJ¿ 'Dtykid ;f eJY ywfoufNy;D awmh [kd tEky'okweå -f
rSm or®oepm&acwf okH;rsKd;ukd zGifhqkdxm;ygw,faemf/
or®oepm&acwf (3) rsKd;
or®oepm&qdkwmu --- tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef
20 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wifNy;D ½IymG ;ok;H oyfwwfwhJ 0dyóemÓPfw&Ydk UJ usupf m;&m tm½kaH wGudk

or®oepm&acwfvdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'Dor®oempm&acwfonf (3)rsKd;
&Sdygw,f/ oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨tavmif;vsmwdkY&JU or®oepm&acwfu
wpfrsKd;? yapöuAk'¨gtavmif;awmfwkdY&JU or®oepm&acwfu wpfrsKd;?
om0uwkdY&JU or®oepm&acwfu wpfrsKd;qkdNyD;awmh (3)rsKd; zGifhqkd-
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU or®oepm&-
acwfeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh b,fvkd zGifhqkdxm;ovJ¿ ---
or®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY\ or®oepm&acwf
Ak'¨geH or®oepma&m 'oo[ódavmu"mwk,H owåoEÅme
*wmç tedÈ´d,A'¨g p ocFg&mwd 0'EÅd/ (Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? ESm-275/)
Ak'g¨ eH = oAÁnKor®morÁK'b
¨ &k m;&Siw Ydk / or®oepma&m = tedpö
f \
'ku© tewåvu©Pma&; ok;H wefwifum ½IymG ;ok;H oyfwwfaom 0dyó-
emÓPf\ usufpm;&mtm½kHonfum;/ 'oo[óavmu"mwk,m
= wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwftwGi;f ü/ owåoEÅme*wm = owå0g
toD;toD;wkdYü wnf&Sdaom ocFg&w&m;tpkwkdYonfvnf;aumif;/
tedÈ´d,A'¨g p ocFg&m = £aÈ´wkdYESifh qufpyfrI r&Sdaom oufrJh-
avmuü wnf&SdMuukefaom ocFg&w&m;pkwkdYonfvnf;aumif;/
a[mEÅd = jzpfMuavuke\ f / £wd = þod/Yk 0'EÅd = ajymqkMd uavuke\
f /
]0'EÅd} qkdwmuawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh q&mtpOftquf
ajym½kd;qkdpOf&SdaewJh pum;wpfckukd ]0'EÅd}vkdY okH;wwfygw,f/ txl;-
ojzifhawmh rdrdwkdYukd oifMum;jyoay;aewJh q&morm;awG tpOf-
tquf aqmif,lvmwJh enf;pepfygyJ/ tJ'Dawmh bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU or®-
oepm&acwf 0dyóemÓPf&UJ usupf m;&mtm½kaH wG[m bmawGvv J Ydk
ar;&ifawmh avmu"mwfwu dk w
f pfaomif;twGi;f pMu0Vmwpfaomif;
twGi;f ü wnf&adS ewJh owå0gtm;vk;H wk&Yd UJ oEÅmefrmS wnf&w
dS hJ ½kyef mrf
"r®ocFg&w&m;awGyJ jzpfMuw,f/ xkpd Mu0Vmwku d w

f pfaomif;twGi;f rSm
wnf&SdaewJh tedÈ´d,A'¨vkdYac:wJh £aÈ´wkdYeJY qufpyfrIr&SdwJh oufrJh-
avmurSm wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfocFg&w&m;tm;vkH;yJ jzpfMuw,fvkdY 'Dvkd-
vnf; qkMd uw,f/ 'gayrJvh Ydk tjcm;tjcm;aom q&morm;awGuawmh
bmajymvJ¿
aum#dowo[ópuú0gaVolwd tya&/
(Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? ESm-275??)
tya&q&mwku Yd awmh uka#wpfoed ;f aom pMu0Vmwku d tf wGi;f ü
wnf&SdaeMuwJh owå0gtoD;oD; oEÅmefrSm wnf&SdwJh ocFg&w&m;ç
xkpd Mu0Vmuka#wpfoed ;f twGi;f rSmyJ wnf&adS ewJh oufro hJ cFg&w&m;
tJ'o D cFg&w&m;ESprf sK;d onf bk&m;tavmif;awmfw&Ydk UJ 0dyóemÓPf-
jzifh Buw
d af jc ½IymG ;ok;H oyf&rnfh w&m;tpkawG jzpfw,fvYdk 'Dvdk tya&-
q&mrsm;uawmh zGifhqkdMuw,f/
tJ'D tya&0g'ukd aemufxm;Ny;D zGiw hf t hJ wGuf bke;f Bu;D wkYd pmay-
e,f&UJ pnf;urf;t&qk&d ifawmh 'Dtya&0g'ukd tESpo f m&tjzpf rSw&f -
r,f/ 'Dawmh bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;[m oAÁnKwor®moarÁm"d-
ÓPfudk r&rDtwGi;f rSm b,focFg&w&m;awGudk 0dyóem ½IymG ;ok;H oyf-
MuovJvaYdk r;&if rdr&d UJ oEÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m;
tm;vkH;ukd ½Iw,f/ pMu0Vmuka#wpfodef;twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh
ouf&o dS wå0gtm;vk;H &JU oEÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh ocFg&w&m;awGuv dk nf;
tukev f ;Hk ½Iw,f/ pMu0Vmuka#wpfoed ;f twGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh oufrhJ
ocFg&w&m;tm;vk;H ukv d nf; tukev f ;Hk ½IymG ;ok;H oyfawmfrw l ,f/ tedpö
'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem
½IymG ;ok;H oyfawmfryl gw,f/ vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D r½IymG ; rok;H oyf-
vkdufrdwJhw&m;qkdwm wpfckrQ r&Sdbl;vkdY 'Dvkd [kdbufu rlvyPÖmo
t|uxm (r?|?1?54/)rSmawmh zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
22 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
Ak'¨geH ye tPkyÜrmPrÜd ocFg&*wH ÓaPe t'd|rwkvdw-

rwD&dwropäduwH ew¬d/ (r?|?1?54/)
tPkyrÜ mPrÜd / y / ew¬?d ,awm qw
qwååo
ð aum#dowo[ó-
rkace Ak'¨geH r[m0Zd&ÓPH y0wåwDwd 0'EÅd/ (r?#D?1?111/)
'gaMumifh ---
wxm [d t'¨w,
å 0aoe y#dpoö rkygÜ 'e,H Moo&dwmG qw
qwååo
ð -
aum#dowo[órkace Ak'¨geH r[m0Zd&ÓPH y0wåH/
(Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? ESm-275/)
bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm; tJ'v D dk pMu0Vmuka#wpfoed ;f twGi;f rSm
wnf&w dS hJ ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
okH;wefwifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½INyD;wJhaemuf oAÁnKw-
ÓPfukd 0ifawmhr,fqJqJus&if bmvkyfovJ¿ y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;
a'oemawmfawGukd 0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyfawmfrlygw,f/ ½IvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm y#dpöorkyÜg'ft*Fg&yfawGuç 0dyóem&JU t½IcHtm½kH
jzpfaewJh t*Fg&yfawGu b,fESpfck &SdvJvkdYar;&if (12)ckaemf/ t0dZÆmç
ocFg&ç 0dnmPfç emrf½kyfç oVm,weç zóç a0'emç wPSmç Oyg'gefç
b0ç Zmwdç Z&mr&PqkdNyD; b,fESpfck&SdvJ¿ t*Fg (12)&yf/ pMu0Vm
uka#wpfodef;twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh owå0gtoD;toD;oEÅmefrSm
wnf&SdaewJh t0dZÆmawGukd wpfpk qGJpkvkdufw,f/ ocFg&ukd wpfpk?
0dnmPfukd wpfpk? emrf½kyfukd wpfpk? oVm,we wpfpk? zó wpfpk?
a0'em wpfpk? wPSm wpfpk? Oyg'gef wpfpk? b0 wpfpk? Zmwd wpfpk?
Z&mr&P wpfpkqkdNyD; aygif;vkdufawmh y#dpöorkyÜg'fü t*Fg&yf
(12)&yfaemf/ t*Fg&yf (12)&yfukd pMu0Vmuka#wpfodef;eJY ykHvkdufr,f
qkdvdkY&Sd&ifawmh uka#aygif; (12)odef; r&bl;vm;¿ tedpövu©Pm
uka#aygif; (12)odef;ç 'ku©vu©Pm uka#aygif; (12)odef;ç tewå-
vu©Pm uka#aygif; (12)odef;qkdawmh okH;q,fhajcmufuka#aom

r[m0Zd&0dyóemÓPfawmfjrwfawG jzpfMuw,f/
bk&m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ or®oepm&acwfvYdk ac:qkt d yfwhJ 0dyóemÓPf-
awmfjrwfjzifh ½IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh ocFg&w&m;awG[m pMu0Vmaygif;
wkdufwpfaomif;twGif;ü wnf&SdaewJh owå0gtoD;toD;oEÅmefrSm
wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfw&m;emrfw&m; cE¨mig;yg;ç oufrJhtedÈ´d,A'¨vkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh ocFg&w&m;awGvkdY 'Dvdk q&mjrwfwkdYu rdefYqkdMuw,f/
okaYd omf tya&vkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ tjcm;tjcm;aom q&mjrwfwu Ydk vnf;
pMu0Vmuka#wpfodef;twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh owå0gtoD;toD;
oEÅmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;ç oufrJhtedÈ´d,A'¨
ocFg&w&m; jzpfMuw,fqkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkdvnf; rdefYqkdMuygw,faemf/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf bmvkyfovJ¿ ---
wxm [d t'¨wå,0aoe y#dpöorkyÜg'e,H Moo&dwGm qw
qwåå ðo
aum#dowo[órkace Ak'¨geH r[m0Zd&ÓPH y0wåH/
(Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? r?#D?2?275/)
wxm [d = xkdaMumifhyifvQif/ t'¨wå,0aoe = twdwf
tem*wf ypöKyÜef[k qkdtyfukefaom umvokH;yg;wkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh/
y#dpöorkyÜg'e,H = y#dpöorkyÜg'fenf;odkY/ Moo&dwGm = ÓPfjzifh ouf-
0ifawmfrlí/ qw
qwåå ðoaum#dowo[órkace = okH;q,fhajcmuf-
uka#aom r[m0Zd&0dyóemÓPfawmfjrwfukd tOD;rlojzifh/ Ak'¨geH
= oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY\ oEÅmefü/ r[m0Zd&ÓPH = r[m-
0Zd& 0dyóemÓPfawmfjrwfonf/ y0wåH = jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/
'Dvdkqkd&if bk&m;&Sifonf oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfukd &&SdcJhNyD;wJh
aemufyidk ;f umvusrS y&rw¬tppfjzpfwhJ ½kyaf wG emrfawGudk oAÁnKw
ÓPfawmfjrwfjzifh jyefNyD; qifjcifvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusrS od&Sdygw,f
qkdwJhpum;onf rSm;vm;ç rSefvm;¿ rSm;aew,faemf/ pMu0Vmuka#-
24 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wpfodef;twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m; y&rw¬"mwf-

om; rSeforQukd ouf&dSoufrJhtm;vkH; y&rmPkjrLcefY ao;i,faewJh
tPkjrLrIeyf rmPavmuf&w dS hJ ocFg&w&m;ukad omfvnf;yJ r½Ivu
dk rf w
d m
r&Sdbl;/ ÓPfawmfjrwfjzifh tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef
wifNy;D r½Ivudk rf w
d hJ ocFg&w&m;ç ÓPfawmfjrwfjzifh rsuaf rSmuf rjyK-
vkdufrdwJh ocFg&w&m; wpfckrQ r&Sdbl;qkdNyD;awmh rlvyPÖmot|-
uxmrSm (r?|?1?54/) zGifhqkdxm;ygw,faemf/
oAÁnKwÓPfawmfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlykH
aemufwpfck xyfajym&OD;r,f --- aAm"dr@dKifrSm bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU
bk&m;tavmif;awmf 0dyóem½IyEHk iS hf ywfoufvYdk r[my&deAd mÁ eokweå f
t|uxmrSmvnf; 'Dvkd zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
£wd b*0g wH 'd0oH r[maAm"dyv’auF tbde00dyóeH
y|ayaEÅm 0d, ½lyowåuH t½lyowåuH ed*¾KrÁH edZÆ#H uwGm pk'ó-
[muma&[d oaEéwGm r[m0dyóem, a0'eH 0du©arÇwGm ]]'o-
rmao rm OyÜZw
dÆ m¬ }}wd ormywåd H ormyZÆ/d ormywå0d u
d r© w
dÇ m a0'em
'ormao e OyÜZÆda,0/ ('D?|?2?137/)
txufyg t|uxm&JU qkdvkd&if;uawmh 'Dvkdyg/ bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU
bk&m;&Sif[m y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrrlrD (10)vajrmufrSm cg;emonfh
a0'emukd 0dyóem0D&, d pGr;f tm; t&[wåzv
dk zf vormywfprG ;f tm;-
wkdYESifh y,fcGmawmfrlcJhygw,f/ tavmif;awmfb0 r[maAm"dr@dKif-
rSm ½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;ç t½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;qkw d hJ r[m-
0dyóem½Ienf;jzifh 0dyóem½IcJhovkd tvm;wlyJ y&dedAÁmefrpHrD
q,fvajrmuf 0gqkdvjynfhaeYrSmvnf; ½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;
t½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;qkdwJh r[m0dyóem½Ienf;jzifh 0dyóem
½IymG ;awmfrul m ,if;0dyóempGr;f tm;jzifh r&PEÅu d a0'emvkYd ac:qkwd hJ
aojcif;vQif tqkH;tykdif;tjcm;&SdwJh ,if;cg;emwJh a0'emukd y,fcGm-

awmfrNl y;D aemuf ]]q,fvtwGi;f ü rjzpfapom;}} [k t"d|mefawmfru l m
t&[wåzv dk o
f rmywfudk 0ifpm;awmfryl gw,f/ zvormywf&UJ a&S;rSm-
&SdwJh 0dyóem0D&d,pGrf;tm; t&[wåzkdvformywf 0D&d,pGrf;tm;-
aMumifh ,if;t&[wåzkdvformywfeJY cGmxm;wJh 'Dcg;emwJh a0'em[m
q,fvwkdYywfvkH; jzpfay:rvmygvkdY qkdw,f/ ('D?|?2?137/)
'Dt|uxm&JU zGifhqkdykHukd Munfhvkdufr,fqkd&if tavmif;awmf
b0u r[maAm"dr@dKirf mS 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;awmfr-l
cJhpOfu ½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;ç t½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;qkw d hJ
0dyóem½Ienf;wkdYukdvnf; ½IyGm;awmfrlcJhw,fvkdY odEkdifygw,f/ 'D½ly-
owåu0dyóem½Ienf; t½lyowåu0dyóem½Ienf;awGukd 0dok'¨dr*¾
t|uxm (0dok'¨d?2?253-261/)rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf[m r[maAm"dr@dKifrSmawmh 0dyóem-
½Iuu
G f awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ½Iuu
G af wGpaHk tmif 0dyóemÓPfpOftwkid ;f
tqifhqifh ½IyGm;okH;oyfawmfrlNyD;aemuf aemufqkH; t&[wår*fÓPf
oAÁnKwÓPfvQif tqkH;tykdif;tjcm;&SdwJh r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfawGukd
&cgeD;qJqJumvrSm b,fw&m;awGukd 0dyóem½IygovJvkdYawmh
ar;p&m&Sdw,f/
tajzuawmh Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf Oyuúad vookweå f (r?3?201??)
rSm vm&Syd gw,f/ bk&m;&Siu
f xko
d w k eå rf mS t&Sitf Ek½'k g¨ ESihf wuGaom
&[ef;awmf t&Sief E´,d t&Siuf rd v
d wkt Yd m; 'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmf-
rlygw,f/ ---
aom acg t[H tEk½k'¨g o0dwuúrÜd o0dpm&H orm"d H bma0
bma0oo ð?
t0dwuúrÜd 0dpm&rwåH orm"d H bma0oð? t0dwuúrÜd t0dpm&H orm
bma0o orm"" ð
bma0oð/ ------ (r?3?201/)
26 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ qkv

d w
dk muawmh 'Dvydk g?
tEk½k'¨gwkdY ...xkdbk&m;tavmif;awmf[m -
1/ 0dwufvnf;&SdwJh 0dpm&vnf;&SdwJh yxrpsmeform"dukdvnf;
yGm;rsm;cJhw,f/
2/ 0dwufum;r&Sd 0dpm&rQom&Sw
d hJ 'kw,
d psmeform"duv dk nf; yGm;rsm;
cJhw,f/
3/ 0dwufvnf;r&Sd 0dpm&vnf;r&SdwJh wwd,psmeform"dç pwkw¬-
psmeform"dç yÍörpsmeform"dukdvnf; yGm;rsm;cJhygw,f/
ponfjzifh okH;rsKd;aom orm"dawGukd yGm;rsm;cJhzl;aMumif;ukd
t&SiftEk½k'¨gwkdYtm; a[mjyawmfrlcJhygw,f/ 'DygVdawmfukd zGifhqkdwJh
t|uxmu 'Dvkd zGifhjyxm;jyefw,f/ ---
u'g ye b*0g £rH wd0d"H orm"ð bma0wd¿
r[maAm"drlav edodaEém ypädr,mar/ b*0awm [d yXrra*¾g
yXrZÑmedaum ta[mod? 'kwd,m'a,m 'kwd,wwd,pwkw¬-
ZÑmedum/ yÍöuea, yÍörZÑmeó ra*¾g ew¬Dwd aom avmuda,m
ta[moDwd avmud,avmukwå&rdóuH oE¨ma,wH 0kwåH/
(r?|?4?149/)
'Dt|uxmtzGifh&JU qkdvkd&if;ukd ajym&atmif .../ bk&m;-
tavmif;awmf[m r[maAm"dr@dKifrSm r[mouú&mZf (103)ck
uqkefvjynfhaeYn ypädraemufqkH;,mrf a&muf&SdwJhtcg 0dyóem
bm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;awmfrlygw,f/ 0dyóemÓPfpOftwkdif;
0dyóemur®|mef;awGudk pD;jzef;vku
d v
f Ydk 0dyóemÓPfawGu t&d,-
r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfawGukd &Ekdifavmufatmif &ifhusufvmwJh tcgrSm
bk&m;tavmif;awmfu ----
1/ 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fgig;yg;&SdwJh
yxrpsmeform"dukd 0ifpm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'Dvkd 0ifpm;wJhpsmefuawmh

avmuDpsmefyJ jzpfygao;w,f/ 'Dyxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;awmfrlNyD;aemuf
yxrpsmefrxS um ,if;yxrpsmef emrfw&m;awGudk vu©Pm,mOfwif-
um 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;awmfryl gw,f/ tJ'yD xrpsmef
emrfw&m;awGudk 0dyóem½IaewJh 0dyóemÓPf&UJ tqk;H rSm aomwm-
ywård *fÓPfzv
dk Ó
f PfawGu tocFw"mwftNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efudk tm½kH
,lum jzpfay:vmcJhMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sif&JU aomwmywåd
r*fÓPf[m yxrpsmefESifh,SOfwJh t&d,r*fÓPf jzpfygw,f/
2/ aemufxyf qufNyD;awmh 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*¾wmac:wJh
psmeft*Fgav;yg;&Swd hJ 'kw,
d psmefudk 0ifpm;awmfryl gw,f/ psmefrx
S um
,if;'kw, d psmef emrfw&m;awG 0dyóem½Iawmfrjl yefw,f/ 0dyóem-
ÓPfwkdY&JUtqkH;rSm ou'g*grdr*fÓPfzv dk Ó
f PfokdY qkdufa&mufawmf-
rljyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Si&f UJ ou'g*grdr*fÓPf[m 'kw, d psmefEiS hf
,SOfaewJh 'kwd,psmedur*f jzpfygw,f/
3/ tJ'Daemuf yDwd okc {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgokH;yg;&SdwJh
wwd,psmefudk wpfenf; pwkueú nf;t& ajym&&if okc {u*¾wmac:wJh
psmeft*FgESpyf g;&Sw
d hJ wwd,psmefudk 0ifpm;jyefw,f/ psmefrxS um ,if;
wwd,psmef emrfw&m;awGukd 0dyóem½Ijyefw,f/ tJ'D0dyóem-
ÓPfawG&JUtqkH;rSm tem*grdr*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfokdY qkdufa&mufawmf-
rljyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Si&f UJ tem*grdr*fÓPf[m wwd,psmefEiS hf
,SOfwJh wwd,ZÑmedur*f jzpfawmfrlw,f/
4/ aemufxyf okc {u*¾wmac:wJh wpfenf; pwkuúenf;t&
ajym&&if Oayu©m {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;&SdwJh pwkw¬psmefukd
0ifpm;awmfrjl yefw,f/ tJ'pD wkwp¬ smeform"drS xNy;D awmh ,if;pwkw-¬
psmef emrfw&m;awGukd 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfawmfrlygw,f/ tJ'D
0dyóemÓPfawG&UJ tqk;H rSm t&[wår*fÓPf t&[wåzv dk Ó
f PfawG
28 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jzpfay:awmfrv l mygw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ t&[wår*fu oAÁnKwÓPf-

qkdwJh xD;awmfukd aqmif;NyD;awmh jzpfay:vmwmjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh
bk&m;&Si&f UJ t&[wår*fÓPf[m pwkwp¬ smefEiS hf ,SOaf ewJh pwkwZ¬ Ñm-
edur*f jzpfawmfrlygw,f/ (r?|?4?149/)
aemufwpfck -- yapöuAk'g¨ bk&m;&Siaf wGtwGuv
f nf; zGiq
hf x
dk m;-
ygw,f/
yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY\ or®oepm&acwf
yapöuAk'¨geH ooEÅme*aw[d o'
o'¨¨ ð rZdÑra'o0godowåoEÅme-
*wm tedÈ´d,A'¨g p or®oepma&mwd 0'EÅd/
(Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? ESm-275/)
'guawmh q&mjrwfawG rdefYqkdawmfrlwJh 0g'yJaemf/
yapöuAk'b ¨ &k m;&Siaf wGusawmh rdro
d EÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh ½kyef mrf
y&rw¬"mwfom;rSeforQtm;vkH;ukd tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem ½IymG ;ok;H oyfawmfrMl uw,f/ rZdÑra'ovkYd
ac:qkdtyfwJh a'otwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh owå0gtoD;toD;wkdY&JU
oEÅmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;rSeforQawGukdvnf;
t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem½IymG ; ok;H oyfawmfrMl uygw,f/ tedÈ, d´ -
A'¨vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh xkdrZdÑra'otwGif; wnf&SdaewJh oufrJhocFg&-
w&m; rSeforQawGukdvnf; tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef
wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfawmfrlMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh yapöu-
Ak'b ¨ &k m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ 0dyóemÓPf&UJ usupf m;&m ocFg&tm½k[ H m bmvJ-
vkdYar;&if rdrdoEÅmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfemrfy&rw¬"mwfom;tm;vkH;ç
rZdÑra'o wku d ef ,ftwGi;f ü wnf&adS ewJh owå0gtm;vk;H wk&Yd UJ oEÅmef-
rSm wnf&adS ewJh ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&tm;vk;H tedÈ,

d́ A'¨vYdk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ
oufrJh ocFg&w&m;tm;vkH; --- 'DocFg&w&m;awGonf yapöuAk'¨
tavmif;vsmBu;D rsm;wk&Yd UJ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwif-
um ½IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh or®oepm&acwf jzpfw,fvkdY 'Dvkd q&mjrwf
wkdYu rdefYqkdMuw,f/
ZrÁK'yD 0godowåoEÅme*wmwd aupd/ (Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? ESm-275??)
aupdq&mwku Yd awmh ZrÁL'DygvufsmawmifuRe;f twGi;f rSm wnf&-dS
aewJh owå0gtoD;toD; oEÅmefrSm wnf&SdwJh ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;
tm;vk;H ukyd J 0dyóem½IymG ;ok;H oyfawmfrMl uygw,fvYdk 'Dvv
dk nf; qkMd u-
w,fwJhaemf/ aemufwpfck --- om0uwkdY&JU or®oepm&acwfukd
jyefNyD;awmh trdefY&Sdw,f/
om0uwkdY\ or®oepm&acwf
ooEÅme*aw oAÁ"ar®ç y&oEÅme*aw p awoH oEÅme0dbm*H
tuwGm A[d'¨gbm0omrnawm or®oeH? t,H om0umeH or®-
oepma&m/ (Oy&dyPÖmo#Dum? ESm-274/)
om0uwkdY 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh t½IcHtm½kH 0dyóem
ÓPf&JU usufpm;&me,fajru bmvJ¿ rdrdoEÅmefrSm wnf&dSaewJh
y&rw¬"mwfom; trsK;d tpm;tm;vk;H ? ta&twGuaf wmh rqkv d b
dk ;l aemf/
olwpfyg;oEÅmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh ocFg&w&m; tm;vkH;yJ? 'gayrJhvdkY
tJ'DA[d'¨½IwJhtcgrSm a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g vl ewf jA[®m
ponfjzifh oEÅmefcGJjcm;a0zefjcif; rjyKbJ A[d'¨csif;wlnDvkdY omref
aygif;pk jcKH iNHk y;D awmh tedpö 'ku© tewåvu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh
0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyf&w,f/ 'Dvkd 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;onf
om0uwdkY&JU or®oepm&acwf jzpfw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh or®oe-
pm&acwf b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ¿ (3)rsKd;/
30 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨ tavmif;vsmBu;D wkt Yd wGuf 0dyóemÓPfjzifh

½IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh or®oepm&acwfac:wJh 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcH-
tm½ku H wpfrsK;d ç yapöuAk't ¨ avmif;vsmolawmfaumif;wk&Yd UJ yapöu-
aAm"dÓPf &&Sda&;twGuf 0dyóemÓPfjzihf Budwfajc½IyGm;&r,fh
0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½kH or®oepm&acwfu wpfrsKd;ç om0u-
wk&Yd UJ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½IymG ;ok;H oyf&r,fh or®oepm&acwfu wpfrsK;d ?
0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½IymG ;ok;H oyf&rnfh ocFg&w&m;tm½kq H w
dk hJ or®oe-
pm&acwfawGukd aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfacwf&SdovJ¿ okH;acwfyJ/
'Dawmh om0uwkdif; om0uwkdif;onf 'DykHpHtwkdif; ½I&ygw,faemf/
[kd om0uusawmh wpfrsKd;ç 'Dom0uusawmh wpfrsKd; 'Dvkd acwfcsif;
rwlnw D m&,fvYdk r&Sb
d ;l / om0uwk&Yd UJ acwfu wpfacwfwnf;yJ oGm;-
w,f/ 'Dwpfacwfwnf; oGm;wJhtwGuf ---
"r®aoemywdaemyd ,xm0kwåom0umeH 0dyóemblrda,0
or®oepma&m -- qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd zGifhqkdxm;w,f/
"r®aoemywdtrnf&awmfrlwJh t&Sifom&dykwå&m ukd,fawmf-
jrwfBuD;wkdYvnf; om0uwkdY&JU or®oepm&acwftwkdif;yJ 0dyóem
½IymG ;ok;H oyfawmfryl gw,f/ 'Dv½dk w
I t hJ ydik ;f rSm wcsKUd u ½kyu
f vmyfwpfck
twGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh yx0Dukd oufouf 0dyóem½Iw,f? awaZm-
"mwfukd ½Iw,f? tmayg"mwfukd ½Iw,f? 0ga,m"mwfukd ½Iw,f?
wcsKUd usawmh emrfw&m;awGrmS qkv d &Ydk &dS ifvnf; pdwu å P
© wpfcwk pfck
twGi;f rSm wnf&w dS hJ zóukd ½Iw,f? a0'emukd ½Iw,f? onmukd ½Iw,f?
ponfjzifh wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pD vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh
0dyóem½IymG ;ok;H oyfMuw,f/ tJ'v D kd ½IymG ;ok;H oyfwhJ enf;pepfuadk wmh
tEky'"r®0dyóemvkdY ac:ygw,f/
½kyaf wG emrfawGudk ESppf çk pkNy;D awmh ½kyw
f pfyHk emrfwpfyHk ykNH y;D ½Iwm-
ukdawmh uvmyor®oeenf;/ tJ'D½kyfw&m;awGukd wpfykH? emrfw&m;-
awGukd av;ykH ykHNyD; cE¨mig;yg;enf;eJY ½Iw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh tm,we

(12)yg;enf;ç wcsKUd usawmh "mwf (18)yg;enf;eJY ½IMuw,f/ tJ'v D ½dk w
I hJ
enf;pepfawGuadk wmh uvmyor®oe taygif;tpktvku d f jcKH iNHk y;D awmh
0dyóem½Ienf;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ om0uwkdY&JU 0dyóeme,fajrrSm
uvmyor®oe0dyóem½Ienf;jzifhvnf; r*fzkdvfedAÁmef qkdufEkdifw,f/
tEky'"r®0dyóem½Ienf;jzifhvnf; r*fzkdvfedAÁmef qkdufEkdifygw,f/
uvmyor®oeç tEky'"r®0yd óemac:qkt d yfwhJ ESpef nf;vk;H 0dyóem
½IcJhr,fqkd&ifvnf; r*fzkdvfedAÁmef qkdufEkdifygw,f/
ck'Dae&mrSm uóybk&m;tavmif;jzpfwJh olawmfaumif;u
bmvkyfovJ¿ ---
uóybk&m;tavmif;awmf aAm"dr@dKifokdY <uawmfrljcif;
uóybk&m;tavmif;awmfu pOf;pm;w,faemf/ aAm"dr@dKiu f dk
<ur,fqkd&ifawmh &[ef;r[kwfwJhyk*¾dKvfu 'DaAm"dr@dKif <uzkdY&ef-
twGufawmh rpGrf;Ekdifbl;qkdNyD;awmh 'DvkdESvkH;ykdufNyD; uóybk&m;
tavmif;awmfonf &[ef;jyKawmfrlvkdufygw,f/ &[ef;jyKawmfrlNyD;-
wJhaemuf aAm"dr@dKifukd <ucsDawmfrlw,f/ aAm"dr@dKifrSm xkdifvsuf
oDwif;okH;awmfrlNyD; ckepf&ufwkdYumvywfvkH; y"mevkdY ac:tyfwJh
ur®|mef;tvkyfukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmfrlygw,f/
tJ'v D dk tm;xkww f t
hJ ykid ;f rSm aAm"dr@dKio
f Ydk r<urDtwGi;f rdr&d UJ tdrrf mS
wnf&SdpOf tcsdeftcguwnf;u uóybk&m;tavmif;awmfonf
tmemygepsmefawGukd tajccHNyD;awmh tbdnmPfawGukd &atmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhwJh olawmfaumif;jzpfawmh orxykdif;rSm olu
atmifjrifrI&&SdNyD;wJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygw,faemf/
ckvdk aAm"dr@dKif a&muf&v
dS mwJt
h csed t
f cgusawmh 'DorxawGudk
0dyóem&JU tajcyg'utjzpfeYJ wpfzefjyefNy;D awmh orm"dxal xmifNy;D -
32 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
awmh rdrdoEÅmefrSm wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awGESifh twl-

wuG pMu0Vmuka#wpfoed ;f twGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh ½kyef mrfaMumif;usK;d
ocFg&w&m;tm;vkH;ukd tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD;-
awmh ckepf&ufwkdYumvywfvkH; 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;-
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf wmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ 'Dvpdk ;D jzef; usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf wmfrw l t
hJ wGuf ckepf&ufjynfw h ahJ eY a&mufaomtcg
ckepf&uftwGif;rSmyJ or®moarÁm"dÓPfBuD;ukd rsufarSmufjyKawmfrl-
ygw,f/
rd*'g0kefawmü 0guyfawmfrljcif;
uóybk&m;tavmif;awmfvnf; oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfokdY
qkdufa&mufoGm;NyD? bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&muf&dSawmfrlNyD/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
Am&mPoDjynf £odywerd*'g0kefawmrSmu &aoholawmfaumif;
ESpfaomif;wkdYu oDwif;okH;pHaeawmfrlqJjzpfMuw,f/
Am&mPoDjynf £odywetrnf&wJh rd*'g0kefawmrSm wnf&Sd-
aeMuwJh &aohawGxHokdY bk&m;&Sif<uoGm;awmfrlNyD;awmh "r®pMum-
w&m;a'oem a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ray;awmfrlygw,f/ qkdqkH;ray;-
vkud w f hJ tcsed t f cgusawmh tm;vk;H &[EÅmjzpfomG ;Muw,f/ xko d al wmf-
aumif;awG[m uóyjrwfpmG bk&m; &[ef;jzpfawmfrw l hJ tcsed t f cgrSm
rdrdwkdYvnf; bk&m;&Sifaemufawmfyg;uaeNyD;awmh tjrJruGm xyfcsyf
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wdó&aohBuD;Munfhaewkef; ,m*kbkOf;ay;&if;eJY tom;wkH;-
av;wpfwkH;ukd yg;pyfxJ tomav; xnfhjyvkdufw,f/ t&GJUwkdufwm-
awmh r[kwfbl;aemf/ bk&m;&SifrSm t&GJUwkdufwJhpdwfxm; r&Sdygbl;/
tom;wk;H wpfw;Hk xnfjh yvku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿
wdó&aohBuD; a'goodyfxGufoGm;NyD? b,fhES,fwkef; [if qkdNyD;
pdwfxJrSm awmfawmfav; a'goxGufoGm;w,f/
,m*kaomufNy;D wJh tcsed tf cgusawmh txl;xl;aom t&omawGeYJ
pDrHazmfpyfxm;wJh csufjyKwfxm;tyfwJh ig;trJygaewJh abmZOfawGukd
qufvufvLS 'gef;jyefNy?D vSL'gef;vku
d w
f t
hJ cg ig;trJygwJh xkq
d rG ;f ukv
d nf;
bkOf;ay;awmfrljyefw,f/
wdó&aohBuD;u jrifvkdufjyefwJhtcg ]]ig;trJawG pm;vsufeJY
rpm;bl;vkYd ajymw,f}} qkNd y;D pdwx
f rJ mS awmfawmfav; a'gojzpfomG ;Ny/D
a'gojzpfvu dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿ wdó&aohBu;D -
u pum; pajymNyD/
rkom0g'jzifh pGypf jJG cif;

uóyjrwfpGmbk&m; ... t&Sifbk&m;[m cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef
rrSefuefwJh rkom;pum;ukd ajymw,f/
'Dvkd cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefuefwJh rkom;pum;ajymMum;jcif;
qkw
d mu ynm&So d al wmfaumif;wk&Yd UJ vkyif ef;udpö r[kwyf gbl;/ or®m-
orÁK'b
¨ &k m;&Siw
f qYdk w
dk mu cRw,
f iG ;f azmufjyef rrSeu f efwhJ rkom;pum;
ajymMum;jcif;ukd uJh&JUawmfrlMuygw,f/
[kdawmifawG xlxyfwJh awmifajc awmif½IdiftwGif;rSm awm
opfjrpf opfO opfzk opfoD;0vHav;awGukd &SmazGpm;aomufNyD;awmh
aexkid w
f hJ &aohawG &SMd uw,f/ tJ'v
D dk opfo;D 0vH&mS azGpm;aomufNy;D
awmxJ awmifxrJ mS aewJh &aohawGawmifrS rkom;pum; b,fawmhrS
rajymMum;Muygbl;/ &aohawG&UJ *kPaf us;Zl;awGudk ajymMum;csiw f meYyJ J
ck tJ'Dtmr*EökwåefrSm vm&SdwJh acgifqkH;*gxmuav; wpfckukd
pwifNy;D awmh wdó&aohBu;D u uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;ukd avQmufxm;Ny/D
b,fvkd avQmufxm;ovJ¿
wdó&aohBuD;&JU avQmufxm;csuf
omrmupd*FlvupDeumed p?
ywåyævH rlvzvH *0dyævH/
"ar®e v'¨H owroérmem?
e umrumrm tvduH bPEÅd/
abm uóy = tkd &SifuóyjrwfpGmbk&m; .../ "ar®e v'¨H =
d yfaom/ omrmupd*v
w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh &SmazGojzifh &&St lF u-
pDeumed p = jrufo;D pyg;ç aqmif;avSum;yGiohf P²mefteH&Y adS om pyg;ç
tavhusaygufaom yJaemufwkdYukdvnf;aumif;/ ywåzvH = opf&Guf
42 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
d nf;aumif;/ rlvzvH = opfjrpf opfOukv

pdr;f ukv d nf;aumif;/ *0dyv
æ H
= opfoD;0vHukdvnf;aumif;/ toérmem = pm;okH;Muukefaom/ owH
= olawmfaumif;wkdYaomfvnf;yJ/ umrumrm = umr*kPfukd tvkd
&Sdjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh/ tvduH = cRwf,Gif;
azmufjyef rrSefuefwJh pum;ukd/ e bPEÅd = b,fawmhrS rajymMum;
Muygukef/
'Dpum;av;ukd olu pNyD; avQmufxm;NyD/ uóyjr wf pGm bk &m;
w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &SmazGojzifh &&SdtyfwJh jrufoD;pyg;ç ukvm;
aqmif;avSum;yGio hf P²mefteH&Y adS ewJph yg;ç tavhusaygufwhJ yJaemuf-
awGukd pm;aewJh &aohawG &Sd Muygw,f/ opf&u G pf rd ;f ukd pm;aewJh &aoh-
awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f/ opfjrpf opfO opfoD;0vHawGukd &SmazGNyD;
pm;aomufaewJh &aohawGvnf; &SMd uw,f/ tJ'&D aohoal wmfaumif;-
awGawmifrS umr*kPfukd tvkd&Sdjcif;wnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh
cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefuefwJh pum;udk b,fawmhrS rajymMum;-
Muygbl;/
tJ'DrSm A[kókwuav;wpfckuawmh *0dyævHyJ/ opfoD;ESifh
0vHqkdNyD;awmh ESpfck cGJwrf;csxm;w,f/ 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG
b,fvdk oabmaygufMuovJ¿ opfyifu oD;wJh toD;ukad wmh opfo;D ç
EG,fuoD;wJh toD;ukdawmh 0vHqkdNyD; 'Dvkd cGJwrf;csvkdufwJh xkH;vnf;
&Sdw,f/ wjcm;cGJwrf;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f/
tJ'o
D pfo;D 0vHawGudk &SmazGpm;aomufaewJh opf&uG u f dk pm;aewJh
opfO opfzkukdpm;aewJh tavhusaygufaewJhpyg;awG tavhus
aygufaewJh yJaemufawGudk &SmazGNy;D pm;aomufaewJh [kad wmifMum;rSm
aexkdifwJh &aoholawmfaumif;awGaomfrSvnf; umr*kPfukd tvdk&Sd-
jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef rrSef-
uefwJhpum;ukd b,fawmhrS rajymMum;Muygbl;qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd&aoh-
BuD;u pNyD;awmh ajymw,f/ aemufwpfck bmqufajymvJ¿

,'oérmaem okuwH oked|dwH?
ya&[d 'dEéH y,wH yPDwH/
omvDerEéH y&dbkÍÆrmaem?
aom bkÍÆoD uóy tmr*E¨H/
uóy = uóytEG,füjzpfaom tkd jrwfpGmbk&m; .../
okuwH = aumif;pGm jyKjyifpD&ifí xm;tyfNyD;aom/ oked|dwH =
aumif;pGm csufjyKwftyfNyD;ojzifh NyD;qkH;NyD;onfjzpfaom/ ya&[d =
olwpfyg;wkdYu/ 'dEéH = uHçuH\tusKd;ukd &nfukd;ajrmfoefí vSL'gef;-
tyfaom/ y,wH = ylaZmftyfaom/ yPDwH = rGefjrwfaom/ ,H =
tMuif trJ[if;vsmukd/ toérmaem p = pm;okH;onfvnf;jzpfaom/
omvDerEéH = oav;qefqGrf;ukd/ bkÍÆrmaem p = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif-
onfvnf;jzpfaom/ aom wGH = xkdt&Sifbk&m;onf/ tmr*E¨H =
tnD§ta[mufukd/ bkÍÆod = okH;aqmifíaeonf rnfygay\/
olU&JU ajymqkcd suu
f av;u uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;udk olu jyefNy;D -
awmh pGypf aJG ew,faemf/ uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;ukd olu b,fvdk pGypf aJG e-
ovJvdkYar;awmh 'Dae&mrSm ]okuw}qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxm
q&mawmfu zGifhxm;ygw,f/ tom;awG ig;awGqkdwmu 'Dtwkdif;
taumifwkdif;BuD; jzKef;ceJcsufvkdY rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh rvG,fyg-
bl;aemf/ rvG,fwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh tom;awGudk csufawmhr,f
qkv
d &Ydk &dS ifawmh bmvky&f rvJ¿ 'Dtom;awGudk ckw&f w,f? xpf&w,f?
pOf;&w,f? a& ususee aq;&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd[mudk (okuw =)
aumif;pGm jyKjyifpDrHxm;vkdY qkdw,f/
aemufwpfck --- (oke|d wd =) csuv
f u
dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cg a&aq;Ny;D Ny?D
aq;½kHeJY rNyD;ao;bl;/ aoaocsmcsm csuf&w,f/ csufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if-
44 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
vnf; oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh qD qm; tp&Sdonfjzifh tarT;tBudKif

ponfjzifh xkHrTrf;NyD;awmh pepfwus csuf&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd csufNyD;wJh
tcsdeftcgusawmhrS 'Dtom;awG ig;awGukd vSL Muw,f/ vSLvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgusawmh b,fvkd&nf&G,fcsufeJY vSLovJvkdY ar;&if ---
vSL'gef;wJah e&mrSm tarawmfvYdk vSL'gef;aewmvnf; r[kwb f ;l /
tazawmfvkdY vSL'gef;ay;urf;aewmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ wu,fpifppf
tm;jzifhawmh 'Dyk*¾dKvf[m ('u©daP,s =) uHESifh tusKd;ukd &nfukd;
ajrmfoefNyD; vSL'gef;aewJh tvGef tqifhtwef;jrifhaewJh vSLzG,f0w¬K
ypön;f pkawGudk cH,xl u
dk w
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vyf v
J Ydk 'Dvdk atmufarhrw
S x
f ifNy;D awmh
w&m;ukd cspfcifjrwfEkd;wJh olawmfaumif;awGu vSL'gef;aeMuwm
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd vSL'gef;jcif;[m bmvkyfwmvJvkdYar;awmh r½kdrao
vSL'gef;aewmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ ½kd½kdaoaoeJY aoaocsmcsm ususee
ylaZmfaeMuwm jzpfw,f/ ylaZmf½kHwif r[kwfbl;/ rGefjrwfwJh r*Fvm-
tvkdYiSm &nf&G,fNyD;awmh vSL'gef;Muwm jzpfw,f/ r*FvmtvkdYiSm
qkdwmuawmh ukokdvfw&m;awG wkdYrSm wkd;yGm;vdrfhr,fqkdwJh OD;wnf-
csufeJY vSLwmrsKd;ukd qkdvkdygw,f/ 'Dvkd&nf&G,fcsufjzifh 'DvSLzG,f0w¬K
ypönf;pkawGukd t&om taumif;qkH;jzpfatmif tqDMoZm trsm;qkH;
jzpfatmif rdrdwkdY pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf jyKjyifzefwD;NyD;rS aoaocsmcsm
ususee vSL'gef;Muwm jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vSL'gef;aewJh rGefjrwfwJh
tom;ig; OD;aqmifaewJh tm[m&awGuv dk nf; t&Sib
f &k m;u bkO;f ay;
aeonf jzpfw,f/
oav;qefqGrf;ukdvnf; t&Sifbk&m;u bkOf;ay;aeonf jzpfyg-
w,f/ 'Dvkd bkOf;ay;aewJh t&Sifbk&m;[m tmr*Eäc:wJh tnD§-
ta[mufudk t&Sib f &k m; bkO;f ay;aewmyJ/ tJ'v
D dk bkO;f ay;aeygvsuf
t&Sifbk&m;uaeNyD;awmh tnD§ta[mufukd rbkOf;ay;bl; qkdNyD;awmh
'Dpum;ukd wynfhawmfukd ajymaew,f .. qkdNyD;awmh olu 'Dvkd

pGyfpGJwmaemf/ tJ'Dtcsdeftcgusawmh olu enf;enf;av;awmh
pOf;pm;w,faemf/ b,fvkd pOf;pm;vJqkdawmh ---
e tmr*aE¨m rr uyÜwDwd?
£apö0 wGH bmood jA[®AE¨K/
oukEÅrHao[d okocFaw[d/
ykpämrd wH uóy {wrw¬H?
uxH yuma&m w0 tmr*aE¨m/
jA[®AE¨K = jA[®mrif;\ taqGjzpfawmfrlygayaom tkd uóy-
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;.../ tmr*aE¨m = tnD§ta[mufonf/ rr =
igbk&m;tm;/ e uyÜwDwd = rtyfyg[lí/ £apö0 = þodkYvQif/ wHG =
t&Sifbk&m;onf/ bmood = ajymqdkawmfrlygay\/
jA[®mrif;&JUtaqGjzpfawmfryl gayaom uóyjrwfpmG bk&m; ...
t&Sifbk&m;[m tnD§ta[muf[m igbk&m;twGuf rtyfpyfygbl;
qkdNyD;awmh 'Dpum;ukd t&Sifbk&m;ajymw,faemf/
okocFaw[d = aumif;pGmjyKjyifprD íH xm;tyfuek af om/ oukE-Å
rHao[d = iSuo
f m;wkEYd iS hf twlwuG/ omvDerEéH = oav;qefqrG ;f uk/d
y&dbkÍÆrmaem = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifonf jzpfygvsuf/ tmr*aE¨m =
tnD§ta[mufonf/ rr = igbk&m;tm;/ e uyÜwd = rtyfpyfyg/
£apö0H = þodkYvQif/ wGH = t&Sifbk&m;onf/ bmood = ajymqkdí-
aeygay\/
46 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
t&Sifbk&m; ...aoaocsmcsm Munfhr,fqkd&if iSufom;awGjzifh

ususee pDrHxm;wJh oav;qefqGrf;ukd t&Sifbk&m;u bkOf;ay;aewJh
yk*Kd¾ vf jzpfw,f/ 'Dvb
kd Ok ;f ay;aeygvsuef YJ igbk&m;rSm tnDt
§ a[muf-
onf rtyfpyfygbl;qkdwJh 'Dpum;ukd t&Sifbk&m; ajymaew,faemf/
uóy = uóy&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; .../ wH = &Sifawmfjrwf-
bk&m;ukd/ {wrw¬H = þtmr*E¨tnD§ta[muftaMumif;ukd/ ykpämrd
= ar;jref;avQmufxm;yg\/ w0 = &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;\/ tmr*aE¨m
= tnD§ta[mufonfum;/ uxH yuma&m = tb,frQ tjym;&Sdyg-
oenf;/
uóyjrwf p G m bk & m; ... t&S i f b k & m;uk d wynf h a wmf u
'DtaMumif; ar;csiw f ,f/ t&Sib f &k m;&JU tmr*E¨qwdk hJ oabmw&m;u
b,frQ twkdif;twmyrmP &SdaeygovJ¿ 'Dar;cGef;av;ukd olu
qufar;w,f/ bmjzpfvYdk olu 'Dvakd r;&ovJqw dk meJY ywfoufNy;D awmh
t|uxmu jynfhjynfhpkHpkH zGifhqdkxm;ygw,faemf/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh
olu uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;ukd olu (jA[®AE¨K =) jA[®mrif;&JU taqG-
cifyGef;tjzpfeJY olu ac:xm;w,f/
jA[®mrif;&JU taqGcifyeG ;f jzpfwhJ jAm[®Pom rSecf rhJ ,fq&kd if t&Si-f
bk&m;rSm 'Dvkdoabm r&Sdoifhbl;/ ck t&Sifbk&m;ukd Munhfvkdufawmh
t&Sifbk&m;u iSufom;awGeJY twlwuG jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh oav;qef-
qGrf;ukd bkOf;ay;aew,f/ jAm[®PawGrSm &Sdoifh&SdxkdufwJh *kPfaus;Zl;
awGrS t&Sifbk&m;[m uif;qdwfaewJh yk*¾dKvfvnf; jzpfw,f/ Zmwd-
tm;jzifo h m t&Sib f &k m;u jAm[®PrnfNy;D awmh usi0hf wfy#dywftm;jzifh
t&Sifbk&m;[m wu,fwrf; jAm[®PrrnfwJh yk*¾dKvfyJvkdY olu 'Dvkd
pGyfpGJaew,f/
tJ'DvkdpGyfpGJNyD;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;twGuf

xkdtcsdeftcgu uduDrif;BuD;u ykdYaqmifvkdufwJh [if;vsmukd txl;-
ojzifh &nfñTef;NyD;awmh olu ajymaewm/ 'gayrJh olu enf;enf;u-
av; pOf;pm;w,f/ pOf;pm;w,fqw dk mu yg&rD&adS ewJh olawmfaumif;-
rsm;rSm pOf;pm;wwfwhJ tawG;tac:uav;awGu yg&rD&UJ vIUH aqmfr-I
aMumifh 0if0ifNyD;awmh vmwwfygw,f/ b,fvkd olu pOf;pm;ovJ¿
tmr*E¨tnD§ta[muftaMumif;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh uóy-
jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü rauseyfcsufawG wpfykHBuD;jzifh wifjyavQmuf-
xm;aewJh 'Dwdó&aohBuD;u ajymqkdae&if;eJY olu uóyjrwfpGm-
bk&m;ukd vSrf;NyD;awmh zl;ajrmfMunhfrdw,f/ ajcz0g;uae qHzsm;txd
vSrf;NyD;awmh MunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;&JU
cE¨mtdrrf mS (32)yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwfw&Ydk UJ vu©PmawmfwjYdk zifh wif-h
w,fpGm wefqmqifxm;wmukdvnf; awGU&w,f/ (80)aom vu©-
Pmawmfi,fwkdYjzifh jynfhpkHaewmukdvnf; zl;awGU&w,f/ AsmrybmvkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh a&mif0gxdefvif; a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;jzifh wifhw,fpGm
jcH&Hxm;wmudkvnf; oGm;NyD; awGU&w,f/
oajyuefq&mawmfbk&m;uawmh olU&JU y&dwfBuD;edó,rSm
'D]Asmr}qkdwJh tokH;EIef;ukd enf;enf;uav; qef;ppfxm;ygw,f/
bk&m;&Siw f idk ;f bk&m;&Siw
f idk ;f rSm a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;qkw d m &SdMuygw,f/
wefckd;awmfjzifh zefqif;rI rjyK&bJ yifukdyuwdtwkdif; vif;xdefaewJh
a&mifjcnf0ef;yJ? tJ'aD &mifjcnf0ef;rSm bke;f Bu;D wkYd a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;&JU
a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;eJY ywfoufNy;D awmh t,ltqawGuawmh wpfvv H Ydk
ajymwJyh *k Kd¾ vv
f nf;&Swd ,f/ tawmif&pS q f ,fvYkd ajymaewJh yk*Kd¾ vv
f nf;
&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh 'DAsmronf bk&m;&Sifwkdif; bk&m;&Sifwkdif;twGuf
&nfñTef;NyD; ajymqkdaewJh a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;omjzpfw,f/ twdtus
tawmiftwkdif;twm wpfvHukd ajymaejcif; r[kwfbl;qdkNyD;awmh
48 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
q&mawmfuawmh qef;ppfxm;w,f/
erlemqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh r*FvjrwfpGmbk&m; qkdMuygpkdYaemf/ r*Fv-
jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU 'Dvdk yuwda&mifjcnfawmf0ef;u pMu0Vmwkdufwpf-
aomif;txd tjrw J rf; ysUH ESUH NY y;D aew,f/ wpfvrH ubl;aemf/ tJ'gaMumifh
tJ'rD *FvjrwfpmG bk&m;&JU a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;ukv d nf; AsmrqkNd y;D ac:a0:
ok;H pGx
J m;wm &Syd gw,f/ 'g wpfvH rubl;/ ck'aD e&mrSm uóyjrwfpmG -
bk&m;usawmh b,fa&GUb,frQ twdtus rodEkdifayr,fhvkdY uóy-
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;[mvnf; awmfawmfav;ukd
us,fjyefYaew,fvdkY ,lq&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Da&mifjcnfawmf0ef;jzifh
wifhw,fpHy,fpGm oDwif;okH;aeawmfrlwJh bk&m;&Sifukd 'Da&mifjcnf-
awmf0ef;awGu jcHKikHNyD; jcH&Hxm;wmukdvnf; olu vSrf;NyD; zl;awGU-
vkduf&wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh olu pOf;pm;NyD/ 'Dvkd a,mufsm;jrwf-
wkdY&JU vu©PmawmfwkdYjzifh wifhw,fpGm wefqmqifxm;wJh cE¨mukd,f
&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;[m cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefuefaewJh rkom;-
pum;ukd ajymqkdzkdY&eftwGuf b,fvkdrS rxkdufwefbl;vkdY olu 'Dvkd
oabmaygufw,f/ b,fEh , S w f ek ;f 'umBu;D awG rpOf;pm;oifb h ;l vm;¿
pOf;pm;oifhw,faemf/
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;&JU rsufarSmifawmfESpfcktMum;rSm 0g*Grf;pkdif-
uJhokdY tvGef jzLpifNyD; jzLazG;aewJh a&mifjcnfawmfawG wvufvuf
awmufyaewJh OPÖvkHarG;&SifawmfqkdwJh tarG;awmfwpfck &Sdygw,f/
qefYvkdufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if bkef;BuD;wkdY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;uawmh
(2)awmifavmuf&Sdw,fvYdk qkw d ,faemf/ uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;rSmawmh
'Dxuf yk&d n
S cf siv
f nf; &Snyf gvdrrhf ,f/ vTwv f u dk Nf yD qkv
d &Ydk &dS if pyvdev f dk
vufsm&pfacGNyD;awmh tJ'DrSm 0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY wnfaew,f/ jzLaewJh
a&mifjcnfawmfawGu wzswfzswf awmufaew,f/ tJ'Dvkd awmufy
aewJh jzLaewJh 0g*Gr;f pkid u
f o
hJ Ydk El;nHo
h rd af rGUNy;D awmh tpkvu dk f tykv
H u
dk f
wnfaewJh 'DOPÖvaHk rG;&Siaf wmfqwdk hJ vu©Pmwpfawmfwpfck ayguf-

a&mufjcif;qkw
d mu twdwb f 0wke;f u jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ rSeu
f efaewJh
opömpum;ukd ajymMum;jcif;wnf;[laom aumif;rIukokdvfuH\
tusKd;qufaMumifhomvQif jzpfay:vm&w,f/ tusKd;&if;awGuawmh
vlUjynf ewfjynfawGrSm y#doaE¨tusKd;ay;NyD;NyD/ tck y0wådtcgrSm
vmNyD; 'DtusKd;ay;w,fqkdwmu tusKd;qufvkdY ac:ygw,f/
arG;nif;awmfawG Munfhvkdufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; arG;nif;awmf-
wGif; wpfckwpfckrSm arG;nif;yif wpfyifwpfyifyJ aygufw,f/ tJ'D
wpfyifwpfyifuvnf; rsuEf mS awmfudk armfz;l ovkd txufudk tjrw J rf;
aumhaew,faemf/
[kd twdwo f o
H &mtqufqufuwnf;u rSeu f efwhJ opömpum;-
uko
d m ajymNy;D rkom0g'rS a&SmifMuOfcjhJ cif;wnf;[laom þtaMumif;-
w&m;aMumifh uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU rsufarSmifESpfckawmfwkdY&JU
tMum;ü vJ0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY tvGef jzLqGwfaeaom OPÖvkHarG;&Sif-
awmf&Sdjcif; arG;nif;wGif; wpfckwpfckrSm arG;nif; wpfyifwpfyifom
aygufjcif;qkdwJh 'Da,mufsm;jrwfwkdY&JU vu©PmawmfawG xif&Sm;
jzpfaew,f/ 'Dvu©Pmawmf[m rkom; rajymcJhjcif;wnf;[laom
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh &&SdwJh vu©PmawmfawG jzpfMuw,f/ 'gukd
olu em;vnfw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ olwkdY jAm[®PawGu a0'usrf;-
awGudk wpfzufurf;cyfatmif oif,x l m;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG jzpfMuygw,f/
uóybk&m;tavmif;awmfu awmrxGufvkdY olu t&if BudK-
wifNyD;awmh awmxGufaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dvu©PmawmfwEYdk iS hf jynfph aHk ewmukd i,f&, G pf Oftcsed tf cg
uwnf;u upm;azmfupm;zuf jzpfaejcif;aMumifhvnf; od&SdcJhw,f/
ckwpfzef 'Dvu©PmawmfawGu bk&m;&Sio f EÅmefrmS xif&mS ;&Sad ewmukd
jrifawGUae&jyefw,f/ ]]Asmrybm}}
rybm}}vkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;-
50 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jzifh xGe;f vif;wifw

h ,faewJh 'Dvb
kd &k m;&Siw
f pfqo
l nf bk&m;jzpfwhJ ckvkd
tcsdeftcgusrS b,fvkd taMumif;w&m;aMumifh 'Drkom;pum;ukd
ajym&rSmvJvkdY olu pOf;pm;w,f/
ynm&Sod al wmfaumif;qkw d m 'Dvdk enf;enf; pOf;pm;EIid ;f csed w
f wfwhJ
ÓPfuav;awG&SdzkdY vkdtyfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd pOf;pm;EIdif;csdefwwfwJh
ÓPfr&SdcJh&ifawmh t,l0g'qkdwm wpfzufpGef;ukd apmif;oGm;wwfwJh
oabm &Sdw,f/ olu 'Dae&mrSm 32-yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwfwkdY&JU
vu©PmawmfwEYdk iS hf jynfph aHk ewJh bk&m;&Siu f dk vufawGUvnf; zl;jrifae-
&w,f/ AsmrybmvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh a&mifjcnfawmf0ef;jzifh xGef;vif;
wifhw,faewmukd olukd,fwkdifu zl;jrifawGU&SdaeNyD/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvkd
bk&m;&Siw
f pfqo l nf rnfonft h aMumif;aMumifrh Q cktcgrSm rkom;awmh
ajymrSmr[kwb f ;l / bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J twdwo f oH &mtqufqufuwnf;
u rkom0g'rS a&SmifMuOfcJhjcif;wnf;[laom 'DtaMumif;w&m;aMumifh
'DtusKd;w&m;awGu bk&m;&Sif&JU oEÅmefawmfrSm xif&Sm; &SdaeNyD
jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd olu pOf;pm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd pOf;pm;NyD;awmh .. olu
bmqufNyD; awG;awmovJ¿
'Dvkd rkom;rajymwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh igxifjrif
,lqaewJh tmr*E¨rS wjcm;wpfyg;aom tmr*E¨wpfcck ak wmh rcRw-f
{uef xif&mS ;&Syd gvdrOhf ;D r,f/ ,if;uJo h aYdk om tmr*Eüdk &nf&, G af wmf-
rlNy;D awmh ]]'umawmfyP k mÖ ; ... igbk&m;onf tmr*E¨trnf&aewJh
tnDt § a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifjcif; rjyKygbl;}}qkw d hJ 'Dpum;-
awmfukd bk&m;&Sif rdefYMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfayvdrfhr,f/
'Dtmr*E¨taMumif;ukd 'Duóy&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;tm; ig
ar;jref;Munfh&ifawmh odyfaumif;r,f/ tJ'Dvkd olu pOf;pm;w,f?
pOf;pm;NyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ¿ ---
a&S;tykdif;rSmuawmh olu ar;jref;wmu enf;enf;av; rkom-

0g'jzifh bk&m;&Sifukd pGyfpGJwJh ykHpHav;eJY ar;xm;w,f/ 'Dtykdif;usawmh
enf;enf;av; pdwx f rJ mS ykpH w
H pfrsK;d ajymif;Ny;D awmhrS ar;oGm;w,faemf/
tJ'D*gxmav; jyefemMunfhMu&atmifaemf/
tmr*E¨qkdwm bmvJ¿
e tmr*aE¨m rr uyÜwDwd?
£apö0 wGH bmood jA[®AE¨K/
jA[®AE¨K = jA[®mrif;&JU taqGcifyeG ;f jzpfawmfryl gayaom uóy-
jrwfpGmbk&m; .../ okocFaw[d = aumif;pGm jyKjyifpDrHí xm;tyf-
ukefaom/ oukEÅrHao[d = iSufom;ESifhtwlwuG jzpfMuukefaom/
omvDerEéH = oav;qefqrG ;f uk/d y&dbÍk rÆ maem = bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmif-
aeonfjzpfygvsuf/ wGH = &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;onf/ rr = igbk&m;-
&Siftm;/ tmr*aE¨m = tmr*E¨trnf&wJh tnD§ta[mufonf/ e
uyÜdwDwd = rtyfyg[k/ £apö0 = þokdYvQif/ bmood = ajymMum;-
awmfrlbd\/ uóy = uóytEG,fü jzpfawmfrlygayaom tkd
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;/ wH = &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ukd/ {wrw¬H = þtmr -
*E¨taMumif;t&mukd/ ykpämrd = ar;jref; avQmufxm;yg\/ w0 =
&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;\/ tmr*aE¨m = tmr*E¨tnD§ta[muf[lonf-
um;/ uxH yuma&m = tb,frQ tjym;&Sdygoenf;¿
jA[®mrif;&JU taqGcifyGef;jzpfawmfrlygayaom uóyjrwfpGm-
bk&m; ... aumif;pGm jyKjyifpDrH csufjyKwfxm;tyfwJh iSufom;ESifh
52 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
twlwuG jzpfaewJh oav;qefqrG ;f ukd t&Sib f &k m;onf bkO;f ay;ok;H -

aqmifaeonfjzpfygvsuf ]]'umawmf wdóykPÖm; ... igbk&m;-
&SifwkdYtm; tmr*E¨vkdYac:qkdtyfwJh tnD§ta[mufonf rtyfpyfyg-
bl;}}qkdNyD;awmh 'Dpum;ukd t&Sifbk&m; ajymMum;awmfrlbdw,f/
wynfhawmf 'Dt&mrSm t&Sifbk&m;ukd ar;jref;avQmufxm;csif-
ygw,f/ t&Sifbk&m;&nf&G,frSef;xm;NyD; ajymMum;aewJh t&Sifbk&m;&JU
tmr*E¨tn§Dta[mufqkdwm b,frQtwkdif;t&Snftjym; &SdygovJ
jrwfpmG bk&m;qkNd y;D awmh olu ar;jref;w,f/ tJ'v
D dk ar;jref;wJh tcsed -f
tcgusawmhrS uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u wdóykPÖm;BuD;ukd tmr*E¨-
taMumif;t&mESihf qufpyfNy;D awmh w&m;a'oemawmfudk *gxmaygif;
rsm;pGmjzifh a[mMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ xkd*gxmawGukdyJ bkef;BuD;wkdY
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; rdrdukd 'D tmr*E¨tnD§ta[muf
taMumif;eJY ywfoufNyD; vmNyD; ar;jref;avQmufxm;aewJh tmr*E¨-
&aohtrSL;&SdaewJh &aohig;&mwkdYtm; uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u wdó-
&aohBuD;tm; a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;ronfhtwkdif; wpfqifhjyefNyD;awmh
a[mMum;w,f/ tJ'D*gxmawGukd emMunfhMu&atmifaemf/
um,'kp½kduf - 0pD'kp½kduf tukokdvfw&m;rsm;
1/ ygPmwdygawm 0"aq'AEëH?
ax,sH rkom0ga'g eduwd0Íöemed p/
taZÑeukwåH y&'g&ao0em?
{omr*aE¨m e [d rHoabmZeH/
wdó = 'umawmf wdó&aoh .../ ygPmwdygawm =
olUtoufukd owfjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ 0"aq'AEëH = owå0g
wkdYtm; n§Of;yef; ESdyfpufjcif;ç owå0gwkdY\ ajc vuf ponfwkdYukd
jzwfawmufjcif;ç owå0gwkdYudk BudK;ponfjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUjcif;onf
vnf;aumif;/ ax,sH = t&Sio f nf uk,

d Ef w
I jf zifh ray;tyfwhJ olwpfyg;
\ Opömukd ckd;,ljcif; = rw&m;,ljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ rkom0ga'g
p = cRwf,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefuefaom rkom;pum;ukd ajymMum;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif;/ eduwd0Íöemed p = vSnyhf wfjcif; aumufusppf Of;vJ
Yd nfvnf;aumif;/ taZÑeukwHå = tusK;d r&Sad om usr;f *efpmay
jcif;wko
ukd oifMum;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ y&'g&ao0em = olwpfyg;wkdY\
om;r,m;wkdYukd rSD0Jjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ tw¬d = &Sday\/ {om =
þtvkH;pkHaom 'kp½kdufrI rSeforQonf/ tmr*aE¨m = tnD§ta[muf
tmr*E¨ rnfygay\/ rHoabmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOf-
onfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tnD§ta[muf tmr*E¨ r[kwfygay/
*gxmuav;wpfckeJY pa[mw,faemf/ 'Dawmh (ygPmwdygw =)
olUtoufudk owfjzwfjcif;qkw d hJ 'Dv'dk pk ½ku
d v
f yk if ef;awGukd jyKusiahf ewJh
yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm olwpfyg;wkdY&JU toufukd owfjzwfaeNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if
xkdtcsdeftcgrSm olwpfyg;&JUtoufukd &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf
n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufaewJh yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ pdwt f pOf[m &m* a'go arm[ tp&Sw d hJ
udavomrD;awG vl;vJayusHNyD; raebl;vm;¿ aew,f/ udavom
tnpftaMu;awG vl;vJayusaH ew,f/ tJ'u D ad vom tnpftaMu;-
awGukd bk&m;&Sifu (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufvkdY ajymcsifw,f/
aemufwpfck --- olwpfyg;awGukd owfawmh rowfbl;/ 'gayrJh
owå0gawGudk wkwf "m; ponfwjYdk zifh raowaoav; n§O;f yef;ESyd pf uf-
w,f/ 'Dvn dk O§ ;f yef;ESyd pf ufaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ pdwtf pOfoEÅmefrmS vnf;
&m* a'go arm[ rmefrme £óm rpä&, d tp&Sw d hJ udavomtnpf-
taMu;awG vl;vJayusHNyD; raebl;vm;¿ aeygw,f/ tJ'Dudavom
tnpftaMu;awGukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[muf-
awGvkdY 'Dvkd ac:a0:okH;pGJxm;awmfrlw,f/
54 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aemufwpfck --- olwpfyg;&JU vufawG ajcawGudk jzwfawmufypf-

aew,f/ tJ'v D dk olwpfyg;&JU vufawG ajcawGudk jzwfawmufypfaewJh
yk*Kd¾ vw
f &Ydk UJ pdwtf pOfoEÅmefrmS vnf; xku
d ohJ Ydk jzwfawmufaewJh tcsed -f
tcgrSm &m* a'go arm[ rmefrme tp&Sw d hJ udavomtnpftaMu;-
awGu vl;vJayusHNyD; raebl;vm;¿ aew,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'Dvkd &m*
a'go arm[ tp&SdwJh udavomtnpfaMu;awGjzifh vl;vJayusH-
jcif;qkdwJh 'Doabmw&m;ukd wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh tJ'Dudavom
tnpftaMu;awGukd bk&m;&Sifu (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufvkdY
ac:qkdawmfrlw,f/
aemufwpfck --- olwpfyg;awGudk BuKd ;ponfjzifh wkwaf ESmifNy;D awmh
csKyfaESmifxm;Muw,f/ tJ'Dvkd olwpfyg;awGukd BudK;ponfjzifh wkwf-
aESmifxm;aewJh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm xkdyk*¾dKvfwkdYu twkwftaESmifcH&wJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtay:ü jypfrmS ;aewJth wGuf &m* a'go arm[ tp&So d nfh
rD;awGonf tnpftaMu;awGonf xkjd ypfrmS ;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vw f &Ydk UJ oEÅmefrmS
vl;vJayusrH I r&Sb
d ;l vm;¿ &Sad ew,f/ tJ'D &m* a'go arm[ tp&Sw d hJ
udavomtnpftaMu;awGjzifh vl;vJayusHrI okdYr[kwf udavom
tnpftaMu;rsm;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u tmr*E¨vkdY ac:qkdxm;awmf-
rlw,f/
aemufwpfck --- olwpfyg;wkdY&JU ypönf;awGukd rw&m;aom
enf;vrf;jzifh ckd;,laeMuw,f/ vmbfay;vmbf,lawG jyKMuw,f/
olwpfyg;wkdYu MunfjzLpGm udk,fEIwfwkdYjzifh ray;tyfwJh ypönf;awGukd
rw&m;aom enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh ,lMuw,f/ 'Dvkd ,laewJh
tcsdeftcgrSm xdkyk*¾dKvfwkdY&JU pdwftpOfoEÅmefrSm &m* a'go arm[
tp&SdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awGu vl;vJayusHNyD; raebl;vm;¿
aejyefw,f/ tJ'Dudavom tnpftaMu;awGukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu
(tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufvkdY okH;pGJxm;awmfrlw,f/
aemufwpfck --- rkom;ajymNyD/ rkom;pum; ajymMum;aewJh

yk*¾dKvfawG&JU pdwftpOfoEÅmefrSmvnf; rkom;pum; ajymMum;aewJh
tcsdeftcgrSm &m* a'go arm[ rmefrme £óm rpä&d,tp&SdwJh
udavomtnpftaMu;awGu vl;vJayusNH y;D raebl;vm;¿ ayusaH e-
Muw,f/ tJ'D vl;vJayusHaewJh 'DudavomtnpftaMu;awGukdyJ
bk&m;&Sifu (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufawGvkdY 'Dvkd ac:a0:okH;pGJ-
xm;w,f/
(eduwd =) vSnfhywfjcif; aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;qkdwm bmvJ¿
ypön;f wpfcck k ,lomG ;w,f? jyefNy;D awmif;w,f? ay;ygYr,fvYdk ajymw,f/
[m 'gav; jyKvkyfay;prf;ygvkdY tultnD awmif;wJhtcg jyKvkyfay;yg
r,fvYdk cyfv, G vf ,
G yf J EIwu
f wdawmh ay;vkud w f ,f/ tJ'v
D dk EIwuf wd
ay;vkdufawmh .. wpfbufuvnf; wu,fjyefay;vdrfhr,fqkdNyD;
arQmfvifhcsufuav; &Sdaew,f/ wu,fjyKvkyfay;vdrfhr,fvkdY pdwfxJ
vnf; xifaew,f/ tJ'D arQmfvifhcsufuav;awGukd jzpfapNyD;awmhrS
wu,fawmh jyefvnfray;jyefbl;/ wu,fwrf; aqmif&Gufay;&r,fh
vkyfief;&yfawGukdvnf; aqmif&Gufray;bl;/ tJ'Dvkd vkyf&yfrsKd;ukd
(eduwd =) vSnfhywfw,fvkdY ac:qkdw,f/
(0Íöe =) aumufuspfpOf;vJw,f/ aumufuspfpOf;vJwmu
bmvJvaYdk r;awmh ]]tok0PÖH ok0PÖEdÅ *g[myem'De}d }qkNd y;D 'Dvdk zGix
hf m;-
w,f/ a&Tr[kww f mukd a&Tvyk Nf y;D awmh vSnyhf wfw,faemf/ aumufuspf
pOf;vJjyw,f/ aiGtppfr[kwfwmukd aiGvkyfNyD;awmh aumufuspf
pOf;vJjyw,f ponfjzifh tJ'Dvkd twktyawG vkyfw,f/ ckacwfrSmu
twkawG raygbl;vm;¿ qHyifvnf; twkyJ? rsufvkH;vnf; twkawG
qkd;xm;w,f/ rrnf;bJeJY rnf;atmif vkyfxm;w,f/ EIwfcrf;vnf;
reDbJeJY eDatmif vkyfxm;w,f/ twkawG r[kwfbl;vm;¿ 'DMum;xJ
tkdaeygvsufeJYvnf; rtkdatmif twkawG rvkyfbl;vm;¿ vkyfMu-
56 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jyefw,f/ qHyifvnf; jzLaeygvsufeJYvnf; rrnf;bJeJY rnf;atmif

rvkyfMubl;vm;¿ vkyfMujyefw,f/ twkawGu odyfrsm;aew,f/
twkawGu odyfrsm;awmh 'DMum;xJ bkef;BuD;awG tacsmifxd-
oGm;w,f/ b,fvkdxdovJ¿ wpfcsdefu uydÜ,vkyfwJh 'umodef;[ef
tckawmh uG,v f eG o
f mG ;&SmygNy?D tbk;d Bu;D yJ? bke;f Bu;D vnf; awmfawmf-
av;awmh oHa0*&oGm;ygw,f/ bkef;BuD;u olUqDukd wrmap;ukd
awmif;w,f? wpfEpS af vmuf MumoGm;ygw,f/ ol rvSLEkid b f ;l ? aemuf-
awmh bke;f Bu;D u bmjzpfvv Ydk v
J Ydk ar;Munfwh ,f? t&Sib f &k m; wrmap;-
uku
d ody&f mS ;oGm;w,f/ bmjzpfvYdk &Sm;&ovJ¿ wrmap;aumfeYJ qHyifudk
vdr;f Ny;D awmh rD;tylay;Ny;D awmhrS qHyifudk vkcd siw f yhJ pHk t
H wkid ;f aumuf-
Muw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh qHyifaumufqkdifawGu 'Dwrmap;aumfukd
cyfrsm;rsm; ok;H wmeJY wynfah wmfvnf; &SmvdrYk & jzpfaew,f/ bke;f Bu;D u
pmtkyfuyfzdkYyg/ 'Dawmh pmtkyfuyfzdkYaumfawmifrS bkef;BuD;awGrSm
awmfawmfuav;&zk&Yd ef cufco J mG ;w,f/ xdcu dk rf oGm;bl;vm;¿ xdcu dk -f
oGm;w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ ---
raumufwJh qHyifukd olu aumufatmifvkyfw,f/ twkawG
odyfrsm;vmw,f/ twktyawGu odyfrsm;vmawmh 'umBuD;awG&JU
pD;yGm;a&;awGyg xdcu dk v
f mw,f/ bmjzpfvv
Ydk ¿J orD;u qHyifaumuf-
csifNyDqkd&if ykdufqHxkwfray;&bl;vm;¿ ay;&rSmaygY/ bmvkyfcsifw,f
qkd&ifvnf; ay;&r,f/ tbGm;BuD;uvnf; qHyifu jzLaeawmh qHyif
rnf;csifw,fqkd&if Munfhraumif;awmh ykdufqHvnf; xkwfray;&bl;-
vm;¿ ay;aeusqkdawmh 'umBuD;awGvnf; oabmaygufwmeJY
wlygw,faemf/
'DMum;xJ rsuEf mS aygif;wifcsiw f ,fw?hJ [kd yg;a&wGew Yf mudk rwGe-Yf
atmifaygY/ tJ'rD suEf mS aygif;wifzYdk qkv
d &Ydk &dS ifvnf; yku
d q
f x H w
k rf ay;&-
bl;vm;¿ at; [efusNy/D uJ tJ'v D adk ygY? a&T r[kww f mudk a&TvYdk jyKvyk -f
ay;csifaewJh 'Dpdwfxm;av;awG[m &m* a'go arm[ rmefrme

tp&Swd hJ udavomtnpftaMu;awGjzifh vl;vJayusaH ewJh pdw"f mwfy/J
tJ'DudavomtnpftaMu;awGukd bk&m;&Sifu (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§-
ta[mufawGvkdY 'Dvkd okH;xm;w,f/
aemufwpfck --- (taZÑeukwåH =) vlewfedAÁmef okH;wefaom
csrf;omukd &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tifr&SdwJh usrf;*eftrsKd;rsKd;ukd
oif,jl cif;wJ?h tJ'D usr;f *efawGuawmh omoemawmf&UJ tjyifbufrmS
&Sad ewJh usr;f *efawmfawmfrsm;rsm;yJ jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dusr;f *efawmfawmf
cyfrsm;rsm;uawmh 'Dpm&if;xJrmS 0ifvrd rhf ,fvYdk bke;f Bu;D wGuyf gw,f/
tJ'D usr;f *efawGrmS vlewfeAd mÁ ef ok;H wefaom csr;f omukd &&Sad pEkid w
f hJ
pGr;f tif&wdS hJ ñTeMf um;csuaf wG ygMuvm;¿ rsm;aomtm;jzifh rygçygbl;/
omoemawmf&JU jyifyrSm&SdaewJh usrf;*efawGuawmh vlewfedAÁmef
ok;H wefaom csr;f omukd ay;Ekid w f phJ rG ;f tif&dSwmu awmfawmfav; enf;-
vdrfhrnfvkdY bkef;BuD;,lqygw,f/
okdYaomf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynmqdkwmukdawmh oifMum;-
zkdY&eftwGuf cGifhjyKxm;ygw,f/ ckajymaewmu toufarG;0rf;-
ausmif;ESihf odyq f ufpyfyHk ray:bl;/ tJ'v D dk tusK;d r&Sw
d hJ usr;f *efawGudk
oifMum;jcif;ukad wmh wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f/ txl;ojzifah wmh tckacwf-
rSmu umvay:0w¬K trsK;d rsK;d awGaygY/ tJ'gawGudk oifMum;jcif; zwf½-I
jcif; 'Dvyk if ef;&yfawGudk jyKvyk Mf uw,f/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dvo dk ifMum; zwf½½I Hk
r[kwfbJeJY tJ'gawGukd ½kyf&SifZmwfum;awG AGD'D,kdawG ½kdufNyD;awmh
jzefYa0Mujyefw,f/ jzefYa0vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh 'Denf;pepfjzifh
pDyGm;&Smvkdufawmh or®mtmZD0awmh jzpfOD;rvm;¿ rjzpfawmhbl;aemf/
rdru d ,
dk wf idk u
f vnf; tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPw f &m;awGrmS rl;,pfarhavsm-h
aewJh olwpfyg;awGuv dk nf; tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;awGrmS rl;,pf
arhavsmhapwJh vkyfief;&yfawGom rsm;w,f/
58 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'gaMumifh tJ'v
D kd tusK;d r&Sw d hJ pmayusr;f *efrsm;ukd oifMum;jcif;-
[mvnf; oifMum;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU oEÅmefü &m* a'go arm[
tp&SdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awG vl;vJayusHrI &Sdaew,f/ 0w¬K
wpfck zwfMunfhygvm;¿ 0rf;enf;cef;ukd zwfvkdufawmh rdrd0rf;enf;wJh
pdwfxm; ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vmw,f/ a'go jzpfavmufwJh
tcef;av; zwfvkdufawmh rdrdrSm a'goawG jzpfvmw,f/ &m*jzpf-
avmufwhJ tcef;av;zwfvu dk af wmh rdrrd mS &m*awG jzpfrvmbl;vm;¿
jzpfvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvkdusrf;*efpmayawGukd oifMum;jcif;onf
&m* a'go arm[tp&SdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awG vl;vJ
ayusHzkdY&eftwGuf taMumif;rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfaew,f/ tJ'D &m*
a'go arm[ tp&SdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awGukd bk&m;&Sifu
(tmr*E¨ = ) tnD§ta[mufawGvkdY 'Dvkd okH;xm;w,f/
aemufwpfck --- olwpfyg;wk&Yd UJ om;r,m;awGudk oGm;Ny;D awmh jypf-
rSm;w,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSmvnf; &m* a'go arm[tp&SdwJh udav-
om tnpftaMu;awG xdjk ypfrmS ;aewJh yk*¾Kd v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS vl;vJayusNH y;D
raebl;vm;¿ aejyefw,f/ tJ'v D dk &m* a'go arm[ rmefrme £óm
rpä&,
d tp&Sw d hJ 'Duad vomtnpftaMu;awGuydk J bk&m;&Siu f (tmr-
*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufvkdY ac:xm;w,f/
'DygPmwdygwtp&SdwJh 'kp½kduftrsKd;rsKd;awGukd jyKusifhjcif;ukdyJ
bk&m;&Sifu (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufvkdY ac:w,f/ e [d rHo-
abmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfukdawmh igbk&m;&Sifu
(tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufvkdY rac:ygbl;qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd a[mMum;
awmfrlvkdufygw,f/ tJ'Dae&mESifh ywfoufNyD;awmh t|uxm
q&mawmfu zGifhqdkxm;w,f/
{omr*aE¨m e [d rHoabmZeEÅd {o ygPmwdygwm'd-
tukov"r®ork'gpma&m tmr*aE¨m 0dó*aE¨m ukPy*aE¨m/
{omr*aE¨m e [d rHoabmZeEÅd = {omr*aE¨m e [d rHo-

abmZeH-[lonfum;/ {o ygPmwdygwm'dtukov"r®ork'gpma&m
= þ olUtoufuo dk wfjcif;tp&Sad om tukov
dk w
f &m;tpkudk usiMhf u-H
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwjf cif;onfum;/ tmr*aE¨m = tmr*E¨ tnD-§
ta[muf rnfygay\/ 0dó*aE¨m = pl;&SwJh tnD§ta[muf rnfyg
ay\/ ukPy*aE¨m = ykyfokd;aewJh tnD§ta[muf rnfygay\/
tykyfeHYawG wvdIifvdIifxGufaew,fqkdwm bmukd bk&m;&Sifu
&nfñTef;aeovJ¿ tukokdvf'kp½kdufawGukd vGefusL;aMumif;jzpfaewJh
tukokdvfw&m;awGukd (tmr*E¨ =) tnD§ta[mufeHY? (0dó*aE¨m =)
tqdyfeHY? (ukPy*aE¨m =) tykyfeHYawG wvdIifvdIifxGufaewmvkdY 'Dvkd
bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;awmfrlaew,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
'Dtukodkvf'kp½kduftrsKd;rsKd;awGukd vGefusL;aewJh tcsdeftcgrSm
jzpfay:aewJh tukov kd w
f &m; okrYd [kwf 'Dtukov dk 'f pk ½ku
d af wGukd vGe-f
usL;rIqw dk hJ jypfcsuf 'Djypfcsuaf wG[m (trEknmwå =) bk&m;tp&Sad om
t&d,molawmfaumif;wkdYu b,fawmhrS rESpfoufbl;wJh/ ESpfouf-
jrwfE;dk rI b,fawmhrS r&Sb d ;l / 'Dtukov
kd f 'kp½ku
d af wGukd vGeu f sL;aMumif;
jzpfaewJh pdwf"mwfawG[m (udavotokpdrdóu =) rpifrMu,f
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh udavomtnpftaMu;awGjzifh vl;vJ
ayusHNyD;aewJh pdwf"mwfawG jzpfaew,fwJh/
bk&m;tp&Sdaom t&d,molawmfaumif;wkdYuvnf; 'Draumif;rI
'kp½ku
d af wGukd vGeu
f sL;aMumif;jzpfaewJh 'Dtukovdk f udavomtnpf-
taMu;awGukd tvGef &G&H mS pufqyk af wmfrMl uw,f/ &G&H mS pufqyk af Mumif;
jzpfaewJh 'Dtukov kd f udavomtnpftaMu; 'kp½ku d af wGukd vGeu f sL;-
aMumif;jzpfaewJh 'Dtukov kd f tnpftaMu;awG[m b,fvjdk zpfaeo-
vJ¿ (y&r'k*E¨bm0g0[ =) tvGet Yf vGef raumif;qk;d 0g;wJh teYaH wGukd
60 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jzpfay:apwwfwJhpGrf;tm; &Gufaqmifay;wwfwJhpGrf;tm;awG &Sdae-

w,f/
tykyfaumifb0
enf;enf;av; pOf;pm;Munfph rf;aemf/ bke;f Bu;D wkYd 'DcE¨mtdrBf u;D [m
tykyaf umifvm;¿ rykyaf umifvm;¿ tykyaf umif/ tJ't D ykyaf umifu
bmaMumihf jzpfvmovJ¿ jyefNy;D qef;ppfMunfv h u dk w f thJ csed t
f cg 'DxrJ mS
y#dpöorkyÜg'f½IuGufukd vufawGU ½Ixm;NyD;wJh olawmfaumif;awGvnf;
rsm;pGm ygMuygw,faemf/ vGecf ahJ om twdwb f 0u okrYd [kwf twdw-f
b0wpfckcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefwkdY jcH&H
xm;tyfwJh ukokdvfocFg&uHawGqkdwm &Sd Muw,f/ vlom;wkdif;[m
'DukodkvfocFg&uHawGudk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhw,f/
xkdxkd ukokdvfocFg&uHawGu 'Db0rSm cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrf-
w&m;awGudk jzpfapw,f/ jzpfapvkdufwJh cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;awGonf tvGef arT;ovm;¿ rarT;ygbl;/ b,fhES,fwkef;
'umBuD;awG arT;Muovm;¿ rarT;Muygbl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'Draumif;wJh
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,fteHYawG[m bmukd tajccHNyD; jzpf&ovJvkdYar;awmh
uHukd tajccHw,f/ ocFg&eJYuHudk tajccHcJhw,f/ 'DocFg&uHawGukd
bmaMumihf xlaxmif&ovJvkdYar;awmh vlvdkY todrSm;aewJh t0dZÆm?
vlUb0udk wG,fwmwyfrufaewJhwPSm? pdwfuyfNyD; pGJaewJh wPSm-
t&if;cHjzpfwhJ Oyg'gef? 'Dt0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefqw dk hJ udavom tnpf-
taMu;awG xif&Sm;&Sd jcif;aMumifh 'DocFg&uHukd jyKpkysdK;axmifwm?
tu,fí 'Dt0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefqkdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;om
xif&Sm;r&SdcJhbl;qkd&if 'DukokdvfocFg&uHawGudk xlaxmifrIqkdwm r&Sd
awmhbl;/ jyKjyKorQ um,uHrI 0pDuHrI raemuHrIawG[m jyKumrwå
ud&d,mt&mrSmom wnf&SdMuvdrfhr,f/
'Dawmh tajccHtaMumif;&if;ppfudk jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhvkdufwJh-

tcgrSm 'Dt0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefqkdwJh taMumif;&if;awGu tajccH
taMumif;w&m;awG jzpfaeMuw,f/ tJ'D t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefawGu
udavom tnpftaMu;awGyJ/ tJ'Dudavom tnpftaMu;awGu
tckvkd tvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh raumif;wJh teHYtouf
&SdaewJh 'DcE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGukd jzpfay:vmatmif
0kdif;0ef;NyD; axmufyHhaew,f/ 'DudavomawGukd trSDjyKum jyKpkysKd;-
axmifvkdufwJh ocFg&uHawGu jzpfapvkdufwJh 'DcE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;awGxJrSm jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhprf;yg/ 'D½kyfw&m;BuD;ukd
(7)&ufavmuf a&rcsK;d bJeYJ uk, d w
f ;Hk vk;H xm;Munhyf g/ b,fEh ,
S af ervJ¿
ykyNf y?D tJ'vD dk teHt Y oufawG bmudk tajccHNy;D jzpf&ovJ¿ raumif;wJh
teHaY wG bmudk tajccHNy;D jzpf&ovJvYdk jyefNy;D qef;ppfMunfv h udk af wmh
'Draumif;wJh &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G af umif;aewJh udavomtnpftaMu;-
awGukd tajcrcHb;l vm;¿ cHaew,f/ tJ'D raumif;wJh &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f
aumif;aewJh udavomtnpftaMu;awGudk tajccHNyD; ocFg&uH-
awGaMumifh jzpfay:vm&wJh 'Demrfw&m;awGukd jyefNy;D qef;ppfMunhyf g/
rdrd&JU pdwfaepdwfxm;uav;ukd tu,fírsm;aygYav? ckacwf ADG'D,kd
½du
k v f &Ydk wJh ykpH v
H dk wpfaeYwm jzpfay:aewJh pdwx f m;uav;awGukd AG'D , D dk
½kdufMunfhr,fqkd&if vlawmxJawmif jy&JygYrvm;¿ b,fhES,fwkef;
'umBuD;awG vlawmxJudk oGm;jy&Jygrvm;¿ rjy&Jbl;/
uav;b0i,fpOfu tysKv d yl sKb
d 0u ponfjzifh jzpfcw
hJ hJ pdwaf e
pdwfxm;uav;awG wpfaeYwmjzpfwJh pdwfxm;uav;awG rSwfwrf;
wif&vko Yd m AG'D ,
D ½dk u
dk jf yr,fq&dk if vlawmxJjyvkYd &ygrvm;¿ 'Davmuf
nHhzsif;wJh 'Dpdwfaepdwfxm;awG[m bmawGudk tajccHNyD; jzpf&ovJ¿
twdwfu jyKpkysdK;axmifcJhwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefqkdwJh udavom
tnpftaMu;awGudk tajccHNyD;rS ypöKyÜefrSmvnf; ESvkH;oGif;rSm;rI =
62 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ta,medaomreodum&ukd tajccHNyD;rS jzpfay:vm&w,f/ 'Dvkd

jzpfay:vm&wJhtcg 'DtukokdvfuHawGu 'Db0rSm xyfqifhNyD; wpfcg
xyfNyD;awmh rjzpfjyefbl;vm;¿ jzpfjyefw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ vuf&Sd
cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk tcsdefrD tedpö 'ku© tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem r½Ibl;/
0dyóem r½IEkdifawmh tedpöyJ 'ku©yJ tewåyJvkdY enf;rSefvrf;rSef
ESvkH;roGif;wwfawmhbl;/ tm½kHwpfcktay:rSm enf;rSefvrf;rSef
ESvkH;roGif;wwfwJhtwGuf a,mufsm;yJ rdef;ryJ ponfjzifh enf;rSm;
vrf;rSm; ESv;Hk oGi;f rdw,f/ ta,medaomreodum&vkYd ac:w,f/ 'Dvdk
ta,medaomreodum& &Sad ewJt h wGuf 0dyóemukv
d nf; r½Ivu
dk w
f -hJ
twGuf 'DcE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk tajccHNyD;awmh
aemufxyf &m* a'go arm[ tp&Sdonfh udavomtnpftaMu;-
awGu xyfNyD; vl;vJayusHNyD; jzpfjyefNyD/
udavomtnpftaMu;awGu xyfNyD; vl;vJayusHvkdufwJh
twGuf &m*rjzpfoifhwJh ae&mrSmvnf; &m*jzpfw,f? &m*jzpfoifhwJh
ae&mrSmvnf; &m*jzpfw,f? a'gorjzpfoifhwJh ae&mrSmvnf; a'go
jzpfw,f? a'gojzpfoifhwJh ae&mrSmvnf; a'gojzpfw,f? rmefrme
£óm rpä&d,tp&SdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awG rjzpfoifhwJh
ae&mrSmvnf; jzpfw,f? jzpfoifhwJh ae&mrSmvnf; jzpfMujyefw,f/
jzpfvkdufwJhtwGuf 'D&m* a'go arm[ rmefrmetp&SdwJh udavom
tnpftaMu;awG[m aumif;wJh teHYtoufawGvm;¿ raumif;wJh
teHYtoufawGvm;¿ raumif;wJh teHYtoufawG xyfjzpfjyefw,f/
tJ'Draumif;wJh teHYtoufawGu aemufxyf topfwpfzef ½kyfawG
emrfawGudk jzpfapr,fq&dk if aumif;wJh ½kyaf wG emrfawGudk olu jzpfap-
EkdifygYrvm;¿ rjzpfapEkdifbl;/
raumif;wJh ½kyfawG emrfawGukdyJ xyfNyD;awmh jzpfapOD;r,f/

jzpfay:vmr,fh 'D½kyfw&m;BuD;ukd Munfhvkdufvnf; ykyfokd;rI&Sdw,f/
&Sifaewkef;vnf; ykyfw,f? aooGm;jyefawmhvnf; ykyfw,f? tJ'Dvkd
ykyfokd;aewJh 'Draumif;wJh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh 'DteHYBuD;ukd
b,folu jzpfapygovJvkdY jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhvkdufawmh 'Dt0dZÆm
wPSm Oyg'gef OD;aqmifaewJh tukokdvfw&m;awGu tajccH
taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfaew,f/ opöma'oemawmfenf;eJY ajym&ifawmh
ork',opömu taMumif;&if;ppf jzpfraebl;vm;¿ jzpfaew,f/
xkdxkdb0 xkdxkdtm½kHawGtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'Dork-
',wPSmukd tajccHNy;D awmh uHawGudk xlaxmifcrhJ w d ,f/ txl;ojzifh
vlom;awGtwGufukd uGufNyD;ajymr,fqkd&if wpfcsdefu ykyfokd;aewJh
raumif;wJh teHt
Y oufawGEiS hf jynfEh u S af ewJh vlUb0 vlUcE¨mukd vkv
d m;
awmifhwwyfrufaewJh wPSmavmbukd tajccHum vlYb0a&muf-
aMumif; ocFg&uHqkdwJh ork',opömawGukd xlaxmifcJhMuw,f/ ork-
',opömtrnf&aewJh 'DuHawGu tusKd;ay;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
taMumif;&if;jzpfwuhJ aH wG uk,
d w
f idk u
f tn§t D a[mufawG jynfah ewJh
cE¨mtdrfukd wG,fwmrufarmwJhwPSmESifh aygif;azmfxm;wJhuHawG
jzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dtn§Dta[muf OD;aqmifaewJh 'DuHawGaMumifh
jzpfay:vm&wJh 'DcE¨mig;yg;[mvnf; arT;ygOD;rvm;¿ rarT;awmhbl;/
tn§Dta[mufawGESifh jynfhaew,f/
tn§Dta[mufawG jynfhaewJh tvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;-
aewJh 'DcE¨mtdrBf u;D ukd &vmwJh tcsed t f cgrSm aemufxyfwpfzef tn§-D
ta[mufac:wJh 'Dtukokdvfw&m;awGukd xyfNyD; arG;jrLvkdufawmh
'Dtukov dk w
f &m;awGaMumifh aemufxyfwpfzef jzpfay:aprnfh ½kyaf wG
emrfawGudk Munfv h u dk af wmh ykNd y;D awmh n§aD [mufrI r&Sb
d ;l vm;¿ &Sjd yef-
w,f/
64 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
bmjzpfvYdk yknd aD§ [mufovJvYdk ajym&ovJ¿ tyg,fav;bkH wpfbHk

bkHawmh 'DtukokdvftnpftaMu;awGaMumifh usdef;ao{uef xyfNyD;-
awmh a&mufOD;r,f/ a&mufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if tyg,fcE¨mESifh vlUb0cE¨m
wkid ;f wmEIid ;f pmMunhrf ,fq&dk ifawmh vlUb0cE¨mu jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;-
awG vkyw f wfwhJ todÓPf&dSjcif;aMumifh enf;enf;awmh tnDt § a[muf
oufomw,fvYdk ajymcsiaf jymEkid w f ,f/ tyg,fav;bkrH mS wnf&adS ewJh
'DcE¨mig;yg;usawmh ykdNyD;awmh nD§a[mufwJhoabm r&SdEdkifbl;vm;¿
&Sdaew,f/ tJ'DnD§a[mufwJh cE¨mawGxJrSm tukokdvfw&m;awGvnf;
xyfNyD;awmh rygjyefbl;vm;¿ ygjyefw,f/
tyg,fom;owå0grSm wnf&SdaewJh udavomtnpftaMu;eJY
vl o m;owå 0 gwpf O D ; rS m wnf & S d a ewJ h ud a vomtnpf t aMu;
b,f'if;u xlxyfw,fvkdY ,lqrvJ¿ bkef;BuD;wkdYESifh teD;uyfqHk;
wd& pämefowå0gawGukd MunfhaygY/ t&Sifvwfvwf wjcm;wjcm;aom
owå0gawGukd vkdufNyD; owfjzwfpm;aewJh wd& pämefawG b,favmuf
rsm;ovJ¿ trsm;BuD;yJ/ aeYpOfaeYpOf olwkdYrSm bmvkyfaeMuovJ¿
jyefMunfhvkdufaygY/ vlawGxuf ykdNyD; rsm;jym;wJh udavomxkxnfawG
olwdkYrSm r&SdMubl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f/ 'Draumif;rI'kp½kdufawGonf
raumif;rItusKd;ukd ay;vdrfhr,f qkdwmvnf; olwkYdrSm ckdifjrJwJh tod-
ÓPf&SdwJh owå0gqkdwm tvGef &Sm;ygvdrfhr,f/ 'D'kp½kdufawGukd
vufou G o f uG ef YJ olwu Ydk wpfaeYwmumvywfv;Hk vGeu f sL;aeMujyef-
w,f/ enf;enf;MumoGm;&if tarvJ rodMuawmhb;l ? tazvJ rodMu-
awmhb;l / vGwv f w G v f yfvyf owfjzwfpm;jcif; arxkerf 0DS jJ cif; tdyjf cif;
qkwd hJ vkyif ef;awGuo dk m jyKvyk af eMuw,f/ 'Dv'dk pk ½ku
d af wGudk vGeu
f sL;-
vkdufwJhtwGufaMumifh 'D'kp½kdufawGaMumifh olwkdY[m tvGefYtvGef
tajctae ykyd Ndk y;D qk;d &Gm;aewJh tyg,fav;bkrH mS &Sw d hJ cE¨mig;yg;awGudk
xyfxyfNy;D r&Ekid b f ;l vm;¿ &Ekid w f ,f/ 'gaMumifh wu,fh tmr*Eäc:wJh
tnD§ta[mufonf bmvJ¿ udavomtnpfaMu;awG jzpfw,f/

'gaMumifh ----
tvGef &GH &SmpufqkyfzG,f cE¨mwkdY&JU taMumif;&if;

a, [d OóEéuad vom owåm/ aw aw[d twd'*k E¾ m¨ a[mEÅ/d
(okwåedygw?|?1?303/)
OóEéudavom = xlajymaom udavom&SdMuukefaom/ a,
owåm = tMuifowå0gwko Yd nf/ oEÅd = &SdMuavuke\
f / aw = xko
d wå0g
wkdYonf/ aw[d = xkdudavomtnpftaMu;wkdYaMumifh/ twd'k*¾E¨m
= tvGefYtvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;wJh teHYtouf&SdwJh yk*¾dKvf
wkdYonf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfMu&jyefukef\/
ckrsufarSmufb0rSm qkdMuygpkdY/ owå0gwpfOD;&JU oEÅmefrSm &m*
a'go arm[ tp&SdwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awGu tvGefYtvGef
vl;vJayusNH y;D aejyefNy/D udavomtnpftaMu;awG wpfyBHk u;D vl;vJ
ayusaH ewJh owå0gawGtzkYd aemufxyf oHo&mc&D;qdw k mu aumif;wJh
ok*wdbHk jzpfEidk yf gOD;rvm;¿ rjzpfEidk b
f ;l / raumif;wJh bkb H 0ukd &r,f-
qk&d if vlb
Y 0vlcY E¨mxuf ykNd y;D awmh &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;aewJh teHY
touf&SdaewJh cE¨mig;yg;ukd aemufxyf xyfNyD; r&Ekdifbl;vm;¿ &Ekdif-
jyefw,f/ 'gaMumifh ---
OóEéudavom = xlajymwJhudavomw&m; xif&Sm;&SdMuukef
aom/ a, owåm = tMuifowå0gwkdYonf/ oEÅd = &SdMuavukef\/
aw = xkdowå0gwkdYonf/ aw[d = xkdtukokdvfw&m;wkdYaMumifh/
twd'*k E¾ m¨ = tvGet
Yf vGef &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;wJh teHt
Y ouf&w
dS hJ
owå0gwkdYonf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfMu&jyefukef\/
aemufxyfwpfzef b0wpfck &vku
d &f if 'Dtukov
dk u
f aH wGaMumifh
66 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tvGef &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,

G af umif;aewJh teHt
Y ouf&w
dS hJ cE¨mig;yg; xyfNy;D -
awmh &OD;r,f/
udavomr&SdolwkdY\ cE¨mtdrf
eduúdavomeH rwo&D&rÜd 'k*¾E¨H e a[mwd/ (okwåedygw?|?1?303/)
eduúdavomeH = udavomtnpftaMu; uif;pifawmfrlMu-
ukefaom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwkdY\/ rwo&D&rÜd = uG,fvGefoGm;wJh cE¨m-
ukd,faumifonfaomfvnf;yJ/ 'k*¾E¨H = raumif;aom teHYtouf
&Sdonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfay/
'Dpum;ukv d nf; MunfNh y;D awmh &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vrf sm; y&deAd mÁ efpNH yq D v dk Ydk
&S&d ifawmh rykyrf ok;d bl;qkw d hJ 'Dpum;av; ajymaeMuw,faemf/ udav-
omtnpftaMu; uif;pifawmfrlwJh &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwkdY uG,fvGef-
oGm;Ny?D y&deAd mÁ ef pHomG ;Ny?D y&deAd mÁ efpo
H mG ;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm &[EÅmt&Si-f
jrwfwkdY&JU tavmif;aumifawG[m ('k*¾E¨m =) raumif;wJh teYHtouf
r&Sdbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ udavomtnpftaMu;awG uif;pifaewJh
twGuaf Mumifh pdw"f mwfom jzLpifonf r[kwb f ;l / udavomtnpf-
taMu;uif;pifaewJh &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwkdY&JU aooGm;wJh tavmif;-
aumifonfaomfvnf;yJ raumif;wJh teHt Y oufqw dk m vk;H vk;H r&Sb
d ;l ??
wo®m {omr*aE¨m/
wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ {o {aom = þudavom tnpftaMu;
onfomvQif/ tmr*aE¨m = wu,fhtnD§ta[muf rnfygay\/
rHoabmZeH ye t'd|rokwry&douØwÍö te0ZÆH? wo®m e
[d rHoabmZeH tmr*aE¨mwd/
rHoabmZeH ye = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfonfum;/
t'd|rokwry&douØwÍö = rjriftyf rMum;tyf oHo,r&Sdtyfaom
tom;ig;onf/ te0ZÆH = tjypfr&Sday/ wo®m = xkdaMumifh/ rHo-

abmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfonfum;/ e tmr*aE¨m =
tnD§ta[muftmr*E¨ r[kwfygay/
rHoabmZeac:wJh tom;ig;abmZOf[m rdrdtwGuf &nfñTef;-
um owfw,fvkdY (1) jrifvnf;rjrifbl;ç (2) Mum;vnf;rMum;bl;ç (3)
,krH mS ;oHo,jzpfxu dk wf t
hJ aMumif;vnf; r&Sb te0ZÆ =)
d ;l qd&k ifawmh (te0ZÆ
tjypfr&Sb d ;l / 'gudk MunfNh y;D awmh tpGe;f ok;H yg; vGww f ,fvYkd ajymwmaygY/
rdrdwdkYtwGuf odkYr[kwf rdrdtwGuf &nf&G,fNyD; owfjzwfxm;w,fvdkY
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; rjrifbl;? okdYr[kwf Mum;vnf; rMum;bl;? oHo,-
vnf; r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvdk tpGef;okH;yg; vGwfcJh&ifawmh 'DtpGef;okH;yg;
vGwaf ewJh tom;ig;onf (te0ZÆ te0ZÆ =) tjypfr&Sb d ;l / 'gaMumifh tom;-
wnf;[laom abmZOfonf tmr*E¨tppf r[kwb f ;l / 'kp½du
k t
f rsK;d rsK;d -
wdkYudk vGefusL;aMumif;jzpfaewJh tukodkvf udavomtnpftaMu;-
awGuomvQif (tmr*E¨ =) tn§t D a[muftppf jzpfygw,fqNkd y;D awmh
'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu a[mjyawmfrlw,f/ tJ'DwifjycsufeJY ywfoufNyD;
bke;f Bu;D 'Dn A[ków k uav;awG xyfNy;D a[mzkYd &nf&, G x
f m;ygw,f/
tjcm;A[kókwuav;awGukd ra[mrDrSm 'DtrSwf (1) *gxmrSm
vm&SdwJh tmr*E¨ = tn§Dta[muf trsKd;tpm;ukd tusOf;csKyfNyD;awmh
a&wGufMunfh&atmif ---
1/ ygPmwdygawm = olUtoufukd owfjcif;ç
2/ 0" = owå0gawGukd wkwfvufeuf ponfwkdYjzifh
axmif;xk½kdufykwfjcif;ç
3/ aq' = vufajcponfwkdYukd jzwfypfjcif;ç
4/ AEëH = owå0gawGukd BudK;ponfwkdYjzifh aESmifzGJUjcif;ç
5/ ax,sH = olwpfyg;wkYd ykid q
f idk w
f yhJ pön;f ukd ck;d ,ljcif;ç rw-
&m;aom enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh &atmif,jl cif;ç
68 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
6/ rkom0ga'g = rkom;pum; ajymMum;jcif;ç

7/ eduwd = ]]ay;ygYr,fç jyKvkyfay;ygYr,f}}[k EIwfuwd
ay;NyD;rS bmrS jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufray;jcif;ç
= aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;ç
8/ 0Íöe = a&Tr[kwfwmukd a&Tyg[k vSnfhywfjyjcif;ç
9/ taZÑeukwå = r*fzvdk ef Ad mÁ efoYdk a&mufaMumif;usiphf OfrS qef-Y
usifbufjzpfwJh tusKd;r&SdwJh usrf;*efawGukd
oif,ljcif;ç
10/ y&'g&ao0em = olwpfyg;ykdifwJh om;r,m;awGukd vkdufvH
zsufqD;jcif; ---
aygif;vkdufawmh (10)rsKd; jzpfygw,f/ 'D (10)rsKd;vkH;ukdyJ jzpfap?
'D (10)rsK;d xJu wpfrsK;d rsK;d ukyd J jzpfap vufouG f ajcoGuf Nred af &&Suaf &
vGeu f sL;aewJh olawG[m tmr*E¨ = tn§t D a[mufawGudk pm;ok;H aewJh
olawG jzpfMuw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ tJ'DjypfrIawGukd vGefusL;aewJh
olawG&JU pdwftpOfawG[m 'Dvkd vGefusL;aewJhtcsdefrSm &m*ç a'goç
arm[ç rmefrmeç £ómç rpä&d, pwJh udavomtnpftaMu;awGeJY
vl;vJayusHaewJhtwGufaMumifh olwkdY[m tn§Dta[mufawGukd
pm;ok;H aewJo h al wG jzpfMuw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm om;ig;awGudk pm;ok;H olawG
vkdufem jyKusifhoifhwJh tcsufawGvnf; &S d Muw,f/ 'DtcsufawGESifh
qufpyfNy;D qk;H jzwfxm;wJh 0de,o*F[t|uxmrSm vm&S w d hJ rpäroH -
0dedpä,uxm
uxmukd OD;wnfum pm;oifhwJh om;ig;ç rpm;oifhwJh om;ig;
taMumif;ukd emMunfhMu&atmif ../
] 69
rpäro
H 0depd ,
ä uxmykid ;f
t|uxmrsm;rSm zGifhqdkxm;wJh rpärHo0dedpä,uxm = tom;-
ig;eJyY wfoufNy;D qk;H jzwfcsupf um;wpf&yf vm&Syd gw,f/ b,ftom;-
onf pm;oifhw,f/ b,ftom;u rpm;oifhbl;qdkwJh qkH;jzwfcsufyJ/
tJ'Dawmh 'DqkH;jzwfcsufu t|uxmBuD;rsm;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
azmfjyxm;wmu bk&m;&Sif ynwfawmfrlcsufudk tajcwnfNyD;-
awmh t|uxmBuD;rsm;u tusOf;csKyfNyD;awmh azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh tJ't
D |uxmtzGiahf wGukd bke;f Bu;D ydu
k pf yd w
f u
kd Nf y;D 'Dn
a[mr,faemf/
rpärHo = ig;ESihf trJqdkNyD;awmh ESpfrsKd;&Sdw,f/ tJ'DrSm rpäqdkwm-
uawmh a&owå0gtm;vkHk;udkyJ qdkvdkw,f/ a&owå0geJY ywfoufNyD;-
awmh tuyÜ, d qdwk muawmh r&Sb d ;l / &[ef;awmfweYkd YJ rtyfw,fqw kd m
r&Sdbl;/
tom;BuD; (10) rsKd;
tom;Munfhvdkufr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh tom;BuD; (10)rsKd; rtyf-
bl;vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/
eHygwf (1) vlom;
eHygwf (2) qifom;
eHygwf (3) jrif;om;
70 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
eHygwf (4) acG;om;

eHygwf (5) a>rom;
eHygwf (6) jcaoFhom;
eHygwf (7) usm;om;
eHygwf (8) opfom;?
]opf}qdkwm usm;vdk taumifrsKd;yJaemf/ aemuf ----
eHygwf (9) tpä = 0H
eHygwf (10) (w& pä =) atmif; ---
'Dtom;BuD; (10)rsKd;ukd rpm;&bl; qdkNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u
odu©myk'fynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/ vlom;uawmh Zmwfwlom;awG
jzpfwJhtwGuf 'guawmh rpm;xdkufygbl;/
qifom;&,f jrif;om;&,f 'gawGuawmh &Sib f &k if = wkid ;f jynftyk -f
csKyf rif;vkyw
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ &wemawG jzpfaew,f/ tJ'&D wemawGukd
oGm;Ny;D awmh &[ef;awmfawGu pm;cJrh ,fq&kd if rif;wd&Yk UJ tEÅ&m,fawGu
&[ef;awmftay:ü usa&mufvmEdkifwJhtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'D
tom;awGukd rpm;zdkY&eftwGuf ynwfxm;awmfrlw,f/
acG;om;uawmh vlUavmurSm owå0gawGu &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
taeeJY orkwxf m;wJt
h wGuf 'Dvkd &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f taumif;qk;H jzpfwhJ
acG;om;udkawmh rpm;zdkY owfrSwfxm;w,f/
a>rom;wkYd jcaoFo
h m;wkYd usm;om;wkYd opfom;wkYd 0Hom;wkYd atmif;-
om;tp&SdwJh 'Dowå0gawG&JU tom;awGusawmh rdrdwdkY awmae
&[ef;awGudk txl;ojzifh jyefNy;D awmh tEÅ&m,fjyKEikd w
f o
hJ abm &Sw
d ,f/
a>rawG[m olwdkYtom;udk pm;vdkufwJhyk*¾dKvfudk ydkNyD;awmh tEÅ&m,f
jyKwwfw,f/ olwdkY teHYcHvdkY&w,f/ tvm;wlyJ jcaoFhwdkY usm;wdkY
opfwdkYuvnf; olwdkY&JUtom;udk pm;NyDqdk&if pm;aewJhyk*¾dKvfawGudk
rpärHo0dedpä,uxmykdif; ] 71
wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh tEÅ&m,fjyKwwfw,f/ 0HawG atmif;awGuvnf;

'Dtwdik ;f yJ/ olwYkd tom;awGukd pm;aewJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wGukd wpfzefjyefNy;D awmh
tEÅ&m,fjyKwwfwJhtwGuf 'Dtom;BuD;awGudk rpm;&qdkNyD;awmh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u odu©myk'f ynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'D
tom;BuD; (10)rsKd;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf rtyfwJh tom;awG
jzpfw,f/ tJ'DrSm ---
tmywfoifhykH
ww¬ rEkórHao xkv’pö,H? aoaook 'kuú#H/ (0de,o*F[?25??)
vlom;udk pm;cJrh ,fqv kd &Ydk &dS ifawmh xkvp’ Oö ;f tmywf oifah pqdNk y;D -
awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u odu©myk'fynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/ <uif;wJh
tom; (9)rsKd;uawmh pm;chJr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm 'kuú#f-
tmywf oifhygw,f/ rpm;&bl;vdkY bk&m;&Sifynwfxm;wJh odu©myk'f-
awmfudk vGefusL;zsufqD;vdkufwJhtwGuf xdk&[ef;awmfrSm ygwdarmu©
oH0&oDvvnf; usK;d ysuo f mG ;w,f/ ud, k uf siohf v D ysupf ;D aewJh yk*¾Kd v-f
&JU oEÅmefü orm"djzpfygYrvm;¿ rjzpfb;l / 'Du, kd uf sio
hf v
D ysupf ;D aewJh
yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;qdkwmu b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/
orÜZmerkom0ga'g acg yem,o®aEÅm tEÅ&m,daum "ar®m
0kawåm b*0wm - qdkNyD;awmh ..
[dk ... ygwdarmufjywJh tcsed t f cgrSm &Gwzf wfwhJ ed'gef;ygVdxrJ mS
vm&Sw d ,f/ tmywfoifah ewJh &[ef;awmfu tmywfoif&h if oifw h ,f-
vdYk teD;rSm&Sw
d hJ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk tenf;qk;H owd&&if ajym&w,f/
rajymbJeYJ qdwq f w
d af ecJrh ,fqvkd &Ykd &dS if tJ'rD mS orÜZmerkom0g''ku#ú f
tmywfoifah pqdNk y;D bk&m;&Sif xyfNy;D odum© yk'f ynwfxm;w,f/ tJ'D
orÜZmerkom0g''ku#ú q f w kd mu ajymoifw h hJ pum;udk rajymvdYk oifw h hJ
tmywfyJ/
72 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
bmjzpfvvYkd ¿J odrxf rJ mS u t&Sib f &k m;wdYk wynfah wmf tck ygwd-

armufjyawmhr,f/ ygwdarmufjyrnft h wGuf t&Sib f &k m;wdrYk mS tmywf-
awG xif&Sm;&SdcJh&if &Sdw,fvdkY ajymyg? xif&Sm; r&Sdbl;qdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh
qdwq f wd af eyg/ 'Dvkd ygwdarmufjyrnfh &[ef;awmfu yxr today;-
vdu k wf ,f/ 'Dtcsed cf grSm rdrrd mS tmywf&v dS suef YJ ud,k u f r&S[ d efaqmif
Ny;D awmh qdwq f w d af evdu
k &f if 'Dqw
d qf wd af ejcif;onf ajymoifh ajym-
xdu k w f hJ pum;udk rajymjcif;? rajymbJeYJ vdrv f nfvn S zhf sm;jcif; wpfrsK;d
jzpfw,f/ 'ghaMumifh olUudk orÜZmerkom0g''ku#ú q f Nkd y;D 'Dvkd owfrw S -f
xm;w,f/
tJ'D'kuú#ftmywfonfyif (tEÅ tEÅ&m, ua&m =) psmefr*fzdkvfudk
r&atmif wm;xm;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdw,f/ odyfao;w,fvdkY r,lqeJY
aemf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm 'Dov D 0do'k jd¨ zpfzq
Ykd w
kd mu tvGef ta&;Bu;D yg-
w,f/ oDv0dok'¨d rjzpfbl;qdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh orm"dvnf; rjzpfEdkifbl;/
rjzpfEdkif½kHwif r[kwfbl;/ rdrdtm;xkwfaewJh psmefw&m; r*fw&m;
zdv
k w
f &m;awG b,fvrkd S r&Edik bf ;l / psmefr*fzv kd &f UJ tEÅ&m,fukd jyKvyk -f
ay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdw,f/
'Dxuf wpfqifw h ufNy;D awmh #Dumrsm;ud;k um;aewJh ygVdawmfav;
wpfck &Sdygw,f/ omywåduó bdu©a0 ed&,H 0g 0'grd wd& päme-
a,með 0g 0g?? (om&w¬?3?379/) tmywfwef;vef;eJY aowJh &[ef;udk
i&JeJYwd& pämef ESpfrsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom bkHb0odkY aoonf\ tjcm;rJhrSm
a&mufvrd rhf ,fvYkd igbk&m; 'Dvadk [mw,fqNkd y;D 'DygVduav;ukd om&w¬-
'DyeD#uD mq&mawmf tp&Sw d hJ q&mawmfrsm;u ud;k um;xm;Muygw,f/
tmywfwef;vef;eJY aowJ&h [ef;awmf[m aumif;&mok*wd ra&mufb;l
qdkwJh xkH;vnf; &Sdaew,faemf/ 'Dawmh tJ'DtmywfawG[m tckvdk
tao;tzGt J mywf jzpfcsijf zpfygap/ 'DtmywfaMumifh aumif;&mok*wd-
okdY b,fvdkrS ra&mufbl;/ 'Dawmh rdrdudk,fudk rdrdoem;&if rdrdwdkY[m
tmywfwef;vef;eJY raordatmif BuKd ;pm;zdaYk wmh rvdb

k ;l vm;¿ vdt
k yf-
w,f/
tJ'v
D kd tmywfwef;vef;eJY raoatmif BuKd ;pm;&r,fh tydik ;f xJrmS
txl;ojzifh t½kyfqdk;aewJh tydkif;uawmh edó*¾d jyóemyJ/ a&TaiG
tp&SdwJh ypönf;udk tvSLcHNyD;awmh xdkypönf;awGjzifh 0,fjcrf;xm;wJh
ypön;f ç xdak &TaiGypön;f ç 'gawGtm;vk;H ukd edó**¾¾ ad c:w,f/ edó*¾q d w
kd m-
uawmh pGejYf cif; 0denf;uHa&S;&Swd hJ tmywfrsK;d vkYd qkvd w
dk ,f/ tJ'rD tyfwhJ
ypönf;ukd pGefYNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusrS a'oemMum;&r,f/ rpGefYbl;?
a'oemMum;w,f/ tBudrf axmifeJY aomif;eJY odef;eJY oef;eJY csDNyD;
a'oemMum;csifvnf; Mum;ygap? 'Dtmywf b,fawmhrS rxbl;/
bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ edó*¾dwdkY&JUoabmu pGefYjcif;0denf;uH a&S;&Sdw,f/
pGeNYf y;D rSomvQif a'oemMum;vd&Yk w,f/ tJ'aD wmh aiGtvSLcHw,f? 'DaiGeYJ
ausmif;aqmufw,f? 'Dausmif;onf rtyfbl;/ aiGukd tvSLcHw,f?
'DaiGeJY rdrdudk,fwdkif opfawG 0g;awG 0,fw,f? 0,fNyD;awmh ausmif;
aqmufw,f? 'Dausmif;onf rtyfbl;/
wynfah wmfu ausmif;aqmufw,fMum;vdb Yk &k m; aiGvmvSLw,f/
at;at; vSLcJh vSLcJh 'DrSm xm;cJh? ay; ay;? ,lxm;vdkufw,f/ 'DaiG
,lxm;vdkufNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS 'DaiGeJY rdrdu OD;aqmifcefYcGJNyD;
ausmif;aqmufw,f? 'Dausmif; rtyfawmhbl;/ tJ'Dvdk rtyfpyfwJh
twGuaf Mumifh 'DrtyfwhJ ausmif;awGç rtyfwhJ ouFe;f awGç 'Dvkd aiGeYJ
0,fjcrf;xm;wJh ouFef;wdkY ypönf;wdkY &SdvkdY&Sd&if bmvkyf&ovJ¿ tJ'D
ausmif;awG tJ'DouFef;awG ypönf;awGudk yxr pGefYvdkuf&w,f/
pGefYw,fqdkwmu jyef,lzdkYqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJY pGefY&wm r[kwfbl;/
tmv,jywf pGe&Yf w,f/ pGeNYf y;D wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmhrS a'oemMum;&if
'Dtmywfu xw,f/ xw,fqakd omfvnf; tJ'aD usmif;udk olu jyefNy;D -
aeOD;r,fq&kd if 'gu tmywfxyfoifw h myJ/ 'Dausmif;ay:udk wufwikd ;f
74 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wufwdkif; 'Dausmif;ay:udk oDwif;okH;wdkif; oDwif;okH;wdkif; tmywf

jyefoifhw,f/ tJ'Doabm &Sdw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSmvnf; 'Dtom;ig;eJY ywfoufNy;D awmh jrwfpmG -
bk&m;ynwfxm;wJh odu©myk'fawG &Sdw,f/ 'Dodu©myk'fuav;awGu
ao;ao;zJGzGJ odu©myk'fuav;awGyJvdkY 'Dvdk*½krpdkufawmh rjzpfap-
&bl;aemf/ 'Dae&mrSm vlom;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u
vlom;udk pm;cJh&if xkv’pöOf;tmywfoifhap/ <uif;wJh tom;awGudk
pm;cJh&ifawmh 'kuú#ftmywfoifhap qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvkdodu©myk'f ynwf-
xm;w,f/ 'Dom;ig;taMumif;t&mESihf ywfoufvYdk tyf-rtyf tqk;H -
tjzwfudk 0de,o*F[t|uxm rpäro H 0depd ,
ä uxm (0de,o*F[?25-
27/)rSm vm&SdwJhtwkdif; qufvufNyD; emMunfh&atmif ../
£wd £aroH rEkóm'DeH 'oEéH rHorÜd t|dyd avm[dwrÜd pr®rÜd
avmrrÜd oAÁH e 0¥wd/
tJ'Dvlom;tp&SdwJh 'Dtom;awGxJrSm tom;om rtyfwm
r[kwfbl;wJh? t½dk;vnf; rtyfbl;? taoG;vnf; rtyfbl;? ta&-
vnf; rtyfb;l ? tarG;vnf; rtyfb;l ? tukev
f ;Hk bmwpfcrk S rpm;oif-h
bl;wJh/ aemufwpfck ---
tqDawGudk ajymr,fqdkvdkY&&Sd&ifawmh tJ'DxJrSm vlwdkY&JU tqD
wpfckyJ rtyfwm? usefaewJh tqDawGu tyfygw,f/ EdkY&nfjzpfcJhr,f
qdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh rtyfwJh EdkY&nfqdkwmawmh wpfckrS r&Sdbl;wJh/
cD&m'Dok tuyÜd,H emr ew¬d/ (0de,o*F[?25/)
ygpdwfygVdawmf yPDwabmZeodu©myk'f y'bmZeDygVdawmfrSm-
awmh &[ef;awGu Ówd-y0g&dw r[kwo f w
l x
Ydk w
H iG f awmif;rpm;tyfwhJ
yPDwabmZOf (9)rsKd;wkdYwGif cD& H = EkdYvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ ,if;EkdYukd
ygVdawmfu 'Dvkd a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/ ---
cD&H emr a*gcD&H 0g tZdumcD&H 0g r[ðocD&H 0g? a,oH rHoH

uyÜwd? awoH cD&H/ (0d?2?119/)
'Dae&mrSm ]]Ek}Yd }}qkw
d muawmh EGm;EkyYd jJ zpfjzpfç qdwEf yYdk jJ zpfjzpfç uREJ yYdk J
jzpfjzpf tom;pm;aumif;wJh owå0gawGrS jzpfay:vmwJh Eku Yd dk qkv
d w
dk ,f
vkdY vm&Sdygw,f/
'Dvlom;tp&SdwJh tom;BuD; (10)rsKd;qkdwJh 'DrtyfwJh tuyÜd,
tom;awGxrJ mS t½d;k tp&So d nfh wpfpw Hk pfcak om ypön;f awGukd odvyYkd J
jzpfap? rodvb Ykd J jzpfap? pm;cJrh rd ,f qdvk &Ykd &dS ifawmh tmywfoihw
f ,f/
tckumvrSm enf;enf;av; jyóem½IyfaxG;wmuawmh tcsKdUtcsKdU-
aom aq;ypön;f awGy/J wcsKUd usm;wd&Yk UJ aoG;wdçYk usm;wd&Yk UJ taMumwkYd
ponfjzifh xnfhNyD;awmh 'Daq;xJrSm azmfpyfxm;ygw,fqdkNyD;awmh
wcsKUd uvnf; olwYkd aq;tpGr;f xufaMumif; aMujimMuw,f/ [kwcf si-f
vnf; [kwfrvm; r[kwfvm;awmh rodbl;aygYav/ tJ'Dvdk aq;rsKd;
qdk&ifawmh pm;aumif;ygYrvm;¿ rpm;aumif;bl;aemf/
aemufwpfck MuahH oG;ygwJah q;rsm;vnf; &SdMuw,f/ tJ'MD uq hH wkd m-
u b,fvkd owå0gqdw k muawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrifz;l MuwJh yk*Kd¾ v-f
awG rsm;Muygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tpä = 0Hç w&pä = atmif;qdkwmeJY
ywfoufNy;D atmif;[m wcsKUd uvnf; 'DMuu hH ykd J atmif;qdNk y;D ajymMu-
awmh wHceG w f ikd u
f OD;Mobmouawmh atmif;qdw k m MurhH [kwb f ;l qdwk hJ
taMumif;udk oluawmh "mwfyaHk v;eJY azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ uJ &Sad pawmh?
tJ'Dawmh 'DrtyfwJh tom; (10)rsKd;rSm t½dk;uae pNyD;awmh taoG;ç
ta&ç tarG; tm;vkH; bmrS pm;vkdYrtyfbl;/ rtyfwJh tom;awGudk
odvdkYyJjzpfap rodvdkYbJjzpfap pm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh bmjzpfvJ¿
tmywfoifhap/ 'g ynwfxm;w,faemf/
,'g Zmemwd? w'g a'aowAÁm/
76 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
,'g = tMuiftcgü/ Zmemwd = od&Sd\/ w'g = xdktcgü/

a'aowAÁm = a'oemajymMum;tyfay\/
rodvYkd pm;cJrh w
d ,fqv
kd &Ykd &dS ifawmh odwt
hJ csed t
f cgrSm 'Doifah ewJh
tmywfudk a'oemMum;ayawmhwJh/ aemufwpfck ..
ar;jref;&rnf
]]tykpw
dä mG 0 cg'dómrD}}wd *PSawm y#d*[
¾ aPyd 'ku#ú /H ]]ykpw
dä mG
cg'dómrD}}wd *PSawm temywåd/
tykpädwGm = rar;jref;bJomvQif/ cg'dómrd = igpm;aytHh/ £wd
= þodkYESvkH;ydkufí/ *PSawm = tuyfcHaom yk*¾dKvf&JUoEÅmefü/
y#d*[ ¾ aPyd = tuyfcw f cgüvnf;yJ/ 'ku#ú H = 'ku#ú t
H hJ tcsed t f mywf
oifh\/
bke;f Bu;D wdYk tom;[if;udk tuyfcw H ,f? bmom;yJjzpfjzpfaygYaemf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;u tJ'Dtom;[if;udk tuyfcHNyD;vdkY&Sd&if 'Dtom;[m
bmtom;vJvdkY ar;NyD;rS pm;&r,f/ 'g odu©myk'f ynwfxm;w,f/
tom;[if;udk pm;r,fqdk&if tJ'Dtom;[m bmtom;vJvdkY vSLwJh
vmuyfwJh yk*¾dKvfudk yxr ar;&r,f/ ar;NyD;rS pm;&r,fqdkNyD; jrwfpGm-
bk&m;u odum© yk'f ynwfxm;ygw,f/ wpfcsed rf mS oky, dÜ Oygodumru
rdr&d UJ aygifom;ukd vS;D jzwfum pGyjf yKwjf yKvyk u f m tom;ukd awmif;ae-
wJh *dvme&[ef;wpfyg;tm; vSLcJhzl;w,f/ 'D0w¬Kukd taMumif;jyKum
bk&m;&Sifu vlom;ukd &[ef;awmfpm;u xkv’pöOf;tmywfoifhap?
tom;[if;ukd rar;jref;bJEiS phf m;u 'ku#ú t f mywfoifah pqkNd y;D 0denf;-
r[m0gygVdawmf (0d?3?312/)rSm ynwfxm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dvydk nwfxm;wJt h wGuaf Mumifh tom;[if;ukd rar;bJeYJ pm;r,f
qdwk hJ &nf&, G cf su&f dSNy;D awmh tuyfcv H ukd rf ,fq&kd if tuyfcw H hJ tcsed -f
tcgrSmxJupNyD; 'kuú#ftmywfoifhw,f/
ar;Ny;D awmhrS ig pm;r,fqNkd y;D awmh tom;[if;ukd tuyfcv H u

dk -f
r,fq&kd ifawmh tJ't D uyfcw
H hJ yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS awmh tmywfroif-h
ygbl;/ 'gu tyfwJh tom;ig; ajymwmaemf/
&nfñTef;om;
O'´dóuwH ye ZmedwGm cg'EÅaó0 tmywåd? ypäm ZmeaEÅm
tmywåd,m e uma&waAÁm/
O'´dóuwH ye = &nfñTef;í jyKjyif pDrHxm;tyfwJh tom;ig;udk/
ZmedwmG = odcohJ nf&adS omf/ cg'EÅaó0 = cJpm;aomyk*Kd¾ v\
f oEÅmefü-
omvQi/f tmywåd = tmywfoifah y\/ ypäm = aemufumvü/ ZmeaEÅm
= odcJhonf&Sdaomf/ tmywåd,m = tmywådjzifh/ e uma&waAÁm =
rqkH;jzwfoifh rqkH;jzwfxdkufay/
&nfñTef;om;vdkY ac:wmaygYaemf/ ckeu tpGef;okH;yg; rvGwfwJh
tom;? tpGef;okH;yg; rvGwfwJhtom;udk odvsufESifh pm;cJhr,fqdkvdkY-
&S&d ifawmh tmywfoifw h ,fw?hJ rodvYdk pm;cJ&h ifawmh tmywfroifb
h ;l vdYk
qdkvdkw,f/ 'gayrJh pm;wkef;uawmh rodbl;/ aemufusrS odw,f
qdk&ifaum b,fhES,faervJqdk&if pm;wkef;u rodwmu vdk&if;yJ/
aemufydkif;usrS odw,fqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh 'g tmywfa'oemMum;zdkY
rvdkbl;/ olUudk tmywfoifhw,fvdkY qkH;jzwfcsufcszdkY rvdkawmhbl;wJh/
uJ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm &nfñTef;om;qdkwm bmvJ¿
ww¬ O'´dóuwH emr bdu©LeH tw¬m, 0"dwGm orÜm'dwH
rpärHoH/
ww¬ = xdpk um;&yfü/ O'´ó
d uwH emr = &nfñeT ;f om;rnfonf-
um;/ bdu©LeH = &[ef;awmfwdkY\/ tw¬m, = tusdK;iSm/ 0"dwGm =
owfjzwfí/ orÜm'dwH = NyD;pD; jyKjyifpD&iftyfaom/ rpärHoH = ig;
trJwnf;/
78 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&[ef;awmfwdkYtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh owfjzwfxm;tyfwJh

pDrxH m;tyfwhJ tom;ig;udk (O'´ó d uw =) &nfñeT ;f om;vdYk ac:w,f/
vlawGtwGufusawmhaum ykHpHwlyJaemf/ vlawGtwGufudk &nfñTef;-
NyD;awmh owfjzwfxm;tyfwJh pDrHxm;tyfwJh tom;ig;[mvnf;
bmvJ¿ O'´dó rHovdkY ac:w,f/ &nfñTef;om;yJ/ rdrd&JU oDvudk
cspjf rwfE;kd wJh yk*Kd¾ vrf sm; 'g ½d½k akd oao odxm;oifw
h hJ tcsuyf /J 'Dae&m-
rSmawmh &[ef;awmfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;NyD; zGifhqdkaewm/ vlawGvnf;
ig;yg;oDv jrJcsifw,f qdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh 'Dae&mrSm ta&;BuD;vmNyDaemf/
aemufwpfck ---
Ob,rÜd [d O'´dóuwH e 0¥wd/
Ob,rÜd = tom;ig; ESpfrsKd;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/ O'´dóuwH =
&nfñTef;í jyKjyifpDrHtyfcJhonf&Sdaomf/ e 0¥wd = rtyfay/
ig;yJjzpfjzpf tom;yJjzpfjzpf ESpfrsKd;vkH;uawmh &nfñTef;NyD;awmh
jyKjyifpDrHxm;vdkY&Sd&if rtyfbl;/ enf;enf; erlemav;wpfck ajymr,f/
awmtavhtxuav;wpfck qdMk uygpd/Yk tdrw f pftrd rf mS Muufuav;-
awG arG;xm;w,f? pm;cgeD;usawmh wpfa,mufu ½dkufNyD; csufvdkuf-
w,f? pm;wJhtcgusawmh rdom;pktukefvkH; 0dkif;NyD;awmh pm;Muw,f/
wkdYrdom;pktwGuf wkdYtdrfu Muufuav;udk ½dkufcsufxm;w,fqdkwm
rodMubl;vm;¿ odMuw,f/ 'g &nfñeT ;f om;yJaemf/ tJ'v D kd &nfñeT ;f -
om;udk pm;cJhrdvdkY&Sd&ifawmh &[ef;awmfrsm;uawmh (ee uyÜwd =)
rtyfbl;vdkY ajymw,f/
tpGef;okH;yg;vGwfwJh tom;ig;
wrÜd t'd|H tokwH ty&douØwH 0¥wd/
wrÜd = xkt k ;Hk onfvnf;yJ/ t'd|H = rjrifco
d om;eJY ig; ESpcf v hJ nf-
&Sad omf/ tokwH = rMum;cJoh nf&adS omf/ ty&douØwH = oHo, rjzpfc-hJ
onf&Sdaomf/ 0¥wd = tyfygay\/

rdrdwdkYtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD; owfxm;w,fvdkY rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
rjrifbl;? rdrdwdkYtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD; owfygw,fvdkY rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkif-
vnf; rMum;bl;? rdrdwdkYtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD; owfxm;ygw,fvdkY
pdwfxJrSmvnf; oHo, r&Sdbl;? 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh tyfw,f/
aemufwpfck --- rdrdwdkYtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD; owfw,fvdkY rjrifbl;?
rMum;bl;? oHo, r&Sdbl;qdk&if tpGef;okH;yg; vGwfw,fvdkY ac:w,f/
'Dvkd tpGe;f ok;H yg;vGwaf ewJh ig;trJukd jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f ,kd af wmfwikd u
f
cGijhf yKxm;Ny;D jzpfaew,f/ uJ ... 'Dae&mrSm rjrifb;l qdw k mu bmvJ¿
ww¬ t'd|H emr bdu©LeH tw¬m, rd*rapä 0"dwGm *,SrmeH
t'd|H/
ww¬ = xdktpGef;oHk;yg; vGwfjcif;qkdwJh pum;&yfü/ t'd|H emr =
(rjrifbl;) rjrifjcif; rnfonfum;/ bdu©LeH = &[ef;wdkY\/ tw¬m, =
tvkdYiSm/ rd*rapä = om;ig;wdkYudk/ 0"dwGm = owfjzwfí/ *,SrmeH =
,laqmifvmonfudk/ t'd|H = rjrifjcif;wnf;/
rjrifb;l qdw
k mu &[ef;awGtwGuf &nfñeT ;f Ny;D awmh om;ig;awG-
udk owfjzwfNyD;awmh ,laqmifvmwmudk rjrifwmukd ajymwmwJh/
aemufwpfcsuf ---
tokwH emr bduL© eH tw¬m, rd*rapä 0"dwmG *[dwEÅd tokw/H
tokwH emr = tokwrnfonfum;/ bdu©LeH = &[ef;wdkY\/
tw¬m, = tusdK;iSm/ rd*rapä = om;ig;wdkYudk/ 0"dwGm = owfjzwfí/
*[dwEÅd = o,faqmifcJhyg\[lí/ tokwH = rMum;tyfaom tom;
ig;wnf;/
]]tokw tokw}}}}qdkwmu &[ef;awGtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh
80 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
om;awG ig;awGudk owfjzwfNyD;awmh ,laqmifvmw,fvdkY rdrdwdkY

rMum;bl;/ tJ'v h om;udk tokwvdYk ac:w,f/ aemufwpfck
D kd rMum;wJt
ty&douØwH ye 'd|y&douØwH okwy&douØwH w'kb,-
0dedrkwåy&douØwÍö ÚwGm wAÁdyu©awm ZmedwAÁH/
ty&douØwH - qdkwmu 'd|y&douØw = jrifvdkY oHo,&Sdjcif;?
okwy&douØwH = Mum;vdYk oHo,&Sjd cif;? w'kb,0derd w k yå &douØwÍö
= jrifvnf; rjrifbl;ç Mum;vnf; rMum;bl;ç 'gayrJh oHo,&Sd jcif;?
k &Ykd &dS ifawmh ty&douØw
tJ'D oHo,&Sjd cif; (3)cku vGwaf ecJrh ,f qdv
vdkY ac:w,f/ 'g b,fvkdvJqdkawmh ---
£" bdu©L yóEÅd rEkaó Zmv0g*k&m'd[aw¬ *grawm 0g
edu©raEÅ t&an 0g 0dp&aEÅ/
£" = þt&yfü/ bdu©L = &[ef;wdkYonf/ Zmv0g*k&m'd[aw¬ =
ydkufuGef aqmufykwf tp&Sdaom vufeufwdkYudk qGJudkifMuukefvsuf/
*grawm 0g = &GmrSrlvnf;/ edu©raEÅ = xGufí vmMuukefaom/
t&an 0g = awmürlvnf;/ 0dp&aEÅ = vSnfhvnfusufpm;í aeMu-
ukefaom/ rEkaó = vl'g,umwdkYudk/ yóEÅd = awGUjrifMuav-
ukef\/
&[ef;awGu awGUNyD/ ydkufuGefawG aqmufykwfawG vufeufawG
pGJudkifNyD;awmh &Gmu xGufvmwJh vlawG odkYr[kwf awmrSm vSnfhvnf
usufpm;aewJh vlawGudk jrifNyD/ jrifvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh bm-
jzpfovJ¿
'kw,
d 'd0ao p aeoH wH *grH yd@m, y0d|meH orpäro
H H yd@yg-
wH tbd[& EÅd/ (0de,o*F[?26/)
'kwd,'d0ao p = aemufwpfaeYüvnf;yJ/ wH *grH = xdk&GmwGif;-
odkY/ yd@m, = qGrf;tvdkYiSm/ y0d|meH = 0ifa&mufí vmMuukefaom/

aeoH = xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYtm;/ orpärHoH = ig;trJESifh wuGaom/
yd@ygwH = qGrf;udk/ tbd[& EÅd = a&S;½Iaqmif,lí vSL'gef;Muav-
ukef\/
aemufwpfaeY qGrf;cH<uNyD/ qGrf;cH<uvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh
'D&[ef;awmfawGukd olwuYkd tom;ig;ESihf wuGaom qGr;f awGukd a&S;½I
aqmif,lNyD;awmh vmNyD; vSL'gef;MuNyD/
aw awe 'da|e y&douFEÅd ]]bdu©LeH Ek acg tw¬m, uw}}EÅd/
aw = xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYonf/ awe 'da|e = xdkuJhodkY jrif&jcif;-
wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh/ bdu©LeH = &[ef;awmfwdkY\/
tw¬m, = tvkdYiSm/ uwH Ek acg = jyKjyifpDrHtyfavoavm¿ £wd
= þodkY/ y&douFEÅd = oHo,&Sd Muavukef\/
aMomfµ raeYu wdkY awmxJrSm odkYr[kwf &GmjyifrSm vufeufawG
uGeaf wGeYJ xGuv f mwm 'Dval wGudk wdaYk wGUMuw,f/ wdt Yk wGuf &nfñeT ;f
Ny;D awmhrsm; 'Dy*k Kd¾ vaf wG pDrx H m;avovm;qdNk y;D awmh &[ef;awmfawGu
oHo,jzpfMuw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY oHo,jzpfMuovJ¿ udk,fh'umBuD;-
awGtaMumif; udk,fem;vnfaew,f/ bkef;BuD;wdkY awm"avhaygYaemf/
aps;xJrSm Muufqdkwm tifrwef a&mif;cJygw,f/ qGrf;tkyfxJrSm
MuufygvmNyv D Ykd qdv k &Ykd &dS if 'DMuufu b,fvkd jzpfay:vmw,f qdw k m-
awmh enf;enf; em;rvnfbl;vm;¿ em;vnfMuygw,f/ (aps;xJrSm)
awm"avhaygYav? MuufO a&mif;w,fqdkwm tavhtx tifrwef
enf;w,f/ bkef;BuD; qGrf;tkyfxJrSm MuufOaMumf ygvmNyDqdkvdkY&Sd&if
oHo, rjzpfoifhbl;vm;¿ jzpfoifhaeNyDaemf/ tvm;wlyJ? reufjzef
qGr;f tvSnu hf sNy/D 'umBu;D wpfa,muf avQmufz;l ygw,f/ 'DauGU0rf;u
'umBuD;yJ/ tckawmh r&Sdawmhbl;/ wynfhawmfbk&m; .. [dkwkef;u
82 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
eufjzef wdkYtdrf qGrf;tvSnfhusNyDqdkvkdY&Sd&if naeydkif; wynfhawmfu

ydu
k u f eG ,f Nl y;D v,fawmxJ xGuaf wmhwmyJw/hJ tJ'v D kd xGuof mG ;wmudk
bkef;BuD;u jrifvdkufw,f/ jrifvdkufNyDqdkvdkY&Sd&if aemufwpfaeYvnf;
olu ydu k uf eG u f ae &vmwJih g;awGu qGr;f tjzpfeYJ ygvmNyqD vkd &Ykd &dS if-
awmh oHo, rjzpfoifb h ;l vm;¿ wynfah wmfwu Ykd awmh oHo, r&Syd g-
bl;/ 'DvkdvkyfvdkY rjzpfbl;aemf/ &[ef;qdkwm oHo, &SdoifhwJh ae&mrSm
&S&d rSmyJ/
oHo,&Sod ifyh gvsuef YJ r&Syd gbl;qdNk y;D ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd vdrn
f maevd-Yk
awmh rjzpfbl;aemf/ uJ - tJ'DrSm olu 'g 'd|y&douØwH = jrif½kHeJY
udk,fu oHo,&Sdw,f/
£'H 'd|y&douØwH? {wH *a[wkH e 0¥wd/
£'H = þonfum;/ 'd|y&douØwH = jrifí oHo,&Sdjcif;wnf;/
{wH = þjrifí oHo,&SdaewJh tom;udk/ *a[wkH = cH,ljcif;iSm/ e
0¥wd = rtyfay/
jrifvdkufvdkY ckvdk oHo,&SdcJh&if oHo,&SdaewJh 'Dtom;ig;udk
cH,lzdkY&ef rtyfbl;wJhaemf/
,H {0H ty&douØwH? wH 0¥wd/
,H = tMuiftom;ig;onf/ {0H = þod/Yk ty&douØwH = oHo,
r&Sdtyf/ wH = xdkuJhodkYaom tom;ig;rsKd;onfum;/ 0¥wd = tyf\/
tJ'Dvdk oHo,r&SdwJh tom;ig; jzpfcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh tyfygw,fwJh/
aemufwpfck ---
oap ye aw rEkóm ]]uo®m baEÅ e *PSxm}}wd ykpädwGm
wrw¬H okwmG ]]e,d'H baEÅ bduL© eH tw¬m, uwH/ tarS[d twåaem
tw¬m, 0g &mZ,kwåm'DeH 0g tw¬m, uw}}EÅd 0'EÅd uyÜwd/
oap ye = tu,fíum;/ aw rEkóm = xdk'g,umwdkYu/

baEÅ = t&Sifbk&m;wdkY/ uo®m = tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh/ e *PSx
= tvSLrcH,lMuygukefoenf;/ £wd = þodkY/ ykpädwGm = ar;jref;
avQmufxm;Muukeí f / wrw¬H = xdk oHo,&Sad ewJh taMumif;t&mud/k
okwGm = Mum;Muukefonf&Sdaomf/ baEÅ = t&SifjrwfwdkYbk&m;/ £'H =
þtom;udk/ bdu©LeH tw¬m, = &[ef;awmfwdkY\tusdK;iSm/ e uwH
= jyKjyifpDrHí xm;tyfonfum; r[kwfyg/ tarS[d = wynfhawmfwdkY-
onf/ twåaem tw¬m, 0g = rdrd\ tusKd;iSmvnf;aumif;/
&mZ,kwmå 'DeH 0g tw¬m, = rif;csi;f a,mufsm;pwJh yk*Kd¾ vw
f \
Ykd tusKd ;-
iSmvnf;aumif;/ uwH = jyKjyifpDrHí xm;tyfygay\/ £wd = þodkY/
0'EÅd = avQmufxm;Muygukefrlum;/ uyÜwd = tyfygay\/
tJ'tD cgrSm &[ef;awmfawGu aeNy;D awmh rtyfb;l vdYk oHo,&S-d
wmeJY olwdkYu tvSLrcHMuawmhbl;/ tvSLrcHwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'um-
awGu aeNyD;awmh ar;r,f/ rar;&ifawmh bmrS ajymcGifh r&Sdbl;aemf/
ar;NyD? t&Sifbk&m;wdkY bmjzpfvdkY tvSLrcHMuygovJ¿ ar;vdkufNyD;?
tvSLrcH&if aumif;wmaygYav/ wdkYcsnf;yJ pm;&wmaygY/ tvSL&Sif
'umawGbufu tJ'DykHpHeJYqdk&ifawmh 'Dbkef;BuD; iwfNyD xifw,faemf/
uJ t&Sifbk&m;wdkY bmjzpfvdkY tvSLrcHovJvdkY ar;NyD/ ar;vdkufwJh
tcsed t
f cgusawmh &[ef;awGuvnf; rdrw d Ykd jrifvu
kd w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm
oHo,&SdMuvdkYygqdkNyD;awmh olwkdYu jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;Muw,f/
tajzay;vkdufwJhpum;ukd Mum;vdkuf&wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh 'umu
'g vSnyhf wfwmvnf; jzpfEikd w f ,faemf/ b,fvakd Mumifv h ¿J t&Sib f &k m;
'gu &[ef;awmfwt Ykd vkiYd mS wynfah wmf jyKjyifprD xH m;wJth om; r[kw-f
ygbl;? ig; r[kwyf gbl;/ wynfah wmfwYkd pm;zdt Yk wGuf wynfah wmfwjYkd yKjyif
pDrHxm;wJh tom;ig;om jzpfw,f/ rif;a,mufsm;tp&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG-
twGuf wynfhawmfwdkY jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh tom;ig;om jzpfygw,fvdkY
84 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'umu tavQmufaumif;cJh&ifaygYaemf/ tJ'gqdk&if tyfygw,f/

'gayrJh tJ'g wu,f[kwfrSaemf/ 'umuaeNyD;awmh 0denf;em;-
vnfvdkY igwdkY 'DvkdavQmuf&ifawmh 'Dudk,fawmfawG tvSLcHr,fqdkNyD;
usdwf0dkif;xdkifvdkufwJh ykHpHrsKd;qdk&ifawmh tyfygYrvm;¿ rtyfbl;aemf/
'umu em;vnfvYkd wcsKUd 'Dvkd vSnNhf y;D awmh avQmufwmvnf; r&Sb d ;l -
vm;¿ &SdEkdifygw,f/ 'umBuD;awG avQmufzl;w,fxifw,f/ uJ...
avQmufwJhpum; &SdcJh&ifawmh vSnfhywfwmyJ/ vSnfhywfwJhpum;u
bmjzpfvYkd olu 'DrmS vSno hf vJ¿ olUtoufuakd wmif owf&w J hJ yk*Kd¾ vf
wpfa,mufu 'Dvdk vSnfhywfzdkY&eftwGufawmh 0efav;ygOD;rvm;¿
0efrav;ygbl;aemf/ uJ aemufwpfck ---
e a[0 acg bdu©L yóEÅd? tydp acg okPEÅd/
&[ef;awG udk,fwdkifawmh rjrifvdkufbl;/ 'gayrJh Mum;vkdufw,f/
b,fvdk Mum;ovJ¿
]]rEkóm ud& Zmv0g*k&m'd[w¬m *grawm 0g edu©rEÅd? t&an
0g 0dp&EÅD}}wd/
rEkóm = vlwdkYonf/ Zmv0g*k&m'd[w¬m = ydkufuGef vufeuf
ponfwdkYudk vuf0,fpGJukdifMuukefvsuf/ *grawm 0g edu©rEÅd = &GmrS-
rlvnf; xGufvmMuukef\/ t&an 0g 0dp&EÅd = awmxJürlvnf;
vSnfhvnfí aeMuavukef\/ £wd = þodkY/ okPEÅd = Mum;Muav-
ukef\/
uJ - jrifawmh rjrifvukd b
f ;l Mum;vku
d Nf yaD emf/ vlawG ydu
k u
f eG af wG
vufeufawG vufpGJNyD;awmh &Gmuae xGufvmMuw,fvdkY Mum;vdkuf
w,f/ odrYk [kwf awmxJrmS vSnv hf nfaeMuw,fqNdk y;D awmh Mum;vdu k -f
NyD/ Mum;vdkufwJh tcsdefcgrSmusawmh bmjzpfovJ¿
'kwd,'d0ao p awoH wH *grH yd@m, y0d|meH orpärHoH

yd@ygwH tbd[& EÅd/
aemufwpfaeY ud,k af wmfawGuvnf; &GmxJukd qGr;f cH<uNy/D qGr;f cH
<uvdkufwJh tcsdefcgrSm 'Dudk,fawmfawGudk tom;ig;eJY wuGaom
qGrf;awGudk a&S;½Iaqmif,lNyD;awmh vSL'gef;MuNyD/
aw awe okawe y&douFEÅd/
tJ'D&[ef;awGu rlvu Mum;xm;wJhtwGufaMumifh 'Dtom;
ig;tay:ü oHo,jzpfvmNyD/ oHo,jzpfwJhtwGuf bmjzpfovJ¿
]]bdu©LeH Ek acg tw¬m, uw}}EÅd/
bdu©LeH tw¬m, = &[ef;awmfwdkY\ tusdK;iSm/ uwH Ek acg =
jyKjyifpDrHí xm;avoavm¿ £wd = þodkY/ y&douFEÅd = oHo,&SdMu
avukef\/
&[ef;awmfawG twGuaf ygY/ eufjzef qGr;f auR;r,f? qGr;f avmif;-
r,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh jyKjyifpDrHrsm; xm;avovm;qdkNyD;awmh
pdwfxJrSm oHo,jzpfoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'Dvdk oHo,jzpfvmwJhtwGuf
bmjzpfovJ¿ oHo,jzpfcJhvdkY&Sd&ifawmh ---
£'H okwy&douØwH emr/
£'H = þtom;onf/ okwy&douØwH emr = tMum;jzifh
oHo,&SdwJh tom; rnfygay\/
{wH *a[wkH e 0¥wd/
{wH = xdk oHo,&SdaewJh tom;ig;udk/ *a[wkH = tvSLcH-
,ljcif;iSm/ e 0¥wd = rtyfyg/
tJ'v
D kd oHo,&Sad e&if 'Dvt
kd om;ig;rsK;d udk tvSLcH&rvm;¿ tvSL
86 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rcH&bl;wJah emf/ uJ - 'umBu;D awG tdrrf mS wpfa,mufa,mufuaeNy;D

Muuf½dkufcsufw,f qdkwmuawmh udk,fu rjrifzl;bJxm;/ 'gayrJh
MuufatmfvdkufwJh toHav;Mum;vdkufw,f qdkMuygpdkYaemf/ tJ'Dvdk
qdv
k &Ykd &dS ifaum oHo,rjzpfoifb
h ;l vm;¿ jzpfoifyh gw,f/ tJ't
D cgrSm
pm;&ifaum twlwlyJ rtyfbl;aemf/ uJ aemufwpfck ---
,H = tMuif tom;ig;onf/ {0H = þod/Yk ty&douØwH = oHo,
r&Sd/ wH = xkd tom;ig;onf/ 0¥wd = tyfyg\/
'Dvdk oHo,r&SdwJh tom;ig;jzpfcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh tyfw,faemf/
aemufwpfck bmvJ¿
tw¬m, 0g &mZ,kwåm'DeH 0g tw¬m, uw}}EÅd 0'EÅd uyÜwd/
ckeu twdik ;f yJaemf/ tu,fí 'um 'umrawGuvnf; em;vnf
vdYk ar;jref;MuNy/D t&Sib f &k m;wdYk bmjzpfvYkd tvSLrcHMuovJ¿ ar;Munf-h
Muw,f/ ar;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhvnf; rdrdwdkY oHo,&SdwJh
taMumif; &[ef;awmfawGu jyefNy;D awmh ajymjyMuw,f/ ajymvdu k wf hJ
tcsdeftcgrSm 'um 'umrawGuvnf; t&Sifbk&m;wdkY wynfhawmf-
wdkY[m 'Dtom;awG ig;awGudk &[ef;awmfwdkYtwGuf &nf&G,fNyD;awmh
jyKjyifpDrHxm;wm r[kwfygbl;/ wynfhawmfwdkY pm;zdkY&eftwGuf jyKjyif
pDrx H m;wmyg/ rif;csi;f a,mufsm; tp&Sw d hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuf &nf&, G -f
NyD;awmh jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh tom;ig;om jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk avQmuf-
xm;cJMh ur,fqv kd &Ykd &dS ifawmh 'g tyfygw,f/ 'g oHo,r&So d ifah wmhb;l -
aemf/ 'Dae&mrSmvnf; ckeuvdk 'umu 0denf;em;vnfvYkd usw d 0f ikd ;f xdik -f
wJh ykHpHqdk&ifawmh tyfygYrvm;¿ rtyfbl;aemf/ aemufwpfck ---
e a[0 acg ye bdu©L yóEÅd e okPEÅd? tydp acg awoH wH

*grH yd@m, y0d|meH ywåH *a[wGm orpäro
H H yd@ygwH tbdocF&w
d mG
tbd[&EÅd/ (0de,o*F[?26/)
bdu©L = &[ef;awmfwdkYonf/ e a[0 acg ye yóEÅd = jrifvnf;
rjrifMuukef/ e okPEÅd = Mum;vnf; rMum;ukef/
&[ef;awmfwdkYtwGuf &nf&G,fNyD;awmh owfw,fvkdY rjrifbl;/
&nf&G,fNyD; owfw,fqdkwmvnf; Mum;vnf; rMum;bl;/ wpfenf;
ajym&ifawmh ckeu yduk u
f eG af wG aqmufyw
k af wG ,lNy;D awmh oGm;wmudk
jrifvnf; rjrifbl;? Mum;vnf; rMum;bl;/
tydp acg = wu,fpifppftm;jzifah omfum;/ wH *grH = xd&k mG wGi;f -
odkY/ yd@m, = qGrf;tvdkYiSm/ y0d|meH = 0ifa&mufí vmMuukefaom/
awoH = xkd&[ef;awmfwdkY\/ ywåH = oydwfudk/ *a[wGm = aqmif,l-
Muukefí/ orpärHoH = tom;ig;ESifhwuGaom/ yd@ygwH = qGrf;udk/
tbdocF&dwGm = jyKjyifpDrHí/ tbd[& EÅd = a&S;½Iaqmif,lvmMuav-
ukef\/
jrifvnf; rjrifbl;? Mum;vnf; rMum;bl;/ 'gayrJhvdkY &GmxJ
qGr;f cHa&mufvu kd wf t hJ csed cf grSm 'D&[ef;awmf&UJ oydwu f kd 'umawGu
,lw,f/ 'g a&S;a&S;,Ofaus;rIyJaemf/ ,lNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmh
tom;ig;ESiw hf uG pDrx H m;wJh qGr;f awGukd oydwx f J avmif;xnfNh y;D awmh
&[ef;awGudk vmuyfNyD/ vmuyfvdkufwJh tcsdeftcg oydwfxJ
Munfhvdkufawmh 'Dtom;ig;awG awGUNyD? awGUawmh bmjzpfovJ¿
a&S;,cifu bk&m;&SifvufxufrSm trsm;tm;jzifh oydwfzkH;udk
tokH;rjyKMubl;aemf/ oydwfzkH; tokH;rjyKwJhtcgusawmh oydwfBuD;u
yGivhf suof m;Bu;D qdak wmh vSr;f Munfv h u
kd v
f &Ykd &dS if rjrifb;l vm;¿ jrifae-
w,f/ tvSL&Sifqdkwmuvnf; olvSLwm bmvSLw,fqdkwmav;
88 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
enf;enf; azmfjycsifw,feJY wlygw,faemf/ atmufuae tomav;

qGr;f av;eJY zk;H rxm;bl;/ oluvnf; tay:azmfxm;jyefw,f/ tay:-
azmfxm;awmh &[ef;awmfuvnf; olu enf;enf; oHo,BuD;wJh
yk*Kd¾ vq
f akd wmh vSr;f Munfv
h u
kd af wmh jrifaeNy/D jrifaevdu
k w
f hJ tcsed t
f cg-
usawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿
aw y&douFEÅd ]]bdu©LeH Ek acg tw¬m, uw}}EÅd/
aw = xd&k [ef;awmfwo Ykd nf/ bduL© eH = &[ef;awmfw\
Ykd / tw¬m,
= tvdkYiSm/ uwH Ek acg = jyKjyifpDrHírsm; xm;avoavm/ £wd =
þokdY/ y&douFEÅd = oHo,&Sdí aeMuavukef\/
&[ef;awmfwkdYtwGufrsm; jyKjyifpDrHxm;avovm;qkdNyD;awmh
pdwfxJ oHo, jzpfvmMuw,f/
£'H w'kb,0dedrkwåy&douØwH emr/
£'H = þuJo h Ykd oHo,&Sd jcif;onfum;/ w'kb,0derd w k yå &douØwH
emr = jrifjcif;Mum;jcif;qdw
k hJ xkt
d pGe;f ESpb
f ufrv
S w
G af om oHo,&Sdjcif;
rnfygay\/
jrifvdkY oHo,&Sdwmvnf; r[kwfbl;? Mum;vdkY oHo,&Sdwmvnf;
r[kwfbl;? jrifjcif; Mum;jcif; 'DESpfrsKd;rS vGwfNyD;awmh jzpfay:vmwJh
oHo,yJ/ tdrrf mS Muuf½u kd cf suw
f m ud, k uf ,kd w f ikd f rjrifb;l ? Mum;vnf;
rMum;bl;? 'gayrJh pm;yGx
J rJ mS a&mufvmNyq D v kd &Ykd &dS ifawmh oHo, r&S-d
bl;vm;¿ 'umBuD;/
jrifjcif; Mum;jcif;qkdwJh ESpfyg;rS vGwfNyD;awmh oHo,&SdykHyJ/
rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif owfw,fqkdwmvnf; rjrifbl;/ rdrdwkdYtwGuf
&nf&, G Nf y;D owfw,fqw dk mvnf; rMum;bl;/ 'gayrJh oHo,&Sad ew,f
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ txl;ojzifh awmt&yfa'oawGrSmuawmh rowf-
rjzwfbJeJY pm;&zkYd qkdwmuawmh tcuftcJawGrsm;pGm &Sdwwfygw,f-
aemf/ 'gaMumifh xrif;0dkif;xJrSm 'DMuufom;wpfck ygvmNyD qkdvkdY&Sd-

&ifawmh oHo,awmh rjzpfoifb h ;l vm;¿ awma'otvku d f jzpfoifw
h m
ajymwmygaemf/ oHo, jzpfoifhygvsufeJY rdrdu oHo,r&Sdygbl;vkdY
ukd,fhukdukd,f vdrfNyD; pm;vkdufcJhr,fqkd&if &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkYusawmh
oHo,&SdcJh&if bmjzpfvJ¿
{wrÜd *a[wkH e 0¥wd/
{wrÜd = xkdtpGef;ESpfyg;rSvGwfí oHo,&Sdaom tom;ig;ukd
vnf;yJ/ a[wkH = cH,ltyfaomiSm/ e 0¥wd = rtyfygay/
oHo,jzpfavmufwJh tom;jzpfcJh&if tvSLcHzkdY&eftwGufawmif
rtyfbl;aemf/
,H = tMuiftom;ig;onfum;/ {0H = þokdY/ ty&douØwH =
,kHrSm;oHo,r&Sd/ wH = xdkuJhokdYaom tom;ig;onfum;/ 0¥wd =
&[ef;awmfwkdYtm; tyfpyfygay\/
oHo,wu,fr&Sdwm ajymwmaemf/ ukd,fhukdukd,f vdrfNyD;awmh
oHo,r&Syd gbl;qkw
d hJ vkyw
f yhJ pHk rH sK;d uawmh &[ef;jzpf&if tmywfoifrh mS -
yJ? vljzpfvnf; txkduftavsmuf ygPmwdygwuH jzpfygw,f/
tw¬m, 0g &mZ,kwåm'DeH 0g tw¬m, uwH/
oap = tu,fí/ aw rEkóm = xkv d 'l g,um 'g,dumrwku Yd /
baEÅ = t&Sifjrwfbk&m;wkdY/ uo®m = tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh/ e
*PSx = tvSLrcH,Ml uygukeo f enf;/ £wd = þok/Yd ykpw
dä mG = ar;jref;
avQmufxm;ukefí/ wrw¬H = xkdtaMumif;ukd/ okwGm = Mum;&ukef-
90 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
onf&adS omf/ baEÅ = t&Sijf rwfwb Ydk &k m; .../ £'H = þtom;ig;uk/d
bduL© eH tw¬m, = &[ef;wk&Yd UJ tvkiYd mS / e uwH = jyKjyifprD í
H xm;tyf-
onfum; r[kwfyg/ tarS[d = bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdYonf/ twåaem
tw¬m, 0g = rdrd&JUtwGufiSmvnf;aumif;/ &mZ,kwåm'DeH tw¬m,
0g = rif;csif;a,mufsm;pwJh yk*¾dKvfwkdYtwGufiSmvnf;aumif;/ uwH =
jyKjyifpDrHí xm;tyfygay\/
wynfah wmfwu Ydk 'Dtom;ig;awGudk wynfah wmfwYdk pm;zkpYd rD x H m;-
wm? &[ef;awGtwGuf &nf&G,fNyD; pDrHxm;wmvnf; r[kwfbl;/
wpfenf; rif;csif;a,mufsm; tp&SdwJh {nfhonfawGtvkdYiSm pDrHxm;wJh
tom;ig;om jzpfygw,f/ t&Sib f &k m;wktYd wGuf wynfah wmf &nf&, G -f
Ny;D awmh pDrxH m;wm r[kwyf gbl;/ wu,fvnf; &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf
r&nf&G,fwmvnf; jzpf&r,faemf/ rdrdwkdYpm;zkdYqkdNyD;awmh rdrdwkdY
owfjzwfxm;wm jzpfcsifjzpfygap/ odkYr[kwf {nfhonfawmf rif;csif;-
a,mufsm; tp&Sw d hJ {nfoh nfwtYdk vkiYd mS owfjzwfxm;wmvnf; jzpfcsif
jzpfygap/ rSeaf ecJ&h ifaygY &[ef;awmftwGuq f w
dk hJ &nf&,G Of ;D wnfcsuf
r&Sb d ;l / a,m*DwtYdk wGuf &nf&, G Of ;D wnfcsuf r&Sb d ;l / r&Scd &hJ if bmjzpf-
rvJ¿ aemufwpfck ---
y0wårHo = tvkdvkdjzpfay:wJhtom;
y0wårHoH 0g uyÜd,ar0 vbdwGm bdu©LeH tw¬m, orÜm'dw}}EÅd
0'EÅd? u
uyy Üwd/
y0wårHoH 0g uyÜd,ar0 = tyfpyfwJh tvdkvkdjzpfay:vmwJh
tom;ukdomvQif/ vbdwGm = &&Sdí/ bdu©LeH tw¬m, = &[ef;-
awmfwkdY\tvdkYiSm/ orÜm'dwH = pDrHí xm;tyfay\/ £wd = þokdY/
0'EÅd = avQmufxm;Muygukefrlum;/ uy Üwd = tyfygay\/
'Dtom;ig;[m (y0wåro
H =) &[ef;awmfwEYdk iS hf tyfpyfaewJh tvk-d
vkd jzpfay:vmwJhtom; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtom;ukd wynfhawmfwkdY&í

&[ef;awmfwt Ydk wGuf pDrNH y;D xm;jcif;jzpfygw,fvYdk avQmufxm;cJrh ,f-
qkd&ifvnf; xkdtom;onf tyfw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm vl'um
'umrawGu rdrdwkdY pm;zkdYtwGufqkdwJh jzLpifajzmifhpif;wJhpdwfxm;
&[ef;awmfwt Ydk wGuq f w
dk hJ &nf&, G cf suf OD;wnfcsurf ygbJeYJ owfjzwf
pDrNH y;D awmhrS csujf yKwx f m;wJh tom;qkv d &Ydk &dS ifvnf; MuKBH uKd uvf Ykd &[ef;-
awmfawGukd qGrf;cH<uvmwJhtcgawGUvkdY avmif;w,f/ 'gqkd&ifvnf;
'Dtom;ig;[m &[ef;awmfawGrmS tyfw,f/ okrYd [kwf {nfo h nfawmf-
ol tp&SdwJh rif;csif;a,mufsm; tp&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfwdkYtzkdY &nf&G,fNyD;awmh
owfjzwfNyD; pDrHxm;w,f? csufjyKwfxm;w,f/ ukd,fawmfuvnf;
qGr;f cH<uvmawmh MuKBH uKd uw f meJY avmif;vSLvku d w
f ,f? 'grsK;d qk&d ifvnf;
tyfw,f/ okrYd [kwf (y0wåro H uyÜ, d =) tyfpyfaewJt h om; tvkv d dk
jzpfay:vmwJhtom; 'Dtom;ukd &&SdwJhtcsdeftcgrSm &[ef;awmfwkdY
tusKd;iSm pDrHcsufjyKwfNyD; xm;w,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; tJ'Dtom;onf
tyfw,f/
'Dawmh 'D ]y0wårHo} qkdwmu olUpum;vkH;t"dyÜg,fukd tvkdvkd
jzpfay:vmwJh tom;qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd bmomjyefMuygw,f/ okdYaomf
#Dumq&mawmfrsm;u y0wårHoukd ..
y0wårHoEÅd tmyPm'Dok y0wåH 0duúm,duH rwrHoH/
(0drwd?1?295/)
aps;pwJhae&mawGrSm jzpfay:vmwJh 0,f,lvkdY&&SdwJh aoaewJh
tom;qkNd y;D awmh 'Dvv dk nf; bmomwpfrsK;d jyefMuw,f/ tJ'D (0dumú ,du
rHo =) 0,f,lvkdY&&SdwJh tom; qkdwJh pum;vkH;ukd ckacwfpum;vkH;eJY
ajymawmh ckHwifom;qkdvm; [kwfvm;¿ 'DckHay:rSm wifxm;wJhtom;
qkNd y;D awmh olwYdk 'Dvv
dk nf; uk,d Bf uKd uw
f b
hJ ufudk qGNJ y;D awmh bmomjyef-
Muw,f/
92 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
okaYd omf 'D ]y0wåro H }qkw d hJ pum;vk;H &JUt"dygÜ ,fu tvkt d avsmuf
jzpfay:vmwJh tom;yg/ tvkt d avsmufjzpfay:vmwJh tom;rSev f Qif
(uyÜd, =) &[ef;awGeJY tyfygw,fvkdY bk&m;&SifcGifhjyKxm;wJhtom;
jzpf&r,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dtvkdtavsmuf jzpfay:w,fqkdwm ckacwfrSm
Munfhprf;Munfhyg? 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG pOf;pm;Munfhygaemf/
tvkv d adk owJh uRaJ wG EGm;awG 0ufawGqw dk m aps;rSm b,fEpS af umifrsm;
&SdovJ¿ rsm;aomtm;jzifhaemf/ enf;enf; av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;
Muaemf/ pDrHxm;wmawG rsm;ygw,f/ tJ'D pDrHrIeJY ywfoufNyD; aemuf
bkef;BuD; qufajymygr,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dy0wårHoukd &&SdcJhr,fqkd&ifvnf;
tvkdvkdjzpfay:vmwJh tom;wpfck &&SdvkdY 'D&[ef;awmfwkdYtwGuf
&nf&, G Nf y;D awmh csujf yKwpf rD x
H m;cJrh ,fq&dk ifvnf; 'gvnf; tyfygw,f/
aemufwpfck ---
rwmeH aywudpöw¬m, r*Fvm'DeH 0g tw¬m, uawyd {ao0
ea,m/
rwmeH = uG,fvGefoGm;Muukefaom yk*¾dKvfwkdY\/ aywudpw ö m¬ ,
= ukwf[D;xrif;[kac:qkdtyfaom aywudpötvkdYiSmvnf;aumif;/
r*Fvm'DeH 0g tw¬m, = r*Fvmponfwt Ydk vkiYd mS vnf;aumif;/ uawyd
= jyKjyifpDrHí xm;&müvnf;yJ/ {ao0 ea,m = þenf;yifwnf;/
uG,v f eG o f mG ;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuf &nfp;l Ny;D aumif;rIuo k v dk jf yKzYdk
pDrHxm;w,f/ 'g ukwf[D;xrif; ac:ygw,faemf/ tJ'Dukwf[D;xrif;
udptö wGuf pDrcH efcY w JG ahJ e&mrSmvnf; ykpH w H yl w
J ahJ emf/ 'Dawmh uG,v f eG -f
oGm;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuf rdrw d u
Ydk pDrx
H m;w,f/ &[ef;awmfwt Ykd wGuf
qkdwJh &nf&G,fcsuf OD;wnfcsufrygbl;/ aemufwpfck ---
r*Fvm'DeH 0g tw¬m, =) rdrdwkdY&JU arG;aeYr*Fvm ponfaygYav?
(r*F
r*FvmyGJtcrf;tem;awGrSm zdwfauR;NyD; ckvdk 'ifemygwDqdkwJh ykHpHrsKd;-
vkad ygYaemf/ 'Dvydk pHk eH YJ r*FvmtvkiYd mS &nf&, G Nf y;D awmh rdrw d u

Ydk pDrx
H m;wJh
tom;ig;? &[ef;awmfwt Ydk wGuq f Ndk y;D &nf&,
G cf suf OD;wnfcsurf ygbl;/
tJ't D om;ig;ukd MuKH BuKd uv f Ydk &[ef;awmfawGudk avmif;vSLcJrh ,fq&dk if
tyfygw,f/ okaYd omf &[ef;awmfwt Ydk wGuf &nf&, G Nf y;D owfc&hJ ifawmh
b,fev YJ yk rf vJ¿ 'Djyóem ay:vmw,faemf/ tJ'jD yóemukd aemuf-
xyf t|uxmq&mawmfu qufNyD; zGifhxm;ygw,f/
,H ,O§d bdu©LeHa,0 tw¬m, tuwH? ,w¬ p edaAÁrwdaum
a[mwd? wH oAÁH uyÜwd/
,H ,O§d = tMuiftMuiftom;ig;ukd/ bdu©LeHa,0 tw¬m, =
&[ef;awmfw&Ydk UJ tusKd ;iSmomvQi/f tuwH = rjyKjyifrpDrt
H yfay/ ,w¬
p = ,if;tom;ig;üvnf;yJ/ edaAÁrwdaum = ,kHrSm;oHo, r&Sdonf/
a[mwd = jzpf\/ wH oAÁH = xkdtvkH;pkHaom tom;ig;onf/ uyÜwd
= &[ef;awmfwkdYtm; tyfpyfygay\/
tMuiftMuif tom;ig;ukd &[ef;awmfwkdYtwGufqkdwJh OD;wnf-
csufjzifh jyKjyifpDrHxm;wmwpfckrS r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dtom;ig; tay:ü-
vnf; &[ef;wkdYu ,kHrSm;oHo, vkH;vkH; r&Sd Mubl;/ 'Dvdkqkd&ifawmh
'Dtom;ig; tm;vkH; tyfpyfygw,f/ 'gayrJh t|uxmq&mawmfu
qufNyD; zGifhxm;w,faemf/
O'´dórHo = &nfñTef;om;
oap ye {uo®d H 0d[ma& bdu©LeH O'´dóuwH a[mwd/
oap ye = tu,fíum;/ {uo®ð 0d[ma& = ausmif;wkduf
wpfcktwGif;ü/ bdu©LeH = &[ef;awmfwdkY&JUtvdkYiSm/ O'd´óuwH =
&nfñGef;í pDrHxm;tyfaom tom;ig;onf/ a[mwd = jzpfjim;tHh/
ausmif;wkdufwpfwkdufrSm tckvdkaygY? oHCm &meJY axmifeJY csDNyD;
94 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&Sd Muw,f qkdMupdkYaemf/ tJ'D&[ef;awmfwkdYtwGufqkdNyD;awmh &nf&G,f-

csuf OD;wnfcsufeJY tom;awG ig;awG pDrHxm;w,f/ pDrHw,fqkdwm
em;vnfMuvm; - [if¿ em;vnfMuvm;¿ em;vnfrSmyg/ pDrHaeus
yk*¾dKvfawGu em;vnfygvdrfhr,faemf/ BudKwifNyD; rSm&wmwkdY odkYr[kwf
uk, d w
f idk o
f wfwmwkYd jzwfwmwdYk ponfjzifh 'DypHk aH wG &Sw
d ,f/ tckacwf-
awmh bmwJhvJ¿ &[ef;oHCm odyfrsm;NyD; tvSLu odyfNyD; BuD;us,f
vmNyDqkdvkdY&dS&if BudKwifNyD; bkwfvkyfxm;&w,fqkdvm; bmqkdvm;
[kwfw,fr[kwfvm;¿ tJ'D ykHpHaygYaemf/
oap ye {uo®d H 0d[ma& bdu©LeH O'´dóuwH a[mwd? aw p
twåaem tw¬m, uwbm0H e ZmeEÅd? tan ZmeEÅd/ a, ZmeEÅd?
awoH e 0¥wd? £wa&oH ye 0¥wd/
oap ye = tu,fíum;/ {uo®ð 0d[ma& = ausmif;wkduf
wpfck&JUtwGif;ü/ bdu©LeH = &[ef;wkdY\tusKd;iSm/ O'´dóuwH =
&nfñGef;í pDrHxm;tyfwJhtom;ig;onf/ a[mwd = jzpfíaejim;tHh/
aw p = xdk&[ef;awmfwkdYonfvnf;yJ/ twåaem = rdrd&JU/ tw¬m, =
tusKd;iSm/ uwbm0H = jyKjyifpDrHxm;onf\tjzpfukd/ e ZmeEÅd =
f nf jzpfjim;tH/h tan = tjcm;wpfyg;aom &[ef;awmf-
rod&dS Muukeo
wkdYu/ ZmeEÅd = od&Sd Muukefonfjzpfjim;tHh/ a, = tMuif&[ef;wkdY
onf/ ZmeEÅd = od&Sd Muukef\/ awoH = xkd&[ef;wkdYtm;/ e 0¥wd =
rtyfpyfyg/ £wa&oH = rod&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm;/ 0¥wd = tyfpyf
ygay\/
ausmif;wkdufwpfcktwGif;rSm &[ef;oHCmawG &meJY axmifeJYcsDNyD;
&Sdw,fqkdMuygpkdY/ xkd&[ef;awmfawGukd &nfpl;NyD;awmh tom;ig;awG
jyKjyifprD x
H m;w,f/ owfjzwfNy;D awmh jyKjyifprD xH m;w,faygY/ enf;trsK;d -
rsKd;eJYaemf/ tJ'Dvkd jyKjyifpDrHxm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tcsKdUtcsKdUaom
'D&[ef;awGu rdrdwdkYtwGuf 'Dtom;ig;awGukd jyKjyifpDrHxm;w,f
qdkwJhtjzpfukd rodMubl;/ wjcm;wjcm; wcsKdUwcsKdU &[ef;awmfawG-

uawmh odMuw,f/ odcJh&if bmjzpfovJ¿ odwJhyk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf
rtyfb;l ? rodwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuaf wmh tyfw,f/ od&ufom;eJY rod-
csifa,mifaqmif&ifaum 'Dtmywfu vGwfrvm;¿ rvGwfbl;aemf/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;pOf;pm;Munfhprf;aemf/ ]tan} qkdwm-
uawmh wjcm;wjcm; ausmif;wkdufu yk*¾dKvfawGukd 'Dae&mrSm txl;-
ojzifh &nfñGef;xm;ygw,faemf/ 'Dawmh ---
rodolESifh odol
tan e ZmeEÅ?d awa,0 ZmeEÅ?d awoHa,0 e 0¥wd? tanoH
0¥wd/
tan = rdrad usmif;wdu
k rf S tjcm;wpfyg;ukeaf om ausmif;wkud üf
Yd nf/ e ZmeEÅd = rod&MdS uavuke/f aw-
wnf&dS Muukeaf om &[ef;wko
a,0 = xkdausmif;wkduftwGif;ü wnf&SdwJh &[ef;awmfwdkYuomvQif/
ZmeEÅd = od&SdMuukef\/ awoHa,0 = xkdod&Sd MuwJh &[ef;awmfwkdY-
tm;omvQif/ e 0¥wd = rtyf/ tanoH = rod&Sd MuwJh tjcm;-
tjcm;aom &[ef;awmfwdkYtm;/ 0¥wd = tyfpyfygay\/
vk&d if;uav;uawmh b,fy*k Kd¾ vyf jJ zpfjzpf ausmif;wku d t f wGi;f u
yk*Kd¾ vyf jJ zpfjzpf? wjcm;ausmif;u yk*Kd¾ vaf wGyjJ zpfjzpf? &[ef;awGtwGuf
&nf&, G Nf y;D jyKjyifprD x
H m;wmvkYd rod&ifawmh tyfw,f/ od&if rtyfb;l /
'Dawmh ausmif;wkdufwpfwkduftwGif;rSm &[ef;wpfaxmifavmuf&dS NyD
qkMd uygpkaYd emf/ wpfaxmifaom xk&d [ef;awGtwGuf &nfñeT ;f Ny;D jyKjyif
pDrx H m;w,fvYdk odc&hJ if tyfrvm;¿ rtyfb;l / b,fEh , S w
f ek ;f 'umBu;D -
awG 'Dtcsufukd oabmaygufMuovm;¿ oabmaygufMuovm;¿
wdwaf ew,f/ enf;enf;av; odaew,few YJ w
l ,faemf/ tJ'aD wmh rdrw d -Ydk
twGuf jyKjyifpDrHxm;w,fvkdY odcJh&if tyfovm;ç rtyfbl;vm;¿
96 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rtyfbl;/ rtyfbl;qkdwmuawmh 0denf;awmft&uawmh tmywf

oifw h ,f/ okweå af Mumif;t& ajymcJ&h if ygPmwdygwuH xdu k Mf uw,fvYdk
'Dvdk qkdvkdygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ 'kp½kdufukd vGefusL;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm
uk,d w f idk o
f wfjzwfjcif;[mvnf; 'kp½ku d yf ?J olwpfyg;ukd ckid ;f apNy;D awmh
towfcidk ;f wmvnf; 'kp½ku d yf ?J 'kp½ku
d vf yk af ewmukd rdrud cs;D rGr;f cJrh ,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'gvnf; 'kp½kdufyJaemf/ oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf&SdcJh&ifvnf;
'gvnf; 'kp½kdufyJ? ck'Dae&mrSmusawmh 'Dvkd rdrdwdkYtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD;
owfjzwfaew,fqkdwm odygvsuf rdrdwkdYu pm;cJhvQif 'g oabmwl
cGijhf yKwthJ "dygÜ ,fxrJ mS 0ifomG ;w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSm olu 'kp½ku d -f
xJrSm 0ifygw,f/ ausmif;wdkufwpfwkduftwGif;rSm &[ef;awGu
axmifeJYcsDNyD;&SdwJhtcsdeftcgrSm 'D&[ef;awGtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh
tom;awG ig;awG jyKjyifprD x H m;Muw,f/ jyKjyifprD v H udk w
f thJ csed t f cgrSm
'D&[ef;awmfawGtxJu odwJhyk*¾dKvfawGtwGuf rtyfbl;qkd&if
enf;enf;av; csUJ Munfyh g/ aus;&Gmwpf&mG twGi;f aemf/ aus;&Gmwpf&mG -
twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh vlawGtwGuf &nfñGef;NyD;awmh tom;awG
ig;awG pDrx H m;w,f/ wkt Yd wGuf &nfñeT ;f Ny;D pDrx H m;w,fqw dk modc&hJ if
tJ'Daus;&Gmol aus;&Gmom;awG pm;oifhygYrvm;¿ (rpm;oifhygbk&m;)
xyfajymygOD; ... (rpm;oifhygbk&m;)
ck'Dae&mrSm ausmif;wkdufwpfwkduftwGif;rSm oDwif;okH;awmfrl-
MuwJh &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf oD;oefY pDrx H m;wJh om;ig;awG[m odwhJ
&[ef;awmfawGtwGuf rtyfbl;qkdwmukd vufcHEkdifvQif aus;&Gm
wpf&mG rSm aexkid Mf uwJh &Gmol&mG om;awGtwGuf &nfñeT ;f um pDpOfxm;-
wJh om;ig;awG[mvnf; tJ'&D mG ol&mG om;awGtwGuv f nf; rtyfb;l vkYd
vufrcHEkdifbl;vm;¿ vufcHEkdif&r,f/ 'Dawmh tckvkd zm;atmufwkdYvkd
aps;qkdMuygpkdY .. zm;atmufaps;twGuf pDrHNyD;awmhxm;wJh tom;-
awG ig;awG[m zm;atmufol zm;atmufom;awG pm;zkq Yd w
dk hJ &nf&,
G -f
csufeJY pDrHw,fvkdYawmh rodEkdifbl;vm;¿ zm;atmufrSm owfNyD; pDrH-

xm;wJh zm;atmufaps;rSmvnf; a&mif;csaewJh 'Dom;ig;awG[m
b,foUl awGtwGuv f ¿J [kd &efuek u
f yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuf [kwo
f vm;¿
r[kwb f ;l ? b,fy*k Kd¾ vaf wGtwGuv f ¿J tJ'D zm;atmufol zm;atmuf-
om;awGxJrSm vltm;vkH; &[ef;tm;vkH; rygbl;vm;¿ ygEdkdifw,f/ 'g
owd&SdzkdY vdkw,faemf/
'Dawmh ausmif;wkdufwpfwdkuftwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh &[ef;awmf-
wku Yd dk &nfñeT ;f Ny;D pDrx H m;wJt
h om;ig;awGudk odc&hJ if 'D&[ef;awmfawG-
tzkYd rtyfb;l qk&d if &Gmwpf&mG rSm wnf&adS ewJh &Gmol&mG om; &[ef;awG
t0ifygjzpfwJh &Gmol&Gmom;tm;vkH;twGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh jyKjyif
pDrHxm;wJhtom; jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJhig;? 'gawGukd xkd&Gmol&Gmom;ESifh xkd-
&[ef;awGtwGuf tyfw,fvYdk ajymEdik yf gYrvm;¿ enf;enf;pOf;pm;Mu/
bmyJjzpfjzpf uk, d u f rsupf rd w dS Nf y;D vufcvH aYdk wmh rjzpfb;l / zm;atmuf-
aps;rSm vma&mif;wJhyk*¾dKvfu zm;atmufaps;rSm0,fwJh yk*¾dKvfawG-
twGufqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsuf OD;wnfcsufawmh r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/
0,fwJhol wpfa,mufrS r&Sdbl;qdkvQif xkd yk*¾dKvfawG owfNyD; 'Daps;rSm
a&mif;rvm;¿ ra&mif;ygbl;/ 'g pOf;pm;aemf/ 'gaMumifh a&S;acwf
rEÅav;acwfwek ;f uawmh emrnfausmjf zpfwhJ pavOD;yknuawmh owf-
ol&SdvdkY pm;ol&Sd? pm;ol&SdvkdY owfol&Sdw,fqkdNyD; olu 'Dvkd pmuav;
wpfy'k f csK;d xm;w,f/ tJ'g [kwo f vm; r[kwb f ;l vm;¿ [kwo f ifo
h -
avmufawmh [kww f ,faemf/ owfoal wGu&SdvYdk pm;olawGu ay:vm-
w,f/ pm;olawGu &Sdawmhvnf; owfolawGu ay:rvmbl;vm;¿
ay:vmw,f/ uGif;quf aMumif;usKd;qufEG,frIqkdwm r&Sdbl;vm;¿
&Sdaew,f/ 'gaMumifh odyfNyD;awmh pOf;pm;p&mtcsufawG awmfawmf-
rsm;ygw,f/ rdrw d u Ydk oDvukd pifMu,fcsiw f ,f? jrwfE;kd csiw f ,f qkv
d &dYk -dS
&ifawmh 'Dtcsufu awmfawmfav; tav;teuf pOf;pm;&r,fh
98 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
oabmyJ/ aemufwpfenf; xyfNy;D awmh pOf;pm;vku d Of ;D / aus;&Gmwpf&mG

twGif;rSm vufcHEkdifr,fqkd&if NrdKUwpfNrdKUrSm aexkdifwJh yk*¾dKvfawG
armfvNrdKifwkdYvkdNrdKUyJ qkdMuygpkdY/ tJ'DNrdKUrSm&SdwJh 'Dtom;awG ig;awGukd
'DNrdKUolNrdKUom;awG pm;okH;zkdY qkdNyD;awmh pDrHrI &nf&G,fcsuf OD;wnfcsuf
r&SEd idk bf ;l vm;¿ at; armfvNrKd iu f wpfa,mufrS pm;wJo h l r&Sb
d ;l qk&d if
'Dvo dk wfwv hJ l &Syd gOD;rvm;¿ r&Sad wmhb;l / pOf;pm;Muaemf/ tJ'v D q dk &dk if
'DNrdKUolNrdKUom;awGtwGuf OD;wnfcsufeJY owfjzwfxm;ygw,fqkd&if
'Dtom;ig;rsK;d ukd tyfEidk yf gYrvm;¿ tJ'gaMumifh tav;teuf pOf;pm;-
&r,fh oabmyJaemf/ tck'aD e&mrSm &[ef;awGtwGuf uGuNf y;D ajymae-
wmrSefaomfvnf; vlawGvnf; Ak'¨bmom0ifrSefcJh&if 'Dtcsufukd
tav;teufxm;Ny;D awmh vku d ef musiMhf uzH aYdk wmh rvdb k ;l vm;¿ vkt d yf-
aew,f/ 'Dawmh rodwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG twGuaf wmh tyfw,f/ odwyhJ *k Kd¾ v-f
awGtwGufu rtyfbl;vkdY 'Dvkd ajymxm;wmawmh armfvNrdKifNrdKUol
NrdKUom;awGtwGuf &nf&G,fNyD;awmh jyKjyifpDrHxm;ygw,f qkdNyD;awmh
rodwJhyk*¾dKvfrsm; b,fESpfa,mufavmuf&SdovJ¿ b,fESpfa,muf
&Sdygw,fvkdY odzkdY&ef awmfawmfav; cufcJvdrfhr,fvkdY bkef;BuD;awmh
,lqygw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh enf;enf; 'Dtykdif;usawmh awmfawmf-
av; av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;zkdY&ef aumif;ygw,f/ rdrdwdkY&JU oDvukd
cspfjrwfEdk;r,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'Dtykdif;av;awGrSm awmfawmfav;ukd
rdrw d Ydk oDvtwGuf xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf&r,fh wm0ef0wå&m;uav;-
awGu awmfawmf ay:vmNyD jzpfw,faemf/ aemufwpfck ---
awyd ]]trSmuH tw¬m, uw}}EÅd ZmeEÅd? tanyd ]]{awoH
tw¬m, uw}}EÅd ZmeEÅd? oaAÁorÜd e 0¥wd/
awyd = xkdausmif;wkduftwGif;ü wnf&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfwkdYu-
vnf;yJ/ trSmuH = igwk&Yd UJ / tw¬m, = tusK;d iSm/ uwEÅd = jyKjyifprD í
H
xm;tyfygay\[lí/ ZmeEÅd = od&Sd Muavukef\/ tanyd = ausmif;-
wku
d jf yifyü wnf&dS Muukeaf om tjcm;&[ef;awmfwuYdk vnf;yJ/ {awoH
= xkd&[ef;awmfwkdY\/ tw¬m, = tusKd;iSm/ uwEÅd = jyKjyifpDrHí
xm;tyfygay\[lí/ ZmeEÅd = od&dS Muavuke\ f / oaAÁorÜd = cyford ;f -
aom yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm;vnf;yJ/ e 0¥wd = rtyfyg/
ausmif;wkdufwpfcktwGif;rSm oHCmwpfaxmifavmuf &Sdw,f/
'DoHCmwpfaxmiftwGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh 'Dtom;ig;awG pDrHxm;-
w,f/ BudKwifNyD;awmh rSmxm;w,f/ tJ'DvkdqkdvkdY&Sd&if odMur,fqkd&if
odaewJh 'Dausmif;wkduftwGif;&Sd &[ef;awmfwpfaxmifvkH;twGuf
tyfrvm;¿ rtyfb;l / ausmif;wdu k jf yify&Sad ewJh tjcm;&[ef;awmfawG
&Sd Muw,f/ tJ'&D [ef;awmfawGuvnf; 'Dtom;ig;awG[m 'Dausmif;-
wkduftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfawGtwGuf jyKjyifpDrHxm;-
w,fvkdY odcJh&if tJ'Dwjcm;&[ef;awmfawGtwGufvnf; rtyfygbl;/
'Dawmh zm;atmufom;awGtwGuf jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh tom;ig;qkdNyD;
odNy/D zm;atmufom;awG tyfrvm;¿ rtyfb;l / wjcm;u a&mufvm-
wJh yk*¾dKvfawGuvnf; 'Dzm;atmufom;awGtwGuf jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh
tom;ig;ygvkdY odcJhr,fqkd&if tyfrvm;¿ a[m .. b,fhES,fwkef;
a,m*DawG b,fvkdwkef; oDvukd cspfjrwfEkd;rvm;¿ bmudk cspfjrwfEkd;
rvJ¿ pOf;pm;oifhwJh tcsufawGyJ/ enf;enf; pOf;pm;Munfhaemf/ 'D
zm;atmufaps;olawGtwGuf zm;atmufrmS aps;vm0,fr,fh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG
twGuf &nfñTef;xm;ygw,fqkd&if zm;atmufaps;rSm rdrdwkdYuvnf;
oGm;0,frdw,fqkd&if zm;atmufaps;rSm oGm;0,fr,fhyk*¾dKvfawGpm&if;
xJrSm rdrdwkdYvnf; rygbl;vm;¿ ygaew,f/
'DtcsufawGukd tav;teuf pOf;pm;yg/ 'g rdrdoDvukd rdrd cspf-
jrwfE;dk r,fq&dk if 'gu tav;teuf pOf;pm;&r,f/ bke;f Bu;D u tom;-
ig; rpm;&bl;vkYd bke;f Bu;D rajymbl;aemf/ bke;f Bu;D ajymaewmu 'Dtyf-
rtyfqkdwJhtcsufeJY 0denf;a'oemawmfeJYom bkef;BuD; ajymaewmyg/
100 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wpfzufpGef;a&mufatmif bkef;BuD; ajymaewmawmh r[kwfbl;aemf/

uJ aemufwpfck ---
oaAÁ e ZmeEÅd? oaAÁorÜd 0¥wd/
oaAÁ = cyfodrf;ukefaom &[ef;awmfwkdYonf/ e ZmeEÅd = rod&Sd -
l m;/ oaAÁorÜd = cyford ;f aom &[ef;wdt
Muygukerf u Yk m;vnf;yJ/ 0¥wd
= tyf\/
ausmif;wkduftwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh &[ef;yJjzpfjzpf? ausmif;wkduf
tjyifyrSm wnf&SdaewJh &[ef;yJjzpfjzpf? tukefvkH;u rodMubl;/ 'Dvkd
wkdYtwGuf okdYr[kwf &[ef;awGtwGuf okdYr[kwf 'Dausmif;wkduf
twGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh &[ef;awGtwGuf jyKjyifprD x H m;w,fqNkd y;D awmh
rodMubl;/ rodbl;qkdvkdY&Sd &ifawmh tukefvkH;twGuf tyfygw,f/
'gayrJh bkef;BuD;wpfck xyfar;r,faemf/ ]]zm;atmufaps;rSm jyKjyifpDrH-
xm;wJh om;ig;awGukd zm;atmufaps;rSm vm0,f,Ml uwJo h al wGtwGuf
jyKjyifprD x
H m;w,f}}qkw
d mudk 0,f,ol al wGu rodMubl;vm;¿ oGm;0,f
wJh yk*¾dKvfawG rodMubl;vm;¿ at; rodMubl;vkdYqkd&ifawmh 'g
ukd,hfukd,fudk udk,f vdrfaewmyJvkdY bkef;BuD;u ,lqw,f? ukd,fhukd,f
ukdom vdrfaeNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh olrsm;ukd vdrfzdkY&eftwGuf 0efav;-
MuOD;rvm;¿ 0efrav;awmhbl;/ 'g owd&Sd Muaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
yÍöok [d o["r®ad uok ,ó 0g wó 0g tw¬m, O'´ó
d uwH
oaAÁoH e uyÜwd/
yÍöok o["r®ad uok = oDwif;ok;H azmfig;OD;wküYd / ,ó tw¬m,
0g = tMuifyk*¾dKvftvkdYiSmvnf;aumif;/ wó tw¬m, 0g = xkd
yk*Kd¾ vtf vkiYd mS vnf;aumif;/ O'´ó
d uwH = &nfñeT ;f í jyKjyifprD t
H yfwhJ
tom;ig;onf/ oaAÁoH = cyfodrf;aom oDwif;okH;azmf ig;OD;wkdYtm;/
e uyÜwd = rtyfay/
oDwif;okH;azmfig;OD;qkdwm &Sdw,f/ &[ef;a,mufsm; &[ef;rdef;r

omraPa,mufsm; omraPrdef;r odu©rmefqkdNyD;awmh b,fESpfOD;
&Sv
d ¿J ig;OD;/ odur© mefqw dk muawmh &[ef;r jyKawmhr,fh = omraP-
&Dr[m ygPmwdygwç t'dEmé 'geç tjA[®p&d,ç rkom0g'ç ok&mar&,ç
0dumvabmZemac:wJh 'Dou d m© yk'af jcmufyg;udk rusK;d rayguf rajymuf
rMum;atmif &[ef;rcHrD ESpfESpfwkdifwkdif usifh&ygw,f/ &[ef;oHCm-
uae rusKd;rayguf rajymufrMum;atmif usifhvkdY auseyf&ifawmh
&[ef;cHay;cGihf &Sw d ,f/ omraP&Drav;awGy/J tJ'D omraPrav;-
awGukd odu©rmefvkdY ac:ygw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh tJ'DoDwif;okH;azmf
ig;OD;xJrSm wpfOD;wpfOD;twGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh
tom;ig; jzpfcrhJ ,fq&dk if oDwif;ok;H azmfig;OD;vk;H wpfO;D rS rtyfb;l wJ/h
qkdMuygpkdY &[ef;awmfwpfyg;twGuf &nf&G,fNyD;awmh 'Dukd,fawmfukd
auR;zkdYqdkNyD;awmh &nf&G,fNyD;awmh Muufwpfaumif owfvkdufw,f
qkdMuygpkdY/ enf;enf;av; vufoGufwJh yk*¾dKvfqkd&ifawmh taumif
aygufEkdifwJh MuufOav; bJOav;0,fNyD;awmh aMumfvkdufw,f qkdMu-
ygpkdYaemf/ tJ'DMuufO bJOu &nf&G,fwmawmh ukd,fawmfwpfyg;
twGufyJ? 'gayrJh oDwif;okH;azmf ig;OD;vkH; tyfovm;¿ rtyfbl;/
&[ef;qkw d hJ yk*Kd¾ vtf wGuf &nf&, G cf suf &Sw
d ,f/ at; ...uk&d ifwpfyg;?
uk&d ifu pm;vkYd aomufvYdk raumif; jzpfaew,f/ oluvnf; Muufom;
0ufom;yJ pm;csifw,fMum;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh uJav ukd&if-
uav; oem;ygw,f qkdNyD;awmh tJ'g Muufuav; wpfaumif
½kdufcsufNyD; auR;w,f qkdMuygpkdY/ ukd&iftwGuf &nf&G,fNyD; csufwJh
pDrHxm;wJh 'Dtom;[if; - oDwif;okH;azmfig;OD;vkH; b,folyJ pm;pm;
tyfovm;¿ rtyfb;l wJah emf/ uJ ...oDv&Siaf wG tckacwf ajymr,f-
qkdMuygpdkY? bdu©LeDr r[kwfaomfvnf; bdu©LeDr qkdMuygpkdYaemf/
oDv&Sifwpfyg;twGuf &nfñTef;NyD; &SJueJqdkNyD; MuufOwpfvkH; aMumf-
vkdufw,f/ aygufrnfhMuufO qkdMuygpkdYaemf/
102 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
uJ ... tJ'DoDv&SiftwGuf aMumfxm;awmh tjcm;oDv&Sifukd

oGm;a<u;vkduf&if okdYr[kwf bkef;BuD;ukd oGm;avmif;vkdY&Sd&if tyfyg-
ovm;¿ pOf;pm;aemf/ 'guawmh bdu©LeDrvkdY rqkdvkdygbl;/ pOf;pm;-
p&mtcsufukdom bkef;BuD; wifjywmaemf/ uJ ... oDwif;okH;azmf
ig;OD;rSm wpfOD;OD;twGuf &nfñTef;NyD; jyKjyif pDrHvkdufwJh tom;ig;awG
oDwif;okH;azmfig;OD;vkH;twGuf rtyfbl;wJhaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
&nfñeT ;f ykw
H pfrsK;d
oap ye aumpd {uH bdu©KH O'´dó ygPH 0"dwGm wó ywåH
yla&wGm a'wd/
jyóemav;wpfck ay:vmw,f/ oap = tu,fí/ aumpd =
wpfpw f / {uH bduK© H = &[ef;wpfyg;uk/d O'´ó
Hk pfa,mufaom yk*Kd¾ vu d
= &nfñTef;í/ ygPH = owå0gukd/ 0"dwGm = owfjzwfí/ wó =
xkd&[ef;awmf\/ ywåH = oydwfudk/ yla&wGm = jynfhapí/ a'wd =
ay;vSLonf jzpfjim;tHh/
'umwpfOD;u qkdMuygpkdY/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;twGuf &nfñTef;-
Ny;D awmh tom;wpfcu
k dk pDrw
H ,f? owfjzwfvu dk w
f ,f/ owfjzwfvu dk -f
NyD;awmhrS 'Dtom;ukd pDrHcsufjyKwfNyD;awmh xkd&[ef;awmf&JU oydwfxJ
tjynfh avmif;xnfhvkdufw,f/ vSLvkdufNyD/
aom p twåaem tw¬m, uwbm0H ZmeHa,0 *a[wGm
tnó a'wd/
aom p = xk&d [ef;awmfonfvnf;yJ/ twåaem = rdr\d / tw¬m,
= tusKd;iSm/ uwbm0H = jyKjyifpDrHxm;onf\tjzpfukd/ ZmeHa,0 =
odvsuo f mvQi/f *a[wGm = tvSLcH,í l / tnó bduK© aem = tjcm;
wpfyg;aom &[ef;awmftm;/ a'wd = ay;vSLonfjzpfjim;tHh/
tJ'&D [ef;awmfu odw,f? odvsuef YJ olu tvSLcHvu dk Nf y?D tvSL-

cHNy;D wJt
h csed t
f cgrSm oluawmh rpm;ygbl;/ tjcm;&[ef;awmfwpfyg;ukd
olu oGm;NyD;vSLw,f/
aom wH wó o'¨g, y&dbkÍÆwd/
aom = xkdwjcm;&[ef;awmfu/ wH = xkdvmvSLwJh tom;ig;ukd/
wó = xkv d mvSLwJh &[ef;tay:ü/ o'¨g, = ,kMH unfcsuo f '¨gw&m;
xif&Sm;&SdaeonfhtwGufaMumifh/ y&dbkÍÆwd = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif-
onfjzpftHh/
]]'Dukd,fawmfu oDvcspfjrwfEkd;aewJh ukd,fawmf}}qdkNyD;awmh
tvSLcHwJh &[ef;awmfu vmvSLwJh &[ef;awmftay:rSm oHo,
r&Sb d ;l ? ,kMH unfcsuf &Sw d ,f/ 'Dvdk ,kMH unfcsu&f wdS t hJ wGuf 'Dtom;ig;ukd
vmvSLwJh&[ef;awmftwGuf pDrHNyD;awmhxm;w,fqkdwm tvSLcHwJh
&[ef;u rodb;l / ½k;d om;ajzmifrh wfw,f? rodwt hJ wGuf ]]'D&[ef;awmf-
[m oDvcspjf rwfE;dk wJh &[ef;awmfy}J } qkNd y;D awmh 'D&[ef;awmftay:ü
,kMH unfwo hJ '¨gw&m;jzifh olu bkO;f ay;vku d wf ,f/ bkO;f ay;vku d af wmh
(uó tmywåd =) tJ'g b,fol tmywfoifhovJwJh/ 'Djyóem
ay:vmw,f/ ('GdEéHyd temywåd =) &[ef;ESpfyg;vkH;twGuf tmywf
roifhbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
,O§d O'´dó uwH? wó tbkwåwm, temywåd/
,H = tMuif&[ef;awmfukd/ O'´dó = &nfñTef;í/ uwH = jyKjyif
pDrHí xm;tyfay\/ wó = xkd&nfñTef;í jyKjyiftpDrHcH&wJh &[ef;-
awmftm;/ tbkww å m, = xk&d [ef;awmfu rpm;onfth wGuaf Mumif/h
temywåd = tmywfroifh/
rdrdtwGuf &nfñTef;NyD;awmh jyKjyifpDrHxm;w,fqkdNyD; 'Dtom;ukd
odNyD/ odvkdufwJhtwGuf 'Dtom;ig;ukd 'D&[ef;awmfu rpm;bl;/
104 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rpm;jcif;taMumifhvnf; 'D&[ef;awmfrSm tmywfroifhbl;/

£w&ó tZmeewm,/
£w&ó = tvSLcH,lwJh wjcm;&[ef;awmftm;/ tZmeewm,
= vmvSLwJh&[ef;awmftwGuf &nfñTef;í jyKjyifpDrHxm;tyfonf[k
rodonfhtwGufaMumifh/ temywåd = tmywfroifh/
xk&d [ef;uvnf; ½k;d om;w,fav/ 'DvmvSLwJh ud, k af wmftwGuf
&nfñeT ;f Ny;D awmh jyKjyifprD x
H m;ygw,fqw
dk m olu rodb;l / rodvYdk olu
bkO;f ay;wJt h wGuf olUrSmvnf; tmywfroifb h ;l / odvsuef YJ bkO;f ay;&if-
awmh tmywfoifhw,faemf/ 'g tjypf&Sdw,f/ aemufwpfck ----
tyfwJh tom;ig;
uyÜd,rHoó [d y#d*¾[aP tmywåd ew¬d/
uyd,
Ü rHoó = &[ef;awmfawGEiS hf tyfpyfaeaom tom;tm;/
y#d*¾[aP = cH,ljcif;ü/ tmywåd = tmywfonf/ ew¬d = r&Sdyg/
tyfpyfaewJhtom; &[ef;awmfawG pm;zkdY&ef bk&m;&Sifu cGifhjyK-
xm;wJh tom;Bu;D (10)rsK;d rS vGwaf ewJt h om;? tJ'D tom;awGuawmh
cH,½l oHk ufoufeyYJ J &[ef;awmfwrYdk mS tmywfroifb h ;l / okaYd omf cH,½l Hk
oufoufeYJ tmywfroifb h ;l qkw
d mu tom;tpdr;f vku d u
f dk rajymyg-
bl;/ usuaf ewJh jyKjyifprD xH m;wJh tom;uko d m ajymwmygaemf/ tom;-
pdr;f [if; ig;pdr;f [if; jzpfcrhJ ,fqvdk &Ydk &dS ifawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u rpm;zk-Yd
&eftwGuf &[ef;awGukd ynwfxm;NyD; jzpfw,f/ tvSLrcHzkdY&ef-
twGuv f nf; ynwfxm;Ny;D jzpfygw,f/ okaYd omf jyóemuav;wpfck
ay:vmw,faemf/
wpfcsed rf mS jrwfpmG bk&m;u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tom;pdr;f ig;pdr;f
tuyfrcH&? tom;pdr;f ig;pdr;f rpm;&qkNd y;D odum© yk'af wG ynwfxm;Ny;D
jzpfw,f/ xkt d csed t

f cgrSm bDv;l wpfaumifuaeNy;D awmh &[ef;awmfudk
0ifNyD;awmh yl;jyefw,f/ &[ef;awmfukd 0ifyl;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm &[ef;-
awmfawGu ar;w,f/ toifbDvl; bmaMumifh 0ifNyD; yl;&ovJ¿
ar;vkdufw,f/ ar;vkdufawmh bDvl;uvnf; &Sif;&Sif;yJ ajzygw,f/
ol om;pdrf; ig;pdrf; pm;csifvdkYwJh? om;pdrf; ig;pdrf; pm;csifvdkYygqkdNyD;
tajzay;vku d af wmh jrwfpmG bk&m;ukd wifjyNy;D avQmufxm;w,f? wifjy-
avQmufxm;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u bDvl;yl;wJh&[ef; om;pdrf; ig;pdrf;
pm;apqkdNyD;awmh cGifhjyKvkdufygw,f/
tJ'g tckacwfvnf; bkef;BuD; enf;enf; pOf;pm;Munfhw,f/
ig;csOaf ygYaemf/ 'g rD;eJY BuKd csux f m;wm r[kwb f ;l / ykZeG cf sOf - rD;eJv
Y nf;
csufxm;wmr[kwfbl;/ 'g 0denf;pnf;urf;t&uawmh 'g tpdrf;yJ/
tvm;wlyJ trJcsOw f Ydk bmwkYd rD;eJY BuKd csurf xm;bl;qk&d ifawmh? 'DyZk eG -f
csOfwkdY 'Dig;csOfwkdYukd tpdrf;vkdufpm;cJh&if b,fvkdvJvkdY bkef;BuD;u
enf;enf; pOf;pm;Munfhw,f/ 'DvlawG bD;vl;rsm; yl;aeovm;vdkYaemf/
enf;enf; pOf;pm;&rvkd jzpfaew,f/ bk&m;&Siu f awmh cGirhf jyKb;l / bDv;l
0ify;l wJh yk*Kd¾ vu
f adk wmh cGijhf yKxm;w,f/ aemufwpfcsuu f tpdr;f aum-
yJaemf/ ig;pdrf;aumwJh trJpdrf;aumwJh 0ufpdrf;aumwJh ponfjzifh
tpdrf;aum trsKd;rsKd;yJ/ tJ'gvnf; rD;eJY BudKcsufxm;wm r[kwfjcif;-
aMumifh 0denf;awmft& 'g ajymcJh&ifawmh tom;pdrf;yJ/ tJ'Dtpdrf;-
aumawGvnf; rpm;Mubl;vm;¿ pm;Mujyefw,f/ bmjzpfvkdY pm;vJvkdY
jyefNyD;awmh qef;ppfMunfhawmhvnf; ckeuvkdyJ olwkdYvnf; bDvl;rsm;
yl;aeovm;awmh rajymwwfbl;aemf/bk&m;&Sifuawmh bDvl;yl;wJh
&[ef;ukd 'Dom;pdrf; ig;pdrf; pm;zkdY&eftwGuf cGifhjyKxm;w,f/ bDvl;
ryl;bl;qkd&ifawmh 'Dvkdom;pdrf; ig;pdrf; pm;zkdY&ef jrwfpGmbk&m; cGifhjyK-
ovm;¿ rjyKbl;/ okdYaomf tusuf qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh tvSLcH,ljcif;
wnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh tmywf roifhbl;aemf/
106 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rodol
O'´dóuwÍö tZmedwGm bkwåó ypäm ÚwGm tmywåda'oem-
udpöH emr ew¬d/
O'´dóuwÍö = &nfñTef;í jyKjyifpDrHxm;tyfonf\ tjzpfukd-
vnf;yJ/ tZmedwGm = rod&Sd jcif;aMumifh/ bkwåó = pm;aom &[ef;-
tm;/ ypäm = aemufyidk ;f umvü/ ÚwGm = od&ydS gaomfvnf;yJ/ tmywå-d
a'oemudpöH emr = tmywfukd a'oemajymMum;jcif;udpö rnfonf/
ew¬d = r&Sdyg/
&[ef;awmfu olUtwGuf jyKjyifprD x H m;w,fqNdk y;D awmh olu rod-
bl;/ rodwJhtwGuf olu pm;vkdufw,f/ pm;vkdufwJhtcgusawmh
aemufykdif;usawmh wpfcg odjyefw,f/ aMomf igYtwGuf ol[m jyKjyif
pDrx
H m;wJh tom;yJ? aemufawmh odNy/D odv&Ydk &dS ifawmh tJ'rD mS a'oem
xyfNyD;Mum;zkdY rvkdbl;wJhaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
rtyfwJh tom;ig;
tuyÜd,rHoH ye tZmedwGm bkawåe ypäm ÚwGmyd tmywåd
a'aowAÁm/
tuyÜd,rHoH = rtyfpyfwJhtom;ukd/ tZmedwGm = rod&Sdí/
bkawåe = bkO;f ay;aom &[ef;onf/ ypäm = aemufyidk ;f umvü/ ÚwGm
= od&Sdygaomfvnf;yJ/ tmywåð = tmywfukd/ a'aowAÁm = a'oem
Mum;tyfay\/
rtyfpyfwJhtom;BuD; b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ (10)rsKd;/ tJ'DrtyfpyfwJh
tom;Bu;D (10)rsK;d ukd rodvYdk pm;&ifvnf; oluawmh tmywfoifw h ,f/
pm;wke;f u rodb;l / aemufyidk ;f usrS odw,fq&dk ifvnf; tJ't
D mywfudk
a'oemMum;&w,f/ tyfpyfaewJh tom;usawmh rodvkdY pm;cJhr,f
qk&d ifawmh tmywfroifbh ;l / aemufyidk ;f rS odc&hJ ifvnf; a'oemMum;-

aezdkY rvkdbl;/ aemufwpfck ---
xl;jcm;csuEf pS cf k
O'´dóuwO§d ÚwGm bkÍÆawm0 tmywåd/
O'´dóuwH = &nfñTef;í jyKjyifpDrHxm;tyfonfh tom;ig;ukd/
ÚwGm = od&SdrSomvQif/ ÚwGm = od&SdNyD;aemuf/ bkÍÆawm0 = pm;okH;-
aom &[ef;omvQif/ tmywåd = tmywfoifhonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
&nfñeT ;f om;ukd rdrw
d t
Ydk wGuf &nfñeT ;f Ny;D okrYd [kwf oDwif;ok;H azmf
ig;OD; wpfO;D OD;twGuf &nfñeT ;f Ny;D jyKjyifprD x
H m;ygw,fvYdk od&w dS thJ cg
pm;rSomvQif tmywfoifhygw,f/
tuyÜd,rHoH tZmedwGm bkÍÆEÅóyd tmywåda,0/
tuyÜ, d rHoH = rtyfwt
hJ om;uk/d tZmedwmG = rod&o
dS nfjzpfí
bkÍEÆ ó
Å yd = pm;aom&[ef;tm;vnf;yJ/ tmywåad ,0 = tmywfoif-h
onfomvQifwnf;/
rtyfpyfwhJ tom; jzpfcrhJ ,fq&dk ifawmh rodvb
Ydk J pm;pm;? odvyYdk J
pm;pm;? 'guawmh tmywfoifhw,f/ rodvkdY pm;rdawmif tmywf
oifhw,fqkd&ifawmh odvsufeJY pm;cJh&ifawmh tmywfu ykdNyD; oifhyg-
w,faemf/
wo®m tmywådbD½kaue ½lyH ov’au©aEÅemyd ykpädwGm0 rHoH
y#d*¾a[wAÁH/
wo®m = xkdaMumifh/ tmywådbD½kaue = tmywfukd aMumuf&GHU-
wwfwhJ pdwx d hJ &[ef;awmfonf/ ½lyH = csujf yKwx
f m;&Sw f m;wJh tom;\
toGitf jyifu/dk ov’au©aEÅemyd = aumif;pGm ykid ;f jcm; rSwo
f m;vsu-f
vnf;/ ykpädwGm0 = ar;jref;íomvQif/ rHoH = tom;ukd/ y#d*¾a[wAÁH
108 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
= cH,loifh cH,lxkdufay\/
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;ukd 'um 'umrawGu tom;awG vmNyD;
avmif;vSL Ny?D avmif;vSLvkud w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm xk&d [ef;awmfu b,fvdk
vku d ef mjyKusi&hf rvJ¿ tmywfudk rdru d aMumuf&UHG wwfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vjf zpfc-hJ
r,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'g[m tom;yJvkdY rSwfrdr,f? rSwfrdcJhr,fqkdvkdY-
&Sd&ifawmh bmvkyf&rvJ¿
ykpädwGm0 rHoH y#d*¾a[wAÁH?
ar;NyD;rSomvQif 'Dtom;ukd vufcH&r,faemf/ ar;jref;w,f-
qkdwmu 'g bmtom;vJvkdY ar;&w,f/ 'g 0denf;pnf;urf;yJaemf/
ar;jref;NyD;rSomvQif tvSLcH,lygwJhaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
y&dabm*umav ]]ykpw dä mG y&dbÍk ó
Æd mrD}}wd 0g *a[wGm ykpw
dä mG 0
y&dbkÍÆdwAÁH/
tvSLcH,lpOf tcsdeftcgrSm rdrdu qGrf;cHoGm;&if;jzpfaeawmh
ar;&rSm &Sufaew,f? rar;csifbl;qkd&if bmvkyfovJ¿
y&dabm*umav = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaom tcsdeftcgumvü/
ykpädwGm = ar;jref;NyD;rS/ y&dbkÍdÆómrd = ig pm;aytHh/ £wd 0g =
þokrYd vl nf;ESv;Hk yku f / *a[wGm = tvSLcHí/ ykpw
d í dä mG 0 = ar;jref;Ny;D rS-
omvQif/ y&dbkÍÆdwAÁH = bkOf;ay;oifh bkOf;ay;xkdufay\/
'guvnf; 0denf;odu©myk'fyJaemf/ 0denf;odu©myk'fwpfckuawmh
Oygodumr 'g,dumroky, dÜ ESihf wlygw,faemf/ tJ''D g,dumrwpfO;D u
o'¨gw&m;u tifrwefaumif;w,f/ t&d,molawmfaumif;vnf;
jzpfygw,f/ &[ef;awmfawGukd ususee olu jyKpkvkyfauR;aew,f/
ypön;f av;yg;jzifh ususee jyKpv
k yk af uR;aewJh tcsed t
f cgrSm &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;aygY/ ruse;f rrmjzpfwhJ tcsed t f cgrSm tom;pGyjf yKwf vkt
d yfae-
w,f/ tom;pGyfjyKwfvkdtyfaewJh tcsdeftcgusawmh rusef;rmwJh
'Da&m*gaysmufuif;a&;twGuf tom;pGyjf yKwf pm;&rS jzpfr,fqNdk y;D awmh

od&Sdvmawmh 'DtrsKd;o®D;uvnf; o'¨gw&m;u odyfxufoefw,f/
xufoefvkdufjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh bmvkyfovJ¿
tom;vku d &f mS wm &SmvkrYd &awmh aemufq;Hk rdr&d UJ aygifom; vS;D Ny;D awmh
pDrHNyD;awmh tJ'g pGyfjyKwfvkyfNyD; oGm;uyfygw,f/ xkd&[ef;awmfu
rar;bJeJY pm;w,f/ tJ'gukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u
tom;ukd pm;wJt h csed t
f cgrSm ar;jref;Ny;D rSomvQif pm;&r,fqNdk y;D awmh
'Dvkdodu©myk'f ynwfxm;ygw,faemf/ rar;bJeJY pm;cJh&if 0wåab'-
'kuú#f xyfNyD; oifhw,f/ 'Dusifh0wfy#dywfukd ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;wJh
yk*Kd¾ vt
f aeeJY tmywfxyfoifyh gw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh tom;ukd pm;r,fh
yk*¾dKvfonf bmvkyf&rvJ¿ tvSLcH,lpOf tcsdeftcgrSmaomfvnf;
ar;&r,f? tvSLcHpOftcsed t f cgrSm rar;cJ&h ifawmh bmvky&f rvJ¿ pm;wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm igar;NyD;rSomvQif pm;r,fvkdY 'DvkdESvkH;ykdufNyD;awmh
ar;ukad r;&r,f/ rar;bJeYJ 'Dtom;b,fawmhrS rpm;&bl;/ 'g odum© yk'f
ynwfxm;w,faemf/
bmaMumifh ar;&ovJvkdYar;awmh odEkdifcJw,f? ckeu 0w¬KrSm
tom;awGukd aocsmpOf;NyD;awmh pGyfjyKwfvkyfxm;w,f? bmtom;-
qkdwm odzkdY&ef rcufcJbl;vm;¿ cufcJw,faemf/
tpärHorÜd [d olu&rHoo'doH a[mwd?
tpäro
H rÜd = 0uf0o
H m;onfvnf;yJ/ olu&rHoo'doH = 0ufom;-
ESifh tvm;wlonf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
0uf0o
H m;ESihf 0ufom;[m odyNf y;D awmhww
l ,f/ 0ufjcif;twlwyl -J
aemf/
'DydrHom'Ded p rd*rHom'do'domed?
usm;opftom;-pwJh tom;awG[mvnf; oriftom;-pwJh
110 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
om;aumifawG&JU tom;eJY odyfNyD;awmh wlaew,faemf/

wo®m ykpädwGm *[Par0 0wåEÅd 0'EÅd/
wo®m = xkdaMumifh/ ykpädwGm = ar;jref;NyD;rS/ *[Par0 = tvSL
cH,ljcif;onfomvQif/ 0wåEÅd = usifh0wfw&m;wnf;-[lí/ 0'EÅd =
q&mjrwfwkdY rdefYqkdawmfrlMuavukef\/
'gaMumifh tom;ig;awGudk tvSLcH,wl t hJ csed t
f cgrSm ar;jref;Ny;D rS
omvQif tvSLcHoifyh gw,fqNdk y;D q&mjrwfwu Ydk awmh usi0hf wfwpfcv k Ydk
trdefY&dS Muw,f/ 'gayrJh tvSLcH,lpOftcsdeftcgrSm rar;rd&if pm;wJh-
tcsdeftcgusrS ar;r,fqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&if tmywfroifhygbl;?
okaYd omf tvSLcH,pl Oftcguvnf; rar;bl;? pm;wJt h csed tf cguvnf;
rar;bl;qkd&ifawmh bmjzpfvJ¿ tmywfoifhw,f/ rar;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vmwJh tmywfyaJ emf/ odaewmyJ ar;p&mrvkb d ;l / 'Dvdk r[kw-f
bl;aemf/ 0denf;pnf;urf;qkdwmu odonfjzpfap rodonfjzpfap
odEkdifcJwJhoabm&Sdjcif;aMumifh ar;&r,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifu odu©myk'f-
ynwfxm;w,f/ odu©myk'f ynwfxm;wJhtwGuf ar;NyD;rSomvQif
pm;okH;&r,f/ uJ 'geJY oDv&Sifjzpf&if b,folUukd ar;rSmwkef;? tJ'g
ar;csifwJhol ar;MuayawmhyJaemf/ jyóemawmh &SdaeNyD? 'Dawmh
rar;bJeaYJ wmh &[ef;awmfrsm;uawmh rpm;aumif;bl; qkNd y;D awmh 'Dvdk
ynwfxm;ygw,f/
jAm[®P"r®duokwåef (okwåedygw?322-325/)
okaYd omf 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;av; bke;f Bu;D qufajymcsiyf gw,f/

jAm[®P"r®duokwåefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; 'Dtom;ig;eJYywfoufNyD;awmh
jyóemuav;wpfck xyfNy;D awmh a[mxm;ygw,faemf/ wa,m a&m*g
yka& tmok?H £päm teoeH Z&m/ ...qkNd y;D awmh ponfjzifh *gxmav;-
awGeJY a[mxm;w,f/ [dk;a&S;,cifwkef;u qkdMuygpkdYaemf? Ouúmurif;

vufxuf vlwo Ydk ufwrf; ESpaf ygif;&Spaf omif;wrf; txufrmS vkYd ,lq-
&ygw,f/ tJ'0D ef;usiaf vmufrmS Ouúmurif; ay:vmcJw h ,f/ ay:vm-
wJ h t csd e f t cgusawmh 'D O uú m urif ; uk d yk P Ö m ;awG u aeNyD ; awmh
enf;enf;av; ,Zfyal Zmfz&Ydk eftwGuf tMuÓ H Pfay;Muw,f qkMd uygpk/Yd
ykPÖm;wkdY tMuHay;csufukd Ouúmurif;u vkdufemjyKusifhNyD;awmh
bmvkyfovJ¿ qdwfwkdYç okd;wkdYç EGm;wkdY ponfaygYav? ,ZfylaZmf&r,fh
owå0guav;awGudk ,Zfwidk rf mS csnNf y;D awmh tJ'rD mS owfawmhwmyJ?
Ouúmurif;uk, d w f idk f EGm;rwpfaumif&UJ vnfyif;ay:rSm "m;wifvu dk -f
onfESifh wpfNydKifeufxJ tJ'DrSm bmjzpfvmovJ¿ apmifha&SmufaewJh
ewfawGvnf; z,fcGmNyD;oGm;w,f/ odMum;rif;BuD;vnf; z,fcGmNyD;
oGm;w,f? ydw&vkdY zcifvkdY olwkdYac:a0:okH;pGJaewJh jA[®mBuD;awG-
vnf; z,fcmG Ny;D awmhomG ;Muw,f? bDv;l awGuvnf; tukev f ;Hk xGucf mG
oGm;Muw,f/ xGufcGmoGm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm b,fvkdvJ¿ ]]t"r® t"r®
t"r®0g'BuD; avmurSm xGef;um;vmNyD/ t"r®0g'BuD; avmurSm
xGe;f um;vmNy}D }vkYd 'Dvdk ajymqkNd y;D awmh xGucf mG oGm;Muw,f/ bk&m;&Sif
cGifhjyKw,fqkdwmu ckeu ckvkd owfjzwfNyD; pm;zkdY&eftwGuf jrwfpGm-
bk&m; cGifhjyKxm;wm [kwfygovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf/ tyftyfpyfpyf
tpGe;f ok;H yg;vGwNf y;D awmh jzpfay:vmwJh tom;ig;ukad wmh jrwfpmG bk&m;
cGifhjyKygw,f/ tpGef;okH;yg;rvGwfcJhbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh bk&m;&SiftaeeJY
cGifhjyKovm;¿ cGifhrjyKbl;/ tckacwfrSm tom;ig;awG[m rowfbJeJY
jzpfay:vmwJh tom; ig; &Sdovm;¿ &Sm;ygw,faemf/ awmfawmfav;
&Sm;vdrfhrvm;vkdY ,lqygw,f/
'gaMumifh olu jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh tpGef;okH;yg;vGwfaewJh tom;-
awGqkdwm tifrwef &Sm;ygw,f/ jyKjyifpDrHxm;wJh tom;awGuom
ydkNyD; rsm;aewJh oabm&Sdygw,f/ MunfhvkdufwJhtcgusawmh tJ'DrSm
112 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
t"r®0g'BuD; tJ'DtcsdeftcgupNyD; xGef;um;vmwJhtwGuf 'Dt"r®-

0g' rxGef;um;cif tcsdeftcgwkef;u vlom;awGrSm a&m*gokH;rsKd;yJ
&Sdw,f/
wa,m a&m*g yka& tmok?H £päm teoeH Z&m/ (okweå yd gw?325??)
£päm =) xkdxdkouf&SdoufrJh umr0w¬KtpkpkwkdY tay:ü vkdvm;-
(£pä
wyfrufwJh pdwfxm;av;wpfck? 'gukdvnf; a&m*gvkdYyJ owfrSwfw,f/
teoeH =) xrif;qmwJh a&m*gwpfck? (Z&m
(teoeH Z&m =) tkdwJh a&m*gwpfck?
'Da&m*gokH;ckyJ? a&S;,cifwkef;u &SdcJhzl;w,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'DOuúmu
rif;uae pNyD;awmh EGm;awGukd owfjzwfNyD;awmh EGm;vnfyif;ay:rSm
"m;wifvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgu pNyD;awmh vlYavmuBuD;rSm (96)yg;
odrYk [kwf tJ'rD mS awmh (98)yg;qkNd y;D azmfjyxm;w,f/ (96)yg;ç (98)yg;-
aom tema&m*ga0'emawGonf tJ'DtcsdeftcgupNyD; jzpfay:vm-
w,f/ tema&m*gawG xlajymvmMuw,f/ enf;enf;av; jyefqef;ppf
Munfhygaemf/ tJ'Dvkd tom;ig;awG rpm;cif tcsdeftcgwkef;u vlY-
avmuü tJ'aD vmuf xlajymaewJh tema&m*gawG &So d vm;¿ r&Scd zhJ ;l -
bl;? 'g bk&m;ukd,fwkdif a[mxm;w,f/ jAm[®P"r®duokwåef (okwå-
edygw?325/)rSm ygygw,f/ owå0gawGukd owfjzwfNyD; tom;ig;awGukd
rpm;cifrSm a&m*g b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ¿ okH;rsKd;/ vkdcsifw,fqkdwJh a&m*g
wpfck? xrif;qmw,fqkdwJh a&m*gwpfck? tkdw,fqkdwJh a&m*gwpfck
'Do;Hk ckyJ &Sw
d ,f/ 'Dvq
dk &dk if w&m;apmifjh cif;onf tema&m*guif;zk&Yd m-
twGuf taMumif;rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfaew,faemf/ w&m;rapmifhMu-
awmhbl;qkdawmh tema&m*gawG xlajymNyD; rvmbl;vm;¿ xlajymNyD;
vmMuw,f/ tema&m*gtrsKd;rsKd; bmaMumifh xlajym&w,fqkdwm
'DaeYacwf odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;vnf; oabmaygufMuygw,f/ bmjzpf-
vkdYvJ¿
owå0gtm;vkH;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh tema&m*g tenf;trsm;
&SdMuygw,faemf/ tJ'Dowå0gtm;vkH;rSm tema&m*gawGu &Sdaeawmh

tema&m*g&SdaewJh owå0gwpfOD;ukd owfjzwfNyD; pm;vkdufwJhtwGuf
'Da&m*gawG[m wpfqifh ul;pufNyD; rvmbl;vm;¿ ul;pufvmw,f/
'guvnf; wpfc?k tom;wkid ;f tom;wkid ;f rSm tqdy"f mwfqw dk m &Sd Mu-
ygw,f? ig;awGrmS vnf; tqdy"f mwfqw kd m &Sd Muygw,f/ tJ'D tom;-
ig;awGrSm tqdyf"mwf&Sdawmh 'Dtqdyf"mwf&SdaewJh tom;ig;awGukd
oGm;pm;vkdufjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; a&m*gawG
xlajymNyD; rvmbl;vm;¿ xlajymvmMuw,f/ rsufpda&m*g em;a&m*g
tp&So d nfjzifh (96)yg; odrYk [kwf (98)yg;aom tema&m*g trsK;d rsK;d awG
jzpfay:vmMuw,faemf/ 'gayrJh BudKufvmNyDqkdvkdY&dS&if tJ'Dvkd a&m*g
jzpfwmukd ukd,fu vSrf;NyD; Munfhao;vm;¿ rMunfhMuawmhbl;aemf/
rMunfhMuwJhtwGuf owå0gawGrSm bmawGjzpfvmMuovJ¿ jzpfvm-
ykHeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh aemufxyf tmr*EökwåefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u
*gxm ESpfck xyfNyD; a[mawmfrlygw,f/ emMunfhMu&atmif .../
114 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ig;omvQif t½kd;pl;wm r[kwfbl;wJh

tmvl;uvnf; t½kd;pl;wwfygw,fwJh/
ol cPcP ajymzl;w,f/
usKyfwkdYuawmh tom;ig;awmh rBudKufygbl;/
tmvl;rS BudKufw,fqkdawmh
tmvl;BudKufwm[mvnf; tJ'g tmvl;t½kd;pl;wm
r[kwfbl;vm;¿ pl;aewmyJ/
bmyJjzpfjzpf &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;tay:ü
wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'Dpdwfxm;&Sdwmukd
bk&m;&Sifu rESpfNcdKufbl;/
rtyfpyf&ifawmh bmrS r,lygeJY? rpm;eJY?
oufowfvGwfonf jzpfap? rvGwfonf jzpfap?
rtyfpyfbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh bmukdrQ rpm;eJY?
tyfpyfaew,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh &om½kHtay:rSm
wG,fwmrufarmwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh
pm;okH;wmukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu rESpfNcdKufjyefbl;/
rtyf&ifawmh bmrQ jrwfpGmbk&m;
cGirhf jyKygbl;aemf/
(pmrsufESm-118)
] 115
tmr*Eökwåef ('kwd,ykdif;)
2/ a, £" umarok tonwm Zem?
&aook *d'¨g tokpdbm0ródwm/
ew¬du'd|D 0dorm 'k&Eé,m?
*gxmESpcf xk uJ yxr*gxmukd qufa[mawmfryl gw,f? 'D*gxm-
awGudk bk&m;&Siu
f b,fvOdk ;D wnfcsuef YJ a[mawmfro l vJvaYdk r;awmh
t|uxmq&mawmfu bk&m;&Si\ f OD;wnfcsuu f dk zGiqhf x
dk m;ygw,f/
ajymcJNh y;D wJh eHygwf (1)*gxmrSm ygPmwdygwç t'dEmé 'ge ponfjzifh
tmr*E¨tnD§ta[muftaMumif;awGukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;-
awmfrlvkdufw,f/ 'Dvkda[mMum;csufuawmh b,folb,f0gqkdwJh
OD;wnfcsufrygwJhtwGuf "r®m"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh a'oemawmfukd
a[mMum;awmfrjl cif;vkYd qkv d ydk gw,f/ tJ'eD nf;tm;jzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;u
tmr*E¨ = tnD§ta[mufukd ajzqkdNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm ,cktcgrSm
xkxd o
dk wå0gawG&UJ oEÅmefrmS xkx d dk tmr*E¨w&m;awG = tnDt § a[muf
w&m;awGEiS hf jynfph aHk eMuw,f/ owå0gwpfa,mufwnf;rSmyJ tmr*E¨
= tn§t D a[mufw&m;awG tukev f ;Hk ESihf jynfph aHk ewmvnf; r[kwb f ;l ?
tmr*E¨ = tn§t D a[mufw&m;tm;vk;H [mvnf; NyKd iw f l wpfNyKd ief uf-
wnf; jynfph aHk ewmvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? xkx d o dk wå0gawG&UJ oEÅmefrmS xkx d dk
116 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tmr*E¨ = tn§t D a[mufw&m;awG[m xku d o f vkd jynfph aHk eMuw,f/

tJ'Dvkd jynfhpkHaewJh 'Dtmr*E¨trsKd;rsKd;awGukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u xif&Sm;
jycsifwJhtwGuf yk*¾vmt"d|mefa'oemawmfenf;tm;jzifh a'oem-
awmfukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufNyD; tajzay;vkdw,f/ tajzay;vkdwJh
twGuf *gxm ESp*f gxm qufNy;D a[mw,f/ tJ'ED pS *f gxmxJu yxr
*gxmu b,fvkdvJ¿
£" = þavmuü/ a, Zem = tMuifvo l m;wkoYd nf/ umarok
= umr*kPfwkdYü/ tonwm = apmifhpnf;rIr&SdMuavukef/ &aook =
&om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYü/ *d'¨g = wG,fwmrufarmaom pdwfxm;&SdíaeMu-
avuke\ f / tokpb d m0ródwm = rpifMu,faom rdpmä tmZD0tjzpfudk
rSw
D if;aeMuavuke\ f / ew¬u d 'd|D = ew¬u
d 0g't,l&í
dS aeMuavuke-f
\/ 0dorm = rnDñGwfaom um,uHrIponfESifh jynfhpkHí aeMuav-
ukef\/ 'k&Eé,m = rSefuefwJh todÓPfudk ay;wJhtcg odEkdifcJaom
oabm&Sdí aeMuavukef\/ {o {aom = xkdolwkdY\ þumrwkdYü
rapmifhpnf;rI ponfjzifh (6)rsKd;tjym;&Sdaom oabmw&m;onf/
tmr*aE¨m = tmr*E¨tnD§ta[mufygaywnf;/ rHoabmZeH =
tom;wnf;[laomabmZOfonfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tnD§-
ta[muf tmr*E¨ r[kwfyg/
tmr*Eüdk wpfenf;wzkH jrwfpmG bk&m;u qufNy;D tajzay;awmf-
rlygw,f/ avmurSm tMuifvlom;awG &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'Dvlom;-
awGu b,fvkdvJ¿
tmr*Eökwåef ('kwd,ykdif;) ] 117
a, aupd £" avmau umry#dao0eocFgawok umarok

rmwdrmwkpäm'Dokyd r&d,m'g0d&a[e bdEéoH0&wm, toH,wm
ykxkZÆem/
£" avmau = þavmuü/ a, aupd = tcsKdUtcsKdUaom
owå0gwkdYonf/ umry#dao0eocFgawok umarok = umr*kPfukd
rS0D jJ cif;[kac:qkt d yfaom umrwküYd / rmwdrmwkpmä 'Doyk d = rdBu;D rdaxG;
pwJh yk*¾dKvfwkdYüaomfvnf;yJ/ r&d,m'g0d&a[e = tykdif;tjcm;uif;-
aompdwx f m;jzif/h bdEo
é 0H &wm, = ysujf ym;aom apmifph nf;rI &Sad v-
onftwGuaf Mumif/h toH,wm = rapmifph nf;Muukeaf om/ ykxZk eÆ m
= ykxkZefirkdufom;wkdYonf/ oEÅd = &SdíaeMuavukef\/
avmurSmaygYaemf/ umr*kPef yYJ wfoufNy;D rvku d pf m;oifw h yhJ *k Kd¾ v-f
awG tykdif;tjcm;qkdwm vlYavmu ,Ofaus;rIt& &SdMuygw,f/ trd-
uJo h Ydk yk*Kd¾ vaf wG rdaxG; rdBu;D tp&Sw
d hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG 'Dvdk yk*Kd¾ vaf wG tay:-
rSmvnf; ykid ;f jcm;jcif;uif;aewJph w d xf m;awG &SMd uw,f/ a&m,Su½f w I -f
axG;rIawGjzifh aygif;oif;qufqv H mMuNy/D apmifph nf;rI bmrS r&Sd Mubl;/
aemufwpfck bmjzpfvJ¿
&aook *d'¨g?
&aook = &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYü/ *d'¨g = wG,fwmrufarmaom
pdwfxm;&Sdí aeMuavukef\/
olwuYdk dk wpfzef jyefMunfv
h u
dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm &om½kaH wGtay:ü
tvGef rufarmwG,fwmaewJh pdwfxm;&Sd Muw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
&aook *d'¨gwd Zd0Sg0dana,sok &aook *d'¨g *"dwm rkpädwm
taZÑmoEém tem'De0'óm0daem tedó&Pynm &ao y&dbÍk EÆ /dÅ
&aook *d'g¨ wd = &om½kt
H rsK;d rsK;d wküYd wG,w
f mrufarmí aeMu-
f [lonfum;/ Zd0gS 0dana,sok = Zd0gS 0dnmPfpw
uke\ d t
f pOfjzifo
h t
d yf-
118 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ukefaom/ &aook = &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYü/ *d'¨g = rufarmaeMuukef-

onf/ *"dwm = wG,w f mMuukeo f nf/ rkpädwm = arharsmí aeMuuke-f
onf/ taZÑmoEém = rsKdrwwfpGJvrf;í aeMuukefonf/ tem'De0-
'óm0daem = tjypfukd½Ijrifavh r&Sd Muukefonf/ tedó&Pynm =
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k r© S xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ edó&Pynm r&S-d
Muukefonfjzpfí/ &ao = &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYukd/ y&dbkÍÆEÅd = bkOf;ay;
okH;aqmifí aeMuavukef\/
&om½kHtay:rSm wG,fwmrufarmaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG avmurSm
&SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dyk*¾dKvfawGu Zd0Sg0dnmPfjzifh vSrf;NyD;odtyfwJh &om½kH
trsKd;rsKd;awGtay:ü odyfNyD;awmh rufrufarmarm &SdaeMuw,f/
rsKrd wwfpv JG rf;Ny;D awmh wnfaeMuw,f/ rsKrd wwf pGv J rf;Ny;D wnfae-
w,fqw dk mu bmajymwmvJ¿ rsKv d nf;rsKw
d ,fvYdk ajymwmyg/ vQmay:
wifvkdufNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if vQmay:rSm wifxm;NyD;awmh axG;jypfovm;¿
axG;rjypfygbl;/ rsKrd wwfpv JG rf;aew,faemf/ odyNf y;D awmh pGaJ eMuw,f/
pGJaewJhtcsdeftcgusawmh tJ'DrSm enf;enf;av; pum;wpfckawmh
&Sdw,faygY? bk&m;&Sifu 'Dae&mrSm tom;&,f ig;&,f bm&,fvkdY
rajymygbl;/ &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;vkdY 'Dvkd a[mwmyg/
"r®m"d|meykid ;f taeeJY &nf&,
G Nf y;D awmh a[maew,f/ b,f&om½kyH J
jzpfjzpfaygY/ b,f&om½kHjzpfjzpfqkdwm enf;enf;av; bkef;BuD; yGifhyGifh
vif;vif; xyfNy;D ajymygYr,f/ wHceG w f idk rf mS bke;f Bu;D wkYd oDwif;ok;H azmf-
jzpfwhJ OK;Mobm&Spd Oftcsed t f cgwke;f u olUqDa&muf&if cPcPajym-
w,f/ ig;omvQif t½kd;pl;wm r[kwfbl;wJh/ tmvl;uvnf; t½kd;pl;
wwfygw,fwJh/ ol cPcPajymzl;w,f/ usKyfwkdYuawmh tom;ig;-
awmh rBuKd uyf gbl;/ tmvl;rS BuKd uw f ,fqadk wmh tmvl;BuKd uw f m[m-
vnf; tJ'g tmvl;t½k;d pl;wm r[kwb f ;l vm;¿ pl;aewmyJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
&om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;tay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'Dpdwfxm;&Sdwmukd
tmr*Eökwåef ('kwd,ykdif;) ] 119
bk&m;&Sifu rESpfNcdKufbl;/ rtyfpyf&ifawmh bmrS r,lygeJY? rpm;eJY?

oufowfvGwfonf jzpfap? rvGwfonf jzpfap? rtyfpyfbl;qkdvkdY&Sd-
&ifawmh bmukrd Q rpm;eJ?Y tyfpyfaew,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh &om½kt
H ay:-
rSm wG,fwmrufarmwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh pm;okH;wmukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifu
rESpfNcdKufjyefbl;/ rtyf&ifawmh bmrS jrwfpGmbk&m; cGifhrjyKygbl;aemf/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm olu &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;tay:ü wG,fwmrufarm-
aewJhpdwfxm;ç rsKdrwwf pGJvrf;aewJh pdwfxm; tJ'D rsKdrwwfpGJvrf;wJh
pdwfxm;jzifh olwkdYu &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;awGukd pm;okH;aeMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
pm;okH;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm olwkdYu b,fvkd jzpfaevJ¿
(tem'D
tem'De0'óm0daem =) &om½kHaMumifh&&Sdr,fh tjypfawGukd
½IwwfwJh pdwfxm; r&SdMubl;/ aemufwpfck - (ted tedó&Pynm =)
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh todtvdr®m
ÓPfynmvnf; r&SdMubl;/ tJ'Dvkd todtvdr®mÓPfynm r&SdbJeJY
'D&om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;awGukd pm;okH;NyD; aeMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd pm;okH;aewJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m bmwJv h ¿J tmr*E¨tnDt § a[mufudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmif-
aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGy/J 'Dvq dk &dk if tmvl;ukd oabmusvYdk ESpEf pS Nf cKd uNf cKd uef YJ
pm;cJh&ifaum 'g tnD§ta[mufukd pm;w,fvkdY rac:Edkifbl;vm;¿
ac:Ekdifw,f? yJiydukd oabmusNyD; ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKufeJY pm;cJh&ifa&m
tn§Dta[mufukdpm;w,f rac:Ekdifbl;vm;¿ ac:Ekdifygw,f/ MuufO
bJOawGukd ESpEf pS Nf cKd uNf cKd uef YJ aMumfcsuNf y;D pm;vku
d w
f ,f qkv
d &Ydk &dS ifvnf;
tnD§ta[mufukd pm;w,fvkdY rac:bl;vm;¿ ac:Ekdifygw,f/ &om½kH
trsKd;rsKd;ty:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'Dpdwf"mwfjzifh pm;ae&if 'g
tm;vkH; tnD§ta[mufukd pm;aewmyJ/ 'DtcsufeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
t|uxmq&mawmfu (tedó&Pynm =) oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS
xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh todtvdr®mÓPfynm r&SdbJeJY pm;w,f
qkdNyD; 'Dpum; azmfjyxm;w,f/
120 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tu,fírsm;aygYav aemufxyf ig;ckajrmufjzpfwJh yg&mZdu odu©myk'f

wpfck ynwfr,fqkd&if tm[m&udk ÓPfjzifh qifjcifjcif; r&SdbJ
okH;pGJjcif;qkdwJh 'Dvkyfief;&yfukd yÍöryg&mZduodu©myk'f
tjzpfeJY ynwfr,fqkd&if ynwfvkdY&w,f/
b,favmuf jrwfpGmbk&m; pufqkyf
w,fqkdwm MunfhaygYaemf/
(pmrsufESm-127) yg&mZdutaeeJY
ynwfvkdY r&aumif;ayr,fhvkdY
yÍöryg&mZduvkd oabmxm;NyD;awmh usifhEkdifwJh
ykHpH tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh igbk&m;&Sifonf "r®m'gotrnf&aewJh
w&m;aMu;rkHrSefwpfcsyfukd &[ef;awmfawG apmifhpnf;zkdY&eftwGuf
&[ef;awmfawG vkdufemjyKusifhEkdifzkdY&eftwGuf tykdif;tjcm;
tuefYtowf wpfckawmh igbk&m; xm;cJhr,f/
(pmrsufESm-128)
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu
'DuEÅm&c&D;cJukd oGm;aewJhtcsdeftcgrSm
'Dom;&JU tom;ay: vkdvm;wyfrufwJh qE´&m*uif;&Sif;aewJh
okH;aqmifjcif;jzifh okH;aqmifrIukd jyKvkyfMuovkd omoemh0efxrf;
&Sif&[ef;wkdY[mvnf; wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif&JU wynfh
om0uawG[mvnf; tpmtm[m&tay:üvkdvm;wyfrufwJh
qE´&m*uif;&Sif;aewJh okH;aqmifjcif;jzifh okH;aqmifrIukd
aumif;pGm ÓPfjzifh ½IajrmfapvkdwJh pdwfxm;
bk&m;&SifrSm &Sdawmfrlygw,f/
(pmrsufESm-162)
] 121
om;\ tom;yrm
(ykwrå o
H yl rokweå yf idk ;f )
'Dawmh oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ todtvdrm®
ÓPfynmqkdwJh tykdif;eJYywfoufNyD;awmh bkef;BuD; 'Dnawmh okwåef
wpfck a[mzkdY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,faemf/ ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfrSm
vm&Sdw,f? tJ'D ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfrSm vm&SdwJh 'Dokwåefuawmh
ykwrå o
H yl rokweå f (oH?1?322-324/)vkYd ac:ygw,f/ om;\tom;yrm
om;\tom;yrmvkYd
t"dygÜ ,f&ygw,f/ tJ'o D wk eå u
f b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh
jzpfay:vm&ovJ¿ jzpfay:vm&if; taMumif;&if;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dokwåefu tw¬KyÜwfwpfckukd tajccHNyD;awmh jzpfay:vmwmyg/
'DtaMumif; tw¬KyÜwfukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm; azmfjyNyD;rS tzGifhoH0PÖem
awGukd qufvufNyD;awmh jyKvkyfay;ygr,f? a&;om;ay;ygr,fqkdNyD;
t|uxmq&mawmfu 'Dvkd ed'gef;csDxm;ygw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿ 'D
tw¬KywÜ u
då b,ftcsed t
f cgu jzpfay:vmovJ¿ jzpfay:vmyku H awmh
(vmbouúma&e =) vmbfvmb tylaZmfouúm& rsm;jym;jcif;ukd
taMumif;cHNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu 'Dokwåefukd a[mawmfrl&ygw,f/
(oH?|?2?94-95/)
bk&m;&Sifhomoemawmfukd MunfndKwJh 'um 'umrawGu
bk&m;trSL;&SdwJh oHCmawmfawGukd tBuD;tus,f vSL MuNyD/ vSL'gef;-
122 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tBuD;tus,f vmbfvmb&jcif;ç tylaZmf

cH&jcif;qkw
d hJ vmbouúm&oabmw&m;awGu xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmNy/D
av;oacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef;umvtwGif;rSm bk&m;&Sifonf 'ge
yg&rDtp&SdwJh yg&rD (10)yg;ukd jznfhusifhawmfrlcJhygw,f/ xkdyg&rD
(10)yg;wk&Yd UJ pkaygif;Ny;D tusK;d ay;aewJh pGr;f tift[keaf Mumifh aemufq;Hk
b0 bk&m;jzpfwt hJ csed tf cgrSm vmbfvmbawGu odyNf y;D awmh aygrsm;-
vmNyD/
bk&m;&Si&f UJ av;oacseF YJ urÇmwpfoed ;f wkYd umvywfv;Hk jznfu h si-hf
xm;wJh 'geyg&rDtp&Sw d hJ yg&rDawmfawGu wkYd 'Dae&mrSm pkaygif;Ny;D awmh
'DaemufqkH;b0rSm tusKd;ay;Mur,fqkdNyD;awmh pkaygif;wkdifyifxm;wJh
ykHpHvkdyJ/ vmbouúm&ac:wJh vmbfvmbtylaZmfcH&jcif;qkdwJh
a&tvsOfBuD;[m tBuD;tus,f jzpfay:vmNyD/
'Dyg&rDawmfwkdY&JU tpGrf;[kefaMumifh uHawGu tusKd;ay;zkdY&m
tcgtcGiu hf oifv
h mMuNy/D aemufq;Hk b0vnf; jzpfvmNy/D xkx d adk 'o
xkx
d tdk &yfXmeawGuaeNy;D awmh qGr;f awG tazsm, f rumawG ,mOfawG
t0wfawG yef;eHYomawG eHYomaysmif;awG vufqGJNyD;awmh rif;olaX;
ol<u,f ykPÖm;olaX;ol<u,f tp&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG vmMuw,f/
vmNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m; b,frSmvJbk&m;? bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif
bk&m;&Sif b,fae&mrSm &Syd govJb&k m;? ewfxufewf jrwfawmfral om
bk&m;&Sif b,fae&mrSm &Syd govJb&k m;? vlww Ydk iG f tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk
jzpfaewJh bk&m;&Sif b,frSm&SdygovJ? a,mufsm;jcaoFhjrwf jzpfawmfrl-
aom bk&m;&Sif b,frmS &Syd govJponfjzifh 'Dvdk ar;Muw,f/ bk&m;&Si-f
ukd vkdufNyD;awmh &SmazGaeMuw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m; b,fae&m <u<uaygYav/ vSLcsifvGef;vkdY bk&m;-
&Sifukd &SmazGNyD;awmh vSnf;awG &meJYcsDNyD;awmh vSLzG,fypönf;awGukd
om;\ tom;yrm (ykwårHolyrokwåefykdif;) ] 123
wifaqmifum bk&m;&Sit f m; vSLzktYd wGuf &nfp;l Ny;D o,fvmMuw,f/

o,fNyD;wJhtcgrSm vSLzkdY tcgtcGifhr&bl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if bk&m;&Sifaemuf-
awmfuae 0ef;usiyf wfcsm t&yfq,frsuEf mS jynfah eatmif vku d Mf u-
w,f/ wpf*g0kwfyrmPrQ&SdaewJh y&dowftpkBuD;[m ypönf;awG
vSn;f awGeYJ tjynfw h ifNy;D awmh vku
d Mf uw,f/ vSn;f OD;wpfcek YJ vSn;f OD;
wpfc[ k m xdpyfNy;D awmh wnfaew,f/ aemufuae tpOfwpku d v f udk Nf y;D
aeMuw,f/
bk&m;&SifrSmom 'Dypönf;av;yg; aygrsm;onf r[kwfbl;/ &[ef;
oHCmrSmvnf; aygaew,f/ bk&m;&Sio f m t½kt
d aojyKc&H wm tav;-
pm;cH&wm tjrwfEkd;cH&wm tylaZmfcH&wm r[kwfbl;/ &[ef;oHCm-
awGvnf; t½kdtaocH&w,f? tav;pm;cH&w,f? tjrwfEdk;cH&w,f?
tylaZmfc&H w,f? qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif;aq;ac:wJh ypön;f av;yg; tok;H -
taqmify&du©&mawGu tvGef &vG,fwJhoabm &Sdaew,f/
aemufokwåefwpfck jyefa[mxm;ao;w,faemf/
]]cspo
f m;pkE´ ... ,cktcgrSm oHCmawmf jzpfay:vmNyjD zpfw,f/
*kP
d ;f *Pvnf; jzpfay:vmNyjD zpfw,f/ 'gayrJh igbk&m;&Si&f UJ 'DoC
H mvkd
igbk&m;&JU *kdPf;*Pvkd wjcm;wjcm; oHCmawG wjcm;wjcm; *kdPf;
*PawGrSm vmbfvmb ta>c&Hy&dowf tjcH&HtausmfapmawGrSm
txGwftxdyf a&mufoGm;wJh &[ef;oHCmqkdwm igbk&m; rjrifygbl;/
bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfawGrSm
omvQif vmb*¾-,o*¾ywåH = txGwftxdyfjzpfwJh vmbfvmb
txGwftxdyfjzpfwJh ta>ct&Hy&dowf txGwftxdyfjzpfwJh tausmf
tapmqkdwJh 'D*kPfawG &&Sdygw,f/}} ('D?3?104/ ck?1?89/ oH?1?340/ ...)
tJ'v
D dk vmbfvmbawGu odyaf ygvmNy/D *kPo f wif;awGuvnf;
odyfausmfMum;vmNyDaemf/ bk&m;&Sif&JU bkef;uHç &[ef;oHCmawmfwkdY&JU
124 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
bke;f uHaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vmbfyal Zmfouúm&w&m;awG[m jrpfBu;D

ESppf if; NyKd iw
f l pD;qif;vmwJh a&awGudk csiw
f ,
G Mf unfrh ,fq&dk if csiw
f ,
G -f
vkdY r&Ekdifovkd tvGefYtvGef rsm;jym;vmNyD/
wpfcsed f bk&m;&Siu
f qdwNf ird &f mt&yfudk wpfyg;xD;wnf; ormywf
0ifpm;vsuf csO;f uyfNy;D aexkid Nf y;D wJt
h cg ormywfrt
S x pOf;pm;Munf-h
w,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
bk&m;&Siuf rdred YJ &[ef;oHCmrSm jrpfBu;D ESpcf k aygif;qHNk y;D pD;qif;-
vmwJha&awG[m xkxnfyrmP wdkif;wmvdkYr&atmif tvGefYtvGef
rsm;jym;vSovkd vmbfylaZmfouúm&qkdwJh oabmw&m;awG xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vmwJhtwGuf pOf;pm;awmfrlw,faemf/ a&S;vGefavNyD;aom
twdwfumvu yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhwJh bk&m;&SifwdkYrSmvnf;yJ ,ckuYJodkY
oabm&Sad ewJh Bu;D us,zf UHG NzKd ;rsm;jrwfwhJ vmbftylaZmfouúm&w&m;-
awG xif&Sm;jzpfcJhw,f/ aemiftem*wfumvrSm yGifhxGef;awmfrlvwåHU
jzpfMuukefaom bk&m;&SifwdkYrSmvnf; tvm;wlyJ þuJhokdY BuD;us,f
zGUH NzKd ;rsm;jrwfwhJ vmbftylaZmfouúm&w&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmay
vdrrhf ,f/ b,fEh , S w
f ek ;f igbk&m;&Si&f UJ wynfo
h m0u &[ef;awmfawG[m
tm[m&ukd ÓPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfwJh owdorÜZOf
ÓPfawGeJY jynfhpHkNyD;awmh pdwfukd tv,ftvwfü xm;Edkifvsuf
tm[m&tay:ü vdkvm;wyfrufjcif; qE´&m*w&m;awG uif;uif;
&Si;f &Si;f eJY tm[m&udk bkO;f ay;oH;k aqmifz&Ykd eftwGuf pGr;f Edik Mf uovm;ç
rpGrf;EdkifMubl;vm;¿ 'Dvkdbk&m;&Sifu qifjcifMunfhawmfrlvdkufw,f/
qifjcifMunfhawmfrlvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu bmoGm;awGU
awmfrlovJ¿
jrwfpGmbk&m; vSrf;MunfhawmfrlvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmhaemf/
omoemawmfodkY a&mufopfpjzpfaewJh wcsKdUwcsKdU &SifawG &[ef;awG
tpmtm[m&ukd bkO;f ay;oH;k aqmifwt
hJ cgrSm ÓPfjzihf pl;prf;qifjcifrI
rjyKMubJ bkOf;ay;oHk;aqmifaeMuw,fqdkwm bk&m;&Sifu vSrf;NyD;

jrifawmfrlw,f/
jrifvdkufwJhtcsdefcgrSm bk&m;&Sif&JU oEÅmefrSm pdwftMuHtpnf
wpfckay:vmNyD b,fvdkvJ¿
igbk&m;onf av;oacFstvGe&f w dS hJ urÇmwpfoed ;f wdu
Yk mvywfv;kH
'getp&Sw d hJ twGi;f ty ouf&o dS ufrhJ umr0w¬K tpkpu k dk pGev
Yf wT u f m
jznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrltyfwJh yg&rD (10)yg;ç t*FgajcvufwdkYukd pGefY-
vTwfí jznfhusifhawmfrltyfwJh Oyyg&rDu (10)yg;ç toufudk pGefY-
vTwNf y;D jznfu h siahf wmfrt
l yfwhJ y&rw¬yg&rDu (10)yg; aygif;vdu k af wmh
yg&rDtjym; (30)/ yg&rDtjym; (30)&SdaewJh 'Dyg&rDawmfjrwftaygif;
awGudk jznfhusifhawmfrlaom igbk&m;&Sifonf ouFef;udk &vdkjcif;ç
qGrf;udk &vdkjcif;ç ausmif;awG &vdkjcif;ç aq;ypönf;awGudk &vdkjcif;
tp&SdwJh 'Dypönf;tmrdownf;[laom taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh
igbk&m; 'Dyg&rDawmfawGudk jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhavwm r[kwfbl;/
tomqHk; tjrwfqHk; tusKd;w&m;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh t&[wåzdkvf
tusK;d iSmomvQif igbk&m;&Sio f nf 'Dyg&rDawmfjrwftaygif;udk jznfu h sihf
qnf;yl;awmfrlcJhw,f/
£aryd bdu©L rr oEÅdau yAÁZEÅm e pD0&m'da[wk yAÁZdwm?
t&[wåaó0 ye tw¬m, yAÁZdwm/ (oH?|?2?95/)
£aryd bdu©L = þ&[ef;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/ rr = igbk&m;&Sif\/
oEÅdau = txHawmfü/ yAÁZEÅm = &Sif&[ef;jyKMuukefonf&Sdaomf/
pD0&m'da[wk = ouFef;tp&Sdaom ypönf;av;yg;wdkYudk &vdkjcif;-
wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumif/h e yAÁZw d m = omoemabmifoYdk
0ifa&mufí &Si&f [ef;jyKvmMuonfum; r[kwMf uavuke/f t&[wå-
aó0 ye tw¬m, = t&[wåzdkvfwnf;[laom tusKd;iSmomvQif/
yAÁZwd m = omoemabmifoYkd 0ifa&mufí &Si&f [ef;jyKvmMuayuke\ f /
126 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
r,H baEÅ oHom&0¥'ku©awm armpew¬m, yAÁZHÆ ,mpmrd/

oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k B© u;D rS uRwv f wG x f u G af jrmufyg&jcif;tusK;d iSm
t&SifjrwfwdkYbk&m; ... wynhfawmftm; &Sif&[ef;jyKay;awmfrlyg
ponfjzihf e*dOk ;D wnfcsuf rSerf eS uf efuefeYJ omoemabmifoYdk 0ifvmMu
w,faemf/ 'Dawmh igbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;odkY 'D&[ef;awG
0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwm[m ouFef;wnf;[laom taMumif;
w&m;aMumifçh qGr;f wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifçh ausmif;wnf;
[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifhç aq;ypönf;wnf;[laom taMumif;
w&m;aMumifh 0ifa&mufNy;D awmh &Si&f [ef;jyKvmMuwmawmh r[kwb f ;l /
t&[wåzdkvf&vdkrIqdkwJh taMumif;udk tajccHNyD;awmhrS igbk&m;&Sif&JU
omoemawmftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh &Sif&[ef;jyKvmMuwm
jzpfw,f/
aw £'ged tom&ar0 om&H tew¬ar0 p tw¬H ua&mEÅDwd
{0ró "r®oHa0a*g O'yg'd/ (oH?|?2?95/)
aw = xdk&[ef;wdkYonfum;/ £'ged = ,cktcgü/ tom&ar0 =
tESprf [kww f hJ w&m;ukyd ifvQi/f om&H = tESpo f m&&S\d [lí/ tew¬-
ar0 = tusKd;r&SdwJhw&m;udkyifvQif/ tw¬H = tusKd;xif&Sm;&Sd\[lí/
ua&mEÅd = jyKrlíaeMuayukef\/ £wd {0H = þodkYvQif/ tó =
xdkbk&m;&Sif\ oEÅmefawmfü/ "r®oHa0a*g = "r®oHa0*onf/ O'yg'd
= xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/
rdr&d UJ wynfah wGukd rdrd vSr;f Munfv h ukd af wmh bk&m;&Si&f UJ pdwx
f rJ mS
tm;&auseyfrI rjzpfbl;? "r®oHa0*awG jzpfoGm;w,f/ omomem-
abmifodkY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmpOf tcsdeftcgwkef;uawmh
t&[wåzdkvf &ap&r,fqdkwJh rSefuefwJh OD;wnfcsufeJY 0ifvmMuwm
jzpfw,f/ omoemabmifoYkd 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKNy;D wJh tcsed t f cg
usawmhrS 'Dypönf;av;yg;awGudk rqifjcifbJeJY b0rSxGufajrmuf-
aMumif;jzpfwhJ ÓPfynmr&Sb
d eJ YJ oH;k pGaJ eMuNy/D 'Dvo
dk ;Hk pGw
J yhJ *k Kd¾ vaf wG[m
bmvkyfaeMuwmvJ¿
tom&H = tESpfom&r&SdwJh w&m;udk/ om&H = tESpfom&[lí/
ua&mEÅd = jyKrí
l aeMuavuke\ f / tew¬ar0 = tusK;d r&Sw
d hJ w&m;ukd
yifvQif/ tw¬H = tusKd;&Sd\[lí/ ua&mEÅd = jyKrlí aeMuavukef\/
omoemabmifa&mufvmwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh bmvkyfaeMu-
ovJ¿ tESprf &Sw d hJ w&m;awGudk wu,fth ESpo f m&taetm;jzifh jyKr-l
aeMuw,f/ tusKd;r&SdwJhw&m;awGukd wu,fhtusKd;w&m;tjzpfeJY
jyKrNl y;D awmh omoemrSm aexkid Mf uw,fqNdk y;D awmh bk&m;&Si&f UJ oEÅmef-
awmfrmS "r®oaH 0*w&m;awG txift&Sm; jzpfay:vmygw,f/ tJ'v D dk
"r®oaH 0* w&m;awG txift&Sm; jzpfay:vmNy;D wJah emuf bk&m;&Siu f
bmqufNyD; bmpOf;pm;awmfrlovJ¿
yÍöryg&mZdu&SdoifhvQif
tu,fírsm;aygYav aemufxyf ig;ckajrmufjzpfwJh yg&mZdu
odu©myk'fwpfck ynwfr,fqkd&if tm[m&udk ÓPfjzifh qifjcifjcif;
r&SdbJ okH;pGJjcif;qkdwJh 'Dvkyfief;&yfukd yÍöryg&mZduodu©myk'ftjzpfeJY
ynwfr,fq&dk if ynwfv&Ydk w,f/ b,favmuf jrwfpmG bk&m; pufqyk -f
w,fqkdwm MunfhaygYaemf/ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm tm;vkH;vnf; odwJh
yk*¾dKvfawG rsm;Muygvdrfhr,f/ eHygwf (1) yg&mZduu arxkeyg&mZdu
jzpfygw,f/ yg&mZduqkdwmu omoemawmfrS ½IH;oGm;NyD/ &[ef;
tjzpfu qk;H ½I;H oGm;Ny/D 'Db0rSmawmh &[ef;tjzpfudk b,fvrdk S r&Ekid w f hJ
jypfrBI u;D wpfck vGeu f sL;vku
d Nf y/D bk&m;&Sif b,fawmhrS vufrcHawmhb;l /
'DvkdjypfrIukd yg&mZduvkdY ac:ygw,f/ (1) yg&mZduu arxkefrSD0Jjcif;ç
(2) yg&mZduu olwpfyg;&JUypön;f ck;d ,ljcif;ç (3) yg&mZduu vlZmwf-
&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd¾ v&f UJ toufudk owfjcif;ç (4) yg&mZduu psmefr*fzv dk ef Ad mÁ efudk
128 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
r&bJeJY &w,fvkdY 0g<um;yvTm;NyD;awmh ajymMum;jcif;wJh aygif;vkduf-

awmh yg&mZdu (4)ck bk&m;&Sif ynwfxm;awmfrlw,f/ tu,fírsm;
(5)ckajrmuf yÍöryg&mZduodu©myk'fwpfckukd ynwfzkdY&ef pGrf;EkdifcJhr,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh tm[m&ukd rSD0JwJh tcsdeftcgrSmç okH;aqmifwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm ÓPfjzifh rqifjcifbJ okH;aqmifjcif;qkdwJh 'Dvkyfief;&yfukd
taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh yÍöryg&mZduodu©myk'fukd ynwfr,fqkd&if
ynwfoifhw,f/ (oH?|?2?95/)
wu,fvkdY ynwfr,fqkd&ifvnf; ynwfvkdYr&EkdifwJh oabm
&Sdaejyefw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ owå0gawGu 'Dtm[m&ukd tjrJwrf;
rSD0J qnf;uyfaeMu&w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dtm[m&onf owå0gwkdY&JU
tjrJwrf; rSD0Jqnf;uyf&mXmewpfck jzpfaew,f/
yg&mZdutaeeJY ynwfvkdY r&aumif;ayr,fhvkdY yÍöryg&mZduvkd
oabmxm;Ny;D awmh usiEhf idk w
f yhJ pHk H tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh igbk&m;&Sio
f nf
"r®m'gotrnf&aewJh w&m;aMu;rkHrSefwpfcsyfukd &[ef;awmfawG
apmifhpnf;zkdY&eftwGuf &[ef;awmfawG vkdufemjyKusifhEkdifzkdY&eftwGuf
tykdif;tjcm; tuefYtowf wpfckawmh xm;cJhr,f/
yÍöryg&mZduuJhokdY oabmxm;NyD;awmh 'Digbk&m;a[mvkdufwJh
'Dw&m;awmfawGukd olwkdYÓPfjzifh MunfhaeMuvdrfhr,f/ "r®m'go
aMu;rktH aeeJY MunfNh y;D awmh 'Dw&m;awG[m wkaYd pmifph nf;zkYd w&m;awG
jzpfMuw,f? wkdYvkdufem jyKusifhzkdY&eftwGuf owfrSwfay;xm;wJh
pnf;urf;abmif½;dk wpfcv k dk jzpfaeNyvD Ydk 'Dvo
dk abmxm;Ny;D awmh vku
d ef m
jyKusifhEdkifMuzkdY&ef &nf&G,fNyD;awmhç 'Dw&m;awmfukd qifjcifNyD;awmh
aemiftem*wfumvrSm &Sad ewJh &[ef;awGu ypön;f av;yg;ukd ÓPfjzifh
qifjcifNy;D ok;H pGMJ uvdrrhf ,fvYdk 'Dvodk abmaygufNy;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u
'DykwårHolyrokwåefqkdwJh okwåefwpfckukd a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
(oH?|?2?95/) uJ tJ'Dokwåefukd pNyD;awmh emMunfhMu&atmif .../
tm[m&av;rsK;d
pwåma&mar bdu©a0 tm[m&m blwmeH 0g owåmeH Xdwd,m
orÇa0oDeH 0g tEk*¾[m,/ (oH?1?322/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ blwmeH 0g owåmeH = jzpfNyD;-
omvQifjzpfMuukefí aemifrjzpf&rnfh &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf owå0gwkdY-
tm;vnf;aumif;/ orÇa0oDeH 0g = aemifjzpf&rnfhb0opfukd &SmrSD;qJ
jzpfMuukefaom ykxkZefaou©yk*¾dKvfwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;/ Xdwd,m =
wnfjcif;iSm/ tEk*¾[m, = csD;ajr§mufjcif;iSm/ tm[m&m = tm[m&-
w&m;wkdYonf/ £ar pwåma&m = þav;rsKd;wkdYygaywnf;/
owå0gawG ESprf sK;d ESppf m; cGv dk &f ifaygY/ blwqkw
J u d mu jzpfNy;D om
jzpfwJh --- aemifwpfzef b0opfrSm jzpfcGifhr&SdwJh &[EÅmt&SifjrwfawG-
udak wmh blwvkYd 'Dvo dk ;Hk w,f/ orÇa0oDqw dk muawmh aemifjzpf&rnfh
b0opfudk &SmrS;D aeqJjzpfwhJ ykxZk efawGeYJ aou©t&d,m olawmfaumif;
awGukdawmh ]]orÇa0oD}}vkdY 'DvkdokH;ygw,f/ tJ'DvkdokH;wJh cGJwrf;tjyif
aemufxyf cGJwrf;awGvnf; &SdMuygao;w,f/ 'DwpfckeJY vkHavmufyg-
w,faemf/ 'Dawmh 'D&[EÅmt&SifjrwfawGyJjzpfjzpf aemifb0ukdjzpf&ef
&Sad eao;wJh &SmrS;D aeqJjzpfwhJ ykxZk efaou©y*k Kd¾ vaf wGyjJ zpfjzpf xkx d bdk 0-
awGrmS wnfwzhH &Ydk eftwGuf xkx d b
dk 0awGrmS rdrw d Ydk &&Sx
d m;wJh cE¨mig;yg;-
ukd cs;D ajrm§ ufz&Ydk eftwGuf tm[m&av;rsK;d &Sw d ,f/ tm[m&qkw d mu-
awmh 'Dae&mrSm txl;ojzifh taMumif;w&m;ukd qkv d ydk gw,f/ wnfw-hH
Ekid af pwwfwhJ taMumif;w&m; b,fEpS rf sK;d &So d vJ¿ (4)rsK;d ? tJ'D (4)rsK;d -
awGu bmawGvJ¿ jrwfpGmbk&m; qufa[mawmfrlw,f/
uAVDum&tm[m&
uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m MoVm&daum 0g okckarm 0g? zaóm
'kwda,m? raemoaÍöwem wwd,m? 0dnmPH pwkw¬H/ (oH?1?322/)
130 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
umAVDum& tm[m& = tvkwt f avG; rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyf

ouJo h aYdk om tm[m&? 'g a&S;a&S;q&mawmfBu;D rsm; bmomjyefxm;wJh
bmomjyefenf;yJ/ tvkwftavG; rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJhokdY-
aom tm[m&/ b,fhES,fwkef; 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG em;vnf
Muovm;¿ b,fhES,fwkef; bkef;BuD;ydkif;aum em;vnfMuovm;¿
em;vnfwJh yk*¾dKvfvnf; &Sdcsif&Sdygvdrfhr,f? em;rvnfwJh yk*¾dKvfvnf;
&Scd si&f ySd gvdrrhf ,f/ a&S;a&S;q&mawmfBu;D awG bmomjyefxm;wmuawmh
pum;vkH;wpfvkH;ukd olu cyfwkdwkd cyfusOf;usOf;av;eJY em;vnfvG,f-
atmif bmomjyefawmfrlcJhMuygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; aESmif;acwf
a&mufvmawmh 'DbmomjyefqkdcsufeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh em;vnfwJh-
yk*Kd¾ vu f awmh ta&twGuf awmfawmfuav; enf;vdrrhf ,fvYdk ,lqyg-
w,f/ tJ'aD wmh uAVDum&m[m& Murf;wrf;csiv f nf; Murf;wrf;ygap?
odraf rGUcsiv f nf; odraf rGUygap? tJ'D uAVDum&m[m&onf taMumif;-
wpfck? zóu 'kwd,tm[m&ç raemoaÍöwemu wwd,tm[m&
todpdwf 0dnmPfu pwkw¬tm[m&qkdNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;u tm[m&-
taMumif;w&m;av;yg; a[mvdkufw,f/
tJ'Dav;yg;xJrSm uAVDum&tm[m&qkdwmu tvkwftavG;
rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJo h aYdk om qkw
d muawmh tck ½kyu
f r®|mef;
ykid ;f ½Iuu G u
f dk pepfwus ½Ixm;wwfwhJ a,m*DawGtwGuu f em;vnf
ygvdrfhr,faemf/ rdrdwkdYpm;r,fh tpmtm[m&ukd Munfhvkdufyg/ xrif;
yef;uefxJrSm xnfhxm;wJh [if;awG xrif;awG tm;vkH; tpkH&Sdw,f/
,if;xrif;[if;awGrSm wnf&SdaeMuwJh "mwfav;yg;ukd pkduf½Ivkduf&if
bmawGUrvJ¿ uvmyftrIefav;awGyJ/ tJ'D trIefav;awGudk "mwfcGJ
vku d &f if wpfreI wf pfreI rf mS b,favmuf&adS eovJ¿ oabmw&m; &Spcf ?k
bmawGvJ¿ yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç tqif;ç teHYç t&omç
MoZm aygif;vkdufawmh ½kyfoabmw&m; b,fESpfckvJ¿ &Spfck? tJ'D
&SpfrsKd;aom ½kyfw&m;awGonf bmaMumifh jzpf&ovJ jyefNyD; ÓPfeJY

pl;prf;qifjcif MunfhvkdufwJhtcgrSm uvmyfwpfckrSm wnf&SdaewJh
awaZm"mwfaMumifh aemufxyfuvmyfawG qifu h q
J ifu h J ½kyu
f vmyf-
awGjzpfatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aevkdY jzpfay:ae&w,f/ awaZm"mwf
OwkaMumifjh zpfwhJ ½kyw f &m;awGy/J awaZm"mwf&UJ aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed -f
t0g rukefao;&ifawmh 'D½kyfw&m;awGu 'Dtwkdif;yJ qufNyD;awmh
jzpfaeMuvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'v D dk jzpfaewJh 'D½yk w
f &m;awGxrJ mS ½kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f
½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm MoZmqkdwm rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ tJ'DMoZmukd
tm[m&vkYd qkv d &dk if; jzpfygw,faemf/ 'gu taMumif;wpfc?k tJ'aD wmh
'Dpm;vkdufwJh yk*¾dKvfu tJ'DMoZmuav;wpfckukd uGufNyD;awmh rsKdr,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&if rsKdvkdY&ovm;¿ r&bl;/
oorÇm&0w¬Kac:wJh MoZmeJY twlwuG ,SOfwJGNyD; jzpfay:aewJh
½kywf &m;tm;vk;H ukd pkaygif;Ny;D xrif;vkwuf av;jyKNy;D awmh rsK&d w,f/
rsKdvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh wu,fwrf; MoZmwpfckxJukd rsKdwm
[kwo f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l / MoZmESiwhf uG oorÇm&0w¬KvYdk ac:qkt d yfwhJ
tqDtap;MoZmESifhwuG tm;vkH;ukd a&maESmNyD;awmh rsKdvkduf&w,f/
tJ'gaMumifh MoZmwpfckwnf;ukd uGufNyD;awmh wu,fwrf; tvkwf-
tavG;jyKNyD;pm;&if pm;vkdYawmh r&bl;/
okdYaomf aemufxyf jyóemwpfck &Sdao;w,f/ ½kyfur®|mef;ykdif;
½IaewJyh *k Kd¾ vrf sm; yked m;vnfvrd rhf ,f/ xrif;av; vkwNf y;D vufuav;eJY
xrif;qkyfvkdufNyD? qkyfvkdufpOf tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfay:aewJh OwkZ½kyf-
awGu yg;pyfxaJ &mufwt hJ cg &Sad o;vm;¿ r&Sad wmhb;l / vufxwJ nf&-dS
aeckduf OwkZ½kyfawGu olU[meJYol jzpfNyD;wmeJY ysufoGm;w,f/
aemufxyf yg;pyfxJ a&mufwmawGu bkwftqufquf ½kdufcwfNyD;-
awmh topftopf jzpfaew,f/ tJ'v D dk bkwtf qufquf ½ku d cf wfNy;D
topftopf jzpfaewmjzpfawmh rlv rdrdwkdY pm;r,fvkdY &nf&G,fNyD;
132 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
xm;çxm;wJh xrif;yef;uefxrJ mS &Sw

d hJ xrif;awGudk wu,fwrf; yg;pyfxJ
a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifvkdY&ovm;¿ r&bl;aemf/
tvkwftavG;rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJhokdYaom rjzpfbl;-
vm;¿ jzpfaew,f/ wu,fwrf; pm;vk&Yd wm r[kwb f ;l / bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J
½kyw
f rYdk nfonfrmS pdwu
å P© (17)csuyf J oufwrf;&Snwf ,f/ jzpfNy;D wmeJY
csufcsif; ysufw,f/ xrif;vkwfjyKNyD; yg;pyfxJa&mufatmif oGif;-
avmufwJhtcsdeftxd oufwrf;&SnfwJh ½kyf&,fvkdY &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
olu bkwftqufquf ½kdufcwfNyD; jzpfay:oGm;wmyJaemf/ bkwf-
tqufquf ½kdufcwfw,fqkdwmu ½kyfuvmyfwpfckrSm wnf&SdwJh
awaZm"mwfr[mbkwu f aemufxyf ½kyu f vmyftopfopfudk jzpfay:
vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKrIukd 'Dae&mrSm qkdvkdygw,f/
{0H 'DCrÜd t'¨geH tEkyg'dPÖyau© XwGmyd Owkork|meH y0wåwd-
a,0/ (0dok'¨d?2?252/)
'Dvdk 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmu zGiqhf x
dk m;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh wu,f-
wrf; tvkwftavG;jyKNyD; pm;rsKdvkdufr,fqkd&if pm;rsKdvkdY &ovm;¿
r&bl;/ r&jcif;aMumifh umAVDum&qkdwJh pum;vkH;ukd a&S;a&S;
q&mawmfBu;D awGu tvkwt f avG; rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyfouJo h -Ydk
aomqkNd y;D 'Dvdk bmomjyefMuw,f/ olwYdk bmomjyefcsuf rrSeb f ;l vm;¿
rSefaeygw,faemf/
aemufwpfck tzGiw hf pfrsK;d &Sad o;w,f/ tJ'tD zGihf wpfrsK;d uawmh
cE¨mukd,frSm wnf&SdaewJh "mwfav;yg;ukd zrf;NyD; pkduf½Ivkdufr,fqkdvkdY
&Sd&ifawmh uvmyftrIefawGukd awGUEkdifw,f/ tJ'D uvmyftrIefwdkif;
trIew f idk ;f rSm MoZmrygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'DuvmyftrIeaf wGudk
cGw
J rf;csvu dk wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm twdwu f uHaMumifjh zpfwhJ ½kyu
f vmyf-
awGxrJ mS ygwJh MoZmvnf; &Sw d ,f/ pdwaf Mumifjh zpfwhJ uvmyfawGxrJ mS
ygwJh MoZmvnf; &Sdw,f/ Owkac:wJh awaZm"mwfaMumifhjzpfwJh tJ'D

OwkZuvmyfawGxJrSmygwJh MoZmvnf; &Sdw,f/ ckeu ajymcJhwJh
tm[m&ZMoZmaMumifhjzpfwJh uvmyftrIefawGxJrSmygwJh MoZmawG-
vnf; &SdMuygw,f/ 'Dav;rsK;d aom taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh jzpfaewJh
av;rsKd;aom MoZmawGukd pwkork|meduMoZm = taMumif;w&m;
av;rsK;d aMumifjh zpfwhJ MoZmvkYd ac:w,f/ ,if; pwkork|meduMoZmukd
uAVDum&m[m&qkdNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/
(tbd?|?3?377/) a[mMum;xm;awmfrv l udk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmh tJ'rD mS
ckeu OwkZMoZmuawmh pm;vkdY&w,f? rSefw,f/ ckeu ur®ZMoZm
pdwåZMoZm tm[m&ZMoZmawGusawmh pm;vkdY&ao;vm;¿ r&bl;/
bmjzpfvkdY r&vJqkdawmh cE¨mtdrfxJrSm olwkdYu jzpfNyD;wmeJY ysufaewJh
w&m;awGyaJ emf/ ckeu OwkZMoZm tm[m&uawmh bkwt f qufquf
½ku
d cf wfomG ;wJth wGuf wu,fpm;vku d af omf pm;&ovkd tvkwt f avG;
rjyKtyfaomfvnf; (xrif;vkwfjyKvkdY r&aomfvnf;) jyKvkyfvkdY &ovkd
jzpfaew,faemf/ tJ'rD mS uH pdwf Owk tm[m&ac:wJh taMumif;w&m;
av;yg;aMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmtm;vkH;ukdvnf; uAVDum&m[m&vkdY
ac:xm;w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ taMumif;&Sdygw,faemf? tJ'D ur®Z-
uvmyfawGxJrSm ygaewJh MoZmukd ckeu pm;vkdufwJh tm[m&u
aus;Zl;jyKykHponfukd ajymMu&atmif .../
OwkZ½kyfjzpfMuwJh pm;vkdufwJh tm[m&awGu tpmtdrfxJ
a&mufNyDqkdMuygpkdY? tpmtdrfuae zrf;ajymvkdufr,f/ yg;pyfxJuae-
vnf; 'D½kyfawGu ysHUygw,f/ 'Dawmh tpmtdrftwGif; a&mufoGm;wJh
'DOwkZ½kyfawG = tpmtm[m&qkdwmawGukd ,if;wkdYrSm wnf&SdaewJh
"mwfav;yg;ukd pdkuf½Ivkduf&if uvmyftrIefawGyJawGUr,f? rysHUcif
tpmtdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfwkdYonf ½kyfuvmyf wpfck
wpfcrk mS wnf&w
dS hJ Owkac:wJh awaZm"mwfaMumifh qifu
h J jzpfymG ;aewJh
134 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
½kyaf wGy/J tJ'OD wkac:wJh awaZm"mwfaMumifh tqifq h ifh jzpfymG ;aewJh

'D½yk af wGxrJ mS ygwJh MoZmukd OwkZ½kyaf wGxrJ mS ygwJt h wGuf OwkZMoZm-
vkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'DOwkZMoZmukd tpmtdrfywf0ef;usif tp&SdwJh
xkx d adk 'orSm wnf&adS ewJh ZD0w d e0uuvmyfvYdk ac:qkt d yfwhJ ZD0w d -
vQif ukd;ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfawGxJrSmygwJh ur®Z0rf;rD;awaZm-
"mwfu tm;ay;axmufyHhvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ,if;OwkZMoZmvkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh pm;rsKdvkdufwJh tpmtm[m&xJrSm ygaewJh MoZmu
aemufxyf uvmyftopftopfawGukd xyfNyD; jzpfapw,f/ tJ'D
uvmyftopftopfawGudk jzpfapvdu k w
f hJ tykid ;f usawmh MoZmaMumifh
jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'DuvmyftopfawGukdawmh tm[m&Z½kyfawGvkdY
ac:ygw,f/ MoZmaMumifh jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'DuvmyftopfawGukd-
awmh tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGvkdY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dtm[m&Z½kyf-
awGu rsufpd em; ESm vQm ukd,f ESvkH; ajcmufXmevkH;ukd tukefvkH;
ysHUw,f/ ysHUoGm;vkdufwJh 'Dtm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGxJrSm ygaewJh
MoZmu ur®ZMoZm pdwåZMoZm OwkZMoZm uvmyfjym;tm[m&Z
uvmyfawGrSm ygaewJhMoZmukd axmufyHhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
txufu ajymcJw h hJ ur®Z0rf;rD;uvnf; xyfqifNh y;D axmufyv hH udk wf -hJ
tcg aemufxyf qifhuJ ½kyfuvmyfawG xyfxyfNyD;awmh yGm;Muw,f/
tJ'v D dk yGm;jcif;aMumifh 'D½yk u f vmyfav;awG ckvdk qifu h qJ ifuh J xyfcg
xyfcg yGm;rS owå0gawG wnfwHhvkdY &ygw,f/ wnfwHhvkdY&jcif;aMumifh
uAVDum&m[m&ukv d nf; owå0gawG wnfwahH &;twGuf rdrd cE¨mtdr-f
ukd touf&n S pf mG cs;D ajrm§ ufxm;Ekid af &;twGuf taMumif;w&m;wpfc-k
tjzpfeJY jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
y|mef;t|uxmu ----
uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m
tm[ma&mwd wd pwkoEÅwdork|mae½lay MoZm
tm[ma&m emr/ (tbd?|?3?377/)
ponfjzifh uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m& --- qkdwJh taMumif;w&m;

av;rsKd;wkdYaMumifh jzpfay:vmMuwJh ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm wnf&SdMuwJh
ur®ZMoZmç pdwåZMoZmç OwkZMoZmç tm[m&ZMoZmqkdwJh MoZm
av;rsKd;vkH;ukdyJ uAVDum&tm[m&vkdY qkdvkdaMumif;ukd &Sif;jyxm;yg-
w,f/ 'Dav;rsKd;aom MoZmu ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU tm;ay;axmufyHhrIjzifh
tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapjcif;qkdwJh rdrd
rdrw d &Ydk UJ qkid &f mvkyif ef;udp&ö yfudk &Guaf qmifwthJ ykid ;f rSm pm;rsKv
d u
dk w f hJ
tm[m&ukd taMumif;cHum jzpfay:vmwJh tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyf-
wkwYd iG f yg0ifwhJ tm[m&ZMoZm&JU taxmuftyHu h dk &&Syd grS jzpfapEkid wf hJ
twGufaMumifh ,if;av;rsKd;vkH;aom MoZm = tm[m&ukd uAVDum&
= tvkwt f avG;jyKíqkw d hJ pum;&yfudk ulpuG u
f m uAVDum& tm[m-
&[k a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
raemoaÍöwem[m&
{w¬ p ]]raemoaÍöwem wa,m ba0 tm[&wD}}wd omo0-
ukovmukovapwem0 0kwåm/ (oH?|?2?24/)
= 'Dae&mrSm ]]raemoaÍöwem tm[m&u bkHokH;yg;ukd aqmif-
w,f}} qkw
d m tmoa0gw&m;wk&Yd UJ tm½kjH zpfwhJ avmuDuo
k v
dk af pwem
tukkokdvfapwemukd qkdvkdygw,f/
txl;ojzifhawmh b0wpfckukd jzpfapwJhae&mrSm 'Dapwemonf
t"du ta&;Bu;D ygw,f/ uHyaJ emf/ tJ'gaMumifh b0wpfcu k dk jzpfapwJh
ae&mrSm okdYr[kwf cE¨mig;yg;ukd jzpfapwJhae&mrSm ukokdvfapwem
okdYr[kwf tukokdvfapwemu taMumif;&if;jzpfvkdY 'Dapwemr&Sd&if
'DcE¨mig;yg;qkdwJh ½kyfemrfawGvnf; xif&Sm; &SdEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sd MuvkdY
apwemukv d nf; tm[m&taMumif;w&m; wpfct k jzpfeYJ jrwfpmG bk&m;-
u a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
136 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
zóm[m&
aemufwpfck -- zó --- tm½kHeJY 'Gg&wkdufqkdifwJhtcsdeftcgrSm
zóu qufo, G Nf y;D ray;cJ&h if a0'emOD;aqmifwhJ emrfawG aemufxyf
jzpfzYdk rvG,b f ;l / emrfw&m;awG aemufxyf rjzpfEidk b f ;l aemf/ aemufxyf
a0'emESit hf wlwuG emrfw&m;awG jzpfay:vma&;twGuf zóonf
teD;uyfqkH; taMumif;wpfck jzpfw,f/
0dnmPm[m&
pwkwu ¬ 0dnmPfy/J b0wpfcrk mS 0dnmPfu OD;aqmifNy;D y#doaE¨
rwnfaecJh&if usefaewJh ½kyfemrfawG xif&Sm;jzpfzkdYqkdwm b,fvkdrS
rpGr;f Ekid b
f ;l / 'gaMumifh y#doaE¨wnfaewJh ae&mrSmvnf; 0dnmPfonf
taMumif;t&if;wpfck jzpfw,f/ 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu a[mawmfrlvkduf-
w,f/ aemufxyf jrwfpmG bk&m;u bmawGudk qufa[mawmfro l vJ¿
uxÍö bdu©a0 uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m '|aAÁm¿ (oH?2?322/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m =
uAVDum&m[m&ukd/ uxÍö = tb,fokdYvQif/ '|aAÁm = ½Ioifhyg-
oenf;/
'DuAVDum&m[m&ukd t"duuawmh bk&m;&Sifu pm;okH;vkdufwJh
tm[m&ukd OD;wnfNy;D a[maew,f/ tJ'pD m;ok;H vdu
k w f hJ uAVDum&m-
[m&ukd oifcspfom;wkdY b,fvkd ½IoifhovJ¿ ½IoifhykHav;ukd jrwfpGm-
bk&m;u uEÅm&c&D;cJukd oGm;aeMuwJh ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;ukd pHxm;NyD;
a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/
uEÅm&c&D;cJukd oGm;aeMuwJh ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;
ZeD;armifEHS ESpOf ;D wku
Yd qif;&Jvnf; qif;&JMuw,f/ tenf;i,f-
aom pm;eyf & d u © m uk d ,l a qmif u m cspf v S p G m aom om;i,f u k d
ac:aqmifNyD;awmh uEÅm&c&D;cJwpfckukd oGm;Muw,f/ c&D;u ,lZem

wpf&mavmuf a0;uGmaewJh c&D;vnf; jzpfw,f/ tJ'D,lZemwpf&m-
avmuf a0;uGmaewJhc&D;ukd oGm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm vrf;ckvwf
,lZem ig;q,favmuf a&muf&Sdvkdufawmh olwkdYygvmwJh 'Dpm;eyf-
&du©mav;u ukefcef;oGm;NyD/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm t|uxmq&m-
awmfu enf;enf;av; &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufzkdY&ef
cufcwJ hJ uEÅm& = c&D;cJeYJ ywfoufNy;D awmh c&D;cJ (5)rsK;d zGix
hf m;w,f/
uEÅm& = c&D;cJ (5) rsKd;
apm&uEÅ m &ç 0gVuEÅ m &ç trEk ó uEÅ m &ç ed ½ k ' uuEÅ m &
tyÜbu©uEÅm&qkNd y;D uEÅm& (5)rsK;d zGix hf m;w,f/ tJ'rD mS ck;d om;"m;jy-
awG &SdaewJh c&D;wpfckukdawmh apm&uEÅm&&vkdY ac:ygw,f/ jcaoFhç
opfusm; tp&SdwJh owå0gawG ykef;atmif;NyD; aexkdifaewJh awmtkyf-
BuD;ukd jzwfoef;oGm;cJh&&ifawmh 'Dvkdc&D;rsKd;ukdvnf; ausmfvTm;vGef-
ajrmufz&Ykd ef cufcw J thJ wGuf 0gVuEÅm&&vkYd ac:ygw,f/ at; wcsKUd wcsKUd
awmtkyfawGusawmhaemf/ (bDvl;),u© tp&SdwJh vlom;pm;aewJh
yk*¾dKvfawG tJ'DrSm oGm;NyD;awmh rSDwif;NyD; aexkdifMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd c&D;
jzpfcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufzkdY&ef cufcJwJhtwGuf
olUukv d nf; trEkóuEÅm&&vkYd ac:w,f/ wcsKUd wcsKUd c&D;cJawGusawmh
oJuEÅm&c&D;cJvkd jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ a&vnf; r&Sdbl;? csKd;zkdYvnf; a&r&Sd?
aomufzv Ykd nf; a&r&S/d tJ'v D dk a&r&dwS hJ c&D;cJusawmh ed½'k uuEÅm&&vkYd
ac:w,f/ aemuf uEÅm&wpfrsKd;usawmh tJ'DrSm pm;zkdYaomufzkdYqkdvkdY
bmrS r&Sb d ;l ? vrf;c&D;rSm &SmazGpm;r,fq&dk if pm;vkb Yd ,fvrdk S r&Ekid b
f ;l /
tJ'v D dk &SmazGpm;vkYd r&Ekid wf hJ cufcaJ ewJh c&D;ukad wmh tyÜbu©uEÅm&&vkYd
'Dvkdac:ygw,f/ tJ'DuEÅm& c&D;cJ (5)rsKd; &Sdw,f/ 'DuEÅm& = c&D;cJ
ig;rsK;d xJrmS wcsKUd wcsKUd c&D;cJawGuawmh oGm;r,fq&dk if wpf&uf ESp&f uf-
avmufESifhyJ 'Dc&D;cJukd ausmfvGefoGm;Ekdifw,f/ 'Dvkd wpf&ufESpf&uf-
138 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
twGif; ausmfvTm;oGm;EkdifwJh uEÅm& = c&D;cJrsKd;ukd rqkdvkdygbl;/

'DokwåefrSm qkdvkdwJh c&D;cJu a&vnf; r&Sdbl;? tpmvnf; r&dSbl;/
,lZem&meJY csDNyD; &Snfvsm;aewJh tvGefcufcJaewJh c&D;cJwpfckyJ?
tJ'cD &D;cJrsK;d ukd bk&m;&Si&f nf&,
G Nf y;D a[maew,faemf/ bmjzpfvq J adk wmh
'Dae&mrSm 'DZeD;armifESHwkdYu olwkdYrSm odyfNyD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;Muw,f/
pm;0wfaea&;u rajyvnfbl;/ tema&m*gawGuvnf; odyfNyD;
xlajymaew,f/ rif;jypfrif;'Pfjzifv h nf; tESyd pf ufcaH e&w,f/ tJ'v D dk
tESdyfpufcHae&wJhtwGuf bmOD;wnfcsuf&SdovJ¿ (oH?|?2?95-96/)
{wH uEÅm&H edw¬&dwGm "r®duó &anm ed½ky'á0 &a| okcH
0odómr/ (oH?|?2?96/)
'Davmuf cufcJaewJh c&D;cJukd wkdY ausmfvTm;atmif oGm;Mur,f/
"r®du&nac:wJh w&m;&SdwJhrif;awG w&m;apmifhwJh rif;awG&JU txHrSm
tEÅ&m,fuif;aewJh wkdif;EkdifiHtwGif;rSm wkdY csrf;csrf;omomeJY oGm;NyD;
aexkid Mf ur,f/ 'Dvdk xifjrif,ql Ny;D awmh olwu Ydk 'Dc&D;cJ oGm;Muw,f/
oGm;vkud Mf uwJt
h csed t
f cgrSm vrf;ckvwfwpfae&ma&mufwhJ tcsed t f cg-
usawmh olwkdY bmjzpfvmMuovJ¿ &du©mu jywfoGm;NyDaemf/ &du©mu
jywfomG ;awmh olwrYdk mS vnf; tvGef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh wpfO;D wnf;aom
om;uav;u wpfygwnf; ygvmw,f/ ygvmvkdufwJh tcsdeftcg-
usawmh 'Dc&D;cJudk qufNy;D oGm;zk&Yd ef tcuftcJawGu rsm;pGm jzpfaeNy/D
aemufxyf usefaewJh c&D;u &Sdaew,f/
olwkdY&JUtMuH
aemufxyf ausmfvTm; vGefajrmufzkdY&ef <uif;usefaeao;wJh
c&D;cJuvnf; rsm;pGm&Sad ew,f/ b,favmufv¿J ,lZem (50)avmuf
useaf eao;w,f/ olwt Ykd xHrmS MupH nfpw
d u
f ;l rI wpfcak wmh ay:vmNy?D
b,fvkdvJ¿
wkYd ygvmwJ&h u d m© uav;uvnf; ukeof mG ;Ny/D aemufxyf wkYd rul;-

ajrmufEkdifao;wJh <uif;usefwJh c&D;cJuvnf; xif&Sm;&Sdaew,f/ at;
wdkY cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh om;uav;wpfOD;awmh &Sdw,f/ 'DwpfOD;wnf;-
aomom;ukd owfNy;D awmh ol&UJ tom;awGukd tom;tn§i;f uav;awG
tacsmif;vku d u
f av;awG jyKvyk rf ,f/ tom;wk;H uav;awG jyKvyk rf ,f/
jyKvyk Nf y;D wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmhrS tajcmufveS ;f um 'Dom;&JU tom;ukd
wkdY pm;NyD; <uif;usefaeao;wJh 'Davmuf cufcJaewJh 'Dc&D;cJwpfckukd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufatmif oGm;Mur,f/ wkdYokH;OD;pvkH;awmh rysufpD;
oifhbl; tysufpD; rcHxdkufbl;qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd pOf;pm;rdw,f/ pOf;pm;
rdwJhtwGuf bmjzpfvmovJ¿
bk&m;&Sifu Oyrmuav;eJY a[mawmfrlw,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh
'Dae&mrSm jyóemuav;wpfcu k dk t|uxmu &Si;f xm;ygw,f/ rdr-d
wk&Yd UJ arG;xm;wJh 'Davmufcspjf rwfE;dk wJh wpfO;D wnf;aom om;uav;ukd
owfNyD; pm;&ufygYrvm;qkdwJh 'DtaMumif;yJaemf/
bk&m;&Siu
f 'Dow k eå uf dk odyNf y;D awmh tm[m&eJY (ywfoufNy;D awmh
ÓPfjzifh pl;prf;qifjcifrIr&SdwJhtwGuf) yÍöryg&mZduodu©myk'fuJhokdY
ÓPfxrJ mS xifvmapcsiv f Ydk 'Davmuf jyif;jywJh OyrmeJY jrwfpmG bk&m;u
a[mawmfral ew,faemf/ xif&mS ;ay:vGiv f eG ;f wJh OyrmeJY a[mawmfr-l
aew,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm qkdvkd&if;uav;ukd t|uxmuawmh
(oH?|?2?96-98/) &Sif;jyxm;ygw,faemf/
&dum© uav; enf;enf;,lNy;D awmh ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D u om;uav;-
ukd ac:NyD;awmh tvGef cufcJwJh ,lZemwpf&mavmuf a0;uGmaewJh
c&D;cJBu;D wpfcuk dk oGm;aeMuNy/D ,lZem (50)avmuf oGm;Ny;D wJh tcsed -f
tcgrSm &du©mu ukefoGm;NyD/ &du©mujywfawmh pm;p&mu r&Sdbl;/
qmavmifrw G o
f yd rf I 'Pfcsuaf wGu odyjf yif;xefvmNy/D jyif;xefvmwJh
tcsed tf cgrSm tcuft&Guf r&Sv d w
S hJ usK;d wk;d usK;d wJ jzpfaewJh opfyif&yd f
140 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wpfyifatmufrmS 0ifNy;D awmh xkid v

f udk Mf uNy/D aeuvnf; tvGeyf al ewJh
tcsdef jzpfygvdrfhr,faemf/ tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;u tdrf&Sifrukd ajymNyD/
toufukd pGefYvTwfEkdifolrsm;
&Sifr 'Dae&muae vSrf;NyD; Munfhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if 0ef;usifywfcsm
t&yfq,frsufESmrSm ,lZemig;q,ftwGif; &GmqkdvkdY ed*kH;qkdvkdY wpfckrS
r&Sdbl;/ &Sifr cktcgrSm jyefMunfhvkdufr,fqkdvkd&Sd&if 'Dae&mrSm ck
wkdYa&mufaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm v,fxGefjcif; EGm;ausmif;jcif;pwJh
a,mufsm;wdYk jyKvyk Ef idk w
f hJ vkyif ef;&yfqv
dk v Ydk nf; wpfcrk S r&Sd jzpfaeNy/D
'Dvyk if ef;&yfawGudk jyKvyk Nf y;D awmh oifww Ydk pfawGudk igu toufarG;-
0rf;ausmif;twGuf jyKpkvkyfauR;EkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awGvnf; r&Sd
jzpfaeNyD/ vkyfrauR;Ekdif jzpfaeNyDaemf/ tJ'Dawmh bmvkyf&rvJ¿
&Sirf vmNy;D awmhu, G f igYudk owfayawm?h xuf0ufaom tom;-
ukd oifwkdYukd,fwkdif cJpm;Mu/ xuf0ufukd &du©mtjzpf jyKvkyfNyD;awmh
om;ESiw hf uG 'Dc&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufatmif oGm;ayawmh .../
'Dvdk tdr&f iS af ,mufsm;u pNy;D ajymw,f/ ajymvku d wf t
hJ csed cf gusawmh
tdrf&Sifruvnf; tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;ukd ajymNyD/
awmv,facgif a&mufaeawmh trsK;d o®;D awG jyKvyk Ef idk w
f hJ &ufuef;
&ufjcif; &ufazmufa,mufjcif; tp&Sw d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;&yfawGuvkd nf; usr
rvkyfEkdif jzpfaeNyD/ uJ vmayawmh uRefawmfrukd owfNyD;awmh
uRefawmfr&JU tom; wpf0ufukdpm; wpf0ufukdawmh c&D;&du©mtjzpf
jyKvkyfNyD; om;ESifhtwlwuG 'Dc&D;cJukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufatmif
oGm;yg/ tdrf&Sifruvnf; tm;usrcH ajymNyD/
pOf;pm;Munfhyg
,ckvkd oHo&mc&D;cJudk usifvnfckduf ZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdYvdkyJ
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; rdwfaumif;aqGaumif; taygif;tazmfaumif;tjzpf

aygif;oif;qufqHMuwJhae&mrSm rdrd&JU ukd,fusKd;oufoufukdom
wpfzufowf rMunfb h J wpfbufom;&JU tusK;d pD;yGm;uko d m tav;*½k
jyKum ½IjrifwwfwhJ pdwx f m;&Szd Ydk odyv
f t
dk yfygw,f? wpfO;D aumif;pm;a&;
twGuf wpfOD;u tepfemcHEkdifwJh pdwfxm;ç toufukdaomfvnf;
pGefYvTwfEkdifwJh pdwfxm;awG[m oHo&mc&D;azmftcsif;csif;rSm tvGef
&SdoifhwJh pdwfxm;awG jzpfMuw,f/ ck 'DokwåefrSm vm&SdwJh ZeD;armifESH
ESpfOD;om;wkdY wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; xm;&SdwJh pdwfxm;rsm;vkd oHo&m
c&D;cJukd jzwfausmfum edAÁmef[lonfh xkdrSmbufurf;okdY ta&muf
oGm;aeMuwJh olawmfaumif; tcsi;f csi;f [mvnf; 'Dvdk pdwx f m;rsK;d awG-
om &SdaeMur,fqkd&ifawmh rdrdwkdY jzwfausmf&rnfh oHo&mc&D;cJ-
[mvnf; ajzmifhjzL; om,mvsufyif &SdaeMurSm jzpfygw,f/
wpfOD;tay: wpfOD;u tay:pD;u aevkdwJh pdwfxm;ç n§Of;yef;
ESdyfpufvkdwJh pdwfxm;ç &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJh pdwfxm;ç ukd,fhxufom
remvkdwJh pdwfxm; ---- 'Dvkdpdwfxm;rsKd;awGuawmh oHo&mc&D;cJukd
jzwfausmaf eMu&mtcgrSm 'Dc&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufz&Ydk ef tvGef
cufcJvSwJh twm;tqD;awG jzpfaewwfMuw,f/
'Dae&mrSm tu,fí tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;u rdrd&JUukd,fukd owfNyD;-
awmh rdrd&JU tom;ukd pm;um om;trd ESpfOD;wkdY uEÅm&c&D;cJBuD;ukd
jzwfausmfNyD; oGm;MuzkdY&ef tvsif pNyD;awmh rajymbJ ---- tdrf&Sifr&JU
tom;ukd om;tzESpfOD;wkdY pm;NyD; uEÅm&c&D;cJukd jzwfausmfoGm;zkdY
tpDtpOfukd tvsif pNyD;awmh ajymvkdufr,fqkd&if tdrf&Sifrbufu-
vnf; olUtoufukd owfum olUtom;ukd pm;um uEÅm&c&D;cJukd
jzwfausmfoGm;zkdY&ef ajymMum;csifrS ajymMum;rSm jzpfygw,f/ wpfOD;ukd
wpfOD; em;vnfcsifrS em;vnfr,f/
ckawmh wpfOD;ukd wpfOD; em;vnfaeMuw,f? wpfOD;&JU apwem
142 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
arwåmukd wpfO;D u av;pm;aeMuw,f/ oHo&mc&D; usiv f nfaeolwYdk

tcsif;csif;ç oHo&mc&D;rS xGufajrmuf&m r*¾ifvrf;ray:okdY avQmuf-
oGm;aeMuoltcsif;csif; wpfOD;ukd wpfOD; em;vnfrI &Sdjcif;ç wpfOD;&JU
apwemarwåmukd wpfOD;u av;pm;jcif;qkdwJh 'Doabmw&m;awGom
xif&mS ; &Sad eMur,fq&dk if wpfO;D ukd taMumif;jyKum wpfO;D &JU oEÅmefrmS
ukokdvfw&m;awGom wkd;yGm;aerSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd em;vnfrI &Sdjcif;ç
av;pm;jcif;awG[m ukov dk w
f &m;awG wk;d yGm;vmzk&Yd ef taMumif;w&m;
awGom jzpfMuygw,f/
om;\tom;
trsKd;orD;bufu ckvkd rdrdukdyif owfum tom;ukd pm;NyD;awmh
om;tzwkdY uEÅm&c&D;cJukd jzwfausmfoGm;zkdY&ef wifjyvmwJhtcg
trsKd;om;u bmjyefajymovJ¿ -----
rdcifBuD; aooGm;NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if ESpfOD;om;wkdY&JU aojcif;qdkwJh
oabmw&m; jzpfvmwwfw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
i,f&G,fEke,faewJh uav;[m rdcifESifh cGJNyD;awmh touf
&Sifr,fqkd&ifawmh b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh rdcifom r&Sdbl;
qkdvkdY&Sd&if uav;yg aovdrfhr,f/ rdcifwpfa,mufwnf; ao&wm
r[kwb f ;l / ESpaf ,mufpvk;H aoausysupf ;D &vdrrhf ,f/ tu,fí wk.Yd .
touf&SifaeMuOD;r,fqkd&ifawmhuG,f aemufxyf uav;qkdwm
&Ekdifygao;w,faemf/
uJ tcktcgrSm om;i,fukd owfNyD;awmh om;i,f&JUtom;ukd
,laqmifNyD;awmh uEÅm&c&D;cJBuD;ukd wkdY ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufatmif
oGm;MupkdYqkdNyD;awmh tdrf&Sifa,mufsm;u ajymjyefNyD/ tJ'Dtcgusawmh
b,favmuf0rf;enf;zkYd aumif;ovJaemf/ rdcifuaeNy;D awmh om;i,fudk
ajymjyaeNyD/
cspfom; oifhzcifxH oGm;ayawmhvkdYqkdNyD; ajymaeNyD/ ajymvkduf

wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhaemf/ uav;u bmrS rodyJukd;? oGm;NyD/
oGm;vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh ----
ig[m om;i,fuav;ukd jyKpv k yk af uR;r,fqw
dk hJ 'D&nf&,
G cf sujf zifh
v,fxGefjcif; EGm;ausmif;jcif; tp&SdwJh vkyfief;&yfwkdYjzifh rsm;jym;vSwJh
qif;&J'ku©awGukd cHpm;cJh&zl;NyD/ 'Dvkyfief;&yfawGjzifh om;i,fukd vkyf-
auR;jyKpkcJh&w,f/ iguawmh 'Dom;uav;ukd owfjzwfr,fqkd&if ig
b,fvkdrS rowf&ufbl;uG,f/ 'gaMumifh oifh&JUom;ukd oifyJ owfyg
qkdNyD;awmh ajymvkdufjyefw,f/
uJ cspo
f m; oift
h arxH oifomG ;ayawmh qkNd y;D awmh ajymvku d Nf y/D
[pOf;pm;Munfhawmhaemf/ 'Dpdwfxm;uav;awGukd bk&m;&Sifu xm;&Sd
apcsiyf gw,f/ tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H wJt h csed t
f cgrSm 'DvZkd eD;armifEHS
ESpfOD; oEÅmefrSm udef;0yfaewJh pdwfaepdwfxm;rsKd;eJY pm;apcsifvkdY
bk&m;&Sifu 'Dokwåefukd a[maewmaemf/
[kdae&mrSm ausmufwkH;av; oGm;rvkduf? 'Dae&mrSm ausmufwkH;-
av; oGm;rvkduf? [kdae&moGm;NyD; qkawmif;vkduf? 'Dae&moGm;NyD;
qkawmif;vku d af ygYaemf/ om;uav;ukd vkcd siv f Ydk tifrwef jyif;xefwhJ
qif;&J'uk a© wG cHpm;cJ&h zl;w,f/ om;uav;&vmvkjYd zifh 0rf;jzifh o,f-
aqmif&wJt h csed t
f cgrSm &&Sw
d hJ qif;&J'u
k q
© w
dk muawmh bmajymzG,&f m
&SdawmhrvJ¿]
tJ'v
D kd ajymvkud w
f t
hJ cg bmjzpfovJ¿ cspo
f m; ...oiftazxHyJ
oifoGm;ygqdkNyD; rdcifuvnf; vTwfvkdufjyefNyD/ tJ'Dvkd vTwfvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgusawmh bmjzpfoGm;ovJ¿
om;uav;aooGm;Ny?D taruvnf; tazhqv D w
T ?f tazuvnf;
tarhqv
D w
T ef YJ rowf&ufMubl;aemf/ tJ'rD mS acgufwaYHk cgufjyef oGm;-
144 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&if;eJY om;av;u tpm;jywf a&iwfjzpfaeawmh Eke,faewJhom;

jzpfjcif;aMumifh oluvnf; tJ'DrSm acgufwkHYacgufjyef oGm;&if;eYJyJ
aoausysufpD;oGm;NyDaemf/ aoausysufpD;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh
bmawGukd jyKvkyfMuovJ¿
tJ'Dom;uav;&JU tom;tcsKdUukd pm;NyD;awmh <uif;usefaewJh
tom;ukd tajcmufvyk v f Ydk &atmif tacsmif;tacsmif;av;awG vkyv f Ydk
&wm tacsmif;vky?f twk;H vkyv f &Ydk wJh tom;awGudk twk;H vkyNf y;D awmh
aeajcmufvSef;um ,if;tom;ukd pm;NyD; oGm;MuNyD/ 'DvkdoGm;wJh
tykdif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu bma[mawmfrlovJ¿
uAVDum&tm[m&tay:ü xm;&Sdapvkdaom pdwfxm;
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...oifwkdYwpfawGukd igbk&m; ar;cGef;wpfck
ar;r,f/ oifcspfom;wkdY b,fvkd xifjrif,lqMuovJ¿
bk&m;&Siu f ar;vku d w f ,faemf/ tJ'ZD eD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wk[
Yd m 'Dom;&JU
tom;wnf;[laom tm[m&ukd pm;okH;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm jrL;xl;aysmf-
yg;upm;zkdYqkdwJh 'D&nf&G,fcsufeJYrsm; 'Dtom;ukd pm;aeMuovm;¿
tm;[laom rmef,pfjcif;tvdkYiSm 'Dtm[m&ukd pm;okH;aeMuovm;¿
eef;wGi;f ol vSysKdjzLwku
Yd ohJ Ydk rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk vSywifw
h ,fatmif wefqmqif-
zkdY&efqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifhvnf; 'Dtm[m&ukd pm;okH;aeMuovm;¿
rdrdukd,fu tom;ta& jynfhNzdK;wifhw,fzkdY&efqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh-
vnf; 'Dtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H aeMuovm;¿ qkNd y;D awmh &[ef;awmfawGudk
ar;Munfhw,f/ ar;MunfhvkdufwJhtcgrSm &[ef;awmfawGu 'Dvkd
pm;w,fqw dk mawmh roifyh gbl;jrwfpmG bk&m; ...vkYd jyefavQmufxm;-
Muw,f/
at; cspo f m;wkYd ...'DZeD;armifEaHS wG[m tvGef ausmv f mT ;vGe-f
ajrmufz&Ydk m cufcaJ ewJh <uif;useaf eao;wJh 'DuEÅm&c&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;
vGeaf jrmufz&Ydk efqw

dk hJ &nf&,
G cf suw
f pfrsK;d wnf;eJo
Y mvQif 'Dtm[m&ukd
rSD0J pm;okH;aeMuwm r[kwfbl;vm;¿ tJ'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu ar;awmfrl-
vkdufjyefw,f/
]]uEÅm&c&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufz&Ydk efqw
dk hJ 'D&nf&,
G cf sujf zifh
'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu 'Dom;&JU tom;wnf;[laom tm[m&ukd rSD0J
pm;aomufaeMuygw,f jrwfpmG bk&m; ...}}qkNd y;D awmh avQmufxm;-
Muw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu b,fvkd jyefNyD; trdefY&SdovJ¿
oifcspof m;wkYd uAVDum&m[m&ukd tJ't D wkid ;f ½Iprf;yg/ b,fvdk
½I&rvJ¿ tifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh om;&JUtom;ukd pm;aewJyh t Hk oGi-f
jzifh oifcspfom;wkdY ½INyD;awmh pm;Muygaemf/
y&dnmokH;rsKd;
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY uAVDum&m[m&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh 'Dtpmtm-
[m&ukd y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG
od&dS Mur,fqkd&if tm½kHig;yg;umr*kPfw&m;awGukd taMumif;jyKNyD;
jzpfay:vmwJh ]]yÍöumr*kPdu&m*}}ac:wJh 'DwG,fwmrufarmaewJh
&m*w&m;ukdvnf;yJ oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;jzifh
ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;vnf; odMuvdrfhr,f/ (oH?1?323/)
]]yÍöumr*kPdau &ma* y&dnmaw ew¬d wH oHa,mZeH a,e
oH a ,mZaee oH , k a wå m t&d , om0aum yk e £rH avmu H
tm*apä,s/}} (oH?1?323/)
yÍöumr*kPdau &ma* = tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdYukd
taMumif;jyKí jzpfay:vmaom wG,fwmrufarmrI &m*w&m;ukd/
y&dnmaw = y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; xk;d xGi;f í odco
hJ nf
&Sad omf/ a,e oHa,mZaee = ,if;oHa,mZOfwnf;[laom taMumif;-
146 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
w&m;aMumif/h oH,ak wåm = ,if;oHa,mZOfawGEiS hf ,SOw

f v
JG su&f adS om/
t&d,om0aum = t&d,mom0uonf/ £rH avmuH = þumr
avmuokdY/ tm*apä,s = wpfzef jyefívmav&m\/ wH oHa,mZeH
= xkdumravmuokdY wpfzef jyefvmaMumif; jzpfwJh oHa,mZOfw&m;-
onf/ ew¬d = r&Sdyg/
uAVDum&m[m&ukd y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; oifcsp-f
om;wkYd odcrhJ ,fq&dk if tm½kiH g;yg;umr*kPw f &m;awGudk taMumif;jyKNy;D
jzpfay:vmwJh yÍöumr*kPdu&m*ac:wJh wG,fwmrufarmaewJh &m*
w&m;ukdvnf; oifcspfom;wkdY y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;
od&Sdvdrfhr,f/ tm½kHig;yg;umr*kPfw&m;awGukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh
jzpfay:vmwJh wG,w f mrufarmrI &m*w&m;ukd oifcspo f m;wkwYd pfawG
y&dnmÓPfokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; umr
(11)bko H Ydk jyefvmaMumif;jzpfwhJ oHa,mZOfw&m;awG oifcspo f m;wd&Yk UJ
oEÅmefrSm vkH;vkH;r&Sd jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ 'DvkdtusKd;jyNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu
a[mMum;awmfrlvkdufygw,f/ (oH?1?323/) tJ'Dtykdif;av;uawmh
awmfawmfav; ykdufpdyfwkduf a[m&r,fhtykdif; jzpfygw,faemf/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm 'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu 'Dom;&JUtom;ukd
pm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm olwdkYoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:aewJh pdwfaepdwfxm;u-
av;awGudk ykud pf yd w
f u
dk Nf y;D awmh t|uxmu (oH?|?2?97-101/) zGix
hf m;-
ygw,f/
'DtzGifh oH0PÖemawG[m tvGef wefzkd;&Sdygw,f/ 'DaeY w&m;em
y&dowftaygif;olawmfaumif;wkdY rdrdwkd&JU pdwf"mwfuav;awGukd
jyKjyifajymif;vJay;wJh ae&muav;awGrmS twk,zl aYdk umif;wJh qkq
d ;Hk r-
csufawG jzpfaew,faemf/ uJ - b,fvkdqkH;rxm;vJ¿
ZeD;armifEw
HS &Ydk UJ OD;wnfcsuf
'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm 'Dom;&JU tom;wnf;[laom
tm[m&onf ukd;rsKd;aom taMumif;w&m;wkdYjzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
{uefjzpfaew,f/ ukd;rsKd;aom taMumif;wdkYjzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
{uefjzpfaewJhtwGufaMumifh 'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdY[m 'Dom;&JU
tom;ukd pm;vkdufwJhtcg 'Dom;&JU tom;wnf;[laom tm[m&u
olw&Ydk UJ oEÅmefrmS jrL;xl;aysmyf g;jcif;qkw d hJ pdw"f mwfawG jzpfay:vmzk&Yd ef-
twGuv f nf; r[kwb f ;l / rmef,pfz&Ydk ef rmefrmew&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpf-
ay:vmzk&Yd eftwGuv f nf; r[kwb f ;l / vSyoGm;atmif wefqmqifz&Ydk ef
twGuf wefqmqifvw dk hJ pdwaf epdwx f m;awGudk OD;wnfNy;D pm;aewm
vnf; r[kwb f ;l / tom;ta&jynfNh zKd ;zk&Yd eftwGuv f nf; r[kwaf ybl;/
(oH?|?2?97/)
tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0J&mü rSefuefwJh OD;wnfcsuf

c&D;cJ uEÅm&c&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufz&Ydk efqw
dk hJ OD;wnfcsuf
uav; wpfckyJ &Sdaew,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm ukd;rsKd;aom
taMumif;qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh enf;enf;awmh zGifhxm;ygw,f/
'gayrJhvnf; tJ'Dukd;rsKd;aomtaMumif; rajymcifuav;rSm bkef;BuD;
ajymcsiwf muav; wpfcak wmh &Sad eygw,f/ 'DaeY a,m*DawG awmfawmf
cyfrsm;rsm; qGrf;cHumeD;vkdY&Sd&ifawmh &Gwfaew,f bmwJhvJ¿
þonfhpm;zG,fqkdwJh vuFmuav;yJaemf/ tJ'DvuFmav;jzifh
qifjcifwm[mvnf; b0rS vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh edó&Pynm
ac:wJh tajccH ynmwpfck jzpfaeygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dynmu jrwfpmG -
bk&m;&Sif ukd,fawmfwkdif ]]y#docFg a,medaom yd@ygwH y#dao0grd}}
ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh ypöa0u©Pm qifjcifenf;twkdif;
a&S;a&S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;u vG,fulatmifqkdNyD;awmh vuFmuav;-
148 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
awG oDukH;NyD;awmh qdkqkH;rxm;wm jzpfw,faemf/

tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm ('0g, =) jrL;xl;aysmfyg;upm;zkdY&eftwGuf
qkdwmu bmvJvkdYar;awmh uajconfwdkY uRrf;orm;wkdY[m tpm-
tm[m&ukd pm;w,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if olwkdYu 'Dvkd ususee uEkdif ckefEkdif-
zkdY&eftwGuf jrL;xl;aysmfyg;EkdifzkdY&eftwGuf OD;wnfcsufjzifh tpm-
tm[m&ukd pm;Muw,f/ oDcsif;aumif;aumif; qkdEkdifr,f? aumif;-
aumif; uEkdifr,f/ aumif;aumif; uRrf;bm;awG upm;Ekdifr,f/ 'Dvkd
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh 'Dtm[m&ukd pm;okH;Muw,f/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u
tpmtm[m&ukd pm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm 'DvkdOD;wnfcsuf r&Sdap&bl;wJh
aemf/ (tbd?|?1?430/)
aemufwpfck --- rmef,pfw,f/ rdrdwkdYa,mufsm;rSm a,mufsm;&JU
pGr;f tm;awG &Sw
d ,f/ 'DprG ;f tm;ukd xif&mS ;azmfjycsiw f ,fqw dk hJ pdw"f mwf-
jzifh tpmtm[m&ukpd m;wm bk&m;&Sif rESpNf cKd ub f ;l aemf/ 'Dvdk OD;wnf-
csuaf wGeYJ rpm;apcsiyf gbl;/ tm;&Sad tmifaygYavaemf/ a,mufsm;wk&Yd UJ
cGetf m;ukd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; wk;d yGm;atmif jyKvyk rf ,fqw dk hJ &nf&, G cf sujf zifh
tm[m&ukd rpm;apcsib f ;l / tm;&Sad tmifqw dk hJ &nf&, G cf sujf zifh 'Dtpm-
tm[m&awGudk pm;ok;H wm bk&m;&Sirf ESpNf cKd ub f ;l / tJ'aD wmh rif;csi;f -
a,mufsm;awG tpmtm[m&ukd pm;NyDqkd&if trwfBuD;awG tpmtm-
[m&ukd pm;NyDqkd&if rmef,pfzkdY&eftwGuf pnf;pdrf,pfzkdY&eftwGuf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh pm;Muw,f/ tJ'&D nf&, G cf sujf zifh olwu Ydk rGejf rwfwhJ
qGrf;cJzG,f abmZOfawGukd ususee pm;okH;Muw,f/ omoemrSm
aexkdifwJh &[ef;awmfu tJ'Dvdk OD;wnfcsufjzifhvnf; 'Dtm[m&ukd
rrSD0Jaumif;bl;aemf/ (tbd?|?1?430/)
cE¨muk,
d uf dk wifw
h ,fomG ;atmif wefqmqifz&Ydk efqwdk hJ 'D&nf&,
G -f
csufjzifhvnf; tm[m&ukd rrSD0J&bl;/ tJ'DrSm jynfhwefqmrwkdYvkd
trsKd;o®D;awGç eef;wGif;olawG &Sd Muygw,f/ olwkdYu rdrdwkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm
tom;ta&awG jynfNh zKd ;Ny;D El;nHo

h rd af rGUvmatmifqwkd hJ &nf&,
G cf sujf zifh
tom;ta&uav;awG El;nHhvmatmif axmywfawG wifvJawG
ponfjzifh tvGef tqift h wef; jrifah ewJh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H Mu-
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd OD;wnfcsufjzifh rdrdwkdY&JU cE¨mtdrfBuD;ukd wefqmqif&ef
vSyoGm;atmif wefqmqif&efqkdwJh 'D&nf&G,fcsufjzifhvnf; tpm-
tm[m&ukd rpm;okH;&bl;wJhaemf/ (tbd?|?1?430-431/)
aemufwpfck --- (e 0dbloem, =) vufa0SUonfwkdYvkd vufyef;-
onfwkdYvkd yk*¾dKvfawG[m cE¨mukd,fukd tom;ta&awG jynfhNzdK;
wifw h ,fomG ;Ny;D wif;rmvmNyq D v
dk &Ydk &dS if wpfbufy*k Kd¾ vu
f xk;d vkud rf ,f
qkv
d &Ykd &dS if xkx
d ;dk Buw
d w
f hJ 'Pfcsuu f dk cHEidk af tmif BuKd wifNy;D awmh tpm-
tm[m&awG pm;NyD;awmh avhusifhMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tom;ta&awG
wif;rmvmatmif jynfhNzdK;vmatmifqkdwJh 'D&nf&G,fcsufESifhvnf;
&[ef;awmf[m omoemawmfrSm aexdkifNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if tm[m&ukd
rrSD0Joifhbl;wJhaemf/ (tbd?|?1?431/)
bmtwGufomvQif rSD0J&rvJvkdYar;awmh r[mbkwfav;yg;aemf/
"mwfBuD;av;yg; OD;wnfxm;wJh 'DcE¨mukd,fBuD;rSm ZD0dwdaÈ´qkdwm
&Sw
d ,f/ ZD0w
d ad Èq
´ w
dk hJ 'Dw&m;uav;ukd t&S nw f nfwahH &;twGuo f m
&nf&G,fNyD;awmh rSD0Jw,f/ tu,fírsm; tpmukd rpm;cJhbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if
rdrd&JU oEÅmefrSm yifyef;rI EGrf;e,frI qmavmifrGwfodyfrI tp&SdwJh
ab;&efawG jzpfay:vmr,f/ tJ'v D dk yifyef;rI EGr;f e,frq
I w
dk hJ 'Doabm-
w&m;awGudk y,fazsmuf&efqw dk hJ &nf&, G cf sujf zifo
h m 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd
pm;&ygw,f/ (tbd?|?1?431/)
aemufwpfck --- (jA[®p&d, =) oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynm
usifhpOfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfawG &Sdw,f/ tJ'D
odu©mokH;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;MuKH;a&wGufxm;tyfwJh bk&m;&Sif&JU
tqkH;tromoemawmfukd ig csD;ajr§mufEdkifzkdYtwGufom &nf&G,fNyD;-
150 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
awmh 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;ygw,f/ (tbd?|?1?431/)

'DvkdOD;wnfcsufeJY bk&m;&Sifu pm;apcsifw,faemf/ tJ'Dvkd pm;-
vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfvmrvJ¿ tusKd;w&m;awGuawmh
qmavmifrw G of yd af ewJh ta[mif;jzpfwhJ 'Pfcsuaf Mumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
qif;&Ja0'emawGvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;r,f/ aemufxyf qmavmif
rGwfodyfjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmr,fh a0'em
topfawGvnf; xyfNyD;awmh rjzpfawmhbl;/ rjzpfvkdufwJhtcsdeftcg-
usawmh bmjzpfrvJ¿ rdrrd mS £&d,mykxf av;yg;vk;H rQrQwweJY w&m;-
bm0emawGukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk
tm;xkwEf idk w f thJ wGuaf Mumifh rdro
d EÅmefrmS tpmrpm;&jcif; wnf;[l-
aom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmr,fh tukokdvftjypfawGvnf;
xif&Sm; rjzpfawmhbl;/ (tbd?|?1?431/)
£&d,myx rQrQwwaeEkid w f thJ wGuf bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfrmS
oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOfawGudk csrf;csrf;omom
vG,fvG,fulul usifhEkdifonfh tqifhtxd 'Dtm[m&u tm;BuD;aom
rS&D m Oyedó,owåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;ygvdrrhf ,f/ aemufwpfcu k awmh
te0ZÆwm p qkdwJh tjypfr&SdrIeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxmq&mawmfu
b,fvkd zGifhqdkxm;ovJ¿
tjypf&SdrI[lonf
te0ZÆwm pmwd {w¬ tw¬d om0ZÆH? tw¬d te0ZÆH/
te0ZÆwmmqkwd hJ pum;&yfeYJ ywfoufNy;D awmh om0ZÆ = tjypf&w
dS hJ
oabmvnf; &Sdw,f/ (te0ZÆ =) tjypfr&SdrIqkdwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/
b,fvkdvJqkdawmh/
ww¬ t"r®ud y&da,oem t"r®u d y#d*[ ¾ PH t"ar®e y&dabm-
a*gwd £'H om0ZÆH emr/ (tbd?|?1?431/)
ww¬ = xkpd um;&yfü/ t"r®u d y&da,oem = rw&m;aom enf;-

vrf;jzifh tpmt[m&ukd &SmazGjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ t"r®du-
y#d*[¾ PH = 0denf;awmfEiS hf ravsmn
f aD om rtyfaomenf;jzifh tuyf
cH,ljcif;onfvnf;aumif; tvSLcH,ljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ t"ar®e
y&dabma*g = 0denf;awmfEiS hf ravsmnf aD om ok;H aqmifjcif;onfvnf;-
aumif;/ tw¬d = &S\
d / £'H = þonfum;/ om0ZÆH emr = om0ZÆrnf\/
tjypf&Sdw,f rnfw,fwJh/
jrwfpGmbk&m; 0denf;a'oemawmfrSm ypönf;av;yg;&SmazGykHeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh ynwfxm;wJh ynwfcsufawG &Sd Muygw,f/ Oyrm
qkdMuygpkdY? psmefr*fzkdvfedAÁmef r&bJeJY &w,fvkdY 0g;<um;yvTm;NyD;
rajymMum;&bl ; / ajymMum;vk d Y 'um'umrawG u vS L 'gef ; cJ h & if
'Dypönf;onf rtyfpyfbl;/ atmifwref rjyK&bl;/ jyKcJhvkdY MunfndKNyD;
vSL'gef;cJh&if tJ'Dypönf;[mvnf; rtyfpyfbl;/ aqGrsKd;rawmfol
ypönf;av;yg; rzdwfMum;xm;ol 'g,umwkdYxHü rtyfaomenf;jzifh
awmif;cHjcif;ukd rjyK&bl;/ jyKcJhvkdY &&dScJh&if &&SdvmwJh 'Dypönf;vnf;
rtyfpyfbl;/ aq;ukjcif; opfoD;ay;jcif; yef;ay;jcif; aA'ifa[mjcif;
,Mwm "mwf½u dk "f mwfqifjyKjcif; ponfjzifh 'Dvdk rtyfaomenf;awGjzifh
ypönf;av;yg;awGukd &SmazGMuw,f/
ckacwftajymeJY ajym&ifawmh csJeHygwfuav; ay;wmaygYaemf/
tJ'DykHpHenf;pepftm;jzifh rw&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh ypönf;av;yg;ukd
&atmif &SmazGwm[mvnf; 'g (om0ZÆ =) tjypf&w dS hJ vkyif ef;yJ/ aemuf-
wpfck (t"r®duy#d*¾[P =) cH,lwJhae&mrSmvnf; 0denf;awmfESifh
ravsmfnDwJh enf;pepfawGjzifh tvSLcH,lw,faemf/ nu ajymcJhNyD;NyD-
aygYav/ om;pdrf; ig;pdrf; tvSLrcH& ponfjzifhaygY? tJ'Dvkd 0denf;-
awmfESifh ravsmfnDwJh tvSLcH,ljcif;jzifh cH,lNyD;awmhvnf; okH;pGJcJh&if
'g[m om0ZÆy/J aemuf (t"ar®e y&dabma*g =) "r®enf;vrf; 0denf;-
152 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
enf;vrf;eJY ravsmfnDbJeJY okH;pGJcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; 'g om0ZÆyJ?

aemufwpfck ----
"ar®e ye y&da,odwmG "ar®e y#d*a¾ [wGm ypöa0u©w d mG y&dbÍk eÆ H
te0ZÆH emr/ (tbd?|?1?431/)
"ar®e = w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzif/h y&da,odwmG = ypön;f av;yg;ukd
&SmazGNyD;í/ "ar®e = w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh/ y#d*¾a[wGm = tuyf
cH,Nl y;D í/ ypöa0u©w
d mG = ÓPfjzifqh ifjcifí/ y&dbÍk eÆ H = ok;H aqmifjcif;-
onfum;/ te0ZÆH emr = te0ZÆ rnf\/
ypön;f av;yg;ukd &SmazGwhJ tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; bk&m;&SiEf pS Nf cKd uwf hJ
w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifo h m &SmazGw,f/ w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifo h m
tuyfcHw,f/ w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh tuyfcH,lvkdY &&Sdxm;wJh 'D
vSLzG,0f w¬K ypön;f pkudk ypöa0u©PmÓPfjzifh qifjcifNy;D awmh ok;H aqmif
w,f/ 'g[m te0ZÆyJ/ okdYaomf ÓPfeJY qifjcifwJhtykdif;awGrSm
tqifhqifh oGm;ygvdrfhr,faemf/ tckajymaewJh tykdif;av;uawmh
ypöa0u©Pm qifjcifwJhtykdif;ukd ajymaewmyg/
{uapöm te0aZÆa,0 om0ZÆH ua&mwd? ]]v'¨H ar}}wd uwGm
yrmPmwduúEÅH bkÍÆwd? wH ZD&maywkH toauúmaEÅm O'¨H0da&pe-
ta"m0da&pem'D[d udvrwd/ (tbd?|?1?322/)
enf;enf;av; t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhjyxm;w,f/
{uapöm = tcsKUd aomyk*Kd¾ vo
f nf/ te0aZÆa,0 = tjypfr&Sad om
qGrf;ypönf;üyifvQif/ om0ZÆH = tjypf&Sdatmif/ ua&mwd = jyKrl-
wwfjyef\/
w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &SmazGwJh ypönf;vnf; rSefw,f/ 0denf;-
awmfEiS hf avsmn f pD mG tuyfcxH m;wJh cH,xl m;wJh ypön;f vnf; rSew f ,f/
'gayrJhvkdY 'Dvdktjypfr&SdwJh vSLzG,f0w¬K ypönf;pkukd &&SdwJhtcsdeftcgrSm
tjypf&Sdatmif wcsKdUu jyKvkyfwwfw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿

ig &avNyq
D Ndk y;D awmh 0rf;omw,f/ 0rf;omNy;D wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmh
bmjzpfovJ¿ rdrd&JU twkdif;twmyrmPudk ausmfvGefNyD;awmh
pm;jyefw,f/ pm;vkdufawmh bmjzpfovJ¿
wH = xkt
d wkid ;f twmxuf vGeu
f aJ tmif pm;aomufxm;wJh tpm
t[m&udk/ ZD&maywkH = aMuusufaptyfaomiSm/ toauúmaEÅm =
rpGrf;Ekdifonfjzpfí/ O'¨H0da&peta"m0da&pem'D[d = 0rf;avQmaq;
tefaq;ponfwkdYukd rSD0J&jcif; ponfwkdYjzifh/ udvrwd = yifyef;\/
tpmu rcsufEkdifbl;/ pm;wJhtpmuvnf; tay:vnf;rwuf
atmufvnf;rus 'DvkdjzpfaeNyDqkd&ifawmh bmvkyf&rvJ¿ tefaq;
wkdufoifh&ifvnf; wkduf&r,f/ 0rf;avQmaq;awG wkdufoifh&ifvnf;
wku
d &f r,f/ tJ'yD pHk pH epftm;jzifh yifyef;Ny?D yifyef;vku
d af wmh bmjzpfv¿J
ausmif;wkduftwGif;rSm&SdaewJh &[ef;awmfawG tm;vkH;yJ 'D
uk,d af wmftwGuf oef&Y iS ;f a&;awG jyKvyk af y;&w,f/ tefaeNy?D okrYd [kwf
0rf;awGuvnf; rw&m;avQmaeNyD/ avQmaeawmh oefY&Sif;a&;awG
jyKvkyfay;&wmeJY olUtwGuf oifhavsmfwJh aq;ypönf; &SmazG&wmeJY
aMumifMh urIawG rsm;vmw,f/ 'gayrJh olUukd ar;vku d &f ifawmh b,fvdk
ajymrvJ¿ enf;enf;uav; oGm;pm;rdwmygvkYd avsmah vsmah ygYaygY ajym
rSmyg/ pm;vkdufwmawmh odyfrrsm;ygbll;/ enf;enf;AkdufxJ tqifrajy
jzpfoGm;wmeJY wlw,faemf/
at; ukd,fawmf wpfyg;uawmh Akdufu,faevkdY 'Dukd,fawmf
Aku
d u
f ,faevkyYd g ponfjzifh 'Dvpdk um;awG ajymae&w,f/ wu,fawmh
ol[m wpfcgwav jzpfwmr[kwfbl;/ 'DvkdyJ tjrJwrf; tpm;tpmu
ukd,fhyrmPukd ukd,frEIdif;csdefbl;/ vGefvGefuRHuRHyJ pm;aew,f/
aMomfµ 'Dukd,fawmfeJY ukd,f&JU 0rf;Akduftwkdif;twmyrmPukd
154 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rodygvm;qkNd y;D awmh ab;uyk*Kd¾ vaf wGu uJ&h UJ Muw,f? ½Iwcf sMuw,f/
'Dy*k Kd¾ vrf sK;d [m tjypfr&Sw
d hJ tpmtm[m&rSm tjypf&adS tmif jyKvyk af ewJh
yk*¾dKvfyJ/
rdr&d UJ twkid ;f twmyrmPeJY avsmn f pD mG 'Dvt
dk jypfawG rjzpfatmif
rS0D &J r,faemf/ rS0D v J u
dk w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgusawmh bmjzpfrvJ¿ zmok0[ d m&
= csrf;csrf;omom ae&r,f/ tJ'Dcsrf;csrf;omom ae&r,fqkdwJh
tykdif;rSmvnf; t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhxm;w,faemf/ (t|omvded
t|uxm?432/) rSm ---
zmok0d[ma&m pmwd {w¬myd tw¬d zmok0d[ma&m? tw¬d e
zmok0d[ma&m/ (tbd?|?1?432/)
csrf;csrf;omom aexkdif& rIvnf; &Sdw,f/ csrf;csrf;omom rae-
xkdi&f rIvnf; &Sdygw,fwJhaemf/ b,fvkdvJ¿
tpm;MuL;wJhykPÖm; (5) OD;

tm[m&[w¬uykPÖm; tvHom#uykPÖm; wMw0¥uykPÖm;
umurmouykPÖm; bkwå0rdwuykPÖm;qkdNyD;awmh ykPÖm;(5)OD;wkdYukd
ykpH x
H w
k jf yxm;w,f/ bke;f Bu;D wk&Yd UJ pmayrSm awmfawmfav; tuJcwf-
Munfhygw,f/ ykPÖm;awGuawmh awmfawmfav; emrnfysufaew,f/
tJ'Dawmh tJ'DykPÖm; (5)OD;udk xkwfjyxm;awmh 'DykPÖm; (5)OD;wkdY&JU
pm;jcif;onf e zmok0d[m& = csrf;csrf;omomrae&wJh pm;enf;yJ/
tJ'DykPÖm; (5)OD;xJu ---
eHygwf (1)jzpfwJh tm[m&[w¬uykPÖm;qkdwmu b,fvkdvJ¿
pm;vku
d w
f mu odyrf sm;w,f/ uk, d [hf muk, d f xvkaYd wmif rEkid w
f -hJ
twGuf [µ igYvufqGJNyD;awmh xlMuprf;ygOD;qkdNyD; ajym,l&avmuf-
atmif tpm;Bu;D wJyh P k mÖ ;vkaYd c:ovJ¿ tm[&[w¬u
k mÖ ;ukd b,fyP
ykPmÖ ;;wJ/h
aemufwpfa,muf eHygwf (2) tvHom#uykPÖm;?
pm;vkdufwmu awmfawmfBuD;ukd Akdufu wif;oGm;w,f/ Akdufu
wif;oGm;vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh xawmh xvkdufEkdifyg&JU? 'gayrJh
ykqkd;ukd0wfvkdYukd rwwfEkdifbl;wJh/ 'Dvkdykqkd;r0wfEkdifavmufatmif
tpm;BuD;wJh ykPÖm;ukd tvHom#uykPÖm;;vkdY ac:w,f/ aemufwpf-
a,muf wMw0¥uykPÖm; ...
xvkdYawmif rEkdifawmhbl;/ pm;wJhae&mrSmyJ vJae&w,f/
tJ'DykPÖm;uawmh wMw0¥uykPÖm;;/
aemufwpfa,muf eHygwf (4) umurmouykPÖm;?
yg;pyfjynfhatmif pm;vkdufwm usD;vmNyD; yg;pyfxJ EIdufpm;r,f
qkdawmif EIdufpm;vkdY&atmif pm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd tpm;BuD;wJh ykPÖm;ukd-
awmh umurmouykPÖm;;vkdY ac:w,f/
uJ aemufwpfa,mufu bkwå0rdwuykPÖm;wJh/ eHygwf (5)
ykPÖm;yJ/
yg;pyfxJxm;vkdYukd rEkdifawmhbl;/ AkdufxJxm;vkdYukd rEkdifawmhbl;/
pm;wJah e&mrSmyJ yg;pyfuaeNy;D awmh tefxw k yf pf&w,f/ tJ'aD vmuf-
txd tpm;BuD;wJhykPÖm;ukd bmac:ovJ¿ bkwå0rdwuykPÖm;;wJh/ 'D
ykPmÖ ; (5)OD;wku
Yd dk azmfjyxm;w,f/ tJ'yD P
k mÖ ; (5)OD;vkad wmh rpm;ygeJw
Y /hJ
uJ tJ'v D dk rpm;bl;qkvd &Ydk &dS ifawmh (zmok0[
d m& =) csr;f csr;f omom
aexkdif&ygvdrfhr,f? csrf;csrf;omom aexkdif&wmuawmh aemufykdif;
vnf; xyfNyD; ajymygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh 'DtcsufeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
vuFmav;awG oDukH;NyD;awmh q&mawmfBuD;awG qkdqkH;rxm;w,f/
bmwJhvJ¿
156 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
]]þonfhpm;zG,f? tr,fr,fukd? jrL;&,frmef<u? vSya&qif;?

jynfhNzdK;jcif;iSm? roHk;ygbl;? av;jzm"mwfaqmif? þukd,faumifonf?
&Snfatmifwnfvsuf? toufrQwef;? rarmyef;jim;? bk&m;omoem?
usifhESpfjzmukd? usifhygEkdifap? a0'ema[mif;opf? rjzpfap&? ,mydkxf
rQvpf cyfodrf;jypfukd? rjzpfavatmif? csrf;ajrUatmif[k? okH;aqmif
rSD0Jygownf;/}}
'Dvkd qifjcifwwfwJh ypöa0u©PmÓPfukd tpmtm[m&ukd
rSD0Jwkdif; rSD0Jwkdif; pGrf;Ekdifu qGrf;vkwfwkdif; qGrf;vkwfwkdif; qifjcifNyD;
pm;zkdY&eftwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;ay;xm;wJh tajccH edó&PynmvkdY
ac:w,f/ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif; ynmwpfckyg/
ck'Da[mqJjzpfaewJh ykwårHolyrokwåefrSm vm&SdwJh edó&Pynmu-
awmh jrwfpGmbk&m; ykHpHwpfrsKd;av;eJY a[mxm;w,f/ 'Dynmu
enf;enf; tqifjh rifo h mG ;Ny/D b,fvvdk ¿J nu Zmwfxw k u
f av; jyefNy;D
em;axmifMunfhygaemf/
awoH aom ykwårHom[ma&m e0[d um&aP[d y#dulvwåm
ae0 '0g, a[mwd? e r'g,? e r@em,? e 0dbloem,? au0vH
uEÅm&edw¬&Pw¬ma,0 a[mwd/ (oH?|?2?97/)
awoH = xkdZeD;armifESH (2)OD;wkdYtzkdY/ aom ykwårHom[ma&m =
xkd om;&JU tom;wnf;[laom tpmtm[m&onfum;/ e0[d
um&aP[d = ukd;rsKd;aom taMumif;w&m;wkdYjzifh/ y#dulvwåm = &GH&Sm
G f {uef jzpfaejcif;aMumif/h '0g, = jrL;xl;aysmyf g; upm;zk-Yd
pufqyk zf ,
iSmvnf;/ ae0 a[mwd = rjzpfyg/ r'g, = tm;[laom rmef,pfjcif;-
iSmvnf;/ e a[mwd = rjzpfyg/ r@em, = vSyatmif wefqmqif-
jcif;iSmvnf;/ e a[mwd = rjzpfyg/ 0dbloem, = tom;a&
jynfNzdK;wifhw,fzkdY&efvnf;/ e a[mwd = rjzpfyg/
bm OD;wnfcsufuav;eJY pm;aeMuovJ¿
au0vH uEÅm&edw¬&Pw¬ma,0 = rdrdwdkY oGm;aeqJjzpfwJh
uEÅm&c&D;cJukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf&ef tusKd;iSmomvQif/ a[mwd =
jzpfygay\/
tck w&m;emaewJh y&dowfawG b,foGm;aeMuovJvkdYar;&if
oHo&mc&D;BuD; qkH;&mjzpfwJh edAÁmefukd oGm;aeMuw,f/ rdrdoGm;aewJh
'DedAÁmefukd a&muf&SdEkdifa&;twGuf rdrdwkdYoGm;aewJh oHo&mc&D;BuD;
ukeq f ;Hk &mjzpfwhJ edAmÁ efoYdk a&muf&EdS idk af &;twGuo
f mvQif OD;wnfNy;D awmh
'Dvkdtpmtm[m&ukd rSD0Japcsifw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU qE´"mwfawmfu
jrL;xl;aysmfyg;zkdY&eftwGuf rmef,pfzkdY&eftwGufqkdwJh 'DvkdrrSefuefwJh
OD;wnfcsuaf wGjzifh 'Dvt dk pmtm[m&udk rrS0D aJ pcsib f ;l / aemufwpfck
'DrSm ukd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwkdYjzifh &GGHU&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmqkdwm
bmawGvJ¿
tpmtm[m&\ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f (9) rsKd;aom tjcif;t&m
ukd;rsKd;aom taMumif;w&m;wkdYaMumifh 'Dtpmtm[m&[m &GH&Sm
pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l oabm&Sad ew,fqwdk m 'D (9)rsK;d aom taMumif;-
awGu bmawGvJ¿
oZmwdrHowm, ÓwdrHowm, ykwårHowm, yd,ykwå-
rHowm, w½kPrHowm, tmrurHowm, tabm*rHowm,
tavmPwm, t"lydwwm,mwd/ (oH?|?2?97/)
1/ oZmwdro H wm, = Zmwfwt l om; jzpfaeonfth wGuaf Mumifh
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;w,fw/hJ vlZmwfcsi;f wlaew,f/ pm;wJyh *k Kd¾ v-f
uvnf; vlyJ? tpm;cH&wJh tom;uvnf; vlyJjzpfaew,f/ Zmwfwl-
om; jzpfaew,faemf/ oZmwdro H wm, = Zmwfwt l om; jzpfaejcif;-
aMumifhvnf;aumif;/
158 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
2/ ÓwdrHowm, = aqGrsKd;\tom; jzpfaeonfhtwGuf

vnf;aumif;/ aqGrsKd;&JU tom; jzpfaew,faemf/ aemufwpfck ..
3/ ykwårHowm, = om;\tom; jzpfaeonfhtwGufaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/
4/ yd,ykwårHowm, = tvGef cspfjrwfEkd;tyfwJh om;\ tom;
jzpfaeonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
tpmpm;wJhtcsdefrSm xm;&SdapcsifwJh bk&m;&Sif oifay;awmfrlwJh
pdw"f mwfuav;yJaemf/ Zmwfwo l m;vnf; jzpfw,f? aqGrsK;d &JU tom;-
vnf; jzpfw,f? om;&JU tom;vnf; jzpfw,f? 'Dom;uvnf; rdrdwkdY
tvGef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh om;&JUtom; jzpfaew,f/ aemufwpfck 'Dom;-
uav;ukd Munfhvdkufawmh/
5/ w½kPrHowm, = tvGef Eke,fwt hJ om; jzpfaeonft h wGu-f
aMumifhvnf;aumif;/
om;uav;uvnf; tvGef Eke,faewJh om;vnf; jzpfw,f/
tvGef Eke,faewJh owå0gwpfOD;&JU tom;vnf; jzpfaejyefw,f/
6/ tmrurHowm, = tom;pdrf;jzpfaeonfhtwGufaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/
7/ tabm*rHoom, = rokH;aqmifxkdufwJhtom; rokH;aqmif
zl;wJh tom; jzpfaeonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
8/ tavmPwm, = qm;rygonht
f wGuaf Mumifv
h nf;aumif;/
9/ t"lydwwm, = rD;jzifh rcsuftyfonhftwGufaMumifhvnf;-
aumif;/
£ar[d e0[d um&aP[d = þ (9)rsK;d aom taMumif;w&m;wk-Yd
aMumifh/ y#dulavm = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f {uefjzpfí aeygay\/
tpmtm[m& pm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu xm;&SdapcsifwJh

pdwfxm;uav;ygaemf/ uJ ---
pOf;pm;Munfhprf;aemf/ 'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;u 'Dtom;av;ukd
pm;vku d wf thJ csed t
f cgrSm olw&Ydk UJ oEÅmefrmS 'Dtom;&JU t&omtay:ü
rufarmaewJh wG,fwmaewJh wyfrufaewJhpdwfxm; &Sd Muovm;¿
r&SdEkdifbl;/ ukd,fhom;&JUtom; jzpfaeNyDaemf/ ckeu (9)rsKd;aom
taMumif;wkdYjzifh tvGef pufqkyfzG,faumif;aom tom; jzpfaeNyD/
aemufwpfck ---
rZÑwåbma0a,0 ye edpäE´&m*y&dabma* Xdwm cg'ðok/
rZÑwåbma0a,0 = tv,ftvwf rZÑwåoabmü wnfaom
pdwfxm;&SdonfjzpfíomvQif/ edpäE´&m*y&dabma* = vkdvm;wyfruf-
jcif;uif;aom ok;H aqmifjcif;ü/ Xdwm = wnfMuukeo
f nfjzpfí/ cg'ðok
= cJpm;Muavukef\/
tv,ftvwfü wnfaeonfph w d x
f m;ç pm;vkw
d hJ vkv
d m;wyfruf
aewJh qE´&m* uif;aewJh pdwx f m;rSm &yfwnfNy;D awmhomvQif pm;ae-
w,f/ 'Dtom;tay:ü pm;vkdwJh pdwfxm; r&Sdbl;/ tv,ftvwfrSm
wnf&adS ewJh pdwx
f m;qkw
d mu rdrw d Ydk oGm;&r,fh vrf;c&D;ukd ausmv
f mT ;
vGefajrmufa&;qkdwJh OD;wnfcsufuav;ukd xm;NyD;awmh tom;&JU
t&omtay:rSm wyfrufwphJ w d xf m; r&Sb d J pm;aewm? 'gukd tv,f-
tvwfrSm wnfaewJh pdwfxm;vkdY ajymwm/ tJ'Dvkd pm;vkdufwJh tcsdef
tcgrSm 'Dtom;tay:ü vkdvm;wyfrufaewJh okH;aqmifjcif;rSm
&yfwnfNy;D awmh pm;aewm r[kwb f ;l / aumif;vkud wf m aumif;vkud -f
wm aumif;vkdufwmqkdwJh tJ'Dvkd tm[m&tay:ü wyfrufwJh ykHpH
pepftm;jzifh 'Dtom;ukd pm;aewmvm;¿ r[kwfbl;wJhaemf/
(oH?|?2?97/)
160 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aemufwpfck --- om;aumifwpfaumifudk zsuzf ;l wJyh *k Kd¾ vf em;vnf-

ygvdrrhf ,f/ aumif;Ek;d &m&m tom;av;awGudk a&G;Ny;D awmh t½k;d wjcm;
taMumwjcm; ta&cGaH wGwjcm; pkNy;D awmh raumif;wJ[ h mawG z,f&mS ;-
NyD; aumif;wmuav;awG a&G;NyD;awmh oufouf pm;aewmvnf;
r[kwfbl;wJhaemf/ b,fvkdom pm;ovJ¿
rdrdvufxJ qkdufa&mufvmwJh tom;udkomvQif pm;w,f/
aumif;Ek;d &m&mukd a&G;pm;w,fqw
dk hJ pdwx
f m;? xkZd eD;armifEHS ESpOf ;D vk;H rSm
r&Sdbl;wJhaemf/ (oH?|?2?97/)
vnfyif;txd b,fawmhrS rpm;bl;/ b,fvkdom pm;ovJ¿
enf;enf;uav;yJ pm;w,faemf/ vnfyif;txd jynfhoGm;atmif
b,fawmhrS rpm;bl;/ wpfaeYwmyrmP rQw½kH twkid ;f twm yrmP-
rQavmufom pm;Muw,f/
tpmpm;wJh tcsed t f cgrSm wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D ZeD;armifEHS ESpaf ,muf-
wkYd wpfO;D tay: wpfO;D 0efwadk pmif;ajrmif;aewJh pdwx f m;awG r&SdMubl;/
0efwkd apmif;ajrmif;jcif;qkdwJh tnpftaMu;uif;aewJh pifMu,fwJh
pdw"f mwfjzifo
h mvQif 'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D u 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;aeMu-
w,f/ tpmpm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xm;&SdapcsifwJh pdwf"mwfav;awGukd
bk&m;&Sifu ñTefMum;ay;aewmygaemf/ (oH?|?2?97/)
aemufwpfck --- aMomfµ wkdY pm;aewm[mav orifom;yJ?
a'gif;om;yJ ponfjzifh 'Dvkd awGa0aompdwfxm;jzifh pm;aeMuwm
r[kwfbl;/ b,fvkdom pm;ovJ¿
wkdY pm;aewJh tom;[m wkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh wkdY&JU
om;av;&JUtom;om jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkdod&dS NyD;awmhom pm;aeMuwm?
'gu orifom;yJ? 'gu Oa'gif;om;yJ ponfjzifh 'DvkdtodeJY awGa0wJh
pdwfeJY pm;aewm r[kwfbl;wJhaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
aMomfµ wkdY aemufxyfuG,f 'Dvkd om;&JUtom;rsKd; pm;&&ifawmh

odyaf umif;rSmyJqw dk hJ 'Dvadk wmifw
h csujf zifh pm;aewmvnf; r[kwb f ;l /
b,fEh ,S w
f ek ;f µ Mum;Muovm;¿ Mum;Mu&JUvm; y&dowfawG ... owd-
xm;Mu? owdxm;Mu ... aemufxyf 'Dvo kd m;&JU tom;rsK;d ukd pm;yg&-
ap? pm;&&if odyfaumif;r,fqkdwJh 'Dvkd awmifhwcsufeJY pm;ae&wm
[kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ bk&m;&Sifu tpmpm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dvkd
awmifhwcsuf r&Sdapcsifbl;aemf/
awmifhwcsufawGukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;wJh pdwfxm;jzifh-
omvQif pm;aeMuw,f/ aemufxyf 'Dvkd om;&JUtom;rsKd;av;ukd
pm;yg&ap/ pm;&&if odyaf umif;r,fqw dk hJ pdwx
f m;rsK;d [m 'DZeD;armifEHS
ESpfOD;wkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ aemufwpfck ---
at; 'Dom;&JU tom;av;udk 'Dc&D;cJomG ;ae&if 'Davmufpm;r,f/
usefaewJh tom;usawmh c&D;cJ ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;wJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm rusnf;oD;av;wkdY qm;wdkY qDwdkY xnfhNyD; ESyfNyD; ususee
pm;vkdufr,fqkdNyD; okdrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;w,fqkdwJh pdwfxm;&Sdovm;¿
r&Sdbl;/ w&m;emy&dowfawG Mum;Mu&JUvm;¿ Mum;Muvm;¿ (Mum;yg-
w,fbk&m; ..) tJ [kwfNyD [kwfNyD? Mum;w,fqkd bkef;BuD;u 0rf;om
ygw,faemf/ uJ aemufwpfck --- bmwJhvJ¿
tu,fírsm;aygYav vrf;c&D;oGm;&if;eJY 'Dom;tom;u rukev f Ykd
useaf ecJrh ,fq&dk if wjcm;wjcm;yk*Kd¾ vaf wG rjrifcifqNdk y;D 'Dvdk &nf&,
G -f
csujf zifh 'Dyadk ewJt
h om;ukd ajrBu;D xJrmS aomfvnf; jrK§ yyf pfw,f/ rD;eJ-Y
aomfvnf; ½IdUNrdKufypfMuw,f/ (oH?|?2?98-99/)
a>rwpfaumif yg;ysOf;axmifjyvkdufwJh ykHpHvkdaygYaemf/ wuf<u
jrifharmufaewJh pdwfxm;awG rjzpfbl;/ aMomfµ wkdYom 'Dvkdpm;&w,f/
oif;wkYd 'Dvrdk pm;&bl;qkw
d hJ wpfbufom;tay:ü tom,lvw dk hJ wuf<u
162 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jrifharmufaewJh a>ryg;ysOf;vkd tarmufaxmifjywJh pdwfxm;rsKd;

&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;wJh? tpmpm;NyDqkd&if 'Dvkdpdwfxm;&SdzkdY vkdw,fvkdY
ajymaewmaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
[if;uvnf; b,fvdk csux f m;rSe;f vnf; rodb;l / qm;vnf; ryg-
bl;/ tJ'vD dk qkNd y;D ½Iwcf swphJ w
d x
f m; &So
d vm;¿ r&Sbd ;l aemf/ tcsOaf v;-
uvnf; rygbl;qkdNyD;awmh ½IwfcswJhpdwfxm; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ at;
rusufwusufBuD; csufxm;ygw,fqkdNyD;awmh ½IwfcswJhpdwfxm;vnf;
r&Sdbl;/ teHYuvnf; raumif;bl;qkdNyD;awmh ½IwfcswJhpdwfxm;vnf;
r&Sdbl;wJhaemf/ b,fvkdom pdwfxm;&SdovJ¿
½Iwcf swwfwhJ pdwaf epdwx f m;awGukd olwu Ydk ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmuf
oGm;NyD/ ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufNyD;awmhrS olu 'Dtpmukd pm;aew,f/
tpm;pm;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGrmS xm;&Sad pcsiw
f hJ pdw"f mwfudk bk&m;&Siuf Oyrm
uGufuGufuGif;uGif;av;ay:atmif a[maewmaemf/ (oH?|?2?99/)
pm;vku d wf t
hJ csed tf cgrSm 'gu oift h wGuaf vç 'gu igYtwGuaf v
tJ'v D dk a0pkcsaewJyh pHk vH nf; r&Sbd ;l / 'gu oifo
h m;ç 'gu igYom;yJqNdk y;D
'Dvdk wpfO;D eJw
Y pfO;D rxDrjhJ rifjyKwhJ pdwxf m;vnf; r&SdMubl;aemf/ b,fvdk
pdwfxm;om&SdaevJ¿
tnDtñGwf 0rf;ajrmufwJhpdwfxm;uav; wlwlnDnDeJY pm;ae-
Muw,f/ 0rf;ajrmufw,fqkdaomfvnf; uEÅm&c&D;cJoGm;a&;twGuf
0rf;ajrmufrIom ajymwmygaemf/ om;uav;aoausysufpD;&vkdY
wpfbufu 0rf;enf;rIuvnf; &SdvsufygyJ/
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu 'DuEÅm&c&D;cJukd oGm;aewJhtcsdeftcgrSm
'Dom;&JU tom;ay:ü vkdvm;wyfrufwJh qE´&m*uif;&Sif;aewJh
okH;aqmifjcif;jzifh okH;aqmifrIukd jyKvkyfMuovkd omoemh0efxrf;
&Sif&[ef;wkdY[mvnf; wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif&JU wynfh
om0uawG [ mvnf ; tpmtm[m&tay:ü vk d v m;wyf r uf w J h

qE´&m* uif;&Sif;aewJh okH;aqmifjcif;jzifh okH;aqmifrIukd aumif;pGm
ÓPfjzifh ½IajrmfapvkdwJh pdwfxm; bk&m;&SifrSm &Sdawmfrlygw,f/ tJ'D
pdwfxm;&SdwJhtwGuf bk&m;&Sifuvnf; &[ef;oHCmawmftaygif;ukd
'DtaMumif;ukd cGijhf yKawmfrv
l o
dk nft
h wGuf ykwrå o
H yl rokweå v
f Ydk ac:qk-d
tyfwJh 'Dokwåefukd bk&m;&Sifu a[maewmaemf/ tJ'D okwåefrSm ]]wH
uð rnx}} ponfjzifh 'Dtykdif;av; bk&m;&Sifa[mw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdYukd igbk&m;
ar;r,f/ igbk&m;ar;r,fh ar;cGef;ukd oifcspfom;wkdY oifcspforD;wkdY
xifjrif ,lqonfhtwkdif; ajzqkdEkdifw,f/ b,fvkd xifjrifMuovJ¿
'DZeD;armifEHS ESpOf ;D [m om;&JUtom;wnf;[laom tm[m&ukd pm;ok;H wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm jrL;xl;aysmfyg;zkdY&efqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh pm;Muovm;¿
tm;[laom rmef,pfjcif;iSm &nf&, G Nf y;D awmhvnf; pm;Muovm;¿ vSy-
a&qif; jynfNh zKd ;zk&Yd eftwGuf &nf&, G Nf y;D awmhyJ pm;Muovm;¿ wefqm
qifz&Ydk eftwGuf &nf&, G Nf y;D awmhyJ pm;Muovm;¿ 'Dvdk ar;vku d w
f t
hJ cg
&[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; (aem aem a[wH baEÅ =) 'DOD;wnfcsufawGjzifh
tm[m&awGukd rSD0Jaewm r[kwfygbl; jrwfpGmbk&m; ...qkdNyD;awmh
avQmufxm;Muw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu ----
rdrdwkdYoGm;&r,fh uEÅm&c&D;cJBuD;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufa&;-
twGuf OD;wnfcsujf zifo h mvQif 'Dtm[m&ukd rS0D aJ eMuonf r[kwyf g-
vm;¿ 'Dvadk r;vku d af wmh ]]{0H baEÅ}} rSeyf gjrwfpmG bk&m; ...qkNd y;D awmh
jyefNyD;avQmufxm;w,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS bk&m;&Sifu ---
at; oifcspfom;wkdY ... 'DOyrmtwkdif;yJ oifcspfom;wkdY[m
uAVDum&tm[m&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0JwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm 'DOyrmtwdkif; oifcspfom;wkdY ½IyGm;oifhw,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh
b,fvdk ½I&rvJqw
dk meJY ywfoufNy;D awmh ckeu &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
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164 ] tn§t
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rsK;d udk ajymcJNh y;D Ny?D 'gayrJh rqk;H ao;bl;/ t|uxmq&mawmfu pum;
r½IyfaxG;&eftwGuf wpfckNyD;wpfck zGifhxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh a&m,Suf
½Iyaf xG;rI r&Sad tmif 'Dae&mrSm 'Dow k eå af Mumif;t& tm[m&[m &G&H mS -
pufqkyfzG,foabm &SdykH (9)rsKd;taMumif;ukd zGifhxm;w,f/ aemuf-
xyfwpfckvnf; 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmrSm zGifhxm;wmukd t|uxmu
xyfNyD; ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxm (0dok'¨d?1?336 ..)
rSmuawmh tm[m&ukd &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvtaejzifh ESvkH;oGif;
zkdY&eftwGuf taMumif; (10)rsKd; zGifhxm;ygw,f/
1/ *reawm = tpm&SmazG&efoGm;onfhtcg
tJ'DrSm eHygwf (1)taMumif;u --- *reawm qkdNyD; 'Dvkd zGifhxm;-
w,f/ tpm&SmazG&efomG ;wJt h cgrSmvnf; &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f taetm;jzifh
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ar;awmh --- Oyrmav;eJY qufzGifhxm;w,f/
{0H = þokv
Yd Qi/f r[mEkbma0 emr omoae = þuJo h Ykd Bu;D us,f
dS hJ omoemawmftwGi;f ü/ yAÁZad we
jrifjh rwfaom wefc;dk tmEkabmf&w
= 0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/
bk&m;&Sifhomoemawmf[m wefckd;tmEkabmf BuD;rm;awmfrl-
ygw,f/ bmjzpfvBYdk u;D ovJ¿ tked maoa&;'kua© b;wkrYd S tyg,foo H &m
0#fqif;&J'ku©ab;wkdYrS xkwfaqmifu,fwifay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdw,f
qkd&if 'g tifrwef BuD;us,fwJh wefcdk;tmEkabmfawGvkdY rajymEkdif-
bl;vm;¿ ajymEkdifw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tkdemaoa&;'ku©ab; tyg,foHo&m
0#fqif;&J'ku©ab;BuD; tp&SdwJh 'Dab;'ku©trsKd;rsKd;rS xkwfaqmif
u,fwifEidk w f hJ pGr;f tif tjynft
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wpfa,muf bmvkyfovJ¿
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jyKvkyfw,f? okdYr[kwf orP"r®vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh orx 0dyóem
bm0emur®|mef;awGukdvnf; wpfnOhfvkH; usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;-
tm;xkwfw,f/ yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfNyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ¿
cPacwåawmh used ;f pufygw,f? used ;f pufNy;D awmh cyfapmapmu-
av; xw,f/ ckeu us;D EI;d vkEYd ;dk vm&wJt
h csed u
f srS xwm [kwo f vm;¿
r[kwfbl;aemf/ usKyfwkdYu rl;wwfvkdYyg? ESvkH;a&m*gav;u &SdvkdYyg ---
'DvkdtaMumif;jycsuf trsKd;rsKd;eJY (7)em&DawmifrS rxwJhykHpHrsKd;
[kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf/ cyfapmapm tdyf&mrS xNyD;aemuf ..
q&morm;ay:rSm jyK&r,fhusifh0wfç aAm"dyifrSm jyKusifh&r,fh0wfç
apwD&ifjyifrSm jyKusifh&r,fh0wf ponfjzifh &[ef;eJY xkdufwefaewJh
0wfawG &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D 0wfBuD; 0wfi,fawGukd jyKusifhygw,f/ 0wåH
ty&dyla&aEÅ? e oDvH y&dyl&wd/ (0d?4?416/)vkdY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl-
onfhtwkdif; &[ef;qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'D0wfukd rjznfhusifhvkdY&Sd&if oDvukd
jynfhjynfhpkHpkH jznfhusifhonf rrnfbl;? oDvjynfhpkHw,f rrnfbl;wJh/
'gaMumifh eHeufapmapmxNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if apwD,*FP0wfukd jyKw,f/
aAm"d,*FP0wfawGukd jyK&w,f/
eHeufapmapm xNy;D awmh aomufa&awG ok;H a&awG wnfxm;&-
w,f/ wnfxm;w,fqkdwm bmajymwmvJ¿ cyf&wm? [kwfw,f
r[kwvf m;¿ b,fEh ,
S wf ek ;f 'umBu;D awG a&cyfMuovm;¿ bke;f Bu;D u-
awmh bkef;BuD;tcsif;csif; tm;emvkdYyg/ 'umBuD;awGbuf vSnfhar;-
vkdufwm eHeufapmapm xNyD;awmh a&av;bmav; cyf&ygw,f/
aomufa&okH;aqmifa&qkdwm wnfxm;&ygw,faemf/
aemufwpfck --- y&d0kPfukd wHjrufpD;vSnf;&w,f? rdrdaewJh
ywf0ef;usifrSm rdrdu wHjrufpD;rvSnf;bl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if b,folawG
166 ] tn§t
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vmvSnf;ay;rvJ¿ oefY&Sif;a&;qkdwm vkyf&ygw,f/ rdrdaewJhae&m-

rSm rdred YJ oufqidk w
f ,fqNdk y;D awmh 'Dv&dk nf&, G cf sujf zifh wHjrufp;D vSn;f -
jcif;qkw
d hJ vkyif ef;&yfudk &[ef;awmfwidk ;f okrYd [kwf a,m*Dwidk ;f oDv&Si-f
wdkif; vkdufemjyKusifhoifhygw,f/
eHeufapmapmxNyD;awmh jyKoifhjyKoifhxkdufwJh 0wfBuD;0wfi,f-
awG jyKw,f/ ukd,fvufoefY&Sif;a&;av; jyKvkyfNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm
w&m;awmh xkid &f ygw,f/ tpm;bufuadk wmh t&ifroGm;eJOY ;D w&m;ukd
t&ifxidk v f udk Of ;D / ur®|mef; ESv;Hk oGi;f Ny;D wJt h cg tpm&SmazGomG ;awmh-
r,fav? tpm&SmazGomG ;awmhr,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh rdrad ewJah e&mav;u
b,fvkdae&mvJ¿ (edZeorÁm"m =) vloluif;aewJh vlawG a&m,Suf
½IyfaxG;rI r&SdwJh t&yfwpfck jzpfw,f/ um,0da0u pdwå0da0u
Oy"d0da0uac:wJh 0da0uokH;jzm csrf;omokcukd ay;EkdifwJhae&mvnf;
jzpfaew,f/ um,0da0uqkdwmuawmh wpfukd,fa&wpfum,
wpfa,mufx;D wnf; aejcif;ukd qkv d ydk gw,f/ pdw0å ad 0uqkw d muawmh
psmeformywfawGukd 0ifpm;NyD; eD0&Pw&m;awG uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ESifh
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umr*kPw f &m;qkw d hJ umrly"dç cE¨mig;yg;qkw d hJ cE¨Ly"dç udavomqkw d hJ
udavoly"dç b0opfukd jyKjyifay;wwfwJh tbdocFg&w&m;qkdwJh
tbdocFg½ky"d --- 'DOy"dw&m;wkdYrS uif;qdwf&medAÁmefukd tm½kHjyKNyD;
tNird ;f "mwft&omukd cHpm;Ny;D aexkid jf cif;ukd qkv d ydk gw,f/ tm½kiH g;yg;
umr*kPw f &m;awGudk taMumif;cHNy;D awmh okc aomreó a0'emawG
jzpfay:vmwwfvkdY tJ'D tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;awG[m okc
aomreó a0'em&JU wnf&mjzpfMuw,f? 'gaMumifh tm½kiH g;yg;umr-
*kPfw&m;awGukd Oy"dvkdY ac:w,f/ cE¨mig;yg;ukdvnf; cE¨mvQif
taMumif;&if;&SdwJh qif;&J'ku©&JU wnf&mjzpfvkdY Oy"dvkdY ac:w,f/

udavomawGukdvnf; tyg,f0#fqif;&J'ku©&JU wnf&mjzpfvkdY Oy"dvkdY
ac:w,f/ b0opfukd jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;wwfwJh ukokdvf
ocFg& tukokdvfocFg&w&m;awGukdvnf; b0'ku©&JU wnf&mjzpfvkdY
Oy"dvkdY ac:w,f/ (oH?|? 1?30/) edAÁmefrSm 'DOy"dw&m;av;yg; r&Sdbl;/
'Dvdk Oy"dav;jzmrS uif;qdwaf ewJh edAmÁ efudk tm½kjH yKum zvormywf
0ifpm;NyD; aexkdifjcif;ukd Oy"d0da0uvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ tJ'D csrf;om
okcawG[m 'Dvq dk rG ;f cHomG ;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm cPacwåawmh xm;rypfc-hJ
&bl;vm;¿ xm;ypfc&hJ w,f/ tJ'0D ad 0ucsr;f omawGudk cPpGev Yf w
T Nf y;D -
awmh xm;cJ&h w,f/ wpfzef rdrad e&mu t&dyaf wG a&awGeYJ jynfph aHk ewJh
ae&m pifMu,fwahJ e&m at;jrwJah e&m arGUavsmzf , G af umif;wJh ajrtzk-Yd
&SdwJhae&m awmtkyfBuD; jzpfaew,f/ tJ'D awmtkyfukdvnf; tpm
&SmazGoGm;NyDqkd&if acwårxm;chJ&bl;vm;¿ xm;cJh&r,f/
t&d,molawmfaumif; oljrwfavmif;wkdY&JU arGUavsmfaysmfykduf
ESpfNcdKufrIvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh 'D0da0uokH;yg;ü arGUavsmfrIukd riJhuGuf-
awmhbJ ajracG;tkdBuD;[m rdrdaexkdif&mjzpfwJh*lukd ausmay;NyD;awmh
tpm&SmxGufcGmoGm;ovkdyJ/ rdrdvnf; rdrdae&m ocFrf;ausmif;
awmtkyfBuD;ukd ausmckdif;NyD;awmh &Gmbufukd a&S;½INyD;awmh oGm;&NyD/
tJ'DvkdoGm;wJhtcsdeftcgupNyD;awmh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmukd
qifjcif&ygw,faemf/
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,Ofaus;rIu tckvkd ysOfcif;wJh tavhtusifh enf;w,feJYwlygw,f/
ajrnufawGeJY vdrf;usHNyD;awmh tay:rSm EGm;acs;vdrf;usH tJ'Dtay:-
rSm jruftcif;qkdwJh tcif;wpfck cif;xm;wJh tavhtx &Sdw,f/
tJ'aD wmh tJ't
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vnf; opfaygYaemf/ tJ'tD cif;uae pNy;D awmh &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;-
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tdraf jrmifacs;wkYd Murf;yk;d wkYd ponfaygYav/ jrLrIew f Ydk tnpftaMu;awG
trsK;d rsK;d vdr;f usaH ew,f/ tJ'u D aepNy;D &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f oabmav;ukd
pNy;D qifjcifvu dk af wmh atmufa&mufNy?D ausmif;0if;twGi;f rSm tnpf-
taMu;awG jynfhaew,f/ ESyfawG wHawG;awG axG;xm;wm &Sdr,f?
rusef;rmwJh ukd&ifawG OD;Zif;awG pGefYypfxm;wJh usifi,fawG&Sdr,f?
usiBf u;D awG &Srd ,f? acG;acs;awG &Srd ,f ponfjzifh tJ'v D dk tnpftaMu;-
awGeJY ayusHaewJh rdrdausmif;wkduftwGif;ukdvnf; aoaocsmcsm
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'D&GH&SmzG,fawGu rdrd pm;okH;r,fh tm[m&rSm vmNyD;awmh wkduf½kduf
qufpyfaewJh oabmuav;ukd bk&m;&Siu f jrifapcsiv f yYdk g/ tJ'D &G&H mS -
zG,af wGudk wjznf;jznf; vSr;f Munfo h mG ;vku d w f m aemufq;Hk vrf;wpf-
avQmuf &GmoGm;wJhvrf; qkdygpkdY/ tpOftwkdif; oGm;NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf;
tJ'DoGm;wJh vrf;wpfavQmufrSm awGUaewJh taoaumifykyfawG
acG;aoaumifykyfawG rpifawG ponfjzifh taumifykyftrsKd;rsKd;-
awGukdvnf; Munfhyg/ Munfh½kHwif rubl;? tJ'Dtykyfaumif trsKd;-
rsK;d wd&Yk UJ teHuY v dk nf; &yfNy;D awmh enf;enf; teHcY pH rf;yg/ bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J
igpm;&r,fh tm[m&[m 'gawGyv J Ydk pdwx
f rJ mS oGi;f apcsiw f ,f? ESv;Hk -
oGif;apcsifw,f/ b,fhES,fwkef;µ tJ'gawG pm;Ekdifrvm;¿ tJ'gawGudk
rpm;Ekdifovkd rdrd&JU pdwfxJrSmvnf; oydwfxJygr,fh tm[m&tay:ü
'gawGeJY tvm;wlw,fqkdwJh oabmukd enf;enf;uav; ESvkH;oGif;-
apcsifw,f/ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh oabmuav;awGukd
aoaocsmcsm ususee bk&m;&Siu f qifjcifapcsiw f ,f/ rdrpd m;ok;H r,fh
tm[m&rSm Munfv h u
dk af ygY/ &GmoGm;wJh vrf;wpfavQmuf &Gmem;a&muf-
Ny;D yJxm;awmh &Gmt0if0rSm vSr;f Munfrh ,fqv dk &Ydk &dS if a&S;acwf ,Ofaus;-
rItwkdif; ajym&&ifawmh tdrfomr&Sd MuyJukd;? tdrfom r&Sd Muawmh
pGefYcsif&m pGefYxm;Muw,f/ &Gmxdyfa&mufNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if 'DteHYawGu
vSrf;NyD; qD;BudKraebl;vm;¿ qD;BudKaew,f/ tJ'Dvkd &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f

aumif;aewJh 'DteHYoufawGukdvnf; vSrf;NyD;awmh teHYcHay;ygwJh?
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ igpm;&r,fh tpmtm[m&awG[m 'gawG ygaew,f
qkdwm oabmaygufapcsifaew,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ 'gawGqkdwmu
'Dvkdyg/ enf;enf;av; em;vnfatmif xyfNyD; MunfhMuprf;/ &Gmem;eD;-
aewJh v,fawG[m 0Jraumif;bl;vm;¿ 0Jaumif;w,f/ tJ'D pyg;awGu
toD;roD;Mubl;vm;¿ oD;w,f/ tJ'Dpkdufcif;awGu ykdNyD;awmh ajrqD-
MoZm raumif;bl;vm;¿ aumif;aew,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ &GmxJu
pGefYypfvkdufwJh tnpftaMu;awGu 'Dv,fuGufxJawGukd a&mufvm-
w,f/ tJ'v D ,fuu G xf J a&mufvmawmh 'Dpyg;awGrmS tjrpfuav;awG
&Sad wmh tjrpfawGu tJ't D npftaMu;awGudk pkyw f ,f/ tJ'D pkyv f u dk -f
wJhtcg tyifawG jzpfvmNyD/ tJ'Dtyifu toD;ukd rpm;&bl;vm;¿
pm;&w,f/ igpm;r,fh tpmawG[m 'gawGu jzpfvmwmvkdY 'Dvkd
oabmaygufatmif qifjcifapcsifw,f/ bkef;BuD;u wpfcsdefwkef;u
pyfrdawmh MuufawG 0ufawGtaMumif; ajymrdygw,f/ vlawGpGefYwJh
rpifawGukd MuufawG 0ufawGupm;? MuufawG 0ufawGukd vlawGu
jyefpm;wJt h aMumif; bke;f Bu;D uvnf; pyfrad wmh oDwif;ok;H azmfwpfO;D ukd
ajymrdawmh olu bmajymovJ¿ t&Sib f &k m;wkYd oufowfvw G v f nf;
bmxl;vJwhJ EGm;acs;pm;aewmyJw/hJ a[m olu jyefajymw,f/ r[kw-f
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bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ tJ'D [if;oD;[if;&Gufuav;awGrSm tjrpfqkdwm &Sdyg-
w,f/ 'DtjrpfuaeNyD;awmh olu pkyfvkdufwJhtcg EGm;acs; rsm;rsm;
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wcsKdUu r&GHwJh yk*¾dKvfusawmh vlawG&JU rpifeJY vlawG&JU usifi,fawG-
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d cf if;wpfcu k dk a&muf&o dS mG ;-
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jrifatmif Munfhapcsifaew,f/ NyD;awmh ----
temBuD;wpfck&Sdaeawmh olrsm;awG jrifrSmpkd;wmeJY 'Dtemukd
ouFef;uav;eJY zkH;vkdufovkd oif;ykdifuav;ukd 0wfw,fqkd&if tJ'D
pdwfxm;uav;eJY 0wfyg/ aemufwpfck ---
temukd ywfw;D uav;pD;vku d af wmh 'Dywfw;D uav; xyfNy;D awmh
jyKwu f s roGm;atmif tay:uae BuKd ;uav;wpfacsmif;eJY xyfNy;D awmh
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ckdifcHhatmif xyfNyD; zGJUcsnf&jyefw,f/
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&Siuf kd zl;ajrmfuefawmhr,f? bk&m;&Sif a&SUawmfarSmuf a&mufwt hJ csed -f
cgrSm t&Sib f &k m; tJ'aD r;cGe;f udk xyfNy;D awmh ar;yg/}} 'Dvykd J t&Sirf [m-
arm*¾v’mefu ajzw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ axmufcHr,fh y&dowf r&Sdbl;/
bk&m;a&SUarSmuf a&mufMuNyD? t&Sifvu©Pu xyfNyD; ar;w,f/ ar;-
vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgusawmhrS t&Sifr[marm*¾v’mef rax&fjrwfBuD;u
aumif;uifrSm NydwåmtrsKd;rsKd;awGukd jrifawGUrdvkdY jyHK;&,frdaMumif;ukd
tajzay;awmfrlygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifuvnf; &[ef;awGudk bmtrdefY
&SdovJ¿ 'DNydwåmtrsKd;rsKd;udk igbk&m;onf aAm"dr@dKifrSm oAÁnKw
ÓPfawmfjrwfBu;D udk xd;k xGi;f odjrifawmfro l nfh nuwnf;u pNy;D awmh
jrifygw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; igbk&m;&Sifudk axmufcHr,fh y&dowfu
r&Sdbl;/ r&SdwJhtwGuf igbk&m; 'DtaMumif;udk ra[mcJhbl;/ tck
arm*¾vm’ efvkd axmufcrH ,fh om0uwpfO;D ay:vmwJt h wGuf 'DNyw d må -
awGtaMumif;udk igbk&m; a[mygw,f qdkNyD;awmh tJ'DNydwåmawG
taMumif;ukd a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhz, G f Zmwfvrf;awGeYJ twlwuG
olwYkd vGeu f sL;cJw
h hJ tukov kd u f aH wGuydk g xnfo h iG ;f Ny;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;
a[may;ygw,faemf/ (oH?1?446-449/)
tJ'gaMumifh wcsKdUwcsKdU w&m;awG[m bk&m;&Sifonf oHo&m
0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;r[kwfvkdY wcsKdUwcsKdU w&m;awG
usawmhvnf; rdrdukd axmufcHr,fh y&dowfu r&Sdao;vkdY ra[mbJ
xm;cJhwJh w&m;awGvnf; rsm;pGm &Sdygw,faemf/ 'gaMumihf t,ltq-
uav;awG enf;enf;av; vGefvGefuRHuRH rjzpfzdkYawmh vdktyfygw,f/
'Dawmh oufowfrvGwfrS bk&m;tvkdawmfusw,f rGefjrwfw,fqdkNyD;
186 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wcsKdUu 'Dvkdvnf; t,ltqawG &Sd Muw,f/ 'guvnf; wpfzufpGef;

a&mufoGm;w,f/ oufowfvGwfpm;rSomvQif rGefjrwfaom usifh-
0wfy#dywf jzpfw,f/ 'gvnf; wpfzufpeG ;f a&mufw,f/ bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J
pm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm oufowfvGwfjcif; rvGwfjcif;u vdk&if;
r[kwfbl;/ edó&Pynmac:wJh b0rS vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh
todtvdr®mÓPfynm&SdzdkYu vdk&if;jzpfw,f/ oufowfvGwfyJ
pm;w,fxm;? tmvl;yJ pm;w,fxm;? yJçyJ pm;w,fxm;? edó&Pynm
vkYd ac:qkw d hJ b0rS vGwaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ todtvdrm® ÓPfynm
r&SdcJh&if xdkyk*¾dKvfonf oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS vGwfrvm;¿ rvGwfygbl;/
tyfpyfaewJh tom;ig;udk olpm;csifvnf; pm;ygap? 'gayrJhvdkY b0rS
vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh edó&Pynm &SdcJhr,fqdk&if 'Dyk*¾dKvfonf
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS rvGwfEdkifbl;vm;¿ vGwfEdkifw,f/
erlemqdkvdkY&Sd&if bkef;BuD;wdkY bk&m;&SifukdyJ Munfhyg/ tck tmr*E¨
ykPmÖ ;Bu;D uaeNy;D awmh bk&m;&Sif tn§t D a[mufpm;wmeJY ywfoufNy;D
rauseyfcsufawG wpfykHBuD;jzifh vma&muf &efawGUaew,f/ 'Dtcsdef
tcgrSm jyefNyD; qef;ppfMunfhvdkufwJh tcsdefcgrSm bkef;BuD;wdkY bk&m;&Sif
onf tmr*Eäc:wJh olwdkYowfrSwfaewJh tom;ig;udk bk&m;&Sifbuf
uvnf; pm;ok;H ygw,f/ edó&Pynmac:wJh oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S
vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh todtvdr®mÓPfynm &SdaewJhtwGuf
bk&m;&Sifonf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS rvGwfajrmufbl;vm;¿ vGwf-
ajrmufoGm;awmfrlygw,f/
wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvf[mawG om;ig; rpm;Mubl;/ a&SmifMuOfMu-
ygw,f/ 'gayrJhvdkY oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh
edó&Pynm r&SdwJhtwGuf 'Dyk*¾dKvfawGonf oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS
vGwfovm;¿ rvGwfMubl;/ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfzdkY edó&P
ynmudk bk&m;&Siu f oifay;aew,f/ qGr;f udk &SmazGaepOftcsed t
f cgrSm
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f aumif;aewJo
h abmudk bk&m;&Siu f ESv;Hk oGi;f Ny;D awmh
rdrpd m;r,fh tpmtm[m&rSm &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G f y#duv
l onmjzpfatmif
pm;ygvkdY bk&m;&Sifu enf;ay;aew,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dtm[m&udk
&SmazGwJhtydkif;rSm ckvdk qGrf;cH&GmtwGif;rSm awGUae&wJh jrifuGif;
t&yf&yfonf &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G af umif;ovdk aemufxyf &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G f
aumif;wJh tjcif;t&muav;awGudkvnf;yJ t|uxmq&mawmf-
bufu zGifhxm;w,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
qGrf;cHaewJh ukd,fawmfbufuawmh arQmfvifhcsufuav;u
b,fvkd&SdovJ¿ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ajymwmygaemf/ t&d,molawmf-
aumif;wdkYvdk wu,fh uvsmPykxkZefawGudk bkef;BuD; rqdkvdkygbl;/
&&Sv
d rd rhf ,fqw
kd hJ arQmv
f ifch suu
f av;eJY tdraf &SU oGm;r&yfvu
kd b
f ;l vm;¿
&yfvdkufygw,f/ &yfwdkif;aum vSL Muovm;¿ rvSL Mubl;/ wcsKdUu
vSLw,f/ wcsKdUu rvSLjyefbl;/ rdrd&JU b0udk rdrd &GH&SmpufqkyfwwfzdkY
jrwfpGmbk&m;u enf;ay;aewmaemf/ rdrdb,fvdk b0&&Sdaew,fqdk-
wmav;udk enf;enf;av;jyefNyD; owd&aezdkY enf;ay;aewmaemf/
wcsKUd wcsKUd awG vSLawmhvLS yg&JU? vSLvdu
k w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm ,refaeY-
u usefaewJh xrif;usefuav;awGudk vSL&ifvnf; vSLwwfMuw,f/
,refaeYu olwpYkd m;vdYk ydak ewJh cJz,
G uf av;awGukd vmNy;D vSL&ifvnf;
vSLwwfMuw,f/ ykyfodk;aewJh rka,mrkefYpwJh 'Dvkdykyfodk;aewJh ypönf;-
awGuv kd nf; vmvSLcsiv f nf; vSLwwfMuw,f/ xdt k csed t
f cgrSm rdru
d
olwdkYeJY qef;ppfa0zefaevdkY &ygYrvm;¿ udk,fu oGm;awmif;aewJh
olawmif;pm;tqifh jzpfygw,faemf/
at; ray;vSLwJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wGudk Munfv
h u
kd v
f &Ykd &dS ifvnf;yJ tcsKUd tcsKUd
yk*¾dKvfawGuawmh uefawmhqGrf;ygbk&m; qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvkd ½kd½kdaoao
jyefNyD;awmh avQmufxm;Muw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh bmvkyfovJ¿
188 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGuawmh rjrifcsifa,mifaqmifaeMuw,f/

w&m;emy&dowfawG rjrifcsifa,mifaqmifzl;Muovm;¿ aqmifzl;
Muvdrrhf ,f xifw,f/ 'guawmh bke;f Bu;D wdaYk wGU&wJh avmu"Hygaemf/
&[ef;jzpfvmNyq
D &kd if 'Davmu"Huav;awGudk awGU&r,f/ aemufwpfck
wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*Kd¾ vaf wGusawmh wpfzufukd tomav; rsuEf mS vSn-hf
vkdufNyD;awmh rjrifcsifa,mifaqmif vdkufMuw,f/
a[h ...OD;jynf;uwkH;,kwfawG oGm;Mu/ 'Dvmr&yfeJY ponfjzifh
wcsKdUaom yk*¾dKvfawGu Murf;wrf;wJh pum;vkH;awG tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
ac:a0: ajymqdkMuw,faemf/
tJ'Dvdk vSrf;NyD; ajym&ifvnf; 'Dbkef;BuD;bufuae 0ifulnDr,fh
yk*¾dKvf&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ txD;usef olawmif;pm;pdwfxm;eJY xGufcGm-
oGm;&w,f/ tJ'Davmuf atmufwef;usaewJh 'Dvkd b0rsKd;udk
bmhaMumifh &[ef;awmfawGu 0ifNyD;awmh &Sif&[ef;jyKvkyfNyD;awmh
aexdkifMu&ovJ¿ ar;zdkYawmh rvdkbl;vm;¿ vdktyfw,f/ 'DtcsufeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u [dk yda@mvsokwåefrSm a[mxm;-
w,faemf/
t,kwfnHhqkH;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;
tEÅrd'H bdu©a0 ZD0dumeH ,'d'H yda@mvsH/ (oH?2?76/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ ZD0dwmeH = toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;&yfrSeforQwdkYwGif/ ,'d'H yda@mvsH = tMuif ovkH;jrif;acgif;
ajcESpfacsmif;jzifh &if;ESD;vsuf qGrf;cHpm;&jcif;qdkwJh toufarG;0rf;-
ausmif;onfum;/ tw¬d = &Sday\/ £'H = þtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;-
onfum;/ tEÅH = t,kwfnHhqkH; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ygaywnf;/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;&yfawG avmurSm rsm;pGm &Sd Muyg-
w,f/ ovk;H jrif;acgif; ajcESpaf csmif;jzifh &if;ES;D Ny;D awmh tdrpf Ofvn
S v
hf nf
awmif;pm;w,fqw kd hJ 'DtoufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyif ef;&yfonf touf-
arG;0rf;ausmif; vkyif ef;&yf[o
l rQww Ykd iG f t,kwn f q
hH ;Hk aom toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;&yf jzpfw,f/ r[kwfbl;vm;¿ [kwfMuw,faemf/
olrsm;xHrSm tdrfpOfvSnfhvnfNyD;awmh vdkufawmif;pm;&w,fqkdwJh
b0onf tnHhpm; t,kwfnHhqkH; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;&yf
wpfck jzpfaew,f/
tbdomayg,H bdua© 0 avmuo®d H ]]yda@mavm 0dp&od ywåyg-
PD}}wd/ (oH?2?76/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY/ ywåygPD = cGufvufpGJvsuf/
yda@mavm = olawmif;pm;onf/ 0dp&od = vSnhfvnfí aebd\/
£wd = þodvYk Qi/f avmuo®ð = avmuü/ t,H = þ pum;onfum;/
tbdomayg = usdefqJaMumif;jzpfaom pum;ygaywnf;/
enf;enf; cyf½idk ;f ½kid ;f av; bmomjyefc&hJ ifaygYaemf/ ]]cGuBf u;D vufp-JG
NyD;awmh &GmxJawmif;pm;aewJh vlyJ}}vkdY wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf
ajymvdkufvdkY&Sd&if 'g[m avmurSm bmvkyfwmvJ¿ wpfa,mufu
wpfa,mufudk qJwmyJ? ]]eif cGufvufpGJNyD;awmh &GmxJrSm awmif;pm;-
&ygap}} 'DvdkajymvdkufvdkY&Sd&if wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf 'g bmvkyf-
wmvJ¿ used w f m/ oifcspo f m;wkYd oifcspo
f rD;wd&Yk UJ b0&JU toufarG;-
0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;&yf[m olwpfyg;wdYk used q f aJ Mumif;jzpfaewJh vkyif ef;-
&yfrsK;d jzpfygw,f/ rdr&d UJ b0 tajctaerSeaf v;udk jyefvnfo;Hk oyfz-Ykd
twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[maewmaemf/
wÍö acg {wH bdu©a0 ukvykwåm OayEÅd tw¬0odumç tw¬0oH
y#dpö? (oH?2?76/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom; &[ef;wdkY/ wÍö acg = xdkuJhodkY t,kwfnHhqkH;-
190 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jzpfwhJ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&Sw
d hJ omoemawmftwGi;f od/Yk ukvykwmå
= trsKd;aumif;om; trsKd;aumif;orD;wkdYonf/ OayEÅd = uyfa&mufí
vmMuayukef\/
'Davmuf t,kwfnHhqkH;jzpfaewJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&SdwJh
omoemawmftwGif;odkY trsKd;aumif;om;awG trsKd;aumif;orD;awG
0ifa&mufNyD; vmMuw,f/ bmOD;wnfcsufeJYvJ¿
tw¬0odum = t&[wåzdkvfwnf;[laom tusdK;udk vdkvm;
awmifhwaom pdwfxm;&Sdukefonfjzpfí/ tw¬0oH = t&[wåzdkvf
wnf;[laomtusdK;udk/ y#dpö = tpGJjyKí/ OayEÅd = uyfa&mufí
vmMuukef\/
rdrdwdkY&JU rSefuefaewJh OD;wnfcsufuav; raysmufzdkY&eftwGuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;u qdkqkH;raew,faemf/ 'Davmufawmif t,kwfnHhqkH;
jzpfaewJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&SdwJh omoemawmftwGif;odkY trsKd;-
aumif;om;awG trsKd;aumif;orD;awGu t&[wåzdkvfudk vdkvm;
awmifwh wJph w d x
f m; t&[wåzv kd u
f kd vdck siaf ewJh ukov
kd q
f E´"mwfawG-
udk tpGJjyKNyD;awmh 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmMuw,f/
ae0 &mZmbdeDwm e apm&mbdeDwm e £P¥m e b,¥m e
tmZD0dumyuwm? (oH?2?76/)
&mZmbdeDwm = rif;u aqmif,ltyfonfjzpfívnf;yJ/ ae0
OayEÅd = uyfa&mufívmMuonf r[kwu f ek /f apm&mbdew
D m = cd;k om;
"m;jywdkYu EdSyfpufn§Of;yef;tyfukefonfjzpfívnf;yJ/ ae0 OayEÅd =
uyfa&mufívmMuonf r[kwfukef/ £P¥m = a<u;NrDESdyfpufjcif;-
aMumifh/ e OayEÅd = uyfa&mufívmMuonf r[kwfukef/ b,¥m =
rif;ab;tp&Sdaom ab;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf n§Of;yef;EdSyfpufcH&onhf
twGufaMumifh/ e OayEÅd = uyfa&mufívmMuonf r[kwfukef/
tmZD0dumyuwm = toufarG;0rf;ausmif; usyfwnf;onfhtwGuf-

aMumifh/ e OayEÅd = uyfa&mufívmMuonf r[kwfukef/
'Dvkd omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwm rif;uae
a&S;½Io,faqmifvmwJt h wGuf &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwm r[kwyf gbl;/ rif;jypf
rif;'Pf wpfckck&SdNyD; &[ef;jyK&ifawmh vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh jyKr,f/
&Si&f [ef;rjyK&ifawmh oifuh kd rif;jypfrif;'Pf ay;cH&r,fvYkd &mZ0wfom;
wpfOD;udk ajymcJh&if rif;jypfrif;'Pfudk aMumufwJhtwGuf omoem-
abmif0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKMuw,f/ 'DykHpHeJY omoemabmif0if-
a&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;wJhaemf/
cdk;om;"m;jyawGu o,faqmifvdkufwJhtwGuf cdk;om;"m;jy
n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufvu
kd v
f Ykd 'Domoemabmif 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef;jyKwm-
vnf; r[kwfbl;/ a<u;NrDESdyfpufvdkY ab;trsKd;rsKd;awG ESdyfpufvdkY
toufarG; 0rf;ausmif; usyfwnf;vdkY omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNyD;
&Si&f [ef;jyKMuwmvnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ b,fvkd OD;wnfcsuef YJ omoem-
abmif0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKMuovJ¿
tyd p acg MowdPÖmrS Zmwd,m Z&m, r&aPe aomau[d
y&da'a0[d 'kau©[d a'greaó[d Oyg,mao[d 'kau©mwdPÖm
'ku©ya&wm/ (oH?2?76/)
Zmwd,m = y#doaEäe&jcif; Zmwd'ku©jzifh/ Z&m, = tdkjcif;
Z&mw&m;jzifh/ r&aPe = aoausysufpD;&jcif; r&Pw&m;jzifh/
aomau[d = pdk;&drf&jcif;aomuw&m;wdkYjzifh/ y&da'a0[d = idka<u;
jrnfwrf;&jcif; y&da'0w&m;wdjYk zif/h 'kau©[d = ud,
k q f if;&J&jcif; 'ku-©
w&m;wdjYk zif/h a'greaó[d = pdwq f if;&J&jcif; a'greów&m;wkjYd zif/h
Oyg,mao[d = jyif;pGm ylyef&jcif; Oyg,mow&m;wdkYjzifh/ tyd p acg
= wu,fpifppftm;jzifah omfum;/ r,H = igwdo Yk nf/ MowdPmÖ = ouf-
192 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
qif;í wnfaeMu&ygukefonf/ trS = jzpfukef\/ 'kau©mwdPÖm =

'ku©wnf;[laom wGif;BuD;xJodkY oufqif;í wnfaeMu&ygukef\/
'ku©ya&wm = qif;&J'ku©trsKd;rsKd;wdkYu n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufí aeMuygay
ukef\/
vlUb0 jyefMunfhfr,fqdk&if wdkY[m y#doaE¨wnfae&jcif;qdkwJh
Zmwdab;qd;k Bu;D wGi;f Bu;D xJrmS oufqif;Ny;D ae&w,f/ aoab;qd;k Bu;D
qdw
k hJ r&Pab;qd;k Bu;D wGi;f Bu;D xJrmS oufqif;Ny;D ae&w,f/ aomu
y&da'0 'ku© a'greó Oyg,movkdY ac:tyfwJh ab;qdk;BuD;qdkwJh
wGif;BuD;xJrSm qif;NyD;awmh epfjrKyfaeMu&w,f/ 'ku©trsKd;rsKd;awGu
wdkYudk ESdyfpufaeMuw,f/ 'ghaMumifh ---
tayÜ0 emr £ró au0vó 'ku©u©E¨ó tEÅud&d,m
ynma,xmwd/ (oH?2?76/)
£ró au0vó 'ku©u©E¨ó = þcsrf;omrzuf oufouf-
aom 'ku©wkH; 'ku©tpktykH\/ tEÅud&d,m = tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;onf/
tayÜ0 emr ynma,x = xif&Sm;rlvnf; xif&Sm;av&m\/ £wd =
þodkY ESvkH;ydkufí/ wÍö acg {wH = xdkt,kwfnHhqkH;jzpfaewJh touf-
arG;0rf;ausmif;&SdwJh omoemawmftwGif;odkY/ ukvykwåm = trsKd;-
aumif;om; trsK;d aumif;orD;wdoYk nf/ OayEÅd = uyfa&mufvmMuav-
ukef\/
rSeu
f efwhJ OD;wnfcsuuf av;aemf/ wd[ Yk m Zmwd Z&m Asm"d r&P
aomu y&da'0 'ku© a'greó Oyg,movkaYd c:qkt d yfwhJ ab;qd;k Bu;D
wGif;qdk;BuD;xJrSm qif;NyD;awmh aeMu&wJhyk*¾dKvfawG jzpfMuw,f/
'DomoemabmifodkY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;jyKvdkY oDvusifhpOfawG
orm"dusifhpOfawG ynmusifhpOfawGudk wdkYwu,fvufawGU usifhMuH-
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf ur,fq&kd if 'Dcsr;f omrzuf oufoufaom
'ku©wkH; 'ku©tpktykH&JU tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;onf igwdkY&JU oEÅmefrSm

xif&mS ;aumif; xif&mS ;vmayvdrrhf ,fqNkd y;D awmh 'Dvrkd eS u
f efwhJ OD;wnf-
csufjzifh t&[wåzdkvfudk tvdk&SdwJhpdwfxm; t&[wåzdkvfudk vdkvm;
awmifhwrIudk tpGJjyKNyD; omoemabmifudk 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;
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or®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifyJ jzpfcsifjzpfygapç yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&SifyJ
jzpfcsijf zpfygapç pMu0aw;rif;Bu;D yJ jzpfcsijf zpfygap b,fowå0gwd&Yk UJ
oEÅmefrSmrqdk onf;ajc ovdyf jynf aoG;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh 'Dtmo,
(4)rsKd; &Sdw,f/
oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨bk&m;&Sif yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&Sif pMu0aw;rif;
wdkY&JU oEÅmefrSmawmh tmo, (4)rsK d;xJu wpfrsKd;yJ &Sdw,f/ vGefuJ-
wm ajymwmygaemf/ bkef;uHenf;yg;wJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU oEÅmefrSmusawmh
tmo, av;rsKd;vkH; &Sdaew,fwJh/
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufa,mufrSm onf;ajctmo,ac:wJh onf;ajc
"mwfu vGefaeNyD/ vGefaevdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdyk*¾dKvfpm;vkdufwJh
rsKcd svu kd wf hJ tpmtm[m&[m bmeJw Y o
l vJ¿ tpmtdrxf J ra&mufcif
tqifhudk ajymwmaemf/ tJ'D tqifhrSm onf;ajctmo,rsm;aewJh
yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ tpmtm[m&awG[m yspcf RaJ ewJh opfrnfpnftoD; opfrnf-
pnftyGifhtqDeJY vl;NyD; vdrf;usHxm;ovdk tvGef pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f
aumif;wJh tajctaeudk a&muf&SdoGm;NyD/
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf&JU oEÅmefrSm ovdyfqdkwJh tmo,"mwfawGu

odyftm;aumif;aew,f? vGefuJaew,f? tJ'Dyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefusawmh
olpm;vdkufwJh tpmtm[m&awG[m bmeJY wlovJvdkYar;awmh
0ufacs;beJt&Gufudk n§pfvkduf? n§pfvdkufNyD;wJh tJ'Dt&nfawGeJY
a&mpyfxm;ovdk jzpfaew,f/ 0ufacs;beJ&u G f qdw k muawmh enf;enf;
pdrf;a&TwJh oabm&Sdygw,f/ ovdyf"mwf vGefuJaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGrSm
tpdrf;"mwftm;rsm;w,f/ olUtpmtm[m&u tpdrf;a&mifaygufae-
w,f/ aemufwpfck ---
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf&JU oEÅmefrSm Munfhvdkufawmh jynftmo,-
"mwfawG odyftm;aumif;aew,f/ jynftmo,"mwf tm;aumif;-
aewJh yk*¾dKvf&JU tpmtm[m&[m bmeJYwlovJvkdYar;awmh &ufwuf-
ykyf&nfeJY vdrf;usHxm;wmeJY odyfwlw,f/ cefYrSef;vdkY &ygw,f/
jynftmo,tm;aumif;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGeJY rvSrf;rurf;avmufrSmaeNyD;
enf;enf;avmuf yg;pyfcsi;f uyfvYkd ESmacgif;av;eJv
Y nf; rvSr;f rurf;rSm
uyfNyD;awmh pum;ajymMunfhyg/ tykyfeHYawG r&bl;vm;¿ &w,f/
tJ'g[m jynftmo,"mwf odyt f m;aumif;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGyw J ahJ emf/
tJ'g olwdkY pm;vdkufwJh tpmtm[m&awG[m tJ'D &ufwufykyfteHY
xGufvmw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
yk*Kd¾ vw
f pfa,muf&UJ oEÅmefrmS aoG;qdw k hJ tmo,"mwfu vGeu f -J
aew,f/ vGeu f aJ eNyq
D v
kd &Ykd &dS if xdyk *k Kd¾ vpf m;vdu k w
f hJ tpmtm[m&[m
bmeJYwlovJ¿ qdk;&nfeJY qdk;xm;ovkd jzpfoGm;w,fwJhaemf/ tvGef
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh taetxm;odkY qkdufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D
tqifhudkvnf; ÓPfeJYjrifatmif Munfh&r,f/ tJ'Dtqifhuawmh
tmemygeeJyY J jzpfap? uodP k ;f eJyY J jzpfap? okrYd [kwf "mwfBu;D av;yg;eJyY J
jzpfap? wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom orxur®|mef;jzifh vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tm;awG
tm;aumif;vmwJhtxd orm"dukdxlaxmifEdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfrsm;uawmh
202 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'DtpmoGm;vrf;wpfavQmuf 'Dtpmtdrfra&mufcif pyfMum;umvrSm

wnf&adS ewJh 'Dtpm&JUtajctaeudk vSr;f Munfrh ,fq&kd if jrifEikd w f ,f/
½IvkdYjrifEdkifcJhvdkY&Sd&ifawmh wdkuf½kduf½INyD;awmh pm;apcsifw,f/ 'gu
edó&Pynm oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh
tajccHynmwpfcyk g/ ½IvYdk rjrif&ifawmh bmvky&f rvJ¿ rSe;f qNy;D awmh-
om ESvHk;oGif;í ½IaeygwJh/ jrifr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh jrifwJhtwdkif;
½INyD;awmh pm;prf;yg/ 'Dvdkajymaewmaemf/
5/ ed"meawm = okdrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;onfhae&m
aemufwpfck --- (ed"meawm =) ]]ed"me}}qdkwmuawmh odkrSD;
odrf;qnf;xm;wmyJ/ b,fae&mrSm 'Dtpmtm[m&awGudk b,fvkd
odkrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;ovJ¿
av;rsKd;aom tmo,xJu tmo,wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh vl;vJayusH
ae&wJh 0rf;twGif;0ifoGm;wJh 'Dtpmtm[m&onf a&TcGufrSm oGm;NyD;
wnfaewmvnf; r[kwb f ;l / ywåjrm;cGuf aiGcu
G f tp&Sw
d hJ cGuw
f pfc-k
wnf;rSm oGm;NyD;wnfaewmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ b,frSmwnfaeovJ¿
pOf;pm;Munfhprf;aemf pm;vdkufwJh tpmtm[m&[m a&TcGufxJ-
rSm oGm;NyD; xnfhxm;wmvnf; r[kwfbl;? aiGcGufxJ xnfhxm;wm-
vnf; r[kwfbl;? ywåjrm;cGufxJ xnfhxm;wmvnf; r[kwfbl;/
tu,fí tpmpm;wJhyk*¾dKvfu q,fESpf&SdwJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfcJhr,fqdk&if
q,fESpfumvywfvHk; wpfcgrS a&raq;zl;wJh rpifwGif;BuD;eJY wlaewJh
tpmtdrfxJrSm oGm;NyD; wnfae&wmaemf/ tJ'D tpmtdrf b,fESpfcg
xkwfNyD; a&aq;zl;ovJ¿ wpfcgrS a&raq;zl;Muygbl;/ rsm;aom-
tm;jzifhaemf/ wpfcgrS a&raq;zl;wJh 'DtpmtdrfxJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh
wnfaeNyD/
aemufwpfck --- tJ'Dtpmtdrf[m rpifwGif;eJY wlw,f/ q,fESpf-
vH;k vH;k wpfcgrS a&raq;zl;wJh rpifwiG ;f ? aemufwpfck tESpEf pS q

f ,f&w dS -hJ
yk*¾dKvf tESpfokH;q,fç av;q,fç ig;q,fç ajcmufq,fç ckepfq,fç
&Spfq,fç ukd;q,fç wpf&m&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfyJ qdkMupdkY/ tJ'Dyk*¾dKvf pm;vdkufNyD
qdv k &Ykd &dS ifvnf; 'Dtpmtm[m&onf b,frmS oGm;wnfrvJ¿ ESpaf ygif;
ESpq f ,fç ok;H q,fç av;q,fç ig;q,fç ajcmufq,fç ckepfq,fç &Spq f ,fç
ukd;q,fç wpf&mwdkY umvywfvHk; wpfcgrS a&raq;wJh usifBuD;wGif;eJY
wlaewJh 'DtpmtdrfrSm oGm;NyD;awmh wnfaew,faemf/ 'gaMumifh
wnf&mae&mtm;jzifhvnf; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabm r&Sdbl;vm;¿
&Sw
d ,f/ pm;oH;k vdu k w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm 'Dwnf&mtaetm;jzifh 'Dtm[m&
awG&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh oabmudk ÓPfeJY jrifatmif
Munfyh g/ "mwfBu;D av;yg;eJyY J jzpfap? tmemygeeJyY J jzpfap? uodP k ;f eJyY J
jzpfapaygYaemf/ ur®|mef;wpfcck jk zifh vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tif tm;aumif;-
onfh tqifhtxd orm"dxlaxmifxm;EdkifwJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;u
okH;q,fhESpfaum|moudkom pepfwus ½IvdkY&ygap/ &aewJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm 'DtpmopfawG[m wpfcgrS a&raq;zl;wJh? usifBuD;wGif;eJY
wlaewJh 'Dtpmtdrrf mS oGm;Ny;D wnfaewJo h abmudk ÓPfeYJ vSr;f Munf-h
&if jrifEdkifw,f/ tJ'Dtodtvdr®mÓPfynmonf edó&Pynm =
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfaewJh ynmjzpfw,f/
6/ ty&dyuúawm = rusufao;wJhtpm
aemufwpfck -- eHygwf (6) (ty&dyuú =) raMuusuaf o;wJt h pm/
'Dpm;vdkufwJh tpmtm[m&[m ckeu tvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
aumif;aewJh wpfcgrS a&raq;zl;wJh rpifwGif;BuD;eJY wlaewJh tpm-
tdrfxJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh wnfaeNyD? odkrSD;xm;vdkufNyD/ odkrSD;xm;awmh
olu usufovm;¿ rusufao;bl;/ 'gayrJhvdkY ckeu tpmtdrf
twGi;f rSm wnfaewJt h csed cf grSm 'DtpmawG[m b,fvo kd abm&So d vJ¿
204 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
(y&rEüm&wdro d =) tpmtdrq f w dk m tvGeaf rSmifaewJh wdu k cf ef;Bu;D yg?

,if;tpmtdru f dk omrefrsupf ed YJ vSr;f Munf&h if jrifEikd o f vm;¿ rjrifEikd f
bl;/ ckeu ÓPfrsufpdvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh orm"dESifh ,SOfwGJaewJh
ÓPf a Mumif h jzpf a y:vmwJ h ÓPf v if ; a&mif j cnf p G r f ; tif a wG
tm;aumif;vmwJh tcsdeftcgusrS vSrf;Munfhr,fqdk&ifawmh jrifae-
w,f/ tvGef rdkufarSmifaewJh trdkufwkdufBuD;twGif;rSm wnfaeNyD?
tJ'DtpmtdrftwGif;rSm (ememukPy*E¨0goD =) ydk;trsKd;rsKd;wdkY&JU
teHYwdkYjzifh okdrSD;xm;wJh avawGvnf; tJ'DtpmtdrfxJrSm &Sdaew,f/
ckeu ajymcJhNyD;NyDaemf/ cE¨mtdrfxJrSm ydk;avmufawG trsKd;rsKd; r&Sdbl;-
vm;¿ &SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dydk;avmufawGonf 'DcE¨mtdrfxJrSm bmvkyf-
MuovJ¿ 'DcE¨mtdrx f rJ mS yJ rSw
D if;Ny;D aexkid Mf uw,f? 'DcE¨mtdrx f rJ mS yJ
usiBf u;D pGeMYf uw,f? 'DcE¨mtdrx f rJ mS yJ usiif ,f pGeMYf uw,f? 'DcE¨mtdrf
rSmyJ tdrfaxmifjyKMuw,f? 'DcE¨mtdrfxJrSmyJ om;arG;Muw,f? 'DcE¨m-
tdrx f rJ mS yJ ao&if tokbcsMuw,f? 'Dvkd qdv k &Ykd &dS if 'Dy;kd avmufawG&UJ
usifBuD;eHYawG usifi,feHYawG tdrfaxmifjyKaewJh teHYtoufawG
aovdkY&Sd&if ykyfodk;aewJh teHYtoufawG 'Dtpmtdrf ywf0ef;usifvdkY
ac:qdktyfwJh 'DcE¨mtdrfBuD;xJrSm xif&Sm;r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/ 'Dydk;-
avmuftrsKd;rsKd;wdkY&JU 'Dvdk&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f aumif;aewJh teHYawGudk
avu o,faqmifNyD? o,faqmifvdkufwJh tcsdeftcg tay:wufwJh
avvnf; &Sdr,f? atmufqif;wJh avvnf; r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/
qif;oGm;vdkufwJh tcsdefcgusawmh tJ'Davu awmfawmfav;rsm;
arT;ovm;¿ tJ'g MunhfaygY/ rdrd[m b,favmuf wefzdk;&SdwJhb0udk
&xm;w,fqw kd m ud, k [ hf mud,k f jyefo;kH oyfzYkd bk&m;u a[maewmaemf/
tJ'Dawmh ydk;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzifh jynfhESufaewJh 'Dydk;avmuf trsKd;rsKd;&JU
raumif;wJh teHYoufawGjzifh xHkxm;wJh 'DavawGudk o,faqmifwJh
avawG cE¨mud, k xf rJ mS xif&mS ;&Sw d ,f/ &SNd y;D awmh tvGef &G&H mS pufqyk -f
zG,af umif;aewJh 'Dt&yfxrJ mS oGm;Ny;D awmh wnfaewm 'Dtpmu bmeJY
wlovJvYkd ar;vd&Yk &dS if tcgrJrh ;kd Bu;D wpfck onf;xef;pGm &GmoGe;f vku d Nf y/D
p@mv&Gm0rSm wGi;f Bu;D wpfwiG ;f &Sw d ,f/ tJ'wD iG ;f Bu;D xJrmS p@mv-
awGuvnf; jrufawGaum zsmpkwfawGaum a>rykyfawGaum acG;ykyf-
awGaum vlykyfawGaum tykyftrsKd;rsKd;awG tukefvHk; pkyHkNyD; tJ'D
wGif;BuD;xJ oGm;xnfhxm;Muw,f/
(ty&dyuú =) rusufao;wJh tpmtm[m&&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
oabmawGukd ajymaeygw,faemf/ p@mvawGu &Gm0rSm wnf&adS ewJh
wHpnf;wGi;f vdYk ac:qdt k yfwhJ wGi;f Bu;D wpfct k wGi;f rSm jrufawG zsmpky-f
awG a>rykyfawG acG;ykyfawG ydk;aumifykyftrsKd;rsKd;awG vlaoaumifykyf
tp&SdwJh taumifykyftrsKd;rsKd;awGukd xdkwGif;BuD;xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh
pkxnhfxm;MuNyD/ pkxnfhxm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rdk;u onf;xefpGm
'Dtaumifyyk af wG&w dS hJ wGi;f Bu;D xJvnf; &GmoGe;f csvu kd w f ,f/ &Gmtnpf-
aMu;awGuvnf; 'DwiG ;f Bu;D xJ pD;qif;Ny;D awmh usvmw,f/ rd;k u tcgrJh
rd;k jzpfawmh &GmNy;D wmeJY &yfomG ;Ny/D aeu jyif;xefpmG ylvmNy/D ylvu kd af wmh
aeyl&edS uf vnf; tvGef jyif;vmwJh tcgrSm tykyef aYH wGeYJ a&m,Suaf ewJh
'Da&awGu tjrKyf wpDpx D Ny;D awmh tay:wufvmNy?D tjrKyaf wG wpDp-D
eJY teHaY wG xGuNf y;D awmh tay:wufvmNy/D tJ'yD pkH aH v;u Oyrmygaemf/
rdrd cE¨mtdrx f rJ mS wnf&adS ewJh tpmtdru f kd jyefMunfv h u kd rf ,f qdvk &Ykd &dS if
ckeu yk;d trsK;d rsK;d vdYk ac:qdt k yfwhJ aoaewJh taumifyyk f trsK;d rsK;d awG-
vnf; &Sdraebl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f/ jrufpkyf zsmpkyftp&SdwJh 'Dvdk tpkyf-
yvkyaf wGeYJ wlaewJh tpmtnpftaMu;awGvnf; r&Sb d ;l vm;¿ &Sw d ,f/
tJ'DwGif;BuD;udk ESpfaygif; (wpfq,fç ESpfq,fç okH;q,fç av;q,f)
ponfjzifh wpfcgrS raq;aMumovdk rdrw d &Ykd UJ tpmoGm;vrf; tpmtdrf
t0iftygjzpfwhJ 'DtwGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ cE¨mtdrBf u;D udvk nf; toufEpS q f ,f
&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfuvnf; ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; wpfcgrS raq;aMumwJh-
206 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
twGuf npfywfaya&aeNyD? touf (30)&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfuvnf; tESpf

(30)twGif;rSm wpfcgrS raq;bl;/ av;q,fç ig;q,f ponfjzifh
wnf&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGuvnf; rdrdwdkY touf&SnforQ umvywfvHk;
wpfBudrfwpfcgrS raq;aMumwJh 'DtpmtdrfqdkwJhcGufBuD; &SdaeNyD/
'DusifBuD; &SdaeNyD/ tJ'D usifBuD;xJrSm bmawGjzpfvmovJ¿ ---
tyl&SdefaygY? um,*¾dvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh ur®Z0rf;rD; tp&SdwJh
ukd,ftyl&SdefawGu avmifNrdKufvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm tjrKyfwpDpD
xaewJh 'Dtpmtm[m&awG &SdMuw,f/ taumifykyftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
jynfhaewJh 'Dtm[m&xJ tcgrJhrkd;BuD;eJYwlwJh a&uav;ukd rdrduvnf;
aomufcsvdkufNyD aomufcsvdkufawmh rD;tyl&Sdefuvnf; ay;vdkufwJh
tcsdefcgrSm taumifykyftrsK d;rsKd;eJY tpm;trsKd;rsKd;wdkY a&m,SufNyD;awmh
tJ'rD mS tjrKyw f pDpD xvmNyaD emf/ yGuyf u G q
f Nl y;D tjrKyw f pDpD xvmwJh
tcsed t f cgrSm tck;d taiGUawGu tay:wufwmvnf; &Sw d ,f/ atmuf-
qif;wmvnf; &SdNyD/ tvGef &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh tjzpfodkY
uyfa&mufomG ;Ny/D tJ'o D abmudk ÓPfeYJ jrifatmif MunfNh y;D awmh rdrw d Ydk
pm;oHk;aewJhtm[m&ü tm[ma& y#dulvonmvdkY ac:qdktyfwhJ
tpmtm[m&tay:ü &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f bm0emonmwpfckudkvnf;
yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfzdkY&eftwGuf ñTefMum;xm;w,f/ okH;q,fhESpf-
aum|moudk pepfwus ½IwwfwJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;rsm;[m
'D½u
I uG u f dk ydu
k pf yd w
f ukd Nf y;D awmh 'Dtm[m&&JU &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l
oabmudk tm½k, H Nl y;D awmh orm"dxal xmifcrhJ ,fq&kd if Oypm&orm"d
e,fajrtxdvnf; qkdufEkdifw,f? yxrpsmefqkdwJh tyÜempsmeform"d
e,fajrokdYvnf; qkdufEdkifygw,f/ 'Dvdk ½IuGufudkvnf; edó&Pynm
= oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh ÓPfynmqdkNyD;awmh
tajccHÓPfynmtjzpfeJY jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyg-
w,f/
7/ y&dyuú = &ifu
h suo
f mG ;Ny;D wJt
h cg
uJ - eHygwf (6)NyD;awmh aemufwpfck --- eHygwf (7)tvSnfh
a&mufvmNyD/ (y&dyuú =) &ifhusufoGm;NyDwJhaemf/
a&TygaewJh owåK"mwf ausmufawG ajrawG &SdMuw,f/ tJ'D
ajrawGudk olUenf;olU[efeJY ol tqifhqifh csufvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
a&TqdkwJh oefYpifaewJh owåKwpfck &&Sdw,f/ aiGygaewJh ausmufawGç
aiGygaewJh ajrawGukd olUenf;olU[efeYJ olUenf;trsK;d rsK;d eJY csuvf u
kd wf hJ
tcsdefrSm aiGqdkwJh owåKwpfrsKd; ay:vmw,f/ tJ'DyHkpHvdkyJ cktpm-
tdrfxJrSm wnf&SdaewJh npfywfaya&aewJh taumifykyftrsKd;rsKd;eJY
a&maESmaewJh 'Dtpmtm[m&awGukd ur®Z0rf;rD;vdYk ac:qdt k yfwhJ rD;eJY
usK cd suvf ukd w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm a&Ttjzpfrsm; ajymif;vJvmwm &So d vm;¿
r&Sdygbl;/ aiGtjzpf ajymif;vJvmwm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ b,fvkdom
jzpfovJ¿
tjrKyaf wG wpDpx D vmNyaD emf/ (azPykyKæ Vu =) tjrKyaf wG wpDpD
vTwfNyD;awmh tifrwef odrfarGUaewJh ausmufzsmxufrSm Budwfvdkuf-
ovdkyJ 0g;usnfawmufxJudk xnfhxm;wJh ajrnufpkdifvkdyJ usifBuD;
tjzpfukd ajymif;vJoGm;w,f/ usifBuD;tdrfudk jynfhNyD;awmh wnfaeNyD?
tcsKdUu usifi,ftjzpfukd ajymif;vJoGm;vQifvnf; qD;tdrfxJrSmvnf;
jynfNh y;D awmh wnfaeNy/D tu,fírsm; pm;vdu k wf yJh *k Kd¾ vu
f ur®Z0rf;rD;
xufjrufwyhJ *k Kd¾ vf jzpfcrhJ ,fqv
kd &Ykd &dS if 0g;usnaf wmufxJ xnfx h m;wJh
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210 ] tn§t
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tm[m&onf b,favmuf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f aumif;aew,f/ b,f-
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awGudk ÓPfeYJjrifatmif Munfah pcsiw f ,f/ jzpfay:vmwJh tusKd ;w&m;-
bufuae vSrf;NyD;awmh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmudk Munfh&r,f/
aemufwpfck --- 'DtpmuaeNyD;awmh raMurusuf jzpfoGm;r,f
qdvk &Ykd &dS if 'DraMurusuw f hJ tpmtm[m&udk tajccHNy;D awmh cE¨mud, k -f
rSm ayG;awG jzpfvmr,f? 0JawG jzpfvmr,f? ,m;emawG 0JemawG jzpfvm-
r,f/ ElemawG pGu J yfvmNyD qdvk &Ykd &dS if 'DEel muae jynfwpdpk kd raumif;wJh
teHt Y oufawG a&mNyD;awmh xGufvmNyD/ &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f ydkNyD;awmh
raumif;bl;vm;¿ aumif;aew,f/ pm;vdkufwJh tpmtm[m&udk
tajccHNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh 'D&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmawGukd ÓPfeJY

jrifatmifMunfhyg/ tvm;wlyJ n§if;emwdkY ukwf[D;emwdkY acsmif;qdk;-
emwdkY 0rf;aoG;oGefwJha&m*gwdkY 0rf;avQmwJha&m*gwdkY rsufpda&m*g
em;a&m*g ponfjzifh a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d awG jzpfvmNy/D &maygif;rsm;pGmaom
jzpfvmwJh 'Da&m*gawGonf tm[m&udk tajcwnfNyD; jzpfay:vm-
wJhtwGuf 'Dtm[m&&JU raumif;wJh tusdK;w&m;awGudk ay;aeykH
&GH&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh oabmudk ÓPfeJYjrifatmif MunfhNyD;-
awmhvnf; 'Dtykid ;f rSm tm[m&ukd y#duv l &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G of abmukd
ESv;Hk oGi;f ygwJah emf/ 'g edó&PynmyJ/ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S xGu-f
ajrmufaMumif;ynmyJ/ 'Dynmonf rdrpd w d u
f aeNy;D awmh wnfaxmif
zefqif;NyD;awmh oufouf ykHBuD;csJUNyD; ,lwJhoabm [kwfovm;¿
r[kwyf gbl;/ cE¨mtdrrf mS &Sad ewJo
h abmawGudk t&St d wdik ;f jrifatmif
bk&m;&Sifu jyefMunfhzdkY&eftwGuf enf;pepf ay;aewmyJaemf/
9/ edóEáwm = tusKd;quf
uJ aemufwpfck --- eHygwf (9)u bmwJv
h ¿J edóE´whJ tusKd ;quf?
tpmudk pm;vdkufjcif;aMumifh &&SdEdkifwJh tusKd;quf&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f
oabmawGudkvnf; ÓPfeJYjrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmh 'Dtm[m&&JU
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f t[ma& y#duv l onmur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;ygwJah emf/
0ifwek ;f uawmh yg;pyfaygufvYkd ac:qdt k yfwhJ 'Gg&wpfaygufuae
0ifomG ;w,f/ jyefNy;D xGuNf yqD vkd &Ykd &dS ifawmh 'Gg&Bu;D (9)aygufeYJ arG;nif;-
ayguf tp&Sw d hJ 'Gg&ayguftrsK;d rsK;d uaeNy;D awmh &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G of abm
trsKd;rsKd;awG xGufrvmbl;vm;¿ xGufvmNyD rsufpduae rsufacs;awG
xGufw,f/ ESmu ESmacs;ç ESmacgif;u ESyfacs;ç oGm;uvnf; oGm;acs;
ponfjzifh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tnpftaMu;awG 'DcE¨mtdrfu xGufay:
vmNy/D pm;wke;f usawmh rdru d om;awGeYJ orD;awGeYJ ZeD;awGeYJ ajr;awGeYJ
216 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
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jrpfawGeJY jyHK;jyHK; jyHK;jyHK;eJY 0dkif;zGJUNyD;awmh rpm;Mubl;vm;¿ pm;Muw,f/

pm;wkef;uawmh 0dkif;zGJUNyD;pm;w,f/ xkwfvdkufwJhtcsdefusawmh
usiBf u;D usiif ,fpwJh oabmw&m;tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJomG ;NyqD v
kd &Ykd &dS if
wpfa,mufwnf; ykef;NyD;awmh rxGuf&bl;vm;¿ xGuf&jyefw,f/
pm;wJhaeY yxraeY qdkMupdkY/ yxraeY pm;vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm-
awmh odyfNyD;awmh &Tifw,f? odyfNyD;awmh aysmfw,f? pdwf"mwfawGu
odyfwuf<uaew,f? aumif;w,f aumif;w,fqdkNyD; 0kdif;zGJUNyD; jyHK;jyHK;
jyHK;jyHK;eJY pm;Muw,f/ eufjzefvnf; vmcJhOD;aemf/ vmpm;? [kwfw,f
r[kwfvm;¿ zdwfvdkufao;w,f/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omeJY zdwfNyD; ..
aemufwpfaeYusawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿
aemufwpfaeY xGufNyDqkdvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh ESmacgif;
ydwx f m;&Ny;D ? rsuaf rSmifav;u tomav;ukwNf y;D rsuEf mS av;uvnf;
½IHUaeNyD? &GH&SmwJh pdwfESvkH;rom,mwJh oabmawGuvnf; &SdaeNyDaemf/
yxraeY pm;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh 'Dtm[m&tay:rSm vdkvm;
wyfrufaewJh rde;f armaewJh pdwx f m;awGeYJ pm;w,f/ odyaf umif;w,f
odyfaumif;w,fqdkwJh 'Dpdwfxm;eJY pm;Muw,f/ 'kwd,aeY wpfn-
avmuf vGeo f mG ;awmh xkwNf yqD v kd &Ykd &dS ifawmh bmjzpfovJ¿ emMunf;wJh
pdwx
f m; &G&H mS wJph w
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k ;kH r
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wefaewJh 'Dtpmtm[m&awG &Sd Muw,f/ qGr;f awG tazsm, f rumawG
cJzG,fabmZOfawG 0ifoGm;pOftcsdeftcgu 'Gg&wpfckjzifh 0ifoGm;NyD
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pm;zG,af omufz, G f jrwfaomolwt Ykd m; xdu

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f efaewJh abmZOf-
awGudk tjcH&H 0dkif;zGJUNyD;awmh pm;wJhtcgawmh pm;w,f/ 'gayrJh
xGufawmh ykef;NyD; xGuf&w,fwJhaemf/
pm;wke;f uawmh tifrwef oabmusw,f/ xGuw f t hJ cgusawmhrS
&G&H mS w,fwhJ aumif;ovm;¿ a&SUeJaY emuf rnDb;l aemf/ &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f
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f srS
&GHw,fqdkwJhyHkpH rjzpfapcsifbl;/ aemufwpfck ---
qefukd qeftwdkif; xm;Munfhr,fqdk&if nodyf½kHjzifh ykyfodk;wJh
tjzpf ajymif;rvm;¿ rajymif;bl;/ yJudk 'Dtwdkif; xm;cJhr,fqdk&if
wpfESpfavmuf odyf½kHjzifh ykyfodk;wJhtjzpf ajymif;rvm;¿ rajymif;bl;/
'gayrJh vleJYaygif;vdkufNyD; vlAkdufxJ a&mufoGm;NyD; wpfnavmuf
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ykyfodk;wJhtjzpfodkY ajymif;oGm;w,f/
vl[m b,favmuf ,kwfnHhw,fqdkwm MunfhaygYaemf/ rdrd&&Sd-
xm;wJhb0[m b,favmuf ykyfodk;aew,f npfywfaew,f/ pkwfyJh-
aew,fqw kd hJ 'Doabmudk vSr;f Munfzh Ykd rvdb k ;l vm;¿ vdt k yfw,f/ tJ'D
ykyof ;kd aewJh "mwfc&H adS ewJh tykyaf wGeYJ 'Dtpmtm[m& aygif;pHv k u
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aygif;wJh oref;jrufyg a&mNyD;awmh ykyfroGm;bl;vm;¿ ykyfoGm;NyD/
tvm;wlyJ 'DrmS ykyo f ;kd wJh cE¨mtdrBf u;D eJY oGm;Ny;D aygif;azmfrw d t
hJ wGuf
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f ;dk roGm;bl;-
vm;¿ ykyfokd;oGm;NyD? tJ'Dvdk ykyfodk;NyD; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f aumif;aewJh-
oabmudk ÓPfeJYjrifatmifMunfhNyD;awmh tm[ma& y#dulvreod-
um&ynmukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygvdkY 'Dvdk wdkufwGef;xm;w,f/ 'Dvdk
yGm;rsm; tm;xkwcf &hJ if tm[m&tay:ü wG,w f mrufarmaewJh wPSm
218 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
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k eå )f
&m* qEúdk y,f&Sm;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;awG ay:vmvdrfhr,f/

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wpfaeY MunfhaygY csuf&jyKwf& pDrHcefYcGJ&wJhtcsdefonf olUtwGuf
tcsdefay;&wm rrsm;bl;vm;¿ rsm;aew,f/ bmudk tajccHovJ¿
'D&owPSmudk tajccHaew,f/ tu,fí tJ't D csed cf gav;rSmaygYav
tJ'D tcsed rf mS pdwx
f m;wwfvYkd w&m;bm0em pD;jzef;wwfr,fq&kd ifawmh
ukov kd w
f &m;awG (1)em&D (2)em&Davmuf qufwu kd f rjzpfEikd b
f ;l vm;¿
jzpfEdkifw,faemf/ uJ - aemufwpfck ---
10/ or®u©eawm = vl;vJayusHaewJhoabm

eHygwf (10) (or®u©e =) vl;vJay;usHaewJhoabmudk ÓPfeJY
jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmh tm[m&&JU &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabmudkvnf;
ESvHk;oGif;ygwJh/
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raybl;vm;¿ ayNyD/ EIwfcrf;awG raybl;vm;¿ ayNyD/ vQmawG ayNyD/
tmacgifawG tmapmufawG tukefvkH; ayusHoGm;NyD/
tpmtm[m&eJY oGm;a&mvdkufwJhtwGuf vufawGvnf; &GH&Sm
pufqyk zf , G f aumif;roGm;bl;vm;¿ aumif;oGm;w,f/ yg;pyfawGvnf;
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
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vHk; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f aumif;oGm;NyD/ aemufwpfck ---
tJ'DvufawG ajcawG yg;pyfawGudk oGm;NyD; aq;vdkufw,f/
wpfBudrfwpfcg aq;½kHeJY pifovm;¿ rpifbl;wJh/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfcg
xyfcg aq;aMum&wJhoabm &Sdaew,f/ aemufwpfck ---
xrif;awG qdkMuygpdkY? qefuGJawG zGJawG tdk;wpfvHk;wnf; xnfh-
NyD;awmh csufvdkufNyD; rD;xJ tylay;vdkufNyDqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh wpfcgwnf;
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awGvnf; ayusHNyD; roGm;bl;vm;¿ ayusHoGm;w,f/ tJ'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJ
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f cgrSm tJ't D jrKyw
f pDpD wufvm-
wJhtcg bmjzpfovJ¿ --
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jzpfay:vmwJh tnpftaMu;awGu vmNy;D awmh vl;vJayusNH yw D ahJ emf/
vQmwdkY tmapmufwdkYpwJh xdkxdkt&yfawGrSmawmh wHawG;wdkY
ovdyw f pYkd wJh 'Doabmw&m;awGjzifh vmNy;D vl;vJayusrH ,f/ rsupf rd mS
rsufacs;tjzpfeJY vmNyD; vl;vJayusHw,f? em;rSm em;acs;tjzpfeJYç
ESmacgif;rSm ESyfacs;tjzpfeJYç at; - usifBuD;tjzpfeJYç usifi,ftjzpfeJY
oGm;NyD;awmh qdkif&m'Gg&taygufawGrSm oGm;NyD;awmh vl;NyD; ayusH-
vdkufNyD/
tpmtm[m&aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tnpftaMu;awGu qkid &f m
qkdif&m 'Gg& (9)aygufrSm vl;vJayusHvkdufNyD/ ayusHaewJh 'Dtnpf
taMu;awGudk aeYwidk ;f aeYwidk ;f aq;aMumokwo f ifay;ygw,f/ aeYwidk ;f
aeYwkdif; aq;aMumokwfoifayr,fhvkdY 'D'Gg&aygufawGonf pifMu,f
oef&Y iS ;f oGm;ovm;¿ pifMu,foef&Y iS ;f Ny;D roGm;Mubl;wJah emf/ pdwEf v
S ;Hk -
ukd arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufwJhtqifhokdYaum ajymif;vJoGm;ovm;¿
rajymif;vJoGm;bl;wJhaemf/
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wpfckeJY oGm;NyD; aq;vkdufNyD/ aq;vkdufwJh 'Dvufukdvnf; aemufxyf
wpfzefjyefNyD; aq;&wJhoabm r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,faemf/
220 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
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EGm;acs;ç ajrnufç eHYomrIefYç qyfjymawGeJY ESpfcgokH;cgavmuf

xyfNyD;aq;rS raumif;wJh teHYtoufawGu uif;&Sif;oGm;wwfw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dvt dk pmaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tnpftaMu;awG&UJ vl;vJ-
ayusHaewJhoabmukd ÓPfeJY jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmh 'Dtm[m&rSm
&G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G o f abmukd ½Iyg/ ½Iwwfr,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh rdrw
d &Ydk UJ yg&rD
tm;avsmfpGm Oypm&orm"dtxdawmh orm"dqkdufEkdifygw,f/ 'gu
tm[ma&y#duv l onmcef;rSm vm&Sw d hJ tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H aewJh
tcsed t f cgrSm qifjcif&r,fh b0rS xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfaewJh edó&-
PynmwpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ ck'DykwårHolyrokwåefrSmawmh bk&m;&Sifu
tpmtm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,foabm om;&JU
tom;ukd ykpH x H m;Ny;D awmh tpmtm[m&&JU &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f oabmudk
xyfavmif;NyD; qifjcifapcsifwJhtwGuf 'Dokwåefudk a[maew,f/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm 'DokwåefrSmu om;&JUtom;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
ykpH w H x
l m;Ny;D qifjcifwt hJ ykid ;f rSm &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G f oabmukd b,fEpS rf sK;d
xm;ovJqadk wmh (9)rsK;d aemf/ b,fEpS rf sK;d vJ¿ (9)rsK;d ? ckeu tm[ma&-
y#dulvonmu b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ q,frsKd;/ tck 'Dae&mrSmusawmh
(9)rsKd;yJ? ykwårHolyrokwåeftaMumif;ukd jyefqufMu&atmif ---
b0rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh edó&PynmeJY ywfoufNyD;-
awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H wJt h ykid ;f rSm bke;f Bu;D tck ESprf sK;d a[mNy;D -
NyD/ a,m*DawGtrsm;pk aeYpOfvkdvkd &GwfzwfaewJh ypöa0u©Pmjzifh
qifjcifjcif;aemf/ þonfhpm;zG,f tr,fr,fukd ---- ponfjzifh 'Dvkd
qifjcifjcif;vnf; 'g b0rS vGwaf jrmufaMumif; oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S
vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh b0edó&PynmwpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
tajccHynmawGyJ/
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vm&SdwJh tm[m&eJYywfoufNyD; &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f tm[ma&y#dulv-

onmyJ? tm[ma&y#duv l onm wpfrsK;d yJ? tJ'rD mS b,fvdk zGix
hf m;o-
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1/ wG,fwmrufarmwJh pdwf"mwfr&SdygapESifh
'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D u &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G af umif;aewJh rdrw
d &Ydk UJ om;&JU
tom;uav;ukd pm;aeNyD/ pm;vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm olwkdYu 'Dom;&JU
tom;tay:ü rufarmwJh pdwx f m; wyfrufaewJh pdwx f m;jzifh pm;Mu-
ovm;¿ rpm;Mubl;wJhaemf/
tv,ftvwfrZÑwåtjzpfrSm wnfNyD;awmh vkdvm;wyfrufjcif;
qE´&m*uif;vsuf ok;H aqmifjcif;qkw d hJ edpEä &´ m*y&dabm*rSm &yfwnf-
Ny;D awmh pm;aeMuw,f/ tv,ftvwfrmS wnfNy;D pm;w,f/ edpEä &´ m*
y&dabm*rSm &yfwnfNyD;awmh pm;w,fqkdwm bmajymwmvJar;awmh
olwYdk oGm;aewJh c&D;cJav; ausmv
f mT ; vGeaf jrmuf½t Hk wGuf OD;wnfcsu-f
uav;eJY pm;aewmwJhaemf/ 'gu Oyrm/
a,m*g0p&&[ef;qkdwm tpmtm[m&pm;NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if 'Dtpm-
tm[m&tay:ü vkv d m;wyfrufaewJh pdwx f m;r&Sw
d hJ ok;H aqmifjcif;jzifh
ok;H aqmifyg/ vkvd m;wyfrufaewJh pdw"f mwfjzifh pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;/
tJ - tmvl;uav;ukd pm;csiw f ,fqw dk hJ pdwxf m;jzifh pDrNH y;D pm;&rvm;¿
rpm;&bl;/ ig;ajcmufuav;ukd pm;csifw,fqkdwJhpdwfxm;jzifh pDrHNyD;
pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf b,ftm[m&ukyd jJ zpfjzpf pm;csi-f
w,fqkdwJh pdwf"mwfuav;jcH&HNyD; pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;wJhaemf/
vkv d m;wyfrufaewJph w d "f mwf uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f av;eJY 'Dtpmtm[m&-
ukd pm;ygwJ?h 'gu ykwrå oH yl rokweå rf mS vmwJh tpmpm;enf;pepfwpfcyk ?J
'gu (edó&Pynm =) oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;
jzpfwJh ÓPfynmwpfck jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
222 ] tn§t
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2/ aumif;Ekd;&m&mukd a&G;cs,frpm;ygESifh tpOftwkdif;om pm;yg

eHygwf (2)usawmh bmvJ¿
tJ'DZESD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdYu 'Dom;&JUtom;ukd pm;vkdufwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm t½kd;wkdY taMumwkdY ta&wkdY 'gawGukd rSDaewJh tom;awGukd
z,f&Sm;NyD;rS aumif;ayhqkdwJh tom;uav;awGukd a&G;NyD;awmh pm;wm
[kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ rdrdwkdYvufxJ a&mufvmwJh tom;avmuf-
uav;ukdom rSDNyD;awmh pm;Muw,f/ 'gu Oyrm? tJ'DOyrm twkdif;yJ
tpmpm;NyDqdkvdkY&Sd&if bk&m;&SifESpfNcdKufwJh tavhtxwpfckaygYaemf/
a&S;OD;pGm bmvkyf&rvJ¿ 'Dtpmtm[m&udk e,fvdkuf&w,f/ e,fNyD;
pm;vdkufwJh tcsdefcgrSm b,fvdkpm;&rvJ¿ ---
raumif;wJh ajcmufaoGUaewJh raumif;wJh xrif;wdkY raumif;wJh
tom;awG ig;awG [if;oD; [if;&GufawG tJ'gawGudk ab;z,fvdkuf?
z,fNy;D wJt
h cgusawmhrS iH;k awG MuufawGvakd wmh rpm;ygESiw hf /hJ iH;k pm;-
wmawmh rjrifzl;vdkY xm;ygawmh? Muufuawmh jrifzl;vdrfhr,faemf/
MuufawG pm;NyDqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh udk,fpm;csifwmuav;udk 'Dtwdkif;
tpOftwdik ;f pm;wm r[kwb f ;l / olu ,ufvu kd af o;w,f? ,ufvu kd -f
NyD;wJhtcgrSm txJrSm olwdkY Munfhvdkufw,f? pm;csifwJh ydk;aumifusrS
qwfueJY aumufNyD; pm;vdkufw,f? tydkif;tjcm; rxm;bl;vm;¿
xm;w,f/ tukefvHk; pm;r,fqdkwJhoabm r[kwfbl;/ qefawG
b,favmufyJ yufauR;auR; tukev f ;kH pm;r,fqw kd o
hJ abm r[kwb f ;l /
olwu Ykd ,uf,ufNy;D awmhrS pm;w,f/ tJ'yD pkH t H wdik ;f yJ a,m*Doal wmf-
aumif; odkYr[kwf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u tpmpm;NyDqdkvdkY&Sd&if 'DiHk;awG
MuufawGvdk pdwfxm;rsKd; rxm;&bl;/ tydkif;tjcm;xm;NyD;awmh rpm;
&bl;/
b,fvdk pm;&rvJ¿ iHk;awG MuufawGvdk tydkif;tjcm; xm;NyD;
pm;w,fqwkd mu ckeu oydwx

f J EIu
d Mf unfv
h u
kd v
f &Ykd &dS if b,fae&mrSm
bm&Sdw,f/ b,fae&mrSm bm&Sdw,fqdkwm Munfhvdkuf&if rjrif
bl;vm;¿ jrifaew,f/ b,fae&mu aumif;w,f/ b,fae&mu
raumif;bl;qdkwmvnf; rodbl;vm;¿ odw,f/
odvdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm axmywfwdkY tom;wdkY aumif;aumif;-
a&maewhJ rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfawGudk a&G;NyD;awmh t&ifrpm;&bl;wJh-
aemf/ b,fvdk pm;&rvJ¿ jcaoFhvdkyJ rdrdbufuae pNyD;awmh tpOf-
twdkif; pm;&r,f/ jcaoFhrsm;[m om;aumifwpfck&vkdY pm;NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if
tpOftwkid ;f pm;w,f/ [kad e&mausmpf m; 'Dae&mausmpf m; b,fawmhrS
rpm;bl;/ jcaoFv h pdk w
d x
f m;Ny;D olawmfaumif;qkw
d mu ckeu oydwx f J
&SdwmawGukd tukefvkH; a&marTvkdufNyD;awmh rdrdbufuae pNyD;awmh
tpOftwkdif; pm;oGm;&w,f? auseyfwJhtcsdeftcgrSm &yfvdkufw,f-
aemf/ 'Dpdwfxm; &Sd&w,f/ tJ'DvkdqkdvkdY&Sd&if ig;ajcmufav;awmh 'DaeU
aMumfpm;vku d &f &ifawmh aumif;r,fxifw,f/ tJ'D pdwx f m;rsK;d jzpfO;D r-
vm;¿ rjzpfawmhb;l / iydav; 'DaeYawmh aMumfxm;vku d &f if ykvif;av;eJY
xnfx h m;vkud &f ifawmh aumif;r,fxifw,f? 'Dpw d x
f m;rsK;d awmh jzpfO;D -
rvm;¿ rjzpfawmhbl;/ jzpfaer,fqkd&if 'Dtpmtm[m&tay:rSm
wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'Dpdwf"mwfu oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGuf-
ajrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ edó&Pynm [kwaf o;vm;¿ r[kwaf wmhb;l /
tJ'Dvkd jzpfcJhNyDqkd&if b,fvkdpm;wmeJY wlovJ¿ ikH;awG MuufawG
pm;wmeJY wlaeNyD/ jcaoFhrif;pm;wmeJY wlao;vm;¿ rwlawmhbl;/
jcaoFhrif;pm;ovkd bk&m;&Sifuawmh tpOftwkdif; rdrdbufuae
pNyD;awmh pm;apcsifw,faemf/
]]oy'geH yd@ygwH bkÍÆdómrDwd odu©m u&PD,m}}
rdrb
d ufupNy;D tpOftwkid ;f qGr;f ukd pm;&r,fqNdk y;D awmh odum© yk'f
ynwfxm;wm r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sd w,f/ 'DaeY w&m;emaewJh y&dowf-
224 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
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k eå )f
awG b,frSm aeMuovJvkdYar;&if bk&m;&SifomoemrSm rSDwif;ae-

Muw,fvkdY rajymEkdifbl;vm;¿ ajymEkdifw,f/ bk&m;&SifomoemrSm
rSw
D if;ae&if bk&m;&Si&f UJ tqk;H truav;awGudk rvku d ef moifMh ubl;-
vm;¿ vku d ef moifMh uw,f/ 'gu wPSmudk wku d zf suaf ewmyg/ 'DwPSm
rukeo f a&GU oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k u © ek rf vm;¿ rukeb f ;l / 'DwPSmruke-f
oa&GU ckeu rpifawGeaYJ um tquftoG,f uif;ygYrvm;¿ ruif;Ekid -f
bl;/ aeYpOf a&aq;ay;ae&ayr,fhvkdY oefY&Sif;oGm;ovm;¿ roefY-
&Si;f bl;/ tJ'n D pfywfwhJ cE¨mtdrBf u;D eJY rdru
d tjrw J rf; qufpyfae&r,f/
okdYaomf 'DnpfywfaewJh cE¨mtdrfu npfywf½kHeJY olu &yfaeovm;¿
r&yfbl;/ a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYjzifh ESdyfpufr,f? qif;&JwJh 'ku©a0'em
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh ESdyfpufr,f? 'DMum;xJrSm 'DwPSm&JU tvkdukd vkdufNyD;awmh
olUtoufowfjcif;tp&SdwJh raumif;wJh 'kp½kdufawG vGefusL;cJhrd&if-
vnf; tyg,foo H &m0#fqif;&Jqw dk hJ 'kua© wGevYJ nf; qufpyfNy;D rae-
bl;vm;¿ qufpyfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh tpmtm[m&udk taMumif;-
jyKNyD;awmh rdrdwkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm tukokdvfw&m;awG rwkd;yGm;atmif
bk&m;&Sifu enf;pepfay;aew,faemf/ aemufwpfck .. eHygwf (3)
a&mufoGm;NyD/
3/ rQw½kHom pm;okH;yg
xkdZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY[m vnfyif;a&mufwJhtxd olwkdY tvkd-
&Sdovkd pm;Muovm;¿ rpm;Mubl;/ rdrdwkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh
'Dom;av;&JUtom;ukd pm;wJh tcgrSm tvk&d o dS avmuf vnfyif;a&muf-
atmif w0Bu;D xkid pf m;Muwm [kwo f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l / aeYwidk ;f aeYwidk ;f
tenf;i,f tenf;i,f rdrw d eYdk YJ rQw½kyH rmPavmufuav;uko d mvQif
pm;Muw,f/ 'gu ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wk&Yd UJ pdwx f m;yJ/ tJ'ZD eD;armifEHS
ESpfOD;wkdYrSm 'Dpdwfxm;&Sdovkd aemufxyf Oyar,sukd t|uxmu
b,fvkd qufzGifhovJ¿ ---
,m0'w¬H O'&m0a'[uH tbkÍaÆ EÅe pwkEHé yÍöEHé 0g tmavmygeH

MoumoH XaywGm0 "r®aoemywdem 0d, y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm/
(oH?|?2?99/)
vufukd qGJNyD; xlay;&avmufatmif tpm;BuD;wJh tm[m&-
[w¬uykPmÖ ;ç pm;wJh ae&mrSmyJ vJomG ;wJh wMw0¥uykPmÖ ;ç pm;Ny;D wJh
tcg ykq;dk ukd 0wfvu Ydk dk r&Ekid af vmufatmif tpm;Bu;D wJh tvHom#u
ykPmÖ ;ç yg;pyfxJ us;D EIu d v f &Ydk avmufatmif pm;wJh umurmouykPmÖ ;ç
pm;NyD;wJhae&mrSm xkd;tefavmufatmifukd tpm;BuD;wJh bkwå0rdwu
ykPÖm; aygif;vkdufawmh tpm;MuL;wJhykPÖm; (5)OD; &SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
ykPÖm;rsKd;awG avmurSm &Sdovm;vkdYar;&if b,fvkdajzrvJ¿ tJ'g
&Sdr&Sdawmh rodbl;/ bkef;BuD; Mum;zl;wmuav;wpfckukd ajymOD;r,f/
bkef;BuD;wkdY tpifrSm aepOftcgwkef;u uyÜd,vkyfwJh 'umBuD;u ol
i,fpOfu tawGUtMuKH uav; wpfcu k dk olu avQmufxm;w,f/ olu
vrkdif;om;yJ? armhueifbufrSm olwkdYu awmif,moGm;NyD; vkyfw,f/
awmifta&SUbufu 'umBu;D awG 'umrBu;D awG trsK;d om;awGu ckvdk
awmfovif;vavmuf a&mufvmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if awmif taemufbuf
aumh'w G w
f vYdk dk vrkid ;f wkv Yd dk 'Dvdk &GmawGudk oGm;Muw,f/ tJ'&D mG awGrmS u
bmvkyMf uovJ¿ bk&m;qGr;f awmfBu;D wifMuw,f/ awmfovif;vjynfh
qkv d &Ydk &dS if bk&m;qGr;f awmfwifuyfy&JG adS wmh awmifta&SUbufu 'um-
Bu;D awG trsK;d om;awGu awmiftaemufbufu vlawGqD vmNy;D awmh
rkefYzufxkwfpwJh pm;zG,faomufzG,fawGukd pm;MuaomufMuw,f/
wpfaeY awmifta&SUu 'umBuD; wpfa,mufu tJ'D aumh'GwfrSm
oGm;NyD; pm;w,f/ pm;NyD;awmh jyefvma&m? jyefvmwJhtcgrSm ol
awmif,mvkyaf ewJh armhueifwaJ v;ukd a&mufvmw,f/ a&mufvm-
awmh olUqDvmNyD; tultnDwpfck awmif;w,f/ wJrSm cP0ifNyD;
em;yg&apwJh? at; - em;yg? &ygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ 'DaeY aevkdY
raumif;bl;wJh? b,fvkd jzpfvmovJ¿ bmrsm; pm;rdovJ¿ AkdufxJrSm
226 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aevkrYd aumif;bl;/ bmrsm; pm;rdovJar;awmh rkezYf ufxw k af wG pm;vm

w,fwJh? tckreufu rkefYzufxkwfrsKd;awG xifyg&JU? txJrSm tkef;oD;eJY
oMum;eJY xnfNh y;D Xmyemxkyx f m;wJh rkezYf ufxyk af wGudk pm;vmcJwh ,fw?hJ
b,favmufrsm; pm;cJhovJ¿ rrsm;ygbl;wJh? txkyf (200)avmufyJ
pm;cJwh ,fw/hJ txkyf (200)avmuf pm;vmw,fqNdk y;D awmh tJ'w D x
J u
J
wkid u
f av;wpfcu k dk rSND y;D awmh em;ae&if; tJ'rD mS yJ aooGm;&Smw,fw/hJ
&[ef;qkdwm tJ'DykHpHrsKd;eJY pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;wJhaemf/
t&Sifom&dykwå&mrax&fjrwfBuD;\ ñTefMum;csuf
qGr;f pm;wJt h csed t
f cgrSm tJ'v
D Adk u
dk jf ynfah tmif rpm;ygeJ?Y 'DyP
k mÖ ;-
BuD; (5)OD;wkdYvkd Akdufjynfhatmif rpm;bJ qGrf;av;vkwfpm ig;vkwf-
pmavmufukd csefxm;yg/ rpm;eJY? av;vkwfpm ig;vkwfpmavmufukd
csefxm;NyD;wJhtcg tJ'DusefaewJh tpmtdrfae&mukd jynfhoGm;atmif
a&aomufay;&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm &Sifom&dykwå&mukd,f-
awmfjrwfBuD;&JU xkH;av;ukd t|uxmu zGifhjyxm;w,f/
t&Sio
f m&dywk &å muk,
d af wmfjrwfBu;D [m qGr;f pm;Ny;D wJh aemufyidk ;f -
umvrSm avcsOw f ufru I dk jzpfay:apavmufatmif wpfcgrS wpfaeYrS
tpmtm[m&ukd rpm;rdczhJ ;l bl;/ tJ'v D dk rpm;cJw
h t
hJ wGuf bmjzpfovJ¿
(oD[em'H em'aEÅm £rH *gxrm[ =) jcaoFhrif;uJhokdY MuHK;0g;vkdwJh
twGuf t&Sifom&dykwå&mukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;u olU&JU ax&my'gefrSm
olU&JU ZmwfaMumif;udk jyefajymif;NyD; &[ef;awGukd a[mjywJhtykdif;rSm
'D*gxmuav;ukd xnfhNyD;awmh &GwfoGm;w,faemf/ b,fvkdvJ¿
pwåma&m yÍö tmavmay? tbkwGm O'uH yda0/
tvH zmok0d[m&m,? y[dwwåó bdu©Kaem/
(ck?2?343/ ax&*gxmygVd?*gxmeHygwf-983/)
pwåma&m yÍö tmavmay = av;vkwf ig;vkwfwkdYukd/ tbkwGm

= rpm;rlí/ O'uH = a&ukd/ yda0 = aomufokH;av&m\/ {wH =
þuJhokdYaom tpmtm[m&ukd pm;okH;wJhenf;onfum;/ y[dwwåó
= edAmÁ efoYdk apvTwx f m;&Sad om/ bduK© aem = a,m*g
f m;tyfaom pdwx
0p& &[ef;awmftzk/Yd zmok0[ d m&m, = csr;f csr;f omomaexkid jf cif;iSm/
tvH = oifhwifhavsmufywfvSay\/
tpmpm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm av;vkwfig;vkwfavmuf rpm;ygeJY/
rpm;bJeYJ a&uko d m aomufvu dk yf g? tJ'v
D dk aexkid cf rhJ ,fqv
dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh
'Dvpdk m;ok;H jcif;onf edAmÁ efoYdk apvTwx f m;wJh pdw"f mwf&adS ewJh &[ef;-
awmfwpfyg;tzkdY csrf;csrf;omomaezkdY&ef vkHavmufygNyD/ 'Dvkd t&Sif-
om&dykwå&mukd,fawmfjrwfBuD;u MuHK;0g;cJhzl;w,f/ okdYaomf 'Dae&mrSm
rluGJuav;awmh &Sdw,f/ rluGJuav;uawmh ---
pwåma&m yÍö tmavmay? tbkwGm O'uH yda0/
'guawmh rlawmfawmfcyfrsm;rsm;rSm &Syd gw,f/ okaYd omf rlv#Dum
q&mawmfu 'Dae&mrSm rluGJwpfck &SdwJhtaMumif; olu xkwfjyxm;-
w,f/ (pwåma&m yÍö tmavmay? bkwmG e O'uH yda0)qkNd y;D 'Dvv dk nf;
rluGJwpfck &SdwJhtaMumif;ukd zGifhqkdxm;w,f/ 'Dpum;&yfu bmukd
qkdvkdygovJ¿
pwåma&m yÍö tmavmay = av;vkwf ig;vkwfwkdYukd/ bkwGme =
pm;NyD;aemuf/ O'uH = a&ukd/ yda0 = aomufí aeav&m\/
w&m;tm;xkwfwJhyk*¾dKvfqkdwm av;vkwfig;vkwfyJ pm;yg/ pm;NyD;
a&om aomufaeyg/ tJ'Dvkd 0g'wpfck &SdwJhtaMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;-
w,f/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'D0g'ESpfckrSm b,f0g'u ykdaumif;ovJqkdawmh
'DtcsufeJYywfoufNyD;awmh wdyd#u"&"r®b@m*g&dujzpfawmfrlwJh
rif;uGef;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;uawmh av;vkwf ig;vkwfavmufom
228 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
pm;NyD; a&aomufaeygqkdwJh 0g'ukd olu ykdBudKufw,fwJh? bmjzpf-

vkdYvJ¿ olu enf;enf;avmufyJ pm;wmudk? olu enf;enf;avmufyJ
pm;awmh tJ'D0g'udk oluawmh ykdBudKufw,fqkdNyD; rdefYqkdxm;w,f/
bke;f Bu;D wkv
Yd nf; a&S;wke;f u 'D0g'udk odyv f ufrcHcsio f vkv d ydk /J ckawmh
tJ'0D g'ukd vufrcHcsiaf yr,fh vufc&H rvkd jzpfaew,f/ bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J
toufBuD;vmawmh olu odyfrpm;Ekdifawmhbl;/ tpmtdrfu usOf;
vmw,f/ usOf;vmwJhtcsdeftcgusawmh av;vkwfig;vkwfavmuf
pm;Ny;D a&aomufaer,f qkv d &Ydk &dS ifvnf; rrQwbl;vm;¿ Munfah jymaemf/
awmfMum rkom;jzpfaeOD;r,f/ tJ'Dawmh rQwr,fqkd&if tJ'DavmufyJ
pm;NyD; w&m;tm;xkwfygwJh/ odyfAkdufukd wif;atmif rpm;&bl;aemf/
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu rdrdwkdY&JU om;uav;&JUtom;ukd pm;wJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm AkdufBuD; wif;oGm;atmif pm;wm r[kwfbl;/ wpfaeYwpfaeY
rQw½kaH vmufuav; csed Nf y;D awmh enf;enf;uav;yJ pm;Muovkd w&m;
tm;xkww f hJ yk*Kd¾ vq
f w
dk mu wpfaeYwmumv rdred w YJ idk ;f wmNy;D rQw½k-H
avmufukdom pm;&ygw,f/ 'gu enf;pepfwpfck? Oyrm wpfrsKd;aemf/
aemufwpfck 'DykwårHolyrokwåefrSma[mwJh aemufOyrmwpfcku
bmvJ¿
4/ 0efwkdjcif; = rpä&d,uif;wJh pdwf"mwfjzifh pm;yg
ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wkYd 'Dom;av;&JUtom;ukd pm;vku
d w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm
wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; 0efwkdapmif;ajrmif;aewJhç jiLplapmif;ajrmif;aewJh
'Dpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;aemf/ 0efwkdjcif; tnpftaMu;uif;-
NyD;awmh wpfOD;ay:rSmwpfOD; pifMu,foefY&Sif;aewJh pdwf"mwfjzifhom
pm;Muw,f/ 'gu ckvkd trsm;pkaexkdifwJh tykdif;av;awGrSm wpfOD;-
tay:wpfO;D 0efwjdk cif;rpä&, d tnpftaMu; uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f uav;eJY
uif;&Si;f pifMu,faewJh pdw"f mwfjzifh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;wwfzaYdk wmh
rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfygw,f/ 'gu owdodyf&SdzkdY vkdw,faemf/ &[ef;-
awGbufukd b,fvkd qufNyD;awmh t|uxmu zGifhxm;ovJ¿

qGrf;av; &vmNyD? &vmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if 'DqGrf;tay:rSm 0efwkdjcif;
rpä&d,tnpftaMu; uif;&r,f/ 0efwkdw,fqkdwmuawmh 'DqGrf;ukd
olwpfyg;eJY qufqw H mukd rESpNf cKd uw f o
hJ abmukd 0efww dk ,fac:w,f/
'Dae&mrSm olwpfyg;eJY qufqHwmudk rESpfNcdKufwJhpdwfxm; olawmf-
aumif;rSef&if r&Sd&bl;wJhaemf/ udk,ftpmtm[m&uav;ukd olrsm;
pm;vdkuf&if rauseyfwJhpdwfxm; &Sd&rvm;¿ r&Sd&bl;vm;¿ r&Sd&bl;/
]]igu ESajrmvdkYajymwm r[kwfygbl;/ eif ighudk 'Dvdkvmapmfum;wm
enf;enf;rS rcHEdkifbl;}} 'DyHkpHrsKd; &Sd&rvm;¿ r&Sd&bl;wJhaemf/ 0efwdkjcif;
rpä&,d tnpftaMu;uif;wJh pdwx f m;jzifh tpmtm[m&udk pm;prf;yg/
b,fvv kd ¿J tu,fí oDv&Sw d hJ tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ v&f cdS &hJ if 'DtvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vu
f
igoydwfxJ &vmwJh 'DqGrf;udk tukeftvSLcHr,fqdk&if igtukefvHk;
vSLr,f? wpf0uf tvSLcH&if wpf0ufvSLr,f? olwdkY tvSLcHNyD;vdkY
usefaewm &SdcJh&ifawmh ig pm;r,f? rusef&ifawmh rpm;awmhbl;qdkwJh
'Dpdwfxm;av; arG;NyD;awmh ]]om&Pd,"r®}}vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh usifh0wf
y#dywfrSm &yfwnfNyD;awmhrSomvQif tpmtm[m&udk bkOf;ay;xdkuf-
w,f/ om&Pd,"r®qkdwmu jznfhusifhvdkY awmfawmfav;cufcJwJh
0wfwpfckygaemf/
oDvpifpifMu,fMu,f &S&d r,f/ oDvpifMu,faewJh rdr&d UJ oDwif;-
oHk;azmfawGudk vSL NyD;rSom pm;w,f/ rvSLbJeJY b,fawmhrS rpm;bl;/
'D0wfudk aqmufwnfxm;&w,f/ tJ'Dvdk 0wfuav; jznfhusifhNyD;-
awmhro S mvQif &[ef;qdw k m pm;oifyh gw,faemf/ bmjzpfvv
Ykd ¿J wpfO;D eJY
wpfOD; cPacwåuav; awGUMuwmaemf/ wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; cPacwå-
uav; awGUwJh tcsed t f cguav;rSm 'Dtpmtm[m&udk taMumif;jyK-
Ny;D awmh wpfO;D eJY wpfO;D arwåm"mwfuav;awG ul;vl; qufqaH pcsiw f hJ
pdwfxm; bk&m;rSm &Sdygw,f/
230 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ZeD;armifEHS ESpOf ;D wdu

Yk 'Dom;uav;&JUtom;udk pm;vdu k wf t hJ csed -f
rSm wpfa,mufuw kd pfa,muf 0efwjkd cif;qdw k hJ tnpftaMu;awG &SdMu-
ovm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / 'Dvykd J oDwif;oH;k azmfawGu tckvdk aexdik w f thJ ydik ;f rSm
wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; tpmtm[m&udk taMumif;jyKNyD; 0efwdkpOf;vJaewJh
pdwf"mwfuav;awG r&Sdapcsifbl;wJhaemf/ uJ - aemufOyrmwpfck?
Oyrmb,fEpS cf k Ny;D oGm;Nyv D ¿J av;ck Ny;D oGm;NyaD emf/ aemuf (5)ckajrmuf
Oyrm ----
5/ twåpGJ r&SdygapESifh - trSefw&m;ukd odaeygap
ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wdu
Yk 'Dom;uav;&JUtom;udk pm;vdu k w
f hJ tcsed f
tcgrSm tck igwdkYpm;aewm[m orifom;yJ? wdkYpm;aewm[m a'gif;-
om;yJ? 'Dvdk pdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd Muovm;¿ r&Sd Mubl;/ wdkYpm;aewmu
Muufom;yJ? wdkYpm;aewmu 0ufom;yJqdkwJh 'Dpdwfxm;rsKd;aum &Sd Mu-
ovm;¿ r&Sd Mubl;/ b,fvdk pdwfxm;rsKd;om &Sd MuovJ¿ wdYk tifrwef
cspjf rwfE;kd aewJh om;&JUtom;uav;yJqw dk hJ todeYJ pm;aeMuw,faemf/
ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wdu
Yk tom;udpk m;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm wdYk pm;aewJh
tom;onf orifom;jzpfw,f? a'gif;om;jzpfw,f ponfjzifh 'Dvpkd w d -f
xm; r&SdMuygbl;/ wdkYtifrwef cspfjrwfEdk;aewJh om;&wem&JUtom;
jzpfw,fvdkY 'Dvdkod&dSwJhpdwfxm;eJY pm;aeMuw,f/ 'gu OyrmyJ/ tJ'D
OyrmeJY EdIif;cdkif;NyD;awmh &[ef;awmfwdkY pdwfxm;&r,fh tcsufudk
bk&m;&Sifu qufvufNyD; a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
qGrf;uav;&vmNyDqdkvdkY&Sd&ifawmh igpm;aew,f/ igcJaew,f
qdkwJh 'Dpdwfxm;udk rjzpfap&bl;/ twåESifh ,SOfwGJaewJh t,ltq
oar®m[w&m;udk ra&muf&SdapbJ pm;&r,f/ 'Dtydkif;uav;rSmawmh
bke;f Bu;D orkwod pömydik ;f y&rw¬opömydik ;f qdNk y;D awmh tydik ;f u@ (2)ydik ;f
xm;NyD;awmh cGJNyD;a[mzdkY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,faemf/
'Dawmh 'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wdu

Yk tom;udpk m;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm 'gu
orifom;yJ? 'gu a'gif;om;yJ ponfjzifh 'Dvdkpdwfxm; &SdMuovm;¿
r&SdMubl;/ wdkY tifrwef cspfjrwfEdk;aewJh om;&JUtom; jzpfw,fvdkY
'Dtodpdwf"mwfeJY pm;aeMuw,f/
tvm;wlyJ bkef;BuD;wdkY 'Da,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u tm[m&udk
pm;oHk;wJhtydkif;rSmvnf; 'Dpdwfxm;uav;awG&SdzdkY vdktyfygw,f/
'Dpdwfxm;qdkwm bmajymwmvJ¿ enf;enf;av; EdIufNyD; awG;ac:-
wwfzaYkd wmhvw
kd ,f/ tJ'aD wmh rdrw
d Ykd pm;aewJt
h m[m&u Muufom;udk
pm;w,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if wdkYpm;aewm[m Muufom;udk pm;wm r[kwfbl;/
wdkY tifrwef cspfjrwfEdk;aewJh om;uav;&JUtom;udk pm;aew,f/
0ufom;udk pm;w,fqdkvdkY&Sd&ifvnf; wdkY[m 0ufom;udk pm;aewm
r[kwfbl;/ wdkY tifrwef cspfjrwfEdk;aewJh om;uav;&JU tom;udk
pm;aew,f/ ig;udk pm;&ifvnf; wdkY ig;ukd pm;aewm r[kwfbl;/ wdkY
tifrwef cspfjrwfEdk;aewJh om;uav;&JU tom;udk pm;aew,fvkdY
'Dvdkpdwfxm; &SdwwfzdkY vdkw,f/ 'Dawmh ar;p&mawmh &SdwmaygYav/
Muufom;u Muufom;yJaygY? 0ufom;u 0ufom;yJaygY? b,fv-kd
vkyf om;jzpfrvJvdkY 'Dvdkawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,faemf/ 'Dtydkif;uav;rSm
bke;f Bu;D terw*¾o, H wk rf mS jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mxm;wJh a'oemawmf-
uav;awGukd bke;f Bu;D enf;enf;av; 'DnqufNy;D a[mzdYk &nf&,G x
f m;-
ygw,f/ tJ'Dterw*¾oH,kwfrSm rmwkokwåef ydwkokwåef ponfjzifh
a[mxm;w,faemf/
oHo&mBuD;u odyf&Snfw,f? t0dZÆmeD0&Pw&m;awGu ydwfzkH;-
umqD;xm;w,f? wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;u &pfywf-
aESmifzGJUNyD;awmhxm;w,f? b,fvkdt0dZÆmawGu ydwfzkH;umqD;NyD;
xm;ovJ¿ 'gu Muufom;yJ? 'gu 0ufom;yJ? 'gu ig;yJ? 'gu trJyJ?
'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu yk*¾dKvfç 'gu owå0gç 'gu vlç 'gu
232 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ewfç 'gu jA[®mponfjzifh 'DvkdodaewJh todonf rSm;ovm;¿ rSef-

ovm;¿ rSm;w,f/ tJ't D odrmS ;rIukd bmac:ovJ¿ t0dZmÆ / bmjzpfvYdk
rSm;w,f ajym&ovJvaYdk r;awmh y&rw¬opöme,fuae jyefNy;D qef;ppf-
MunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm MuufwdkY 0ufwkdY tom;wkdY ig;wkdYpwJh vl
ewf jA[®mpwJh 'Dowå0gawGukd zrf;Ny;D "mwfcMJG unfv
h u
dk wf hJ tcsed tf cgrSm
½kyfw&m;tpktykH &Sdw,f? emrfw&m; tpktykH &Sdw,f? ½kyfemrfy&rwf
tpktykHawG &Sd Muw,f/ tonowfowå0gawGtwGuf ½kyfw&m;vkdY
odcJhr,fqkd&if t½lyowå0gawGtwGuf emrfw&m;vkdY odcJhr,fqkd&if
yÍöa0gum&vkdYac:wJh cE¨mig;yg;&SdwJh e,fy,frSm wnf&SdaeMuwJh
owå0gawGtwGuf ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m; tpktykaH wGyv J Ydk odcrhJ ,fq&dk if
xkdtodonf rSm;ovm;¿ rSefovm;¿ rSefaew,f/
xkd½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGonf jzpfNyD;wmeJY csufcsif;ysufw,f/
rjzpfcifuvnf; r&Sdbl;/ jzpfNyD;aemufvnf; r&Sdbl;/ r&Sdjcif;ESpfckwkdY&JU
tv,facgifü ,m,Dtcku d t f weft
Y m;jzifh jzpfay:vmwJh "r®obm0-
awGom jzpfMuw,f/ tJ't D odÓPf&cdS &hJ ifvnf; rSew
f ,f/ taMumif;-
w&m;tpktykH tusKd;w&m;tpktykHawGyJvkdY odcJh&ifvnf; rSefw,f/
tedpöw&m;tpktykHç 'ku©w&m;tpktykHç tewåw&m;tpktykHvkdY
odcJh&ifvnf; rSefw,f/ tJ'Dvkd trSeftwkdif;odwwfwJh y&rw¬ÓPf-
ynmrsufpd r&Sdbl;/ MuufvkdY odw,f? 0ufvkdY odw,f? ig;vkdY odw,f?
tom;vkdY odw,f? trJvkdY odw,f? a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*¾dKvf owå0g
vl ewf jA[®mvkdY odw,f/ 'Dvkdtodonf rSm;ovm;¿ rSefovm;¿
rSm;aew,faemf/ tJ't D odrmS ;rIt0dZmÆ ukd tajcwnfNy;D awmh xkxd bdk 0
xkdxkdtm½kHawGudk wG,fwmrufarmaewJh wPSmu &pfywfaESmifzGJU-
xm;wJhtwGuf owå0gawG oHo&mc&D; usifvnfvkdufwm odyfNyD;-
awmh &Snv f sm;w,faemf/ xkbd 0rS þ b0okYd wajymif;jyefjyef usivf nf
usupf m; ajy;oGm;ae&wJh b0awGu odyrf sm;w,f/ wpfcak om b0rSm-
vnf; xyfcgxyfcg usifvnfusufpm; ajy;oGm;ae&wmuvnf;

odyrf sm;w,f/ oHo&mc&D; ody&f S nw f ,f/ b,favmuftxd &Sno f vJ-
vkdY ar;vkdY&Sd&if rdrdwkdY ÓPfu BuD;rm;vkdY vSrf;NyD;½Ir,fqkd&if rodtyf
rodEidk af vmufatmif tvGef &Snv f sm;w,fvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mxm;-
awmfrlw,faemf/ &Snfvsm;awmh bmjzpfovJ¿
terw*¾a'oemawmfrsm;ukd owd&yg
e aom bdu©a0 oawåm okvb½layg? a,m e rmwmblw-
ykaAÁm £rdem 'DaCe t'¨Kem/ (oH?1?395/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ £rdem 'DaCe t'¨Kem =
þuJo f sm;vSpmG aom oHo&mc&D;umvywfv;Hk / a,m = tMuif
h Ydk &Snv
owå0gonf/ e rmwmblwykaAÁm = trdrjzpfcJhzl;ay/ aom oawåm =
xkud o h wå0guk/d okvb½layg = &vG,af om oabm-
hJ Ydk trdrjzpfz;l wJo
&Sdonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfEkdifay/
'Davmuf&Snfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D;twGif;rSm 'Dowå0gonf igY&JU-
trd rawmfzl;bl;vkdY vSrf;NyD; &SmazGMunfhr,fqkd&if trdrawmfcJh-
zl;wJo h wå0g[m tvGef &cJw h o
hJ abm &Swd ,f/ owå0gawG[m tm;vk;H
rdr&d UJ tarawG rawmfczhJ ;l Mubl;vm;¿ awmfczhJ ;l Muw,f/ bk&m;&Siu
f
owå0gtcsif;csif; tay:rSm 'Dvkd rdcifpdwf"mwfuav; jyefNyD;awmh
arG;apcsifw,faemf/ aemufwpfck ---
e aom bdu©a0 oawåm okvb½layg? a,m e ydwkblwykaAÁm
£rdem 'DaCe t'¨Kem/ (oH?1?395/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd .../ £rdem 'DaCe t'¨Kem = þuJo h Ykd
&S nv f sm;vSpmG aom oHo&mc&D;umvywfv;Hk / (0g) oHo&mc&D;umvü/
a,m = tMuifowå0gonf/ e ydwkblwykaAÁm = tzrjzpfcJhpzl;ay/
aom oawåm = xkduJhokdY tzrjzpfpzl;wJh owå0gukd/ okvb½layg =
234 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&vG,faomoabm&Sdonf/ e a[mwd = rjzpfEkdifay/

'Davmuf&Snfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D; usifvnfpOftcsdeftcgrSm
'Dowå0gu igh&JUtazrawmfcJhygbl;vkdY 'Dvkd owå0gwpfa,mufukd
vufnKd§ ;xk;d Ny;D vdu
k Nf y;D ajymr,fq&dk if &vG,wf ohJ abm &So
d vm;¿ r&S-d
Ekid b
f ;l / oHo&mc&D;u ody&f S nw f ,f/ &S nv f sm;vSpmG aom oHo&mc&D;-
rSm tarrawmfzl;wJhyk*¾dKvf r&Sdbl;? tazrawmfzl;wJhyk*¾dKvf r&Sdbl;/
aemufwpfck ---
e aom bdu©a0 oawåm okvb½layg? a,m e bmwmblw-
'Davmuf&Snfvsm;vSwJh oHo&mc&D;rSm 'Dowå0gu igY&JUtpfukd
rawmfcJhzl;ygbl;vkdY ajymr,fqkd&if 'Dvkd ajymvkdY&EkdifwJh owå0gqkdwm
&vG,fovm;¿ r&Ekdifbl;/ tpfukd rawmfcJhzl;wJh yk*¾dKvfqkdwmvnf;
r&Sdbl;aemf/ aemufwpfck ---
e aom bdu©a0 oawåm okvb½layg? a,m e b*dedblw-
'Davmuf&S nfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D;rSm nDr rawmfcJhzl;wJh owå0g-
qdkwmvnf; &vG,fwJhoabm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
e aom bdu©a0 oawåm okvb½layg? a,m e ykwåblwykaAÁm
'Davmuf&Snfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D;umvrSm om;rawmfcJhzl;wJh
owå0gaum &vG,fwJhoabm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;aemf/
e aom bdu©a0 oawåm okvb½layg? a,m e "DwkblwykaAÁm
'Davmuf&n
S v
f sm;wJh oHo&mc&D;rSm 'Dowå0gu igY&UJ orD; r[kw-f
ygbl;qkdNyD;awmh a&wGufMunfhr,fqkd&if a&wGufvkdY &EkdifwJhoabm

&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ 'Davmuf&Snfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D;rSm tar rawmf-
cJzh ;l wJh yk*Kd¾ vrf &Sb
d ;l ? taz rawmfczhJ ;l wJyh *k Kd¾ vf r&Sb d ;l ? tpfr rawmfc-hJ
zl;wJyh *k Kd¾ vf r&Sb d ;l ? tpfudk rawmfczhJ ;l wJyh *k Kd¾ vf r&Sb d ;l ? tpfr nDr rawmf-
cJhzl;wJhyk*¾dKvf nDtpfukd rawmfcJhbl;wJhyk*¾dKvf r&Sdbl;? om; rawmfcJh-
zl;wJhyk*¾dKvf orD; rawmfcJhzl;wJhyk*¾dKvfqkdwmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh
rdrw d u Ydk tom;wpfck pm;NyyD J qkMd uygpkaYd emf/ rdrpd m;aewJh tom;av;-
[m ckacwf ckrsuaf rSmuftaeeJY ajymr,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh Muufom;vkYd
ajymcsifvnf; ajymygawmh? 0ufom;vkdY ajymcsifvnf; ajymayawmh?
ig;vkdY ajymcsifvnf; ajymygawmh? trJvkdY ajymcsifvnf; ajymygawmh?
wpfcsed u f 'Dowå0guav;awG[m rdr&d UJ om; rjzpfczhJ ;l bl;vm;¿ jzpfczhJ ;l -
w,f/ rdrd&JU tarawG rjzpfcJhzl;bl;vm;¿ jzpfcJhzl;w,f? rdrd&JUtaz
jzpfcJhzl;w,f? tpfukd tpfrawG jzpfcJhzl;w,f? tifrwef cspfvSwJh
om;uav; tifrwef cspfvSwJh orD;uav;awGvnf; rjzpfcJhzl;bl;-
vm;¿ jzpfcJhzl;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh tck igpm;aewJh 'Dtom;onf ig tifrwef cspfjrwf-
Ekd;aewJh om;&JU tom;yJvkdY 'Dvkd todpdwf"mwfuav;0ifNyD; pm;r,f
qkd&if 'Dtom;tay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh &owPSm"mwfawG
0ifvmEkid Of ;D rvm; ..¿ Munfv h nf;ajzMuaemf/ 'kw,d rÜd rkom0g'awG
xyfNyD; jzpfaeMuOD;r,f/ 'Dawmh ,ckvkd tm[m&awGukd pm;okH;aewJh
tykid ;f rSm EIid ;f qNy;D awmh awG;qNy;D awmh enf;enf;av; ÓPfeYJ EIid ;f ,l-
MunfhzkdY vkdtyfygw,f/ rdrdwkdY&JU om;omrSefcJhr,f? rdrdwkdY&JUorD;om
rSecf rhJ ,f? tifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh om;uav; tifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk -
aewJh orD;uav;om rSecf rhJ ,fq&dk if 'Dtom;udk wG,w f mrufarmaewJh
pdwfxm;jzifh pm;EkdifygYrvm;¿ rpm;Ekdifbl;/ aemufwpfck qufNyD;
ajymp&mawmh &Sdvmao;w,faemf/
236 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
oHo&m&JU a&S;tpGef;[m &Snfvsm;ovkd ('D'DaCm Amvme oHom-

a&m =) vlrkdufawGtwGuf aemufxyf tem*wfoHo&mc&D;uvnf;
&Snfvsm;ygw,fqkdNyD; bk&m;&Sifu a[mxm;ygw,faemf/ rdrdwkdY[m
vlrkdufb0rSmom wnf&SdaeMuOD;r,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh twdwf oHo&m
c&D;onf &S nv f sm;ouJo h Ydk aemufxyf tem*wf oHo&mc&D;awGvnf;
&Snfraebl;vm;¿ &SnfaeMuvdrfhr,f/ vlvdr®mynm&Sd olawmfaumif;
jzpfzt
Ydk wGuf jrwfpmG bk&m;u 'Dow k eå u
f dk &nf&,
G Nf y;D a[maew,faemf/
emMunfh&atmif ---
wH udó a[wk? terwa*¾g,H bdua© 0 oHoma&m? ykAmÁ aum#d
e ynm,wd t0dZmÆ eD0&PmeH owåmeH wPSmoHa,mZemeH oE¨m0wH
oHo&wH/ (oH?1?396/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ wH = xkduJhokdY jzpfjcif;onf/ udó
a[wk = tb,ftaMumif;aMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ bdu©a0 = cspfom;
&[ef;wkdY/ t,H oHoma&m = þcE¨mtm,we"mwfwkdY\ qufrjywf
jzpfay:íae&m tpOftwef;[k ac:qdktyfaom þoHo&monf/
terwa*¾g = ÓPfjzifh tpOfavQmufíaomfvnf; rodtyf rodEkdif-
aom tp&Sad y\/ t0dZmÆ eD0&PmeH = t0dZmÆ eD0&Pw&m;onf ydwzf ;Hk
umqD;tyfuek of nfjzpfí/ wPSmoHa,mZemeH = wPSmwnf;[laom
oHa,mZOfBudK;u &pfywfaESmifzGJUxm;tyfukefonfjzpfí/ oE¨m0wH =
xkb
d 0rS þb0 þb0rS xkb d 0okYd wajymif;jyefjyef usiv f nfusupf m;
ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukefaom/ oHo&wH = wpfckaom b0üvnf;yJ
xyfcgxyfcg usivf nfusupf m; ajy;oGm;í aeMu&ukeaf om/ owåmeH
= owå0gwkdY\/ ykAÁm aum#d = a&S;tpGef;ukd/ e ynm,wd = rodtyf
rodEkdifay/
oHo&mu odyfNyD; &Snfw,faemf/ &Snfvsm;vSpGmaom oHo&m-
c&D;umvywfv;Hk t0dZmÆ eD0&Pw&m;u ydwzf ;Hk umqD;Ny;D wPSmwnf;-
[laom oHa,mZOfBuKd ;u &pfywfaESmifzUJG xm;wJt h wGuf owå0gawG[m

'gu igYtaryJ? 'gu igYtazyJ? 'gu igYom;? 'gu igYorD;? 'gu igYtpfu?dk
'gu igYtpfrponfjzifh todÓPf &Sad o;vm;¿ r&Sad wmhb;l / r&Sv d u dk w f hJ
tcsdeftcgusawmh tckvkd tm[m&wpfckpm;zkdY&ef taMumif;u ay:-
vmNyD/ tu,fí tckvkd bk&m;a[ma'oemawmftwkdif; rdrdu
todÓPf txku d t f avsmuf &Sv d mNyq D Mdk uygpk/Yd uk,d thf az&JU tom;udk
ukd,fpm;aew,fqkd&if ukd,ftar&JU tom;ukd ukd,fpm;aew,fqkd&if
uk, d t
f ifrwefcspjf rwfE;dk aewJh uk, d &hf UJ om;uav;&JU tom;ukd uk, d pf m;-
aew,fq&dk if uk, d t f ifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh orD;uav;&JUtom;ukd
ukd,f pm;aew,fqkd&if udk,ftifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh tpfukdawG
tpfrawG&JU tom;udk ukd,fpm;aew,fqkd&if rdrd&JUpdwf"mwf[m
b,ftqifah vmufxd &Sad ervJ¿ jyefpOf;pm;Munfah v ... uk, d t hf az
tom;awmif uk, d pf m;&ufw,fq&dk if rdr&d UJ pdw"f mwf[m tvGef edru hf s
aewJh tqifrh mS r&Sb d ;l vm;¿ &Sad ew,f/ 'Dvq dk &dk if t&Sib f &k m; tmvl;-
wkdY yJwkdYaum b,fvkdvkyfrvJvkdY ar;p&m&Sdw,faemf/ tJ'gawGvnf;
ykHpHwlygyJ? bk&m;&Sifukd,fawmfwkdifyJ qufvufNyD; a[mMum;awmfrlyg-
vdrfhr,f/ 'gaMumifh rdrdwkdY&JU pdwf"mwfuav;awGudk rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif
'D&owPSm"mwfudk enf;yg;oGm;atmif jyifay;zkYd vkt d yfaeygw,faemf/
b,fvkdvJ¿
{0H 'DC&wåH a0g bdu©a0 'ku©H ypöEkblwH wdAÁH ypöEkblwH AsoeH
ypöEkblwH? u#oD 0¹dwm/
bdua© 0 = cspof m;&[ef;wk/Yd {0H 'DC&wåH = þokYd aeYnOfo h o
H &m
f cgumvwkyYd wfv;Hk / a0g = oifcspo
&Snjf rifph mG aom tcsed t f m;wkoYd nf
oifcspforD;wkdYonf/ 'ku©H = qif;&J'ku©trsKd;rsKd;ukd/ ypöEkblwH = tpOf
wpkduf cHpm;cJh&zl;avNyD/ wdAÁH = xufjrufpl;&SvSaom qif;&J'ku©
trsKd;rsKd;ukdvnf;/ ypöEkblwH = tpOfwpkduf cHpm;cJh&zl;avNyD/ AsoeH =
238 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
k nf;/ ypöEb
ysupf ;D jcif; trsK;d rsK;d udv k w
l H = tpOfwpku
d f cHpm;cJ&h zl;avNy/D
'Davmuf&Snfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D;rSm oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG oif
cspforD;wkdYwpfawG[m qif;&J'ku©trsKd;rsKd;awGudk tpOfwpkduf &cJhzl;-
w,f/ olwpfyg;wkYd vkv YH ya,m*jzifh vnfyif;vS;D Ny;D owfvu kd v
f Ykd aocJh
&wJh b0awGudk jyefa&wGuMf unfv h udk vf Qif vnfyif;u usvmwJh aoG;-
awGudk pkyx Hk m;? wpfbufu r[mork'&´ ma&ukd pkyx Hk m;? r[mork'&´ m
a&u enf;ao;w,f? vnfyif;u usvmwJh aoG;awGu rsm;ao;w,f/
0ufjzpfvYdk vnfv;DS cH&wJb h 0ç MuufjzpfvYdk vnfv;DS cH&wJh b0ç EGm;jzpfvYdk
vnfvDS;cH&wJhb0 ponfjzifh xkdxkdb0 wpfckwpfckrSmyJ vnfacsmif;
aoG;awGudk pkyv Hk udk &f if r[mork'&´ ma&u enf;ao;w,f/ vnfacsmif;
aoG;u ykdNyD;awmhrsm;ao;w,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ xufjruf pl;&SaewJh
qif;&J'u k © trsK;d rsK;d ukd 'Davmuf &Snv f sm;wJoh o
H &mc&D;rSm oifcspo f m;-
wkdY oifcspforD;wkdY cHcJhMu&w,fwJhaemf/
u#oD = ajrBuD;ukd/ 0¹dwm = wkd;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfcJhzl;avNyD/
oifcspo f m;wkw
Yd pfawG oifcspo
f rD;wkw
Yd pfawG[m ajrBu;D wk;d yGm;-
atmif jyKvkyfcJhzl;w,f/ b,fvkd wkd;yGm;ovJ¿ aovkdufNyDqkd&if
tavmif;aumifawG ajrBuD;ay:oGm;pGefYypf? ajrBuD;awG wkd;yGm;rvm-
bl;vm;¿ wkd;yGm;vmw,f/ wpfurÇm wpfurÇmukd ykdif;jcm;NyD; ajymr,f
qkv d &Ydk &dS if owå0gwpfO;D wpfa,muf aoausysupf ;D oGm;wJh t½k;d awGudk
pkykHvkdufr,fqkd&if t½kd;awGuvnf; raqG;jrnfh rysufpD;cJhbl;qkd&if
a0ykv’awmifavmufjrifhwJh awmifBuD;wpfawmif jzpfEkdifw,fvkdY 'Dvkd
a[mxm;ygw,f/ tu,fí t½kd;awGuom raqG;jrnfh rysufpD;cJhbl;
qkd&if ajymwmygaemf/ wpfenf;ajymr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh wpf,lZem-
avmufjrifhwJh awmifBuD;wpfawmif jzpfEkdifw,f/ t½kd;awG awmifvkd
ykHNyD;awmh wpfb0NyD; wpfb0 aocJh&w,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if rdrdwkdY&JU t½kd;-
aMumifh ajrBuD;awG wkd;yGm;rIawG ykdNyD;awmh rrsm;bl;vm;¿ rsm;w,f/
tom;awGaMumifh ajrBuD;awGvnf; wkd;yGm;NyD; raebl;vm;¿ wkd;yGm;-

aew,f/ tJ'w D ;dk yGm;aewJh 'DajrBu;D ay:rSm xGe, f ufNy;D pku d yf sK;d Muw,f/
pkdufysKd;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh oD;vmwJh oD;ESHrSeforQ[mvnf;
rdrd&JU tom;taoG;awG rdrd&JU tartaz&JU tom;taoG;awG rdrd&JU
tvGef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh om;awG orD;awG&JU tom;taoG;awG rdrd
tvGef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh tpfukd tpfrawG&JU tom;taoG;awGukd
tajccHNyD; jzpfay:vmw,fvkdY rajymEkdifbl;vm;¿ ajymEkdifao;w,f/
'gaMumifh b,ft&omudkrqkd wG,fwmrufarmaewJh pdwf"mwfjzifh
bk&m;&Sifu rpm;apcsifbl;/ rdrdpm;aewJh tpmtm[m&tay:rSm ig
tvGef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh om;&JUtom;ukd igpm;aewJhqkdwJh 'Dpdwf"mwf-
uav;ukd arG;jrLapcsiw f ,f/ b,fEh , S w f ek ;f a,m*DawG pm;wkid ;f pm;wkid ;f
'Dpwd "f mwfuav;ukd owd&Ekid rf vm;¿ owd&Ekid Mf uygYrvm;¿ qifjcif-
aum qifjcifMurvm;¿ qifjcifMuapcsifw,f/ rqifjcifvkdY&Sd&ifawmh
bmjzpfrvJ¿ &owPSmawG wkd;yGm;vmvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D&owPSmu
wkd;yGm;vmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm edó&Pynmac:wJh
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh ÓPfynmawG
xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm jzpfOD;rvm;¿ rjzpfawmhbl;/ &owPSmawGu
ae&m,loGm;NyD; jzpfw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh 'DoHo&mc&D;rSm 'Davmuf
&Snjf rifph mG rdrw
d Ydk usiv f nfpOftcsed t f cgrSm rdrw d &Ydk UJ taz&JU tom;awG-
ukd pm;NyD;awmh usifvnfae&w,f/ rdrdwkdY&JU tar&JU tom;ukd pm;NyD;
usifvnfae&w,f/ rdrdwkdY&JU tpfukd tpfrawG&JU tom;awGukd
pm;NyD;awmh usifvnfae&w,f/ nDawG nDrawG&JU tom;awGukd
pm;NyD;awmh usifvnfae&w,f/ tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJhom;awG
tifrwef jrwfE;dk aewJh orD;awG&UJ tom;ukd pm;Ny;D usiv f nfae&w,f
qkd&if 'DoHo&mc&D;BuD;ukd &GH&SmpufqkyfzkdY aumif;w,fvkdY rajymEkdif-
bl;vm;¿ ajymEkdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh --- -----
240 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
,m0Íö'd H bdua© 0 tvar0 oAÁocFga&ok edAEdÁ w

d´ ?Hk tvH 0d&ZÆw
d ?Hk
tvH 0drkpödwkH/ (oH?1?396/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ ,m0Íö = tvGeftuJvQif/ oAÁ-
ocFga&ok = tvkH;pkHaom ocFg&w&m;wkdYtay:ü/ edAÁdE´dwkH = NiD;aiGU-
jcif;iSm/ tvar0 = oifah vsmo f nfomvQiw f nf;/ 0d&ZÆdwkH = wG,w
f m
rufarmjcif; uif;jcif;iSm/ tvar0 = oifhavsmfonfomvQifwnf;/
0drpk w
dö Hk = tvk;H pkaH om ocFg&w&m;wkrYd S vGwaf jrmufjcif;iSm/ tvar0
= oifhavsmfonfomvQifwnf;/
'gaMumifh 'Davmuf&S nfvsm;wJh oHo&mc&D;BuD;ukd oifcspfom;-
wkw Yd pfawG Ni;D aiGUzk&Yd eftwGuf tvGeo f ifyh gw,f/ 'DocFg&awGtay:ü
Ni;D aiGUzk&Yd efvnf; oifw h ,f/ 'DocFg&awGtay:ü wG,w f mrufarmrIawG
uif;jywfzkdY&efvnf; oifhw,f/ 'DocFg&w&m;awGrS vGwfatmifvnf;
½kef;uefzkdY&eftwGuf oifhwifhvSygw,f qkdNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu
arwåmu½kPma&SUxm;Ny;D awmh a[mMum;awmfryl gw,f/ pOf;pm;Munf-h
aygYaemf/ ukd,fhtar&JUtom;ukd udk,fpm;NyD;awmh 'DoHo&mc&D;ukd
usiv f nfc&hJ r,fq&dk if uk, d thf az&JU tom;awGudk pm;Ny;D awmh 'Doo H &m
c&D;ukd uk, d uf usiv f nfaecJ&h r,fq&dk if uk, d t
f ifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh
om;awG orD;awG&JU tom;ukd pm;NyD;awmh 'DoHo&mc&D;ukd ukd,fu
qufvufNyD; usifvnfae&r,f qkd&if rdrdxuf rkdufwJh yk*¾dKvf &SdOD;-
rvm;¿ r&SdEkdifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh enf;enf; qufNyD;awmh pOf;pm;Mu-
aemf/ 'Dvkd pOf;pm;apcsifwJhtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;u tmr*Eökwåefukd
a[maeygw,faemf/ okaYd omfvnf; ck 'Dtmr*Eöw k eå uf dk jyefNy;D rquf-
Ekdifao;bl;/ ck 'Dae&mrSm orkwdopöme,fu aeNyD;awmh ZeD;armifESH
ESpfOD;wkdYu rdrdwkdY tvGef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh om;uav;&JU tom;ukd
pm;aeygw,fqw dk hJ tod"mwfeYJ &owPSm enf;yg;yku H dk OyrmaqmifNy;D -
awmh bk&m;u a[maewmaemf/ y&rw¬opöme,fbufuaeNyD;awmh
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlwJh OD;wnfcsufukdvnf; t|uxm

q&mawmfu qufvufNyD; zGifhxm;w,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
y&rw¬opömrsufvkH;ESifh MunfhNyD;awmhvnf; pm;okH;yg
{0ar0 yd@ygwH vbdwGm ]]t[H cg'grd bkÍÆmrD}}wd twåLy-
v'¨doar®m[H tEkyÜga'wGm ]]uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m e Zmemwd
]pwkr[mblwu d um,H 0a¹rD}wd? uma,myd e Zmemwd ]uAVDuma&m
tm[ma&m rH 0a¹wD}}wd? {0H oar®m[H y[m, y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm/
(oH?|?2?99/)
{0ar0 = þOyrmtwlomvQif/ yd@ygwH = qGrf;udk/ vbdwGm
= &&SdcJhonf&Sdaomf/ t[H cg'grd = igcJí aeay\/ t[H bkÍÆmrd =
igpm;í aeay\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ twåLyv'¨doar®m[H = twå
[laom t,ltqudk tajccHí jzpfay:vmaom oar®m[w&m;ukd/
tEkyÜga'wGm = rjzpfaprlí/ uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m = uAVDum&
tm[m&onf/ pwkr[mblwduum,H = r[mbkwf"mwfBuD;av;yg;
OD;aqmifaewJh ½lyum,uk/d 0a¹rd = igwk;d yGm;atmif jyKvyk af e\[lí/
e Zmemwd = rod&Sday/ uma,myd = "mwfBuD;av;yg;OD;aqmifaewJh
pwkr[mblwu d um, trnf&wJh ½kyw f &m;taygif;uvnf;yJ/ uAVD-
uma&m tm[ma&m = uAVDum& tm[m&onf/ rH = iguk/d 0a¹wDwd
= wk;d yGm;ap\[lí/ e Zmemwd = rod&adS y/ {0H = þokv Yd Qi/f oar®m[H
= oar®m[w&m;udk/ y[m, = y,fpGefYxm;cJhí/ y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm =
bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifxkdufay\/
'Dtcsufuawmh y&rw¬opöme,fbuf ul;oGm;NyD? uAVDum&
tm[m&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh 'Dtm[m&wpfckukd pm;aewJhtcsdeftcgrSm
igonf Muufom;ukd pm;aew,fqkdwJhpdwfxm; rjzpfap&bl;/ igonf
0ufom;ukd pm;aew,fqkdwJh pdwfxm; rjzpfap&bl;/ igonf trJukd
242 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
pm;aew,fqw dk phJ w
d x f m; rjzpfap&bl;/ igonf tmvl;ukd pm;aew,f
qkdwJhpdwfxm;ç igonf yJukd pm;aew,fqkdwJhpdwfxm; rjzpfap&bl;/
tJ'Dvkd pdwfxm;jzpfcJh&if 'g bmjzpfovJ¿ (twåLyv'¨d =) twå0g'
tay:ü tajcwnfNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh t,ltqwpfck jzpfaeNyw D ahJ emf/
at; - 'Dxufykdqkd;wmuawmh igpm;wm r[kwfbl;/ toufaumif
vdyfjymaumif 0dnmOfaumif twåaumifqkdwJh twåav;u pm;ae-
ygw,fqkd&ifawmh tqifhjrifhoGm;wJh twå0g'yJaemf/ tJ'D twåt,l-
tq&SdaeNyD;awmh pm;cJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'g oar®m[w&m;vkdY
ac:w,f/ y&rw¬opöme,fukd ÓPfrsufpdu ra&mufbJ jyif;pGm
awGawGa0a0eJY pm;aeNyD/ pm;aevkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU
oEÅmefrSm oar®m[w&m; 0ifvmNyDqkdonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; 'D
oar®m[w&m;ukd bmvkaYd c:ovJ¿ t0dZmÆ vkYd ac:w,faemf/ todrmS ;
NyD? todrSm;wJh t0dZÆm&JU aemufqG,frSm wPSmqkdwJh &m*w&m;u
yl;uyfNyD;awmh vkdufygvmwwfw,f/ okdYr[kwf ta,medaomreod-
um&awG odyfNyD; tajccHtm;aumif;aecJh&if rauseyfcsufqkdwJh
a'greów&m;awGuvnf; yl;uyfNy;D awmh vku d yf gvmNy/D &m* a'go
arm[ rmefrme £óm rpä&d,tp&SdwJh udavomw&m;qkd;awGu
'Dt0dZmÆ &JU aemufq, G rf mS tjrw J rf; yke;f atmif;aeNy;D awmh aexkid Mf u-
w,f/ t0dZÆm&JU aemufqG,f oar®m[w&m;&JU aemufqG,frSm &m*
a'go arm[ rmefrme tp&SdwJh udavomawGu 0ifNyD;aESmifh,Suf-
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dtm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh rufarmwJh
pdwfxm;awG jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfr,f/ rauseyfwJh pdwfxm;awG jzpfcsif-
&ifvnf; jzpfr,f/ axmifvTm;wJh pdwfxm;awG 0efwkdwJh pdwfxm;awG
jiLplapmif;ajrmif;wJh pdwfxm;awG ponfjzifh tukokdvft,kwfw&m;-
awG[m qufwu dk w f ;dk yGm;Ny;D vmcsivf nf; vmEkid wf ,f/ tJ'v D dk wk;d yGm;-
vmcJh&if xdkyk*¾dKvfonf oar®m[w&m;ukd jzpfapí tpmtm[m&ukd
pm;aew,fvYdk ac:&w,f/ a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u edAmÁ efudk vkcd siw f hJ
olawmfaumif; rSefcJh&if xkdoar®m[w&m;ukd jzpfapNyD;awmh pm;&r-

vm;¿ rpm;&bl;/ b,fvkd pm;&rvJ¿ uAVDum&tm[m&onf bmrS
rodbl;/ b,fvkd rodwmvJvkdYar;awmh pwkr[mblwduum,vkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh uH pdwf Owk tm[m& taMumif;w&m;av;yg;aMumifh
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&wJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;awG &Sdw,f/ uHaMumifhjzpfwJh
"mwfBu;D av;yg;ç pdwaf Mumifjh zpfwhJ "mwfBu;D av;yg;ç OwkaMumifjh zpfwhJ
"mwfBuD;av;yg;ç tm[m&aMumifhjzpfwJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;ç xkd"mwfBuD;
av;yg;ukd tajcwnfNy;D awmh wk;d yGm;vmaewJh ½kyw f &m;awG 'DcE¨mtdr-f
rSm &SdMuw,f/
'Dawmh 'Dtcsufu eHygwf (1) uAVDum&tm[m&vkdY ac:qkd-
tyfwJh MoZmukd od&r,f/ eHygwf (2) uH pdwf Owk tm[m&ac:wJh
taMumif;w&m; av;yg;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:aewJh "mwfBu;D av;yg;
OD;aqmifaewJh ur®Z½kyf pdwåZ½kyf OwkZ½kyf tm[m&Z½kyfawGukd
od&r,f/ odvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh bmjzpfrvJ¿ 'DuAVDum&
tm[m&onf pwkr[mblwu d um,vkaYd c:qkt d yfwhJ "mwfBu;D av;yg;
OD;aqmifaewJh ur®Z½kyf pdwåZ½kyf OwkZ½kyf tm[m&Z½kyfvkdY ac:qkd-
tyfwhJ ½kyw
f &m;taygif;ukd ig wk;d yGm;atmif vkyrf ,fqwdk hJ oabmxm;
uAVDum&tm[m&rSm r&Sdbl;/ odvnf; rodbl;wJhaemf/ aemufwpfck
uH pdwf Owk tm[m&ac:wJh taMumif;w&m;av;yg;aMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfay:aewJh "mwfBuD;av;yg; OD;aqmifaewJh ½kyfw&m; taygif;u-
vnf;yJ uAVDum&tm[m&u igYukd wkd;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfaew,fvkdY
'Dvkd odovm;¿ rodbl;wJhaemf/
'Dawmh qkdvkd&if;u b,fvkd rodovJvkdYar;awmh tJ'DrSm a,m*D
yk*Kd¾ vuf rdrpd m;aewJh tcsed t
f cgrSm txl;ojzifah ygYav tpmtdr&f wdS hJ
a'orSm wnf&SdaewJh tpmopf qkdMuygpkdY? tpmopfaum|morSm
wnf&adS ewJh "mwfBu;D av;yg;wku Yd dk odr;f qnf;um orm"dudk xlaxmif-
244 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
EkdifcJh&if orm"d'D*&Duvnf; pHcsdefrDvmwJhtcgrSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu

½kyfuvmyftrIefuav;awGukd awGUr,f/ 'DuvmyftrIefav;awGukd
"mwfcGJvkdufawmh wpfrIefwpfrIefrSm oabmw&m; b,fESpfck&SdovJ¿
(8)ck? tJ'D (8)rsK;d aom ½kyaf wGu b,foUl aMumifh jzpfovJvYdk jyefqef;-
ppfvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm uvmyfwpfck twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh
awaZm"mwfOwkaMumifh qifhuJ jzpfyGm;aewJh ½kyfw&m;awGyJ? 'gukd
bkwftqufquf ½kdufcwfNyD; jzpfaew,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,faemf/ tJ'D
½kyfw&m;awGxJrSm ygaewJh MoZmtqDtap;av;u OwkZMoZmyJ?
'DOwkZMoZmukd ur®Z0rf;rD;uaeNyD;awmh tm;ay;axmufyHhvkdufwJh
tcsed t f cgrSm &o"mwf&nfvYdk orkwo d pöme,fuac:wJh &o"mwf&nf
taetm;jzifh wpfukd,fvkH; ysHUoGm;w,f/ 'D&o"mwf&nfrSm wnf&Sd-
aewJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd odrf;qnf;um orm"dukd qufvuf
xlaxmifvkdufvQif orm"dvnf; &ifhusufvmwJhtcgrSm &o"mwf&nf
qk d w mvnf ; ½k y f u vmyf w k d Y & J U taygif ; tpk y J jzpf w ,f q k d w muk d
ÓPfrsufpdESifh awGUjrifEkdifygw,f/ 'DtrIefav;awGu MoZmaMumifh
jzpfay:vmwJh trIejf zpfjcif;aMumifh olwu Ydk dk tm[m&Z½kyv f Ydk ac:w,f/
tJ'Dtm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh tm[m&ZMoZmukd uAVD-
um&tm[m&vkdY txl;ojzifh &nfñTef;xm;w,faemf/ okdYaomf
txl;ojzifhvkdYom ajymwmyg/ ur®ZMoZm pdwåZMoZm OwkZMoZm
tm[m&ZMoZm MoZmav;rsK;d vk;H ukvd nf; uAVDum&tm[m&vkYd 'Dvdk
zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ (y|me?|?377/)
tJ'Dawmh 'gbmjzpfvkdYvnf;qkdawmh tJ'Dur®Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm
ygaewJh MoZmukd ckeu tm[m&ZMoZmESifh ur®Z0rf;rD;wkdYu oGm;NyD;
axmufyhHvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; ½kyfuvmyf topftopfawG
qifu
h q J ifu
h J yGm;oGm;w,f/ tm[m&Z½kyaf wGy?J tvm;wlyJ OwkZMoZm
pdwZå MoZm uvmyfjym;tm[m&ZMoZmawGudk uvmyfjym;tm[m&Z-
MoZmawGu oGm;NyD; tm;ay;axmufyHhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf;

½kyfuvmyfawG topftopf qifhuJqifhuJ wkd;yGm;aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd
wkd;yGm;aewJh tcsdeftcgrSm twkd;yGm;cH&wJh ½kyfvnf; &Sdw,f/ wkd;yGm;-
atmif tm;ay;axmufyahH ewJh ½kyaf wGvnf; &Sw d ,f/ wk;d yGm;apwwfwhJ
½kyfawGvnf; &Sdw,f/ twkd;yGm;cH&wJh ½kyfawGuvnf; wkdYukd oif;u
vmNy;D wk;d yGm;atmif vkyaf ew,fvYdk rodb;l / wk;d yGm;apwwfwhJ ½kyaf wG-
uvnf; igu oif;wku Yd dk wk;d yGm;atmif vkyaf y;aewmyJvYdk odovm;¿
rodbl;wJh/ twkd;yGm;cH&wJh ½kyfawGu bmvJ¿ uH pdwf Owk tm[m&
taMumif;w&m;av;yg;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:aewJh ½kyaf wGyg? wk;d yGm;-
atmif jyKvkyfay;wJh ½kyfu uAVDum&tm[m& trnf&wJh uH-pdwf-
Owk-tm[m& - qkdwJh taMumif;w&m;av;rsKd;aMumifh jzpfaeMuwJh
½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh MoZmtoD;toD;yJ/ okdYaomf 'Dav;rsKd;aom
MoZmtoD;toD;u ½kyu f vmyftopfopfudk jzpfap&mrSm ur®Z0rf;rD;-
ESihf &o"mwf&nf trnf&wJh tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfwrYdk mS yg0ifwnf&w
dS hJ
MoZm&JU taxmuftyHu h dk &&Syd grSm ½kyu
f vmyftopftopfudk jzpfap-
Ekdifw,f/
tJ'aD wmh tJ'ED pS b
f ufv;Hk ukd y&rw¬ÓPfynmrsupf ed YJ jrifatmif
Munf&h r,f/ Munfv h udk wf hJ tcsed tf cgrSm 'D½yk w f &m;awGonf tcsi;f csi;f
bmukdrS rodMubl;/ igYukd oif;u vmNyD;wkd;yGm;atmif vkyfaew,f/
igu oif;ukd wkd;yGm;atmif vkyfay;ae&w,fqkdwJh 'Dvkd todrsKd;
½kyw
f &m;awGrmS &So
d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / tJ'v D dk ½kyw f &m;awGrmS 'Dvkd wk;d yGm;-
atmif jyKvkyfay;aew,fqkdwJh oabmw&m; r&SdykHukd a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu
ÓPfeJYjrifatmif Munfh&r,f/ tJ'Dvkd ÓPfeYJ jrifNyDqkdvdkY&Sd&ifawmh
'DtcgrSm oar®m[w&m;ukd rdru d y,fpeG EYf idk Nf yw
D /hJ okaYd omf 'DavmufeYJ
rvkHavmufygbl;aemf/ tJ'Dvkd oar®m[w&m;ukd y,fpGefYEkdifNyDqkdvkdY&Sd-
&ifawmh bmjzpfvJ¿
246 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
{0H oar®m[H y[m, y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm/ (oH?|?2?99/)

{0H = þokdYvQif/ oar®m[H = oar®m[w&m;ukd/ y[m, =
y,fpGefYxm;cJhí/ y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm = tpmtm[m&ukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif
xkdufay\/
'gu y&rw¬opöme,fu ajymvkdufwmyJaemf/ orkwdopöme,f-
bufuvnf; ajymNyD;NyD/ y&rw¬opöme,fbufuvnf; ajymNyD;NyD/
okaYd omf 'DavmufeYJ rvkaH vmufb;l / rvkaH vmufwt
hJ wGuf t|uxm
q&mawmfu bmxyfzGifhvJ¿
owdorÜZn0aoemyd apo tor®LaV§ae0 [kwGm y&dbkÍÆd
waAÁm/ (oH?|?2?99/)
{o {aom = þuAVDum&tm[m&rnfwJh tpmtm[m&ukd/
owdorÜZn0aoemyd = owdorÜZOf&JU tpGrf;jzifhvnf;yJ/ tor®L-
aV§e = rawGa0aom todÓPf&Sdonf/ [kwGm0 = jzpfíomvQif/
y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifxkdufay\/
'DuAVDum&tm[m&ukd aemufwpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&ifawmh
owdorÜZOf\tpGrf;jzifh rawGra0odaewJh todÓPfav;eJY ,SOfNyD;-
awmh bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifyg/ bmajymwmvJ¿
todaw yDaw cg,daw om,daw orÜZmeum&D a[mwd/
(r?1?72/)
todaw = pm;&mü/ yDaw = aomuf&mü/ cg,daw = cJ&mü/
om,daw = vsuf&mü/ orÜZmeum&D = orÜZOfÓPfjzifh jyKavh&Sd
onf/ a[mwd = jzpf\/
pm;wJhtcg orÜZOfÓPfeJY jyKyg? cJwJhtcg orÜZOfÓPfeJY jyKyg?
aomufwJhtcg orÜZOfÓPfeJY jyKaeyg? vsufwJhtcg orÜZOfÓPfeJY
jyKaeyg? bmajymwmvJ¿
pm;&ifvnf; cE¨mig;yg;? aomuf&ifvnf; cE¨mig;yg;? cJ&ifvnf;

cE¨mig;yg;? vsuf&ifvnf; cE¨mig;yg;? tJ'DcE¨mig;yg;ukd ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;
y&rwfokdY ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif xkd;xGif;odcJh&if xkdyk*¾dKvfoEÅmefrSm
toar®m[orÜZOfÓPfjzpfNyw D ahJ emf/ (r?|?1?265/) xkt
d oar®m[orÜZOf-
ÓPfukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;NyD;awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ygwJh/
tJ'Dtykdif;awmh aemufrS xyfajymr,faemf? uJ - tcktrSwf (5)
Oyrm Oyar,staeeJY &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f y#duv l oabmtm;jzifh ESv;Hk -
oGif;NyD;awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;zkdY ajymNyD;NyD/ aemufxyf trSwf
(6)aygYaemf/ ykwrå o
H yl rokweå rf mS vm&Sad ewJh trSwf (6) &G&H mS pufqyk -f
zG,f oabmtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f Ny;D awmh pm;yku
H av;ukd b,fvdk zGix hf m;-
ovJ¿
6/ awmifhwcsufukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;wJh pdwf"mwfjzifh
pm;yg
'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY[m olwkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh wpfOD;
wnf;aom om;uav;&JU tom;ukd pm;aewJh tcsdeftcgrSm b,fvkd
pdwf"mwf&SdovJ¿ aemufxyfwpfzef wdkY 'Dvdkom;&JU tom;rsKd;ukd
pm;&&if aumif;rSmyJqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm;rsKd; awmifhwcsufrsKd; &Sdovm;¿
r&SdMubl;aemf/ awmifhwcsufukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufNyD;oGm;wJh
pdwfxm;jzifhomvQif 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;aeMuw,faemf/
qGrf;cHwJhtcg wpfcgwpf&H rGefjrwfwJh tqifhtwef; jrifhaewJh
abmZOfawG &csif&r,f/ wpfcgwpf&H Murf;wrf;wJh tqifhedrfhusaewJh
abmZOfvnf; &csifvnf; &vdrfhr,faemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm bmjzpfrvJ¿
'DaeYawmh rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOfudk &Ny?D &vku
d af wmh 'DaeYwif olu
auseyfovm;¿ rauseyfjyefbl;/ eufjzefvnf; 'Dvdk rGefjrwfwJh
abmZOfav;&&if odyfaumif;r,f? oefbufcgus&ifvnf; 'Dvkd
248 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfav;&&if odyfaumif;r,fqkdNyD;awmh 'Dpdwfxm;jzifh

awmifhwaew,f/
okdYaomf &[ef;qkdwm rGefjrwfwJhabmZOf &awmhvnf; reufjzef-
us&ifvnf; 'Dvdk aumif;wmuav;&&if odyaf umif;r,f/ oefbufcg
us&ifvnf; 'Dvkd aumif;wJh rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOfuav;&&if odyaf umif;-
rSmyJqw dk hJ awmifw
h csuf rjzpfap&bl;aemf/ Murf;wrf;wJh tpmtm[m&-
ukd &cJh&ifvnf; [kdraeYuvkd 'DaeYvnf; rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfukd &cJh&if-
awmh odyfaumif;rSmyJ? 'DaeYawmh r&avjcif;qkdNyD;awmh pkd;&drfaewJh
pdwxf m;ç ylaqG;wJh pdwxf m; &d&S rvm;¿ r&S&d bl;/ tJ'v
D pdk w
d x
f m; r&Sad p-
&bl;wJ/h bk&m;&Sib f ufuawmh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;taeeJY olu tpm-
tm[m&ukd pm;w,fqkdwm 'Dpdwfxm;rsKd;uav;awG r&Sdapcsifbl;/
'DaeY aumif;wmuav;&&if &wmuav;eJY auseyfapcsifw,f/
raumif;wmuav;&&ifvnf; raumif;wmuav;eJY auseyfapcsif-
w,f/ auseyfapcsifw,fqkdwm bmajymwmvJ¿ qGJjcif;av;ukdifNyD;
aps;xJomG ;wJh ykpH rH sK;d vky&f rvm;¿ 'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSm jyefajymjyr,f/
a,m*Dvyk w f hJ yk*d¾Kvwf xYdk m;&S&d r,fh pdwx
f m;yJ/ rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOf-
ukd &cJ&h ifvnf; eufjzefvnf; 'Dvdk rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOf&&if odyaf umif;-
rSmyJ/ oefbufcgus&ifvnf; 'Dvrdk eG jf rwfwhJ abmZOf&&if aumif;rSmyJ
qkwd hJ 'Dvakd wmifw
h wJph w d xf m;ukd rjzpfap&bl;/ Murf;wrf;acgif;yg;aewJh
nHhzsif;wJh tpmtm[m&ukd &&SdcJh&ifvnf; raeYuvkd igYrSm 'DaeY
rGefjrwfwJhabmZOf r&avjcif;qkdNyD; tzefzef txyfxyf pkd;&drfjcif;
rauseyfjcif;qkdwJh oabmw&m;ukdvnf; rjzpfap&bl;/ rjzpfapbJeYJ
bmvkyfovJ¿
(edwaPSe =) vkdvm;wyfrufwJh wPSm r&dSbJ ../
twDwH emEkaompmrd? eyÜZyÜgrdem*wH/
ypöKyÜaEée ,mayrd? awe 0aPÖm yoD'wd/ (Zm?2?156/)

'D*gxmav;u awrdZmwfu vm&SdwJh *gxmav;ygaemf/ awrd
rif;om;ukd b,fvt dk aMumif;w&m;aMumifh tom;ta&awGu jynfNh zKd ;-
NyD; ½kyftqif;awGu tvGef MunfvifaeygovJqkdNyD; ar;vdkufwJh
tcgrSm jyefajzwJh tajzuav;yJ/ tJ'Dtajzuav;ukd aqmifNyD;awmh
t|uxmq&mawmfu zGiq hf x
dk m;w,f/ olawmfaumif;qkw
d m 'Dawrd
rif;om;&JU awrdZmwfawmfrSmvm&SdwJh qkdqkH;rcsufukd tpOfwpkduf
ESvkH;oGif;&r,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
twDwH = twdwu dk nf;yJ/ emEkaompmrd = tzefzef txyfxyf
f v
pkd;&drfylaqG;rI r&dSyg/ tem*wH = tem*wfukdvnf;yJ/ eyÜZyÜgrd =
arQmfvifhawmifhwrI r&Sdyg/ ypöKyÜaEée = ypöKyÜefjzifhomvQif/ ,mayrd =
igrQwí aeyg\/ awe = xkaYd Mumif/h ar = ig\/ 0aPÖm = ½kyt f qif;-
onf/ yoD'wd = Munfvifí aeygay\/
twdwu f v
dk nf; vSr;f awG;Ny;D awmh aqG;Ny;D awmh raebl;/ tem*wf
ukdvnf; vSrf;NyD; arQmfvifhawmifhwcsuf rxm;bl;/ ypöKyÜef &&orQeJYyJ
a&mifh&J NyD;awmh aew,f/ rQwNyD; aew,f? 'gaMumifh igY&JU ½kyftqif;-
awG[m tvGef MunfvifNy;D aeygw,fqNdk y;D awmh awrdrif;om;av;u
jyefNyD;awmh tajzay;w,f/ tJ'D tajzukd bk&m;&Sifu wpfzef jyefNyD;-
awmh &[ef;awGukd a[mxm;wmygaemf/
'DtqkH;rMo0g'ukd igOD;xdyf&GufyefqifNyD;awmh ypöKyÜef&&orQeJY
omvQif ig rQwr,f/ auseyfr,fvYdk 'Dvdk pdw"f mwfrsK;d ukd arG;jrLNy;D awmh
tpmtm[m&ukd bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifygwJ/h tJ'v D dk ok;H aqmifcrhJ ,fqv dk Ydk
&dS&ifawmh eHygwf (6) ykwårHolyrokwåefrSm vm&SdwJh a'oemawmf
enf;twkdif; tpmtm[m&ukd pm;okH;jcif;jzpfw,f/ 'g y#dulvreod-
um& wpfrsK;d yJaemf/ uJ 'DaeY w&m;emaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGvnf; bke;f Bu;D u
250 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'Dow
k eå u
f dk a[maewmonf 'Dvpdk w
d x
f m;uav;awG xm;apcsiv f yYdk g/
bmjzpfvkdvJ¿ tJ'D pdwfxm;ukd rxm;Ekdifbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if edó&P
ynmac:wJh oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh ÓPf-
ynm&Sdrvm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S xGuaf jrmufaMumif; ÓPfynmr&Syd J tpm
tm[m&tay:rSm wG,fwmrufarmwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh &&orQESifh
ra&mifh&JEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh pdwf"mwfjzifh
tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0JcJh&if bk&m;&Sifu b,fvkd a[mawmfrlygovJ¿
(tmr*E¨ =) tn§t D a[mufawGudk rS0D aJ ewmyJ/ bmjzpfvv dk ¿J 'Dtpm-
tm[m&ukd taMumif;jyKNyD; tukokdvfw&m;awGu olUoEÅmefrSm
wkd;yGm;aeNyD/ rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfawG &&SdwJhtcgrSm jyHK;jyHK;eJY tvGef
auseyfwJh pdwfxm;jzifh pm;okH;aeNyD? Murf;wrf;wJh acgif;yg;aewJh
nHhzsif;wJh tpmtm[m& &&Sdjyefawmhvnf; rauseyfcsufawGukd
wpfyBHk u;D xrf;Ny;D awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H aeNy/D auseyfcsuaf wG-
ukd wpfyBHk u;D xrf;Ny;D awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H jcif;ç rauseyfcsu-f
awGukd wpfykHBuD;xrf;NyD;awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;okH;jcif;onf
tnD§ta[mufukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeonf rnfw,fvkdY ..'Dvdk
bk&m;&Sifu a[maeygw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh rdrdwkdYu tnD§ta[muf-
awGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifcsifwJhpdwfxm; r&SdcJhbl; qkdvdkY&Sd&if bmvkyf-
&rvJ¿
twDwH emEkaompmrd? eyÜZyÜgrdem*wH/
ypöKyÜaEée ,mayrd? awe 0aPÖm yoD'wd/ (Zm?2?156/)
twDwH = twdwu f vdk nf;yJ/ emEkaompmrd = tpOfwpku d vf u
dk íf
pk;d &dryf al qG;rIr&dyS g/ tem*wH = tem*wfuv dk nf;yJ/ eyÜZyÜgrd = arQmvf ifh
awmifw h rI r&Syd g/ ypöKyaÜ Eée = ypöKyeÜ &f &orQjzif/h ,mayrd = ig rQwí
aeyg\/ awe = xkdYaMumifh/ ar = ig\/ 0aPÖm = ½kyftqif;onf/
yoD'wd = Munfvifí aeygay\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ £rH Mo0g'H =

þuJhokdYaom tqkH;rMo0g'ukd/ tEkó&aEÅe = ÓPfjzifh tpOf-
avQmufí atmufarhojzifh/ ypöKyÜaEéae0 = ypöKyÜef&&orQaom
tm[m&jzifhomvQif/ ,mayómrd = ig rQwí aexkdifaytHh/ £wd
= þokdY ESvkH;ykdufí/ y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifxkdufygay\/
ypöKyeÜ &f &orQav;eJyY J auseyfMuygaemf/ qGjJ cif;av; ukid Nf y;D awmh
[kad ps;oGm;vku d f 'Daps;oGm;vku
d f oGm;aewJyh pHk u
H awmh olawmfaumif;eJY
tH0ifciG uf s jzpfMu&JUvm;¿ uk, d uf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S xGuaf jrmuf-
csiw f ,fqNdk y;D awmh 'Dae&mukad wmh vmaewmrSew f ,f/ wu,foo H &m
0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh usifh0wfy#dywfawGukd
ñGefMum;jyo qkdqkH;rvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rvkdufembl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if
tusKd;&SdygYrvm;¿ r&SdEkdifbl;/ 'g pOf;pm;aemf/
rdrdwkdYb0ukd rdrdwkdYu jr§ifhwifcsifw,f? rdrdwkdY&JU pdwf"mwfukd rdrd-
wku
Yd jri§ whf ifcsiw
f ,fç 'Dw, G wf mrufarmaewJh wPSm&m*w&m;awGudk
ukecf ef;apcsiw f ,fqv dk &Ydk &Sd if 'Dvdk tqk;H ruav;awGudk rdrw
d v
Ydk u
dk ef mzkYd
rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfw,f/ &wmav;eJY auseyfprf;yg/ okdYaomf wkdY-
&wmonf bk&m;&Sit f vkad wmfuawmh tyfpyfwhJ ypön;f 0w¬K jzpfygap/
rtyfr&m&wJh enf;ukdawmh bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;/
uJ aemufwpfck --- eHygwf (7) aygYaemf/
7/ okdrSD;odrf;qnf;vkdwJh pdwfxm; r&SdygESifh
'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY[m Munfhvkdufr,fqkd&ifaemf/ at; - 'DrQ-
avmufaomtom;ukd wkdY pm;NyD;wJhtcsdeftcg <uif;usefaeao;wJh
tom;&SdcJh&if 'Dtom;awGukd 'DuEÅm&c&D;cJukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf-
oGm;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm qm;awG tcsOaf wGeYJ a&mpyfNy;D awmh wkYd pm;r,f
qkdNyD;awmh okdrSD;odrf;qnf;vkdwJh pdwfxm;&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;aemf/
252 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aemufwpfck ---
uEÅm&c&D;cJuvnf; Ny;D qk;H oGm;NyD qkv
d &Ydk &dS if vlrsm;taygif; rjrifrD
tcsdeftcgtwGif; <uif;usefaewJh tom;ukd bmvkyfovJ¿ ajrxJ-
rSmaomfvnf; jrKyjf ypfMuw,f? rD;aomfvnf; ½IUd jypfMuw,f/ okrd ;DS odr;f -
qnf;jcif;qkdwJh vkyfief;&yfukd jyKvkyfMuovm;¿ rjyKvkyfbl;/ ykvif;-
av;awG Al;av;awGxJ xnfhNyD;awmh odrf;xm;wm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
olawmfaumif;rSefcJh&if okdrSD;odrf;qnf;vkdwJh pdwfxm; &Sd&rvm;¿
r&Sd&bl;vm;¿ r&Sd&bl;/ 'g owd&SdzkdY vkdtyfw,faemf/
'DokdrSD;odrf;qnf;aew,fqkdwJh vkyfief;&yfukd bk&m;&Sifu tvGef
&G&H mS pufqyk af wmfryl gw,faemf/ okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;jcif;qkw
d hJ vkyif ef;&yfeYJ
ywfoufNy;D awmh bk&m;&Siu f vnf; &[ef;awGudk oEé"d u d m&uodum© -
yk'fqkdNyD; oD;oefY ynwfxm;ygw,f/ xdk oEéd"dum&uodu©myk'fu
odkrSD;odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;okH;cJh&if ygpdwftmywf
oifhapqkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd wkduf½kduf ynwfxm;ygw,faemf/ bk&m;&Sif&JU
ynwfawmfawG[m rdrdwkdY usifhzkdY [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;vm;¿
[kwfygw,f/ usifh&r,fqkd&if usifhzkdYaum rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfw,f/
rdrw
d uYdk omoemawmfudk rScD ukd yf&yfNy;D aewmyJ? rScD u dk yf&yfaewJh
tykdif;rSm wkdYu a,m*DawGyJ? 0denf;eJY wkdYeJY bmrS rqkdifbl;/ 'Dvkdawmh
rpOf;pm;eJYaemf/ rdrdwkdYvnf; pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf usifhMur,fqkd&if
ukokdvfw&m;awmh rwkd;yGm;Ekdifbl;vm;¿ wkd;yGm;Ekdifygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif
ESpfNcdKufwJh usifh0wfyJ/ bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufaewJh usifh0wfawGukd rdrdwkdY
pGr;f tm;&Sod avmuf usiMhf ur,fq&dk if rdrw d &Ydk UJ oEÅmefrmS ukovdk w
f &m;-
awGu twkid ;f xuftvGef wk;d yGm;vmMurSm jzpfygw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh
tEémeraxm ygemeH?
cg'eD,meH taxmyd 0w¬meH/
v'¨g e oEéd" ð u,d&m?

e p y&dwåao wmed tvbrmaem/ (ok?ed?930/)
{0ar0 = þOyrmtwlomvQif/ bdu©Kem = a,m*g0p&&[ef;-
awmfonf/ tEémeH = qGrf;wkdYukdvnf;aumif;/ taxm = xdkYtjyif/
ygemeH = tazsm, f rumwku dk nf;aumif;/ cg'eD,meH 0g = cJz,
Yd v G w f u
Ydk dk
vnf;aumif;/ taxmyd = xdkYtjyifvnf;/ 0w¬meH 0g = t0wfwkdYukd
vnf;aumif;/ v'¨g = &&SdcJhonf&Sdaomf/ oEéd"ð = okdrSD;odrf;qnf;jcif;
oEéd"doabmw&m;ukd/ e u,d&m = rjyKoifh rjyKav&m/ wmed = xkd
qGrf;cJzG,fabmZOf t0wfouFef; tp&SdonfwkdYukd/ tvbrmaem =
r&cJoh nf&adS omf/ e p y&dwaå o = wPSm'd|w d jYdk zifh vkv
d m;awmifw
h rI-
vnf; rjzpfav&m/
qGrf;awG &NyD? tazsmf,rumawG &NyD? cJzG,fabmZOfawG &NyD?
'DaeY tuyfcHxm;&if 'DaeY pm;NyD;wmeJY bmvkyf&rvJ¿ pGefYypf&w,f/
'gu bk&m;&SiEf pS Nf cKd uw
f hJ pnf;urf;yJ? at; - t0wfouFe;f eJY ywfouf-
NyD;awmh enf;enf;awmh jyóemuav;awmh &Sdygw,f/
t0wfouFef;ukd bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmfawGukd wdpD0&dwfvkdY
ac:qkt d yfwhJ oif;ykid uf wpfxnf {uoDu wpfxnf ESpx f yfouFe;f u
wpfxnf ok;H xnfciG jhf yKxm;ygw,f/ tJ'x D uf ykv
d eG v
f mNyqD &dk if wcsKUd
rrQwEkdifwJh yk*¾dKvfawGukd iJhn§mNyD;awmh bk&m;&Sifu xkdouFef;awGukd
0duyÜemjyKNyD;awmh okH;pGJap qkdNyD;awmhvnf; cGifhjyKxm;w,f/ 0duyÜem
jyKw,fqw dk hJ t"dygÜ ,fu 'DouFe;f onf rdr&d UJ ypön;f r[kw?f rdrd &if;ES;D -
aewJh oDwif;okH;azmfwpfOD;&JU ypönf;om jzpfygw,fqkdNyD;awmh rdrd
ypön;f tjzpfeYJ rok;H bJ rdred YJ &if;ES;D aewJh oDwif;ok;H azmfwpfO;D &JU ypön;f
tjzpfeJY okH;pGJjcif;ukd 0duyÜemjyKw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'gu ygVdawmf-
enf;yJ/ t|uxmrsm;uawmh wdpD0&dwftaeeJY t"d|mef rwifbJ
y&du©m&apmVtaeeJY t"d|mefwifNyD; okH;&ifvnf; tyfygw,fqkdNyD;
254 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
cGifhjyKxm;ygw,f/ t|uxm&JU cGifhjyKcsufukdawmh tcsKdUtcsKdU 0denf;

av;pm;awmfrlwJh q&mawmfBuD;rsm;u odyfNyD;awmh tm;r&Mubl;/
tm;r&wJhtwGuf 0duyÜemjyKNyD; okH;pGJjcif;u bk&m;&Sif&JU tvkdawmfeJY
ykdNyD; eD;uyfw,f qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvkdawmh qkH;jzwfMuygw,faemf/ 'Dvkd
qkdqkH;rMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'Dvkd tpmtm[m&awGukd 'DaeY&&SdNyD;
rGe;f vGw
J meJY pGeyYf pf&w,f/ okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;xm;rI rjyKvyk &f bl;/ okaYd omf
'DZmwfaMumif;uav;ukdawmh bkef;BuD; A[kókwtjzpf enf;enf;
xyfNyD;awmh ajymygYr,f/
'Dodu©myk'fukd ynwfwJhtaMumif;&if; MunhfvkdufvkdY&Sd&if t&Sif-
tmeE´mrax&fjrwf\ OyZÑm,fq&m jzpfawmfrlwJh t&SifaAv|oDo
rax&fjrwfBu;D \ tpmtm[m&ukd okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;um tok;H jyKawmfr-l
jcif;ukd taMumif;jyKum ynwfawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ a0omvD
r[m0kefawmtwGif;rSm oDwif;okH;aewJh &[EÅmrax&fjrwfBuD;yg/
a0omvDNrKd UxJudk qGr;f cHwpfBurd <f uvku
d v
f &Ydk &dS if qGr;f [if;uav;awGeYJ
a&maewJh qGrf;awGukd xkdaeY bkOf;ay;vkdufw,f/
<uif;useaf ewJh qGr;f uav;awGudk a&aq;Ny;D awmh xrif;ajcmuf
vSe;f vku
d wf ,f/ tJ'x D rif;ajcmufuav;awGudk okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;Ny;D awmh
(7)&uf eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;awmfryl gw,f/ eda&m"ormywfu (7)-
&ufaphvkdY xvmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if <uif;usefaewJh aevSef;xm;wJh xrif;-
ajcmufukd a&uav;eJY tomuav; awNyD;awmh bkOf;ay;vkdufw,f/
bkO;f ay;Ny;D vk&Yd &dS if tJ'g aemufxyf (7)&ufxyfNy;D awmh eda&m"ormywf
0ifpm;awmfrlw,f/ (7)&ufjynfhvkdY wpfcg wpfzefaemufxyf eda&m"-
ormywfu xNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if <uif;usefaeao;wJh xrif;ajcmuf&Sd&if
tJ'x D rif;ajcmufuav;eJY a&uav;eJY qGwNf y;D awNy;D awmh bkO;f ay;-
vkdufw,f/ bkOf;ay;NyD; aemufxyf (7)&uf eda&m"ormywf xyfNyD;
0ifpm;awmfrljyefw,f/ wpfcgwpf&H a0omvDNrdKUtwGif;ukd wpfBudrf-
avmuf qGrf;cH<u&if (21)&ufavmuftxd eda&m"ormywfawGukd

0ifpm;Ny;D awmh aexdik v
f &Ydk wJh tajctae &Syd gw,f/ wpfcgwpf&H wpfv-
avmuftxd aew,fvkdY qkdw,f/
tJ'Dawmh wcsKdU&[ef;awmfawGu enf;enf; owdjyKrdMuw,f/
'Dukd,fawmfBuD; a0omvDNrdKUtwGif;ukd qGrf;cH<uwm wpfcgwpf&HrS
awGUw,f/ ol bmrsm;vkyfaeovJ¿ oGm;NyD; axmufvSrf;a&;eJY pkHprf;-
vkud wf hJ tcsed t
f cg ol&UJ aexkid yf Hk enf;pepfawGukd jyefNy;D awmh ajymjy-
w,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS bk&m;&Sifudk wifjyavQmufxm;awmh ..
bk&m;&Sifu 'Dolawmfaumif;uawmh &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfjzpfvkdY jyóem
aemufxyf ay:p&mr&Sad yrJh ykxZk efawGtwGuu f awmh jyóemawGu
rsm;pGm ½IyfaxG;NyD;awmh vmEkdifw,f/ vmEkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh cJzG,f
abmZOfawGudk okdrSD;odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh rbkOf;ay; rokH;aqmif&/
ok;H aqmifc&hJ if ygpdwt
f mywfoifah p qkNd y;D awmh odum© yk'f ynwfawmf
rl&ygw,faemf/ (0d?2?116/)
'gaMumifh omoemawmfrmS bk&m;&Siu f t&S naf jrmfjrifNy;D ynwf-
awmfrw l o
hJ u
d m© yk'u
f dk omoem0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;awG[m toufev YJ NJ y;D
½kdaopGm OD;xdyf&Guf yefqifNyD; vkdufemjyKusifhzkdY rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyf-
w,f/ &&SdvmwJh ypönf;0w¬Kukd odkrSD;odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;qkdwJh vkyfief;-
&yfukd bk&m;&Sif rESpfNcdKufbl;/ aemufwpfck bm rESpfNcdKufovJ¿
e p y&dwåao wmed tvbrmaem ..
wmed = qGrf;tp&SdwJh vSLzG,f0w¬Kypönf;pkwkdYukd/ tvbrmaem
hJ nf&adS omf/ e p y&dwaå o = wPSm'd|w
= r&&Scd o d jYdk zifh arQmv
f ifah wmif-h
wrIvnf; r&Sdav&m/
rdrd rSe;f csuef YJ ESr;f xGuu
f odyNf y;D ruku
d jf zpfaeNy/D 'DaeY xifvu
dk -f
wmu wpfrsKd; &wmu wpfrsKd; ykHpHajymif;oGm;NyDqkd&ifvnf; aemufaeY
256 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'Dvkd &ap&r,fqNdk y;D awmh arQmv

f ifah wmifw
h csuf xm;&rvm;¿ rxm;&-
bl;/ 'DtqkH;trukdawmh omoemh0efxrf; &Sif&[ef;wkdY[m tjrJwrf;
trSwf&ae&r,f/
rdru
d dk vmvSLwJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGrsm;NyyD J qkMd uygpkaYd emf/ ypön;f av;yg;ukd
&&Sd Ny/D &&dvS u kd wf t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm 'Dypön;f av;yg;xJu rdred YJ rQw½kaH vmuf
tvSLcHygaemf/ b,favmuf tvSLcH&rvJ¿ rQw½kHwJhaemf/ raeYu
ukd,f&ifuav;wpfyg;uawmh ar;w,f/ ]]q&mawmf ykPÖm;BuD;
ig;a,mufxJrSm wynfhawmfwkdY b,fykPÖm;xJ ygw,fvdkY rajymwwf-
bl;wJh}} uJ - oDv&SifawGaum ar;vkduf&OD;r,f/ b,fykPÖm;xJrsm;
ygaeovJ¿ uk&d ifav;uawmh olu ajymw,f/ wynfah wmfwu Ydk awmh
pm;NyD; vSJNyD; tdyfwJh ykPÖm;xJrSm ygw,feJYwlw,fwJh/ b,fhES,fwkef;
[kwfMuovm;¿ uJ - 'Dae&mrSm olu rdrdeJY rQw½kHyrmPuav;
tvSLcHbOk ;f ay;yg/ bkO;f ay;Ny;D wJt h cg <uif;useaf ewmukd rdr&d UJ oDwif;-
okH;azmfawGukd pGefYvTwfNyD;awmh vSL'gef;yg/ (oEéd"d =) okdrSD;odrf;qnf;
xm;jcif;qkw d hJ vkyif ef;&yfuadk wmh rjyKvyk yf geJ/Y jrwfpmG bk&m; wm;jrpf-
xm;w,faemf/ 'Dawmh rdrdwdkYu jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmfukd
rSw
D if;aexkid w f ,fq&dk if jrwfpmG bk&m; ESpNf cKd uaf wmfrw l hJ usi0hf wfy#dywf
uav;awGukd ½kdaopGm OD;xdyf&GufyefqifNyD; vkdufemjyKusifhzkdY rvkdbl;-
vm;¿ vkdtyfygw,faemf/ aemufwpfck ---
8/ tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0JaepOf rmefrmeukd ESdrfcsxm;yg
tJ'D ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;u 'Dom;&JU tom;ukd pm;vkdufNyD/ om;&JU
tom;ukd pm;aewJt h csed t
f cgrSm wkrYd w
S pfyg; tjcm;tjcm;aom yk*Kd¾ v-f
awG[m wkv Yd dk 'Dvdk om;&JU tom;ukd rpm;&ygbl; qkNd y;D awmh axmifvmT ;
wuf<uwJh rmefrmew&m;awG xkdZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm
jzpfovm;¿ rjzpfb;l / pdwx f rJ mS vnf; rjzpfb;l / EIwu
f vnf; xkwaf zmf-
NyD;awmh axmifvTm;wuf<uaewJh pum;awGukd ajymMum;ovm;¿

rajymMubl;/ b,fvkdvJ¿
ed[wrmem = csxm;tyfaom rmefrme &Sd Muukefonfjzpfí/
ed[w'yÜg = csxm;tyfaom wuf<uaom pum;&Sd Muukeo
f nf/ [kwmG
= jzpfMuukefí/ 'g
'g'' ðok = cJpm;Muavukef\/
ESrd cf sxm;wJh rmefrmew&m; xif&mS ;&SNd y;D rS 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;-
w,f/ axmifvTm;wuf<uwJh pum;awGukd rajymMum;bJeJYomvQif
'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;okH;Muw,f/ ]]wdkYu 'Dvkdpm;aewm oif;wdkYvkd
tnHhpm;[mrsKd;awGukd pm;aewm r[kwfbl;? wkdYpm;wmrsKd; oif;wdkY
b,fpm;EkdifrvJ}} 'Dpum;rsKd;awGukd olwkdYajymMuovm;¿ rajymMu-
bl;aemf/
bk&m;&Sifbufuawmh wynfhom0uawGukd rmefrme r&SdbJeJY
tpmtm[m&ukd pm;apcsifygw,f/ wdkYu 'Dvdk pm;aewmyJqkdNyD;awmh
*kPf,l0ifh<um;wJh pdwfxm;jzifh pm;wJhykHpHukd bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿
rESpfNcdKufbl;/ *kPf,l0ifh<um;NyD; ajymMum;aewmrsKd;ukdaum bk&m;&Sif
ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;/ b,fhES,fwkef; a,m*DawG <um;rsm;
<um;wwfMuvm;¿ r<um;ygbl;vkdY ajymwJhyk*¾dKvfu b,fESpfa,muf-
avmuf &SdovJ¿ enf;enf;av;yJ? rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh vufpGyf-
uav; 0wfxm;wJhyk*¾dKvfu vufuav; wjzefYjzefYawmh rvkyfwwf-
bl;vm;¿ vkyw f wfygw,f/ vlwpfa,mufu ar;cGe;f wpfck ar;vku d Nf yD
qkd&if vufnKd;av; xkd;xkd;NyD;awmh 'Dae&mjy& [kdae&mjy& rvkyfcsif-
bl;vm;¿ vkyfcsifMuw,f/ tvSL&SifrSef;odatmif r@yfwkdifav;ukd
zufNyD;awmh wufrjyvkdufcsifbl;vm; ..¿ wufjycsifMuw,f/ tJ'D
pdwfxm;rsKd;ukd bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufovm;¿ rESpfNcdKufbl;wJhaemf/
rGejf rwfwahJ bmZOfawG &&Scd NhJ yD qkv
d &Ydk &dS if ig[m rGejf rwfaewJh qGr;f
258 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ouFef;tp&SdwJh ypönf;av;yg;ukd &avh&SdwJhyk*¾dKvf jzpfw,fvdkY 'Dvkd

axmifvTm;wuf<uwJh pdwfxm;ukdvnf; rjyKoifhbl;/ axmifvTm;aewJh
<um;0gwJh pum;rsKd;ukdvnf; rajymMum;oifhbl;aemf/
]]em,H yAÁZÆm pD0&m'da[wk? t&[wåa[wk yem,H yAÁZÆm}}wd
ypöa0u©dwGm ed[wrme'ayÜae0 y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm/ (oH?|?2?100/)
t,H yAÁZÆm = þ&Sif&[ef;\ tjzpfonfum;/ pD0&m'da[wk =
ouFef;paom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh/ e OyÜZÆwd = jzpfay:ívm
onfum; r[kwfay/
rdrd omoemhabmif0ifa&mufvmwJh OD;wnfcsufu bmvJ¿
&Sif&[ef;jyKvmwJh OD;wnfcsufukd jyefMunfhvkdufvkdY&Sd&if ouFef;wnf;
[laomtaMumif;aMumifh qGr;f wnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh ausmif;-
wnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh aq;ypönf;wnf;[laom taMumif;-
aMumifh &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf/ bmtwGuf
&Sif&[ef;jyKvm&ovJ¿
t,H yAÁZÆm = &Sif&[ef;tjzpfonfum;/ t&[wåa[wk = t&-
[wåzkdvfwnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh/ OyÜZÆwd = jzpfay:í vm&-
ay\/
t&[wåzkdvfwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifhomvQif
'D&[ef;tjzpfqwdk m jzpfay:vm&w,f/ t&[wåzv dk u
f dk vkcd siaf wmif-h
wwJh pdwfxm;jzifhomvQif igonf &Sif&[ef;jyKvmjcif; jzpfw,f/
£wd = þokdY/ ypöa0u©dwGm = ÓPfjzifhqifjcifí/ ed[wrme-
'ayÜae0 = csxm;tyfaom rmefrme (= 'yÜw&m;) xif&mS ;jzpfonf&í
dS
omvQif/ y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm = bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifxdkufay\/
qGr;f ouFe;f ausmif; aq;qkw
d hJ ypön;f av;yg;ukd taMumif;jyKNy;D
ig &Sif&[ef;jyKvmwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ t&[wåzkdvfukd taMumif;-

jyKNy;D awmh ig &Si&f [ef;jyKvmwmyJ/ 'Dvkd ÓPfeq YJ ifjcifNy;D awmh ESrd cf swhJ
rmefrmew&m;&SdNy;D awmh ESrd cf saewJh 'yÜw&m;awG xif&mS ;&SdNy;D rS bkO;f ay;
ok;H aqmifyg/ <um;0gwJh pdwx f m;jzifçh *kP,
f w
l hJ pdwxf m;jzifçh 0if<h um;ae-
wJh pdwfxm;jzifh 0ifh<um;wJhpum;awG ajymNyD;awmh rpm;ygeJYwJh/ 'gu
eHygwf (8)yJ/ aemufwpfck --- eHygwf (9) Oyrmu bmvJ¿
9/ tm[m&tay:ç tvSL&Sit
f ay: ½Iwcf swhJ pdwx
f m; r&Syd gapESihf
ZeD;armifESHwkdY[m oJuEÅm&c&D;xJrSm oGm;aeMuNyD? uEÅm&xJrSm
qm;qkdwmvnf; r&Ekdifbl;? tcsOfqkdwmvnf; r&Ekdifbl;? tckd;txkH
tarT;tBudKif qkdwmvnf; b,fvkdrS r&Ekdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh qm;rygwJh
'D[if;jzifh bmtusKd;&SdrSmvJ¿ tcsOfrygwJh 'D[if;jzifh rqvmrygwJh
'D[if;jzifh teHrY aumif;wJh 'D[if;jzifh bmtusK;d &Srd mS vJ qkNd y;D awmh 'Dvdk
om;&JU tom;tay:ü ½Iwcf swphJ w d x
f m; &So
d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / ½Iwcf sjcif;
qkdwJh oabmw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;w,fwJh/
qm;ryg&aumif;vm;qkdNyD; ½IwfcswJh pdwfxm; r&Sdbl;? tcsOf
ryg&aumif;vm;qkwd hJ ½Iwcf swhJ pdwx f m; r&Sb
d ;l ? rqvmtp&Sw d hJ tarT;
tBudKifawG ryg&aumif;vm;qkdNyD; ½IwfcswJh pdwfxm;vnf; r&Sdbl;?
teHYtoufu raumif;bl;qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd ½IwfcswJh pdwfxm; &SdMu
ovm;¿ r&SdMubl;/ ½IwfcswJhpdwfxm;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufwJh
pdwf"mwfjzifhomvQif pm;Muw,f/ *sD;rrsm;Mubl;aemf/ edAÁmefoGm;r,fh
olawmfaumif; wpfO;D u odyNf y;D *s;D rsm;aer,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh xkt
d csed -f
tcgrSm tpmtm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD; &m*a'gotp&SdwJh udavom
tnpftaMu;awGu vl;vJayusNH y;D awmh rvmbl;vm;¿ vmvdrrhf ,f/
'gaMumifh 'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D u rdrw
d pYdk m;vku
d w
f hJ tm[m&eJY ywf-
oufNy;D awmh qm;rygvkYd tcsOrf ygvkYd tarT;eHo Y m rygvkqYd Ndk y;D ½Iwcf swhJ
260 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
pdwx f m; r&Sb
d J pm;Muovkd edAmÁ efudk oGm;vkw
d hJ w&m;bm0em usiMhf u-H
BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ewJh a,m*DvYdk ac:qkt d yfwhJ a,m*g0p&-
yk*¾dKvfoljrwfqkdwm b,fvkd pdwfxm;&Sd&rvJ¿
a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmf xm;&r,fh pdwfxm;av;ukd ykHeJUEIdif;NyD;
ajymaew,f/ qGrf;ukd &&SdvmwJhtcg rdrd &&SdwJh qGrf;ukd rauseyfwJh
rsufvkH;eJY MunfhNyD;awmh ----
jrif;awGpm;wJh xrif;eJw
Y al ewJçh EGm;pm;wJh xrif;eJw
Y al ewJçh Murf;-
wrf;wJh t&omuif;rJah ewJh 'Dtpmtm[m&jzifh tb,ftusK;d &SdrmS vJ/
at; - jrif;pm acG;pm EGm;pmeJYwlaewJh 'DMurf;wrf;aewJh t&om
r&SdwJh qGrf;jzifh bmtusKd;&SdrSmvJqkdNyD;awmh 'DqGrf;awGudk [kd acG;pm;-
cGufxJ oGm;NyD; xnfhypfvkdufMuawmhqkdNyD; 'Dvkd qGrf;ukd ½IwfcswJh
pdwfxm; r&SdygapeJYwJh/ ½IwfcswJh pdwf"mwfr&SdbJeJY pm;yg/ tm[m&qkd-
wmu aumif;csifvnf; aumif;r,f? raumif;aomfvnf; &Sdr,faemf/
aemufwpfck ---
tvSL&Siq f w
dk muawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifah ygYav.. rdrw d Ykd tvSL&Sif
ae&mrSm 0ifaeMunfhyg/ tqifhtwef; tjrifhrm;qkH; taumif;qkH;ukd
vSLcsiw
f phJ w
d "f mwf rsm;aomtm;jzifh &SMd uygw,f/ okaYd omfvnf; tm;-
rwefawmh rmefavQmhqkdwJh ykHpHvdkaygY/ taumif;pm;vSLcsifayr,fhvkdY
rdrdu vSLEkdifwJh pGrf;tifr&Sdawmh oifhwifhavsmufywf½kH wpfcgwpf&H
vSL&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd vSLvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm 'Dtpmtm[m&u
raumif;awmh bmjzpfovJ¿ 'DvkdtpmrsKd; b,fol pm;rSmvJ¿ usD;awG
acG;awGom oGm;Ny;D auR;vku d yf gqkNd y;D 'Dvdk tpmtm[m&ESihf tvSL&Siu f dk
½IwfcswJh pdwfxm;jzifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfqkdwm rpm;ygeJYaemf/ b,fvkd
jzpf&rvJ¿
o ywåygPd 0dp&aEÅm? trla*g rl*or®awm/

tyÜH 'geH e [DaV,s? 'gwm&H em0Zmed,m/ (oH?ed?2?161/)
'g bk&m;&Sif qkH;rxm;wJh tqkH;rav;yJ/
trla*g = rqGHUrtonf/ [kwGm = jzpfygvsuf/ rl*or®awm =
qGHUtwJhyk*¾dKvf[lí ac:a0:orkwftyfaom/ ywåygPd = oydwfukd
vufpGJvsuf/ 0dp&aEÅm = qGrf;cH&eftvkdYiSm vSnfhvnfusufpm;vsuf-
&Sdaom/ {o {aom = xkd&[ef;awmfonf/ tyÜH 'geHH = enf;yg;wJh
acgif;yg;wJh tvSL'geukdvnf;yJ/ e [DaV,s = r½Iwfcsav&m/ 'gwm&H
f /dk em0Zmed,m = rxDrjhJ rif rjyKvyk af v&m/ £wd
= ay;vSLaewJyh *k Kd¾ vu
£rH Mo0g'H = þuJhokdYaom bk&m;&Sif\ tqkH;trMo0g'ukd/ tEkó-
&aEÅe = tpOfavQmufíatmufarhojzifh/ y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm = bkOf;ay;
okH;aqmifxkdufay\/
bk&m;&Sif qk;H rxm;w,faemf/ &[ef;qkw d m &GmxJqrG ;f cHomG ;Nyq D &dk if
b,fvdk pdwx f m;&rvJ¿ (trl* =) rdru d rqGUH rtwm rSew f ,f/ 'gayrJ-h
vkdY iqGHUitvkdY ac:a0:orkwf&avmufatmif £aÈódu©muav;eJY
oGm;&w,f/ oGm;vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm oydwfuav; vufpGJNyD;awmh
qGrf;tvkdYiSm vSnfhvnfaewJh xkd&[ef;[m enf;enf;av; vSLvkdY&Sd&if
vnf; pdwx f u J 'DtvSL &Siu f dk okrYd [kwf 'DvLS zG,0f w¬Ktay:rSm ½Iwcf swhJ
pdwx f m; r&S&d bl;/ cyfnn hH ahH v; vSLvku d v
f vYdk nf; 'DvLS zG,0f w¬K tay:-
rSm 'DtvSL &Sit f ay:rSm ½Iwcf swphJ w d x
f m; r&S&d bl;/ ay;vSLaewJh tvSL-
&Sifukd rxDrJhjrif b,fawmhrS rvkyfygeJY/ 'gu bk&m;&Sif qkH;rxm;wm?
rdrwd [Ydk m bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmfrmS rSw D if;aexkid af ewJh yk*Kd¾ vrf eS cf &hJ if
'Dvdk qk;H rxm;wJh bk&m;&Si&f UJ tqk;H ruav;awGudk ½kad opGm OD;xdy&f u G f
yefqifNy;D vku d ef mjyKusizhf Ydk rvkb d ;l vm;¿ vkt d yfygw,f/ tckvdk w&m;-
bm0em tm;xkwaf ewJt h ykid ;f uav;awGrmS Munfah ygYaemf/ rdrb d ufu
vufuav; aq;pm;½kHyJ? tcefYoifh jyKjyifzefwD;ay;Muw,fqkd&if
262 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aus;Zl;awmif tvGewf ifzYdk raumif;bl;vm;¿ aumif;ygw,f/ ½Iwcf s-

w,fqkdwJh pdwfxm; rxm;oifhbl;aemf/
10/ tcsif;csif;vnf; rxDrJhjrif rjyKygESifh
'gu igYtwGuf 'gu eifhtwGuf 'gu igYom; 'gu eifhom;qkdNyD;
'Dvkd wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; rxDrJhjrifjyKvkyfvkdwJhpdwfxm; 'Dom;&JU tom;ukd
pm;aewJh tcsdeftcgrSm ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm &SdMuovm;¿
r&SdMubl;/
nDnDñGwfñGwfeJY 0rf;yef;womjzifh 0rf;ajrmufwJh pdwfxm;jzifh
cJpm;Muw,f/ 0rf;ajrmufwphJ w d x
f m;qkw d mu 'Dvdk wpfO;D tay:wpfO;D
auseyfwJhpdwfxm;vkdY ajymvkdwmyg/ 'Dtom;ukd pm;&vkdY 0rf;omaewJh
pdwxf m; 'Dvadk jymvk&d if;awmh r[kwbf ;l aemf/ ESpOf ;D twlwl pm;aomuf-
wJhtcsdeftcguav;rSm wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; MunfjzLwJh pdwf"mwfjzifhom
pm;Muw,f/ ckvkd trsm;pkaygif;NyD; aexkdifwJhtcsdeftcgrSm tpm-
tm[m&ukd pm;okH;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; rauseyfwJh
pdwf"mwfawGjzifh pm;aeMur,fqkd&if tukokdvfw&m;awG xyfNyD;
rwkd;yGm;bl;vm;¿ wkd;yGm;vmr,f/ wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; auseyfaewJh
MunfjzLaewJh pdwf"mwfjzifhom tpmtm[m&ukd pm;okH;MuygvkdY 'Dvkd
ajymcsifw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh ---
wcsKUd wcsKUd yk*Kd¾ vaf emf/ yk*Kd¾ vw
f ikd ;f awmh rqdv
k ykd gbl;/ qGr;f uav;
&Ny?D ouFe;f uav; &Ny?D ausmif;uav; &Ny?D aq;uav; &NyD qdMk uygpd-Yk
aemf/ tJ'Dvdk ypönf;av;yg;&&dSvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm t&Sifbk&m;wdkYu
olwpfyg;awG pGefYypfwJh avSum;cHkawGrSm&dSaewJh tpmtm[m&awGudk
vSnv hf nfNy;D &SmazGpm;aomufaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGjzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd yk*Kd¾ vrf sK;d -
awGudk b,fvdkyk*¾dKvfu taMumif;r&SdbJ vSLrSmvJ¿ t&Sifbk&m;wkdYvkd
yk*Kd¾ vrf sK;d awGukd arG;aewJh rdcift&if;aomfvnf; vSLr,fqw dk hJ pdwx
f m;
&Scd sirf S &Srd ,f/ vSL&aumif;rSe;f awmif odcsirf S odr,f/ wynfah wmfwu Ydk -
awmh b,fae&moGm;oGm; a&mufav&mae&mrSm rGefjrwfwJh qGrf;awG
ouFe;f awG ausmif;awG aq;awG ypön;f awG&vG,w f o hJ abm &Sd Muyg-
w,f/ ponfjzifh <um;vHk;uav;awG xkwfNyD;awmh oDwif;okH;azmf
yk*Kd¾ vw f Ydk tay:ü oDv&Sw d hJ t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfwt Ydk ay:ü rxDrjhJ rif
jyKvyk v f w dk hJ pdwx
f m; wcsKUd &SMd uw,f/ ypön;f av;yg; &Sm;yg;wkid ;f vnf;
rolawmfvYdk ajymvk&Yd rvm;¿ r&ygbl;/ t&Siaf vmouwdórax&fwYdk
MunfhaygY - t&Sifom&dykMwm&JU wynfh&if;yJ/ &[EÅmrax&fjrwfvnf;
jzpfygw,f/ twdwu f jyKpck w hJ hJ raumif;rItukov dk u
f u H av;u tusKd ;
ay;zk&Yd ef tcgtcGio hf ifah ewJt h wGuf qGr;f &&Smovm;¿ r&&Smbl;/ 'Dvdk
yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m oDvr&SdwyhJ *k Kd¾ vv f Ydk ajymvkjYd zpfrvm;¿ rjzpfb;l / wu,fh
oDv&Sad ewJh olawmfaumif; oDwif;ok;H azmfwpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ &[EÅm
rax&fjrwfyJ/ 'gayrJh olu qGrf;r&&Smbl;/ 'Dvkdr&wJh yk*¾dKvfawGukd
oGm;NyD;awmh rdrdwkdYu rxDrJhjrif rxDav;pm; vkyfoifhovm;¿ rvkyf-
oifyh gbl;wJah emf/ 'Dvdk rxDrjhJ rif rxDav;pm;vkyw f mukd &nf&, G Nf y;D awmh
bk&m;&Sifu okwåefwpfckrSm b,fvkd a[mxm;ovJ¿
]]aom awe vmbouúm&odavmaue tbdblawm y&d,m-
'dPÖpdawåm tan ayoav bdu©L twdrnwd/ wO§d wó bdu©a0
armCyk&doó a[mwd 'DC&wåH t[dwm, 'ku©m,m}}wd/
(oH?ed?2?161/)
aom = xkd&[ef;onf/ awe vmbouúm&odavmaue = xkd
vmbfylaZmfouúm& tausmfapmjzifh/ tbdblawm = vTrf;rkd;zdpD; cH&-
aom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ y&d,m'dPÖpdawåm = odrf;usHK;,liifíxm;tyf-
aom pdwfxm;&Sdonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ tan = rdrdrS tjcm;wpfyg;-
ukefaom/ ayoav bdu©L = oDvudk cspfjrwfEkd;wJh &[ef;awmfwkdYukd/
twdrnwd = rxDrJhjrifjyKvkyfí aewwfay\/ bdu©a0 = cspfom;
264 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&[ef;wdkY .../ wó armCyk&doó = xkdr*fzkdvfrS tcsnf;tESD;-

jzpfaom a,mufsm;\/ wH = xkduJhokdY rxDrJhjrifjyKvkyfí aejcif;onf-
um;/ 'DC&wåH = aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcgumvwkdY-
ywfvkH;/ t[dwm, = tusKd;pD;yGm;rJh&eftvkdYiSm/ 'ku©m, = qif;&J&ef
tvkdYiSm/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
'Dvdk bk&m;a[mxm;w,faemf/ oDv&Sad ewJh t&Siaf umif; t&Si-f
jrwfawGukd rdrdwkdYu rxDrJhjrifjyKw,f/ b,ftcgrSmvJ¿ rdrdu vmbf
awG odyf&NyD? tylaZmf odyfcHae&NyD? emrnfuvnf; odyfBuD;aeNyD? tJ'D
tcsdeftcgrSm vmbftylaZmfcH&jcif; emrnfBuD;jcif;qkdwJh 'Doabm-
w&m;awGu vTr;f rk;d zdp;D xm;wJh pdw"f mwf rdrrd mS ude;f 0yfaeNy/D 'Dw&m;-
awGu odrf;usHK;,liifxm;wJh pdwf"mwf&SdaewJh rdrdu rdrdrS tjcm;
wpfyg;jzpfwJh oDvukd cspfjrwfEkd;wJh t&Sifaumif;t&SifjrwfawGudk 'D
vmbfvmbukd tajccHNy;D awmh tylaZmfouúm&awGudk tajccHNy;D awmh
emrnfBu;D rIudk tajccHNy;D awmh rxDav;pm;vkyw f ,f/ rxDrjhJ rifjyKvyk -f
aew,f/ 'Dvrdk xDrjhJ rifjyKvyk af ewJh yk*Kd¾ vu f dk bk&m;&Siu
f (armCyk&o d =)
r*fzvdk ef Ad mÁ efrS tcsn;f tES;D jzpfwhJ a,mufsm;vkYd 'Dvdk ac:a0: ok;H pGx J m;-
ygw,f/ 'DarmCyk&do tokH;tEIef;uawmh (2)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ (t&Sif-
O'g,DwkdYvkd) 'Db0rSm r*fzkdvfedAÁmefukd b,fawmhrS r&xkdufwJh yk*¾dKvf
jzpfc&hJ ifvnf; xkyd *k Kd¾ vrf sK;d ukd jrwfpmG bk&m;u armCyk&o d vkYd ac:w,f/
('kw, d yg&mZduodum© yk'rf mS vm&Sw d hJ t&Si"f ed,rax&fwv Ydk )dk 'Db0rSm
r*fzkdvfedAÁmef &vwåHU jzpfayr,fhvkdY bk&m;&Sif armCyk&dovkdY ac:wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm &NyD;r[kwfao;&ifvnf; xkdyk*¾dKvfawGukd &Hcg jrwfpGm-
bk&m;u armCyk&dovkdY ac:ygw,f/ ck'Dae&mrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ
r*fzvdk ef Ad mÁ efrS tcsn;f tES;D jzpfaewJh 'D&[ef;tm; rdr&d UJ oDwif;ok;H azmf
jzpfaewJh oDvukd cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfawGtay:ü
rdru
d vmbfawG ody&f wmukd *kP, f Nl y;D awmh tylaZmfc&H wmukd *kP, f -l
Ny;D awmh emrnfBu;D aewmukd *kP,

f Nl y;D awmh rxDav;pm; jyKvyk w
f ,f/
avmurSm 'grsKd;awG r&SdMubl;vm;¿ &SdMuw,f/ odyf owdxm;zkdY
aumif;ygw,faemf/ rdru d twdwu f qnf;yl;xm;wJh yg&rDbek ;f uHav;-
u tm;aumif;aewJhtwGuf vmbfvmbawG aygrsm;w,f? tylaZmf
cH&w,f? *kPfowif;awG BuD;w,f/ rdrdvdk vmbfr&wJhyk*¾dKvfç t½kd-
tao tav;tjrwf rcH&wJyh *k Kd¾ vf emrnfrBu;D wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk txif
ao;zkaYd wmh rvkb d ;l / bmjzpfvv
Ydk ¿J 'Dvv
dk mbfvmb enf;yg;aewJyh *k Kd¾ vçf
tylaZmfrcH&wJyh *k Kd¾ vçf emrnfrBu;D wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGxrJ mS vnf; oDv&Sad ewJh
t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfawG r&SMd ubl;vm;¿ &SMd uygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdk
oDv&Sad ewJh t&Siaf umif; t&Sijf rwfawGudk oGm;Ny;D rdru d rxDav;pm;
jyKvkyfjcif;onf rxDrJhjrif jyKvkyfjcif;onf rdrdtwGuf aeYnOfh oHo&m
&Snjf rifph mG aom tcsed tf cgumvwkyYd wfv;Hk tusK;d pD;yGm;rJzh &Ydk ef qif;&J'u
k ©
a&mufzkdY&eftwGuf taMumif;jzpfw,fqkdNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u
qkdqkH;rxm;awmfrlw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh ----
{0H uÍöd tewdrndwGm oaAÁ[d ojA[®pm&D[d o'¨d H ora*¾e
oar®m'rmaee [kwGm y&dbkÍÆdwAÁH/ (oH?|?2?101/)
{0H = þokdYvQif/ uÍöd = wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvftay:ü/
tewdrndwGm = rxDrJhjrifrjyKrlí/ oaAÁ[d ojA[®pm&D[d = cyfodrf;-
aom oDwif;ok;H azmfwEYdk iS /hf o'ð¨ = twlwuG/ ora*¾e = nDñw
G af om
pdwf"mwfjzifh/ oar®m'rmaee = 0rf;ajrmufMunfjzLaompdwfxm;&Sd-
onf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ y&dbkÍÆdwAÁH = bkOf;ay;oHk;aqmifoifhay\/
olwpfyg;tay:ü rxDav;pm;vkyfcsifwJh 'Dpdwf"mwfr&SdbJ? rdrd&JU
oDwif;ok;H azmf yk*Kd¾ vt
f m;vk;H ESihf twltuG nDnñ
D w
G ñ
f w
G f MunfMunf
jzLjzL 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzifh bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifoifhw,faemf/ ,ck
ajymqkdcJhwJh taMumif;t&mawGuawmh bk&m;&SifñTefMum; qkH;rxm;-
266 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
awmfrw l hJ ykwrå o
H yl rokweå rf mS vm&Sad ewJh tpmtm[m&eJyY wfoufNy;D
tpmtm[m&ukd rSD0JokH;aqmifwJhae&mrSm xm;&SdoifhwJhpdwfxm;
okdYr[kwf ESvkH;oGif;&r,fh pdwfxm;uav;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ tm;vkH;
b,fESpfck &SdoGm;vJqkdawmh (10)ckyg/ rSwfrdMuvm;¿ (rrSwfrdygbl;/)
Muufom; b,faps;&Sdw,f? 0ufom; b,faps;&Sdw,f qkdvkdY&Sd&if
vG,fvG,fav;eJY rSwfrdr,f xifw,faemf/ uJ - rrSwfrd&ifvnf;
wpfacgufawmh xyfajymjyr,faemf/
qkdvkd&if; tusOf;csKyf
eHygwf (1)u bmvJ¿ eHygwf (1)u ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu rdrd
pm;aewJhtom; om;&JU tom;ukd pm;vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm wG,fwm
rufarmaewJh pdwx f m;r&Sb d eJ YJ pm;Muw,f/ tv,ftvwfvYdk ac:qk-d
tyfwJh tv,ftvwfrSm wnfaewJh pdwfxm;/ tv,ftvwfrSm
wnfaewJh pdwfxm;qkdwmu uEÅm&c&D;cJukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf-
csiaf ewJh pdwx
f m;eJY tpmtm[m&tay:ü vkv d m;wyfrufjcif; uif;Ny;D -
awmh ok;H aqmifjcif;jzifh ok;H aqmifMuw,f/ tJ't D wkid ;f yJ &[ef;qkw
d m-
u rdrd&&SdvmwJh tpmtm[m&tay:ü vkdvm;wyfrufjcif; qE´&m*
w&m; uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f jzifh oHo&mc&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufcsiw
f hJ
tv,ftvwfrmS wnfaewJh pdwx f m;jzifo
h m ok;H aqmif&w,f/ 'gu
eHygwf (1)/
eHygwf (2)uawmh 'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wku
Yd rdrwd &Ydk UJ om;uav;&JU
tom;ukd pm;vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm t½kd;awG taMumawG ta&awG
z,f&mS ;Ny;D aumif;Ek;d &m&m tom;awGudk a&G;cs,Nf y;D rpm;Muovkd rdrw d Ydk
vufokdY qkdufa&mufvmwJh tom;ukdomvQif qkdufa&mufonfh ykHpH
twkid ;f omvQif pm;Muovkyd /J tvm;wlyJ - &[ef;qkw d mu Murf;wrf;wJh
tpmtm[m&ukdyJ jzpfapç rGefjrwfwJh tpmtm[m&ukdyJ jzpfapç
&&Svd mwJh tcsed t

f cgrSm b,fvt dk pm;tpmukyd J jzpfap a&marTNy;D awmh
rdrdbufuae pNyD;awmh tpOftwkdif; pm;&w,f/ ikH;awG MuufawGvkd
[k,d uf 'D,ufeYJ rpm;&bl;/ aumif;Ek;d &m&mav;awGudk a&G;cs,Nf y;D awmh
rpm;&bl;/ jcaohu F o
hJ Ydk rdrb
d ufuae pNy;D awmh tpOftwkid ;f pm;&w,f/
'gu eHygwf (2)/
eHygwf (3)uawmh bmvJ¿ tpmtm[m&ukd pm;vkdufwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm 'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wku Yd vnfyif;a&mufonfw h idk af tmif tm;&Sd
yg;&Sd w0BuD; pm;Muovm;¿ rpm;Mubl;/ tenf;i,f tenf;i,f
wpfaeYwpfaeY rQw½kHavmufom pm;Muw,f/ at; - 'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ/
&[ef;qkw d m tm[&[w¬uykPmÖ ;tp&Sw d hJ ykPmÖ ;Bu;D awGvdk &vkud w
f hJ
tcsed t f cgrSm tvk&d o
dS vkd 0rf;Aku d jf ynfah tmif pm;Mu&rvm;¿ rpm;Mu-
&bl;/ av;vkwf ig;vkwfpmavmuf csefNyD;awmh <uif;usefaewJht&yf
tpmtdrfa'ouav;rSm a&ukd aomufNyD;awmh tpmtm[m&ukd
rdr&d UJ twkid ;f twmESihf EIid ;f csed Nf y;D awmh pm;ok;H &r,fw/hJ 'gu eHygwf(3)/
eHygwf (4)usawmh bmvJ¿ ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu tcsif;csif;
(0efwjdk cif; =) rpä&,
d tnpftaMu;awG uif;Ny;D awmh 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd
pm;Muovkd pifMu,faom pdwf"mwfjzifhomvQif tpmtm[m&ukd
pm;Muovkd tvm;wlyJ &[ef;qkdwm qGrf;&cJhr,fqkd&if 0efwkdjcif;
rpä&d,tnpftaMu; uif;NyD;awmh tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf oDv&SdwJh olawmf-
aumif;awGom awGUcJhr,fqkd&if tukeftvSLcHvkdu tukefvSLyg?
xuf0uf tvSLcHvu dk xuf0ufvLS yg? <uif;useaf eao;wJh tpmuko d m
pm;jcif;qkw d hJ om&PD,0wfudk jznfuh siNhf y;D awmh tpmukd pm;oifw
h ,f/
'gu eHygwf (4)/
aemufeHygwf (5)uawmh --- 'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;om;wdkY[m 'Dtpm
tm[m&ukd rdrdwkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh om;uav;&JUtom;ukd
pm;vku
d w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm 'gu orifom;yJ? 'gu a'gif;om;yJ? ponfjzifh
268 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'Dvdk pdwx f m;r&Syd J pm;Muw,f/ b,fvpdk w d x f m;om&SdNy;D pm;aeMuovJ¿

wkYd tifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh om;uav;&JU tom;yJvYdk 'Dvt dk odpw d -f
"mwfeYJ pm;aeMuw,f/ tvm;wly?J &[ef;qkw d mu tm[m&ukd pm;ok;H
vkdufwJh tcsdefcgrSm 'gu Muufom;yJ? 'gu 0ufom;yJ? 'gu ig;yJ
ponfjzifh 'Dvpdk w d xf m;eJY pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;/ wkt Yd ifrwef cspjf rwf-
Ekd;aewJh om;av;&JU tom;yJ? 'Dvkdpdwfxm;eJY pm;&rSm/ wkdY tifrwef
cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh tarh&UJ tom;ç wkYd tifrwef cspjf rwfE;dk aewJh taz&JU
tom;ç wkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh tpfukd&JUtom;ç wkdY tifrwef
cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh tpfr&JUtom;ç wkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh
om;uav;&JUtom;ç wkdY tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh orD;uav;&JU
tom;yJvYdk 'Dvpdk w d xf m;jzifh pm;ygwJah emf/ 'guwpfcsuf aemufwpfc-k
uawmh ---
'Dtm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh awGa0rI oar®m[w&m; r&SdbJ
tm[m&rSm wnf&adS ewJh ½kyw f &m;? 'Dtm[m&eJY ,SOw f NJG y;D jzpfay:aewJh
½kyfw&m;? 'D½kyfw&m;awGudk tm½kH,lNyD; jzpfay:aewJh emrfw&m;ç tJ'D
½kyfemrfawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh tMumif;w&m;awGukd &SmazGNyD;vQif
taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfukd tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóm½INy;D oar®m[w&m;awGukd y,f&mS ;Ny;D awmh
pm;yg/ 'gu eHygwf (5)yJ/
eHygwf (6) pm;enf;usawmh bmwJhvJ¿ 'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY[m
aemufxyf wpfzef 'DvkdcspfjrwfEkd;zG,f&maumif;aewJh om;uav;&JU
tom;ukd wkYd aemufwpfBurd v f nf; pm;&ygapqkw d hJ awmifw h csuf &So
d -
vm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ awmifhwcsufr&SdbJeJY awmifhwcsufukd ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufNyD; pm;Muovkd &[ef;qkdwmu rGefjrwfwJhabmZOfukd &NyD
qk&d ifvnf; eufjzefvnf; 'Dv[ dk mrsK;d 'Dvdk abmZOfrsK;d &&if odyaf umif;-
rSmyJ/ oefbufcgus&ifvnf; 'Dvdk abmZOfrsK;d awG rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOf-
awG&&if odyaf umif;r,f? [k;d aemufwpfaeYus&ifvnf; 'Dvdk rGejf rwfwhJ
abmZOfawG&&if odyaf umif;rSmyJqNdk y;D 'Dvadk wmifw h csuef YJ pm;&rvm;¿

rpm;&bl;aemf/ at;-Murf;wrf;wJh tm[m&ukd &Nyq D v dk &Ydk &dS ifvnf; aMomfµ
raeYwkef;uawmh rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfawG &av&JU? tJ'Dvkd raeYuvkd
rGejf rwfwhJ abmZOfr&bJ 'DaeYusawmh Murf;wrf;wJh nHw h hJ tpmtm[m-
&awGudk &avjcif;qkNd y;D awmh pdwrf csr;f omwJh pdw"f mwfjzifah um pm;&
rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;/ twdwfu &cJhNyD;wmawGukdvnf; vSrf;NyD;awmh
aqG;raeeJY? tem*wfukdvnf; vSrf;NyD;awmh rarQmfeJY? ypöKyÜef&&orQESifh
a&mif&h w
J if;wdrw f hJ pdw"f mwfjzifo h m tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ygwJ/h auseyf-
aer,fqv dk &Ydk &dS if b,ft&mrqkd tmvk;H [m rdrt d wGuf tvkq d E´jynf0h
aeygw,faemf/ uk, d x f if&if ukwifa&Teef;qkw
d hJ ykpH v H adk ygY/ &&orQav;eJY
auseyfaeNyq D v dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh rdrt
d wGuf orx-0dyóembm0emawGudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfzkdY&ef taumif;qkH;aom tcGifhta&;BuD; jzpfrae-
bl;vm;¿ jzpfaeNyDaemf/
ajcz0g;av; ao;ao;av;yJ/ 'gayrJh zdeyfvkdYac:wJh om;a&eJY
zkH;tkyfxm;vkduf&if ajrwpfjyifvkH;[m om;a&eJY zkH;tkyfNyD; jzpfroGm;-
bl;vm;¿ jzpfomG ;w,f/ 'gaMumifh oEÅ K|aD c:wJh a&mif&h v
J ,
G wf hJ r*Fvm
w&m;ukd vufukdifxm;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGtzkdY &&orQeJYom rQwwJh
pdw"f mwfom &Syd g/ wpfavmuvk;H rSm rauseyfcsuq f w
dk m olUoEÅmefrmS
jzpfEkdifOD;rvm;¿ rjzpfawmhbl;wJhaemf/ 'gu eHygwf (6)yJ/
aemufeyH gwf (7)u bmvJ¿ at; - 'DZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wku Yd 'Dtpm-
tm[m&ukd pm;vku d w f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm uEÅm&c&D;cJ oGm;vmaewJh tcsed -f
tcgrSm wku Yd 'DavmufyJ pm;r,f/ <uif;useaf eao;wJh tpmtm[m&
uav;udk wkdY odrf;xm;NyD;awmh uEÅm&c&D;cJudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf
oGm;wJh tcsed t f cgusawmh wkYd qm;wYdk tcsOw f eYdk YJ a&mpyfNy;D awmh pm;r,f
qkNd y;D 'Dvdk okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;wJh pdwx f m;&So
d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / uEÅm&c&D;cJukd
ausmv f mT ; vGeaf jrmufomG ;onfEiS hf wpfNyKid ef ufwnf; wjcm;yk*Kd¾ vaf wG
270 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rjrifcif 'Dtpmtm[m&awGudk ajrwl;Ny;D jrK§ yyf pfw,f/ (okrYd [kw)f rD;½IUd -

ypfw,f/
&[ef;qkdwmvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ &&orQ qGrf;cJzG,fabmZOfawGukd
okdrDS;odrf;qnf;rI r&SdbJ okdrSD;odrf;qnf;jcif;ukd rjyKbJeJYpm;yg/ aemif
tem*wftwGuf vSrf;NyD;arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh pdwf"mwfeJY pm;&
rvm;¿ rpm;ygeJYaemf? tu,fírsm; tm[m&awGu rsm;rsm; &cJhr,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&if &&SdvmwJh tm[m&awGukd rdrdtwGuf rQw½kHavmufom
vufcHNyD; ykdvQHaeao;wJh tm[m&awGukd rdrd oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYtm;
vSL'gef;NyD;awmhrSomvQif pm;okH;yg/ 'gu eHygwf (7)yJ/
eHygwf (8)usawmh bmjzpfvJ¿ om;&JUtom;udk pm;aewJh ZeD;-
armifESHESpfOD;wkdY[m igwkdYrS wpfyg;tjcm;tjcm;aom yk*¾dKvfawGu 'Dvkd
cspfjrwfEkd;zG,f&m aumif;aewJh om;&JUtom;ukd rpm;&bl;qkdNyD;awmh
axmifvTm;wuf<uaewJh rmefrmew&m;awG 0ifh<um;wJh pum;awG
ajymMuao;vm;¿ rajymbl;aemf/ axmifvTm;wuf<uaewJhpdwfxm;
0ifh<um;wJhpum; ajymMum;jcif;qkdwJh pdwfxm;awGukd ausmfvTm;vGef-
ajrmufNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS 'Dom;uav;&JU tom;ukd pm;Mu-
w,f/ at; - 'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ &[ef;qkdwm rGefjrwfwJh abmZOfawGukd
rGefjrwfwJh ypönf;av;yg;ukd &&SdNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if ig[m rGefjrwfwJh qGrf;
ouFef; ausmif; aq; ypönf;av;yg;ukd &&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfyJqkdNyD;awmh
rmefrmeawG axmifvTm;&rvm;¿ raxmifvTm;&bl;/ 0ifh<um;aewJh
pum;awGvnf; ajymMum;&rvm;¿ rajymMum;&bl;/ rmefrme axmif-
vTm;rIr&SdbJ 0ifh<um;wJhpdwfxm; r&SdbJeJY tpmtm[m&ukd pm;yg/
rdrd omoemhabmif0ifa&mufvmwJh tajccH taMumif;&if;av;ukd
rarhaysmufygapeJY bmwJhvJ¿ qGrf; ouFef; ausmif; aq;qkdwJh ypönf;
av;yg;udk &vkdrIukd taMumif;jyKNyD; ig omoemhabmif0ifa&mufNyD;
&Si&f [ef; jyKvmwm r[kwbf ;l / t&[wåzv dk w
f nf;[laom taMumif;-
aMumifhomvQif igonf omoemabmifokdY 0ifa&mufNyD; &Sif&[ef;

jyKvmw,f/ 'Dpw
d "f mwfjzifh qifjcifNy;D awmh rmefrme uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f -
jzifh tpmtm[m&ukd pm;ygwJh/ 'gu eHygwf (8)aemf/
eHygwf (9)usawmh b,fvkdpdwfxm;rsKd;vJ¿ -- tpmtm[m&[m
wpfcgwavusawmh qm;rygwJh tpmtm[m& jzpfcsifjzpfr,f?
wpfcgwav tcsOfrygwJh tm[m& jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? wpfcgwav
tarT;eYo H mrygwJh tm[m& jzpfcsiv
f nf; jzpfr,f/ b,fvdk tm[m&yJ
&ygap? 'DZeD;armifESH ESpfOD;wkdY[m rdrdwkdYom;uav;&JU tom;rSm
qm;vnf; rygbl;? tcsOfvnf; rygbl;? tarT;eHYomawGvnf; bmrS
rygbl;? ryg&aumif;vm;qkdNyD;awmh 'Dtm[m&tay:ü ½IwfcswJh
pdwx f m;vnf; &SdMuovm;¿ r&SdMubl;/ ½Iwcf swhJ pdwx
f m;ukd ausmv
f mT ;
vGeaf jrmufwhJ pdw"f mwfjzifo
h mvQif 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H Muw,f/
tvm;wlyJ? &[ef;qkdwmu rnfhonfhtm[m&ukdrqkd &&SdcJhr,fqkdvkdY
&S&d if xk&d &Sw
d hJ tm[m&[m aumif;onfyjJ zpfap raumif;onfyjJ zpfap
'Dtm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD; ½IwfcswJh pdwfxm; &Sd&rvm;¿ r&Sd&bl;/
tm[m&tay:rSmvnf; ½IwfcswJhpdwfxm; r&Sd&bl;? tvSL&Sif
tay:üvnf; ½IwfcswJhpdwf"mwf r&Sd&bl;/ tm[m&tay:üvnf;
½Iwcf swphJ w
d x
f m; r&Sb
d J tvSL&Sit
f ay:üvnf; ½Iwcf swphJ w
d "f mwf r&S-d
bJeJY bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifygwJh/
eHygwf (10) usawmh bmjzpfv¿J at; - wpfO;D eJw Y pfO;D ZeD;armifEHS
ESpfOD;wkdYu tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;aewJh om;uav;&JU tom;ukd pm;wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; rxDrJhjrif jyKvkyfvkdwJh pdwfxm; &Sdo-
Muvm;¿ r&SdMubl;/ rxDrjhJ rifjyKvyk rf I r&Sd MubJ rxDrjhJ rif jyKvyk jf cif;qkw
d hJ
'Dpw
d "f mwfawGudk ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufNy;D nDnñ D wG ñ f wG f 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om MunfMunfE;l El;eJY pm;Muw,f/ wpfa,muftay: wpfa,muf
MunfEl;aewJh pdwf"mwfjzifh pm;Muw,f/
272 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tvm;wlyJ &[ef;qkw d mu tpmtm[m&ukd &&SdNyq D vdk &Ydk &dS if rdru

d
&&Sdjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh wpfbufom;yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtay:ü
rxDrjhJ rif jyKvyk &f rvm;¿ rjyKvyk &f bl;/ rxDrjhJ rif rjyKvyk bf J ½k½d akd oao
av;av;pm;pm;jzifh oDwif;ok;H azmfwEYdk iS hf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om twlwuG
pm;ok;H &r,fw/hJ aygif;vku d af wmh b,fEpS cf v
k ¿J (10)ckaemf/ 'gu 'Dyw k -å
rHoyl rokweå rf mS vm&Sad ewJh tm[m&eJY ywfoufNy;D awmh &GUH &Smpufqyk -f
zG,f ESvkH;oGif;ykH (10)ckyJ/
uJ - enf;enf;av; w&m;jyefqufMunfMh u&atmif jrwfpmG bk&m;-
u 'Dyw
k rå o
H yl rokweå rf mS b,fvadk [maeovJ¿ enf;enf;av; pum;
jyefquf&atmif ---
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... igbk&m; ar;r,f? 'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdY
tpmtm[m&ukd pm;wJhtcsdeftcgrSm jrL;xl;aysmfyg;zkdY&ef upm;zkdY&ef
twGufqkdwJh OD;wnfcsufeJYaum pm;Muovm;¿ rmef,pfzkdY&eftwGuf
wpfOD;ay:wpfOD; rmefrmeawG axmifvTm;zkdY&eftwGuf OD;wnfcsufeJY-
aum 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;aeMuovm;¿ wefqmqifzkdY&eftwGuf
'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;aeMuovm;¿ rdrd tom;ta& jynfNh zKd ;wifw h ,f
&eftwGuf OD;wnfcsufeJYaum 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;aeMuovm;¿
'Dvkd bk&m;&Sifu ar;Munfhw,faemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm &[ef;awGu (aem aem
a[wH baEÅ =) r[kwfygbl; jrwfpGmbk&m; - qkdNyDawmh jyefNyD;awmh
avQmufxm;w,faemf/
]eEk aw bdu©a0 ,m0a'0 uEÅm&ó edw¬&Pw¬m, tm[m&H
tm[ma&,sK}}EÅd¿
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ aw = xkdZeD;armifESHESpfOD;om;wkdY-
onf/ ,m0a'0 uEÅm&ó edw&¬ Pw¬m, = uEÅm&c&D;cJukd ausmv f mT ;
vGeaf jrmuf&ef tvkiYd mS omvQi/f tm[m&H = tm[m&uk/d tm[ma&,sKH
eEk = pm;okH;Muonfr[kwfygvm;¿
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY 'DZeD;armifESHESpfOD;wkdYu rdrdwkdY tvGef cspfjrwf-

Ek;d aewJh om;uav;&JU tom;ukd pm;wJt h csed t
f cgrSm rdrw
d Ydk oGm;aewJh
tvGef ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufz&Ydk ef cufcaJ ewJh uEÅm&c&D;cJudk ausmv f mT ;
vGeaf jrmuf&efqw kd hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifoh mvQif 'Dtpmtm[m&ukd pm;ok;H
aeMuw,f r[kwfbl;vm;¿ 'Dvkd ar;Munfhw,f/ ar;vkdufwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; ({0H {0H baEÅ =) rSeyf gw,f jrwfpmG bk&m;
qkdNyD;awmh jyefavQmufxm;w,faemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu
bmjyefrdefYMum;awmfrlovJ¿
uAVDum&m[m&ykdif;
]]{0ar0 cGm[H bdu©a0 uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m '|aAÁm}}wd
0'grd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ {0ar0 acg = þOyrm
twlomvQif/ uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m = uAVDum&tm[m&ukd/
h [lí/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mawmfr\
'|aAÁmwd = ½Ioif\ l /
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... 'DOyrmtwkdif;yJ uAVDum&tm[m&ukd
oifcspfom;wkdY ½Ioifhw,fvkdY igbk&m;a[mygw,f/ 'DOyrmqkdwm
b,fESpfcsufvnf; (10)csufaemf ../ tJ'D Oyrm (10)csufeJYtwl
'Dtm[m&ukd ½INyD;awmh pm;okH;MuygvkdY 'Dvkd igbk&m; a[mygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd ½IEkdifr,fqkd&if bmjzpfrvJ¿
y&dnmokH;yg;
uAVDuma& bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmaw yÍöumr*kPdaum
&ma*g y&dnmawm a[mwd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ uAVDuma& tm[ma& =
uAVDum&tm[m&uk/d y&dnmaw = y&dnmÓPfo;Hk rsK;d wkjYd zifh ykid ;f ykid ;f
274 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;í odjrifcJhonf&Sdaomf/ yÍöumr*kPdaum &ma*g =

tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdYukd rSDíjzpfay:vmaom yÍöumr*kPdu
&m*w&m;uk/d y&dnmawm = ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; xk;d xGi;f í odNy;D jzpfonf/
a[mwd = jzpfay\/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY uAVDum&tm[m&ukd y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;jzifh
ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm;om oifcspo
f m;wkYd xk;d xGi;f odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/
uAVDum&tm[m&ukd y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;
odcrhJ ,fq&dk if tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;awGty:ü wG,w f mrufarm-
aewJh yÍöumr*kPdu&m*ukd oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawGvnf; ykdif;ykdif;
jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;odNyD; jzpfygvdrfhr,faemf/ odvkduf&if bmjzpfrvJ¿
yÍöumr*kPdau &ma* y&dnmaw ew¬d wH oHa,mZeH a,e
oH a ,mZaee oH , k a wå m t&d , om0aum yk e £rH avmuH
tm*apä,s/
yÍöumr*kPdau &ma* = tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdYtay:ü
wG,w f mrufarmvsuf rSí D jzpfay:vmaom yÍöumr*kPu d &m*w&m;-
ukd/ y&dnmaw = y&d nmÓPfokH;rsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;í
odcJhonf&Sdaomf/ a,e oHa,mZaee = ,if;oHa,mZOfw&m;ESifh/
oH,ak wåm = ,SOw JG su&f adS om/ t&d,om0aum = t&d,mom0u-
f v
onf/ yke = aemufxyfwpfzef/ £rH avmuH = þumravmuokdY/
tm*apä,s = jyefvmav&m\/ wH oHa,mZeH = xdkuJhokdY umrbkHokdY
vm;a&mufaMumif;jzpfwhJ oHa,mZOfw&m;rsK;d onf/ ew¬d = r&SEd idk o f nf
omvQifwnf;/
yÍö u mr*k P d u &m* = tm½k H i g;yg; umr*k P f w &m;awG u k d
taMumif;jyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;tay:ü
wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'D&m*w&m;ukd oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG y&dnm
ÓPfokH;yg;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odcJhr,fqkd&if .. aemufxyfwpfzef

umrbko H Ydk vma&mufaMumif;jzpfwhJ oHa,mZOfw&m;awG oifcspo f m;-
wkdY&JU oEÅmefrSm r&SdEkdifbl;/ r&SdcJhbl;qkd&if oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG
'DumrbkHokdY aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS jyefrvm&awmhbl;/ 'Dvkd
a[mMum;awmfrlvkdufygw,f/
enf;enf; pOf;pm;MunhfaygY/ umrbkHqkdwm b,fvkd bkHjzpfw,f
qkw d m uk, d af eaewJh Xmejzpfjcif;aMumifh rodEidk b
f ;l vm;¿ awmfawmf-
av;awmh odEidk yf gw,faemf/ trd0rf;wGi;f jyefNy;D y#doaE¨ wnfae&r,f/
pOf;pm;Munfhprf;yg/ tifrwef usOf;ajrmif;usyfwnf;wJh ae&muav;
wpfckygaemf/ tJ'DrSm vrf;avQmufzkdY pBuøawG bmawGrsm; &Sdovm;¿
r&Syd gbl;/ teHt Y oufawGuvnf; awmfawmfav; arT;ovm;¿ rarT;yg-
bl;/ usOf;ajrmif;usyfwnf;NyD; &GHU&SmpufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh teHY-
toufawGeYJ jynfah ewJah e&m? tJ'D ae&mrSm jyefNy;D awmh uk;d vq,fv
ae&OD;r,fq&dk if 'Dv'dk uk r© sK;d [m tifrwef rBu;D bl;vm;¿ Bu;D ygw,f/
bmjzpfvkdY 'Dvkd'ku©awG cHae&ovJvkdY jyefqef;ppf MunfhvkdufwJhtcg
tqif; toH teHY t&om tawGUtxdac:wJh tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPf
w&m;awGtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh &m*w&m;ukd tajccHae-
w,f/ 'Dtm½kH ig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;tay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh
'D&m*w&m; xif&Sm;&Sdae&if xdk&m*xif&Sm;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfjyKvkyfaewJh
um,uHreS o f rQ 0pDurH eS o
f rQ raemuHreS o
f rQonf uHt&m wnfomG ;-
NyD/
'DuHawGu 'DumrbkHuae rvGwfatmif umrbkHü wpfzefjyefNyD;
y#doaE¨wnfae&atmif jyKjyifzefw;D ay;vdrrhf ,f/ tJ'D uHawGuaeNy;D -
awmh umrbkrH mS y#doaE¨wnfae&atmif jyefNy;D jyKjyifzefw;D ay;aeNyD
qkdvkdY&Sd&if xdkyk*¾dKvfonf umrbkHrS vGwfEkdifrvm;¿ rvGwfEkdifbl;/
umrbkrH S vGwcf siw f ,fqv
dk &Ydk &dS if 'Dtm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw
f &m;tay:ü
276 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wG,w f mrufarmaewJh yÍöumr*kPu d &m*ukd y&dnmynmÓPf ok;H rsK;d -

jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odatmif avhusi&hf r,fvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;u enf;ay;-
awmfrlygw,f/
'Dawmh 'DyÍöumr*kPu d &m* = tm½kiH g;yg;umr*kPw
f &m;tay:ü
wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'D&m*w&m;ukd ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odzkdY&eftwGuf
bmukd tajccHavhusifh&rvJ¿ uAVDum&tm[m&ukd y&dnmynm
okH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; yxrodatmif avhusifh&r,f/ ckeu Oyrm
(10)&yfxrJ mS b,fOyrmeJY oGm;Ny;D uyfovJ¿ ajymNy;D Ny/D eHygwf (5)aygY
aemf/
eHygwf (5)rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u uAVDum&tm[m&ukd ykdif;ykdif;
jcm;jcm; odz?Ydk odNy;D pm;zkYd ZeD;armifEHS ESpOf ;D wk[
Yd m tom;ukd pm;wJth csed -f
tcgrSm 'gu orifom;yJ? 'gu Oa'gif;om;yJ ponfjzifh 'DvkdtodeJY
pm;wm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ b,fvkdvJ¿ wkdY tifrwef cspfjrwf-
Ekd;aewJh om;uav;&JUtom;ukd pm;aew,fqkdwJh 'DtodeJY pm;w,f/
tvm;wlyJ omoemawmfrSm &Sif&[ef;jyKaewJhyk*¾dKvfu uAVDum&
tm[m&ukd pm;NyDqkd&if 'DuAVDum&tm[m&&JU y&rw¬"r® obm0-
awGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odNyD;awmh pm;ygwJh/ tJ'Dawmh eHygwf(1)
uAVDum&tm[m&ukd od&r,f/ eHygwf (2)u uAVDum&tm[m&wk&Yd UJ
rSD&mjzpfwJh pwkr[mblwduum,vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;
OD;aqmifaewJh 'D½lyum,½kyfw&m;taygif;ukd od&r,f/ eHygwf (3)u
bmvkyf&rvJ¿ tJ'Dtykdif;av;eJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxmq&mawmfu
tao;pdwf zGix hf m;ygw,faemf/ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm uAVDum& tm[m-
&ukd y&dnmynmok;H csujf zifh ykid ;f jcm;od&r,fqw dk m b,fvdk odenf;vJ
qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhxm;w,f/
y&dnmaw wd Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnmwd
£rm[d wD[d y&dnm[d y&dnmaw/ (oH?|?2/101/)
y&dnmwqkdwmu bmvJvkdYar;&if Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm

y[mey&dnmac:wJh 'Dy&dnmynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;odjcif;ukd
qkdvkdw,fwJh/ b,fvkdvJ¿
uAVDum&m[m&qkdwm bmvJ¿
uAVDum&tm[m&qkdwm bmvJvkdYar;vkdY&Sd&if o0w¬Ku rSD&m
wnf&m 0w¬K½kyfawG&SdaewJh 0w¬K½kyfESifhtwlwuG a&wGufMunfhr,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&if MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfw&m;tpktykHyJ/ 'Dawmh
rpm;cif xrif;yGx J rJ mS &Sad ewJh tpmtm[m&ukyd J jzpfapaygY/ pm;vku d v f Ydk
0rf;AkdufxJa&mufoGm;wJh tpmtm[m&ukdyJ jzpfap/ ,if;tpmtm-
[m&rSm wnf&adS ewJh "mwfBu;D av;yg;wku Yd dk odr;f qnf;um ,if;"mwf-
av;yg;tm½kHukd tm½kH,lum orm"dukd xlaxmifEkdifvQif ½kyfuvmyf
trIefuav;awGukd awGUr,f/ tJ'DtrIefuav;awGukd "mwfcGJvkdufvkdY
&Sd&if wpfrIefwpfrIefrSm ½kyfoabmw&m; y&rwfoabmw&m; b,f-
avmuf &SdovJ¿ (8)ck? yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m tqif; teHY
t&om MoZmqkdNyD; oabmw&m; b,fESpfck&SdovJ¿ (8)ck? 'Dawmh
uAVDum&tm[m&qkdwm bmawGvJvkdY ar;vkdY&Sd&if MoZmvQif (8)ck-
ajrmuf &Sad ewJh ½kyw f &m;taygif;tpky/J tJ'D ½kyaf wGu yxr tpmtdr-f
xJwnf&Sdckduf qkdMupkdY/ okdYr[kwf yef;uefxJ wnf&Sdckduf bm½kyfw&m;-
awGvv J aYdk r;awmh uvmyfwpfct k wGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh awaZm"mwf-
aMumifh aemufxyf topftopf qifu h jJ zpfymG ;aewhJ bkwt f qufquf
½ku
d cf wfNy;D jzpfay:aewJh OwkZ½kyaf wGom jzpfygw,f/ OwkZMoZ|ru
½kyyf /J tJ'D OwkZMoZ|ru½kyaf wGu tpmtdrt f wGi;f a&mufNyD qkMd u-
ygpk/Yd yg;pyfxu J vnf; pwifNy;D awmh ½kyu f vmyfawG[m wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk okYd
ysHUygw,f/ 'gayrJh em;vnfvG,fatmifvkdY tpmtdrfuyJ pjzwfNyD;
ajymMupkdY/ tpmtdrftwGif; a&mufNyDqdkwJhtcgusawmh tpmtdrf
twGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh 'Dtpmopfaum|morSm&SdwJh "mwfav;yg;ukd
278 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
pkduf½Ivkduf&if orm"du tm;aumif;vmwJhtcg ½kyfuvmyftrIef-

uav;awG awGUNy?D ½kyuf vmyf wpfcw k pfcuk dk "mwfcaJG wmh ½kyo
f abm-
w&m; (8)ck? OwkZ½kyfawGyJ? tJ'D OwkZ½kyfxJrSm ygaewJh MoZmukd bm
MoZmvkdY ac:vJ¿ OwkZ½kyfxJrSm wnf&SdaewJhtwGuf OwkZMoZmvkdY
ac:w,f/
tJ'D OwkZMoZmukd tpmtdrfywf0ef;usifrSm wnf&SdaewJh ZD0dw-
e0uuvmyfawGxJrSm ygaewJh awZm"mwfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh ygpu-
0rf;rD;uae tm;ay;axmufyv hH u
dk w
f t
hJ cg 'DOwkZMoZmu aemufxyf
tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf topftopfawGukd qifhuJqifhuJ jzpfapw,f/
aemufxyf jzpfay:oGm;wJh 'Dtm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfawGukd or®Kwo d pöm-
e,fu ajym&ifawmh &o"mwf&nfvYdk 'Dvkd ac:ygw,f/ xk&d o"mwf&nf
ac:wJh ½kyfuvmyftrIefuav;awGonf wpfudk,fvkH; ysHUoGm;w,f/
t&nftaeeJY wpfukd,fvkH; ysHUw,fqkdvkdwmaygY/ y&rw¬opömuawmh
trIefuav;awGyJ/ tJ'D ysHUoGm;wJh uvmyftrIefuav;awGu ckeu
OwkZMoZmaMumifh jzpf&w,f/ ur®Z0rf;rD;u tm;ay;axmufyv hH udk w
f hJ
tcsdeftcgrSm OwkZMoZmaMumifh jzpfay:vm&wJhtwGuf olwdkYudk
tm[m&ZMoZm½kyf MoZmaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfvkdYac:w,f/ tJ'D MoZm-
aMumifjh zpfwhJ ½kyaf wGu rsupf d em; ESm vQm uk,d f ESv;Hk qkw
d J h (6)'Gg&vk;H ukd
tm;vkH; ysHUoGm;NyD/ ysHUoGm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh rsufpda&mufNyD?
rsufpdrSmvnf; pu©K'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ou
uvmyf pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyf OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyf tm[m&Z
MoZ|ruuvmyfqkdNyD; ½kyfuvmyfawG &Sdw,f/
wpfBurd pf m;vku
d w
f hJ tm[m&u ckepf&uftxd ysUH Ekid w
f ,fqadk wmh
rdrd tpmrpm;cifrSmvnf; 'DrsufpdrSm tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyfawGu
a&S;a&S;&ufawGu pm;xm;wJh tm[m&Z&JU pGr;f tm;aMumifh tm[m&Z
½kyu
f vmyfawG qufcgqufcg jzpfaewJo h abm &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
'Dpu©K'ouuvmyfyJ qkdMupkdY/ pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm ygaewJh MoZm?

ckeu rsufpdtxd ysHUoGm;wJh tm[m&Z½kyfawGrSm ygaewJh tm[m&Z
uvmyfawGrSm ygaewJh MoZmu oGm;NyD; tm;ay;axmufyHhvkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm ur®Z0rf;rD;uvnf; a&mNyD; axmufyHhvkdufwJhtcgrSm
pu©K'ouuvmyfrmS &Sad ewJh MoZmawGuvnf; aemufxyf ½kyu f vmyf
topftopfawGudk av;ig;qifah vmuftxdaygYav/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
jzpfapygw,f/ tJ'D jzpfomG ;wJh ½kyu
f vmyfuav;awGuvnf; rMunf-
bl;? 'DtrIefuav;awGukd "mwfcGJvkdufawmh oabmw&m; (8)ckpDaygY/
tJ'D½kyf (8)rsKd;ukdvnf; a&wGufMunfhvkduf&if MoZmtxd (8)rsKd;&SdvkdY
MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&SdwJh MoZ|ru½kyfvkdY ac:w,f/
tvm;wlyJ rsufpdrSm&SdaewJh um,'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh MoZm?
bm0'ouuvmyfrSm&SdaewJh MoZm? pdwåZt|uvmyfrSm&SdwJh MoZm?
OwkZt|uvmyfawGrSm &SdaewJhMoZm? tJ'DMoZmawGukdvnf; ckeu
rsupf w
d idk af tmif ysUH oGm;wJh tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfawGrmS ygwJh tm[m&Z
MoZmawGu tm;ay;axmufyHhw,f/ ur®Z0rf;rD;uvnf; tm;ay;
axmufyw hH ,f/ tvm;wly?J a&S;a&S;&ufawGu pm;rsKv d u
dk wf hJ tm[m&-
aMumifhjzpfwJh a&S;a&S;tm[m&ZuvmyfawG rsufpdrSm &Sdw,f/ tJ'D
tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfrsm;pGmxJu tcsKUd tcsKUd aom uvmyfjym;MoZmu
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom uvmyfjym;MoZmudk tm;ay;axmufyhHvkdufwJhtcg
ur®Z0rf;rD;uvnf; xyfqifh tm;ay;axmufyv hH udk w
f t hJ cg taxmuf
tyHhcH&wJh tm[m&ZMoZmuvnf; rdrd&JU pGrf;tifu tm;aumif;&if
tm;aumif;ovkd q,fqifh q,fEh pS q f ift
h xd ½kyuf vmyftrIeu f av;-
awGudk xyfcgxyfcg jzpfapygw,f/ tJ'D jzpfomG ;wJh trIeaf wG rMunf-
bl;/ "mwfcv JG udk af wmh (8)cky/J pu©K'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf
bm0'uuvmyfpwJh ½kyfawGu ur®Z½kyfjzpfawmh olwkdYxJrSmygwJh
MoZmukd ur®ZMoZmvkYd ac:w,f/ tJ'D ur®ZMoZmuvnf; tm[m&Z
280 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
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MoZm&JU taxmuftyHhESifh ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHhukd &&SdcJhvQif

tm[m&Z½kyfuvmyf topftopfawGukd jzpfapw,f/ tvm;wlyJ
pdwZå ½kyu
f vmyfawGrmS ygaewJh pdwZå MoZmuvnf; ½kyu
f vmyf topf
topfawGukd jzpfapw,f/ OwkZ½kyfawGxJrSm ygaewJh OwkZMoZmu-
vnf; ½kyu f vmyftopftopfawGudk jzpfapw,f/ tm[m&Zuvmyf-
rSm ygaewJh MoZmawGuvnf; ½kyu f vmyf topftopfawGukd jzpfap-
w,f/
'Dae&mrSm tm[m&ZMoZmonf tjcm;tjcm;aom (4)rsKd;aom
MoZmawGukd tm;ay;axmufyHhaewJh tm[m&ZMoZmvnf; &Sdw,f/
tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapwwfwJh tm-
[m&ZMoZmvnf; &Sw d ,fvYdk rSwyf g/ 'gaMumifh uAVDum&tm[m&t&
ur®ZMoZmç pdwåZMoZmç OwkZMoZmç tm[m&ZMoZmqkdwJh av;rsKd;-
vkH;aom MoZmukdyJ ,if;MoZmtoD;toD;u MoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf =
MoZmvQif &Spcf ak jrmuf&w
dS hJ ½kyu
f vmyf topfopfudk jzpfapEkid f aqmif-
xm;EkdifwJhtwGufaMumifh uAVDum&tm[m&vkdY ac:qkdw,f rSwfyg/
,if;MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfw&m;onf/ b,frSm oGm;xd
ovJ¿ (Zd0Sgyoma' =) Zd0Sgyom'rSm oGm;xdNyD/
Zd0Sgyoma' Zd0Sgyoma'g udEédódawm¿
(Zd0Sgyom' =) Zd0Sgyom'tMunf"mwfu bmukd rSDNyD; jzpfae-
ovJ¿ (pwkr[mblwedódawm =) r[mbkwf"mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd
rSDjzpfw,f/ vQmrSm "mwfav;yg; pkduf½IMunfhyg/ uvmyftrIefawG
awGUr,faemf/ 'D uvmyftrIew f u
G dk cGw
J rf;csvu
dk &f if Zd0gS 'ouuvmyf
um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyf
OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyf tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyfqNdk y;D awmh vQmrSm
½kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm; (6)rsKd;? ½kyftrsKd;tpm; (54)&Sdw,f/
(0dok'¨d?2?259/)
tJ'gukd &nfñTef;xm;w,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh 'D½kyfuvmyfwkdif;

½kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f rSm r[mbkw"f mwfBu;D av;yg; rygbl;vm;¿ ygaew,f/
'Dawmh (Zd0Sgyom' =) Zd0SgtMunf"mwfygaewJh ½kyfuvmyfukd "mwfcGJ-
vkduf&if yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m tqif; teHY t&om MoZm
ZD0dw Zd0Sgyom'qdkNyD; ½kyfoabmw&m; b,fESpfckvJ¿ (10)ck? tJ'D
½kyfw&m;awGukd pepfwus ususee odzkdY vkdw,faemf/ 'Dawmh Zd0Sg-
yom'u pwkr[mblwac:wJh r[mbkwf"mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd rSDjzpf-
aeNyD/
£wd MoZ|ruH Zd0Sgyoma'g wó ypö,med r[mblwmeDwd
£ar "r®m ½lyu©aE¨m emr?
MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&adS ewJh ½kyw
f &m;ç Zd0gS yom'ç Zd0gS yom'&JU
tajccHtaMumif;&if;jzpfaewJh r[mbkw"f mwfBu;D av;yg; tJ'w D &m;-
awGonf ½lyu©Em¨ rnfw,fw/hJ 'guvQmbufuae vSnahf jymvku d wf m-
aemf/ Oyvu©Penf; ed'óeenf;tm;jzifh zGiq hf o dk mG ;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
t&dyfjyvQif taumifxif&r,fh enf;pepftm;jzifh zGifhqkdoGm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ Zd0Sg'Gg& = vQmrSm&SdwJh txufu ajymcJhwJh (54)rsKd;aom
½kyfawGudk odrf;qnf;&rSmjzpfw,f/ ruif;paumif;aom t0dembm0
enf;tm;jzifh (6)'Gg&ç (42)aum|mowkdYü wnf&SdaewJh ½kyfw&m;
tm;vkH;ukdyJ odrf;qnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ oVm,we0*¾oH,kwfygVd
awmfrmS vm&Swd hJ ty&dZmeeokweå f (oH?2?249-250/) wku Yd dk axmuf½yI g/
aemufxyf qufajymOD;r,f/
wH y&d*¾PSawm OyÜEém zóyÍörum "r®m pwåma&m t½lyu©E¨m
(oH?|?2?101/)
tJ'D ½kyfw&m;awGukd ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,laeNyD/ ÓPfjzifh vSrf;NyD;
ykid ;f jcm;,laewJh yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:oGm;wJh zó a0'em onm
282 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
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apwem 0dnmPfvkdYac:qkdtyfwJh zóvQif (5)ckajrmuf&SdwJh zó-

yÍöruw&m;awGu pwåma&m t½lyu©E¨m emrfcE¨mav;yg;wJhaemf/
aygif;vkdfufawmh ---
£wd oaAÁyd ar yÍöu©E¨m oacFyawm emr½lyrwåH a[mwD}}wd
yZmemwd/ (oH?|?2?101/)
'gu bkef;BuD;wkdY Oyvu©Penf;ç ed'óeenf;vkdY ac:ygw,f/
'Dawmh vQmrSm &Sad ewJh (54)rsK;d aom ½kyaf wGu ½lyu©Em¨ ? wpfenf;ajym&-
vQifawmh (6)'Gg&ESifh (42)aum|moawGrSm &SdaewJh ½kyfw&m;awGu
½lyu©Em¨ ? 'D½yk w
f &m;awGudk vSr;f Ny;D odr;f qnf;aewJh emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf
okrYd [kwf ½lyy&dapäÓPf tJ'Ó D PfeYJ ,SOw f aJG ewJh zó a0'em onm
apwem 0dnmPfac:wJh zóyÍöruw&m;ig;yg; OD;aqmifaewJh pdwf
apwoduw f &m;pkawGu emrfw&m;wJ?h 'DziG q hf cdk suuf vnf; &owPSm-
ukd wkud zf suaf &;ukd OD;wnfNy;D zGiahf ewJh zGiqhf cdk suf jzpfygw,f/ ½kyw
f &m;-
awGudk tm½kH,lNyD; jzpfay:aeMuwJh emrfw&m;awGukda&m rdrdu
psmefawGudk &cJv h Qif rdr&d &Sx
d m;wJh psmefemrfw&m;awGuadk &m tm;vk;H ukd
odr;f qnf;&rSm jzpfw,f/ aygif;vku d af wmh ½kyef mrf (2)yg;yJ? tJ'½D yk ef mrf
(2)yg;ukd tajcwnfNyD;awmh a&SUokdY quf&rnfh vkyfief;cGifu bmvJ¿
aom aw "ar® o&ovu©Pawm 00w¬aywGm awoH ypö,H
y&da,oaEÅm tEkavmry#davmrH y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'H yówd/ (oH?|?2?101??)
'D½yk af wG emrfawGudk rdrwd &Ydk UJ uk,d yf idk f obm0vu©PmokYd qkud -f
atmif ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;yg? odrf;qnf;yg/ 'DtqifhuswJhtcgusawmh
Oyvu©Penf;ç ed'óeenf;qkw d mu vQmwpfaygufvYdk ajymvku d &f if
rsufpd em; ESm vQm ukd,f ESvHk; (6)'Gg&vkH; tm;vHk;ukd oabmwlvkdY
,l&ygw,f/ tJ'v D dk ,l&r,fqw dk t hJ aMumif; aemufyidk ;f rSm t|uxmu
xyfNyD; zGifhygvdrfhr,faemf/ 'Dawmh vQmrSm &SdaewJh (54)rsKd;aom½kyfukd
odrf;qnf;wwfNyDqkd&if rsufpdrSm&SdaewJh (54)rsKd;ç ESmacgif;rSm (54)rsKd;ç

vQmrSm (54)rsK;d ç uk,d rf mS (44)rsK;d ç ESv;Hk rSm (54)rsK;d ç tJ'½D yk wf &m;awGudk
odr;f qnf;Ny;D awmh 'D½yk w f &m;awGudk vSr;f odr;f qnf;aewJh zó a0'em
onm apwem 0dnmPfac:wJh zóyÍöruw&m;ig;yg; OD;aqmifaewJh
emrfw&m;awGuydk g qufvuf odr;f qnf;cJrh ,fq&dk if 'D½yk w f &m;awGudk
tm½k, H Nl y;D jzpfay:aewJh emrfw&m;awGuv dk nf; tm;vk;H odr;f qnf;&-
r,fvkdY 'Dvkd qkdvkdygw,faemf/
'Dawmh (6)'Gg& (42)aum|morSm &SdaewJh ½kyfawGu ½kyfw&m;?
'D½yk w
f &m;awGudk tm½k, H Nl y;D jzpfay:aewJh emrfw&m;awGu emrfw&m;?
aygif;vku d af wmh ½kyef mrf (2)yg;? tJ'D ½kyef mrf (2)yg;ukd odr;f qnf;Ny;D Ny/D
ÓPfeJY ykdif;jcm;,lNyD;wJh yk*¾dKvfu bmvkyf&rvJ¿
awoH ypö,H y&da,oaEÅm tEkavmry#davmrH y#dpöorkyÜg'H
yówd/ (oH?|?2?101/)
,if;½kyfemrfwdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;awGukd vSrf;NyD;&SmazGvkdufwJh
tcsed t
f cgrSm tEkavmr y#davmr y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f oabmw&m;awGudk
oGm;NyD; odNyD/
þtaMumif;w&m;&Scd &hJ if þtusK;d w&m; jzpfw,f? þtaMumif;-
w&m;jzpfjcif;aMumifh þtusKd;w&m;u jzpfay:vm&w,f? 'Dvkdvnf;
odw,f/ þtMumif;w&m;om r&Sd&if þtusKd;w&m; rjzpfbl;/ þ
taMumif;w&m;csKyjf cif;aMumifh þtusKd;w&m;vnf; csKyNf ird ;f oGm;w,f/
'Dvv
dk nf; odw,f/ jzpfyu Hk dk odwmu tEkavmry#dpo ö rkygÜ 'fç csKypf Ofudk
odwmu y#davmry#dpöorkyÜg'f tJ'DaMumif;usKd;qufEG,faewJh y#dpö-
orkygÜ 'foabmw&m; jzpfpOfcsKypf Of (2)ckv;Hk ukd odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;-
xkw&f ygw,f/ tm;xkwv f u dk Nf y;D wJh tcsed t
f cgusawmh bmvkyo f vJ¿
284 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
Ówy&dnm
{wåm0wmaee uAVDum&tm[m&rkace oyÜp,
ö ó emr½lyó
,mxm0awm 'd | wå m uAVD u m&tm[ma&m Ówy&d n m,
y&dnmawm a[mwd/ (oH?|?2?101/)
uAVDum&tm[m&ukd tOD;rlNyD;awmh ½kyfawG emrfawGukd yxr
odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwwf ,f/ 'kw,
d 'D½yk af wG emrfawG&UJ taMumif;
w&m;awGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfw,f/
twdwfMunfhvkdufawmhvnf; taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;yJ
&Sdw,f? 'Dvkdodw,f/ ypöKyÜefMunfhvkdufawmhvnf; taMumif;w&m;ESifh
tusKd;w&m;yJ&Sdw,fvkdY odw,f/ tem*wfMunfhvkdufawmhvnf;
taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;yJ &Sw d ,fvYdk odw,f/ tJ'D todÓPfudk
ÓPfpOfenf;t& bmÓPfvaYdk c:vJ¿ ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPfvYdk ac:w,f/
½kyfawG emrfawGukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xkdxGif;odwJhÓPfu emr½ly-
y&dapä'ÓPf? taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;awGudk xk;d xGi;f odwÓ hJ Pfu
ypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfeYJ 'Dypö,y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf (2)yg;ukd
bmy&d nmvkYd ac:vJ¿ Ówy&dnmvkYd ac:w,f/ tJ'D Ówy&dnmpcef;
qkud o
f mG ;Ny/D 'g tpmpm;wwfv&Ydk &dS if Ówy&dnmpcef; rqku d b
f ;l vm;¿
qkdufygw,f/
b,fae&mrSmrqkd 0dyóemqkdwmu ½Iwwfr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if ½IvkdY
r&Ekdifbl;vm;¿ &Ekdifw,f/ 'g owd&SdzkdY vkdtyfw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd
todÓPfuav;eJY tpmtm[m&awGukd pm;okH;apcsifwJhtwGuf
tckvkd a[maewmaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
aom wa'0 oyÜpö,H emr½lyH tedpöH 'ku©H tewåmwd wDPd
vu©Pmed tma&maywGm owåEéH tEkyóemeH 0aoe or®owd/
(oH?|?2?101/)
xkda,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfu bmvkyf&rvJ¿

taMumif;w&m;ESiw hf uGaom xked mrfw&m; ½kyw
f &m;awGudk tedpö
'ku© tewå vu©Pma&; ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh (7)rsK;d aom tEkyóem
ÓPfwkdY&JU tpGrf;jzifh 0dyóem½IyGm;okH;oyfNyD;aeyg/ 0dyóem ½IyGm;-
okH;oyfygaemf/ tedpömEkyóemç 'ku©mEkyóemç tewåmEkyóemç
0d&m*gEkyóemç eda&m"mEkyóemç y#deó d *¾gEkyoemç edA'dÁ gEkyóem
qkdNyD; tEkyóem (7)rsKd;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D tEkyóem (7)rsKd;wkdYjzifh
'DtaMumif;w&m;ESiw hf uGaom ½kywf &m; emrfw&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku©
tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem ½IygwJ/h ½Ivu dk af wmh
bmjzpfvJ¿ ---
wD&Py&dnm
{wåm0wmaee aom wdvu©Py#da0"or®oeÓPocFgwm,
wD&Py&dnm, y&dnmawm a[mwd/ (oH?|?2?101/)
'Dvkd½Iwwfr,fqkd&if xkd&[ef;awmf[m 'DuAVDum&tm[m&ukd
tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD; ½IyGm;okH;oyfwwfwJh
or®oeÓPfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh wD&Py&dnmeJY ykdif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfoGm;
w,faemf/
y[mey&dnm
wo®ða,0 emr½lay qE´&m*g0u¹aee tem*grdra*¾e y&d-
Zmewm y[mey&dnm, y&dnmawm a[mwDwd/
tJ'DrSm or®oeÓPfqkdwmuawmh txl;ojzifh trsm;em;vnf-
aewJh or®oeÓPfawmh r[kwfygbl;aemf/ 0dyóemÓPftm;vkH;ukd
or®oeÓPfvYdk 'Dae&mrSm ok;H xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 0dyóemÓPfpOf-
twkid ;f 'Du AVDum&tm[m&ukd tOD;rlNy;D awmh ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m;-
286 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh wGifwGifBuD;

0dyóem ½Ivu dk Nf y;D ? ½Ivudk w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm xdak ,m*g0p& &[ef;awmf&UJ
oEÅmefrSm rdrd&JU yg&rDtm;avsmfpGm aomwmywådr*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfç
ou'g*grd r*fÓPfzv dk Ó
f Pfç temrdr*fÓPfzv dk Ó
f Pfqw
dk hJ 'Dr*fÓPf
zkdvfÓPfawG qkdufvmNyD? qkdufvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfovJ¿--
'DuAVDum&tm[m&tay:ü vkdvm;wyfrufaewJh qE´&m*
w&m;udk y,f&mS ;Ekid v
f rd rhf ,f/ y,f&mS ;Ekid v
f u
dk w
f t
hJ wGuf xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm
xdka,m*D olawmfaumif;onf bmjzpfrvJ¿ tem*grdr*fÓPfjzifh
'DuAVDum&tm[m&ukd y[mey&dnmjzifh ykid ;f jcm;odNy;D jzpfomG ;w,f/
y[mey&dnmpcef;ukd qkdufoGm;w,faemf/ tJ'D y[mey&dnmpcef;
qkdufonfhtxd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfapcsifwJhtwGuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'Dw&m;ukd a[mw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿ ---
]]{0ar0 cGm[H bdu©a0 uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m '|aAÁm}}wd
0'grd/ (oH?|?2?323/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd {0ar0 acg = þOyrmtwlomvQi/f
uAVDuma&m tm[ma&m = uAVDum&tm[m&uk/d '|aAÁmwd = ½IymG ;
okH;oyfxkduf\[lí/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mawmfrl\/
yÍöumr*kPdu&m*udk y&dnmoHk;rsKd;jzifh ydkif;jcm;odNyD
uAVDuma& bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmaw yÍöumr*kPdaum
&ma*g y&dnmawm a[mwd/ (oH?1?323/)
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wk/Yd uAVDuma& tm[ma& = uAVDum-
&tm[m&ukd/ y&dnmaw = y&dnmÓPfynmokH;rsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;
jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;í odjrifcJhonf&Sdaomf/ yÍöumr*kPdaum &ma*g =
tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;wkdYtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmvsuf&Sdaom
yÍöumr*kPu d &m*w&m;uk/d y&dnmawm = y&dnmÓPfynmok;H rsK;d jzifh

ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;íodNyD; jzpfonf/ a[mwd = jzpfay\/
tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;awGtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh
'Dumr&m*w&m;ukdvnf; ydkif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;odNyD; jzpfoGm;ygw,fwJh/
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ uAVDum&tm[m&ukd tOD;rlNyD;awmh ½kyfawG emrfawG
odrf;qnf;w,f/ taMumif;w&m;&SmazGNyD;awmh taMumif;w&m;ESifh
wuG ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awGukd tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem½Iw,f/ ½Ivu dk w
f t hJ csed t
f cgrSm tJ'½D yk ef mrf
ocFg&w&m;awG xJrmS vnf; 'Dtm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;ukd taMumif;-
jyKNy;D wG,wf mrufarmaewJh &m*w&m;vnf; t0iftyg jzpfaeygw,f/
t0iftygjzpfaejcif;aMumifh xkda,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu 'D&m*w&m;ukdvnf;
ykdif;jcm;odNyD; y&dnmÓPfynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfoGm;w,f/
jzpfvkdufwJhtwGuf bmjzpfvJ¿
yÍöumr*kPdau &ma* y&dnmaw ew¬d wH oHa,mZeH a,e
oH a ,mZaee oH , k a wå m t&d , om0aum yk e £rH avmuH
tm*apä,s/ (oH?1?323/)
,if;tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;awGtay:rSm wG,w f mrufarm-
aewJh &m*w&m; xif&Sm;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvf[m 'DumrbkH jyefvmEkdifw,f/
ck 'Doal wmfaumif;u uAVDum&tm[m&ukd tOD;rlNy;D awmh tm½kiH g;yg;
umr*kPfw&m;tay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'Dumr&m*w&m;ukd
y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm;odatmif usiEhf idk w
f thJ wGuf xkd
yk*¾dKvfonf umrbkHukd wpfzef jyefvmwJhoabmr&SdwJh tem*grd
r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPftqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;w,faemf/
uAVDum&tm[m&tay:ü wG,w f mrufarmaewJh &m*w&m;ukd
y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odcrhJ ,fq&dk if aemufxyfwpfzef
288 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'DumrbkrH mS jyefNy;D y#doaEäe&OD;rvm;¿ rae&awmhb;l / tusK;d rBu;D -

bl;vm;¿ tusKd;BuD;ygw,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if pm;wwfr,fqkd&if tem*grd
r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPftxd rqkdufEkdifbl;vm;¿ qkdufEkdifw,f/ okdYaomf
'Dae&mrSm t|uxmq&mawmfu tuGuaf phaphav; enf;enf; xyfNy;D
zGifhxm;w,faemf/ tJ'D tzGifhav;awG 'DaeY emMunfh&atmif ../
{uy&dnm
yÍöumr*kPdaumwd yÍöumr*kPorÇa0g &ma*g y&dnmawm
a[mwd/ (oH?|?2?101/)
tm½kiH g;yg; umr*kPw f &m;awGudk taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh
&m*w&m;ukd ykid ;f jcm;odNy;D awmh jzpfomG ;w,f/ b,fvv dk ¿J 'Dae&mrSm
y&dnmokH;rsKd;qkdNyD; xyfNy;D zGifhxm;w,f/ b,fvkd y&dnmvJ¿--
trsm;em;vnfaewJh ckeu ajymcJhwJh y&dnmeJY rwlbl;/ ckeu
ajymcJhwJh y&dnmu Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[mey&dnm y&dnm
okH;rsKd;/ ck'DrSm t|uxmq&mawmfu y&dnmokH;rsKd; xyfNyD;awmh
zGifhw,f/ bmwJhvJ¿ {uy&dnm oAÁy&dnm rlvy&dnmqdkwJh y&dnm
okH;rsKd;udk xyfzGifhxm;w,f/
a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfu Zd0gS 'Gg&ukd taMumif;jyKNy;D taMumif;cH-
NyD; jzpfay:vmwJh wpfckwnf;aom &owPSmukd y&d nmÓPfjzifh
ykdif;jcm;odNyD/ &owPSmvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh tm½kHu b,fESpfck&SdovJ¿
'Dae&mrSm txl;ojzifh &nfñTef;xm;wm tm½kHig;yg;aygY/ ½lyg½kH o'´g½kH
*E¨m½kH &om½kH aAm|AÁm½kH qkNd y;D awmh tm½kb
H ,fEpS cf v
k ¿J ig;ck/ tm½kiH g;yg;
umr*kPfw&m;aemf/ tJ'D umr*kPfw&m;awGxJrSm &om½kHvnf;
rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ &om½kt H ay:rSm wG,w
f mwyfrufaewJh wPSmukd
&owPSmvkdY ac:w,f/
tJ'&D owPSmukd ÓPfjzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odNyq

D &dk if tm½kiH g;yg;
umr*kPw f &m; tukev f ;Hk tay:ü wG,w f mrufarmaewJh 'D&m*w&m;-
ukdvnf; ykdif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
'DwPSmu 'Dtm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;rSm xif&Sm;jzpfaewJh-
twGuf &owPSmukd taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh wPSmukd ykid ;f jcm;-
od&if usefaewJh wPSmawGukdvnf; ykdif;jcm;odNyD;yif jzpfygw,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿
'DwPSmuav;yJ pu©K'Gg&rSm jzpfcJh&if ½lywPSmvkdY ac:w,f/
aomw'Gg&rSm jzpfcJh&if o'´wPSmvkdY ac:w,f/ Cme'Gg&rSm jzpfcJh&if
*E¨wPSmvdkY ac:w,f/ Zd0Sg'Gg&rSm jzpfcJh&if &owPSmvkdY ac:w,f/
um,'Gg&rSm jzpfc&hJ if azm|AÁwPSmvkYd ac:w,f/ wPSmuawmh wpfc-k
wnf;yJ r[kwb f ;l vm;¿ aemf/ cHpm;p&m tm½kt H ajctaevkud Nf y;D awmh
emrnfuav;awG trsKd;rsKd;om ajymif;oGm;w,f/ wG,fwmwyfrufykH
tjcif;t&mcsif;u rwlbl;vm;¿ wlaew,f/
Oyrmav;wpfck zGix hf m;w,faemf/ ck;d om;wpfa,mufu vrf;c&D;
(5)ckrmS cGNy;D awmh olu 'kua© y;aew,f/ 'kua© y;aewJh tcsed t f cgus-
awmh 'Dc;dk om;wpfa,mufudk vrf;c&D;wpfcu k ae apmifNh y;D zrf;vku
d af wmh
rdomG ;Ny/D rdNy;D owfvu
dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm vrf;c&D; (5)ckv;Hk [m tEÅ&m,f
uif;roGm;bl;vm;¿ uif;oGm;w,f/
&owPSmqkdwmu Zd0Sg'Gg&ukd tajccHNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh &m*yJ/
'D&owPSmukd y&dnmynm okH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odcJhr,fqkd&if
tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m; (5)rsKd;wkdY tay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh
yÍöumr*kPdu&m*ukdvnf; ykdif;jcm;odNyD;yJ jzpfw,f/ 'Dtykdif;av;-
uawmh t&d,r*f qku d cf geD;tykid ;f ukd txl;ojzifh &nfñeT ;f xm;ygw,f/
a,m*g0p&yk*¾dKvfu yxr tm½kH (6)yg;aygY/ tm½kH (6)yg;ukd
290 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh emrfw&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;&w,f/ ½kyf

w&m;awGudk yxrodr;f qnf;&w,f/ 'kw, d ½kyw f &m;awGudk cGw J rf;cs-
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tm½kH (6)yg; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtm½kH (6)yg;ukd
taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh emrfw&m;awGudk qufvufNy;D odr;f qnf;
&w,f/ tJ'D ½kyef mrfawGudk odr;f qnf;Ny;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm taMumif;-
w&m;&SmazGNyD; taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfawGukd tedpö 'ku©
tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem ½Ivu dk Nf y?D 0dyóem-
ÓPfawG tqifq h ifh wufomG ;vku
d wf m aemufq;Hk ½Iuu G af wG ukeNf y/D
[kod cFg½kayu©mÓPfoYdk qku d af &mufNyD qkMd upk/Yd xkt d csed t f cgrSm rdru d
Zd0Sg'Gg&udk taMumif;jyKNyD; Zd0Sg'Gg&rSm jzpfay:vmwJh 'D&owPSm
OD;aqmifaewJh emrfw&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;Ny;D awmh tedpö 'ku© tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½Iw,fqkdMupkdY/ tJ'D tcsdef-
tcgrSm t&d,r*f qkdufcJhr,fqkd&if wPSmwpfckukd t&d,r*fw&m;u
y,f&mS ;Ekid cf &hJ if wPSmtm;vk;H tJ't D cgrSm ukeo f mG ;Ny?D 'Dvdk qdv k wdk ,f/
bmjzpfvvYdk ¿J wPSmcsi;f twlwyl /J &om½ku
H dk wG,w
f mwJh wPSm-
ukd &owPSmvkYd ac:w,f/ ½lyg½kH udk wG,w f mwmusawmh ½lywPSmvkYd
ac:wmyJ/ emrnfom uGJoGm;w,f? wPSmcsif;uawmh rwlbl;vm;¿
twlwlyJ/ 'gaMumifh wPSmwpfckukd aoatmifom owfyg/ 'DwPSm
aoNyDqkd&if wPSmtm;vkH; ukefroGm;bl;vm;¿ ukefoGm;w,f/ 'gukd
{uy&dnmvkdY ac:w,faemf/ aemufwpfck --- oAÁy&dnmqkdwmu
bmvJ¿
oAÁy&dnm
oydwx f rJ mS qGr;f xnfNh y;D tJ'D qGr;f wpfrsK;d wnf;udk tm½k,
H Nl y;D awmh
yÍöumr*kPdu&m*ac:wJh tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;ukd taMumif;-
jyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh &m* (5)rsKd;vkH; &Ekdifw,fwJh/ b,fvkdvJ¿
csufxm;wJh[if;av;u ta&miftqif;u odyfaumif;w,f/

0if;aew,f qkdMuygpkdYaemf/ ta&miftqif;av; odyfvSaewmukd
om,mNyD/ wpfcgwpf&Husawmh ta&miftqif;u raumif;jyefbl;/
qDawGuvnf; tay: a0hraebl;? qDvnf; rygbl;? bmrSef;vnf;
rodbl;/
qGr;f uav;udk odyo f abmusaeNy?D ta&miftqif;av;u ody-f
aumif;NyD? xkdtcsdeftcgrSm rdrdpm;okH;r,fh 'Dtm[m& qGrf;&JU ta&mif
tqif;tay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh &m*w&m;u ay:vmNyD/ 'g
½lywPSmwpfck? aemufwpfck ---
avmavmylaewJh axmywfawGukd qGrf;ay: avmif;csvkdufvkdY-
&Sd&if toHuav; xGufvmw,f/ 'DtoHav;ukd ukd,fu odyfNyD;
oabmusw,f/ okdYr[kwf ---
wpfcgwav cJzG,fwpfckckaygYaemf/ b,maMumfwkdYvkd cJzG,frsKd;yJ
qkMd uygpk?Yd okrYd [kwf opfo;D cJz, G w
f pfcyk J qkMd uygpk?Yd 0g;vku
d w
f hJ tcgrSm
]]ua&mufa&mufa&mu &muff } } rnfoGm;NyD/ pdwfxJrSm auseyfoGm;w,f/
b,maMumfpm;vkdufvdkY toHu rxGufbl;qkdawmh odyfrauseyfbl;/
toHwpfck ay:vmvkdY&Sd&if 'Dvkd0g;vdkufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm toHav;
jrnfvmNyq D v
dk &Ydk &dS if odyo
f abmusw,f/ 'g o'´wPSm? qGr;f &JU o'´g½Hk
tay:ü wG,fwmrufarmaewJh wPSmyJ/
'DtoHav;udk oabmusom,maer,f qkv
d &Ydk &dS ifawmh o'´&m*
jzpfNyD/ aemufwpfck ---
rqvmwkdY ZD,mwkdY tp&SdwJh [if;xJrSm tarT;tBudKif wpfckckukd
xnfhvkdufNyD? xnfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DteHYtoufuav;ukd om-
,mr,fqkd&if xkdom,maewJh &[ef;awmf&JU oEÅmefrSm *E¨m½kHeJY ywf-
oufNyD;awmh wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh *E¨&m*w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfvmNyD/
292 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aemufwpfck ---
csufjyKwfxm;wm t&omuav;u odyftcsKd;usaeNyD/ odyf-
aumif;rGeaf ewJh tqift h wef;jrifah ewJh t&om&Sw
d hJ 'Dtm[m&wpfcu
k dk
rS0D v
J u
kd w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm &omtay:ü wG,w f mwyfrufaewJh pdwx
f m;
om,maewJhpdwfxm;jzpfcJh&if xkd&[ef;awmf\ oEÅmefrSm (&o&m* =)
&owPSm xif&Sm;jzpfvmjyefNyDaemf/
csujf yKwxf m;vku d w f mu El;El;nHn
h hH aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; jzpfae-
NyD/ 'DabmZOfu El;nHhaysmhaysmif;aewJh 'DabmZOfuav;ukd oGm;NyD;
awGUxdvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tawGUtxduav;tay:ü awmfawmf-
av; oabmusoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd oabmus om,m wyfrufw,f
qkv d &Ydk &dS ifawmh qGr;f eJyY wfoufwhJ azm|AÁm½kt H ay:ü wG,w f mwyfruf-
aewJh azm|AÁ&m*w&m; xif&Sm;jzpfvmNyD/ aygif;vkdufawmh &m*
b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ (5)rsKd;? (½ly&m* =) qGrf;&JU ta&miftqif;tay:ü
wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh &m*? (o'´&m* =) 0g;vkdufvkdY jzpfay:vmwJh
odrYk [kwf qGr;f udk taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:vmwJh toHtay:ü wG,w f m
wyfrufaewJh &m*/ (*E¨&m* =) qGrf;&JUteHYtouftay:ü wG,fwm
wyfrufaewJh *E¨&m*? (&o&m* =) qGrf;&JU t&omtay:ü wG,fwm
wyfrufaewJh &o&m*? (azm|AÁ&m* =) qGrf;&JU El;nHhaysmhaysmif;aewJh
tawG U txd azm|AÁ m ½k H t ay:ü wG , f w mwyf r uf a ewJ h &m*?
aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ (5)rsKd;/ tJ'D&m* (5)rsKd; xif&Sm;jzpf-
ay:vmNyD/ jzpfay:vmwJhtcg bmjzpfovJ¿
£wd £ro®d H tm[ma& owdorÜZane y&d*a¾ [wGm edpEä &´ m*
y&dabma*e y&dbkawå oaAÁmyd aom y&dnmawm a[mwDwd t,H
oAÁy&dnm emr/
'D&m*awG xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'D&[ef;awmfu bm-
vkyf&ovJ¿
'Dtm[m&ukd owdorÜZOfÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;NyD; ,lvkdufw,f/
odrYk [kwf tm[m&ukd taMumif;jyKNy;D jzpfay:vmaewJh &m*trsK;d rsK;d ukd
ÓPfeJY ykdif;jcm;NyD; ,lvkdufw,f? tm[m&ukdvnf; ÓPfeJY ykdif;jcm;-
,lw,f? tm[m&ukd taMumif;jyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh &m*trsKd;rsKd;
ukv
d nf; ÓPfeYJ ykid ;f jcm;,lw,f? odr;f qnf;w,f? 0dyóem ½Iawmhr,f/
bmeJY odrf;qnf;ovJvkdYar;awmh ---
owdorÜZOfw&m;eJY ykdif;jcm;NyD; ,lvkdufw,f/ ,lNyD;wJhtcg bm-
vkyfovJ¿
'Dtm[m&tay:ü vkdvm;wyfrufaewJh qE´&m* uif;uif;-
&Sif;&Sif;av;jzifh 'Dtm[m&ukd okH;aqmifNyD/ okH;aqmifvkdufwJhtcg
bmjzpfovJ¿
'gu (oAÁy&dnmyJ =) &m*ukd vSrf;NyD; odrf;qnf;vkdufwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm &m*&JUwnf&m 0w¬KjzpfaewJh qGr;f tm[m&? qGr;f ukd taMumif;
jyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh &m*? &m*OD;aqmifaewJh pdwf apwoduf emrf-
w&m;pk? 'D½kyfawGemrfawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh tedpö 'ku© tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½INyD;awmh pm;vkdufNyD/
pm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdolawmfaumif;&JU oEÅmefrSm 0dyóem
ÓPfawGu &ifhusufcJhr,fqkd&if 0dyóemÓPfwkdY&JUtqkH;ü t&d,
r*fÓPfawG ay:vmr,f/ t&d,zkv d Óf PfawG ay:vmr,f/ xkt d &d,
r*fÓPfzkdvfÓPfwkdYu xkdtm[m&tay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh
vkv d m;wyfrufaewJh qE´&m*w&m;awGukd y,f&mS ;ypfvrd rhf ,f/ t&d,
r*fw&m;u xkq d E´&m*w&m;ukd z,f&mS ;Ekid cf rhJ ,fq&dk if xk&d [ef;awmf-
onf qE´&m* uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh 'Dtm[m&udk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif-
Ekid wf hJ tqifo
h Ydk a&muf&o
dS mG ;r,f/ tJ'tD qifo
h Ydk a&mufonfw h idk af tmif
294 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
usifhMuHusKd;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfygvkdY 'Dvkdbk&m;&Sifu wkdufwGef;-

aew,faemf/ 'gu oAÁy&dnm/ aemufwpfck ---
rlvy&dnm
(rlvy&dnm =) rlvy&dnmqkdwmu bmvJvkdYar;awmh ---
tm½kH (5)yg;tay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh &m*w&m;onf
bmukd taMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:vm&ovJvkdYar;vkdufawmh uAVDum&
tm[m&vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh tvkwftavG; rjyKtyfaomfvnf; jyKtyf-
ouJhokdYaom tpmtm[m&tay:ü tajcwnfaew,f/ tajcpkduf-
aew,f/ 'Dtm[m&onf tajccHtaMumif;&if; jzpfygw,fwJh? b,fykH
b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh 'Dtm[m&u tajccH taMumif;&if;
jzpfovJ 'Dtykid ;f ukd t|uxmq&mawmfu qufNy;D zGix
hf m;w,faemf/
uAVDum&tm[m&u pm;okH;jcif;qkdwJh oabmw&m;ESifh uAVD-
um&tm[m&om xif&mS ; &Sad eygap/ xkt d m½kH (5)yg; umr*kPwf &m;wkYd
tay:ü wG,fwm rufarmaewJh &m*w&m;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm-
Ekid w
f hJ oabm&Sad ew,f/ 'gaMumifh tm½kH (5)yg; umr*kPw f &m;tay:ü
wG,w f mrufarmaewJ&h m*w&m;&JU tajccHtaMumif;&if;onf uAVD-
um&tm[m&yJ jzpfw,fvkdY 'Dvkd zGifhxm;w,f/ ykHpHav; xkwfjy-
xm;w,f/
jAm[®Pwdó ckd;om;olykefBuD; xaew,f? oD[kdVfuRef;rSm wpf-
q,fhESpfESpf Mumygw,f/ xkdwpfq,fhESpfESpftwGif;rSm tpmtm[m&
awGu iwfrGwfacgif;yg;wJhtqifhtxd a&mufaew,f/ opf&GufawG
pm;ae&w,f? opfcaHG wG pm;ae&w,f? tJ't D m[m&awGu tajctae
rusvu dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmh ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D wk[
Yd m wpfO;D ay:wpfO;D
wG,fwmrufarmwJh &m*pdwfjzifh Munfhw,fqkdwm r&SdcJhzl;bl;wJhaemf/
bmjzpfvv
Ydk ¿J uAVDum&tm[m&u aus;Zl;jyKay;rItm;u odyef nf;ae
w,faemf/
jAm[®Pwdó olyek af b;Bu;D Nird ;f at;oGm;wJh tcsed t
f cg ,lZem
wpf&m&SdaewJh oD[kdVfuRef;wpfuRef;vkH;rSm arG;vmwJh uav;awGudk
arG;aeYr*FvmjyKvkdufwm wpfaeYwnf;eJY oD[kdVfuRef; wpfuRef;vkH;
ysHUESHYaew,faemf/
'Dawmh tm[m&ukd y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;od&r,f/
b,fvdk od&rvJ¿ uAVDum&tm[m&ukv d nf; y&dnmynmok;H csujf zifh
ykdif;jcm;od&r,f/ uAVDum&tm[m&ac:wJh MoZmu aus;Zl;jyKay;-
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm pwkork|meduMoZmawGuvnf; aemufxyf
tm[m&Z½kyaf wGukd qifu h J jzpfymG ;apw,f/ qifu h J jzpfymG ;apwJt
h wGuf
xkd pwkork|meduMoZmqkdwJh ½kyfw&m;awGukdvnf; y&d,m,fwpfrsKd;-
tm;jzifh uAVDum&tm[m&qkdNyD; t|uxmrsm;u (tbd?|?3?377 -
y|met|uxm) 'Dvdk zGixhf m;ygw,f/ tJ'u D AVDum&tm[m& trnf&-
aewJh ur®Z½kyfawG pdwåZ½kyfawG OwkZ½kyfawG tm[m&Z½kyfawGrSm
yg0ifwnf&SdwJh ur®ZMoZm pdwåZMoZm OwkZMoZm tm[m&ZMoZm
ac:wJh 'DMoZm"mwfawGaMumifh jzpfyGm;oGm;wJh ½kyfw&m;awGudk pepf-
wus ÓPfeJYykdif;jcm;,l&ygw,f/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukd jynfwnfNyD;
odrf;qnf;½IyGm;vdkufwJhtcg ½kyfuvmyfawG jrifwJhtcsdeftcgrSm
½kyfuvmyfawG "mwfcGJEdkifr,f/ ajcmuf'Gg& av;q,fhESpfaum|morSm
&SdaewJh ½kyfawGudk "mwfcGJEkdifr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'DMoZmaMumifh
jzpfay:oGm;wJh tm[m&Z½kyfawGudk pepfwus odrf;qnf;wwfwJh
tqifhukd a&mufoGm;NyD/ tJ'Dvkd½kyfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh xkd
a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u bmvkyf&rvJ¿ xkd½kyfw&m;udk tm½kH,lí
jzpfay:vmwJh emrfw&m;awGudk qufvufodrf;qnf;&w,f/ ½kyfawG
emrfawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkd½kyfemrfwkdY&JU taMumif;-
296 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
w&m;awGudk wpfqifhwufNyD; &SmazGw,f/ taMumif;w&m;awGukd

odrf;qnf;NyD;vkdY &Sd&ifawmh xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm Ówy&dnmynm
&&SdoGm;NyD/ xkdÓwy&dnmynm&&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;u 'D½kyfemrf
aMumif;usK;d ocFg&w&m;awGudk tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wef
wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem ½IyGm;okH;oyf&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd 0dyóem ½IyGm;-
ok;H oyfcrhJ ,f qkv d &Ydk &dS ifawmh xkyd *k Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS wD&Py&dnmynm-
awG &&SdoGm;NyD/ 0dyóemÓPfawGu &ifhusufvkdY 0dyóemÓPfwkdY&JU
tqkH;ü t&d,r*fÓPfawGu ay:cJh&if xkdt&d,r*fw&m;awGu
qkid &f mqkid &f m udavomawGudk t<uif;rJh y,fowfvu kd wf hJ tcsed tf cg
aemufqkH; tm½kH (5)ig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;tay:ü wG,fwmrufarm-
aewJh 'D&m*w&m;onf tjrpfjywf uif;&Sif;NyD; csKyfNidrf;oGm;vdrfhr,f/
orkapä'y[mefjzifh &yfqkdif;oGm;vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvkd &yfqkdif;oGm;wmukd
odcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'g y[mey&dnmpcef; qkdufoGm;NyD? tJ'Dvkd
y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh tm[m&ukd ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odcrhJ ,fq&dk if tm½kH
(5)ig;yg; umr*kPw f &m;tay:ü wG,w f mrufarmaewJh 'D&m*w&m;-
ukdvnf; y&dnmÓPfynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;odNyD;yif jzpfygw,f/
bmaMumifhvJ¿ tm[m&ukd wpfenf; -- ½kyfw&m;awGukd tm½kH,lNyD;
jzpfay:aewJh emrfw&m;awGxJrSm 'D&m* OD;aqmifaewJh avmb 'd|d
tkypf ak wGvnf; rygbl;vm;¿ ygaew,faemf/ ½kyaf wGudk cGw J rf;csvu dk &f if
tm½kH (6)yg;aygY/ 'Dtm½kH (6)yg;ukd tajccHNy;D jzpfay:vmaewJh ukov kd f
aZmapmwJh 0DxdpdwftpOf tukodkvfaZmapmwJh 0DxdpdwftpOf 'D0Dxd-
pdwt f pOfawGukd pepfwus odr;f qnf;wwfNyq D vdk &Ydk &dS ifawmh xk0d x
D pd w d f
tpOfawGxJrSm &m*OD;aqmifaewJh avmb'd|dtkyfpk emrfw&m;awG-
vnf; tm;vkH; yg0ifoGm;Muygw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh 'Davmb 'd|d
OD;aqmifaewJh emrfw&m;awGukdvnf; y&dnmynmÓPf (3)rsKd;jzifh
ykdif;jcm;odNyD;yJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'gu rlvy&d nmyJ? tJ'Dvkd {uy&dnm
oAÁy&dnm rlvy&dnmac:wJh y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh 'Dtm[m&udk
ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if bmjzpfrvJ¿ xkd ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;

odaewJh yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm bk&m;&Sifu b,fvkd a[movJ¿
tm½kH (5)yg; umr*kPfw&m;awGukd tajccHNyD; tajcpkdufNyD;
jzpfay:vmwJh yÍöumr*kPdu&m*ac:wJh 'DwPSmukd y&dnmynm
(3)rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odEikd cf rhJ ,fqv dk &Ykd &dS if umr (11)bko H Ydk jyefvnf
qkdufa&mufvmEkdifwJh taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaewJh oHa,mZOfw&m;
vkH;vkH; r&Sdawmhbl;/ umr&m*oHa,mZOf vkH;0 uif;&Sif;oGm;vdrfhr,f/
umr&m*oHa,mZOf vk;H 0 uif;&Si;f oGm;NyD qkv d &Ydk &dS if 'Dy*k d¾Kvo f nf umr
(11)bko H Ydk b,fawmhrS jyefrvmawmhb;l / tyg,fav;bkv H nf; a&muf-
OD;rvm;¿ ra&mufawmhbl;/ vlYbkHrSm tifrwef npfywfpkwfyJhaewJh
trd&JU 0rf;MumwkdufrSm vmNyD; y#doaE¨wnfaerIqkdwJh qif;&J'ku©ukd-
vnf; &OD;rvm;¿ r&awmhb;l / [kd ewfjynfrmS vnf; wpfzufig;&mqkw d hJ
r,frif;BuD;rawG uvdwJh 'Pfcsufu cH&OD;rvm;¿ rcH&awmhbl;/
tm;vk;H uGi;f vk;H uRwf vGwrf oGm;bl;vm;¿ vGwo f mG ;NyaD emf/ 'gaMumifh
umr (11)bku H dk aemufxyf jyefrvmatmif uGi;f vk;H uRwf vGwaf jrmuf-
apwwfwJh w&m;wpfck[m bmvJvkdY jyefqef;ppfMunfhvkdufwJh tcsdef
tcg bmvJ¿ uAVDum&tm[m&ukd y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;
jcm;jcm; odchJ&if 'DuAVDum&tm[m&tay:ü wG,fwmwyfrufarm-
aewJh yÍöumr*kPu d &m*vkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ &m*w&m;udv k nf; ykid ;f ykid ;f
jcm;jcm; odNy;D jzpfomG ;w,f/ tJ'v D dk ydik ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odNy;D jzpfwhJ twGu-f
aMumifh xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm (oHa,mZOf =) umr&m*oHa,mZOf
OD;aqmifaewJh umr (11)bkHukd jyefvnfapwwfwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh
oHa,mZOfawG &Sdao;ovm;¿ r&Sdawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh ---
'Dumr&m*ukd y,fvdkufNyDqkd&if umr&m*eJY twl,SOfwJGNyD;
jzpfay:aewJh tukokdvfw&m;awGukdvnf; y,f&Sm;NyD;yJ jzpfoGm;w,f/
'gukd y[maeu|w&m;vkdY ac:ygw,f/ &m*eJY,SOfwGJaewJh avmbrl-
298 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
pdwåKyÜg'fawG tm;vkH;ukd y,f&Sm;NyD; jzpfoGm;NyD/ tm;vkH;qkdaomfvnf;

½ly&m*eJY t½ly&m*awmh usefw,faemf/ umrbkHrSm wG,fwmrufarm
aewJh umr&m*eJY ,SOw f aJG ewJh avmbrlpw d af wGtm;vk;H ukeof mG ;NyaD emf/
'Da'oemudkawmh bk&m;&Sifu tem*grdr*fÓPfodkYwkdifatmif
a[mawmfrv l udk Nf y/D odaYk omf tem*grdr*fÓPfzvdk Ó
f Pf qku d Nf yD qkNd y;D -
awmh 'DavmufeJY &yfwefYNyD; raeygESifhwJh? "r®uxduvkyfwJhyk*¾dKvf
qkdwmu ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfac:wJh 'DcE¨m (5)yg;awG
tay:ü 0dyóemur®|mef;awG pD;jzef;zkdY&eftwGuf qufvufNyD;
wkud w
f eG ;f ay;&ygw,f/ t&[wåzv dk f qku
d o
f nftxd usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifatmif qufvufNyD; wkdufwGef;ygqkdNyD;awmh
t|uxmu 'Dvkd zGifhxm;w,faemf/ 'gu yxr tm[m&vkdY ac:qkd-
tyfwJh uAVDum&tm[m&udk tajccHNyD;awmh edAÁmefukd oGm;aewJh
vrf;wpfckyJaemf/
zóm[m&ydkif;
aemufwpfck --- 'kwd,tm[m&u bmvJ¿ zóm[m& tJ'D
tm[m&taMumif;ukv d nf; enf;enf; tcGio
hf ifah eawmh qufNy;D awmh
a[mr,faemf/
zaóm tm[ma&m wdaóm a0'em tm[m&wd/
zaóm tm[ma&m = zótm[m&onf/ wdaóm a0'em =
a0'em (3)yg;wku Yd /dk tm[m&wd = jzpfay:apwwf\/ (0g) aqmif&u
G í
f
aewwf\/
zóm[m&u a0'em (3)rsKd;ukd &Gufaqmifay;w,f/ a0'em
(3)rsKd; jzpfay:vmatmif &Gufaqmifay;w,f/ okdYaomf 'gu y"me-
enf;ygaemf/ a0'emjzpfay:vmNyDqkd&if a0'emonf a0'emwpfck-
wnf;jzpfwm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ ,SOfzuf pdwf apwodufawG
rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ a0'em rygwJh ,SOfzuf pdwf apwodufqkdwm

&Sdaumif;ovm;¿ r&Sdaumif;bl;/ a0'emonf oAÁpdwåom"m&P
apwoduf pdwjf zpfwidk ;f jzpfwidk ;f tjrw
J rf;,SOw
f NJG y;D ygaewJh apwoduf
wpfck jzpfw,f/ a0'emukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odNyDqkd&if a0'emESifh
,SOfwGJaewJh pdwf apwodufawGudkvnf; [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odNyD;
jzpf&r,f/ aemufwpfck ---
a0'emud½k w I hJ yk*Kd¾ v[
f m a0'emwpfcw k nf; r½IygeJ?Y 'Da0'emESi-hf
twl ,SOfwGJNyD; 'Dtm½kHrSm awGUxdaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfay:-
aewJh zóç xkdtm½kHay:odkY pdwf apwoduf orÜ,kwfw&m;awGudk
a&mufatmif aphaqmfwkdufwGef;ay;aewJh apwemç xkdtm½kHudk
rSwfom;aewJh onmç xkdtm½kHudk ykdif;jcm;NyD; ,lwwfwJh ykdif;jcm;NyD;
odwwfwJh 0dnmPf? 'Dvkd zó a0'em onm apwem 0dnmPf
zóyÍöruw&m; (5)yg; OD;aqmifaewJh emrfw&m;awGudk pepfwus
odr;f qnf;yg/ odr;f qnf;Ny;D awmh 0dyóem½Iyg qkNd y;D awmh 'Dvñ dk eT Mf um;-
xm;w,f/ (r?|?1?280...) tJ'DñTefMum;csuftwdkif; zóaMumifh
a0'em jzpfw,fqw kd ahJ e&mrSm a0'emwpfcw k nf;jzpfwm [kwo f vm;¿
r[kwb f ;l / r[kwwf t Jh wGuf a0'emESihf ,SOzf uf pdwf apwoduaf wGu-kd
vnf; qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'Da0'emEkyóem
ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmhr,fh yk*¾dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm bmvkyf&rvJ¿
bk&m;&Si&f UJ owdy|mef a[mpOfuav;ukd jyefMunfyh gaemf/ owdy|mef
b,fESpfyg;&SdovJ¿ av;yg;/ um,mEkyóemowdy|mefç a0'em-
Ekyóemowdy|mefç pdwåmEkyóemowdy|mefç "r®mEkyóemowd-
y|mefqdkNyD; owdy|mef b,fESpfyg;vJ¿ av;yg;? owdy|mefav;yg;udk
bk&m;½Sif a[mvdkufwhJtcgrSm b,fowdy|mefw&m;udk t&if-
pa[movJ¿ um,mEkyóemowdy|mefukd pNy;D a[mw,f/ um,m-
Ekyóemowdy|mefyikd ;f xJrmS tmemygeuJo h Ykd orxur®|mef;awGvnf;
300 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ (32)aum|moudk y#dulv &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f

taeeJY ½IyGm;oHk;oyfwJh orxur®|mef;awGvnf; rygbl;vm;¿ ygae-
w,f/ 'gaMumifh um,mEkyóemqdak omfvnf; ½kyw f &m; oufoufukd
½IaewJh ur®|mef;rsKd; [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf/ orxydkif; orm"d
xlaxmifoifhoavmuf xlaxmifyHktydkif;awGvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;
'Dum,mEkyóemowdy|mefxJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mxm;ygw,f/
aemufwpfck --- tJ'Dum,mEkyóemowdy|mefudk a[mNyD;wJh
tykdif;usrS bk&m;&Sifu a0'emEkyóem tp&SdwJh emrfur®|mef;ykdif;-
awGudk qufNyD; a[mw,f/ a[moGm;ykHtpOfukd axmuf½IMunfhr,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&if bk&m;&Sif&JU tvkdawmf[m um,Ekyóemowdy|mefukd
yGm;rsm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusrS a0'emEkyóem tp&SdwJh emrfur®|mef;-
awGukd yGm;apvkw d ,fqw dk hJ &nf&,
G cf suf &Srd aebl;vm;¿ &Sad ew,faemf/
'gaMumifh t|uxmBuD;rsm;u 'Da0'emEkyóemur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;-
awmhr,fh yk*¾dKvfonf ---
oHcdawåe 0g 0dw¬ma&e 0g y&d*¾[daw ½lyur®|mae?
(r?|?1?280...)
"mwfur®|mef; tusO;f enf;eJyY J jzpfjzpfç "mwfur®|mef; tus,ef nf;-
eJyY J jzpfjzpf "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk OD;wnfum ½kyfw&m;awGudk ½IyGm;-
odrf;qnf;jcif;qdkwJh ½kyfur®|mef;ukd odrf;qnf;NyD; jzpf&r,fqkdNyD; 'Dvkd
pnf;urf;uav;awG owfrSwfay;xm;ygw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh a0'em
ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;awmhr,fh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vo f nf yxr bm½INy;D jzpf&rvJ¿
½kyfur®|mef;udk ½IyGm;NyD; odrf;qnf;NyD; jzpf&r,f/ ½kyfur®|mef;ukd
odr;f qnf;Ny;D ½IymG ;Ny;D jzpf&r,fqadk wmh rdrd odr;f qnf;xm;wJh ½kywf &m;-
awGu ½lyu©E¨m? a0'em OD;aqmifaewJh pdwf apwodufawGu
emrfcE¨mav;yg; aygif;vku d af wmh cE¨mb,fEpS yf g;vJ¿ cE¨m (5) yg;yJaemf?
'gaMumifh a0'emEkyóem qkdaomfvnf; a0'emwpfckwnf;½Iaewm
[kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dtykdif;av;ukd enf;enf; tajccHtjzpfeJY

rSwfxm;aemf/ bk&m;&Sifu 'Dzóm[m&eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh jrwfpGm-
bk&m;u b,fvkd a[mawmfrlovJ¿
ta&cGHcGmxm;wJhEGm;r
ta&awG tukev f ;Hk cGmxm;wJh EGm;rwpfaumif &Sw d ,f/ bmjzpfvYdk
bk&m;&Sifu 'Dae&mrSm EGm;rukd Oyrmay;ae&ovJvkdY ar;&ifawmh
EGm;rwk&Yd UJ oabm odrYk [kwf trsK;d orD;wk&Yd UJ oabmu qif;&JwhJ 'kua© 0-
'emudk onf;cHz&Ydk ef odrYk [kwf a0'emtm;vk;H okca0'emç 'kua© 0'em
tp&SdwJh 'Da0'emawGudk onf;cHzkdY&eftwGuf pGrf;tifowåd enf;enf;
avsmhenf;wJh oabm&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sifu
EGm;xD;udk OyrmrjyKbJ EGm;rudk OyrmjyKxm;w,f/ EGm;rudk Oyrm
jyKvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DEGm;rudk cGmuaepNyD; acgif;txd tukefvkH;
ta&awG cGmxm;Ny/D ta&cGmxm;vku d wf hJ 'DEmG ;rwpfaumifu tu,f-
í eH&Hwpfckudk oGm;NyD; rSDcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; tJ'DeH&HrSm rSDNyD;
jzpfay:aewJh owå0gawGu 'DEmG ;rudk vSr;f Ny;D awmh uku d Mf uw,f? cJMu-
w,f? pm;Muw,f/ eH&HrSm rSDNyD; jzpfay:aewJh owå0gawGqkdwmu
bmawGvnf;vkdY ar;awmh tdrfajr§mifwkdYç yifhulwkdYç <uufwdkY tp&SdwJh
owå0gawGy/J tJ'D owå0gawGuvnf; tom;vk;H ay:aewJh 'DEmG ;rudk
awGUwJh tcsdeftcgrSm vSrf;pm;MuNyD/ aemufwpfck ---
opfyifrsm; oGm;NyD;awmh 'DEGm;ru rDSaevdkufr,f qdkvdkY&Sd&ifvnf;
opfyifrSm rSDwif;NyD; jzpfay:aewJh ydk;avmufowå0gtm;vHk;awGu
'DEGm;rudk vSrf;NyD;awmh pm;MuNyDaemf/ ydk;avmufawG trsKd;rsKd;yJaemf/
aemufwpfck ---
a&xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh &yfaew,f/ 'ku©awGu odyfrsm;vGef;vkdY
a&xJrSm oGm;&yfawmhaum 'ku©u vGwfrvm;¿ rvGwfjyefbl;aemf/
302 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
a&rSm rSaD ewJh ig; vdyt

f p&Sw
d hJ owå0gawGuae 'DEmG ;rudk pm;MujyefNy/D
vGifwD;acgift&yfrSm oGm;&yfw,f/ opfyifab;vnf; ruyfbl;?
eH&aH b;vnf; ruyfb;l ? awmtkyx f vJ nf; raebl;? a&xJvnf; rqif;-
bl;? vGifwD;acgifrSm oGm;NyD;awmh &yfaeNyD/ &yfaevkdufwJh tcsdeftcg
bmjzpfvJ¿
vGifwD;acgifrSm oGm;aeawmhvnf; aumif;uifrSm ysHoef;aewJh
iSut
f rsK;d rsK;d awG &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'o
D wå0gawGuvnf; 'DEmG ;rudk vmNy;D -
awmh qdwfpm;MujyefNyD/
EGm;ru qufvufNyD; wnfaeOD;r,fqkd&ifawmh 'Dta&cGH r&SdrIudk
taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh aemufxyf ykd;avmuftrsKd;rsKd; tp&SdwJh owå0g
awGu olUukd cJpm;Muvdrrhf ,faemf/ 'gu Oyrmpum;&yfy/J aemufxyf
jrwfpGmbk&m;u bma[mawmfrljyefovJ¿ --
zótm[m&udk 'Dvydk J ½IymG ;oifw
h ,fvYdk igbk&m;a[mw,faemf/
b,fvkdvJ¿ ---
tJ'DEGm;r ta&cGHawGu tukefvkH; pkwfaeNyD/ tukefvkH; ta&cGH
pkwfaewJhtwGuf b,fae&mudkyJ oGm;rDSrSD ykd;avmuftrsKd;rsK d; owå0g
trsK;d rsK;d wku
Yd vdu
k Nf y;D awmh cJpm;aeMuNy?D cJpm;aewmudk rdru
d ,kd w
f idk u
f
awGUae&wJhtwGuf rdrdudk olwpfyg;wkdYu vmNyD;awmh jrwfEdk;rIudk
arQmfvifhawmifhwcsuf &Sdao;vm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ olUrSm
ta&awGu tukev f ;Hk pkwaf ew,faemf/ aemufwpfck -- rdrud kd vmNy;D -
awmh ausmukef;av;ukd qkyfe,fay;r,fh yk*¾dKvfç ukd,fudk vmNyD;awmh
qkyfe,fay;r,fh yk*¾dKvfç a&aEG;jzifh vmNyD;awmh yGwfoyfay;r,fh yk*¾dKvf
'Dyk*¾dKvf awGudk ol tvkd&Sdao;ovm;¿ tvkdr&Sdbl;/ ol txdrcHEkdif
jzpfaeNyDaemf/
a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfqkdwm 'Dzóudk yxr odatmif BudK;pm;

tm;xkwfzkdY vkdtyfw,f/ zóu bmvJ¿ todpdwfeJY tm½kHudk quf-
oG,af y;aewJh obm0wpfcyk aJ emf/ tm½ku H kd awGUxdaom tjcif;t&m-
tm;jzifh jzpfaew,f/ todpw d ef YJ tm½kuH kd qufo, G jf cif;qkw
d hJ vkyif ef;-
udpu ö dk jyKvyk af y;aewJh oabmw&m;wpfcyk /J 'Dawmh 'Dzóu tm½keH YJ
todpdwfudk qufoG,fay;aevdkufwJhtwGuf 'Dtm½kHawGeJY awGUxd-
vku d w f t hJ cgrSm cHpm;csuaf wG a0'emawG ay:rvmbl;vm;¿ ay:vm-
w,f/ zóypö,m a0'emyJ? 'Da0'emtay:rSm rdrdu ta,medaom
reodum& ESvkH;oGif;awGu rSm;NyD? rSm;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh
bmjzpfv¿J udavoygPucg'eb, = udavomyk;d avmuf trsK;d rsK;d -
wk&Yd UJ cJpm;wJh 'Pfcsuu f dk rdrd rcH&bl;vm;¿ cH&Ny/D reufusx rD;av;zkd
aMumfwm avSmfwm jyKwfwm csufwm rvkyf&bl;vm;¿ vkyf&w,f/
bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J udavomyk;d avmufu xk;d qGaeNy?D csupf rf;yg? apmapm
xprf;yg? rcsu&f if pm;&rSm r[kwb f ;l ponfjzifh olu xk;d qG raebl;-
vm;¿ xkd;qGw,faemf/ at; wpfaeukef wpfaecef; BudK;yrf;NyD;awmh
ezl;uacR; ajcrusonhfwkdifatmif &SmazGMu&w,f/ tJ'D &SmazGaewJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGvnf; bmudk tajccHvaJ r;awmh 'Dock a0'emav;udk vkv d m;-
awmifhwvkdYyJaemf/ tm½kH (5)yg; umr*kPfw&m;awGudk taMumif;cHNyD;
jzpfay:vmr,fh okca0'emudk arQmfvifhawmifhwaewJhtwGuf 'Dokc-
a0'emudk tajccHNyD;awmh bmjzpfvJ¿ (a0'emypö,m wPSm =)
a0'emudk taMumif;cHNy;D awmh wPSmawGu ay:vmNy/D ay:vmvku d wf hJ
tcsdeftcgrSm 'DwPSmESifh taygif;tazmfjzpfwJh udavomykd;awGu
'Dowå0gudk vku d Nf y;D awmh rxk;d qGb;l vm;¿ xk;d qGaeNy/D tJ'D xk;d qGaewJh
'Pfcsuu f kd a,m*g0p&&[ef;awmfu aumif;pGm jrif&r,f/ aumif;pGm
jrif&r,fqkdawmh olu bmvkyf&rvJvkdY ar;&if 'Dzóudk yxr
odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f ygw,f/ zóukd odatmif BuKd ;pm;vku d wf hJ
tcsed t f cgrSm zóukd ykid yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f odNyqD &dk if zóaMumifh a0'emjzpfyHk
304 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
a0'emaMumifh wPSmjzpfykH tp&SdwJh 'DaMumif;usKd;qufEG,fNyD; y#dpö-

orkyÜg'f 'DoHo&mpuf&[wfBuD; vnfywfaeykHudk yxr jrifatmif
Munf&h ygw,f/ Munfv h u dk w f hJ tcsed t f cgrSm xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f zóukd
jrifatmif MunfNh yq D v
dk &Ydk &dS if 'Dzóonf zówpfcw k nf; jzpfovm;¿
rjzpfbl;aemf/ zówpfckwnf; rjzpfwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh zóu
b,foleJY ,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfovJ¿ rdrdeJY ,SOfazmf,SOfzufjzpfwJh pdwf
apwoduaf wGeYJ tjrw J rf; ,SOw f NJG y;D awmh jzpfw,f/ wpfenf; ajym&if-
awmh zóonf oAÁpw d o å m"m&Papwoduw f pfck jzpfygw,f/ pdw-f
jzpfwkdif; jzpfwkdif; 'Dzó rygbl;vm;¿ ygaew,f/ zóudk ykdif;ykdif;
jcm;jcm; y&rwfodkYqkdufatmif odwJhyk*¾dKvfu zóeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh pdwf
apwoduaf wGuv kd nf; y&rwfoq Ykd u dk af tmif ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odatmif
odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdef tcgusawmhrS 'Dzó
bmaMumifh jzpfay:vm&ovJ¿ odkYr[kwf zóOD;aqmifaewJh 'Demrf-
w&m;awGonf bmaMumifh jzpfay:vm&ovJqkdwJh taMumif;awGudk
wpfqifw h ufNy;D &SmazG&w,f/ tJ't D aMumif;udk &SmazGwhJ tydik ;f uav;
awGrSm yÍöa0gum&bkHom;awGtwGuf jyefMunfhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if zó-
onf rS&D m0w¬K½yk f tm½k½H yk af wGr&Sb d eJ YJ jzpfay:Ekid w f hJ oabm &So d vm;¿
r&Sdbl;/ rSD&m0w¬K½kyfeJY tm½kH½kyfawGu ½kyfw&m; zóOD;aqmifaewJh
pdwaf pwoduaf wGu emrfw&m; 'D½yk ef mrf ESpyf g;udk odNy/D ½kyef mrfEpS yf g;-
udk odNyD;wJh xkda,m*Dolawmfaumif;u 'D½kyf 'Demrfonf bmaMumifh
jzpf&ovJqw dk hJ aMumif;usK;d qufE, G af ewJh y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f w&m;oabm-
awGudk wpfqifhwufNyD;awmh &SmazG&w,f/ tJ'Dvdk &SmazGNyD;wJh tcsdef
tcgusawmhrS taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfawGudk tedpö 'ku©
tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem
½I&ygw,faemf/ tJ'D0dyóem½IwJh tykdif;txd enf;enf;av; tm½kH
,lxm;ygaemf/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu b,fvdk qufa[mawmfrlovJ¿
zaó bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmaw wdaóm a0'em

y&dnmwm a[mEÅd/ wDok a0'emok y&dnmwmok t&d,om0uó
ew¬d udÍöd Owå&du&PD,EÅd 0'grd/ (oH?1?323/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ zaó tm[ma& = zównf;
[laom taMumif;w&m;udk/ (tm[m&qkdwm 'Dae&mrSm taMumif;-
w&m; a[mw,faemf/) y&dnmaw = y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ydkif;ykdif;
hJ nf&adS omf/ wdaóm a0'em = a0'em (3)rsK;d -
jcm;jcm; xk;d xGi;f íodco
wdkYudk/ y&dnmwm = y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odNyD;jzpf-
ukefonf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfMuavukef\/ wDok a0'emok = a0'em
(3)rsKd;wkdYudk/ y&dnmwmok = y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;
xkd;xGif;í odjrifcJhukefonf&Sdaomf/ t&d,om0uó = t&d,m
olawmfaumif;&JU oEÅmefü/ Owå&du&PD,H = xkdYxuftvGef jyKoifh
jyKxudk af om/ udÍdö = wpfpwHk pfcak om w&m;onf/ ew¬d = r&SEd idk af wmh-
avNyD/
at; zóqkw d hJ taMumif;w&m;udk y&d nmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f
jcm;jcm; odyg/ y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh zóukd ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odcrhJ ,f-
qkd&if 'Dzóudk taMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh a0'em (3)rsKd;udkvnf;
ydkif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; y&dnmPf (3)rsKd;jzifh odvdrfhr,f/ a0'em (3)rsKd;udk
y&dnmÓPfynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;odcJhr,fqkd&if xkdodaewJh
t&d,molawmfaumif;&JU oEÅmefrSm xdkYxuftvGef jyKzG,fvkyfief;
udpö&yfonf 'DomoemawmfrSm r&SdawmhNyD/ ajymvdkufwm pum;u
enf;enf;usO;f awmh vG,w f ,fvYkd xif&w,faemf/ 'Dae&mrSm t|uxm
u enf;enf;av; zGifhxm;w,f/
zaó bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmawwd wD[d y&dnm[d
y&dnmaw/ (oH?|?2?103/)
306 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
zóudk zównf;[laom tm[m&udk ykdif;jcm;odw,fqkdwmu

y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f jcm;odwmudk bk&m;&Siu
f &nfñeT ;f aew,f/
bmvJ¿
£"myd wdaóm y&dnm = 'Dae&mrSmvnf; y&dnm (3)rsKd;yJwJh/
ww¬ ]]zaóm ocFg&u©aE¨m wHorÜ,w
k må a0'em a0'emu©aE¨m?
onm onmu©aE¨m? pdwåH 0dnmPu©aE¨m? awoH 0w¬m&r®Pmed
½lyu©aE¨m}}wd {0H oyÜpö,ó emr½lyó ,mxm0awm 'óeH
Ówy&dnm/ (oH?|?2?103/)
a[m zóu cE¨menf;eJ ajym&if bmcE¨mvJ¿ ocFg&u©Em¨ ? zóeJY
,SOwf aJG ewJh a0'emu a0'emu©Em¨ ç onmu onmu©Em¨ ç todpw d u f
0dnmPu©E¨mç aygif;vkdufwJhtcgusawmh emrfcE¨m b,fESpfyg;vJ¿
(4)yg;/ 'DemrfcE¨m (4)yg;onf ckeu ajymcJw h t
hJ wkid ;f rS&D m0w¬K½yk f r&Sb
d eJ YJ
yÍöa0gum&bkrH mS jzpfEidk w f phJ rG ;f tm; &So
d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / cHpm;p&m tm½kH
r&SdbJeJYaum jzpfEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ 'D0w¬KeJY tm½kH-
awGu ½lyu©Em¨ ? aygif;vku d af wmh cE¨m b,fEpS yf g; jzpfomG ;ovJ¿ cE¨m
(5)yg;/ tJ'Dawmh cE¨m (5)yg;qkdwmu jzKef;ceJajymawmh vG,fw,f/
vufawGU 'Dae&mrSm a,m*Dolawmfaumif;awGuawmh 'DcE¨m (5)yg;-
taMumif; awmfawmfav; em;vnfygw,faemf/ Oyrm qkMd uygpkYd ...
½lyg½kHwpfckukd vSrf;NyD; jrifvkdufNyD qkdMupkdY/ jrifvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm
yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;ç pu©K0dnmPfç orÜ#d pdä Kif;ç oEÅD&Pç 0ka|mç aZmç w'g½kHç
tp&SdonfjzifhaygYav/ 0DxdpdwftpOfawG jzpfoGm;NyD/ yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;
pdwåu©PtcdkufrSm cE¨mb,fESpfyg;vJ¿ cE¨m (5)yg;? pu©K0dnmPf
pdwåu©PtcdkufrSmvnf; cE¨m (5)yg;? orÜ#d pdä Kif;pdwåu©PtcdkufrSm
cE¨m(5)yg;? oEÅD&Ppdwåu©PtcdkufrSm cE¨m (5)yg;? 0ka|mpdwåu©P
tcdu k rf mS cE¨m (5)yg;? yxraZmpdwu å P © tcduk rf mS cE¨m (5)yg;? 'kw, d -
aZmpdwu å P
© tcdu k f cE¨m (5)yg; ponfjzifh aZm (7)ckrmS aZmtoD;oD;
pdwåu©Pwkdif;rSm cE¨mb,fESpfyg;vJ¿ (5)yg;/ w'g½kHuscJh&if w'g½kH

toD;toD; pdwu å P
© rSmvnf; cE¨m (5)yg;? tJ'D pepfukd odatmif½&I rSm
jzpfygw,faemf/ (r?|?1?267-268/) tJ'Dvkd cE¨m (5)yg;awGudk pepfwus
odchJNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdcE¨m (5)yg;onf bmaMumifh jzpfovJqkdwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGukd wpfqifw h ufNy;D &SmazG&w,f/ tJ'D taMumif;-
w&m; &SmazGwJhtykdif;uawmh y#dpöorkyÜg'f aMumif;usKd;qufEG,fwJh
oabmeJY qkdifw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh cE¨m
(5)yg;udk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odwJhÓPfu emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf twdwf
tem*wf ypöKyeÜ f umv (3)yg;twGi;f rSm taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;-
awGudk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm ykdif;jcm;odwJh ÓPfu ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf xkd
emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfeJY ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf (2)yg;udk ,xmblwÓPf-
vkdY vnf; ac:w,f/ ,mxm0awm'óeÓPfvkdYvnf; ac:ygw,f/
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm xkd;xGif;odaewJh ÓPftjrifyJ/ tJ'D ÓPftjrifukd
bmac:vJ¿ Ówy&dnmvkdYac:w,faemf/
waw¬0 wdvu©PH tma&maywGm owåEéH tEkyóemeH 0aoe
tedpöm'dawm wkveH wD&Py&dnm/ (oH?|?2?103/)
xkÓd wy&d nmtrnf&aewJh ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m; taMumif;w&m;
tusKd;w&m;awGudk ocFg&w&m;vkdY ac:w,f/ 'DocFg&w&m;awGudk
tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½INyD/
tEkyóem (7)rsK;d jzifh ½Iw,f/ tedpmö Ekyóemç 'kum© Ekyóemç tewåm
Ekyóemç 0d&m*gEkyóemç eda&m"mEkyóemç y#dedó*¾gEkyóemç
edAÁd'gEkyóem -- qkNd y;D tEkyóemÓPf (7)rsK;d jzifh tedpö 'ku© tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½INyD/ tJ'Dvkd
½IaewJÓ h Pfukd bmac:ovJ¿ 'D½yk ef mrfaMumif;usK;d ocFg&w&m;awGukd
tedpövkdY pl;prf;qifjcif qkH;jzwfcsufcsaewJhç 'ku©vkdY tewåvkdY qifjcif
308 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
qH;k jzwfcsucf saewJh ÓPfawGjzpfjcif;aMumifh olwu

Ydk kd wD&Py&dnmvkYd
ac:ygw,f/ 0dyóemÓPftm;vHk; ygw,f/
wo®ða,0 ye emr½lay qE´&m*eduú¹aem t&[wåra*¾g
y[mey&dnm/ (oH?|?2?103/)
xkd ½kyef mrfawGtay:ü vkv d m;wyfrufaewJh qE´&m*udk t<uif;rJh
ESifxkwfEkdifwJh t&[wår*fÓPfonf y[mey&dnm rnfw,fwJh/
aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfyg;vJ¿ y&dnm (3)yg;? zóudk y&dnmynm
(3)yg;jzifh ykid ;f jcm; odcrhJ ,fq&dk if bmjzpfv¿J wdaóm a0'em y&dnm-
wm a[mEÅd/ a0'emokH;rsKd;udkvnf; y&dnmynm okH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;
odNyD;om jzpfw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ ckeu zóudk odw,fqkdwm zó
wpfckwnf;½Iwm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ zóeJY ,SOfzuf pdwf
apwoduf orÜ,w k w
f &m;awGuydk g tm;vk;H ½I&w,f/ rS&D m0w¬K½yk af wG-
vnf; ½I&w,f/ tm½kH½kyfawGvnf; ½I&w,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh zó
wpfckwnf; ½Iwm r[kwfbl;/ cE¨mb,fESpfyg; ½IovJ¿ (5)yg;? tJ'D
cE¨m (5)yg;xJrmS a0'em rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ 'gjzifh zóudk y&dnm-
ynm okH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;odatmif ½IwJhtykdif;rSm a0'emudkvnf;
y&dnmynm ok;H rsK;d jzihf ykid ;f jcm;odrq I w
dk m u@wpfct
k jzpfeYJ ygroGm;-
bl;vm;¿ ygoGm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh ---
zaó bd u © a 0 tm[ma& y&d n maw wd a óm a0'em
y&dnmwm a[mEÅd/ (oH?1?323/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ zaó tm[ma& = zótm[m&
w&m;udk/ y&dnmaw = y&dnmÓPfynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm;
xkd;xGif;í odchJonf&Sdaomf/ wdaóm a0'em = a0'emokH;rsKd;wkdYudk
vnf;yJ/ y&dnmwm = y&d nmÓPfynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odNy;D
jzpfukefonf/ a[mEÅd = jzpfMuavukef\/
a0'emokH;rsKd;u bmawGvJ¿ okca0'emç 'ku©a0'emç Oayu©m-

a0'em (t'ku©rokcac:wJh Oayu©ma0'emyJaemf?) tJ'Dawmh a0'em
(3) rsKd;udk ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odNyD; jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh ----
wdaóm a0'emwd {0H zóm[ma& wD[d y&dnm[d y&dnmaw
wdaóm a0'em y&dnmwm0 a[mEÅd wr®Lvuwåm wHorÜ,kwåwåm
p/ (oH?|?2?103/)
a0'em okH;rsKd;u zóvQif tajccH taMumif;&if;&Sdwmu
taMumif;wpfck/ zóeJY tjrJwrf; ,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfay:aewmuvnf;
taMumif;wpfc/k 'DtaMumif; ESpcf suaf Mumifh zóuko d m y&dnmynm
okH;rsKd;jzihf ykdif;jcm;odyg/ zóvQif tajccHtaMumif;&if; &SdaewJh
a0'emokH;rsKd;udkvnf; y&dnmynm okH;rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfw,f/
zóeJY twl,SOfwGJNyD; pdwåu©PwpfcktwGif;rSm tjrJwrf; jzpfaewJh
a0'emudkvnf; ykdif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY 'Dvkdbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;-
awmfrlvdkufygw,f/
£wd zóm[m&0aoe a'oem ,m0 t&[wåm uxdwm/
£wd = þokdYvQif/ zóm[m&0aoe = zótm[m&&JU
tpGr;f jzif/h a'oem = a'oemawmfu/dk ,m0 t&[wåm = t&[wåzv
dk f
wkdifatmif/ uxdwm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfygayNyD/
zóm[m&usawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u t&[wåzkdvfayguf a[m-
vkud Nf y?D 'Dawmh ajymawmhom zówpfv;Hk yJaemf? ½I&rSmu bmawGv¿J
cE¨m (5)yg;? aMumif;usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;? ,if; cE¨m
ig;yg;ESifh aMumif;usKd;qufy#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;ukd tedpö 'ku©
tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh wGiw f iG Bf u;D 0dyóem½I&r,f/
½Ivu dk vf Ydk y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d om urf;ukeaf tmif odygap/ t&[wåzv dk f
raygufb;l vm;¿ aygufw,f/ aemufwpfck --- raemoaÍöwem[m&wJ/h
310 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
raemoaÍöwem[m&ydkif;
uxÍö bdu©a0 raemoaÍöwem[ma&m '|aAÁm¿ (oH?2?324/)
raemoaÍöwem[m&ukd b,fvkd½IoifhovJ¿
ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 t*Fg&umok om"duayg&dom ykPÖm
t*Fg&meH 0DwpödumeH 0Dw"lrmeH/ (oH?2?324/)
tvHwpf&mavmufeufaewJh wGif;BuD;wpfck &Sdw,f/ tJ'D
wGif;BuD;xJrSm (0D0Dwpöd =) rD;awmufrD;vQH uif;aewJhç (0D0Dw"lr =) rD;ckd;
rD;vQH uif;aewJçh rD;vnf; rawmufb;l wJçh rD;ck;d vnf; r&Swd hJ rD;us;D cJawG
jynfhaeNyD? tyl&Sdef odyftm;aumif;w,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
tJ'Dae&mudk touf&SifvkdwJh raovkdwJh csrf;omukd tvkd&SdwJh
qif;&Jukd &GH&SmpufqkyfaewJh a,mufsm;wpfOD; qkdufa&mufvmNyD/ xkd
a,mufsm;udk tm;aumif;armif;oefaewJh a,mufsm; ESpfOD;wdkYuae
vufarmif;wpfbufwpfcsuf udik Nf y;D awmh rD;us;D wGi;f okYd twif; qGaJ c:
oGm;MuNyD/
tJ'Dvkd qGJac:cHae&wJh 'Da,mufsm;&JU pdwfxJrSm b,fvkd jzpfae-
ovJ¿ olU&JUapwem olU&JUawmifhwcsuf tm;vkH;uawmh rD;usD;wGif;eJY
a0;csifaewJh apwemyJ &Sdaew,f/ vkdvm;awmifhwcsufyJ &Sdaew,f/
bmaMumifhvJ¿ a,mufsm;&JU oEÅmefrSm pdwftMuHtpnfu 'Dvdk
jzpfaew,f/ b,fvdkvJ¿
tu,fírsm; rD;usD;wGif;xJ ig usoGm;r,fqdk&if aocsifvnf;
aor,f/ aoavmufwhJ qif;&J'u k o© v
Ydk nf; a&mufcsiaf &mufvrd rhf ,fvYkd
'Dvkd olUpdwfxJrSm tMuHtpnf jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DrD;usD;wGif;rS
a0;csifaewJh apwemç a0;csifaewJh qE´"mwf awmifhwcsufawGom
olUrSm &Sdaew,f/
at; - 'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJ? raemoaÍöwem[m&udk oifcspfom;wdkY

½IymG ;oifw
h ,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J 'DraemoaÍöwem[m&qdw k Jh ukov
kd u
f H
tukodkvfuHawGuomvQif rD;usD;wGif;eJY wlaewJh oHo&m0#fqif;&J
'ku©BuD;xJudk xdk;NyD;awmh ypfcsaeMuw,f/ 'Dvdk ypfcsaewhJtwGuf-
aMumifh 'DukodkvfuHapwem tukokdvfuHapwemawGu rD;usD;wGif;-
BuD;eJY wlaewJh oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©xJ ypfcsaewJhtwGuf 'DoHo&m
0#fqif;&J'u k B© u;D xJrmS bmawG jzpfaeMuovJ¿ y#doaEäe&wJh 'ku-©
awGeYJ awGU&w,f/ td&k wJh 'kuç© em&wJh 'kuç© ao&wJh 'kuç© pd;k &dryf al qG;
idka<u;&wJh 'ku©ç udk,fqif;&J&wJh 'ku©ç pdwfqif;&J&wJh 'ku©ç jyif;pGm
ylyef&wJh 'ku©qdkNyD;awmh 'D'ku©t00awGeJY awGUae&w,f/ tajccH
taMumif;&if; Munfv h u kd w
f hJ tcsed tf cgrSm bmvJ¿ 'DraemoaÍöwem-
[m&udk tajccHaew,faemf/ 'gaMumifh --
raemoaÍöwem, bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmaw wdaóm
wPSm y&dnmwm a[mEÅd/ (oH?1?324/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ raemoaÍöwem, tm[ma& =
raemoaÍöwemtm[m&ud/k y&dnmaw = y&dnmÓPfynm (3)rsK;d wk-Yd
jzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; xdk;xGif;í odcJhonf&Sdaomf/ wdaóm wPSm =
umrwPSm b0wPSm 0db0wPSmwnf;[laom/ (0g) umrwPSm
½l y wPS m t½l y wPS m wnf ; [l a om (3)rsKd ; aom wPS m wd k Y u d k /
y&dnmwm = ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; xdk;xGif;í odNyD; jzpfMuukefonf/ a[mEÅd
= jzpfMu avukef\/
wDok wPSmok y&dnmwmok t&d,om0uó ew¬d udÍöd Owå&d
u&PD,EÅd 0'grd/ (oH?1?324/)
wDok wPSmok = wPSm okH;rsKd;wkdYukd/ y&dnmwmok = y&dnm-
ÓPfynm ok;H rsK;d wkjYd zifh ydik ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; xk;d xGi;f í oduek o
f nf&adS omf/
312 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
t&d,om0uó = t&d,myk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefü/ Owå&du&PD,H =

xkdYxuftvGef jyKoifhjyKxkdufaom/ udÍöd = wpfpkHwpfckaom udpöonf/
ew¬d = r&SdawmhNyD/ £wd= þodkYvQif/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd =
a[mawmfrl\/
at; - 'DraemoaÍöwem[m&udk y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d jzihf ykid ;f jcm;Ny;D
odcJhr,fqkd&if 'Dvkd ydkif;jcm;odaewJh yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm wPSmokH;rsKd;-
udkvnf; ydkif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfr,f/ umrwPSm b0wPSm 0db0wPSm
wpfenf;ajym&ifvnf; umr ½ly t½ly bkHokH;yg;tay:rSm wG,fwm
wyfrufarmaewJh wPSmyJ/ 'DwPSmudk ykdif;jcm;odNyD; jzpfvdrfhr,f/ 'D
ae&muav;rSm Oyrm Oyar,seYJ ES;D aESmNy;D awmh t|uxmq&mawmf-
u zGifhxm;w,faemf/
rD;us;D wGi;f eJY umr ½ly t½lyac:wJh bkoH ;Hk yg;qkw
d hJ oHo&m0#f'u
k -©
Bu;D eJY wlw,fwahJ emf/ touf&iS v f w
dk hJ a,mufsm;eJY oHo&m0#fqif;&Jukd
rSDaewJh y&rw¬ÓPfynmrsufpdumPf;aewJh ykxkZef irkdufom;eJY
wlw,f/ tm;aumif;armif;oefaewJh a,mufsm;ESpfOD;eJY ukokdvfuH
tukokdvfuHeJY wlMuw,f/
tm;aumif;armif;oefaewJh a,mufsm;ESpfOD;uaeNyD;awmh ckeu
touf&SifvkdwJh raovkdwJh csrf;omudk tvkd&SdaewJh qif;&Judk &GH&Sm-
pufqyk af ewJh a,mufsm;wpfa,mufudk vufarmif;wpfzufwpfcsuf
ukdifNyD;awmh rD;usD;wGif;udk a&S;½IqGJiifNyD; ac:oGm;wJh tcsdefumveJY
y&rw¬ÓPfynmrsupf u d mPf;aewJh AmvykxZk efirdu k o
f m;&JU ukov
dk -f
uH tukokdvfuHawGudk jzpfay:vmatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaewJh
tcsdeftcgumveJY wlw,f/ uHxlaxmifaewmeJY odyfwlw,faemf/
ur O® d§ tm,l[,
d rmear0 y#doE¨d H tmu¹wd emr/ (oH?|?2?104??)
ur®H = uHu/dk tm,l[,
d rmear0 = tm;xkwNf y;D jzpfjcif;onfom
yifvQif/ y#doE¨ð = y#doaEüdk/ tmu¹wd emr = qGJiifíaeonf

rnf\/
uHukd tm;xkwfNyD;NyD qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'DuHu tusKd;ray;bl;vm;¿
ay;awmhr,f? wpfcsed f tusK;d ay;r,f? 'Dvqdk &dk if uHukd tm;xkwNf y;D jcif;
onfyifvQif y#doaEükd vSr;f Ny;D qG,
J w
l meJY rwlb;l vm;¿ wlaew,f/
t*Fg&umoked'geH 'ku©H 0d, ur®ed'geH 0¥'ku©H a0'dwAÁH/
(oH?|?2?104/)
rD;usD;wGif;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh qif;&J'ku©eJY uHudk
taMumif;jyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh oHo&m0#f'ku©qif;&JBuD;eJY odyfwlw,f
aemf/ 'DOyrm Oyar,sukd bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;awmfrlw,f/ a[m-
Mum;awmfrv l u
dk w
f thJ cgrSm 'Dae&mrSm y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d wkjYd zifh ykid ;f ykid ;f
jcm;jcm; odykHtykdif;udkawmh zórSm zGifhqkdcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ rSwfygqkdNyD;
t|uxmq&mawmfu 'DvkdyJ zGifhxm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm
raemoaÍöwem[m&qkad wmh 'Duo k vdk af pwem tukov dk f apwemvkYd
ac:qk d t yf w J h 'D a pwemw&m;awG o nf apwemwpf v k H ; wnf ;
oufouf jzpfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ apwemonf
oAÁpdwåom"m&Papwoduf jzpfygw,f/ pdwfjzpfwkdif; jzpfwkdif;
'Dapwem rygbl;vm;¿ ygw,f/ 'Dapwemudk ykid ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; od&r,f
qkd&if y&rwfodkY qkdufa&mufatmif od&rSm ajymwm/ CeNydKatmif
od&rSm? CeNydKatmif ½I&r,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh apwemeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh
pdwf apwoduaf wGukd r½I&if CeNyKd ygYrvm;¿ rNyKd b;l / 'DapwemeJt Y wl
,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfay:aewJh pdwfapwodufawGxJrSm a0'emrygbl;vm;¿
ygw,f/ a0'emu a0'eu©E¨mç onmu onmu©E¨mç apwemESifh
wuGaom usefapwodufawGu ocFg&u©E¨mç todpdwfu 0dnm-
Pu©E¨m aygif;vkdufawmh cE¨m b,fESpfyg;vJ¿ emrfcE¨mav;yg;/ tJ'D
emrfcE¨mav;yg;onf yÍöa0gum&owå0gawGtwGuf rSD&m0w¬K½kyf
314 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
r&Sb d eJ YJ jzpfovm;¿ rjzpfEidk b f ;l / tm½k½H yk af wG r&Sb

d eJ aYJ um jzpfovm;¿
rjzpfEidk b f ;l / rS&D m0w¬K½yk ef YJ tm½k½H yk af wGu ½kyw f &m; = ½lyu©Em¨ jzpfw,f/
aygif;vku d af wmh cE¨m b,fEpS yf g;vJ¿ (5)yg;/ tJ'D cE¨m (5)yg;udk yxr
ydik ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odatmif avhusi&hf ygw,faemf/ cE¨m (5)yg;udk ykid ;f ykid ;f
jcm;jcm; odNy;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vu f 'DcE¨m (5)yg;awGonf
b,fvdk taMumif;w&m;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:ae&ygovJqNkd y;D awmh
taMumif;w&m;awGukd odcsifwJh pdwfjzifh twdwfbufudk wmplNyD;
½kyfemrfawGudk odrf;qnf;&w,f/ odrf;qnf;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
twdwu f jypkysK;d axmifcw hJ hJ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefvQif taMumif;&if;-
cH&SdaewJh ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuHawGukd oGm;awGUNyD/ xkdukokdvfuH
tukov dk u f aH wGuaeNy;D awmh 'Db0acgifq;Hk trd0rf;wGi;f rSm y#doaE¨-
udk vSrf;NyD; qGJ,laeyHkudkvnf; ÓPfeJY jrifatmif Munfh&w,f/ tJ'Dvkd
MunfhEkdifNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh aemufwpfqifhwufNyD; xkda,m*Dolawmf-
aumif;u bmvkyf&ovJ¿
twdwfMunfhvkdufawmhvnf; taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;ç
ypöKyÜefMunfhvkdufawmhvnf; taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;ç aemif
tem*wfMunfv h nf; taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;yJvYdk 'Dvo dk ad tmif
½I&w,f/ (tbd?|?2?242/) twdwfu t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefawG
jc&H NH y;D awmh ocFg&uHawGudk xlaxmifcw hJ thJ wGuf 'Db0rSm cE¨m (5)yg;
½kyfw&m;ç emrfw&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&w,f/ 'Db0rSmvnf;
t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefawG jc&H NH y;D ocFg&uHawGukd xyfNy;D xlaxmifc&hJ if
aemiftem*wf umvrSm cE¨m (5)yg; ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awG xyfNy;D -
awmh rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfr,f/ at; tvm;wlyJ [kd twdwfoHo&m
tqufqufuvnf; qkdif&mqkdif&m twdwfawGrSm qkdif&mqkdif&m
t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefawG jc&H NH y;D ocFg&uHawGukd xlaxmifcw hJ t hJ wGuf
qkid &f mqkid &f m twdwaf wGrmS vnf; cE¨m (5)yg; ½kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awG
xif&Sm; rjzpfcJhbl;vm;¿ jzpfcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvkd twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef

umv (3)yg;twGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh cE¨m (5)yg;wk&Yd UJ aMumif;usK;d quf-
EG,af ewJh oabmawGukd [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG od&atmif ½I&w,f/ tJ'vD dk
½Ivu dk w
f hJ tykid ;f rSm 'DocFg&uHvaYdk c:wJh raemoaÍöwem[m&rSm t0dZmÆ
wPSm Oyg'gefwkdYu jcH&Hvsuf r&Sdbl;vm;¿ jcH&Hvsuf&Sdw,faemf/ vlvdkY
todrSm;aewJh oabmu t0dZÆmç vlUb0udk wG,fwmwyfrufaewJh
oabmu wPSmç pdwu f yfNy;D pGaJ ewJo h abmu Oyg'gefç vlUb0a&muf-
aMumif;jzpfwJh bk&m;apwDawmftm; yef;vSLjcif; qDrD;a&csrf; vSLjcif;
qkwd hJ 'DocFg&uHawGukd jyKpyk sK;d axmifw,f qkMd upk?Yd yef;vSLwJh 'Duo k v
dk f
apwemawGu bmvJ¿ ocFg&? raemoaÍöwem[m&? 'DraemoaÍö-
wem[m&udk ydkif;jcm;NyD; odzkdY&eftwGuf xkda,m*Dolawmfaumif;u
'DraemoaÍöwem[m&rSm jc&H aH ewJh t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefawGuv kd nf;
ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odatmif ravhusifh&bl;vm;¿ avhusifh&w,f/
'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'Dae&mrSm bma[mawmfrlovJ¿ ---
]]raemoaÍöwem, bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmaw wdaóm
wPSm y&dnmwm a[mEÅd}} (oH?1?324/)
raemoaÍöwem[m&ukdom ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; y&dnmÓPfynm
ok;H rsK;d wkjYd zihf ykid ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; odyg/ raemoaÍöwem[m&ukd y&dnm
ÓPfynm okH;rsKd;wkdYjzihf ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;í odcJhr,fqkd&if
xkyd *k Kd¾ vof nf wPSmok;H rsK;d wku Yd vkd nf; y&dnmÓPfynmok;H rsK;d wkjYd zihf
ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odNyD;yJ jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ wPSmtpkd"mwf
tap;"mwfr&Sw d hJ raemoaÍöwem[m&ac:wJh uHawGonf tusK;d ay;
Ekid o
f vm;¿ ray;Ekid b f ;l / wPSm tpk"d mwf tap;"mwf&ydS grS raem-
oaÍöwem[m&vkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ ukovdk u
f H tukov dk u
f aH wGu tusK;d
ay;Ekid w f hJ pGr;f tm; &Sd w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Duo k vdk u
f aH wG&UJ tusK;d ay;yku
H dk
y&d nmÓPfynm okH;rsKd;wkdYjzihf ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odaewJh yk*¾dKvfu
316 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'DukodkvfuH tukokdvfuHawGudk jcH&Hxm;aewJh okdYr[kwf tm;ay;

axmufyahH ewJh t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefawGuv kd nf; ykpH rH eS f y&dnm-
ÓPfynmok;H rsK;d wkjYd zihf ykid ;f jcm;odNy;D yJ jzpfomG ;w,f/ tJ'v D dk y&dnm-
ÓPfynmok;H rsK;d jzihf raemoaÍöwem[m&ukd ykid ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; odcrhJ ,f?
wPSmok;H rsK;d wku
Yd dk ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odcrhJ ,fq&dk if bmjzpfv¿J --
]]wDok wPSmok y&dnmwmok t&d,om0uó ew¬d udÍdö Owå&d
u&PD,EÅd 0'grd}} (oH?1?324/)
y&dnmÓPfynmok;H rsK;d wkjYd zihf 'DwPSmok;H rsK;d wku
Yd kd ykid ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm;
xkd;xGif;í odcJhr,fqkd&if xkdt&d,molawmfaumif;tzkdY aemufxyf
oHo&mc&D;rSm jyKvyk zf ,
G u
f pd ö bmrS r&Sad wmhb;l vkYd igbk&m; a[mawmfr-l
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bmjzpfvv Yfdk ¿J
wPSmrlvuwåm raemoaÍöwem,/ (oH?|?2?104/)
raemoaÍöwem, = ukov dk u
f H tukov
dk u
f w
H nf;[laom raem-
oaÍöwemw&m;\/ wPSmrlvuwåm = wPSmvQif rlvtaMumif;&if;cH
&So
d nftjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/
wPSmvQif taMumif;&if;cH&w
dS ,f/ b,fvv
dk ¿J
e [d a[wkrSd tyÜ[Dae zvH y[D,wd/ (oH?|?2?104/)
a[wkrSd = taMumif;w&m;udk/ tyÜ[Dae = ry,f&Sm;EkdifcJhonf
&Sad omf/ zvH = tusK;d w&m;ud/k e y[D,wd = b,fawmhrS ry,f&mS ;Ekid /f
taMumif;w&m;udkom ry,fEkdifbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if tusKd;w&m;ukd
y,fEkdifygYrvm;¿ ry,fEkdifbl;/ bk&m;&Sif&JU 0g'u taMumif;owfwJh
0g'aemf/tusK;d owfwhJ 0g'[kwo f vm;¿ r[kwb f ;l / wPSm tpk"d mwf
tap;"mwf&ydS grS raemoaÍöwem[m&ac:wJh ukov dk uf H tukov
dk u
f -H
awGu cE¨mig;yg;qkdwJh tusKd;w&m;awGukd jzpfapEkdifw,f/ wPSm
taygif;tazmfukd r&&SdwJh uHawG[m tusKd;ray;EkdifMuawmhbl;/

'gaMumifh wPSmukd y,fowfEkdif&if uHawGukdvnf; y,fowfNyD;
jzpfoGm;w,f/
raemoaÍöwem[m&\ tpGrf;jzifhvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
t&[wåzv dk af yguf a[mawmfrv l u
dk Nf y/D tJ'aD wmh 'Dae&mrSm apwem
wpfckwnf;½Iwm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;aemf/ raemoaÍöwem[m&
qkdaomfvnf; apwemwpfckwnf; ½IwJhvkyfief;cGifawmh r[kwfbl;/
apwemOD;aqmifaewJh pdwf apwoduf emrfw&m;pkawGukd ½I&rSm ½I&wm
jzpfw,f? 'Duo k v dk f tukov kd af pwemawGukd jc&H x H m;wJh t0dZmÆ wPSm
Oyg'gefawGuv kd nf; ½I&w,f/ 'DapwemeJY ,SOw f NJG y;D jzpfay:aewJh pdwf
apwodufawGudkvnf; ½I&w,f/ taMumif;w&m;awGudkvnf; ½I&
w,f/ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gefawGuv kd nf; vSr;f Ny;D awmh ½I&ygw,faemf/
rSD&m0w¬K½kyfeJY tm½kH½kyfawGudkvnf; ½I&w,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
ajym&ifawmh apwemESiw hf uG ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m; tm;vk;H udk tedpö
'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wef wifNy;D awmh y&d nmÓPfynm ok;H rsK;d -
jzifh ykdifykdifEkdifEkdif xkd;xGif;odonfhwkdifatmif ½I&ygw,f/ ½Ivkdufjcif;-
aMumifh xkyd *k Kd¾ vo f nf aemufq;Hk b,fa&mufomG ;ovJ¿ t&[wåzv dk f
qkdufoGm;w,faemf/ aemufwpfck ---
0dnmPm[m&ydkif;
tm[m& wpfrsKd;u bmvJ¿ 0dnmPm[m&/
0dnmPm[ma&m y#doE¨du©aP emr½lyH tm[m&wd/
0dnmPm[m&u y#doaE¨tcsdeftcgrSm emrfESifh ½kyfukd aqmif-
w,f/ emrfESifh ½kyfudk jzpfapw,f/ tJ'Dtykdif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; jrwfpGm-
bk&m; b,fvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
318 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
0dnmPm[m&ukd b,fvdk ½IymG ;oifo h vJ¿ ½IymG ;oifyh u

Hk kd bk&m;&Si-f
u avmuOyrmwpfckESifh EdIif;cdkif;NyD; a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f ---
raumif;rIawGukd jyKvyk af vh&w
dS hJ ck;d om;"m;jywpfO;D udk zrf;Ny;D awmh
&Sifbk&ifxH tyfESHMuNyD/
t&Sirf if;jrwf 'Dy*k Kd¾ vu
f awmh t&Sirf if;jrwf&UJ wkid ;f Ekid if rH mS vk,uf
zsufqD;aewJh ckd;om;"m;jywpfOD; jzpfaeNyD/ 'gaMumifh t&Sifrif;jrwf
xm;vkdwJh'Pfukd 'Dckd;om;tay:ü 'PfwyfawmfrlygvkdY avQmufxm;-
MuNyD/
&Sib
f &k ifu ajymNy/D b,fvv
dk J¿
uJoGm;Muayawmh 'Da,mufsm;udk eHeuftcsdeftcgrSm vSHtcsuf
wpf&mjzifh xkd;qGMuayawmhvdkY ckdif;vkdufNyD/
xdka,mufsm;udkeHeuftcgrSm vHStcsufaygif;wpf&mwdkYjzifh xkd;qG
owfykwfMuNyD? 'gayrJh olu ZGJawmfawmfav;aumif;w,faemf/
ZGaJ umif;awmh bmjzpfv¿J raoao;bl; raoao;bl;? raoao;awmh
bmjzpfovJ¿
uJ - tarmifa,mufsm;wkYd 'Da,mufsm; b,fvadk eovJqNdk y;D awmh
rGe;f vGyJ idk ;f uswmh &Sib
f &k ifBu;D u ar;Ny/D ar;vku
d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmhrS
t&Sirf if;jrwf [dak &S;,cif touf&iS pf Ofuvdyk J 'Da,mufsm;[m touf
&SifvsufyJ &Sdaeygao;w,f/ 'DvdkjyefNyD;awmh avQmufxm;Muw,f/
tJ'Dtcgusawmh &Sifbk&ifBuD;u 'Da,mufsm;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
trdefYxyfNyD;awmh csrSwfjyefNyD/ rGef;vGJykdif;rSmvnf; vSHtcsufwpf&m
xkd;apqkdNyD;awmh trdefYcsvkdufw,f/
vSHtcsufwpf&mjzifh rif;csif;a,mufsm;awGuvnf; xkd;qGNyD;
owfykwfMujyefNyD/
naecsrf;tcsdeftcgusawmh &Sifbk&ifBuD;u ar;NyD? tarmif-

a,mufsm;wkdY 'Dckd;om;"m;jytajcae b,fvkd&SdovJ¿
reufyidk ;f rSmu vSt
H csuw
f pf&mç aeYv,fyidk ;f rSm vSt
H csuw
f pf&m
txkd;cH&wJhtwGuf tajctaeukd ar;Munfhvkdufawmh toufrao-
ao;bl;qkdwJh owif; Mum;&NyD/ Mum;vkduf&wJhtcsdeftcgrSm rif;csif;
a,mufsm;awGukd &Sifbk&ifBuD;u b,fvkd trdefYcsovJ¿
naecsrf;usawmhvnf; xyfNyD;awmh trdefYcsw,f/ tarmif
a,mufsm;wkdY oGm;Muukefavmh 'Dckd;om;"m;jya,mufsm;udk naecsrf;
tcsdeftcgrSm vSHtcsufwpf&mjzifh xkd;qGMuvkdYqkdNyD; 'DvkdtrdefY xyfNyD;
csrSwfay;vkdufjyefw,f/
rif;csi;f a,mufsm;awGuvnf; bk&ifrif;jrwf\ trdeaYf wmftwkid ;f
xkcd ;dk om;"m;jyudk naecsr;f tcsed t
f cgrSm vSt
H csuw
f pf&mjzifh xyfrNH y;D
xkd;qGowfykwfMujyefw,f/
at; reuf vSt H csuf (100)? aeYv,frmS vSt
H csuf (100)? nae-
csr;f rSm vStH csuf (100) txk;d tqGc&H jcif;wnf;[laom 'DtaMumif;-
aMumifh 'Dcdk;om;a,mufsm;onf udk,fqif;&Jjcif;qkdwJh 'ku©a0'emç
pdwq f if;&Jjcif;qkw
d hJ a'greóa0'emawGukd cHpm;&ygovm;¿ bk&m;&Si-f
u &[ef;awmfwdkYtm; 'Dar;cGef;ukd ar;Munfhw,f/ &[ef;awmfawGu
bmjyefavQmufxm;ygovJ¿
jrwfpGmbk&m; vSHwpfcsufjzifh xkd;qGcH&r,fqkd&ifvnf; xkd xkd;qG
cH&jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh xkad ,mufsm;&JU oEÅmefrmS
udk,fqif;&J&jcif;qkdwJh 'ku©a0'emç pdwfqif;&J&jcif;qkdwJh a'greó
a0'em 'DESpfrsKd;aom qif;&J&wJh a0'emudk cHpm;Ekdif&ygw,f/
320 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
vSHtcsuf (300)jzifh xkd;qGcH&r,fqkd&ifawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;..

tb,frmS ajymqkzd ,
G &f m &SEd idk yf gawmhrvJqNdk y;D &[ef;awGu avQmuf-
xm;Muw,f/ tJ't D cgusawmhrS bk&m;&Siu f 0dnmPm[m& ½Iuu G u
f kd
a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/ ---
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... 0dnmPm[m&udk 'DykH'Dtwkdif; ½IyGm;oifh
w,fvdkY igbk&m;a[mawmfrlw,f/ 'DOyrmeJY twlaemf/
0dnmaP bdu©a0 tm[ma& y&dnmaw emr½lyH y&dnmwH
a[mwd? (oH?1?324/)
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY 0dnmPm[m&udk oifcspfom;wkdYu 'DOyrm-
twkdif; ½IyGm;okH;oyfvkdufvdkY y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;wkdYjzihf ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
xkd;xGif;í odcJhr,fqkd&if emrf½kyfudkvnf; oifcspfom;wkdYwpfawG
y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;wkdYjzihf ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;í odvdrfhr,f/
emr½lay y&dnmaw t&d,om0uó ew¬d udÍdö Owå&u
d &PD,EÅd
0'grd/ (oH?1?324/)
emrf½kyfudk y&dnmynmokH;rsKd;wkdYjzihf ykdif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;í
odcrhJ ,fq&dk if t&d,molawmfaumif;\ oEÅmefü aemufxyfwpfzef
xkdYxuftvGef omvGefaumif;jrwfwJh jyKzG,fvkyfief;udpö&yfqkdwm
'DomoemawmfrmS wpfpw Hk pfck r&Sad wmhb;l vkYd igbk&m; a[mawmfryl g-
w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tm[m&okweå f Ny;D oGm;ygNy/D okaYd omfvnf; 'Dae&mrSm
t|uxmu 'D0n d mPm[m&eJY ywfoufNy;D awmh zGiq hf x
kd m;ygw,f/
tJ'aD wmh b,fvkd zGiq hf o
dk vJqadk wmh 'Dae&mav;rSm bk&m;&Sif qkv d w
dk hJ
ck;d om;"m;jy vStH xk;d cH&wJh Oyrmav;eJY t|uxmq&mawmfu uyfNy;D -
awmh ,SOjf yxm;w,f/
&Sib f &k ifeYJ bmeJw
Y o
l vJ¿ uHew
YJ w
l ,f/ ck;d jcif;0Sujf cif;ç vk,ufjcif;ç
zsuq
f ;D jcif;ç owfjcif;ç jzwfjcif; tp&Sad ewJh raumif;rIawGudk jyKvyk f
vGeuf sL;aewJh w&m;cHa,mufsm;eJY bmeJY wlovJ¿ oHo&m0#fqif;&J-

'kuu© kd rSaD ewJh y&rw¬ÓPftjrifr&Swd hJ ykxZk efirku
d o
f m;eJY wlw,f/
tJ'yD pHk t
H wkid ;f jrifatmif½yI g/
y#doaE¨0n d mPfeYJ bmeJY wlovJ¿ vSt
H csuf (300) xk;d qGc&H wmeJY
wlw,f/ 'gaMumifh vSHtcsuf (300) xkd;qGjcif;udk y#doaE¨0dnmPfeJY
wlw,fvkdY ½IygwJh b,fvkdvJ¿
raumif;rIukd jyKusiahf vh&w dS hJ ck;d om;"m;jyudk vStH csuf (300)wdjYk zifh
xk;d qGNy;D owfywk Mf uqkNd y;D awmh wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyf rif;vkyw
f hJ &Sib
f &k ifu
ckid ;f apw,f/ tJ'vD dk ckid ;f apvku
d w f hJ tcsed tf cgumveJY bmeJY wlovJvYdk
ar;&if uHwnf;[laom rif;w&m;u oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©udk rSDaewJh
ynmrsupf u d mPf;aewJh ykxZk efirku d o f m;udk t&zrf;Ny;D awmh y#doaE¨
tcsdeftcgumvtwGif;okdY ypfcsvkdufwmeJY wlw,fwJh/
'Dae&mrSm t|uxmq&mawmfu enf;enf;av; qef;ppfjyxm;-
w,f/ vSHtcsuf (300)eJY y#doaE¨0dnmPfeJY wlw,fqkdaomfvnf;
vSaH wGrmS qif;&J'u k r© &Syd gbl;aemf/ b,frmS om qif;&J'u k u
© &So d vJvYdk
ar;&if vSHtcsuf (300)xkd;vkdufwJhtwGuf cE¨mtdrfrSm temawG
jzpfay:vmw,f/ jzpfay:vmwJh xkdtemawGaMumihfomvQif qif;&JwJh
'ku©a0'emu ay:wm? vSHaMumifh qif;&J'ku©ay:wm [kwfovm;¿
r[kwb f ;l / okaYd omf vSu H taMumif;awmh rSew f ,f/ vSaH Mumifh qif;&J-
'kuj© zpfwm r[kwb f ;l ? vSxH ;dk vku
d jf cif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;-
aMumifh cE¨mudk,fay:rSm temawGay:vmNyD; xkdemusifudkufcJwJh
a0'emawGukd tajccHNy;D qif;&JwhJ 'kua© 0'emawGu ay:vmw,fw/hJ
tvm;wlyJ/
tvm;wlyJ y#doaE¨tcsed u f mvudk vSr;f Munfv
h u
dk rf ,fqv
dk &Ydk &dS if
qif;&Jw'hJ u
k a© 0'em r&Syd gbl;wJ/h 'Dtcsuuf awmh enf;enf;av; y&rw¬
322 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ÓPfynmrsupf ed YJ uyfNy;D awmh ajymaewJph um;yg/ vlom;wpfO;D twGuf

tck qkdMupkdY? w&m;emaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGyJ qkdMupkdY/ rdrd&JU y#doaE¨tcsdef
tcgumvrSm jzpfay:aewJh ½kyaf wG emrfawGukd odr;f qnf;Ekid Nf yD qkMd upd/Yk
tu,fí rdru d wd[w d yf #doaE¨ wnfaecJwh ,f/ aomreó a0'em-
eJYvnf; ,SOfwGJNyD;awmh y#doaEäecJhwJh yk*¾dKvfjzpfcJhr,fqkd&if pdwf
apwoduf (34)vkH;&Sdr,f/ xkd (34)vkH;xJrSm 'ku©a0'emrygbl;/
wpfcsuf/ a'greóa0'emvnf; rygbl;/ tu,fí rdrdu Oayu©m-
a0'emeJY ,SOw f NJG y;D y#doaE¨wnfaecJw h hJ wd[w
d v
f ol m; jzpfcrhJ ,fq&dk if
pdwf apwoduf (33)vk;H &Syd gw,f/ xkd (33)vk;H xJrmS vnf; 'kua© 0'em
rygbl;/ a'greóa0'emvnf; rygbl;/ 'gaMumifh y#doaE¨tckduf-
twefYrSm ukd,fqif;&Jjcif; 'ku©a0'emç pdwfqif;&Jjcif; a'greó-
a0'emqkw d hJ w&m;awG Oyg'fç XDç bif taetm;jzifh xif&mS ;jzpfovm;¿
rjzpfbl;wJhaemf/ 'gayrJhvkdY bmjzpfovJ¿
'gayrJh b0wpfckrSm y#doaE¨wnfae&NyD/ y#doaE¨wnfaeNyD;wJh
aemufyidk ;f rSm y0wåu d mvvkaYd c:wJh b0wpfavQmuf qkMd upkYd ../ tJ'D
b0wpfavQmufrSm qif;&JwJh 'ku©a0'em trsKd;rsKd;awG rcHpm;Mu&-
bl;vm;¿ cHpm;Mu&w,f/ 'Dqif;&JwhJ 'kua© 0'emonf bmudk tajccHNy;D
jzpfay:vmovJvkdYar;awmh y#doaE¨wnfae&jcif;qkdwJh Zmwd'ku©ukd
tajccHw,f/ tu,fí y#doaE¨wnfae&jcif;qkdwJh 'DZmwd'ku©om
xif&mS ;r&Scd b
hJ ;l qk&d if y0wåt d cgrSm uk,d q
f if;&Jjcif; 'ku© pdwq
f if;&Jjcif;
a'greó tp&SdwJh qif;&JwJh 'ku©a0'em trsKd;rsKd;awG jzpfay:vm-
rvm;¿ rvmEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh y0wådtcsdeftcgrSm jzpfay:vmwJh 'D
qif;&J'ku©a0'em trsKd;rsKd;awG[m bmeJY wlovJar;awmh vSHtcsuf
(300) xk;d qGvu dk jf cif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh tem'Pfcsuaf wG &Sw d ,f/
xkdtem'PfcsufawGaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh qif;&J'ku© a0'emawGeJY
odyNf y;D awmh wlw,fw/hJ tJ'o D abmudk ÓPfeYJ jrifatmif ½IymG ;ok;H oyf-
zkdY&eftwGuf bk&m;&Sifu &[ef;awmfawGudk enf;ay;aeygw,f/ 'Dvkd-

qk&d if b,fvdk ½I&rvJ¿ ½IyHk ½Ienf;av;awGukd bke;f Bu;D aemufNy;D awmh
xyfajymygYr,f/ 'Dy#doaE¨0dnmPfudk 'DuJhodkY ½IEkdifcJhr,f qkdvkdY&Sd&if
y&d nmynmok;H rsK;d wkjYd zifh ydik ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; xk;d xGi;f odatmif½yI g/ b,fvdk
xkd;xGif; od&rvJar;awmh bkef;BuD;wkdY 'Dae&mrSm 0dyguf0dnmPfudk
OD;pm;ay;NyD; ½I&r,fhtydkif; jzpfygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; 0dnmPfcsif;
wlnaD ewJh {uwåenf;t& 0dnmPftm;vk;H udyk J aygif;pkNy;D ½I&ygw,f/
½IvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dawmh ckypöKyÜefrSmyJ qkdMupkdY/ todpdwf
0dnmPfudk y"mexm;NyD;awmh rdrdu odrf;qnf;awmhr,fqkd&if xkd
yk*¾dKvfonf bmvkyf&rvJ¿
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd¾ vw f pfO;D &JU oEÅmefrmS todpwd 0f n
d mPf xif&mS ;Ny/D
xif&mS ;NyqD v
dk &Ykd &dS if xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vof nf todpwd 0f n
d mPf wpfv;Hk wnf;
udo k m odrf;qnf;&rvm;¿ ½IyGm;&rvm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU
oEÅmefrSm todpdwf0dnmPf xif&Sm;cJh&if 'Dtodpdwf0dnmPfeJY twl
,SOfwGJNyD;awmh xkdtm½kHudk awGUxdaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaewJh
zóvnf; &Sdw,f/ xkdtm½kH&JU t&omudk cHpm;wwfwJh a0'emvnf;
&Sdw,f/ xkd tm½kHudk rSwfom;wwfwJh onmvnf; &Sdw,f/ xkd tm½kH
ay:odkY pdwf apwoduf orÜ,kwfw&m;awGudk a&mufatmif aphaqmf
wkdufwGef; vIHUaqmfay;aewJh apwemvnf; &Sdw,fvkdY 'Dvkd ESvkH;ykduf
NyD;awmh zó a0'em onm apwem 0dnmPfvkdYac:wJh (zó-
yÍöruw&m;) zóvQif ig;ckajrmuf&SdwJh w&m; (5)yg; OD;aqmifaewJh
emrfw&m;awGudk qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;½IyGm;&ygw,f/ (r?|?1?280/)
'gu pnf;urf;yJ/ 'Dpnf;urf;t& emrfur®|mef;udk odr;f qnf;wJyh *k Kd¾ vrf mS
emrfur®|mef; odrf;qnf;enf; okH;enf;wdkYwGif ck 'Denf;uawmh
0dnmPm[m&ac:wJh todpw d 0f nd mPfuae podr;f qnf;wJh enf;pepf
jzpfygw,f/
324 ] tn§t
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qo
k eå )f
emrfur®|mef; odr;f qnf;enf; ok;H enf;qkw d mu bmvJ¿ zóuae

pwifNyD; odrf;qnf;wJh enf;pepfu wpfck? a0'emu pwifNyD;
odrf;qnf;wJh enf;pepfu wpfck? todpdwf0dnmPfu pwifNyD;
odr;f qnf;wJh enf;pepfu wpfc?k tJ'D (3)ck&w dS t hJ eufu ck 'D0n d mPm-
[m&ydkif;rSm bmuaepNyD; odrf;qnf;vJ¿ todpdwf 0dnmPfuae
pNyD;awmh emrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd odrf;qnf;NyD;-
vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu todpdwf0dnmPf wpfckwnf;
½I&wm r[kwfbl;/ todpdwf0dnmPfeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; pdwåu©Pwpfck
twGif;rSm jzpfay:oGm;wJh apwodufawGudkyg ukefpifatmif vkdufNyD;-
awmh odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd odrf;qnf;vkdufwJhtydkif;rSm pdwfwkdY
rnfonfrmS 0Dxpd w d f 0Dxrd w k pf w
d q
f Ndk y;D awmh (2)rsK;d &Sad wmh 0Dxpd w d af wG-
uvnf; olw&Ydk UJ pdweå , d mrvrf;aMumif;twkid ;f yJ 0Dxad c:wJh pdwt f pOf-
twkid ;f jzpfay:½k;d "r®wm &Sd Muygw,f/ 0Dxrd w k pf w
d af wGuvnf; 0Dxrd S
tvGwjf zpfwhJ ykpH t H wkid ;f yJ jzpfaeMuw,f/ b0wpfcrk mS acgifq;Hk jzpfwhJ
pdwu f kd y#doaE¨pw d çf aemufq;Hk jzpfwhJ pdwu f kd pkwpd w d vf aYdk c:Ny;D tv,f-
rSm 0Dxpd w d af wG rjzpf&if jzpfay:aewJh pdwaf wGuakd wmh b0ifpw d af wGvYkd
ac:ygw,f/ tJ'b D 0ifpw d af wGu 0Dxpd w d f rjzpfc&hJ if olwu Ydk jzpfw,f/
0Dxpd w d jf zpfae&if olwu Ydk &yfomG ;w,f/ 'guvnf; "r®wmyJ? 'g pdweå -d
,mryJ/ tJ'D pdweå , d mrvrf;aMumif;twkid ;f jzpfay:aewJh 'D0x D pd wd ef YJ
0DxdrkwfpdwfawGudk = 0DxdrS tvGwfjzpfwJh pdwfawGudk pdwåu©Pwkdif;
pdwu å P© wkid ;f rSm ,SOzf ufapwoduaf wGeYJ twlwuG ÓPfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;-
,l&ygw,f/ odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ tJ'v D dk emrfw&m;awGukd 'Dtodpw d uf kd
OD;wnfNy;D odr;f qnf;awmhr,fh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vo f nf bmvko d vJ¿ a&S;OD;pGm
bmvkyf&rvJ¿
y&d*¾[daw ½lyur®|mae .. ..wJh? (r?|?1?280/) ½kyfur®|mef;udk
odr;f qnf;xm;Ny;D jzpf&r,f? ½kyu
f r®|mef;udk odr;f qnf;xm;NyD jzpf&r,f
qkad wmh tJ'½D yk uf r®|mef;ukd pepfwus odr;f qnf;Ny;D Ny/D odr;f qnf;Ny;D rS
'Demrfur®|mef;udk ajymif;NyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd odrf;qnf;-
vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm 0dnmPfudk y"mexm;NyD; odrf;qnf;vkduf&if
0dnmPfeYJ pdwu å P© wpfct k wGi;f rSm ,SOw f NJG y;D jzpfay:aewJh apwempwJh
apwoduw f &m;awGuv kd nf; odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ 0dnmPf&UJ rS&D m½ky-f
awGuv kd nf; wpfzefjyefNy;D odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ tm½k½H yk u f v
dk nf; wpfzef
jyefNyD;awmh odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'D0dnmPfudk pepfwus
y&dnmÓPfynmokH;rsKd;jzifh ydkif;jcm;NyD;awmh odrf;qnf;EkdifcJhr,fqkd&if
emrf½yk af wGukd odr;f qnf;jcif;qdw k hJ vkyif ef;&yfonf tusK;H 0ifomG ;w,f/
emrf½yk u f v
kd nf; odr;f qnf;Ny;D jzpfw,fvYdk 'Dvdk bk&m;&Siu f a[mawmf-
rlaew,f/
'Dawmh y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d rSm ck 'D½yk af wG emrfawGukd = emrf½yk af wG-
udk tZÑwårSm odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u A[d'¨rSmvnf;
odrf;qnf;&w,f/ tZÑwå-A[d'¨ ESpfXmevkH;rSm ½kyfemrfw&m;awGukd
tvm;wl odrf;qnf;NyD;NyDqkd&if xkdyk*¾dKvfonf bmvkyf&ovJ¿ 'D½kyf
'Demrfonf bmaMumifh jzpfovJqw dk hJ taMumif;w&m;awGukd pepfwus
odcsifwJh pdwfxm;jzifh twdwfbufukd wmplNyD; ½kyfawGemrfawGukd
odr;f qnf;oGm;&w,f/ wpfpwpfp aemufq;Hk y#doaEüvva&Munf
tckdufrSm jzpfay:aewJh ½kyfawG emrfawG odrf;qnf;EkdifwJh tqifhtxd
oGm;yg/ tJ'v D dk odr;f qnf;Ekid Nf yD qkv
d &Ydk &dS if xkyd #doaE¨ tcsed t f cgumv-
rSm 0dnmPfac:wJh y#doaE¨ 0dnmPfpw d uf av;udk ykid ;f jcm;Ny;D ,lEidk w
f hJ
tqifhukd yxr BudK;pm;NyD; ½IMunfhyg/ tJ'Dvkd BudK;pm;NyD; ½IvkdufEkdifwJh
tcsed tf cgrSm 0dnmPfukd ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; y&d nmynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ydik ;f jcm;
odc&hJ if emrf½yk wf &m;awGuv kd nf; y&dnmynmok;H rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm;
odrIonf tusKH;0ifoGm;w,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkda[mawmfrlw,f/
odNyD;om;yJ jzpfw,f/ bmaMumifhv¿J
326 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH = 0dnmPfudk taMumif;cHNyD;awmh

apwoduf = emrfw&m;awGESifh ½kyfw&m;awG jzpfay:vmaMumif;udk
bk&m;&Siu f a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ y#doaE¨ tcsed t f cgumvrSm
wd[w d v f o
l m;wpfO;D yJ qkMd uygpk?Yd aomreóa0'emeJY ,SONf y;D y#doaE¨
wnfw,f qkMd uygpkYd .. y#doaEüvva&Munf tcku d rf mS ½kyw
f &m;-
bufu Munfhr,fqkdvdkY&Sd&if [','ouuvmyfç um,'ouu-
vmyfç bm0'ouuvmyfqkdNyD; ½kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm;u okH;rsKd;?
½kytf rsK;d tpm;u (30)? trsK;d tpm;om (30)ajymwmyg/ uHtm;avsmpf mG
[','ouuvmyfawGvnf; rsm;pGm jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ um,'ou-
uvmyfawGvnf; rsm;pGm jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/ bm0'ouuvmyfawGvnf;
rsm;pGm jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/ tJ'aD wmh ½kyt f rsK;d tpm;u (30)? tJ'D ½kytf rsK;d -
tpm; (30)u ½lyu©E¨m jzpfygw,f/ pdwf apwodufawGudk jyefvnf
a&wGufMunfhvkdufvkdY&Sd&if aomreóa0'emeJY ,SOfNyD; y#doaE¨
wnfaewJh wd[w d vf o
l m;wpfO;D jzpfjcif;aMumifh pdwaf pwoduf (34)vk;H
&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm todpdwfu 0dnmPu©E¨m jzpfNyD; usefaewJh
apwoduf (33)vkH;u emrfcE¨m av;yg; jzpfygw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh
cE¨mb,fESpfyg;vJ¿ (5)yg;/ tJ'DcE¨m (5)yg;xJrSm ½kyfw&m;awGvnf;
yg0ifw,f/ apwodufac:wJh emrfw&m;awGvnf; yg0ifw,f/
tJ'Dapwodufemrfw&m;awGeJY rSD&m 0w¬K½kyfawGonf b,folU-
aMumifh jzpfovJvkdYar;awmh ]]0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH}}}qkdNyD; jrwfpGm-
bk&m;u 'Dvkda[mxm;awmfw,f/ y#doaE¨0dnmPf&,fvdkY jzpfvkdufNyD
qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'D0dnmPfonf ,SOfzufapwodufawG rygbJeJY jzpfEkdifwJh
pGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;/ r&Sdayr,fhvkdY 0dnmPfu OD;aqmifNyD;awmh y#doaE¨
wnfaerI b0wpfckrSm rjzpfbl;qkd&if 'Dapwodufvnf; b,fvkdrS
jzpfciG rhf &bl;/ 'Dr&DS m0w¬K½yk f [',½kyOf ;D aqmifaewJh ½kyw
f &m;awGvnf;
b,fvkdrS jzpfvkdYr&bl;/ okdYaomf 'D0dnmPfu acgifqkH;pNyD; jzpfwG,frS
omvQif y#doaEäpwodufvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh emrfw&m;eJY rSD&m0w¬KvkdY

ac:qktd yfwhJ [',wkYd OD;aqmifaewJh ½kyw
f &m;awG jzpfaew,fq&dk if
0dnmPfua&m 'Dapwoduaf wGrygbJeYJ 'D[',0w¬K½yk f OD;aqmifaewJh
½kyfw&m;awG rygbJeJY jzpfEkdifovm; qkdawmh rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ 'gaMumifh
MouúEÅdu©aP emr½lyH tnrnypöa,e ypöa,mç o[Zmw-
ypöa,e ypöa,m .. ponfjzifh jrwfpmG bk&m; y|mef;a'oemawmfrSm
a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/ y#doaE¨cPrSm emrfeJY ½kyfw&m;awGonf
tcsif;csif; tnrnç o[Zmwpaom ypö,owådwkdYjzifh aus;Zl;
jyKay;aeygw,f qkdNyD; 'Dvkd a[mxm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh tjyeftvSef
aus;Zl;jyKaeMuw,f/ tjyeftvSef aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJh 'Dw&m;awGukd
y&rwfokdYqkdufatmif ykdif;jcm;NyD; ,lwwfNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'Dtykdif;rSm
Ówy&d nmpcef; qkdufNyD/ tJ'D Ówy&dnmpcef; qkdufaewJh yk*¾dKvfu
aemufxyfwpfzef 'D½yk f 'Demrfonf bmaMumifh jzpfovJqw dk hJ taMumif;
ukd odcsifwJh pdwfjzifh twdwfbufodkY wmplNyD; vSrf;NyD; MunfhvkdufwJh
tcsed tf cgrSm twdwb f 0u jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ t0dZmÆ wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uHqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;awGukd vSrf;NyD; &SmazGvkdY awGUNyD
qkMd uygpk/Yd twdwu
f apwDawmfwpfqrl mS qDr;D vSLNy;D awmh &[ef;b0ukd
qkawmif;cJhw,fyJ qkdMuygpkdY/
&[ef;vkdY todrSm;aewJh oabmu t0dZÆm? xkd &[ef;b0ukd
wG,wf mwyfrufaewJh oabmu wPSm? pdwu f yfNy;D pGaJ ewJh oabmu
Oyg'gef? 'Dt0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef (3)ck jcH&HNyD; apwDawmftm; qDrD;
ylaZmfcJhw,f/ qDrD;vSLaewJh ukokdvfapwemu ocFg& (= ukokdvf-
apwem jy"mef;aewJh pdwf apwodufawGu ocFg&)? xkdocFg&w&m;-
awGu Oyg'f XD bifvkdYac:wJh oufwrf;aphvkdY csKyfysufoGm;wJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm ½kyfemrftpOfrSm aemifwpfcsdef olarQmfvifhawmifhwaewJh
&[ef;b0 cE¨mig;yg;ukd jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tifur®owådukd jrKyfESHNyD;rS
328 ] tn§t
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csKyyf suo
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d av;u bmvJ¿ uH? aygif;vku
d af wmh
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH - qkdNyD;awmh taMumif;w&m; (5)ck
&Sdw,f/
tJ'D uHawG[m tusK;d ay;awmhr,fq&dk if twdwb f 0u aocgeD;-
umv r&PmoEéaZmapmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm b0ifraemtMunfrSm
'Dtm½kaH wG vmNy;D xifw,f/ apwDawmfvnf; ay:csiaf y:r,f/ qDr;D awG-
aomfvnf; ay:csifay:r,f/ topfwpfzef qD;rD;jyefNyD; vSL'gef;aewJh
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifah omfvnf; ay:csiaf y:r,f/ okrYd [kwf rdru d vljY ynf
vlYavmu a&mufr,fhyk*¾dKvf jzpfcJh&if rdrd oGm;&r,fh *wdedrdwfvkdY
ac:qkdtyfwJh urÁvmeDtqif;&SdaewJh trd&JU 0rf;a&tvTmaomfvnf;
'Dtcsed t
f cgrSm ay:csiaf y:aewwfygw,faemf/ uH ur®erd w d f *wderd wd f
ac:wJh edrwd f (3)rsK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d ay:jr"J r®wm jzpfygw,f/ trsm;tm;jzif-h
awmh bkef;BuD; okawoejyKMunfw h mu uHtm½kx H ifwhJ a,m*D awmf-
awmfuav; rsm;Muygw,f/ aocgeD;umvrSm 'DapwDawmftm;
qDrD;vSL'gef;aewJh uHu tusKd;ay;awmhr,frSef&if aemufxyfwpfzef
aocgeD;umvrSmvnf; apwDawmfudk qDr;D wpfzef jyefNy;D awmh vSLaewJh
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh aocgeD;umvrSm xifaewwfw,f/ uHtm½kH
xifjcif;yJ/ tJ'DtcgrSm 'DapwDawmfukd qDrD;vSLaewJhykHrSm ajymif;NyD;
"mwfav;yg; pkduf½Iyg/ qufvufNyD; ½kyfemrfawGukd odrf;qnf;yg/
½kyfemrfawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdapwDawmftm;
vSL'gef;aepOf tcsdeftcgrSm jzpfay:aewJh b0ifraemtMunfukd
odr;f qnf;wwfr,fq&dk if xkb d 0ifraemtMunfudk a&SUwk;d aemufqw k f
MunfhcJh&if 'Dqkawmif;aewJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefwkdY OD;aqmifaewJh
pdwfapwodufawGESifh apwDawmftm; qDrD;vSL'gef;aewJh ukokdvfpdwf
apwemawGudk tJ'D tcgrSm jyefawGUr,f/ awGUvku d w
f hJ tcsed tf cgus-
awmh 'DocFg& pdwf apwoduaf wG&UJ pGr;f tif ur®owåu d dk wpfqifw h uf-
NyD;awmh jyef&SmazG&w,f/ &SmazGvkdY awGUNyDqkdawmhrS 'Dur®owådaMumifh

'Dbufb0rSm y#doaE¨0n d mPf tp&Swd hJ 0dyguf0n
d mPf emrfw&m;awG
½kyfw&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfykHukd vSrf;NyD;awmh Munfh&ygw,faemf/
Munfv h u
dk w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgusawmhrS tJ'rD mS twdwu f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawGaMumifh 'Db0rSm 0dyguf½kyfawG
emrfawG xif&Sm; jzpfwmudk jrifNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfukd pwif&&Sd NyD jzpfygw,f/
xkdypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfukd &&SdcJhr,fqkd&if emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfeJY
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf (2)yg;ukd bmac:vJ¿ Ówy&dnmvkdY ac:w,f/
xkdÓwy&dnmpcef;ukd qkdufaewJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u bmvkyf-
&ovJ¿ 'D½kyf 'Demrf taMumif;w&m; 'DtusKd;w&m;awGukd tedpö 'ku©
tewå vu©Pma&; okH;wefwifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½I&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
½IvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm 0dyóemÓPfawGu wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh
&ifu
h suvf mNyqD &dk if xk&d ifu
h suaf ewJh 0dyóemÓPftm;vk;H ukd bmvkYd
ac:ovJ¿ wD&Py&dnmvkYd ac:w,f/ 'D0yd óemÓPfawGu &ifu h suf
vmvkdY 0dyóemÓPfwkdY&JUtqkH;rSm t&d,r*fÓPf ay:cJhr,fqkd&if
xkt
d &d,r*fÓPfu qkid &f mqkid &f m udavomawGudk t<uif;rJh y,f&mS ;
oGm;vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dt&d,r*fÓPfukdawmh bmy&dnmvkdY ac:ovJ¿
y[mey&dnm ac:w,f/ txl;ojzifhawmh 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;&Sifu
'DokwåefrSm t&[wår*fukd txGwfwyfNyD;awmh a'oemawmfukd
a[mMum;aeygw,f/ xkdt&[wår*ftxdom 'D0dnmPm[m&vkdY
ac:qktd yfwhJ okrYd [kwf 0dnmPm[m& OD;aqmifaewJh ½kyaf wG emrfawG-
ukd pepfwus odcJhr,fqkd&if bmjzpfovJ¿ ---
ew¬d udÍöd Owå&du&PD,H/
'DomoemawmfrmS aemufxyf xkx Yd uf tqift
h wef; jrifrh m;aewJh
jyKzG,fvkyfief;udpö&yf r&SdawmhNyD/ 'Dvkd odoGm;w,faemf/
330 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSm ---

0dnmPo®Od d§ y&dnmaw wH y&dnmwar0 a[mwd wr®Lvuwåm
o[kyÜEéwåm p/ (oH?|?2?105/)
0dnmPo®ð = 0dnmPm[m&ukd/ y&dnmaw = y&dnmynm
hJ nf &Sad omf/ wH = xked mrf½yk u
(3)rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; xk;d xGi;f odco f /dk
y&
y&dd nmwar0
nmwar0 = y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;í odNyD;onfomvQif/
a[mwd = jzpfay\/
0dnmPfudk y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odcrhJ ,fq&dk if
xk0d n d mPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh emrf½yk u f v
dk nf; y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh
ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odNy;D yJjzpfw,f/ bmaMumifvh J ---
wr®Lvuwåm o[kyÜEéwåm p/
wr®Lvuwåm p = xkd0dnmPfvQif taMumif;&if;&SdonfhtwGuf-
aMumifhvnf;aumif;/ o[kyÜEéwåm p = twl,SOfwGJí jzpfay:aeonfh
twGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ a[mwd = jzpfygay\/
0dnmPfEiS hf emrf½yk q
f w
dk mu 0dnmPfukd taMumif;cHNy;D 'Demrf½yk u f
jzpfay:w,f/ 'guvnf; taMumif;wpfck/ aemufwpfck 0dnmPfeJY
emrf½kyfonf 0dnmPfu taMumif;w&m;? emrf½kyfu tusKd;w&m;
qkdaomfvnf; (o[kyÜEéwåm =) NydKifwlvnf; jzpfaeMuw,f/ pdwåu©P
wpfcktwGif;rSm twlwl,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfay:aeMuwJhtwGufaMumifh
0dnmPfukd y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;jcm;odwJh olawmfaumif;onf
emrf½yk u
f v
dk nf; y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh ykid ;f ykid ;f jcm;jcm; odNy;D jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd odcJhr,fqkd&if bmjzpfvJ¿ t&[wåzkdvfqkdufoGm;r,fvkdY 'Dvkd
bk&m;&Sifu a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ---
£wd 0dnmPm[m&0aoeyd ,m0 t&[wåm a'oem uxdwm/
(oH?|?2?105/)
£wd = þokdYvQif/ 0dnmPm[m&0aoeyd = 0dnmPm[m&\

h nf;yJ/ ,m0 t&[wåm = t&[wåzv
tpGr;f jzifv f idk af tmif/ a'oem
dk w
= a'oemawmfukd/ uxdwm = a[mMum;awmfrltyfcJhavNyD/
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif; = edó&Pynm
jrwfpmG bk&m;u 'Dyw k rå o
H yl rokweå rf mS 0dnmPm[m&\ tpGr;f -
jzifvh nf; t&[wåzv dk af ygufyJ a'oemawmfudk a[mMum;awmfrv l u
dk -f
ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ckajymaewmu bmvJ¿ ykwårHolyrokwåefrSm
vm&Sw d hJ tm[m&av;yg;yJ/ tm[m&av;yg;ukd y&dnmynm (3)rsK;d jzifh
ykdif;jcm; odcJhr,fqkd&if t&[wåzkdvfayguf a&mufEkdifw,f/ tm[m&
av;yg;ukd y&d nmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; xkd;xGif;odjcif;onf
bmynmvkYd ac:vJ¿ edó&Pynm/ edó&Pynmqkw d mu bmajym-
wmvJ¿ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k r© S xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ ynm/ tJ'D
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufapwwfwJh ynmukd edó&P-
ynmvkYd ac:w,f/ 'Deó d &PynmrSm ck ykwrå o H yl rokweå rf mS vmaewJh
edó&Pynmuawmh tqifh tifrwef jrifhrm;aewJh edó&Pynm
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh tm[m& wpfckukd rSD0Jpm;okH;aewJh ae&mrSm ---
eHygwf (1) ypöa0u©Pmqifjcifjcif;?
eHygwf (2) tm[ma&y#dulvonmvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh tm[m&ü &GH&Sm
pufqkyfzG,f y#dulvtaetm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;NyD;awmh
pm;okH;jcif;?
eHygwf (3) ykwårHolyrokwåefrSm vm&SdwJhtwkdif; (10)rsKd;aom tjcif;
t&mtm;jzifh om;\tom;ukd pm;aewJh ZeD;armifESHwkdY\
oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:aewJh pdwaf epdwx f m;ukd twk,Nl y;D awmh
(10)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh tm[m&ü &G&H mS pufqyk -f
zG,fukd ESvkH;oGif;NyD;awmh pm;jcif; (3)rsKd; vmw,f/
332 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'g tajccHyJ/ tajccHedó&PynmvkdY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dpm;jcif;

(10)rsKd;xJrSm y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh uAVDum&tm[m&ukd ykdif;jcm;
odcJhr,fqkd&ifvnf; tem*grdr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPftxd qkdufEkdifwJh
taMumif;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mxm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dawmh uAVDum&tm[m&qkdwmu uH pdwf Owk tm[m&vkdY
ac:qkdwJh taMumif;w&m;av;yg;aMumifh jzpfay:aewJh MoZmawGudk-
vnf; uAVDum&tm[m&vkYd y&d,m,ftm;jzifh ac:w,f/ pm;rsKv d udk w
f hJ
tpmtm[m&rSm wnf&adS ewJh OwkZ½kyaf wGrmS wnf&adS ewJh OwkZ½ky-f
uvmyfwkdif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh tqDtap;MoZmukdvnf; uAVDum&-
tm[m&vkdY ac:w,f/ tJ'DuAVDum&tm[m& trnf&wJh 'DOwkZ-
MoZmuaeNy;D awmh ur®Z0rf;rD;&JU taxmuftyHu h dk &&Sw
d t
hJ csed tf cgrSm
aemufxyf ½kyfuvmyftopfopfawGukd xyfNyD;awmh jzpfapw,f/
tJ'½D yk uf vmyf topftopfawGrmS ygaewJh MoZmu aemufxyf ur®Z-
MoZm pdwåZMoZm OwkZMoZm uvmyfjym;tm[m&ZMoZmac:wJh
'DMoZm (4)rsKd;ukd oGm;NyD; axmufyHhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; ur®Z-
0rf;rD;uvnf; xyfNyD; yHhykd;ulnDay;vkduf&if ½kyfuvmyfawG topf
topf xyfNyD;awmh yGm;vmw,f/ tJ'DvkdyGm;vmwJh 'D½kyfw&m;awGukd
pepfwus ykdif;jcm;odr,f/ 'D½kyfw&m;ukd rSDwG,fNyD;awmh 'D½kyfw&m;ukd
tm½k, H Nl y;D jzpfay:aewJh emrfw&m;ukv
d nf; ykid ;f jcm;odr,f/ xk½d yk ef mrf-
wkdY&JU taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf; [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odr,f/ taMumif;w-
&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfawGukdvnf; tedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pma&;
okH;wefwifNyD;awmh 0dyóem½Iwwfr,fqkd&if 0dyóemÓPfuvnf;
&ifhusufcJh&ifaygYav 0dyóemÓPfwkdY&JU tqkH;ü t&d,r*fÓPf
zkdvfÓPfawG ay:vmr,f/ xkdt&d,r*fw&m;u qkdif&m qkdif&m
udavomawGukd t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm;ay;vdrfhr,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
xkad ,m*Doal wmfaumif;&JU oEÅmefü Ówy&dnm wD&Py&dnm y[me-
y&dnmac:wJh y&dnmÓPfynm (3)rsK;d ukd &&So

d mG ;vdrrhf ,f/ xkyd &dnm-
ÓPfynm (3)rsKd;ukd &&Sdjcif;onf uAVDum&tm[m&ukd pm;okH;wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm pepfwustm;jzifh y&dnmÓPfynm (3)rsKd;jzifh ykdif;ykdif;
jcm;jcm; odatmif pm;okH;wwfonfhtwGufaMumifh &&Sdjcif;yJ jzpfw,f/
xkd y&dnmynmawGukd &&SdNyD;awmh tpmtm[m&wpfckukd rSD0J
okH;aqmifcJhr,fqkd&if xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefü oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©rS
vGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh edó&Pynm wnf&SdoGm;NyD/ 'gayrJh
avmurSm wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGu b,fvkd oabm&SdvJ¿ tmr*E¨-
okwåefav; jyefqufMunfhMu&atmif .../
334 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tpGef; (3)yg;vGwfae&ifawmh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u pm;apvkdY cGifhjyKxm;wmrSefw,f/
okdYaomf tpGef; (3)yg; rvGwfbl; qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;/
(pmrsufESm-337)
a&S;½I&ifqkdifrsufESmcsif;qkdif ajymMupkdYqkdawmh rajym&Jbl;/

rsufESmcsif;qkdif MunfhMupkdYqkdvnf; rMunfh&Jbl;/
'gayrJh rsufuG,fa&mufNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh
olwpfyg;&JU raumif;owif;awGukd
Nrdefa&,Sufa& w0BuD; xkdifNyD;
ajymavh&Sdw,f/ 'Dvkd
yk*¾dKvfawG[m olwpfyg;&JU
ausmufukef;om;ukd aemufuae
pm;wmeJY odyfwlwJhtwGuf 'Dvkdyk*¾dKvfawGukd
yd|drHoduvkdY ac:ygw,fwJh/ tJ'Dyd|drHoduac:wJh
olwpfyg;&JU *kPfaus;Zl;rJhawGukd rsufuG,frSm ajymaewJh
yk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd pm;okH;
aeMuw,f/ (pmrsufESm-351)
] 335
tmr*Eökwåef (wwd,ykdif;)
'D*gxmav;ukd tajccHNyD;awmh b0edó&PynmtaMumif;
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufaMumif; ÓPfynmtaMumif;ukd
ajymaeygw,faemf/ bmwJhvJ¿ ----
1/ umr*kPfü apmifhpnf;rI r&Sdjcif;
£" = þavmuü/ a, Zem = tMuifvlom;wkdYonfum;/
umarok = umrwkdYü/ tonwm = apmifhpnf;rI r&SdMuavukef/
tykdif;tjcm; bmrS rxm;bl;/ tm½kHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;awGukd
rSD0JwJhtykdif;rSm rdBuD; rdaxG; bBuD; baxG; ponfjzifh tykdif;tjcm;
tueft Y owfuav;awmif rxm;awmhb;l / apmifph nf;rIqw dk m vk;H vk;H
r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvkd apmifhpnf;rIr&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmvkyfaewmvJ¿
{o {aom = þumr*kPfwkdYü rapmifhpnf;jcif;qkdwJh oabm-
w&m;onfum;/ tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[muf rnfygay\/ rHo-
336 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
abmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfonfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m

= tn§Dta[muf r[kwfygay/
umr*kPrf mS apmifph nf;rIr&Sw d hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m tn§t
D a[mufudk
bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGy/J aemufwpfck --
2/ &om½kHwkdYü wG,fwmrufarmjcif;
&aook *d'¨g tokpdbm0ródwm?
&aook = &om½kt
H rsK;d rsK;d wküYd / *d'g¨ = wG,w
f mrufarmwJh pdwx
f m;
&Sd Muavuke\
f /
tm[m&ukd rSD0JokH;aqmifvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;
tay:ü vkv d m;wyfrufaewJh pdwx
f m;awG &Sad eMuw,f/ wG,w
f mruf-
armaewJph w
d xf m; &SMd uw,f/
&om½ktH rsK;d rsK;d ukd tm½k, H al ewJh Zd0gS 'Gg&0Dxçd &om½ku H dk qufvuf
tm½k, H al ewJh raem'Gg&0Dx?d tJ'eD mrfw&m;pkjzifh vSr;f Ny;D tm½k, H vl Yd&k ae-
wJh 'D&om½kH trsK;d rsK;d tay:ü rsKrd wwf pGv J rf;Ny;D awmh rufruf armarmeJY
pm;ok;H aeMuw,faemf/ (tem'De0'óm0D =) xk&d om½kaH Mumifh jzpfay:-
vmrnfh tjypfawGuv dk nf; ½IjrifwwfwhJ pdwx f m;vnf; r&Sb d ;l / tjypfudk
rMunfah wmhb;l / tjypfudk rMunfb h eJ YJ 'D&om½kaH wGtay:ü rsKrd wwf
pGv
J rf;wJh pdwx f m;jzifh &om½kt H rsK;d rsK;d awGudk ok;H aqmifaeMuw,f/
aemufwpfck -- tedó&Pynm = oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS
xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ ÓPfynmvnf; r&Syd gbJeYJ 'D&om½kt H rsK;d rsK;d ukd
ok;H aqmifaeMuw,f/ tJ'v D o
dk ;Hk aqmifc&hJ if bmjzpfovJ¿
{o {aom = þuJhokdY okH;aqmifjcif;onfum;/ tmr*aE¨m =
tn§Dta[mufukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifonf rnfygay\/ rHoabmZeH
tmr*Eökwåef (wwd,ykdif;) ] 337
= tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfonfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tn§t

D -
a[muf r[kwfygay/
tn§t
D a[mufawGudk pm;ok;H aeMuwmyJwahJ emf/
'Dawmh &om½kt
H rsK;d rsK;d tay:ü wG,w
f mwyfrufaewJh pdw"f mwfjzifh
pm;cJ&h if bmvkyw
f mvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufukd bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewm/
aemufwpfck --- &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;aMumifh &&Sdr,fh tjypfawGudk
½Ijrifavh r&Sbd ;l / 'Dawmh enf;enf;Munfah ygY? tpGe;f (3)yg;vGwaf e&if-
awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u pm;apvkYd cGijhf yKxm;wmrSew f ,f/ okaYd omf tpGe;f
(3)yg; rvGwfbl; qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh pm;&rvm;¿ rpm;&bl;/ &om½kH-
tay:rSm wG,fwmcJh&if wG,fwmrufarmaewJh 'D&owPSm xif&Sm;
jzpfay:aewkef; jzKef;ceJ b0wpfck tqkH;owfcJh&if b,fa&mufrvJ¿
tyg,fav;bkH wpfbkHbkH a&mufvdrfhr,f/ 'gu [kd tm'dwåy&d,m,-
okwåef (oH?2?378/)rSm jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;NyD; jzpfygw,faemf/
tifrwef xufvSpGmaom oifwkef;"m;i,fjzifh vQmudk vSD;jzwfvkduf-
wmu jrwfao;w,f/ 'D&om½kH trsK;d rsK;d tay:ü wG,w f mrufarmaewJh
pdwf"mwfjzifh 'D&om½kHudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifjcif;onf rjrwfbl;wJh/
'guav;u Muufom;yJ? 'guav;u 0ufom;yJ? 'guav;u tmvl;yJ?
'guav;u yJyJponfjzifh 'Dvkd pGJ,ljcif;[m rjrwfbl;/ 'gu tonf;?
'gu tjrpfyJ ponfjzifh 'Dvkd tao;pdwf udk,ft*Fgav;awGudk
pGJ,ljcif;[muvnf; rjrwfbl;/ bmu jrwfovJ¿ vQmudk xufvSpGm-
aom oifwek ;f "m;i,fjzifh vS;D jzwfvu dk wf mu jrwfao;w,f/ bmjzpf-
vkdYvJ¿ 'Dvkd vSD;jzwfvkdufjcif;wnf;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh aocsif-
vnf; aor,f/ aoavmufwhJ qif;&J'u k a© omfvnf; jzpfr,f/ okaYd omf
tyg,fuakd wmh ra&mufEidk b f ;l / &om½kt H ay:rSm wG,w f mwyfrufarm-
aewJh 'D&owPSmjzpfaewkef; jzKef;ceJ aooGm;cJh&ifawmh b,fudk
a&mufrvJ¿ i&JEiS hf wd& pämef (2)rsK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom bkb
H 0odYk a&mufr,f
338 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
qdw
k hJ 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf xif&mS ;{uef &Sad ew,f/ 'gaMumifh &om½keH YJ
ywfoufNyD;awmh ckeu wG,fwmwyfrufarmaewJh 'Dpdwf"mwfjzifh
pm;okH;cJhr,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh i&Ja&mufEkdifw,f/
aemufwpfck --- tpGe;f ok;H yg;vGw&f ifawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;pm;apvkYd
cGifhjyKxm;wm rSefw,f/ odkYaomf tpGef;okH;yg;rvGwfbl; qdk&ifawmh
i&Jra&mufEidk b f ;l vm;¿ a&mufEidk w f ohJ abm &Sw d ,f/ [kd bk;d awmfb&k m;
vufxufwek ;f uaygY? xif&mS ;cJw h hJ 0deE´mob trnf&awmfrw l hJ wwd,
eHarmfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u oDv0daom"eDqkdwJh usrf;pmwpfck
a&;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Dusrf;pmxJrSm q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u 0uf (3)rsKd;
azmfjyxm;w,f/ bke;f Bu;D uawmh ckacwfrmS 0ufo;Hk rsK;d rubl; (4)rsK;d -
avmufawmh &Sv d rd rhf ,fvx Ydk ifw,f/ 0ufo;Hk rsK;d u bmawGvq J akd wmh
tvSL0uf&,fç 0wfy0JG uf&,fç uxde0f uf&,fvYdk a&S;wke;f u 0uf (3)rsK;d
&Sw
d ,f/ ckacwfrmS awmh Oyko0f ufvnf; wpfck &Sdvrd rhf ,fxifw,f/ bm-
jzpfvv Ydk ¿J bke;f Bu;D 'Dae&ma&mufpwke;f u uk&d ifuav;awG ausmif;-
rSmvmNy;D ouFe;f qD;&if;eJY pyfrad wmh olwu Ydk avQmufw,f/ q&mawmf
Oykoaf eYqv dk &Ydk &dS if 0ufom;u tapmBu;D ukeo f mG ;w,f/ bmjzpfvv Ydk v
J Ydk
olwu Ydk kd ar;Munfw h ,f/ bke;f Bu;D 'Dae&ma&mufpwke;f u 0ufom;u
25-usyf aps;avmuf&w dS ,fqv kd m;¿ tJ'w D pfyód mudk 25-usyaf vmuf
&Swd ,fw/hJ Oykoaf eYusv&Ydk &dS if olwu Ydk Oykoo f nfawGtwGuf vSLEkid f
'gef;Ekid af tmif qkNd y;D awmh avQmah ps;eJY a&mif;w,fw/hJ wpfyó d m 16-
usyef yYJ J a&mif;w,fw/hJ tJ'gaMumifh tapmBu;D ukeo f mG ;w,fw/hJ 'Dv-dk
qkd&if tJ'D0ufom; b,fhES,faervJ¿ tyfrvm;¿ rtyfbl;vm;¿
]]rtyfygbk&m;}} rtyfwt hJ om; pm;Muovm;¿ rpm;Mubl;vm;¿ tJ'gyJ
tem'De0'óm0Dqw dk m 'g ajymwm/ tjypfudk ½Ijrifavh r&SMd ubl;/
'Dtm[m&aMumifh &&Sdr,fh tjypfawGudk r½IMubl;/ 'Dtm[m&onf
pifMu,f\ rpifMu,f\ ponfjzifh bmrS ½IyGm;rI r&Sd Muawmhbl;/
tedó&Pynm = 'Dtm[m&udk pmokH;aewJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf;

oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh ÓPfynmqdkwm
vkH;vkH; r&Sdbl;/ wG,fwmrufarmaewJh &owPSmjy"mef;NyD;awmh
'Dt&omawGukd bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifMuw,f/ 'Dvdk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmif
aecJrh ,fqvdk &Ykd &dS ifawmh bmvkyw
f mvJ¿ ({omr*aE¨m =) 'g[m tn§-D
ta[mufawGukd bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaew,f/
3/ rpifMu,fonfh rdpämtmZD0
aemufwpfck --- (tokpb
d m0ródwm =) rpifrMu,f &G&H mS pufqyk -f
zG,af umif;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk rSí
D aeMuavuke\ f / &G&H mS
pufqkyfzG,faumif;aewJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;awGudk rSDNyD;awmh
aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd trSDjyKNyD;awmh toufarG;aecJh&ifvnf; 'g tnD§-
ta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaewmyJwJh b,fvkdvJqkdawmh --
tokpdbm0ródwmwd wm, &o*d'¨d,m &oy#dvmbw¬m,
emeyÜum&rdpämZD0ocFgwtokpdbm0rdódwm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?303/)
&om½kt H ay:ü wG,w f mrufarmaewJh pdw"f mwfawGu odyt f m;-
aumif;aeNyD/ tm;aumif;wJhtwGuf 'D&om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;udk &&SdzkdY&ef
OD;wnfcsujf zifh bmvkyo f vJ¿ emeyÜum&rdpmä ZD0ocFgwtokpb d m0wJ/h
txl;xl;tjym;jym; rsm;jym;vSpmG aom rdpmä ZD0vkYd ac:qkt d yfwhJ rpifr-
Mu,f &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f vkyif ef;&yfawGukd rSND y;D awmh toufarG;aew,f/
bk&m;&SifrBudKufwJh vkyfief;&yfawGaemf/ olUtoufowfNyD; pm;w,f/
bk&m;&SifBudKufovm;¿ rBudKufbl;/ olUypönf;rw&m;,lNyD; pm;w,f/
bk&m;&SiBf uKd uo
f vm;¿ rBuKd ub f ;l / olUom;r,m;awG zsuq f ;D wJh vky-f
ief;eJY toufarG;w,f/ bk&m;&SiBf uKd uo f vm;¿ rBuKd ub f ;l / rkom;ajym-
Ny;D toufarG;w,f/ bk&m;&SiBf uKd uo f vm;¿ rBuKd ub f ;l / 'g rdpmä tmZD0?
uke;f pum;awG ajymNy;D toufarG;w,f/ Murf;wrf;wJh pum;awGajymNy;D
340 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
toufarG;w,f/ Nyed zf si;f wJh 0w¬KZmwfvrf;wdYk bmwkaYd ygYav? a&;om;-

jcif; AD',
D ½dk u
dk jf cif; ponfjzifah ygYav? 'Dvv dk yk if ef;&yfawGjzifh touf-
arG;w,f/ rdpmä ZD0awGy?J pifMu,fovm;¿ rpifMu,fb;l / &[ef;awmf-
rsm;rSmvnf; &[ef;awmfESifh xkdufwefwJh opfoD;ay;jcif;ç yef;ay;jcif;ç
aA'ifa[mjcif;ç aq;ukjcif;ç csJeHygwfay;jcif; tp&SdonfjzifhaygYav?
rdpmä ZD0trsK;d rsK;d awGjzifh rSND y;D awmh toufarG;Muw,f/ tJ'v D dk touf-
arG;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf rdpämZD0vkyfief;&yfawGjzifh toufarG;wJh
yk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfwmvJ¿
tn§tD a[mufawGukd pm;Ny;D awmh toufarG;aeMuw,f/ tn§-D
ta[mufudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwm bmtn§Dta[mufvJ¿
'Dtukokdvftn§Dta[mufawGaemf/ tukokdvftn§Dta[mufawGukd
rSDNyD;awmh aexkdifMuw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
(ew¬u
d 'd|d =) ewdu
¬ t,l0g' &Sad y\/ ew¬u d 'd|d t,l&NdS y;D awmh-
vnf; vlavmurSm aexkdifw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ew¬dut,l&SdNyD;awmh vlU
avmurSm aexkdifcJhvkdY&Sd&if xkdyk*¾dKvfonfvnf; tn§Dta[mufudk
bkO;f ay; ok;H aqmifaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGy/J 'Dawmh 'Dew¬u
d 'd|ed YJ ywfoufNy;D -
awmh emzl;xyfraH ygYaemf/ bke;f Bu;D enf;enf; A[ków k uav; xyfajym
ygYr,f/ "r®o*FPyD gVdawmf (tbd?1?241/)ESihf t|omvdet D |uxmwkrYd mS
zGifhqkdxm;wJhtwkdif; ajymMu&atmif/ (tbd?|?1?415-416/)
4/ ew¬du'd|d
ay;vSLjcif;qdkwJh 'D'geqdkwJh oabmw&m;u &Sdw,fqkdwmawmh
ol vufcHw,f/ yk*Kd¾ vw f pfa,mufu yk*Kd¾ vw f pfa,mufukd wpfpwHk pfck
vSLr,fq&dk if vSLoifyh gw,f/ vSLoifw h ,fqwdk m vufcw H ,f? vSLaumif;-
w,f? 'gayrJv h Ydk ay;vSLwJh yk*Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS ay;vSLjcif;wnf;[laom
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusK;d &Sw

d ,fqwdk muawmh b,fvrdk S rjzpfb;l /
tusK;d udk olvufco
H vm;¿ vufrcHb;l / aemufwpfck ---
at; tBuD;tus,f vSL'gef;yGJBuD;awG usif;yNyD; vSL'gef;oifhw,f
qkdwm olodw,f/ 'gayrJh 'D,ZfBuD;awG ylaZmfNyD; tBuD;tus,f
vSL'gef;aewJh ukov dk af pwem&JU tusK;d w&m;&Sw d ,fqw dk muawmh olu
vufrcHb;l wJah emf/ bke;f Bu;D wpfcsed w f ek ;f u tpifawmxJ aecJyh gw,f/
'umBu;D wpfa,muf uGejf rLepfvx l uG yf /J awmxJrmS ESpaf ygif; tpdw-f
avmuf awmckdNyD;rS olu tvif;0ifvmwJhyk*¾dKvfyJ/ qGrf;tkyfuav;
wpftkyfeJY ausmif;vmw,f/ wynfhawmfu 'Daumif;rIukokdvfaMumifh
aemifwpfcsdef tusKd;&vdrfhr,fqdkwm wynfhawmf arQmfvihfcsuf
enf;enf;rS r&Sdbl;/ vufvnf; rcHbl;wJh? 'gayrJh tckvkd awmxJ
awmifxJrSm w&m;bm0em usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk ]]wkYd ay;urf;vSL'gef;oifw h ,fqw dk hJ 'DtodeYJ vmvSLwmyg}}
qkdNyD; qGrf;tkyfuav; wpftkyf vmvSLw,f/ pm;zkdY&ef rcufbl;vm;¿
awmfawmfuav;awmh cufw,faemf/ tJ'DykHpHyJ? olu ew¬du'd|dyJ/
aemufwpfck ---
{nfhonfawGtwGufaemf? r*FvmtwGuf auR;arG;vSL'gef;oifh-
w,fqkdwmawmh vufcHw,f/ 'gayrJhvkdY tJ'D ay;urf;vSL'gef;wJh
r*Fvmtcrf;em;rSm vSL'gef;wJh 'DauR;arG;{nfhcHjcif;qkdwJh vkyfief;&yf-
awGaMumifh tusKd;w&m;&Sdw,fqkdwmukd olu vufrcHbl;aemf/
aemufwpfck ---
ukovdk u
f r®yxw&m; (10)yg;ukd okuwur®vYdk ac:w,f/ tuk-
okv
d u f r®yxw&m; (10)yg;ukd 'kuw ú ur®vYdk ac:ygw,fw/hJ 'guawmh
odNyD;om; okp½kduf (10)yg;ç 'kp½kduf (10)yg;yJ/
'kp½kdufç okp½kdufqkdwm &Sdw,f/ vufcHw,f/ 'gayrJhvkdY 'D'kp½kduf
okp½ku
d af wGaMumifh &&Srd ,fh tusK;d w&m;&Sw
d ,fqw
dk mawmh olu vuf-
342 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rcHbl;/ raumif;wmvkyf&if raumif;usKd;&r,f/ olvufrcHbl;/

aumif;wmvky&f ifvnf; aumif;usK;d &r,fqw kd m olvufrcHb;l / b,f-
avmufqkd;wJh0g'vnf;qkdwm 'umBuD;wkdY Munfhayawmh/ olUtwGuf
'kp½kdufwHcg;BuD;u tjrJwrf; yGifhraebl;vm;¿ yGifhaew,f/ okp½kduf
wHcg;Bu;D uvnf; tjrw J rf; ydwrf aebl;vm;¿ ydwaf evdrrhf ,f/ raumif;
wmvkyfvnf; raumif;usKd; rjzpfbl;/ raumif;wJhtusKd; r&bl;?
aumif;wJh okp½ku d w
f &m;awG jyKvyk jf znfu
h siv
hf v Ydk nf; aumif;usK;d r&yg-
bl;qkdawmh olUtwGufu vrf;ydwfoGm;NyDaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
'Davmuvnf; r&Sdbl;? [kdavmuvnf; r&Sdbl;/ bmajymwmvJ¿
'Davmur&Sdbl;qkdwmu wrvGefavmurSm &yfwnfaewJh yk*¾dKvf-
twGuf 'Davmuukd ajymif;vmw,fqkdwm b,fvkdrS rjzpfbl;/
r&SdEkdifbl;wJh/
wrvGefavmu r&Sdbl;qkdwm 'Davmu&yfwnfaewJh yk*¾dKvfu
[kbd ufuavmu a&mufomG ;r,fqw dk m b,fvrdk S rjzpfb;l / bmjzpfv-Ydk
vJ¿ ]]ao&ifjywfoGm;w,f? ]acgif;}[kdbuf bmrS r&Sdbl;? b0qkdwm
ykcufeYJ acgif;Mum;rSmyJ &Syd gw,f}} vkYd olu 'Dvdk vufcx H m;wJyh *k Kd¾ vaf emf/
aemufwpfck --- ew¬d rmwm ew¬d ydwm? tarqdkwm r&Sdygbl;/
tazqdkwm r&Sdygbl;/ olu 'Dvdk,lw,f/ bmajymwmvJ¿
rdbESpfyg; xif&Sm;&Sdw,fqkdwmawmh odw,f/ 'gayrJhvkdY 'Drdb-
awGtay:rSm aumif;wJh aumif;rIjyKvyk jf cif;wnf;[laom taMumif;-
aMumifhvnf; aumif;usKd;r&bl;/ rdbtay:ü raumif;rIjyKvkyfjcif;
wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifv h nf; raumif;usK;d r&Ekid b
f ;l vkYd olu
'Dvkd pGJvrf;,kHMunfw,faemf/
Moyygwduowå0gqkdwm r&Sdbl;/ Moyygwduowå0gqkdwmu
'Dae&mrSm bmajymwmvJ¿
p0eum OyÜZÆeum owåm ew¬Dwd *PSmwd/ (tbd?|?1?416/)

p0eum OyÜZÆeum owåm = aoNyD;aemuf y#doaE¨ wpfzef
wnfaeMuwJh owå0grnfonf/ ew¬d = r&Sd/
aoNyD;vkdY&Sd&if aemufxyfwpfzef y#doaE¨wnfaew,fqkdwJh
owå0g avmurSm r&Sb d ;l / bmjzpfvv
Ydk ¿J ao&if jywfw,fvYdk olwu
Ydk
vufcHxm;w,f/ aemufwpfck bmvJ¿
or®*¾wm or®my#dyEém a, £rÍö avmuH y&Íö avmuH o,H
tbdnm opäduwGm ya0a'EÅd/ (tbd?1?241/)
a, = tMuiforP jAm[®Pwko Yd nf/ £rÍö avmuH = þavmu
d nf;aumif;/ y&Íö avmuH = wrvGeaf vmuukv
ukv d nf;aumif;/ o,H
= ukd,fwkdif/ tbdnm, = xl;aom ÓPfjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifMuukefí/
opäduwGm = rsufarSmufjyKí/ ya0a'EÅd = a[mMum;jyoEkdifMu-
avukef\/ or*¾wm = tnDtñGwf jzpfMuukefaom/ or®my#dyEém
= aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm usifhMuukefaom/ aw = xkdorP jAm[®P-
wkdYonf/ avmau = avmuü/ ew¬d = r&Sdyg/
'Davmu wrvGefavmutaMumif;ukd xkd;xGif;odwJh aumif;rGef
rSefuefpGm usifhaewJh orP jAm[®Pqkdwm avmurSm r&Sdbl;/
bmajymwmvJ¿
£rÍö avmuHç y&Íö avmuH twåem0 tbd0doda|e ÓaPe
ÚwGm ya0'eoraw¬m oAÁnKAka'¨g emr ew¬Dwd *PSmwd/
(tbd?|?1?416/)
£rÍö avmuH = þavmuukdvnf;aumif;/ y&Íö avmuH =
wrvGefavmuukdvnf;aumif;/ twåem0 = rdrdukd,fwkdifyifvQif/
tbd0o
d ad |e ÓaPe = xl;uJjrifjh rwfaom ÓPfjzif/h ÚwGm = od&í
dS /
344 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ya0'eoraw¬m = a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk rjcif;iSm pGr;f Ekid af om/ oAÁnK-

Aka'¨g emr = oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨ bk&m;&Sifrnfonf/ ew¬d = r&Sdyg/
£wd = þokdY/ *PSmwd = pGJ,l\/
'Davmu wrvGefavmutaMumif;ukd rdrdukd,fwkdif xl;aom
ÓPfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odNy;D a[mMum;jyo qkqd ;Hk rEkid w
f hJ oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨
bk&m;qkdwm r&Sdygbl;vkdY olu 'Dvkd vufcHw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vufcHaewJh
0g'ukd ew¬u d 'd|0d g'vkYd ac:ygw,faemf/ tJ'v D dk ew¬u d 'd|t
d ,l&adS ewJh
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ (tmr*E¨ =) tn§Dta[mufukd
bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaewmvkdY 'Dvkd jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mawmfrlw,f/
aemufwpfck ---
5/ rnDrQwJh pdwfaepdwfxm;
0dormwd 0doare um,ur®m'dem orEém*wm/
rmwd
rnDrQwJh um,'kp½dkufw&m;awGeJY jynfhpHkaew,f/ rnDrQwJh
0pD'kp½dkufawGeJY jynfhpHkaew,f/ rnDrQwJh raem'kp½kdufw&m;awGeJY
jynfhpkHaew,f/ olUpdwf"mwfxJrSm nDrQwJh pdwfxm; r&Sdbl;/ rnDrQwJh
pdwfxm;om&Sdaew,f/ olUtoufukd owfr,f? olUypönf;ukd rw&m;
,lr,f? olUom;r,m;awGukd zsufqD;r,fqkdwJh 'Dpdwfxm; &Sdw,f/
tJ'Dpdwfxm;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfonf bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tnD§ta[muf-
awGudk bkOf;ay;oHk;aqmifaewmyJ/ aemufwpfck --- rkom;ajymr,f/
Murf;wrf;wJh pum;awG ajymr,f? Nyed zf si;f wJph um;awG ajymr,f? uke;f -
pum;awG ajymr,f? 'Dpdwfxm;yJ olUoEÅmefrSm &Sdw,f/ tJ'Dpdwfxm;-
&Sad ewJh yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;
okH;aqmifaewmyJ/ 'g rnDrQwJh pdwf"mwfyJ/ nDrQwJh pdwfxm;&SdaewJh
yk*¾dKvfrSm 'Dpdwfxm;rsK;d &Sdrvm;¿ r&Sdb;l / aemufwpfck --- (tbdZÑm =)
olUypön;f rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh &zkdY&eftwGuf tjrJwrf; MuHpnf-
pdwful;aewJh pdwfxm;yJ &Sdaew,f/ olwpfyg;awG qif;&J'ku©a&mufzkdY-

&eftwGuf olwpfyg;awGukd zsufqD;zkdY&eftwGuf MuHpnfpdwful;aewJh
pdwfxm;yJ &Sdw,f/ ckeu ajymcJhwJh ew¬du'd|dac:wJh rSm;,Gif;wJh cH,l-
csuaf wGeYJ ywfoufNy;D awmh MupH nfpw d uf ;l wJh pdwxf m;awGyJ &Sad ew,f/
tJ'DMuHpnfpdwful;rI pdwfxm;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[mvnf; bmvkyfae-
wmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewmyJwahJ emf/ 'Dvdk
rnDrQwJh pdwfxm;&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m 'kp½kdufawGukd vGefusL;zkdY&ef
0efrav;awmhb;l / 'Dpw d x f m;awGu 'kp½ku d af wGudk vGeuf sL;jzpfatmif
tjrJ wGef;tm;ay;aew,f? rSm;,Gif;wJh toufarG;rIqkdwJh rdpämZD0ESifh
toufarG;zk&Yd ef tjrw J rf; wGe;f tm;ay;aewJh pdwx f m;awGy/J olUbuf
uk, d b
hf uf ESpbf ufv;Hk ukd tnDtrQ Munfw h wfwhJ jrifwwfwhJ pdwx f m;-
rsK;d awG r[kwMf ubl;/ 'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu f 'Dpw d xf m;rsK;d awGudk rarG;-
jrLzkdY&ef qkdqkH;rawmfrlaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck --- ('k&Eé& =) 'Dy*k Kd¾ vaf wGudk todÓPfwpfck ay;r,f
qkd&if tifrwef cufcJw,f/ b,fvkdv¿J
6/ rSefuefwJh todÓPf ay;zkdY&ef cufcJol
'k&Eé,mwd 'k0dnmy,m oE´d|dy&mrmoD-tm"me*¾g[D-'kyÜ#d-
edó*¾dwm-orEém*wm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?303/)
('k&Eé,mqkw d m 'k0n
d my,m =) olwu Ydk dk todÓPfwpfck ay;r,f
qk&d if today;zk&Yd eftwGuf tvGef cufcw J ,f/ enf;enf;av; pOf;pm;
Munfph rf;aemf/ ckacwfrmS aygYav? bke;f Bu;D cPcP ta0zef cHae&yg-
w,f/ bke;f Bu;D oDwif;ok;H azmfwpfyg;uaeNy;D bke;f Bu;D ukd a0zefw,f/
t&Sifbk&m;wkdY q&mawmf[mwJh vlwpf&mrSm vlwpfa,mufavmufyJ
vufcEH idk w
f hJ w&m;ukd a[maew,fw/hJ wynfah wmfuawmh vlwpf&m-
rSm vlu;dk q,fu h ;dk a,mufavmuf vufcEH idk w f hJ w&m;ukd a[mwmygwJ/h
346 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
b,fhES,fwkef;µ [kwfovm; r[kwfbl;vm;¿ [kwfaew,f/ bkef;BuD;-

uawmh tJ't D wkid ;f jzpfaew,faemf/ olrsm;u orm"drxlaxmif&bl;?
bkef;BuD;u orm"dxlaxmifoifhw,fvkdY a[mw,f/
'Dawmh olwu Ydk dk todÓPfay;&wm cufcw J ,fqadk wmh tJ'yD *k Kd¾ v-f
awG bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk pm;aeMuwmyJ/ rSeu f efwJh
todÓPfudk ay;vku d w f hJ tcsed t f cgrSm olwu Ydk dk todÓPfay;vdYk wcsKUd
&ovm; r&bl;aemf/ olwu Ykd kd todÓPfay;&wm tifrwefudk cufcaJ e
w,f/ ('k0n d my,m)/ aemufwpfck --- (oE´ oE´|d yd &mrmoD =) rdrd jrifawGU-
xm;wJh t,ltqwpfck rSm;wm rSefwm a0zefrI qef;ppfrI r&Sdbl;/
pGJjrJNyD;awmh qkyfukdifxm;w,f/ (tm"me*¾ tm"me*¾g[D =) pGJpGJjrJjrJukd vufcH-
xm;w,f/ tJ'gu rSm;aew,fav pGefYvTwfvkdufygvkdYajym&if olwkdY
pGeo Yf vm;¿ rpGeEYf idk b f ;l / vG,v f ,G af v;eJY rpGeEYf idk bf ;l / ('k'ky#Ü ed ó
d *¾w
d m =)
pGefYvTwfzkdY&eftwGuf tvGefukd cufcJxm;w,f/ pGJjrJNyD;awmh qkyfukdif-
xm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd rSm;,Gif;wJh t,l0g'awGtay:ü pGefYvTwfzkdY&ef
cufcNJ y;D awmh pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ qkyu f idk x f m;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿
tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay; okH;aqmifaewmyJwJh/ 'gaMumifh
enf;enf;av; 'D*gxmav; jyefemMunfhMu&atmif ---
£" = þavmuü/ a, Zem = tMuifvo Yd nf/ umarok
l m;wko
= umrwkdYü/ tonwm = apmifhpnf;rIvnf; r&SdMuavukef/ &aook
= &om½kt Yd ay:ü/ *d'g¨ = wG,w
H rsK;d rsK;d wkt f mrufarmwJph w
d xf m; &SMd u-
f / tókpb
uke\ d m0ródwm = rpifrMu,f &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G af umif;-
aom rdpmä ZD0trsK;d rsK;d ukd rSí

D toufarG;Muuke\ f / ew¬u
d 'd|D = ew¬ud
0g'xif&mS ;&Sí
d aeMuuke\ f / 0dorm = rnDrQaom 'kp½ku d w
f &m;wkEYd iS hf
jynfEh u
S v
f suf rnDrQaompdwx f m; xif&mS ;&Sí
d aeMuavuke\ f / 'k&Eém-
,m = todÓPfay;zkdY&m cufcJaom pdwfxm;vnf; &SdMuukef\/ {o
{aom = þajcmufrsKd;aom w&m;onfum;/ tmr*aE¨m = tn§D
ta[mufygaywnf;/ rHoabmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOf-
onfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[muf r[kwfygay/
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u a[maew,faemf/ aygif;vkdufr,fqkdvkdY-
&Sd&if b,fESpfck&SdovJ¿
eHygwf (1) umarok tonwm = umrwküYd apmifph nf;rI r&Sd jcif;/
eHygwf (2) &aook *d'¨g = &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;tay:ü wG,fwm-
rufarmaewJh pdwfxm;&Sdjcif;/
eHygwf (3) tokpb d m0ródwm = toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ysupf ;D -
aejcif;/
eHygwf (4) ew¬u d 'd|D = uHçuH\tusK;d r&Syd gbl;vkYd vufc, H MHk unf-
aewJh ew¬du'd|d xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;/
eHygwf (5) um,'kp&dwm'd0dorwm = um,'kp½kduf 0pD'kp½kduf
raem'kp½ku d v
f Ydk ac:qkt
d yfwhJ rnDrrQwphJ w
d x
f m; &Sad e-
jcif;wJh/ um,'kp½kduf 0pD'kp½kduf raem'kp½kdufawGukd
vGefusL;aMumif;jzpfwJh rnDrQwJh pdwfxm; &Sdaejcif;/
aemufwpfck ---
eHygwf (6) 'k&Eé,mwJh todÓPf ay;zk&Yd eftwGuf tvGecf ufcw J hJ
pdwfxm;&Sdjcif;wJh/
aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfckvJ¿ (6)ck/ tJ'D (6)rsKd;ukd bk&m;&Sifu
tmr*E¨ = tn§Dta[mufvkdY igbk&m;a[mygw,f/ tom;wnf;[l-
348 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aom abmZOfuadk wmh igbk&m;u tn§t D a[mufvYdk ra[mbl; qkNd y;D -

awmh wdó&aohBuD;ukd uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mawmfrlvkdufNyD/
tJ'v
D dk a[mNy;D wJt
h csed t
f cg 'gavmufeYJ Ny;D oGm;ovm;¿ rNy;D ao;bl;/
aemufxyf tmr*E¨ = tn§t D a[mufawGtaMumif;ukd jrwfpmG bk&m;u
qufNyD;awmh a[mawmfrljyefw,f/
3/ a, vlcom 'g½kPm yd|drHodum?
rdwå'´Kaem eduú½kPmwdrmedaem/
t'geoDvm e p a'EÅd uópd?
a, = tMuifyk*¾dKvfwkdYonfum;/ vlcom = acgif;yg;aom twå-
udvrxmEka,m*[kac:qkdtyfwJh tusifh&SdMuavukef\/ 'g½kPm =
Murf;wrf;aom pdwfxm;&SdMuukef\/ yd|drHodum = olwpfyg;\
ausmufuek ;f om;ukd pm;ouJo h Ydk a&SUwGif cs;D rGr;f í rsuu f , G üf uJ&h UJ wwf-
Mujyefuek \f / rdw'å K´ aem = rdwaf qGcifyeG ;f wku Yd dk jypfrmS ;wwfMuuke\ f /
edu½ú P
k m = oem;jcif; uif;Muuke\ f / twdrmedaem = tvGef rmeBu;D -
Muuke\ f / t'geoDvm = ay;urf;pGeMYf uaJ om tavhtxvnf; r&SdMu
avukef/ uópd = wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvftm;/ e p a'EÅd =
tenf;i,frQaomfvnf; ray;vSLMuukef/ {o {aom = xkdolwkdY\
twåudvrx tp&Sdaom oabmw&m;onf/ tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dt-
a[mufygaywnf;/ rHoabmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOf-
onfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[muf r[kwfygay/
1/ twåudvrxusifhpOfukd usifhol
avmurSm yk*¾dKvfawG vlcomvkdY ac:qkdwJh (twåudvrx =)
rdrdukd,fukd rdrd n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufaewJh vkyfief;&yfusifhpOfawGrSm rSD0J-
qnf;uyfaeMuw,fwJhaemf/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrd n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufw,f
qkdwmuawmh bk&m;tavmif;awmfyJ MunfhaygYaemf/ wpfcsdefwkef;u

tavmif;awmfb0rSm bk&m;tavmif;awmfu csr;f omtppfudk csr;f om
jzifh &SmazGvkdY r&Ekdifbl;/ qif;&JjzifhomvQif csrf;omokcukd &SmazGvkdY
&&SEd idk af yvdrrhf ,f/ 'Dvdk arQmv f ifch sux
f m;Ny;D awmh 'ku&ú p&d,musiphf Ofudk
usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf yhJ gw,f/ 'D'u k &ú p&d,musiphf OfawG-
[m wpfenf;wpfzt Hk m;jzifah wmh twåuv d rxmEka,m*usiphf OfyaJ emf/
omoemy t,ltq&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawGrSmvnf; rdrdwdkY&JU t,ltq
tm;avsmfpGm twåudvrxac:wJh rdrdudk,fudk n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufaewJh
usi0hf wfy#dywfawG &Sd Muw,f/ xdk twåuv d rxusi0hf wfawGukd usiw hf hJ
yk*¾dKvf[m bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif
aeMuwmyJwJhaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
2/ qkdqkH;rzkdY&ef tvGefcufcJol
'g½kPmwd uu©Vm a'g0pówm,kwåm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?303/)
'g½kPm qdkwmu uu©V = Murf;wrf;aewJh pdwfxm;&Sdw,f/
a'g0pówm ,kwåm =) qdkqkH;rzdkY&eftwGuf tvGef cufcJwJh
(a'g0pówm
pdwaf epdwx f m;awGeYJ ,SOw f NJG y;D awmh avmurSm aexdik Mf uw,f/ 'Dawmh
'Dvq kd &kd if pdw"f mwfawGu cufxef Murf;wrf;Ny;D awmh ajymqdq k ;Hk rzd&Yk ef
twGuf tvGef cufcJaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§D-
ta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,fwJhaemf/ uJ - w&m;em
y&dowfawG qdq k ;Hk rvG,u f w l hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGvm;ç qdq k ;kH rcufcw J hJ yk*Kd¾ v-f
awGvm;¿ vG,u f ol vm;ç cufco J vm;¿ rajymwJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wG trsm;Bu;D -
yJaemf/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ bkef;BuD;u xyfar;awmhrSmudk vG,fulw,fqdkvdkY
&Sd&if tdrfjyefrvm;ç rjyefbl;vm;vdkY xyfar;&if b,fhES,f ajymrvJ¿
tJ'gyJ qdq k ;Hk rvG,u f v
l &Ykd &dS if rjyefeq YJ &kd if rjyefbJ ae&r,f/ jyefqv kd -Ykd
&S&d if jyef&r,faygY/ olu 'g vG,u f w l hJ yk*Kd¾ vu
f ;kd ? rvG,u f w
l hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG
350 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
usawmh b,fE, S vhf yk rf vJ¿ t&Sib

f &k m;ç t&Sib
f &k m; ..qkw
d hJ pum;vk;H
vSvSuav;awGESifh vuftkyfcsDNyD;awmh avQmufNyD? 'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfawG
pkHaewmyJ bkef;BuD;udk vmvSdrfhoGm;wm ---
aemufwpfck --- uJ - qdq k ;Hk rcufcaJ ewJY yk*Kd¾ v[
f m olUtouf
rowf&bl;vkdY ajymw,f? owfw,f? olUypönf;rw&m;r,l&bl;vkdY
ajymw,f? ,lw,f? olUom;r,m; rjypfrSm;&bl;vkdY ajymw,f? jypfrSm;
w,f? rkom; rajym&bl;vkdY qkdqkH;rw,f/ ajymw,f? 'DvdkqdkvdkY&Sd&if
'Dyk*¾dKvfawG[m qdkqkH;rvG,fulwJh yk*¾dKvfawGvdkY ajymEdkifrvm;¿ rajym
Edkifbl;/ tJ'Dvdk qdkqkH;rcufcJaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfaewmvJ¿
tn§Dta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,f/
aemufwpfck -- (ydyd|drHodum =) olwpfyg;&JU ausmufukef;om;udk
pm;w,f/ olwpfyg;&JU ausmufukef;om;udk pm;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGqdkwm
b,fvdk[mvJ¿
3/ olwpfyg;wkdY&JU ausmufukef;om;ukd cJpm;aeol
yd|rd o
H u
d mwd yk&awm r"k&H bPdwmG y&r®Kac t0PÖbmodaem/
yd|drHodum = olwpfyg;\ ausmufukef;om;udk pm;ae\[lonf-
um;/ yk&awm = a&SUü/ r"k&H = csKdNrdefaumif;jrwfaom pum;udk/
bPdwGm = ajymqdkNyD;í/ y&r®Kac = rsufuG,fü/ t0PÖbmodaem =
*kPfaus;Zl;rJhudk ajymqdkavh&SdolwdkYwnf;/
a&SUrSmusawmh EIwcf rf;av; ysm;&nfav;qrf;w,f/ bke;f Bu;D uawmh
EIwfcrf;ysm;&nfqrf;wmawmh rjrifzl;bl;/ ysm;&nfokwfxm;wmawmh
jrifz;l w,faemf/ tJ'aD wmh EIwcf rf;uav; ysm;&nfuav; qrf;Ny;D awmh
bmvkyfovJ¿ csKdNrdefwJh pum;uav;awGudk ajymw,f/ uG,f&mrSm-
usawmh taumif;wpfcsurf S rajymbl;wJ/h b,fEh , S wf ek ;f µ tJ'v

D kd yk*Kd¾ v-f
rsKd;awG awGUzl;ovm;¿ rawGUzl;&ifvnf; rSefa&SUrSm oGm;&yfMunfh-
vdkufMu/ [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;¿ ysm;&nfav; qrf;qrf;NyD;awmh
EIwfcrf;av;u csKdcsKdav;eJY ajymNyD;awmh uG,f&muswJhtcgusawmh
wpfcsuu f av;rS taumif;rajymbl;/ tJ'v D ykd *k Kd¾ vaf wG[m bmvkyaf e-
MuwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaewmyJwJhaemf/
{aw [d tbdrck H MoavmauwkroauúmEÅm y&r®KcgeH yd|rd o H cg-
'um 0d, a[mEÅd? awe ]]yd|drHodum}}wd 0kpöEÅd/ (okwåedygw?|?1?304/)
{aw = xkdyk*¾dKvfwkdYonfum;/ tbdrkcH = a&S;½I&ifqkdif/ Moavm-
auwkH = Munfh½ItHhaomiSm/ toauúmEÅm = rpGrf;Ekdifukefonfjzpfí/
y&r®KcgeH = olwpfyg;wk&Yd UJ rsuu G üf / yd|rd o
f , H cg'um 0d, = olwpfyg;-
wkdY&JU ausmufukef;ukd cJpm;í aeMubdouJhokdY/ a[mEÅd = jzpfMuav-
ukef\/ awe = xkdYaMumifh/ ]]yd|drHodum}}wd = yd|drHodum[lí/ 0kpöEÅd
= ac:qkdtyfavukef\/
tJ'yD *k Kd¾ vaf wGudk yd|rd o
H u d mvkYd ac:qkw d ,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J a&SUrSm
usawmh olwu Ydk rsuEf mS csi;f awmif &ifqidk zf &Ydk eftwGuf cufcaJ ew,f/
rsuEf mS csi;f rqkid &f b J ;l / 'gayrJh aemufu, G af &mufvmNyq
D v
dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh
bmvkyfjzpfovJ¿ oifray;&ygbl;/ b,folrS ausmif;rSm ususee
oifray;&ygbl;/ ajymwwfvkdufwm pkHaewmyJaemf/ olwpfyg;&JU
ausmufuek ;f om;ukd pm;&r,fqv dk &Ydk &dS ifawmh olwpfyg;raumif;aMumif;
ajym&r,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh odyfNyD;awmh tmoGufw,f/
a&S;½I&ifqidk rf suEf mS csi;f qkid f ajymMupkq
Yd adk wmh rajym&Jb;l / rsuEf mS -
csif;qkdif MunfhMupkdYqkdvnf; rMunfh&Jbl;/ 'gayrJh rsufuG,fa&mufNyD
qkv
d &Ydk &dS ifawmh olwpfyg;&JU raumif;owif;awGudk Nred af &,Suaf & w0-
BuD; xkdifNyD; ajymavh&Sdw,f/ 'Dvkd yk*¾dKvfawG[m olwpfyg;&JU ausmuf-
352 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ukef;om;ukd aemufuae pm;wmeJY odyfwlwJhtwGuf 'Dvkdyk*¾dKvfawGukd

yd|rd o
H u
d vkYd ac:ygw,fw/hJ tJ'yD |d rd o
H u
d ac:wJh olwpfyg;&JU *kPaf us;-
Zl;rJhawGukd rsufuG,frSm ajymaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfwmvJ¿
tn§Dta[mufawGukd pm;okH;aeMuw,f/ b,fhES,fwkef; a,m*DawG
tn§Dta[mufawGukd 00 pm;Muovm;¿ r0w0yJ pm;aeMuovm;¿
uJ - [kwfNyD/ a,m*DawGuawmh rajzbl;/ bmjzpfvkdY rajzovJ¿
odMuygw,f/ olwpfyg;&JU ausmufuek ;f om;ukd pm;aewJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wGonf
tn§Dta[mufukd pm;aewJhyk*¾dKvfawGyJwJh/
4/ rdwfaqGukd jypfrSm;wJh pdwfxm;&Sdol
aemufwpfck --- (rdw'å K´ aem =) rdwaf qGwu
Ydk dk jypfrmS ;wwfMuuke\
f /
olawmfaumif;qkdwmu rdwfaqGukd jypfrSm;wJhpdwfxm; &Sd&rvm;¿
r&Sd&bl;aemf/
rdwå'´Kae
aemm wd rdwå'l[um? 'g&"eZD0dawok 0dómormyEémeH
rdwåmeH ww¬ rdpämy#dyZÆeumwd 0kwåH a[mwd/ (okwåedygw?|?1?304/)
rdrdukd om;awG orD;awG ZeD;awGukdaomfvnf; pGefYvTwfum
ulnDaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGç rdrdukd pnf;pdrfOpömawG pGefYvTwfay;aewJh
yk*¾dKvfawGç rdrdukd toufpGefYNyD;awmh u,fwifaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG &Sd Mu-
w,f/ cspu f Rr;f 0ifaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGy?J tJ'v
D dk rdwaf umif; aqGaumif;awG
tay:ü/ (rdpämy#dyZÆeum =) rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaewJh tusifhawGukd
oGm;usifhw,f/ um,uHjzifh rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaewJh tusifhawGukd
oGm;usiw hf ,f/ 0pDujH zifh rSm;,Gi;f azmufjyefaewJh tusiahf wGudk usi-hf
w,f/ raemuHjzifh rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaewJh tusifhawGukd usifhw,f/
tJ'v D dk usiahf ewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§t D a[muf-
awGukd pm;okH;aew,faemf/
5/ tMuifemw&m; uif;rJo
h l
aemufwpfck --- (eduú½kPm =) Muifemoem;jcif; uif;rJhaom
pdwfxm; &Sd Muukef\/
eduú½kPmwd u½kPm0d&[dwm owåmeH tew¬umrm/
(okwåedygw?|?1?304??)
edu½ú Pk mwd = edu½ú P k m[lonfum;/ u½kPm0d&[dwm = Muifem
oem;jcif;u½kPmw&m;rS uif;aompdwfxm;&SdMuukefonfjzpfí/
owåmeH = owå0gwk\ Yd / tew¬umrm = tusK;d pD;yGm;rJu h dk vkv
d m;awmif-h
wukefaom pdwfxm; &SdMuukef\/
Muifemoem;wwfwJh pdwfxm;awGu uif;rJhaeNyD/ owå0gawG&JU
tusK;d pD;yGm;rJuh dk vkv d m;awmifw h aewJh pdw"f mwfawGu &Sad eNy/D pOf;pm;-
Munfhprf;/ bkef;BuD; tpGJtvrf;&SdvkdY ajymwm r[kwfygbl;/ owå0g
wpfa,mufudk owfjzwfNy;D pm;aomufw,fqw dk m tJ'D towfc&H wJh
owå0g&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd vkdvm;awmifhwwJh pdwfxm;rsm;&Sdw,fvkdY
ajymEkdifyghrvm;¿ rajymEkdifbl;/ pOf;pm;Muaemf/ owfol&SdvkdY pm;ol&Sd-
w,f? pm;ol&adS wmhvnf; owfou l r&Sb d ;l vm;¿ &Sd jyefw,f/ aoaus-
ysufpD;oGm;wJh owå0gawGbufukd jyefNyD;awmh Munfhprf;yg? csrf;csrf;
omomav;eJY olao&wm [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfygbl;aemf/ rcsdrqefY
½kdufowfvkdY okdYr[kwf taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aygYav? enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh owf-
jzwfvYdk aoausysupf ;D &wm? tJ'aD oausysupf ;D oGm;wJh 'Dowå0gonf
rdrdpm;wJhbufuawmh xm;aygY ? aoausysufpD;wJh owå0gbuf jyef-
Munf&h if 'Dvrdk csrd qefY qif;&J'u k c© NH y;D rS aoaus&w,fqadk wmh 'Dowå-
0guav;awGonf aoNyD;aemuf aumif;&mok*wd a&mufzkdYqkdwm
jzpfEidk yf ghrvm;¿ awmfawmfav; cufcw J ,faemf/ aMumufaMumufvef-Y
vefY xdwfxdwf&GHU&GHUjzifh rao&bl;vm;¿ ao&w,f/ wcsKdUwcsKdU
owå0gawG olwu Ydk dk owfawmhr,f qkw d modw,f/ txl;ojzifh EGm;awG
354 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
olwu Ydk dk owfr,fah e&m qGaJ c:oGm;Nyq

D &dk if rsu&f nfawmif usMuw,f-
vkdY ajymMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh bkef;BuD;wkdY owå0gawGukd 'Dvkd owfjzwf-
aejcif;onf owå0gawG&UJ tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd vkv d m;awmifw h aewJh pdw-f
"mwfawG &Sad ew,fvYdk ajymEkid yf gYrvm;¿ rajymEkid b f ;l / tJ'aD wmh owå0g
awG&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd vkdvm;awmifhwaewJhpdwf"mwf r&Sdjcif;onf
bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMu-
wmyJaemf/
6/ tvGefrmefrmeBuD;ol
twdrmedaem =) tvGef rmefrlwJhpdwfxm;&SdMu-
aemufwpfck --- (twd
uke\f / rmefrmeawG odyBf u;D wm? rwlb;l ç rwefb;l ç pdwu f b,foel rYJ S
tzufrwefbl;? olUpdwfxJ olUukd,fol b0ifjrifhaew,f/ tJ'Dyk*¾dKvf-
awG[m bmjzpfovJ¿ rdrd&JU trsKd;Zmwfukdç rdrd&JU ½kyftqif;ukdç rdrd&JU
ÓPfynmukd rdru d dk MunfnKd aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk ponfjzifh 0w¬Kwpfcck -k
ukd tajccHNyD;awmh bmjzpfvJ¿
tnw&nwa&e 0w¬Kem ya& twdrnwd/ (|?1?304/)
wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom 0w¬Kjzifh olwpfyg;awGudk rdru d rxDrjhJ rifjyKw,f/
rdrud , dk u
f dk rdrd odyNf y;D awmh txifBu;D aew,faemf/ tJ'v D dk txifBu;D -
aewJh pdwf"mwf&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m (auwkurswm =) wHcGeftvH-
uJhokdY vTm;vkdwJhpdwfxm;ç tay:,Hu tay:pD;u tjrJwrf; aecsifwJh
pdwx f m; tjrw J rf; &Sad ew,f/ bk&m;apwDawmfawGrmS ab;rSm wHceG -f
wkid af wG &Sd Muygw,f/ wHceG w f idk af y:rSm tvHuav;wpfck wifxm;&if
tvHonf tjrifhrSmaeNyD;awmh wzsyfzsyfeJY vIyfraebl;vm;¿ vIyfae-
w,f/ at; 'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ owå0gawG wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; qufqHMuwJh
tykid ;f rSm wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D tay:pD;u qufqNH y;D tjrw J rf; rmefral ewJh
pdwfxm; txifBuD;aewJh pdwfxm;awGu &SdaeMuw,f/ wpfbuf-
yk*¾dKvfawGukd tifrwef txifao;Muw,f/ tJ'Dvkd txifao;aewJh

pdw"f mwf&adS ewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG rmefrmetvGeBf u;D aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m bm-
vkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmyJ/
7/ ay;vSLavhr&So
d l
aemufwpfck --- (t'geoDv =) ay;urf;pGefYMuJjcif; tavhtx
r&SdMuavukef/ ay;urf;pGefYMuJwJh tavhtxr&Sdbl;qkdwmu bmvJ¿
t'geoDvmwd t'geyuwdum? t'gem"drkwåm toH0dbm*-
&wmwd taw¬m/ (|?1?304/)
ay;urf;pGeMYf uwJ hJ tavhtx r&Sb d ;l qkwd mu tvSL'gejyKwhJ ae-
&mrSm arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufwJh pdwfxm;r&Sdjcif; cGJjcrf;a0zef
ay;urf;vSL'gef;vkw d hJ pdw"f mwf r&Sd jcif;ukd ajymaew,f/ tJ'pD wd "f mwf
r&Sdwmu bmukd tajccHv¿J rdrd&&Sdxm;wJh pnf;pdrfOpöm okdYr[kwf rdrd
&&Sdxm;wJh ypön;f av;yg;tay:ü Niu d yfw, G wf maewJh pdw"f mwftay:-
rSm tajcrwnfbl;vm;¿ wnfaew,f/ tJ'D NiduyfwG,fwmrIyJ/ tJ'D
NiduyfwG,fwmrIukd taMumif;cHNyD;awmh xyfqifh jzpfyGm;vmwJh w&m;
qkdwmawGu bmawGvJ¿ 0efwkdrItnpftaMu;yJ? rpä&d,tnpf-
taMu;yJ? 0efwkdrItnpftaMu; rpä&d,tnpftaMu; wnf&SdaewJh
yk*Kd¾ vo
f nf bmvkyw f mvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmif-
aew,f/ aemufwpfck ---
e p a'EÅd uópd/
uópd = wpfpw f m;/ udÍdö = wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom yk*Kd¾ vt Hk pfc-k
aom vSLzG,f0w¬KukdrQ/ e a'EÅd = ay;vSLavh r&SdMuay/
rnfonfhyk*¾dKvfukdrqkd enf;enf;yg;yg;av;awmif ay;vSLvkdwJh
pdwfxm; r&Sd Mubl;/ bmajymovJ¿
356 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
e p a'EÅd uópDwd
wd wm, p ye t'geoDvwm, ,mpdwmyd
oEÅm uópd udÍöd e a'EÅd/ (okwåedygw?|?1?304/)
(t'geoDv =) rnfonfhowå0g wpfpkHwpfa,muftay:ü
ay;vSLwJh tavhtx r&Sb d ;l / r&Sw
d t
hJ wGuaf Mumifh 'Dy*k Kd¾ vu f bmjzpf-
vJ¿ vmNy;D olUxHrmS wpfcck k awmif;Ny?D awmif;vku d v f &Ydk &dS if awmif;aewJh
yk*¾dKvfukd rnfonfh ypönf;0w¬KukdrQ wpfpkHwpfckukdrQ ay;wJhtavhtx
r&Sdbl;/ t'dEéykAÁuukvac:wJh wpfcgrQ rvSLzl;wJh trsKd;tEG,fawG
avmurSm wpfcgwav &Sw d wfygw,f/ tJ't D rsK;d tEG,rf mS &Sw d hJ vlawG-
vkyd wJ /hJ 'Dy*k Kd¾ vaf wG[mvnf; bmjzpfovJ¿ rdrw d Ydk ypön;f Opömtay:ü
wG,w f mrufarmaewJh 'Dpw d "f mwfawGjc&H NH y;D b0wpfcu k dk tqk;H owf-
oGm;cJh&&if bmjzpfrvJ¿
t'dEéykAÁuukav rEkóo'dom edZÑmrwPSduaywy&m,Pm
a[mEÅd/
(edZÑmrwPSu d aywy&m,Pm =) Nyw d må b0okYd a&mufomG ;wwf-
w,f/ tJ'v D dk yk*Kd¾ vaf wGy/J 'Dtykid ;f eJY ywfoufNy;D Ny;D awmhrS okweå w f pfck
xyfa[mzkdY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,faemf/ (,if;okwåefukd pmrsufESm-387-
ü Munfyh g/) edZÑmrwPSu d Nyw d må qkw d muawmh rD;ikww f v
dk ydk /J tjrw J rf;
ylavmifaewJh tyl'PfawGudk cH&Ny;D awmh bk&m; wpfqel w YJ pfqt l Mum;
xrif;wpfv;Hk awmif rpm;&bl;/ a&wpfaygufrS raomuf&bl;/ tJ'v D dk
NydwåmrsKd;awGyJ? opfikwfwkdvkd tjrJwrf; ylavmifNyD; rD;½IdUNrdKufcHae&wJh
NydwåmrsKd;awGyJ/ tJ'Dvkd b0rsKd;ukd a&muf&Sdwwfw,f/ rdrd&&SdaewJh
ypönf;0w¬Ktay:ü tvGef rufarmaewJh 'Dpdwfxm;aMumifh 'Dvkd
jzpf&wmaemf/ 'Dawmh ukd,f&&Sdxm;wJh ypönf;0w¬Ktay:ü tvGef
rufarmaewJh pdwfxm;&Sdae&if xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm tyl"mwfawG
udef;0yfraebl;vm;¿ &m*rD;yJ? ouf&SdoufrJh umr0w¬Ktpkpktay:ü
wpfbufy*k Kd¾ vf enf;enf;yg;yg; vmawmif;wmawmif ay;csiw f phJ wd x f m;
enf;enf;rS r&Sdbl;/ wG,fwmrI t&Sdeft0gtyl"mwfawGu odyftm;-

aumif;aew,f/ tm;aumif;aewJh 'Dtukov dk uf H avmbuaeNy;D awmh
ckvNdk yw
d må b0a&mufatmif ykaYd qmifay;vku
d jf cif; jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfck
'Dae&mrSm t|uxmq&mawmfu aupd0g'qkdNyD; 0g'av;wpfck
xyfzGifhxm;w,f/
8/ ,lwJhbufuom tjrJaeol
aupd ye ]]tm'geoDvm}}wdyd yXEÅd? (|?1?304/)
wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfuawmh 'Dae&mrSm t'geoDvvkdY r&GwfbJ?
tm'geoDvqkNd y;D 'Dvdk &Gwzf wfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGvnf; &Sd Muw,f/ bmajym-
wmvJ¿
au0vH *[PoDvm? uópd ye udÍöd e a'EÅd/
,lwJhbufuom tjrJwrf;aew,f/ ay;wJhbufu b,fawmhrS
raebl;/ tJ'v D ydk *k Kd¾ vaf wGuv
dk nf; tm'geoDvvkYd 'Dvv
dk nf; ac:w,f/
tJ'Dvkd ,lwJhbufrSmom tjrJwrf;aeNyD; ay;wJhbufrSm enf;enf;rS
raewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m bmvkyw f mvJ¿ tn§t
D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;
okH;aqmifaew,faemf/ uJ *gxmav; jyefNyD;awmh qufpyfMunfhMu&-
atmifaemf/
1/ vlcom = rdrdukd,fukd rdrd n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufwJh = twåudv-
rx usifhpOfukd rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif;ç
2/ 'g½kPm = qkq
d ;Hk rzk&Yd eftwGuf tvGef cufcw
J hJ pdwaf epdw-f
xm;awGeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; aexkdifjcif;ç
3/ yd|drHodum = a&SUrSm csKNd red af umif;jrwfwhJ pum;awGudk ajymNy;D
aemufu, G u f sawmh aus;Zl;rJh uJ&h UJ pum;awGuydk J
tmabmiftm&if;oefoefESifh ajymqkdwwfjcif;ç
358 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
4/ rdwå'´Kaem rdwå'l[um = rdwfaqGukd jypfrSm;wJh pdwfxm;&Sdjcif;ç

5/ edu½ú P
k m = owå0gawGtay:rSm tMuifemw&m;awG uif;rJh
um tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhukdom vkdvm;awmifhwwJh
pdwfxm; &Sdjcif;ç
6/ twdrmedaem = rmefrmeawG wpfykHBuD;ESifh b0ifjrifhum wpf-
bufom;awGukd rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif;ç
7/ t'geoDvm = ay;urf;pGefYMuJwJh tavhtx r&SdbJ rdrdypönf;
tay:rSm ESajrm0efwkdwJh pdwfxm; &Sdjcif;ç
8/ tm'geoDvm = wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh --- ,lwJhbufuom
tjraJ eNy;D awmh ay;wJb
h ufu b,fawmhrS rae-
jcif;ç wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh rdr&d UJ ouf&o
dS ufrhJ
umr0w¬Ktpkpak wGtay:rSm ESajrm0efwdk wGew Yf dk
qkwfepfwJh pdwfxm; xm0pOf wnf&Sdaejcif;yJ
jzpfw,f/
aygif;vku d af wmh 'D*gxmrSm bk&m;&Siu
f ,kwnf whH hJ pdwaf epdwx f m;
(8)rsK;d wku
Yd dk a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ tJ'w D &m; (8)rsK;d vk;H eJyY J jzpfapç
wpfrsKd;rsKd;eJYyJ jzpfap jynfhpkHaewJh ol[m tmr*E¨ = tn§Dta[mufukd
pm;okH;aewJh olyJ jzpfw,f/
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u wdó&aohBuD;ukd a[mawmfrlaeNyD/
aemufwpfck jrwfpGmbk&m; *gxmwpfck qufNyD;awmh a[mawmfrljyef
w,faemf/
"r®m"d|mefenf;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrljcif;
4/ auma"m ra'g xarÇm ypöKy|myem?
rm,m Ool,m bóorkóa,m p/
rmemwdrmaem p toAÇd oE¦a0g?
auma"m p = trsufa'goxGufjcif; &efNidK;zGJUjcif;vnf;aumif;/
ra'g p = rmefrljcif; rmef,pfjcif;vnf;aumif;/ xarÇm p = pdwf"mwf
cufxefwif;rmjcif;vnf;aumif;/ ypöKy|myem p = qefYusifbuf
jyKvkyfjcif;vnf;aumif;/ rm,m p = vSnfhywfjcif;vnf;aumif;/
Ool,m p = jiLplapmif;ajrmif;jcif;vnf;aumif;/ bóorkóa,m
p = 0g<um;yvTm;í ajymqkdjcif;vnf;aumif;/ rmemwdrmaem p =
tvGef rmefrljcif;vnf;aumif;/ toAÇd oE¦a0g p = rolawmfwkdYESifh
aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif;vnf;aumif;/ {o {aom = þ
trsuaf 'goxGujf cif; &efNiKd ;zGUJ jcif;pwJh oabmw&m;onf/ tmr*aE¨m
= tn§Dta[muf rnfygay\/ rHoabmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom
abmZOfonfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[muf r[kwfygay/
jrwfpmG bk&m;u aemufxyf tn§t D a[muftaMumif;ukd qufNy;D -
awmh a[mawmfrw l ,f/ tJ'aD wmh 'Dae&mrSm yk*v
¾ m"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;u a'oem*gxmESpfck a[mawmfrlNyD;wJhaemuf w&m;
em,laewJh wdó&aohBuD;u pdwf"mwfawG wpfrsKd;ajymif;oGm;w,f/
ajymif;oGm;vku
d wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm wdó&aohBu;D &JU tmo,"mwfcaH wG
ajymif;vJoGm;NyDqkdwmvnf; uóybk&m;&Sifu od&SdawmfrlwJhtwGuf
"r®m"d|meenf;tm;jzifh *gxmuav; wpfckukd qufNyD; a[mawmf
rlwmygaemf/
360 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
1/ aum" = trsux
f u
G jf cif; = &efNiKd ;zGUJ jcif;
tJ ' D a wmh 'D a e&mrS m (aum" aum" =) trsuf a 'goxG u f w ,f /
wpfenf;awmh &efNidK;zGJUw,f/ b,fvkd&efNidK;zGJUwmvJ¿ [kd r*Fvokwf-
wke;f u bke;f Bu;D wpfcgajymcJzh ;l ygw,faemf/ 'Dy*k Kd¾ v[ f m igY&UJ tusK;d rJu
h dk
wpfcsdefu jyKcJhzl;w,f? ckvnf; jyKaew,f? aemifvnf; jyKvkyfvdrfhr,f
qkNd y;D awmh &efNiKd ;zGUJ w,f/ 'Dy*k Kd¾ vo f nf igcspcf ifjrwfE;dk aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ
tusKd;rJhukd a&S;uvnf; jyKcJhzl;w,f? ,ckvnf; jyKvkyfaew,f?
aemifvnf; jyKvkyfvdrfhr,f qkdNyD;awmh &efNidK;zGJUw,f/ 'Dyk*¾dKvfawG[m
igrke;f aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ tusK;d aus;Zl;awGukd a&S;uvnf; jyKczhJ ;l w,f?
,ckvnf; jyKvkyfaew,f? aemifvnf; jyKvkyfvdrfhr,f qkdNyD;awmh
&efNiKd ;zGUJ w,f/ 'Dy*k Kd¾ v[f m igY&UJ tusK;d aus;Zl;ukd a&S;uvnf; rjyKczhJ ;l bl;?
ckvJ rjyKbl;? aemifvnf; jyKrSmr[kwfbl;qkdNyD;awmhvnf; &efNidK;
zGUJ jyefw,f/ 'Dy*k Kd¾ v[ f m igcspcf ifjrwfE;dk aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ tusK;d aus;Zl;
ukd a&S;uvnf; rjyKcJhzl;bl;? ,ckvnf; rjyKbl;? aemifvnf; jyKrSm
r[kwfbl; qkdNyD;awmhvnf; &efNidK; zGJUjyefw,f/ 'Dyk*¾dKvfu igrkef;aewJh
olawG&JU tusKd;rJhukdawmh a&S;uvnf; rjyKcJhzl;bl;? ,ckvnf; rjyKbl;?
aemifvnf; jyKrmS r[kwb f ;l qkNd y;D awmh &efNiKd ;zGUJ jyefw,f/ aygif;vku d af wmh
(18)rsK;d yJ/ aemufwpfrsK;d useaf eao;w,f? bmwJv h J --- t|meaumy
wJh/ t&mXme r[kwfwJh ae&mawGrSm a'govkdufxGufaew,f?
&efNidK;awG zGJUaew,f? cvkwfwkdufawmhvnf; a'goxGufjyefw,f?
ql;pl;awmhvnf; a'goxGufjyefw,f? rkd;&Gmawmhvnf; &GmvGef;vkdYç
aeylawmhvnf; ylvGef;vkdY ponfjzifh t&mXme r[kwfwJh ae&mawGrSm
a'gorjzpfoifhwJh ae&mawGrSm a'go jzpfaejyefw,f? &efNidK;awG
zGJUjyefw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh (19)rsKd;qkdwJh &efNidK;zGJUjcif;awG &Sdw,f/
tJ'Dvkd &efNidK;zGJUaewJhyk*¾dKvfawG trsufa'go odyfBuD;wJh yk*¾dKvfawG
tcJraMuwJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd
bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuw,f/ aemufwpfck (ra'g =) rmef,pfw,f/

2/ r' = rmef,pfjcif;
]]Zmwd ra'g? a*gwå ra'g? tma&m*s ra'g}}wdtm'dem ea,e
0dba*F 0kwåyÜaba'g pdwåó rZÆebma0g/ (|?1?304/)
trsK;d Zmwf jrifjh rwfru
I dk tajccHNy;D awmh rmefrw
l ,fç rmefBu;D w,fç
rmef,pfw,f? qif;oufvmwJh tpOftquf trsK;d tEG,af wGu odyNf y;D
tqifhtwef; jrifhaewmukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmhvnf; rmef,pfw,f?
tema&m*guif;&Si;f rIudk taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh rmef,pfw,f? ½kyt f qif;
vSrIukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh rmef,pfw,f? pnf;pdrfOpömaygrsm;rIukd
taMumif;jyKNy;D rmef,pfw,fç ynm*kPBf u;D rm;rIudk taMumif;jyKNy;D awmh
rmef,pfw,fponfjzifh rmef,pfjcif; trsKd;rsKd;awG &SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
rmef,pfaewJhyk*¾dKvf rdrdukd,fukd rdrd txifBuD;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf
bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,f/
3/ xrÇ = pdwf"mwfcufxefwif;rmjcif;
aemufwpfck --- (xrÇ =) xrÇukd t|uxmq&mawmfu (xrÇ-
bm0 =) pdwf"mwfcufxefwif;rmaewJh oabmwJh/ a>rwpfaumifu
xGewf ;Hk ukd NrKd xm;vku
d w
f t
hJ csed tf cgrSm auG;vkYd qefv
Y rYdk &wJh ykpH rH sK;d vkad ygY/
enf;enf;rS atmufcscsiw f hJ pdwxf m; atmufusKUd csiwf phJ w
d x f m; r&Sb d ;l /
]]enf;enf;uav;awmh 0efcsawmif;yefvkdufav? vlBuD;awGukd 'Dvkd
jypfrSm;wm raumif;bl;}} ponfjzifh qkdqkH;rvkdufwJhtcg enf;enf;rS
tavsmhray;bl;? pdwf"mwfawG tifrwef cufxefwif;rmaew,f/
tJ'v D dk pdw"f mwfawG cufxefwif;rmaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf bmvkyaf e-
wmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuw,f/
362 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
4/ ypöKy|myem = qefu
Y sib
f uf&yfwnfaerI
aemuf (ypöKy|myem =) ypöKy|myemqkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
t|uxmq&mawmfu zGifhxm;w,f/ ypöKy|myemwd ypöedu|myem
qefYusifbuf &yfwnfaerIyJ/ rdrd&JU pdwf"mwfukd rdrdu qefYusifbuf
jyKvkyfwJhbufrSm oGm;NyD;awmh &yfwnfxm;ckdif;vkdufw,f/
"ar®e ea,e 0kwåó y#d0d½kZÑ dwGm XmeH/ (okwåedygw?|?1?304/)
"ar®e ea,e = w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh/ 0kwåó = ajymqkd
qkH;raewJh yk*¾dKvftm;/ y#d0d½kZÑ dwGm = wpfzef qefYusifbufjyKvkyfí/
XmeH = &yfwnfí aejcif;wnf;/
w&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh vmqkH;rw,f/ w&m;aom enf;vrf;-
qkw
d m bmajymwmvJ¿ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyoqkq d ;Hk raewJh enf;vrf;
twkid ;f yJ/ tJ'eD nf;vrf;awGu okweå rf mS vmwJeh nf;vrf;ç tbd"r®mrSm
vmwJeh nf;vrf;ç 0denf;a'oemawmfrmS vmwJeh nf;vrf;ç tJ'eD nf;vrf;-
awGukd w&m;aomenf;vrf;awGvkdY ac:ygw,f/ 0denf;a'oemawmf
t& rtyfb;l vkYd bk&m;&Siu f ynwfxm;&if 'g rtyfb;l vkYd oGm;Ny;D awmh
qkH;rw,f/ 0denf;a'oemawmft& 'g tyfpyfw,fvkdY bk&m;&Sifu
ynwfxm;&if 'Dtcsuu f tyfpyfw,fç jyKvyk yf gqkNd y;D awmh oGm;qkq
d ;Hk r
&w,f/ 'Dvq dk ;Hk rwmukd enf;enf;rS vufrcHb;l / okweå af 'oemawmf-
enf;t& 'Dusifh0wfawGukd rusifh&bl;/ oGm;NyD; qkdqkH;rMunfhw,f/
tJ'Dvkd qkdqkH;rvkdufrS ykdNyD; qkd;vmw,f/ oufouf olu xdyfwkduf
qefYusifbufvkyfNyD;awmh &yfwnfaew,f/ tbd"r®ma'oemawmf-
enf;t& 'Dvkd&m*awG xlajymatmif &m*xlajymaMumif;jzpfwJh
usifh0wfawGç a'goxlajymaMumif;jzpfwJh usifh0wfawGç arm[xl-
ajymaMumif; rmefrme £óm rpä&, d xlajymaMumif;jzpfwhJ 'Dvpdk wd af e
pdwfxm;awG rxm;oifhbl;qkdNyD;awmh oGm;NyD;awmh qkdqkH;rMunfhw,f/
qkq
d ;Hk rwJth csed t
f cgrSm xdyw
f u
dk f qefu
Y sibf uf jyKvyk Nf y;D awmh &yfwnf
aew,f/ aemufxyf bmajymao;vJ¿ ]]igu rcHcsifvkdY oufouf
*Gwkdufaewm? 'if;ukd igu ta&;enf;enf;uav;rS rpkdufbl;/ ig[m
b,fvv dk pl m;qkwd m odatmifvYdk igu taMumif;jyaewm}} 'Dvadk jymqk-d
um wu,fawmh oloufouf qefu Y sibf uf *Gwu dk w
f hJ ykpH o
H m jzpfyg-
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd *GwkdufaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§D-
ta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaewmyJ/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ qkdwmukd
bkef;BuD;xyfajymygYr,f/ (pmrsufESm-392-394/ 422-423/ wkdYü Munfhyg/)
5/ rm,m = vSnfhywfrI
aemufwpfck --- (rm,m =) vSnfhywfaew,f/ b,fvkdv¿J
rm,mwd ]]£a"uapöm uma,e 'kpö&dwH p&dwGm}}wdtm'dem
ea,e 0dba*F 0dbwåm uwygyy#dpäm'ewm/ (|?1?304/)
bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh 0dbif;ygVdawmfBuD;rSm rm,m-
taMumif; vm&Sdw,f/ rdrdu olUtoufvnf; owfwmyJ? olUypönf;-
vnf; rw&m;,lwmyJ? olUom;r,m;awGvnf; zsufqD;wmyJ? 'Dvkd
um,'kp½ku d af wGudk vGeu
f sL;xm;w,f/ vGeu f sL;xm;ygvsuef YJ usKyw
f -Ydk
u 'Dvkd um,'kp½kdufrsKd;ukd b,fawmhrS rvGefusL;ygbl;qkdNyD;awmh
rdrv
d eG u
f sL;xm;wJh jyKvyk xf m;wJh raumif;rIudk zk;H vTr;f xm;w,f/ tJ'g
bmvkyw f mvJ¿ rm,m/ rdru d 0pD'pk ½ku
d af wGudk ajymw,f? rkom;vnf;
ajymw,f? ukef;wkdufpum;vnf; ajymw,f? Murf;wrf;wJhpum;vnf;
ajymw,f? Nydefzsif;wJhpum;awGvnf; ajymw,f? aMomfµ usKyfu 'grsKd;
rajymygbl; qkdNyD;awmh xif&Sm;&SdaewJh tjypfawGukd vSrf;NyD; zkH;vTrf;-
aewmyJ/ tJ'Dvkd rdrdrSm xif&Sm;&SdaewJh tjypfawGukd zkH;vTrf;aewJh
yk*¾dKvfukd rm,mrsm;wJh yk*¾dKvfvkdYac:w,f/ tJ'Drm,mrsm;aewJhyk*¾dKvf-
onf bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif-
364 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
aew,f/ aemufwpfck --- raem'kp½kduf? raem'kp½kdufawGukd rdrdu

wGiw f iG Bf u;D vGeu f sL;aew,f/ wpfzufy*k Kd¾ vu f aeNy;D awmh ajymvku d w
f hJ
tcsed t f cgrSm aMomfµ usKyw f u Ydk awmh 'Dvpdk wd x
f m;rsK;d r&Sdygbl; qkNd y;D awmh
vSnfhywfvdkufw,f/ rdrdrSm xif&Sm;&SdaewJh raumif;rIukd zkH;vTrf;vkduf
wmyJ/ tJ'v D dk rdrrd mS xif&mS ;&Sad ewJh raumif;rIudk zk;H vTr;f jcif;ukd rm,m-
vkaYd c:w,f/ tJ'v D dk rm,m&Sad ewJh yk*¾Kd vçf vSnyhf wfaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf
bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,f/
6/ Ool,m = jiLplapmif;ajrmif;jcif;
aemufwpfck --- (Ool,m =) jiLplapmif;ajrmif;aew,f/ b,fvkd
jiLplapmif;ajrmif;ovJvkdY ar;awmh ---
Ool,mwd y&vmbouúm&m'Dok £óm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?304/)
Ool,mwd = Ool,m[lonfum;/ y&vmbouúm&m'Dok = ol-
wpfyg;wkdY\ vmbfvmb&&Sdjcif;ç t½kdtaocH&jcif;ç tav;tjrwf
cH&jcif;ç tyltaZmfcH&jcif;ç tjrwftEkd;cH&jcif;ponfwkdYü/ £óm =
jiLplapmif;ajrmif;aom pdwfxm;&Sdjcif;wnf;/
olwpfyg;awG vmbfvmb&w,f/ vmbfvmb&xkdufwJh yg&rD
bke;f uHuav;awG olUrSm wnf&adS eonft h wGuf 'DvmbfvmbawGu
olUrSm aygrsm;jcif;jzpfw,f/ tJ'gukd rdru d Munfv h rYdk &jyefb;l wJ/h tJ'v
D dk
Munfv h rYdk &wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk
bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,f/ olwpfyg;awGu tylaZmfouúm&awG
cH&w,f? tjrwfEkd;cH&w,f? tylaZmfcH&w,f? tav;pm;cH&w,f?
tMunfnKd caH e&w,f? olwpfyg;awG t½kt d ao tav;tjrwf tjyKc-H
&jcif;ç tjrwftEkd;cH&jcif;ç tMunfndKcH&jcif;ç tylaZmfcH&jcif;qkdwJh
'Dvyk if ef;&yfawGudk MunfNh y;D awmh rdru
d pdwx f rJ mS tcJraus rausreyf
jzpfw,f? MunfhvkdYr& jzpfaew,f/ ]]'Dvkd,kefawmh csKHwkdif;&Sd&JU? 'D;'kwf-
avmufawmh iSufwkdif;vS&JU}} qkdwJh pdwfxm;rsKd;awGukd wkd;yGm;atmifyJ

arG;jrLaew,f/ tJ'v D dk Munfv h rYdk &jzpfae&if rdr[
d m jiLplapmif;ajrmif;wJh
pdwx f m;&Sad ewJh yk*Kd¾ vv f Ydk 'Dvdk ac:&w,f/ tJ'v D dk jiLplapmif;ajrmif;wJh
pdwf"mwf&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf tn§Dta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;-
aqmifaewJh yk*¾dKvfyJ/ aemufwpfck ---
7/ bóorkó, = tay:pD;uaeNy;D pum;ajymjcif;
bóorkóa,mwd orków
d H bóH? twåKuo
Hú ewmwd 0kwHå
a[mwd/ (okwåedygw?|?1?304/)
bóorkó,-qkdwm bó-u pum;ajymwm? orkó,-u
tay:pD;uaewm/ tay:pD;uaeNyD;awmh pum;ajymw,fqkdwmu
bmvJvaYdk r;awmh ]]twåKuo Hú ewmwd 0kwHå a[mwd}} rdru d ,dk u f dk rdru
d
csD;ajr§mufw,f/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrdtay:uae xm;w,f/ olwpfyg;ukd
atmufuaeNy;D ESrd cf sxm;w,f/ rdru d ,
dk u
f dk tay:ajrm§ ufNy;D awmh ol-
wpfyg;awGukd atmufuxm;aewJh 'Dpdwfxm;onf bmvkyfwmvJ¿
tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewmyJ/ 'g tukov dk wf &m;-
awGukd arG;jrLaewmygaemf/
8/ rmemwdrme = rmefrmetvGefBuD;jcif;
aemufwpfck --- (rmemwdrmaem =) rmefrmeawG odyfBuD;w,f/
'Dpum;vk;H awGudk bk&m;&Siu f xyfcgxyfcg bmaMumifh a[mae&ovJ-
vkdYar;&ifawmh - aemufykdif;rSm t|uxmq&mawmfuvnf; xyfcg
xyfcg zGix hf m;ygw,f/ bk&m;&Sitf aeeJY 'Draumif;wJh tukov dk f 'kp½ku
d f
awG pdwaf epdwx f m;awGudk 'Dowå0g&JU oEÅmefrmS ude;f 0yfwnf&w dS mukd
tvkdr&Sdbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿ 'Dpdwfaepdwfxm;awGu aeYnOfhoHo&m
&Snjf rifph mG aom tcsed t f cgumvywfv;Hk owå0gawGudk tyg,fav;bkH
tp&SdwJh tvGef qif;&J'ku©jynfhESufaewJh ae&mawGukd a&mufatmif
366 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
ykaYd qmifay;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tm; tjynfth 0 &Sad ew,fqw dk m odawmfrw l ,f/
odvkdufwJhtwGuf 'Dpdwfaepdwfxm;uav;awGukd jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
jyKvkyfapcsifwJh qE´"mwfawmf uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;rSmaum 'kwd,
tBudrf xyfrHNyD;awmh uóybk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlonfhtwkdif;
tmr*EÿP k mÖ ;trSL;&Sad ewJh ykPmÖ ;ig;&mwkt Yd m; a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk r-
awmfral ewJh a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;&Si&f UJ oEÅmefrmS a&m wnf&w dS ,faemf/
'gaMumifh 'D (rmemwdrme =) tvGet Yf vGef rmefrwl ,fqw dk hJ pum;vk;H -
av;ukd bk&m;&Sifu Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfcgxyfcg 'D*gxmawGxJrSm
xnfhNyD; a[maew,faemf/
rmemwdrmaemwd ]]£a"uapöm Zmwd,m 0g /y/ tnw&nw-
a&e 0w¬Kem ykAÁumvH ya&[d o'doH twåmeH '[wd? ty&umvH
twåmeH ao,sH '[wd? ya& [Dae '[wd? a,m {0½layg rmaem/y/
auwkurswm pdwåóm}}wd 0dba*F 0dbawåm/ (|?1?304-305/)
0dbif;ygVdawmfBu;D ukd uk;d Ny;D awmh t|uxmq&mawmfu zGiahf e-
w,f/ bmajymwmvJ¿ 0w¬Kwpfcck ak ygYav/ 0w¬Kwpfcck k qkw d mu rdr&d UJ
trsK;d tEG,u f ykjd rifjh rwfvYdk rdr&d UJ ynm*kPo
f u
d m© u ykNd y;D tqift
h wef;
jrifhrm;vkdY rdrd&JUoDv*kPfaus;Zl;uç rdrd&JUorm"d*kPfaus;Zl;uç rdrd&JU
0dyóemÓPfawGu ykdNyD; tqifhjrifhvkdY ponfjzifh 0w¬Kwpfckckukd
tajcwnfNy;D awmh rdru d <um;vk;H xkwrf ,f/ rmefrmeBu;D rSm jzpfw,f/
tJ'Da&SUykdif;umvrSmusawmh bmjzpfvJ¿ a&SUrSmqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh ---
ya&[d o'doH twåmeH '[wd? rdrdeJY olwpfyg;ukd wef;wl olu
xm;vkdufw,f/
ty&umvH twåmeH ao,sH '[wd? aemufykdif;umvusawmh
rdru
d olwx
Ydk uf omvGeNf y;D jrifjh rwfygw,fqNdk y;D awmh rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rdru
d
ae&mxm;ay;vkdufw,f/
ya& [Dae '[wd?

ya& = olwpfyg;wkdYukd/ [Dae = ,kwfnhHwJhae&mü/ '[wd =
xm;wwf\/
olwpfyg;awGudk rdrx
d uf tqift h wef;edrahf ewJah e&mrSm oGm;Ny;D -
awmh xm;vku d wf ,f/ tJ'v D dk yk*Kd¾ vrf sK;d awG[m bmvkyw f mvJ¿ tvGeYf
tvGef rmeBuD;aew,fvkdY ac:&w,f/ 'Dvdk tvGet Yf vGef rmeBu;D aewJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;
okH;aqmifaew,f/ aemufwpfck ---
9/ toAÇd oE¦a0g = rolawmfwkdYESifh aygif;azmfjcif;
toAÇd oE¦a0gwd toyÜK&dao[d oE¦a0g/
rolawmfawGeJY oGm;NyD; aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rSD0Jqnf;uyfNyD;awmh
aexkdifw,f/ [kd r*FvokwfrSm a[mcJhwJh tao0em p Amvme AmvmeH qkdwJh
r*Fvmtwkid ;f yJaemf/ vlru dk af wGeYJ aygif;azmf,OS w
f JG rS0D qJ nf;uyfaewJh
olawGonf bmvkyw f mvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmif
aew,f/ 'gjzifh&if olUtoufowfwJholeJY aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rSD0Jqnf;-
uyfNyD; rdwfzGJUaecJh&if bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;
ok;H aqmifaew,fac:w,f/ olUypön;f rw&m;,lwwfwyhJ *k Kd¾ vf olUom;-
r,m;zsufqD;wwfwJh yk*¾dKvfawGeJY oGm;NyD; aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rSD0Jqnf;-
uyfcJh&if tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaewJh yk*¾dKvfyJ/
tvm;wlyJ rkom;ajymaewJyh *k Kd¾ vef YJ rdru d oGm;Ny;D aygif;azmf,OS w f rJG 0DS J
qnf;uyfcJh&if bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;-
aqmifaew,f/ tvm;wlyaJ emf/ usew f hJ um,'kp½ku d f 0pD'pk ½ku
d f raem
'kp½kud af c:wJh 'D'pk ½ku
d wf &m;awGudk vGeu f sL;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk vlru
dk -f
vkdY ac:w,f/ tJ'DrolawmfvlrkdufawGeJY oGm;NyD; aygif;azmf,SOfwGJ rSD0J
qnf;uyfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufukd
368 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewJh yk*Kd¾ vyf /J 'Dvq dk v

dk &Ydk &dS if a,m*DawG rkom;ajym-
aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGeYJ aygif;&rvm; raygif;&bl;vm;¿ aygif;cJ&h if bmvky-f
wmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,f/ olwpfyg;
raumif;aMumif;ukd tmoGuf vQmoGuf vufoGufoGufeJY ajymaewJh
yk*Kd¾ vf awGeYJ aygif;&rvm; raygif;&bl;vm;¿ aygif;cJ&h if bmvkyw f mvJ¿
tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaew,f/ 'g owd&zdS v Ykd wdk ,f
aemf/ rdrw d Ydk aeYpOfawGUMuKH ae&r,fh tcuftcJuav;awGy/J aeYpOfaeYpOf
rdrw d &Ydk UJ pdwaf epdwx f m;uav;awGudk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;zkYd vkt d yfae-
w,f/ 'gaMumifh jrwfpmG bk&m;u 'Dae&mrSmvnf; "r®m"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh
wifjycJhwJh (9)rsKd;aom tn§Dta[mufawGukd a[mMum;awmfrlvkduf-
ygw,f/
yk*¾vm"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh xyfrH a[mMum;awmfrljcif;

5/ a, ygyoDvm £PCmwolpum?
a0g[m&ul#m £" yg#d½lydum/
e&m"rm a," ua&mEÅd udAÁdoH?
a, Zem = tMuifvlom;wkdYonfum;/ £" = þavmuü/ ygy
oDvm = ,kwfrmaom ukd,fusifhoDv&SdMuukef\/ £PCmwm = ol-
wpfyg;\ a<u;NrDukd,lí rqyfbJ zsufqD;avh&SdMuukef\/ olpum =
f / a0g[m&ul#m = wHp;dk vufaqmif
uke;f acsmwJh tavhtx &Sd Muuke\
pm;í rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh w&m;pD&ifavh &SdMuuke\ f / yg#d½yl u
d m
= twkjyKvyk í f vSnyhf wfwwfMuuke\f / £" = þavmuü/ e&m"rm
= trdç tzç bk&m;ç yapöuAk'¨ tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;wkdYtay:ü/
udAÁdoH = &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrIukd/ ua&mEÅd = jyKvkyfí aewwfMu-
ukef\/ {o {aom = þ,kwfrmaom ukd,fusifhw&m;&Sdjcif;pwJh
þoabmw&m;onfum;/ tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[mufrnfygay\/

rHoabmZeH = tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfonfum;/ e [d tmr-
*aE¨m = tmr*E¨ tn§Dta[muf rrnfygay/
aemuf*gxmwpfckyJaemf ---
avmurSm&Sad ewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGtaMumif;ukd "r®m"d|mefenf;tm;jzifh
a'oemukd jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mNy;D wJt h cg aemufxyfwpfzef yk*v¾ m"d|mef
enf;tm;jzifh jrwfpmG bk&m;u a'oemawmfudk jyefNy;D awmh a[mawmf-
rljyefw,f/ avmurSm wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawGu b,fvkd&SdvJ¿
1/ ygyoDvm = ,kwfrmwJh ukd,fusifhw&m;&Sdol
a, ygyoDvmwd a, ygyormpm&wm, ]]ygyoDvm}}wd
avmau ygu#m/ (okwåedygw?|?1?305/)
,kwrf mwJt h usiahf wG &Sad ewJt h wGuaf Mumifh ,kwrf mwJh uk, d uf sihf
oDv&Swd hJ yk*Kd¾ vq f Ndk y;D awmh avmurSm xif&mS ;aew,f/ 'Dvdk avmurSm
,kwrf mwJh uk, d u f siw hf &m;&Sw
d hJ yk*Kd¾ vt
f jzpfeYJ xif&mS ;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG-
onf bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifae-
MuwmyJ/
2/ £PCmwm = a<u;ukd jyefrqyfol
aemufwpfck --£PCmwolpumwJ?h £PCmw - u owfowf
olpum - u owfowfyJ/ £PCmw
£PCmwqkdwmu bmvJvkdYar;&ifawmh
£PH *a[wGm wó tyÜ'gaee £PCmwm/
a<u;,lvudk w
f ,f? ,lNy;D wJt
h csed t
f cgrSm tJ'aD <u;ukd b,fawmhrS
jyefNyD;awmhrqyfbl;/ a<u;&Sifukd ysufpD;oGm;atmif zsufqD;ypfaewJh
370 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
yk*¾dKvfawGyJ/ a<u;,lNyD;awmh a<u;&Sifukd ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aewJh

'Dyk*¾dKvfawGonf bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGudk bkOf;ay;okH;-
aqmifaeMuw,f/ avmurSm awmfawmfBu;D 0rf;enf;zkYd aumif;ygw,f
aemf/ 'DaeYyJ awmausmif;ukd 'umwcsKUd a&muf&v dS mMuygw,f/ olw&Ydk UJ
nDti,fqkH;wpfa,muf[m a<u;awGwifNyD;awmh pdwf"mwfawG
usqif;NyD;awmh pdwfxdckdufNyD; uG,fvGefoGm;wJhtaMumif; vmNyD;awmh
avQmufxm;Muw,f/ 'Da<u;awGu bmaMumifh olUrSm a<u;wif&ovJ
qkad wmh olUtay:rSm vmNy;D vdrv f nfvn S jhf zm;Ny;D ,lomG ;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGu
tvGefrsm;oGm;Muw,f/ tJ'D vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGqkdwm-
uvnf; wpfenf;wpfzkHtm;jzifh 'Dokwåefenf;t& ajymawmh olUxHrSm
vmNyD;awmh a<u;,lMuwmyJ/ tJ'D a<u;,lwJh yk*¾dKvfawGu a<u;jyef-
Ny;D awmh rqyfbeJ YJ vSnyhf wfNy;D awmh toufwpfacsmif;ukyd ifaomfvnf;
aoausysufpD;oGm;wJhtxd vdrfvnfxm;vdkufwJhtwGuf xkd vdrf
vnfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf a<u;&Sifukd ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;w,fvkdY
rajymEkid bf ;l vm;¿ ajymEkid wf ,f/ 'Dvdk a<u;,lNy;D awmh a<u;jyefrqyfbJ
a<u;&Siu f dk ysupf ;D atmif zsuq f ;D aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf bmvkyw f mvJ¿
tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmyJ/
3/ olpum = ukef;wkdufpum; ajymMum;ol
aemufwpfck --- bmvJ¿ olpumwJh (ayokane olpum p =)
uke;f wku d pf um;ajymMuw,f/ 'Dpum; [kyd çYdk [kpd um; 'DyeYdk YJ jyóemawG
½IyfaxG;atmif jyKvyk af ew,f/ tJ'v D dk jyóemawG ½Iyaf xG;atmif
jyKvyk Nf y;D awmh ukef;acsmpum;awGukd jyKusifhaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf
bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMu-
w,f/ aemufwpfck ---
4/ wHp;dk vufaqmifpm;Ny;D w&m;pD&ifol

a0g[m&ul#m £" yg#d½yl u
d mwd "r®¥|mae Xdwm vÍÆH *a[wGm
omrdau y&maZEÅm ula#e a0g[ma&e orEém*wwåm a0g[m&ul#m/
("r®¥|mae =) w&m;pD&ifqkH;jzwfwJhae&mrSm &yfwnfNyD; aeMuwJh
yk*¾dKvf? tJ'Dyk*¾dKvfawGu bmvkyfovJ¿ (vÍÆH *a[wGm =) wHpkd;vuf-
aqmifawG ,lw,f? wHpkd;vufaqmifawG pm;Muw,f? pm;NyD;awmh
(omrdau y&maZEÅm =) Opöm&Sif ykid &f iS t
f ppfawGudk ½I;H apw,f/ w&m;½k;H -
rSmaemf/
ula#e a0g[ma&e orEém*wwåm a0g[m&ul#m?
aumufusppf Of;vJwhJ w&m;pD&ifjzwfx;Hk awGeYJ jynfph aHk ewJt
h wGu-f
aMumifh 'Dy*k Kd¾ vaf wGudk (a0g[m&ul#m =) w&m;pD&ifwahJ e&mrSm aumuf-
uspfpOf;vJrI&SdaewJh w&m;olBuD;awGyJvkdYac:w,f/ tJ'Dvkd wHpkd;
vufaqmifawG pm;Ny;D awmh aumufusppf Of;vJwhJ w&m;pD&ifx;Hk awGudk
qk;H jzwfcsucf saewJh w&m;olBu;D awG[m tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;
okH;aqmifaeMuwmwJh/ okdYaomf 'DtxJ w&m;olBuD;om ygw,f?
a&SUaeawmh xnfhrxm;bl;? bkef;BuD;uawmh a&SUaeygygaew,fvkdY
xifw,f/ uJ aemufwpfck ---
5/ oDv&Sdoa,mif w&m;&Sdoa,mif [efaqmifol
"r®|y#d½lyuwåm yg#d½lydum/ tppfeJYtwk ESpfrsKd; &Sdygw,faemf/
tJ'D tppftwk ESprf sK;d &Sw
d t
hJ eufu 'Dae&mrSm ta,mifaqmifw,f/
b,fvkdvJ¿ ---
yg#d½lydumwd 'kóDvm/ aw [d ,o®m aeoH £&d,myx-
orÜ'g'D[d oDv0EÅy#d½yl H tw¬?d wo®m y#d½yl g? y#d½yl g {0 yg#d½yl u
d m/
372 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
w&m;ppf w&m;rSerf mS wu,f&yfwnfrI r&Syd gbJvsuef YJ w&m;ppf

w&m;rSerf mS rdrw
d udYk &yfwnfaeygw,fqNdk y;D awmh 'Dvdk <um;vk;H xkw-f
w,f/ tJ'gukdvnf; yg#d½lydumvkdY ac:ygw,f/ aemufwpfckuawmh
'DomoemawmfrSm wu,foDvr&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG &Sd Muw,f/ 'kóDv
yk*¾dKvfawGyJ? tJ'D 'kóDvyk*¾dKvfawGu oDv wu,f&SdaewJhyk*¾dKvf
a,mifaqmifMuw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿ ---
£&d,myxorÜ'g'D[d oDv0EÅy#d½yl H tw¬/d (okweå yd gw?|?1?305??)
£&d,mykxfuav;awGeJY Munfhvkdufr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if oDv&SdaewJh
ykpH t
H oGif ay:vmatmif aexkid Nf y;D jyw,f/ ajcaxmufuav;ukd <uykH
vSr;f ykH csyu
Hk vnf; ody£ f aÈ&´ w,f/ rsuv f ;Hk uvnf; b,frS rMunf-h
bl;? twGi;f Munfv h u dk af wmh uk, d u
f siohf v D &So d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / tay:,H
Munfhvkdufr,fqkd&ifawmh ukd,fusifhoDveJY wu,f jynfhpkHaewJh
yko
H P²meftoGiu f dk aqmifaew,f/ cseJ yH gwf rjrifbeJ YJ jrifwyhJ pHk aH ygYaemf/
bke;f Bu;D qGr;f cHwek ;f uawmh awGUawGUaeygw,f/ cszJ iG chf geD;Nyq D &dk ifawmh
&aohBuD;awG oydwfxJ csJeHygwfawG xnfhNyD;awmh a'gufcsmBuD;awG-
vnf; aqmif;Ny;D awmh vmNy/D awGUwJo h w l idk ;f ukd cseJ yH gwf ay;oGm;w,f/
wpfa,mufay;wJh csJeHygwfeJY wpfa,mufay;wJh csJeHygwfuawmh
rwlb;l / eHygwfwpfaxmifqv dk m; bmqkv d m; tuGuw f pfaxmifqv dk m;?
tuGufjynfhatmif ay;oGm;r,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'DxJwpfuGufawmh
raygufbl;vm;¿ aygufrSmyJ? [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;¿ 'Dawmh wu,f
orm"d&SdvkdY jrifw,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'guawmh ykHpHwpfrsKd;awmh oGm;-
aumif;oGm;ygvdrrhf ,f/ oGm;aumif;oGm;w,fqw dk mu rvkyo f ifv h yYdk g/
'DcsaJ y;w,fqw dk t hJ vkyu f aygufwyhJ *k Kd¾ vrf mS vnf; tvum;oufouf
aygufwm r[kwb f ;l / [kbd ufu wpfbufu 'kid q f w dk m&Sad wmh 'kid pf m;-
csif&if pm;? rpm;csif&if aygufwJhyk*d¾Kvf pm;? ESpfck wpfOD;OD;awmh
repfembl;vm;¿ epfemygw,f/ olwpfyg;wku Yd dk 'Dvedk pfemapwJh vkyif ef;-
&yfudk olawmfaumif;rSecf &hJ if rjyKvyk o

f ifyh gbl;/ 'Dawmh aemufwpfc-k
uawmh wu,f rjrifbJeJY jrifcsifa,mifaqmifvkdY&Sd&ifuawmh 'g
bmvkyw f mvJ¿ twkyaJ emf/ 'gaMumifh (y#d½yl u d m =) oDvr&Sb d eJ YJ oDv
&Sda,mifaqmifw,f? orm"dr&SdbJeJY orm"d&Sda,mifaqmifw,f?
ynmr&SdbJeJY ynm&Sda,mifaqmifaew,f? tJ'Dvkd yk*¾dKvfawGonf
bmvkyfaewmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMu-
w,f/ aemufwpfck ---
6/ olawmfaumif;wkdYtay:ü &ufpufMurf;MuKwfol
e&m"rm a," ua&mEÅd udAodÁ /H avmurSm e&m"rqkw
d hJ olawmf-
aumif;awG &SdMuw,f/ b,fvkdv¿J
e&m"rm a," ua&mEÅd udAÁdoEÅd a, £" avmau e&m"rm
rmwmydwo
l k Ak'y¨ apöuAk'g¨ 'Dok p rdpmä y#dywåo
d ndwH udAo
dÁ H ua&mEÅ/d
vlawGukd w&m;aomenf;vrf;jzifh ,Ofaus;atmif qkq d ;Hk raeMu-
wJholawG &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'Dolawmfaumif;awGu b,folawGv¿J trd-
awGç tzawGç Ak'¨ç yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&SifawG or®morÁK'¨bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU
wynfo h m0uawG ponfjzifh 'Dvdk olawmfaumif;awG &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'D
olawmfaumif;awGeJY (rdpämy#dywådondwH udAÁdoH =) rdpämy#dywf
rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaewJh usifh0wfy#dywfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh &ufpuf-
Murf;MuKwfaewJh vkyfief;&yfawGeJY oGm;NyD;awmh qufqHMuw,f/
&ufpufMurf;MuKwaf ew,fqw dk mu um,uHjzifh &ufpufMurf;MuKw-f
jcif;ç 0pDuHjzifh &ufpufMurf;MuKwfjcif;ç raemuHjzifh &ufpufMurf;-
MuKwfjcif;qkdwJh &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrItm;vkH; ygygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
rdpämy#dywfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrI trsKd;rsKd;awGukd
rjypfrSm;oifh rjypfrSm;xkdufwJh rdbq&morm;ç yapöuAk'¨bk&m;&Sifç
374 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
or®morÁK'b¨ &k m;&Siçf or®morÁK'b

¨ &k m;&Siw
f &Ydk UJ wynfo
h m0u tp&Sw
d hJ
'Dolawmfaumif;awGtay:ü jyKrlqufqHaew,f/ tJ'Dvkd &ufpuf-
Murf;MuKwfrIawGukd jyKvkyfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§D-
ta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmif aew,fqkdNyD;awmh uóy
jrwfpGmbk&m;u wdó&aohBuD;ukd a[mawmfrlaeNyD/ aemufxyf
*gxmav; wpfck -
6/ a, £" ygaPok tonwm Zem?
ya&orm'g, 0da[ork,sKwm/
'kóDvvk'´g z½kom tem'&m?
1/ tonwm = apmifhpnf;rI r&Sd Muolrsm;
a, Zem = tMuifvlom;wdkYonfum;/ £" = þavmuü/
ygaP
ygaPok ok = owå0gwkdYtay:ü/ tonwm = apmifhpnf;rI r&Sd Muav-
ukef/ ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdY\Opömukd/ tm'g, = ,lí/ 0da[oH =
n§Of;qJjcif;ukd/ O,sKwm = vkHYvBudK;ukwf tm;xkwfí aeMuukef\/
'kóv D m = oDv r&SdMuuke/f vk'g´ = &ufpufMurf;MuKwaf om um,uHrI
&Sd Muukef\/ z½kom = Murf;wrf;aom 0pDuHrI &Sd Muukef\/ te'&m =
½kdaoav;pm;jcif; uif;Muukef\/ {o {aom = þuJhokdY owå0gwkdY
tay:ü apmifph nf;rI r&Sd jcif;paom tukov f &m;onfum;/ tmr-
dk w
*aE¨m = tmr*E¨ tn§Dta[muf rnfygay\/ rHoabmZeH = tom;
wnf;[laom abmZOfonfum;/ e [d tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[muf
r[kwfygay/
aemuf*gxmav; wpfckyJaemf/ avmurSm wcsKdUwcsKdU yk*¾dKvfawG
b,fvkd jzpfaeovJ¿
a, £" ygaPok tonwm Zemwd a, Zem £"avmau

ygaPok ,xmumrpm&dwm, owrÜd o[órÜd rma&wGm tEk'´-
,mrwåómyd tu&aPe toH,wm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?305/)
a, £" ygaPok tonwm Zemwd = a, £" ygaPok
tonwm Zem[lonfum;/ a, Zem = tMuifvo Yd nf/ £" =
l m;wko
þavmuü/ ygaPok = owå0gwkdYtay:ü/ ,xmumrpm&dwm, =
tvkd&Sdwkdif; jyKusifhavh&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh/ owrÜd = wpf&maom
owå0gukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ o[ó o[órr Üd = wpfaxmifaom owå0gukd
aomfvnf;aumif;/ rma&wGm = owfjzwfMuukeí f / tEk',
´ mrwåóm-
yd = Muifemoem;jcif; oabmw&m;rQukdaomfvnf;yJ/ tu&aPe =
rjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh/ toH,wm = apmifhpnf;rI r&Sd Muavukef/
avmurSm owå0gawG &Sd Muygw,f/ vlom;awG jyefMunfv h u
dk rf ,f
qkv d &Ydk &dS ifawmh [kd wpfaeYu r*Fvokwrf mS bke;f Bu;D a[mcJw h t hJ wkid ;f yJ?
vlom;awGrSm 0dp&Pynmac:wJh ynmwpfrsKd; &Sdw,f/ aumif;wm
raumif;wm xm;aygY/ raumif;wJhbufrSmvnf; pl;prf;qifjcif
qk;H jzwfcsucf sNy;D vkyif ef;trsK;d rsK;d ukd jyKvyk wf wfwhJ 0dp&Pynm &Sw d ,f/
aumif;wJhbufrSmvnf; aumif;wJh vkyfief;&yf trsKd;rsKd;awGukd
aumif;oxufaumif;atmif pl;prf;qifjcif qkH;jzwfcsufcsNyD; jyKvkyf-
wwfwhJ 0dp&Pynm &Sd Muw,f/ tJ'aD wmh owå0gawGudk owfjzwfwhJ
ae&mrSmvnf; b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh wkdYowfjzwf-
&r,fqNdk y;D awmh owfjzwfyeHk nf;vrf;awGrmS vnf; pl;prf;qifjcifwwfwhJ
aumufuspfwJh ÓPfynmawG &SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ÓPfynm&SdwJh
yk*¾dKvfawGu ,xmumrpm&dwm, = rdrdwkdY vkyfcsifwJhykHpHtwkdif;
trsK;d rsK;d jyKusiMhf uw,f/ rdrwd Ydk 0goemp½ku d tf wkid ;f trsKd;rsKd; jyKusiMhf u-
w,f/ owå0gwpf&mukdaomfvnf; wpfaeYwnf; owfcsifowfw,f/
owå0gwpfaxmifukdaomfvnf; wpfaeYwnf;eJY owfcsifvnf; owf-
376 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
vkud wf ,f/ ckvq dk adk wmh em;vnfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGvnf; &Scd si&f ydS gvdrrhf ,f/
bkef;BuD; enf;enf;awmh xyfajymcsifw,f/ ajymcsifwJh tykdif;av;-
uawmh 'Dvydk g/ 0ufwpfaumif qkMd uygpkaYd emf? bke;f Bu;D Mum;zl;wmav;
ajymwmyg/ acwfawGu wpfqifeh w YJ pfqifh acwfrv D mNyq D adk wmh b,fvdk
ajymif;vJomG ;w,fqw dk m rodb;l / bke;f Bu;D Mum;zl;wmav; ajymwmyg/
0ufowf½w Hk pfcrk mS 0ufawGwef;pDNy;D awmh armif;csvu kd w f ,f/ atmufu
a&aEG;uefBuD;qkdvm; &Sdw,f/ a&aEG;uefBuD;uvnf; a&aEG;awGu
yGufyGufqlaew,f/ 0ufwpfaumifoGm;avmuf½kH vrf;uav;ukd
a&aEG;uefay:rSm azmufxm;NyD;awmh armif;vkdufw,f/ ae&m-
rSefa&mufNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&if 0ufukd xkwfcsif;aygufatmif vSHcRefwpfckeJY
xkwfcsif;ayguf xkd;vkdufw,f/ xkd;NyD;awmh 'DoHcRefBuD;ukd u&def;eJY
qGaJ jrm§ ufNy;D awmh a&aEG;uefxJ 'D0ufBu;D ukd ypfcsvu dk wf ,f/ pOf;pm;-
Munfhprf;aemf/ rdrdom tJ'D0ufae&mrSm aeMunfhprf;yg/ b,fvkdrsm;
jzpfoGm;rvJ¿
(,xmumrpm&dwm =) rdrd tvkd&Sdwkdif; jyKusifhw,f/ ukd,fu
'gvkycf siw f ,fq&dk if wpfbufy*k Kd¾ vu f dk bmrSrMunfb
h ;l / wpfbufom;
taocH&rnfh owå0gtwGuf bmrS rMunfhawmhbl;aemf/ wcsKdU
yk*Kd¾ vaf wG Mum;zl;w,f/ [kwrf [kwaf wmh rodb;l / bke;f Bu;D Mum;zl;-
wmav; xyfajymvkdufOD;r,f/ arsmufuav; pm;csifw,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if
OD;aESmufpm;csiw f ,fq&dk if olwYdk bmvkyo f vJ¿ arsmufudk olwYdk BuKd ;eJ-Y
csnfNyD; pm;yGJay:rSm xl;cwfxm;w,fqkdvm;? xl;eJY aoaocsmcsm
ckdifckdifcHhcHh csnfNyD;awmh acgif;av;awmh tay:azmfxm;vkdufw,f/
pm;yGJay:rSm pm;awmhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if 'Darsmufuvnf; vIyfvkdYr&bl;/
rsuv f ;Hk av; uv,fuv,fev YJ qYdk w
dk ,f/ tJ'g wlav;eJq Y v
dk m; acgif;ukd
xkcGJvkdufw,f? OD;acgif;cGHukd vSyfvkdufw,f? vSyfNyD;awmh txJu
OD;aESmufcHG acgif;cGu H dk vSyv
f u
dk w f ,f? vSyNf y;D awmh txJu OD;aESmufudk
c&if;eJY xk;d Ny;D awmh pm;w,f? t&ufeq YJ v dk m; aomufNy;D awmh jrnf;pm;-

w,f/ 'g bmajymwmvJ¿ (,xmumrpm&dwm =) rdrd jyKcsiw f ,fq&dk if
jyKcsifwJhtwkdif; vkdufvkyfjyaew,f/ wcsKdUusawmh bmvkyfovJ¿
Muufuav;wpfaumif arG;vmNyq D v dk &Ydk &dS if tJ'MD uufuav;ukd 0g;qpf
Al;xJxnfh acgif;av;xGuaf vmuf½Hk taygufuav;yJ xm;vku d wf ,f/
tJ'D 0g;qpfAl;ukd ydwfxm;vkdufw,f? ydwfxm;NyD; acgif;av;yJ tjyif-
xGuw f ,f? uk, d v
f ;Hk u 0g;qpfA;l xJrmS &Sw d ,f/ tJ'gukd tjyifuae tpm
auR;w,f? tcsdefwefvkdY 0g;qpfAl; jynfhoGm;avmufNyD qkdMuygpkdY? tJ'D
tcgrSm 0g;qpfAl; azmufNyD;awmh 'DMuufowfNyD;awmh pm;jyefw,f/
(,xmumrpm&dwm, =) bmvkyfcsifovJ vkyfcsifwJhtwkdif; jyKusifh
w,f/
aemufwpfck --- bke;f Bu;D ajymvku d Of ;D r,faemf/ 0uftal csmif;pm;wJh
ykHpHvkdaygY? acG;tlacsmif;pm;wmvnf; &Sdw,faemf/ b,fvkd pm;ovJ¿
acG;pm;awmhr,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh 'DacG;ukd olwkdYu wkdifwpfwkdifrSm
aoaocsmcsm ususee csnfvkdufw,f/ csnfNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm
tifwkHBuD;wpfvkH; ab;csNyD; tifwkHxJrSm a&xnfhNyD; 0rf;EIwfaq;awG
xnfhxm;vkdufw,f/ acG;uvnf; wjcm;pm;p&m r&Sdbl;/ ½kef;vkdYu-
vnf; r&bl;/ oGm;vku Yd vnf; r&awmh bmvkyv f ¿J tJ'D 0rf;EIwaf q;-
&nfawGyJ xyfxyf aomufw,f/ aomufygrsm;vmwJh tcgusawmh
acG;uvnf; 0rf;awGcsnf; qufwkdufoGm;awmhw,f/ acG;AkdufxJrSm
tnpftaMu;awG pifavmufNyv D Ydk ,lqwJh tcsed tf cgusawmh bmvky-f
ovJ¿ tJ'aD cG;ukd aumufni§ ;f awG aygif;Ny;D awmh t0 a<u;vku d wf ,f/
a<u;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh 'DacG;uvnf; iwfiwfeJY wtm;pm;-
vkdufawmh tJ'DrSm pm;ykd;eifhNyD? tJ'Dvkd pm;ykd;eifhNyD;awmh aow,f/
rao&ifvnf; ½kdufowfvkdufw,f/ ½kdufowfNyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ¿
taumiftwkdif; rD;zkwfw,f/ rD;zkwfNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS
378 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tJ'aD cG;0rf;ukd cGNJ y;D awmh tJ't D al wGudk EIu

d pf m;Muw,fw/hJ 'g bmajym-
wmvJ¿ (,xmumrpm&dwm, =) rdrd bmvkyfcsifovJ jyKvkyfcsifwJh
ykHpHtwkdif;tm;jzifh owå0gawGtay:rSm jyKusifhMuw,fwJh/ pOf;pm;-
Munfhprf;µ rdrdu tJ'Dvkd tpm;cH&wJh owå0gbufrSm wnf&Sdaer,f
qkv d &Ydk &dS if rdr&d UJ vm;&m*wd[m b,fvrdk sm;aervJ¿ pOf;pm;zkYd raumif;-
bl;vm;¿ aumif;ygw,f/ Ekid w f ahJ e&mrSm rdrw d uYdk ae aewJt
h csed t
f cgrSm
tm;EGJUaewJh owå0gawGtay:ü rdrdwkdY jyKvkyfcsifwJh ykHpHtwkdif; 'Dvkd
jyKusifhqufqHaejcif;onf bmvkyfwmwJhv¿J tn§Dta[mufawGukd
bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaeMuwmyJ/ tJ'v D dk tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;
okH;aqmifaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG b,fvrf;oGm;&rvJ¿ NyD;awmhrS bkef;BuD;
ajymr,f/ uJ owå0gawGtay:ü apmifhpnf;rI bmrS r&Sdbl;/
(ow o[ó
o[órrdÜ =) wpfaxmif-
owrrdÜ =) wpf&mukad omfvnf;aumif;/ (o[ó
ow
CmawwGm =) owfjzwfMuí/ --- wpfaeY-
ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ (CmawwG
wpfaeY &meJYcsD axmifeJYcsDNyD;awmh owfw,fwJh/ bkef;BuD; i,fpOfu
pmtkyfuav;wpftkyf zwfzl;ygw,f/ t*FvefrSm EGm;owf½kHwpfck
twGuf wpfaeYwm owfzkdY&eftwGuf EGm;awGukd wef;pDvkduf&if
ESpfrkdifavmuf &Sdw,fwJh/ pOf;pm;Munfhprf; - aemf/ wpfaeYwpfaeY &meJY
axmifeYJ csND y;D awmh towfrcHMu&bl;vm;¿ towfcaH e&w,f/ tJ'v D dk
owfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m towfcHae&wJh owå0gawGtay:ü okdY-
r[kwf 'DEGm;awG tay:ü Muifemoem;wJh pdwf"mwfuav;rsm;aum
&Sd Muao;vm;¿ r&SdMuawmhbl;aemf/
owrÜd = wpf&mukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ o[órÜd = wpfaxmif-
ukd aomfvnf;aumif;/ CmawwGm = owfjzwfMuukeí f / tEk',
´ rwå-
ómyd = Muifemoem;wJh pdwfxm;rQukdaomfvnf;yJ/ tu&aPe =
rjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh/ toH,wm = apmifhpnf;rI r&SdMuavukef/
Muifemoem;wJh pdwf"mwfuav; enf;enf;awmifrS r&SdMubl;/

owfjzwfzkdY&eftwGuf rawmfbl;qkdNyD;awmh apmifhpnf;rIav;vnf;
enf;enf;rS r&SdMubl;/ tJ'Dvkd rapmifhpnf;wJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf tn§D-
ta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmyJwJh/ 'Dawmh owfol
&Sdawmh pm;ol &Sdjyefw,f/ pm;ol&Sdawmh owfoluvnf; &Sdjyefw,f
qkad wmh wpfO;D eJw Y pfO;D aMumif;usK;d qufE, G af ewJh oabmuav;awmh
uif;Mu&JUvm;¿ ruif;bl;aemf/ 'Dtcsufukdawmh enf;enf;uav;
owdawmhxm;Mu? pm;wmukd bkef;BuD; tjypfjzpfw,fvkdY rajymvkdbl;/
owfwmuawmh bk&m;&Siu f , dk w
f idk u
f tjypfjzpfw,fvaYdk wmh rajymbl;-
vm;¿ ajymaew,f/ tJ'o D wfjcif;onf pm;ol&v dS Ydk owfw,fqw dk muk-d
awmh oG,0f u dk w
f ehJ nf;tm;jzifh pOf;pm;Mur,fqv dk Y&dk &dS ifawmh pOf;pm;vkYd
ray:bl;vm;¿ wpfavmwke;f u bke;f Bu;D armfvNrdKiNf rdKUxJrmS y&dww f pfck
oGm;&Gww f ,f/ y&dw&f w G af e&if;eJY y&dw&f w G w f hJ tdraf &SUrSm toHcsUJ puf-
Bu;D eJY tBu;D tus,f vmatmfaew,f/ y&dw&f w G v f Ydk r&bl;/ cPem;ae-
&w,f/ bmawG atmfovJvaYdk r;awmh armfvNrKd irf mS wpfavmwke;f u
jyóemwpfck ay:oGm;w,f/ c½kawGukd 0ufawGauR;w,f/ tJ'Dc½k
pm;xm;wJh 0ufawGudk pm;cJ&h if vlawGrmS tEÅ&m,fjzpfw,fqw dk o hJ wif;
wpfNrdKUvkH; jyefYoGm;awmh 0ufom;ukd b,folrS 0,frpm;Mubl;/ 0,f-
rpm;awmh tJ'D um;BuD;u oufqkdif&meJY wlygw,f/ toHcsJUpufeJY
vku d Nf y;D awmh atmfaew,f/ 0ufawGrmS 'Dvdk c½kauR;xm;wm r&Syd gbl;/
ck0ufawGu oefo Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f yg/ tJ'gawGvu dk Nf y;D a<u;aMumfaeMuw,f/
'Dawmh 'Dvkda<u;aMumfaewJhtcsufukd axmufMunfhvkdufr,fqkd&if
pm;ol&dS rS owfol&Sd w,f/ owfol&Sd vkdYvnf; pm;ol&Sd w,fqkdwJh pav-
OD;ykn&JUpum;[m rSm;w,fvaYdk wmh ajymEkid yf gYrvm;¿ rajymEkid b f ;l aemf/
enf;enf; pOf;pm;Mu/ 'gaMumifh ----
a, Zem = tMuifvo Yd nf/ £" = þavmuü/ ygaPo
l m;wko ygaPokk =
380 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
owå0gwktYd ay:ü/ tonwm = owfjzwfjcif; ponfjzifh apmifph nf;rI

r&SdMuavukef/ aemufwpfck --
2/ olwpfyg;wkdY\ ypönf;rsm;ukd rw&m;,lum n§Of;yef;ESdyfpuf-
aeolrsm;
ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdY\Opömudk/ tm'g, = ,lí/ 0da[oH =
n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;uk/d O,sKwm = BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwí
f aeMuavuke\
f /
olwpfyg;wk&Yd UJ ypön;f awG&w
dS ,f/ tJ'yD pön;f awGudk bmvkyo
f vJ¿
ya&orm'g, 0da[ork,sKwmwd ya&oH oEÅuH tm'g,
"eH 0g ZD0w
d H 0g wawm ]]rm {0H ua&mxm}}wd ,mpEÅmeH 0g ed0ga
ga&& EÅmeH
0g ygPdav×K'@m'D[d 0da[oH O,sKwm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?305/)
ya&oH = olwpfyg;wkdY\/ oEÅuH = Opömukd/ tm'g, = ,lí/
"eH 0g = pnf;pdrOf pömukad omfvnf;aumif;/ ZD0w d H 0g = toufuadk omf-
vnf;aumif;/ wawm = xkdaemifrS/ ]]rm {0H ua&mxm}}wd = þokdY
rjyKMuygukefvifh[lí/ ,mpEÅmeH 0g = awmif;ukefaom olwkdYtm;-
vnf;aumif;/ ed0ga ga&& EÅmeH 0g = wm;jrpfukefaom olwkdYtm;vnf;-
aumif;/ ygPdav×K'@m'D[d = vufç wkwfç cJ ponfwkdYjzifh/ 0da[oH
= n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;ud/k O,sKwm = BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwí f aeMuavuke-f
\/
rdru d olwpfyg;&JU pnf;pdrOf pömukv
d nf; oGm;,lao;w,f/ olwpf-
yg;wk&Yd UJ pnf;pdru
f adk omfvnf;aumif;ç toufuadk omfvnf;aumif; 'Dvdk
rjyKygeJYvkdY vmNyD; awmif;yefae&if awmif;yefaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGukd
aomfvnf;aumif;ç vmNy;D wm;jrpfr,fq&dk if wm;jrpfaewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGudk
aomfvnf;aumif; vufeJY ½kdufw,fç wkwfeJY ½kdufw,fç vufeufeJY
ckwfw,f ponfjzihf n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufrI trsKd;rsKd;ukd jyKvkyfMuw,f/
acwfpum;eJY ajym&&ifawmh "m;jyoGm;wku d wf ,f qkMd uygpkYd .. em;uyf

qGJNyD; cRwf½kHwifrubl;? wcsKdUusawmh bmvkyfao;vJ¿ cRwfwm
aES;w,fqNdk y;D awmh em;&Guu f dk qGNJ y;D awmh vS;D ypfvu dk af o;w,f/ 'DypHk -H
rsK;d aygY? olwpfyg;ypön;f uav;ukv d nf; oGm;,lao;w,f/ [ku d pnf;pdrf
Opöm ,lcsi, f yl g? toufuadk wmh rowfygeJ?Y toufuav; csr;f omcGihf
ay;ygqkad wmh ½ku d v
f u
dk af o;w,f/ "m;jywku d Nf yq
D &dk if ykpH rH eS f ½k;d ½k;d rwku
d -f
ao;bl;/ zaemifheJY aygufcsifaygufvkdufao;w,f? aoewf'ifeJY
aqmifhcsifaqmifhvkdufao;w,f? "m;eJY ckwfcsifvnf; ckwfvdkufao;-
w,f/ tJ'Dawmh olwpfyg;ypönf;ukdvnf; ,lao;w,f? olwpfyg;ukd-
vnf; n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufMuao;w,faemf/ tJ'Dvkd olwpfyg;&JU ypönf;ukd
,lNyD;awmh olwpfyg;awGukd n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m
bmvkyfwmwJhvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaew,f/
ab;uae rawmfvkdY 0ifNyD;awmh awmif;yef&ifvnf; awmif;yefwJh
yk*¾dKvfawGukdvnf; xkd;vkdufç Budwfvkdufç owfvkdufç ykwfvdkuf jyKvkyf-
Mujyefw,f/ ab;uae0ifNyD; wm;jrpfr,fqkd&if wm;jrpfwJh yk*¾dKvfawG
ukdvnf; xkd;vkdufç Budwfvkdufç owfvkdufç ykwfvdkuf jyKvkyfMujyef-
w,f/ n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufMujyefw,f/ aemufwpfck - wjcm;wjcm; owå0g-
awGudkvnf; zrf;,lNyD;awmh tif; - 'DaeY q,fa,mufowfvkduf? 'DaeY
ta,mufEpS q f ,f owfvu dk ?f ponfjzifh ususee aESmifzUJG jcif;awGu-dk
vnf; tjyKckdif;w,f/ owfykwfjcif;ukdvnf; tjyKckdif;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd
yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;-
aqmifaewm? olwpfyg;awGukd n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufzkdY&mtwGuf BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGyJ/
3/ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJh 'kóDvyk*¾dKvfrsm;
aemufwpfck -- ('kóvD vk'g´ =) wpfzufy*k Kd¾ vaf wGudk Munfv
h u
dk -f
vk&Yd &dS if uk,
d u
f sio
hf v
D awGu ysupf ;D aewJt
h wGuf olwrYdk mS oDvuvnf;
382 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
r&Sbd ;l / oDvr&Sw d t
hJ jyif olwu Ydk bmjzpfovJ¿ (vk'g´ p uk½&l ur®EmÅ =)
&ufpufMurf;MuKwfwJh vkyfief;&yfawG tjrJwrf;&Sdw,f/ &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfwJhvkyfief; &Sdw,fqkdwmu bmajymwmvJ¿ (avm[dw-
ygPdwm, =) olwkdYvufukd MunfhvkdufvkdY&Sd&if aoG;awGu tjrJwrf;
pGef;aew,f/ aoG; tjrJwrf; ayaew,f/ wpfbufom;awGtay:rSm
&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaewJh pdwfxm;&SdNyD;awmh aoG;pGef;aewJh vuf&SdwJh
yk*Kd¾ vaf wGy/J b,fvdk yk*Kd¾ vaf wGvnf;vkYd qkw d mawGudk rpäCmwurd*-
AEüomukPdum'a,m £"m"dayÜwmmqkdNyD; t|uxmu zGifhxm;-
w,f/ ig;zrf;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGç ig;awGukd owfjzwfaewJhyk*¾dKvfawGç
om;orifawGudk owfjzwfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGç MuufawG 0ufawGudk
owfjzwfaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGç aESmifzGJUaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGç iSufawGukd owf
jzwfaewJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wG tJ'vD dk rkq;dk wHig tm;vk;H ukd 'Dae&mrSm qkv
d w
dk ,fvYdk
qkdNyD; &Sif;xm;w,f/ 'Dawmh 'Drkqkd;wHigvkyfief;&yfjzifh ckvkd &uf&uf
pufpuf aoG;pGef;aom vuf&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawG[m bmvkyfaewmvJ¿
tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmyJ/
4/ EIwfMurf; tmMurf; vQmMurf;olrsm;
aemufwpfck - (z½kom =) uk, d tf rlt&muom ckvdk &ufpufMurf;-
MuKwwf m r[kwb f ;l / EIwtf rlt&m Munfvh u
dk rf ,fq&dk ifvnf; EIwMf urf;
tmMurf; vQmMurf;awG jzpfaeMujyefw,f/ tJ'Dvkd EIwfMurf; tmMurf;
vQmMurf;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[m bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk
bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmwJh/ b,fhES,fvJ a,m*DawG tn§Dt-
a[mufawG bkO;f ay;vkYd awmfawmfav;t&om&SdMuovm;¿ EIwMf urf;
tmMurf; vQmMurf;aewm bmvkyfwmwJhv¿J tn§Dta[mufawGukd
bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaewmwJh/ tJ'Dtn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;-
okH;aqmifwm awmfawmfav; t&om&SdMuovm;¿ at; .. tJ'g
pOf;pm;Mu? rdrdwkdYt0wfu 'Dvkd tn§Dta[mufrsKd;ukd okH;aqmif&r,fh
t0wfrsKd; [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ um,uHawGu El;nHhaysmhaysmif;-

&r,f? 0pDuaH wG El;nHah ysmah ysmif;&r,f? raemuHawG El;nHah ysmah ysmif;rI
&Szd Ydk rvkb
d ;l vm;¿ vkt
d yfw,f/ um,uHawGuvnf; &ufpufMurf;MuKwf
aew,f? 0pDuuHawGuvnf; &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaew,f? raemuH-
awGuvnf; &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaeMuNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh rdrdwkdY[m
omoemrSm aeNy;D awmh tn§t D a[mufawGukd bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewJh
yk*¾dKvfawG rjzpfbl;vm;¿ jzpfaeNyD? pOf;pm;Muaemf/
5/ ½kdaoav;pm;rI r&SdMuolrsm;
aemufwpfck --- (tem'&m =) ½kdaoav;pm;rI bmrS r&Sdbl;/
bmwJhvJ¿
]]£'ged e u&dómr? 0d&rdómr {0½lyg}}wd {0H tm'&0d&[dwm/
£'ged = ,cktcgü/ e u&dómr = wynfah wmfwYdk rjyKMuyguke-f
thH/ {0½lyg = þuJhokdY oabm&SdwJhtrIwkdYukd/ 0d&rdómr = a&Smif-
MuOfMuygukeftHh/ £wd {0H = þokdYvQif/ tm'&0d&[dwm = ½kdao
av;pm;jcif;uif;aom pdwfxm;&Sdí aeMuavukef\/
q&morm;awGuyJjzpfapç Bu;D wJh av;pm;xku d wf hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGuyJ
jzpfap oGm;Ny;D awmh ajymqkq d ;Hk rNy?D qk;H rvduk wf hJ tcsed t f cgrSm em,lwhJ
pdwx f m;r&Sb
d ;l / tcktcgrSm 'Dvv dk yk if ef;&yfrsK;d ukd rvkyMf uawmhygbl;/
'Dvkd vkyfief;&yfrsKd;awGukd aemufukd a&SmifMuOfMur,fqkdNyD;awmh ½kd½kd-
aoao av;av;pm;pm;eJY 0efcpH um;ajymMum;wJh pdwx f m;&Sd Muovm;¿
r&SdMubl;/ tJ'v D dk ½kad oav;pm;rI pdwx f m;r&Sw
d hJ yk*K¾d vaf wGonf bmvkyf
aeMuwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmyJ
qkdNyD;awmh uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;awmfrlw,faemf/ tJ'D-
awmh a&S;wkef;u a[mNyD;om;w&m;awGukdvnf; 'Dae&mrSm uóy
jrwfpmG bk&m;u Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfcgxyfcg a[mMum;aeawmfryl gw,f/
384 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfcg xyfcg vkdufemapcsifwJh pdwfxm;awG &SdaewJh

twGufaMumifh 'Dvkd xyfcg xyfcg a[mMum;aeawmfrljcif;yJ jzpfyg-
w,f/ 'Draumif;rIawGukd wm;jrpfydwfyifvkdwJhtwGuf rdrd\ pum;-
awmfukd ckdifcHhapvkdwJh twGufaMumifhvnf; xyfcg xyfcg a[mMum;-
awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ (okwåedygw?|?1?306/) aemufwpfck - bk&m;&Sif
bmqufa[mawmfrlovJ¿
owå0gwkdYtay: rufarmwJhpdwfxm;
7/ {awok *d'g¨ 0d½'k g¨ wdygwdaem? edpKö ,sKwm aypö wrH 0ZEÅd a,/
ywEÅd owåm ed&,H t0Ho&d m? {omr*aE¨m e [d rHoabmZeH/
a, = tMuifvlom;wkdYonf/ {awok = þowå0gwkdYtay:ü/
*d'¨g = avmbjzifh rufarmaom pdwfxm;&Sdí aeMuavukef\/ 0d½k'¨g
= a'gojzifh qefYusifbuf jyKusifhí aeMuavukef\/ twdygwdaem
= arm[jzifh tjypfudk rjrifbJ tzefzef txyfxyf vGefusL;aom
tusifhudk usifhum toufudk vsifpGm cswwfMuukef\/ edpöK,sKwm =
tukokdvfudk jyKusifhjcif;ü wpf&HwpfqpfrQaomfvnf; ynmjzifh
qifjcifum ra&SmifMuOfMubJ tpOfwpfpdkuf tm;xkwfaeMuukef\/
a, = ,if;odkY tm;xkwfaeMuukefaom olwdkYonf/ aypö =
wrvGefavmuü/ wrH = trdkufarSmiftwGif;odkY/ 0ZEdÅ = oGm;Mu-
&ukef\/ aw = xdkowå0gwdkYonf/ ed&,H = i&JokdY/ t0Hod&m =
OD;acgif;aZmufxdk;/ ywEdÅ = uswwfMuayukef\/
uJ Munfph rf;µ owå0gawGtay:ü rufarmaewJh pdwx f m;&Sw
d ,f/
owå0gawGtay:rSm rufarmwJh pdwf"mwf&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf
bmwJvh ¿J OD;acgif;aZmufx;dk i&JoYdk usMuw,fw/hJ owå0gawGtay:rSm
rufarmw,fqw dk mu t&Siv f u
dk rf ufarmwmvnf;&Swd ,f/ aoNy;D awmh
rufarmwmvnf; r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sd Muw,f/ taoukd pm;aew,f

qkdwmu rufarmvkdYvm;¿ rrufarmvkdYvm;¿ rufarmaew,faemf/
tJ'D aowJhowå0gu ol[mol tvkdtavsmufaowm [kwfovm;¿
r[kwfbl;/ ckeu ajymcJhNyD;NyD? &omwPSmukd tajccHNyD; owfjzwfwJh-
twGuf olu taocH&w,f/ taocH&wJh 'Dowå0gawGtay:ü
rufarmaewJh pdwf"mwf&SdaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGonf ---
ywEÅd owåm ed&,HH t0Hod&m/
owåm = owå0gwkdYonf/ ed&,H = i&JokdY/ t0Hod&m = ODacgif;
aZmufxkd;/ ywEÅd = usíoGm;Muavukef\/
OD;acgif;aZmufxkd; i&Jukd usw,faemf/ 'Dawmh ouf&Sdowå0g
tcsif;csif; rufarmaewJh pdwfxm;uvnf; OD;acgif;aZmufxkd; i&JokdY
a&mufapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdw,f/ ouf&Sdowå0gawGukd oufrJhtoGif
ajymif;Ny;D awmh 'Doufrt hJ om;ig;awGudk wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh tao-
aumifawGukdç olrsm; romaumifawGukd wG,fwmrufarmaewJh pdwf-
"mwfjzifh pm;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[mvnf; bmjzpfovJ¿ OD;acgif;aZmufx;dk
i&JokdY usa&mufjcif;oabm &Sdaew,f/ 'Dtykdif;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
bkef;BuD; 'Dn okwåefuav;wpfck a[mzkdY &nf&G,fxm;ygw,faemf/
tm'dwyå &d,m, m,okweå f qkNd y;D awmh okweå af v;wpfcyk gyJaemf/ xkod w
k eå -f
ukd a[mzk&Yd eftwGuf bke;f Bu;D vnf; awmfawmfuav; &nf&, G x
f m;yg-
w,f/ 'DaeYawmh tuGufqkdufvmw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u 'Dokwåefukd
b,fvkd a[mawmfrlovJ¿
386 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...
avmavmylaewJh
wajymifajymif rD;[kef;[kef; awmufaewJh
rD;awmufrD;vQHESifh wuGjzpfaewJh
avmavmylaewJh oHacsmif;wpfacsmif; &Sdw,f/
tJ'DoHacsmif;jzifh oifcspfom;wkdY&JU
rsufvkH;tpkHukd xkd;azmufvkdufwmu jrwfao;w,f/
(pmrsufESm-388)
] 387
tm'dwåy&d,m,okwåefykdif;
(oH?2?377-379/)
]]tm'dwåy&d,m,H a0g bdu©a0 "r®y&d,m,H a'aoómrd/ wH
okPmx/
bdua© 0 = cspof m;&[ef;wk/Yd a0g = oifcspo Yd m;/ tm'dw-å
f m;wkt
y&d,m,H = tm'dwåy&d,m, trnf&aom/ "r®y&d,m,H = w&m;
a'oemawmfjrwfu/dk t[H = igbk&m;onf/ a'aoómrd = a[mMum;-
awmfral ytH/h wH = xkid gbk&m;a[mMum;r,fh w&m;awmfjrwfu/dk wkarrSS =
oifcspfom;wkdYonf oifcspforD;wkdYonf/ okPmx = em,lMuyg-
ukefavmh/
tm'dwåy&d,m,trnf&aewJh w&m;a'oemawmfwpfckukd oif
cspfom;wkdYukd igbk&m;a[mawmfrlr,f/ igbk&m;a[mawmfrlr,fh
tm'dwyå &d,m, trnf&adS ewJh 'Dw&m;a'oemawmfudk oifcspo
f m;wkdY
½kdaopGm em,lMuyg/
tm'dwåqkdwmu rD;w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaewJh oabmyJ/
tm'dwyå &d,m, a'oemawmfqw dk mu tvQw H ajymifajymif rD;w[ke;f
[ke;f awmufavmifaewJh ykpH aH wGudk pHxm;Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siaf [mawmfr-l
r,fh a'oemawmf jzpfygw,f/ xkda'oemukd tm'dwåy&d,m,"r®-
a'oemqkdNyD; bk&m;&Sifu emrnfay;xm;ygw,faemf/ b,fvkdv¿J
388 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
uwarm p bdu©a0 tm'dwåy&d,ma,mç "r®y&d,ma,m¿

bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ tm'dwåy&d,ma,m = tm'dwåy&d-
,m,trnf&Sdaom/ "r®y&d,ma,m = w&m;a'oemawmfonfum;/
uwarm p = tb,fenf;¿
tm'dwåy&d,m, trnf&SdaewJh "r®y&d,m,qkdwmu bmvJ¿
½lyg½kH ü wG,fwmrufarmrI
0&H bdua© 0 wwåm, ta,movmum, tm'dwmå , orÜZv Æ -d
wm, oaZmwdblwm, pu©KÈ´d,H orÜvdr|H? e awG0 pu©K0dan-
a,sok ½layok tEkAsÍÆeaom edrdwå*¾ga[m/
bdua© 0 = cspof m;&[ef;wk/Yd wwåm, = avmavmylaom/ tm'd-
wåm, = &J&JnD;aom/ orÜZÆvdwm, = tvQHajymifajymif awmuf-
avmifvsuf&Sdaom/ oaZmwdblwm, = rD;awmufrD;vQHESifhwuG
jzpfaom/ ta,movmum, = oHacsmif;jzif/h pu©KÈ, d´ H = oifcspo f m;-
wkdY\ pu©KaÈúkd/ orÜvdr|H = xkd;azmufvdkufjcif;onfum;/ 0&H =
jrwfygao;\/ pu©K0ad na,sok = pu©K0n d mPfjzifh odjriftyfuek af om/
½layok = ½lyg½kt
H rsK;d rsK;d wküYd / tEkAsÍeÆ aom = tEkAsÍeÆ oabmtm;jzifh
(0g) tao;pdwfukd,ft*Fg tpdwftykdif;tm;jzifh/ edrdwå*¾ga[m =
a,mufsm; rdef;r vSrvSpaom trSwfedrdwfukd pGJ,ljcif;onfum;/ e
awG0 0&H = rjrwfonfomwnf;/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...avmavmylaewJh wajymifajymif rD;[kef;-
[ke;f awmufaewJh rD;awmufr;D vQEH iS hf wuGjzpfaewJh avmavmylaewJh
oHacsmif;wpfacsmif; &Sw
d ,f/ tJ'o
D aH csmif;jzifh oifcspo
f m;wk&Yd UJ rsuv
f ;Hk
tpkHukd xkd;azmufvkdufwmu jrwfao;w,f/ yufvufvSefvkdufaemf/
yufvufvSefNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DoHacsmif;ESpfacsmif;jzifh rsufvkH;ukd
tm'dwåy&d,m,okwåefykdif; ] 389
wpfcgwnf; xkwcf si;f aygufomG ;atmif [kad jrBu;D ukd oHacsmif;0ifomG ;-

onftxd xk;d azmufvu dk /f tJ'D xk;d azmufvu dk w
f mu jrwfao;w,f/
'gayrJh bmu rjrwfovJ¿ pu©K0n d mPfjzifh odtyfwhJ ½lyg½kH trsK;d rsK;d awG
&Sd Muw,f/ tJ'D ½lyg½kHtrsKd;rsKd;awGtay:ü tEkAsÍÆe*¾g[ edrdwå*¾g[
ac:wJh pGv J jl cif;u rjrwfb;l wJ/h tEkAsÍ-Æ
J rf;csuEf pS rf sK;d jzifh vSr;f Ny;D pG,
e*¾g[ [qkwd mu rsuv f ;Hk u vSw,fç rsucf ;kH u vSw,fç oGm;u vSw,fç
yg;u vSw,f ponfjzifh ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif;wpfckukd ESpfouf
jrwfEkd;wJh pdwfxm;jzifh vSrf;NyD; pGJ,ljcif;ukd tEkAsÍÆe*¾g[vkdY ac:w,f/
edrdwå*¾g[qkdwmuawmh 'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'gu
orD;ç 'gu tzk;d Bu;D ç 'gu tzGm;Bu;D ponfjzifh wpfu, dk v
f ;Hk ukd ESpo
f uf-
jrwfEkd;wJh pdwfxm;jzifh vSrf;NyD; pGJ,lwmukd edrdwå*¾g[vkdY ac:ygw,f/
ukd,ft*Fgtpdwf tykdif;wpfcktay:rSmyJ jzpfapç wpfukd,fv;kH tay:-
rSmyJ jzpfapç a,mufsm; rde;f r vSrvS ponfjzifh 'Dvpdk , JG wl m[m rjrwf-
bl;aemf/ bmjzpfvkdYv¿J
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g bdu©a0 0dnmPH wd|rmeH wda|,sç tEk-
AsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ 0dnmPH = oifcspfom;wkdY&JU
oEÅmefü aemifwpfzef b0opfukd jzpfapEkdifonfh pGrf;tm;&Sdaom
ur®0dnmPf[k ac:qkdtyfaom pdwftpOfonf/ wd|rmeH = jzpfay:-
wnfaecJo h nf&adS omf/ wpfenf; --- wd|rmeH = oifcspo f m;wk&Yd UJ oEÅmefü
jzpfay:wnfaeqJjzpfaom/ 0dnmPH = aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨
tusK;d ukd ay;jcif;iSm pGr;f Ekid af om ur®0n
d mPf[k ac:qkt d yfaom pdw-f
tpOfonf/ edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g = a,mufsm; rdef;r vSrvS paom
trSwef rd w d tf ay:ü ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG í wnfae-
aom pdwt f pOfonfaomfrv l nf;/ wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/
tEkAsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g = vufajct*Fg jyHK;[ef &,f[ef paom
390 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tao;pdwf uk,d t
f rlt&mtay:ü ESpo
f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmif-
zGJUí wnfaeaom pdwftpOfonfaomfrlvnf;/ wda|,
|,ss = jzpfay:-
wnfaeav&m\/
'gu a,mufsm;yJç 'gu rdef;ryJç 'gu om;ç 'gu orD;ç 'gu ZeD;ç
'gu ajr;ç 'gu tzk;d Bu;D ç 'gu tzGm;Bu;D ponfjzifh ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh
&pfywf aESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfeYJ vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J v l u dk w f ,f/ 'gu
wpfukd,fvkH;ukd jcHKikHNyD;awmh pGJ,lwJh pGJ,lenf;yJ/ 'Dvkd pGJ,lenf;ukdawmh
edrdwå*¾g[vkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'gu rsufESmç 'gu rsufvkH;ç 'gu rsufckH;
ponfjzifh uk, d tf *Fgtpdwt f ykid ;f wpfct k ay:rSmvnf; ESpo f ufom,m-
rIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzw YJG hJ pdwtf pOfjzifh vSr;f Ny;D awmh pG, J v l u dk w f ,f/ 'Dvdk
pG, J el nf;ukad wmh tEkAsÍeÆ *¾g[vkYd ac:ygw,f/ 'Dvdk pG, J v l u dk w f hJ tcsed f
tcgrSm wpfukd,fvkH;tay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD;
wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfawGaomfvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/ uk, d t f *Fgtpdw-f
tykdif; wpfckcktay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnf-
aewJh pdwftpOfawGaomfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ xkdpdwftpOfonf
aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨qw dk hJ tusK;d w&m;ukd ay;Ekid w f hJ pGr;f tm;
&Sad ewJh ur®0n d mPfvaYdk c:wJh pdwt f pOfjzpfw,f/ 'Dvq dk &dk if om;av;ukd
cspcf ifMunfE;l aewJh pdw"f mwfjzifh wpdrphf rd hf Munfah ejcif;ç orD;ukd cspcf if
MunfEl;wJh pdwf"mwfjzifh wpdrfhpdrfh Munfhaejcif;[m bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿
uHawGukd xlaxmifaewmyJ/ tzkd;BuD;ukd wpdrfhpdrfheJY Munfhaew,f?
tzGm;BuD;ukd wpdrfhpdrfheJY Munfhaew,f? bmvkyfwmvJ¿ uHawGukd
xlaxmifaew,faemf/ ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfae-
wJh ur®0dnmPfac:wJh pdwftpOfawGukd xlaxmifaeMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
xlaxmifvkdufawmh bmjzpfovJ¿
wo®ad Íö ora, umvH ua&,s? XmearwH 0dZw Æ çd ,H 'GEd Hé *wDeH
tnw&H *wd H *apä,s -- ed&,H 0g wd& pämea,med H 0g/
wo
wo®®ð ora, = xku d o hJ aYdk om ESpof ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmif-
zGUJ í wnfaeonfh xkt d csed t f cgrsK;d ü/ ap umvH ua&,s = tu,fí
rsm; aooGm;jim;tHh/ {0H owd = þokdY aooGm;cJhonf&Sdaomf/ ed&,H
0g = i&Jrv l nf;jzpfaom/ wd& pämea,med H 0g = wd& pämefa,medrv l nf;
jzpfaom/ 'dGEéH *wDeH = ESpfrsKd;aom *wdwkdYwGif/ ,H tnw&H **w wð =
tMuiftrSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom *wdo/Ydk *apä,s = vm;a&mufav-
&m\/ {wH XmeH = þuJo h Ydk i&J wd& pämef[k ac:qkt d yfaom ESprf sK;d aom
*wdww Ykd iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom *wdoYdk vm;a&muf& jcif;[k ac:qkt d yfaom
þtaMumif;t&mrsKd;onf/ 0dZÆwd = xif&Sm;{uef&Sdonf trSefom-
vQifwnf;/
wpfukd,fvkH;tay:rSm ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD;
wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfawGjzpfaewke;f okrYd [kwf uk, d tf *Fgtpdwt f ykid ;f
wpfct k ay:ü ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh pdwf
tpOfawG jzpfaewke;f jzKe;f ceJ aooGm;cJrh ,fq&dk if i&Jew YJ &d pämefEpS rf sK;d
wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom bHkb0okdY a&mufr,fqkdwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf
xif&mS ;{uef&adS ew,f/ tJ'v D &dk adS ewJth wGuf rD;w[ke;f [ke;f awmuf-
avmifaewJh avmavmylaewJh rD;awmufr;D vQeH YJ wuGjzpfwhJ oHacsmif;-
jzifh oifcspo f m;wk&Yd UJ oifcspof rD;wk&Yd UJ rsuv f ;Hk tpku
H dk xk;d azmufvu dk -f
wmu jrwfao;w,f/ 'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'gu
orD;ç 'gu ZeD;ç 'gu ajr; ponfjzifh wpfukd,fvkH;tay:rSm ESpfouf-
jrwfEkd;rIjzifh 'Dvkd pGJ,lwm[m rjrwfbl;/ 'gu rsufvkH;ç 'gu rsufckH;
ponfjzifh uk, d t f *Fg tpdwtf ykid ;f wpfct k ay:ü ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh
vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J v
l u dk w f mvnf; rjrwfb;l / pG, J cl &hJ if bmjzpfrvJ¿ ESpo f uf-
om,mrIjzifh &pfywf aESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm jzKef;ceJ
b0wpfck tqkH;owfcJh&&if b,fa&mufrvJ¿ i&JeJY wd& pämef ESpfrsKd;
wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom bkHb0okdY a&mufr,fqkdwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf
392 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
xif&Sm;{uef &Sdaew,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if 'umBuD;awG rdrdwkdYu ESpfouf-

jrwfEkd;vkdY tdrfaxmifa&;qkdwJh avmuwpfckukd wnfaxmifzefwD;-
xm;Muwm jzpfw,f/ ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh
xkdtcsdeftcgrSm jzKef;ceJ aocJhr,fqkd&if i&JeJY wd& pämefbkH ESpfrsKd;
wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom bkb
H 0okYd a&mufr,fq&dk if tdrjf yefzYdk aumif;ao;vm;¿
(aumif;w,f) [efusNyD? 'Dvkdqkd&ifaemf raumif;bl;qkd&ifawmh uJ -
rjyefawmhbl;vm;¿ jyefawmhjyefOD;r,faemf/ tJ'gyJ 'umBuD;awG
ukd,fhukd,fukd oem;ovm;ç roem;bl;vm;¿ 'g jyefqef;ppfMunfhzkdY
rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfw,f/ ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD;
wnfaewJh pdwftpOfqkdwmu avmbOD;aqmifaewJhpdwfyg/ avmb
OD;aqmifwJhpdwf jzpf½kHwifr[kwfbl;/ a'goOD;aqmifaewJh pdwfawGç
arm[OD;aqmifaewJh pdwfawG b,ftukokdvfw&m;rqkd tukokdvf-
w&m;awGu r&PmoEéaZm&JU ae&mukd ,loGm;NyDqkd&if xkdyk*¾dKvfonf
usdef;ao tyg,fav;bkH wpfbkHbkH a&mufawmhr,f/ rdrdukd,fukd rdrd
oem;r,fqkd&ifawmh 'DESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnf-
aewJh pdwftpOfawG rjzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfzkdY rvkdbl;vm;¿
vkdtyfaew,f/ tu,fí 'DESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD;
wnfaewJh pdwftpOfawGukd arG;jrLa&;jyKvkyfaer,fqkd&if bmvkyf-
aewmvJ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifaeMuwmyJ/
£rH cGm[H bdu©a0 tm'De0H 'doGm {0H 0'grd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ £rH tm'De0H = þuJhokdYaom
tjypfukd/ 'doGm = awGUjrif&onfjzpfí/ {0H acg = þokdYvQif/ t[H =
igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygay\/
cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ... 'Dvdk i&JEiS hf wd& pämef ESprf sK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom
bkHb0okdY aoonf\ tjcm;rJhrSm a&muf&SdEkdifw,fqkdwJh 'Dtjypfukd
jrifawmfrlwJhtwGufaMumifh igbk&m;&Sifu ,ckvkd a[mjyawmfrljcif;
jzpfygw,f --- wJh/ pOf;pm;Mu - pOf;pm;Mu? tcsdef&Sdckduf vkHYvpkdufvkdY

&Ekid af o;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ]i&JEiS hf wd& pämef i&JEiS hf wd& pämef} a[maewm
uawmh 'g bke;f Bu;D wkYd pmaye,fo;Hk a0g[m&eJY ajym&ifawmh tm'd'yD -
uenf;eJY tEÅ'yD uenf;vkYd ac:ygw,f/ tyg,fav;bkrH mS tqk;d qk;H u
i&J? taygYqkH;uawmh wd& pämef/ tqkd;qkH;eJY taygYqkH;ukd ajymvkduf&if
tv,facgifrSm wnf&SdaewJh NydwåmeJY tol&um,fvnf; tusKH;0if
roGm;bl;vm;¿ 0ifomG ;w,f/ tpeJt Y qk;H ukd odr;f usKH ;Ny;D a[mvku
d w f -hJ
twGuf tv,facgif tukefvkH; ygoGm;wJhenf;ukd tm'd'Dyuenf;
tEÅ'yD uenf;vkYd 'Dvadk c:ygw,faemf/ 'gaMumifh avmb a'go arm[
wpfckck OD;aqmifaewJh tukokdvfw&m;awGu r&PmoEéaZmac:wJh
aocgeD; aemufq;Hk jzpfomG ;wJh aZmpdwt f pOfae&mukd ,lomG ;cJ&h ifawmh
i&Jvnf; a&mufEidk w f ,f? Nyw
d må vnf; jzpfEidk wf ,f? tok&um,fbv Hk nf;
a&mufEidk wf ,f? wd& pämefvnf; jzpfEidk w
f ,fvYdk qkv d ydk gw,f/ aemufwpfck
o'´g½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI
]]0&H bdua© 0 wdaPSe ta,mouFek m tm'dawåe orÜZv Æ ad we
oaZmwdbal we aomwdÈ, d´ H orÜvrd |H? e awG0 aomw0dana,sok
oa'ók tEkAsÍÆeaom edrdwå*¾ga[m/
bdua© 0 = cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd .../ wdaPSe = xufjrufvpS mG aom/
tm'dawåe = &J&JNiD;aom/ orÜZÆvdawe = tvQHwajymifajymif
awmufyvsuf&Sdaom/ oaZmwdblawe = rD;awmufrD;vQHESifh twl-
wuGjzpfaom/ ta,mouFkem = oHcRefjzifh (0g) oHcRef;jzifh/ aom-
wdÈ´d,H = aomwdaÈúkd/ orÜvdr|H = xkd;azmufvkdufjcif;onfum;/
0&H = jrwfao;\/ aomw0dana,sok = aomw0dnmPfjzifh odtyf-
ukeaf om/ oa'ók = o'´g½kt H rsK;d rsK;d wküdY / tEkAsÍeÆ aom = tao;pdwf
uk,d tf rlt&mtm;jzif/h edrwd *å g¾ a[m = a,mufsm; rde;f rpaom trSwf
edrdwfukd pGJ,ljcif;onf/ e awG0 0&H = rjrwfonfomvQifwnf;/
394 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
toHuav;wpfcu k dk Mum;vku d Nf y/D toHuav;wpfcu k dk Mum;vku

d -f
wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'gu om;yJç 'gu orD;yJç 'gu ZeD;yJç 'gu ajr;yJç
'gu tzkd;BuD;ç 'gu tzGm;BuD;vkdY 'Dvkd pGJ,lvkduf&ifvnf; rjrwfbl;wJh/
'DtoHuawmh om;&JUtoHESifh wlw,f? 'DtoHuawmh orD;&JUtoHESifh
wlw,f? 'DtoHuawmh tzkd;BuD;toHESifh wlw,f? 'DtoHuawmh
tzGm;Bu;D toHEiS hf wlw,f -- ponfjzifh 'Dvdk pG, J v
l u
dk &f ifvnf; rawmf-
bl;wJh/ at; - 'DtoHuav;uawmh bmoHyJponfjzifh toHeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif;uav;wpfckudk ESpfouf
om,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh pdwftpOfjzifh vSrf;NyD;
pG,
J wl ,f/ [m - 'gu rsuv f ;Hk yJ? 'DtoHyidk &f iS t
f xd uk,d uf oGm;Ny;D awmh
'DtoHykdif&Sif&JU rsufvkH;u b,fvkdaew,f/ yg;pyftaetxm;u
b,fvkdaew,f ponfjzifh ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif;wpfcktay:rSm
vSrf;NyD;awmh pGJ,lvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dvkd pGJ,lwmu rjrwfbl;/ bmjzpf-
vkdYv¿J
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g bdu©a0 0dnmPH wd|rmeH wda|,sç tEk-
AsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g?
bdua© 0 = cspo f m;&[ef;wk/Yd {0H owd = þokYd pG, J cl o
hJ nf&adS omf/
wd|rmeH = oifcspo f m;wk&Yd UJ oEÅmefü jzpfay:wnfaeqJjzpfaom/ 0dnm-
PH = aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨tusK;d ukd ay;jcif;iSm pGr;f Ekid af om
ur®0n d mPf[ak c:qkt d yfaom pdwt f pOfonf/ edrw
d ó
å m'*xdwH 00gg =
a,mufsm; rdef;rtp&Sdaom trSwfedrdwfty:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh
&pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom pdwftpOfonfaomfrlvnf;/ wda|,s
= jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/ tEkAsÍeÆ óm'*xdwH 0g = vufajc tp-
&Sdaom ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif; wpfckcktay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh
&pfywfaESmifzUJG í wnfaeaom pdwt f pOfonfaomfrv l nf;/ wda|, |,ss =
jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/
toHuav;wpfck Mum;vkdufNyD/ toHMum;vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm

'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;r ponfjzifh pGJ,lw,f/ 'gu tzkd;BuD;ç
'gu tzGm;Bu;D ç 'gu om;yJç 'gu orD;yJç om;jyefvmNyçD orD;jyefvmNyçD
'gu tqkdausmf b,folyJ ponfjzifh 'Dvkd pGJ,lvdkufw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
pGJ,lcJh&if wpfukd,fvkH;tay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmif-
zGJUNyD;wnfaewJh pdwftpOfawGaomfvnf; xkdtcsdeftcgrSm jzpfcsifjzpf-
r,f/ [m - 'gu rsuv f ;Hk av;ç 'gu rsucf ;Hk ponfjzifh 'Dvt
dk oHyidk &f iS &f UJ
ukd,ft*Fg tpdwftykdif; wpfckcktay:ukd vSrf;NyD; pGJ,lvdkufcJh&ifvnf;
rdrd vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J v
l u
dk w
f hJ uk, d t
f *Fgtpdwtf ykid ;f wpfctk ay:ü ESpo f uf
om,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh pdwftpOfawGaomfvnf;
jzpfcsijf zpfaer,f/ xkpd w d t f pOfonf aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨
tusKd;ukday;jcif;iSm pGrf;EkdifwJh ur®0dnmPfvkdYac:qkdtyfwJh pdwftpOf
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DpdwftpOfjzpfawmh bmjzpfovJ¿
wo®daÍö ora, umvuFa&,s? XmearwH 0dZÆwdç ,H 'GdEéH *wDeH
tnw&H *wd H *apäa,s -- ed&,H 0g wd&pämea,med H 0g/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ wo wo®® ð ora, = xkduJhokdY
ESpo
f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG í wnfaeaom xkt d csed t
f cgrsK;d ü/
ap umvH ua&,s = tu,fírsm; aooGm;jim;tHh/ {0H owd = þokdY
aooGm;cJo h nf&adS omf/ ed&,H 0g = i&Jrv l nf;jzpfaom/ wd& p mä ea,m ea,mee ð
0g = wd& pämefa,medrv l nf;jzpfaom/ 'GEd Hé *wDeH = ESprf sK;d aom *wdww Ydk iG /f
,H tnw&H **w wð = tMuiftrSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom*wdo/Ydk *apä,s
= vm;a&mufav&m\/ {wH XmeH = þi&Jwd&pämef[k ac:qkdtyfaom
ESprf sK;d aom *wdww Ydk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom*wdodYk vm;a&muf&jcif;[k ac:-
qkdtyfaom þtaMumif;t&mrsKd;onf/ 0dZÆwd = xif&Sm;{uef&Sdonf
trSefomvQifwnf;/
ESpo
f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm
396 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
jzKef;ceJ aocJh&if i&JeJY wd& pämef ESpfrsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom bkHb0okdY

a&muf&rdS ,fqw dk hJ 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf xif&mS ;{uef &Sad ew,f/ 'Dvdk
qkv d &Ydk &dS if toHuav;wpfck Mum;vku d wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSmvnf; tyg,f-
av;bkaH &mufaMumif;jzpfwhJ tukov dk uf aH wGudk xlaxmifNy;D jzpfroGm;-
Ekdifbl;vm;¿ jzpfoGm;Ekdifw,f/ b,ftcsdeftcgrSmvJ¿ a,medaom
reodum&ac:wJh enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvkH;oGif;rI"mwfcH r&SdcJhvkdY 'gu
a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'gu orD;ç 'gu ZeD;ç 'gu ajr;
ponfjzifh toHykdif&Sifukd 'Dvkd pGJ,lcJhr,fç 'gursufvkH; 'gursufckH;
ponfjzifh toHykdif&Sifukd 'Dvkd pGJ,lcJhr,fqkd&if a,medaomreodum&
rjzpfawmhbl;? a,medaomreodum&rjzpfwJh yk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm
tyg,fa&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh tukokdvfuHawGukd qnf;yl;tm;xkwfNyD;
jzpfroGm;bl;vm;¿ jzpfoGm;w,f/ 'g[m 'umBuD;awG 'umrBuD;awG
w&m;emaewJh y&dowfawG aeYpOfaeYpOf awGUMuKaH e&wJh tawGUtMuK-H
awG r[kwfbl;vm;¿ [kwfaew,f/
= cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ...'Dvt
dk jypfawGudk awGUjrif&vkYd igbk&m;&Si-f
u ckvkd a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck --- jrwfpmG bk&m;u o'´g½kvH idk ;f = toHeYJ ywfoufvYdk
a[mawmfrlNyD;wJhtcg teHYeJYywfoufvkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufa[m-
awmfrljyefw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
*E¨m½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI
]0&H bdu©a0 wdaPSe ecapä'aee tm'dawåe orÜZÆvdawe
oaZmwdblawe CmedÈ´d,H orÜvdr|H? e awG0 Cme0dana,sok
*aEök tEkAsÍÆeaom edrdwå*¾ga[m/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ tm'dawåe = &J&JNiD;aom/ orÜZÆvd-

awe = tvQHajymifajymif awmufyvsuf&Sdaom/ oaZmwdblawe =
hf uG jzpfaom/ wdaPSe = xufvpS mG aom/ ecapä-
rD;awmufr;D vQEH iS w
'aee = vufonf;vS;D "m;i,fjzif/h CmedÈ, d´ H = ESmacgif;uk/d orÜvrd |H
= xkd;azmufvkdufjcif;onfum;/ 0&H = jrwfao;\/ Cme0dana,sok
= Cme0dnmPfjzifh od&Sdtyfukefaom/ *aEök = teHY*E¨m½kHtrsKd;rsKd;-
wkdYtay:ü/ tEkAseÍÆeaom = vufajcpaom trSwfedrdwftm;jzifh/
edrwd *å g¾ a[m = a,mufsm; rde;f r vSrvSpaom trSwef rd wd uf dk pG,
J v
l u
dk -f
jcif;onfum;/ e awG0 0&H = rjrwfonfomvQifwnf;/
teHYwpfck&NyD? teHYwpfck &vkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm teHYwif &yf-
wnfNy;D raebl;/ teHyY idk &f iS af wGtxd pdwu
f a&mufomG ;um 'gu om;yJç
'gu orD;yJç 'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rde;f rç 'gu tzk;d Bu;D ç 'gu tzGm;Bu;D ç
'gu ajr; ponfjzifh 'Dvkd vSrf;NyD; pGJ,lw,f/ okdYr[kwf 'gu yg;av;yJç
'gu rsufvkH;av;yJç 'gu rsufckH;av;yJ ponfjzifh oGm;NyD;awmh
pGJ,lvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dvkd pGJ,lwmu jrwfovm;¿ rjrwfbl;wJhaemf/
rD;w[kef;[kef;awmufavmifaewJh rD;awmufrD;vQHESifh wuGjzpfwJh
vufonf;vSD;"m;i,fjzifh 'DESmacgif;ukd txJoGif;NyD;awmh xkd;NyD;
uvdNyD;awmh jzwfypfvkdufwm azmufypfvdkufwmu jrwfao;w,f/
bmjzpfvkdYvJ¿
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g bdu©a0 0dnmPH wd|rmeH wda|,s? tEk
AsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g/
bdua© 0 = cspo f m;&[ef;wk/Yd wo
wo®®ð ora, = xku
d ohJ aYdk om tcsed f
tcgumvrsKd;ü/ wd|rmeH = oifcspfom;wkdY&JUoEÅmefü jzpfay:wnf-
aeqJjzpfaom/ 0dnmPH = aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨tusKd;ukd
ay;jcif;iSm pGr;f Ekid af om ur®0n
d mPf[k ac:qkt d yfaom pdwt f pOfonf/
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g = a,mufsm;ç rdef;r vSrvSpaom trSwfedrdwf
398 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tay:ü ESpo
f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG í wnfaeaom pdwtf -
pOfonfaomfrlvnf;/ wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/ tEkAsÍÆ-
eóm'*xdwH 0g = vufajcoP²mef tp&Sad om tao;pdwf uk, d t
f rl-
t&mtay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom
pdwftpOfonfaomfrlvnf;/ wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/
'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'guorD;ç 'guZeD;ç
'gu ajr; ponfjzifh vSrf;NyD; pGJ,lcJh&if xkda,mufsm;ç rdef;rç ZeD;ç ajr;
tp&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfwkdYtay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD;
wnfaewJh pdwftpOfawGaomfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ okdYr[kwf 'gu
yg;ç 'gu rsufvkH;ç 'gu rsufckH; ponfjzifh 'Dvkd vSrf;NyD;pGJ,lcJh&if
xkdukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif; wpfcktay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywf
aESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh pdwftpOfawGaomfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfaer,f/
jzpfcJhawmh bmjzpfovJ¿
tnw&H *wð *apä,s -- ed&,H 0g wd& pämea,með 0g/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ wo®ð ora, = xkduJhokdYaom ESpf-
oufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom xkdtcsdeftcgrsKd;ü/
ap umvH ua&,s = tu,fírsm;aooGm;jim;tHh/ {0H owd = þokdY
aooGm;cJo h nf&adS omf/ ed&,H 0g = i&Jrv l nf;jzpfaom/ wd& päme a,með
0g = wd& pämea,medrv l nf;jzpfaom/ 'dEG Hé *wDeH = ESprf sK;d aom*wdww
Ydk iG /f
,H tnw&H *wð = tMuiftrSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom*wdo/Ydk *apä,s
= vm;a&mufav&m\/ {wH XmeH = þi&Jwd& pämef[kac:qkdtyfaom
ESprf sK;d aom*wdww Ydk iG f wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom *wdoYdk vm;a&muf&jcif;[k ac:-
qkdtyfaom þtaMumif;t&mrsKd;onf/ 0dZÆwd = xif&Sm;{uef&Sdonf
trSefomwnf;/
'DvkdESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh tcsdef-

tcgrSm jzKe;f ceJaocJ&h if i&Jew
YJ &d pämef ESprf sK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom bkb
H 0okYd
a&muf&Sdr,fqkdwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;{uef &Sdaew,f/
bdua© 0 = cspo f m;&[ef;wk/Yd £rH acg tm'De00HH = þuJo
h Ydk tyg,foYdk
a&mufEkdifjcif;wnf;[laom tjypfukd/ 'doGm = igbk&m; odjrif&onf
jzpfí/ {0H = þokv Yd Qi/f t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;awmf-
rljcif;jzpfay\/
rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufaewJh xufvpS mG aom vufonf;vS;D "m;i,f-
jzifh oifcspfom;wkdY&JU ESmacgif;ukd xkd;jzwfwmu jrwfao;w,f/ 'Dvkd
vSr;f Ny;D a,mufsm;ç rde;f r ponfjzifh pG, J jl cif;ç rsuv f ;Hk ç rsucf ;Hk ponfjzifh
vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J jl cif;u rjrwfb;l vkYd igbk&m;a[mwm[m ESpo f ufom,mrI-
jzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm jzKef;ceJ aocJhr,f
qkd&if tyg,fav;bkHukd a&mufEkdifw,fqkdwJh 'Doabmw&m; 'Dtjypf-
Bu;D ukd igbk&m; jrifaewJt h wGuaf Mumifh 'Dvdk a[mwmyg/ enf;enf;av;
pOf;pm;MunfMh uaemf/ i&JrmS cH&r,fh qif;&J'u k e© YJ vufonf;vS;D "m;i,feYJ
ESmacgif;ukd tjzwfcH&r,fh'ku© b,f'if;uykdNyD; BuD;us,frvJ¿ i&JrSm
cH&r,fh 'kua© wGu odyNf y;D awmhBu;D us,w f ,f/ 'Dvdk Bu;D us,w f ,fq&dk if
aeYpOfaeYpOf rdrw d [
Ydk m i&Ja&mufaMumif;jzpfaewJh uHawGudk xlaxmif-
aew,fvkdY rajymEkdifbl;vm;¿ ajymEkdifw,faemf/ aemufwpfck ---
jrwfpGmbk&m;u qufa[mawmfrljyefNyD/
&om½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI
0&H bdua© 0 wdaPSe cka&e tm'dawåe orÜZv Æ ad we oaZmwd-
blawe Zd0`dS E,
d´ H orÜvrd |H? e awG0 Zd0gS 0dana,sok &aook tEkAsÍeÆ -
aom edrdwå*¾ga[m/
400 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ tm'dawåe = &J&JNiD;aom/

orÜZv Æ ad we = tvQw H ajymifajymif awmufyvsu&f adS om/ oaZmwd-
blaw wee = rD;awmufrD;vQHESifh wuGjzpfaom/ wdaPSe = xufjrufvS-
pGmaom/ cka&e = oifwkef;"m;i,fjzifh/ Zd0SdÈ´d,H = oifcspfom;wkdY&JU
vQmukd/ orÜvdr|H = xkd;jzwfvkdufjcif;onfum;/ 0&H = jrwfygao;\/
Zd0gS 0dana,sok = Zd0gS 0dnmPfjzifh od&tdS yfuek af om/ &aoo
&aookk = &om½kH
Yd ay:ü/ tEkAsÍeÆ aom = tao;pdwu
trsK;d rsK;d wkt f ,
dk t
f rlt&mtm;jzif/h
edrdwå*¾ga[m = a,mufsm; rdef;rponfjzifh trSwfedrdwfwkdYukd pGJ,l-
vkdufjcif;onf/ e awG0 0&H = rjrwfonfomvQifwnf;/
rD;w[ke;f [ke;f awmufavmifaewJh rD;awmufr;D vQEH iS hf wuGjzpfwhJ
tifrwefylavmifaewJh xufvSpGmaom oifwkef;"m;i,fwpfckjzifh
oifcspo f m;wk&Yd UJ vQmukd jzwfypfvu dk w f mu jrwfao;w,f/ Zd0gS 0dnmPf-
jzifh odtyfwJh &om½kHawG &SdMuw,f/ tJ'D &om½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdY tay:ü
tEkAsÍeÆ *¾g[ç edrw d *å g¾ [qkw d hJ ESprf sK;d aom trSwef rd w d wf uYkd kd pG,
J jl cif;u
rjrwfbl;/ t&omwpfck pm;NyDqdkMupdkYaemf/ 'gu tonf;av;yJç 'gu
tjrpfuav;yJ 'Dvkd pG, J cl rhJ ,fqv kd &Ydk &dS if tEkAsÍeÆ *¾g[vkaYd c:w,f/ at;
'gu Muufom; 'gu 0ufom;ç 'gu ig;ç 'gu tmvl;ç 'gu yJponfjzifh
'Dvkd pGJ,lcJhr,f qdk&ifawmh bmac:ovJ¿ edrdwå*¾g[vdkY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd tEkAsÍÆe*¾g[ç edrdwå*¾g[ac:wJh ESpfrsKd;aom pGJ,ljcif;jzifh
okrYd [kwf wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom pG, J jl cif;jzifh vSr;f Ny;D pG,
J v l ukd wf hJ tcsed t f cgrSm
bmjzpfovJ¿
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g bdu©a0 0dnmPH wd|rmeH wda|,s?
tEkAsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g?
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ wd|rmeH = oifcspfom;wdkY\
oEÅmefü jzpfay:wnfaeqJjzpfaom/ 0dnmPH = aemifwpfzefb0opfü
y#doaE¨tusdK;udk ay;jcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom ur®0dnmPf[kac:qdktyf-
aom pdwftpOfonf/ edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g = a,mufsm;ç rdef;rç

Muufom; 0ufom; tp&Sdaom trSwfedrdwftay:ü ESpfoufom,m-
rIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom pdwftpOfonfaomfrlvnf;/
wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/ tEkAsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g =
tonf;tjrpfpaom tao;pdwf cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;tay:ü
ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywf aESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom pdwftpOfonf
aomfrlvnf;/ wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/
at; ... 'gu Muufom;ç 'gu 0ufom;ç 'gu tmvl;ç 'gu yJ
ponfjzifh pGJ,lcJh&if 'D Muufç 0ufç tmvl;ç yJwdkYtay:ü ESpfouf
om,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJph w d t f pOfawGonfaomfvnf;
jzpfcsijf zpfvrd rhf nf/ 'gu tonf;ç 'gu tjrpfç 'gu tqkwf ponfjzifh
'gu t½dk; ponfjzifh vSrf;NyD; pGJ,lcJh&ifvnf; xdk tonf;ç tjrpfç
tqkwpf wJh ud, k t
f *Fgtpdwt f ydik ;f wpfcck ak y:ü ESpof ufom,mrIjzifh
&pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfawGaomfvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/
[kwo f vm; r[kwb f ;l vm;¿ pOf;pm;Munfah emf/ tJ'v D kd ESpo
f ufom,m-
rIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh 'DpdwftpOfawG jzpfaewmu bm-
vkywf mvJvaYdk r;awmh ur®0n d mPfac:wJh aemifwwpfzef b0topfü
y#doaE¨tusKd;udk ay;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm; &SdwJhuHawGudk xlaxmifaewmyJ-
aemf/ tJ'D uHawGu wpfcsed f tusKd ;ay;awmhr,faemf/ 'Dawmh enf;enf;-
uav;awmh pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ bke;f Bu;D tpGt J vrf;BuD;vdkY ajymaewm-
awmh r[kwb f ;l aemf/ vufawGU rsm;aomtm;jzifh jzpfay:aewJh jyóem
uav;awGyg/
bke;f Bu;D 'l;,m;awmxJ aepOftcsed cf gwke;f u 'l;,m;u 'umBu;D -
awGu avQmufxm;zl;w,f/ q&mawmf ... wynfah wmfu 'l;,m;rSm
tvSLwm0efwpfckeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh ausmif;'g,um trsm;pkuae-
NyD;awmh wynfhawmftay:rSm ,kHMunfpdwfcswJhtwGuf tjypfvGwf-
402 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
uif;atmif qdNk y;D awmh ckw H ifom; t&Smcdik ;f w,f/ olu oDvjrw J yhJ *k Kd¾ vf
jzpfaew,f/ ud, k uf siohf v D jrwJ yhJ *k Kd¾ vf tusiphf m&dwaå umif;rGew f hJ yk*Kd¾ vf
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ausmif;'g,umBu;D awG trsm;pkuvnf; 'DtvSLyGBJ u;D rSm
tBu;D tus,f vSL&r,fh tvSLyGjJ zpfaejcif;aMumifh tyftyfpyfpyf tjypf-
temtqm uif;&Si;f aewJh tom; &&S&d eftwGuf olUudk wm0efay;Mu-
w,f/ wm0efay;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusawmh &Gmuvnf; tdrfajc
(1000)ausmf&SdwJh&Gm jzpfw,f/ ausmif;uvnf; wpfausmif;wnf;
&Sdw,f/ 'Dvdk BuD;us,fwJh tvSLyGJBuD;wpfck usif;yNyDqdk&if 'D&Gmol
&Gmom;awGwifomru wjcm;wjcm; eD;pyf&mjzpfwhJ &Gmol &Gmom;awG-
uvnf; vmNy;D awmh tvSLtwef;rSm pm;MuaomufMuw,f/ eD;pyf&m
ausmif;awGrmS &Sw d hJ oHCmawmfawGuv kd nf; tm;vk;H yifzh w d Mf uygw,f/
'Dvdk yifhzdwfwJh tvSLtwef;yGJawGrSm olwdkYbufuvnf; ckHwifom;
r[kwfvdkY yHokultom; r[kwfcJhbl;qdk&if tjypf &Sdw,fqdkwJh 'Dtod-
ÓPfav;uvnf; olwdkYrSm &SdaeMuw,f/ &SdaeMujcif;aMumifh tjypf
vGwu f if;aewJh tom;ukd 'DrmS auR;csiMf uw,f/ txl;ojzifh 0ufom;
auR;r,faygY/ 'Dawmh 0ufukd tcsdefav;&mausmfavmuf vkdaew,f/
tcsed af v;&m ausmaf vmuf vkw d t hJ csed t f cgusawmh 'D'umukd wm0ef
ay;vku d af wmh oluvnf; axmufvrS ;f a&;u cyfaumif;aumif;qkad wmh
vSrf;NyD; axmufvSrf;vkdufwm b,frSm&rvJ¿ a&;rSmvnf; r&Ekdifbl;/
oHjzLZ&yfrSmvnf; r&Ekdifbl;/ urm0ufrSm &Ekdifw,fqdkwJh 'Dowif;
olu Mum;Ny/D Mum;vku d w f hJ tcsed t f cgusawmh &xm;eJY oGm;vku d w f ,f/
tdrw f pftrd rf mS 0ifwnf;vku d w
f ,f/ rdwaf qGtrd w f pftrd f 0ifwnf;vku d -f
wJh tcsed t f cgusawmh olUrdwaf qGtrd u f aeNy;D awmh ar;w,f/ bmvm-
vkyfovJ¿ bmudpö&SdovJ¿ rtyfr&mawG jzpfrSmpkd;wJhtwGuf [kd -
udpw ö pfc&k Sv
d Ydk vmw,fvyYdk J ajymvku d w f ,f/ bmudpv ö Ydk rajymvku d b f ;l /
0ufukd pDrHaewJhyk*¾dKvfawGukd owif;ykdYvkdufrSmpkd;vkdY bmrS rajymbl;/
reufav;em&Dvnf;wD; tkef;armif;vnf;acgufaum jrif;vSnf;wpfpD;
iSm;NyD;awmh tJ'D 0uf&EkdifwJh ae&mukd oGm;w,f/ oGm;vkdufwJh tcsdef-

tcgusawmh [kdrSm 0ufpDrHzefwD;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGuvnf; tusKd;-
taMumif; ar;vku d wf t hJ cg tvk&d o dS avmuf &ygw,f/ tcsed af v;&m-
ausm&f w,f/ tm;vk;H toifyh w J hJ tm;vk;H csed w
f , G Nf y;D Ny/D csed w
f ,
G vf nf;-
Ny;D a&m wynfah wmf awmfawmfpw d rf aumif; jzpfomG ;w,fw/hJ bmjzpfv-Ydk
vJ? olwkdYu 'Dtcsdefav;&mausmfukd 'D&GmrSm a&mif;zkdY&ef pDpOfxm;NyD;
jzpfaew,f/ pDpOfxm;Ny;D jzpfawmh wynfah wmfu tcsed af v;&mausmu f dk
tukef,lvkdufawmh aemufxyf &GmrSmyJ xyfNyD; a&mif;zkdY&eftwGuf
topfawG wynfhawmf a&SUrSm owfvkdufwmbk&m;/ wpfykHBuD; wynfh
awmf awGUcJh&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wynfhawmf 'DaeYuae pNyD;awmh
'Dvw dk m0efudk aemufxyf b,fawmhrS rxrf;aqmifawmhb;l qkNd y;D awmh
'Dvdk pdwq f ;Hk jzwfcsuf csvu dk w
f ,f/ b,fEh , S w f ek ;f tJ'D tawGU tMuK[ H m
[kwfovm;ç r[kwfbl;vm;¿ [kwfaew,faemf/ 'umBuD;awG 'g
pOf;pm;Mu/ 'g tpGJtvrf;BuD;vkdYajymwm r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dvkdowfjzwf-
Ny;D awmh pm;aew,fqw dk mu 'Dtom;ig;awGtay:ü ESpo f ufom,m-
rIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfawG jzpfEidk f rjzpfEidk u f adk wmh
enf;enf; pOf;pm;Muaemf/ tu,fí ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywf-
aESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh 'DpdwftpOfawG jzpfaecJhr,fqkd&if 'DpdwftpOf-
awGu bmawGv¿J aemifwpfcsed b f 0opfü y#doaE¨tusK;d ukd ay;Edik w f hJ
pGrf;tm;&SdaewJh ur®0dnmPfvkdYac:wJh pdwftpOfawG jzpfaeNyD/ aemif
wpfzef b0opfrSm y#doaE¨tusKd;ukd ay;EkdifwJh ur®0dnmPfac:wJh
'DpdwftpOfawGonf bmjzpfrvJ¿
tnw&H *wd H *apä,s -- ed&,H 0g wd& pämea,med H 0g/
wo®ð ora, = xku
d o hJ aYdk om ESpof ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmif-
zGUJ í wnfaeaom xktd csed t f cgrsK;d ü/ ap umvH ua&,s = tu,fí-
404 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
rsm; aooGm;jim;tHh/ {0H owd = þokdY aooGm;cJhonf&Sdaomf/ ed&,H

0g = i&Jrv
l nf;jzpfaom/ wd& pämea,med H 0g = wd& pämea,medrv l nf;
jzpfaom/ 'GdEéH *wDeH = ESpfrsKd;aom *wdwkdYwGif/ ,H tnw&H **w wð =
tMuiftrSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom *wdo/Ydk *apä,s = vm;a&mufav-
&m\/ {wH XmeH = þi&Jwd& pämef[k ac:qkt d yfaom ESprf sK;d aom *wd-
wkdYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom*wdokdY vm;a&muf&jcif;[k ac:qkdtyfaom
þtaMumif;t&mrsKd;onf/ 0dZÆwd = xif&Sm;{uef &SdonftrSefom-
vQifwnf;/
'DvkdESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh xkd
tcsed t f cgrSm jzKe;f ceJom aoygap? aooGm;cJ&h if i&JEiS w hf &d pämef ESprf sK;d
wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom bkHb0okdY a&muf&Sdr,fqkdwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf
xif&mS ;{uef &Sad ew,f/ bmjzpfvv Ydk ¿J rdrd pm;ok;H vku d wf hJ tpmtm[m-
&aemf/ tom;ig;jzpfcsifvnf; jzpfygap? tom;ig;r[kwfwJh tmvl;wkdY
yJwkdYpwJh ypönf;0w¬KawG jzpfcsifjzpfygap? 'Dtpmtm[m&tay:ü
wG,w f mrufarmaewJh pdw"f mwfjzifh pm;ok;H cJv h &Ydk &dS if wG,w f mrufarm
aewJhpdwf"mwfawG xif&Sm;jzpfaewkef; jzKef;ceJaooGm;cJh&if i&JeJY
wd& pämef ESprf sK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom bkb
H 0okYd a&mufr,fqw dk hJ 'DtaMumif;-
w&m;onf xif&Sm;{uef&Sdaew,f/ 'Dvkdqkdvkd&Sd&if tmvl;uvnf;
t½k;d pl;wwfw,fqw dk m [kwo f vm;ç r[kwb f ;l vm;¿ [kwaf eygw,f/
yJuvnf; t½kd;rpl;wwfbl;vm;¿ pl;wwfygw,f/ tom;ig;rSom
r[kwfygbl;aemf/ tyfpyfwJh tom;ig;ukd pm;jcif;wnf;[laom
taMumif;aMumifh bk&m;&Siu f bmrS tjypfrajymbl;/ okaYd omf rtyfr&m
jzpfcJhr,f? tpGef;okH;yg; rvGwfcJhbl; qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh enf;enf;qifjcif-
&r,fhtykdif;awmh r&Sdbl;vm;¿ &Sdw,f/
okaYd omf 'Dae&mrSm &owPSm rjzpfzu Ydk vk&d if;ygyJqNdk y;D yg;pyfu-
awmh ajymMuwmyJ/ 'Dtcsuef YJ ywfoufNy;D awmh bke;f Bu;D wk&Yd UJ aus;Zl;&Sif
jzpfcJhzl;wJh r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;u olU&JU usrf;pmwpfckrSm olu

b,fvkda&;om;xm;ovJ ]]at; - wG,fwmrI &owPSmrjzpfzkdYu
vkd&if;yJvkdY yg;pyfuawmh ajymMuwmyJwJh/ wu,fwrf;uswJh tcsdef-
tcgusawmh tJ'Dukd,fawmfawGukd yJ[if;av;eJY ig;ajcmufuav;eJY
yifNh y;D qGr;f auR;vku
d rf ,fq&dk if tJ'q D rG ;f yGrJ mS olwrYdk suEf mS ukd Munfv
h udk -f
&if rsufESmav;awGu ½IHUaeMuw,fwJh}} b,fhES,fwkef; [kwfovm;ç
r[kwfbl;vm;¿ tJ - ukd,fBudKufwJh tom;ig;awG vIdifvIdif ususee
tcsufaumif;aumif;eJY auR;vkduf&ifawmh jyHK;jyHK; jyHK;jyHK;eJY? yk*¾dKvf
wpfa,mufudk yifNh y;D awmh yJ[if;av;eJo Y m yifzh w d Nf y;D qGr;f auR;vku
d &f if
b,fEh , S af ervJ¿ rsuEf mS av;awGu ½IUH aew,fw/hJ tJ'g owdxm;Mu-
aemf/ ESpfoufom,mrI &Sdovm;ç r&Sdbl;vm;qkdwm rdrdukd,fukd rdrd
qkH;jzwfcsufcsEkdifwJh tajctae r[kwfbl;vm;¿ [kwfaew,faemf/
'gaMumifh tJ'Dvkd ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh
pdwt f pOfawG[m aemifwpfzef b0opfrmS y#doaE¨tusK;d ukd ay;Ekid w f hJ
pGrf;tm;&SdwJh ur®0dnmPfvkdYac:wJh pdwftpOfawG jzpfMuygw,f/ tJ'D
pdwftpOfawG jzpfaewkef; jzKef;ceJ aocJhr,fqkd&if tyg,fav;bkH
a&mufr,f/ tyg,fav;bkH a&mufcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if i&JrSm cHpm;&r,fh
'kue© YJ vQmukd "m;eJjY zwfvu dk w
f 'hJ u
k © 'DEpS cf k wkid ;f wmEIid ;f pmMunfrh ,fq&dk if
vQmukd "m;eJYjzwfvkdufwJh vkyfief;udpöu enf;enf; awmfao;w,f/
i&JrSm cH&wJh'ku©u odyfNyD;awmh BuD;us,fw,f/ 'gaMumifh ---
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ £rH tm'De0H = þuJhokdY tyg,f-
av;bkHokdY a&mufEkdifjcif;wnf;[laomtjypfukd/ 'doGm = igbk&m;
awGUjrif&onfjzpfí/ {0H = þokdYvQif/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd =
a[mMum;awmfrljcif;jzpfygay\/
406 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&om½kt H rsK;d rsK;d wkt

Yd ay:ü ESpo
f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D
wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfawGjzpfaewke;f jzKe;f ceJ aooGm;cJ&h if i&J wd& pämef
OD;aqmifaewJh tyg,fav;bkHa&mufr,fqkdwJh 'Dtjypfukd igbk&m;
jrifaeNyD/ 'DvkdjrifaewJhtwGufaMumifh igbk&m;u oifcspfom;wkdY&JU
vQmukd rD;w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaewJh xufvSpGmaom oifwkef;-
"m;i,fjzifh jzwfjypfvkdufwmu jrwfygao;w,fvkdY 'Dvkd igbk&m;
a[maewm jzpfygw,f/ uJ - aemufwpfck -- jrwfpmG bk&m; azm|AÁm½keH YJ
ywfoufNyD;awmh b,fvkd a[mawmfrlovJ¿
azm|AÁm½kHtay:ü wG,fwmrufarmrI
]]0&H bdu©a0 wdPSm, owåd,m tm'dwåm, orÜZÆvdwm,
oaZmwdblwm, um,dÈ´d,H orÜvdr|H? e awG0 um,0dana,sok
azm|aAÁok tEkAsÍÆeaom edrdwå*¾ga[m/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ tm'dwåm, = &J&JNiD;aom/
orÜZÆvdwm, = tvQHajymifajymif awmufyvsuf&Sdaom/ oaZmwd-
blwm, = rD;awmufrD;vQHESifh wuGjzpfaom/ wdPSm, = xufjruf-
vSpmG aom/ owå, d m = vSjH zif/h um,dÈ, d´ H = oifcspo f m;wk&Yd UJ cE¨muk,
d -f
Bu;D uk/d orÜvrd |H = xk;d azmufvu dk jf cif;onfum;/ 0&H = jrwfygao;\/
um,0dana,sok = um,0dnmPfjzifh od&t dS yfuek af om/ azm|aAÁok
= azm|AÁm½kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYtay:ü/ tEkAsÍÆeaom = vufajcpaom
tao;pdwfukd,ftrlt&mtm;jzifh/ edrdwå*¾ga[m = a,mufsm;ç rdef;r
vSrvS paom trSwfedrdwfwkdYukd pGJ,lvkdufjcif;onfum;/ e awG0 0&H
= rjrwfonfomvQifwnf;/
tawGUazm|mAÁm½ku H av;wpfck awGUxdrNd y/D awGUxdvu dk w
f hJ tcsed f
tcgrSm 'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'gu orD;ç 'gu ZeD;ç
'gu ajr;ç 'gu tzkd;BuD;ç 'gu tzGm;BuD;yJvkdY vSrf;NyD;pGJ,lcJh&ifvnf;
rjrwfbl;wJh/ at; - 'gu vufuav;ç 'gu ajcaxmufç 'gu yg;

ponfjzifh 'DvkdpGJ,lcJh&ifvnf; jrwfovm;¿ rjrwfbl;/ wpfukd,fvkH;ukd
jcKH Ny;D pG,
J cl &hJ if edrw
d *å g¾ [vkYd ac:w,f/ uk,
d t
f *Fgtpdwt
f ykid ;f wpfcyk v
J Ydk
vSrf;NyD; pGJ,lcJh&ifawmh tEkAsÍÆe*¾g[vkdY ac:w,f/ xkd edrdwå*¾g[
tEkAsÍeÆ *¾g[ ESprf sK;d vk;H ukd rjrwfb;l vkYd bk&m;&Siuf a[mMum;awmfryl g-
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd pGJ,lcJh&if bmjzpfvkdY rjrwfovJ¿
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g bdu©a0 0dnmPH wd|rmeH wda|,sç
tEkAsÍÆeóm'*xdwH 0g/
bdua© 0 = cspo f m;&[ef;wk/Yd wo
wo®®ð ora, = xku d o
hJ aYdk om azm|-
AÁm½kHukdawGUxdí ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaewJh
tcsed tf cgrsK;d ü/ wd|rmeH = oifcspo f m;wk&Yd UJ oEÅmefü jzpfay:wnfae-
qJjzpfaom/ 0dnmPH = aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨tusKd;ukd
ay;jcif;iSm pGr;f Ekid af om ur®0n
d mPf[k ac:qkt d yfaom pdwt f pOfonf/
edrdwåóm'*xdwH 0g = a,mufsm; rdef;r tp&Sdaom trSwfedrdwfukd
ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom pdwftpOfonf-
aomfrlvnf;/ wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/ tEkAsÍÆeóm'*-
xdwH 0g = vufç ajctp&Sad om cE¨muk, d t f pdwt f ykid ;f tay:ü ESpo f uf-
om,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaeaom pdwftpOfonfaomfrl-
vnf;/ wda|,s = jzpfay:wnfaeav&m\/
'gu a,mufsm;ç 'gu rdef;rç 'gu om;ç 'gu orD;ç 'gu ajr;ç
'gu ZeD;ç 'gu tzkd;BuD;ç 'gu tzGm;BuD; ponfjzifh wpfukd,fvkH;ukd
jcHKNyD;awmh pGJ,lcJh&if tJ'Dwpfukd,fvkH;tay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh
&pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh pdwtf pOfawGaomfvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfr,f/
'gu vufyJç 'gu ajcyJç 'gu rsufESmç 'gu acgif; ponfjzifh
ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif; wpfckckukd vSrf;NyD;pGJ,lcJh&ifvnf; xkdukd,ft*Fg
tpdwftykdif;wpfckck tay:ü ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD;
408 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
wnfaewJh pdwftpOfonfaomfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ tJ'DvkdjzpfcJh&if

bmjzpfrvJ¿
tnw&H *wd H *apä,s - ed&,H 0g wd& pämea,med H 0g/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ wo wo®®ð ora, = xkduJhokdYaom
ESpfoufom,mrIjzihf &pfywfaESmifzGJUí wnfaewJh xkdtcsdeftcgrsKd;ü/
ap umvH ua&,s = tu,fírsm; aooGm;jim;tHh/ {0H owd = þokdY
aooGm;cJo h nf&adS omf/ ed&,H 0g = i&Jrv
l nf;jzpfaom/ wd& p mä ea,mea,mee ð
0g = wd& pämea,medrv l nf;jzpfaom/ 'EdG Hé *wDeH = ESprf sK;d aom*wdww
Ydk iG /f
,H tnw&H *wð = tMuiftrSwrf xm; wpfyg;yg;aom *wdo/Ydk *apä,s
= vm;a&mufav&\/ {wH XmeH = þi&J wd& pämef[k ac:qkdtyfaom
ESpfrsKd;aom *wdwkdYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; aom*wdokdY vm;a&muf&jcif;[k
ac:qkdtyfaom þtaMumif;t&mrsKd;onf/ 0dZÆwd = xif&Sm;{uef
&SdonftrSefomvQifwnf;/
ESpo f ufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzUJG Ny;D wnfaewJh pdwt f pOfawG
qkdwmu --- aemifwpfzef b0opfü y#doaE¨tusKd;ukd ay;jcif;iSm
pGrf;EkdifwJh ur®0dnmPfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh pdwftpOfawG jzpfygw,f/
xkdur®0dnmPfac:wJh pdwftpOfawGjzpfaewkef; wpfenf;ajym&ifawmh
ESpfoufom,mrIjzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJUNyD; wnfaewJh pdwftpOfawG
jzpfaewke;f jzKe;f ceJ aocJrh ,fq&dk if i&Jew
YJ &d pämef ESprf sK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom
bkHb0okdY a&muf&Sdr,fqkdwJh 'DtaMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;{uef
&Sdaew,f/ 'gaMumifh ---
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ £rH tm'De0H = þuJhokdYaom
tjypfukd/ 'doGm = igbk&m; awGUjrif&onfjzpfí/ {0H = þokdYvQif/
t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygay\/

i&JEiS hf wd& pämef ESprf sK;d wpfrsK;d rsK;d aom bkbH 0okYd a&mufr,fqw dk hJ
'Dtjypfukd igbk&m; jrifaew,fuG,f/ 'gaMumifh oifcspfom;wkdY&JU
cE¨mtdrfBuD;ukd rD;w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaewJh xufvSpGmaom
vSHjzifh xkd;vkdufwmu jrwfao;w,f/ azm|mAÁm½kH tawGUtxd tm½kH
trsKd;rsKd;wkdYtay:ü a,mufsm;yJç rdef;ryJç om;yJç orD;yJç ZeD;yJç
ajr;yJponfjzifh pGJ,ljcif;u rjrwfbl;/ rsufvkH;yJç rsufckH;yJç acgif;yJç
vufyJç ajcyJponfjzifh ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif;av;awGukd vSrf;NyD;
pG,
J jl cif;u rjrwfygbl;vkYd 'Dvdk igbk&m;a[mjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'Dvq dk dk 'um-
Bu;D awG ajr;uav;awG cso D ifoh vm;¿ rcso D ifb
h ;l vm;¿ ajr;uav;ukd
wpfcgcsDvkdufNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&if tyg,fav;bkH a&mufzkdY&eftwGuf ur®0d-
nmPfawG b,favmufrsm; jzpfomG ;rvJ¿ ajr;uav;udk wpfcgcsw D mu
tyg,fav;bkHa&mufzkdY&eftwGuf ur®0dnmPfawG jzpfw,fqkdvQif
tzGm;BuD;ukd oGm;csDrd&ifaum at; - tJ'g owdxm;Muayawmh/
'Dvq dk &dk if tdrjf yefzYdk aumif;ao;ovm;¿ tJ'g pOf;pm;Mu/ 'umBu;D awG
ukd,fhukd,fukd oem;cJhr,fqkd&ifawmh tdrfjyefzkdY aumif;ao;ovm;¿
raumif;awmhbl;aemf/ raumif;awmh raumif;bl;bk&m;/ 'gayrJh
wynfah wmfwu Ydk jyefrS jzpfr,fqw dk hJ vlwef;pm;awGyg qk&d ifawmh tJ'g
jyóemyJaemf/ aemufwpfck ---
]}0&H bdua© 0 aomwå/H aomwåH acg yem[H bdua© 0 0ÍÑH ZD0w d meH
0'grd? tzvH ZD0w d meH 0'grd? armrl[H ZD0w
d meH 0'grd? e awG0 wxm-
½lay 0dwauú 0dwauú,s ,xm½lygeH 0dwuúmeH 0oH *awm oHCH
bdaE´,s/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ aomwåH = tdyfaysmfí
aejcif;onfum;/ 0&H = jrwfygao;\/
410 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
tdrrf ufawG rrufbeJ aYJ ygYaemf/ b0ifpw

d af wG qufwu
dk f jzpfay:-
aewmudk tdyfaysmfw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tdyfaysmfaewmu
jrwfao;w,f/ bmu rjrwfovJ¿
aomwåH acg yem[H bdua© 0 0ÍÑH ZD0w
d meH 0'grd? tzvH ZD0w
d meH
0'grd? armrl[H ZD0dwmeH 0'grd/
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY/ aomwåH = tdyfaysmfí aejcif;udk/
ZD0dwmeH = touf&SifaeMuukefaom owå0gwkdY\/ 0ÍÑH = tjrHK"mwf
wpfrsKd;[lí/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;awmfrlyg\/
ZD0dwmeH = touf&SifaeMuukefaom owå0gwkdY\/ tzvH = tusKd;-
r&SdwJh w&m;rsKd;[lí/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd = a[mMum;awmf-
rlyg\/ ZD0dwmeH = touf&SifaeMuukefaomowå0gwkdY\/ armrl[H =
awGa0aewJh "mwfwpfrsKd;[lí/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ 0'grd =
a[mMum;awmfrlyg\/
tdyaf ysmaf ewmu jrwfao;w,fu, G /f tdyaf ysmaf ewmukd touf
&Siaf ewJh yk*Kd¾ vw
f &Ydk UJ tjrKH "mwfwpfrsK;d vkYd igbk&m;a[mw,f/ tusK;d ukd
ray;EkdifwJh tusKd;r&SdwJh "mwfwpfrsKd;vkdYvnf; igbk&m; a[mw,f/
touf&iS af ewJh yk*Kd¾ vw f &Ydk UJ awGa0aewJh "mwfwpfrsK;d vkv Yd nf; igbk&m;
a[mygw,f/ qkv d w kd muawmh b0ifpw d af wGqufwu dk f jzpfaeNyqD &dk if
'Db0ifpdwfu twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gefwkdY
jc&H x
H m;wJh ocFg&ç uHawG&UJ pGr;f tm;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&wJh pdwt f pOf
jzpfygw,f/ olu tusKd;0dygufpdwf jzpfw,f/ tusKd;0dygufpdwf
jzpfjcif;aMumifh 'D0yd gufpw d af wG qufwu dk jf zpfae&if aemufxyf 'D0yd guf-
pdwaf wGaMumifh topfwpfzef tusK;d w&m;qkw d m xyfNy;D ay:Ekid rf vm;¿
ray:Ekid bf ;l / 'D0yd gufpw d af wG qufwu dk q f ufwu dk f jzpfaejcif;[m bmrS
aemufxyf tusK;d r&Sw d t hJ wGuf tjrKH yaJ emf/ touf&iS af ewJh yk*Kd¾ vw f &Ydk UJ
tusK;d r&Sw d hJ vkyif ef;&yfwpfrsK;d vkYd igbk&m;a[mw,f/ 'Dvdk vkyif ef;&yf-
rsKd;ukd wu,farm[eJY ,SOfwGJaewJh vkyfief;&yf r[kwfjcif;aMumifh

jrwfpGmbk&m;u (armrl[ =) awGa0aewJh oabmw&m;wpfckvkdY 'Dvkd
a[mygw,f/ awGa0wJh oabmw&m;wpfckvkdY a[m&jcif;uvnf;
xkdtcsdeftcgrSm Oyg'fç XDç biftaetm;jzifh udavomawGu xif&Sm;
rjzpfayrJhvkdY tEko,"mwftaetm;jzifhawmh udef;0yfaewJh udav-
omuawmh qufwkduf &SdaevkdYygaemf/ uJ - aumif;NyD 'Dvkd0dygufpdwf
awGu jzpfaewmu aemufxyftusK;d ukd 'D0yd gufpw d af wGu jzpfapEkid w
f hJ
pGrf;tif r&S djcif;aMumifh tjrHK"mwf wpfrsKd;yJ tusKd;r&SdwJh vkyfief;&yf
wpfrsKd;vkdY a[mNyD/ 'gayrJh xkdtcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm bmjzpfvkdY bk&m;&Sifu
'Dvkd tdyfaysmfaewmukd aumif;&w,fvkdY ajymovJ¿
e awG0 wxm½lay 0dwauú 0dwauú,s ,xm½lygeH 0dwuúmeH
0oH *awm oHCH bdaE´,s/
,xm½lygeH 0dwuúmeH = tMuifokdYoabm&SdMuukefaom 0dwuf-
wkdY\/ 0oH = tvkdokdY/ *awm = vkdufygaomyk*¾dKvfonf/ oHCH =
oHCmukd/ bdaE´,s = oif;cGJav&m\/ wxm½lay 0dwauú = xkduJhokdY
oHCmukd oif;cGJEkdifavmufaom MuHpnfpdwful;rI 0dwufw&m;wkdYukd/
e awG0 0dwauú,s = rMuHpnfrdav&m/
tdyaf ysmaf ewJh tcsed t f cgrSm trdudk owfzq Ydk w dk hJ MupH nfpw d u f ;l rI-
awG jzpfEidk rf vm;¿ rjzpfEidk b f ;l / tzukd owfzq Ydk w
dk hJ MupH nfpw d u
f ;l rIawG
rjzpfEidk b
f ;l / &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vt f m; owfzq Ydk w dk hJ MupH nfpw d u f ;l rIawG rjzpfEidk -f
bl;/ bk&m;&Sit f m; aoG;pdr;f wnfatmif jyKvyk rf ,fqw dk hJ MupH nfpw d u f ;l -
rIawG rjzpfEidk b f ;l / oHCmoif;cGrJ ,fqw dk hJ MupH nfpw d u f ;l rIawG b,fvrdk S
rjzpfEkdifbl;/ 'guawmh tukokdvfxJrSm yÍömeEÅ&d,vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh
tBu;D qk;H jzpfwhJ tukov dk uf aH wGawmif rjzpfb;l qk&d if taygYpm;jzpfwhJ
tukokdvfuHawGaum jzpfOD;rvm;¿ rjzpfEkdifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh
412 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
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tBu;D qk;H jzpfwhJ uHawGudk ykpH x

H wk Nf y;D a[mawmfrv l u
dk wf myg/ tukov dk f
uHawGvnf; xkdtcsdeftcgrSm jzpfrvm;¿ rjzpfbl;/ tukokdvfuH
tukov0dwufac:wJh MupH nfpw d u f ;l rIawG rjzpfb;l / rjzpfwt
hJ wGu-f
aMumifh bk&m;&Siu f tdyaf ysmw f mu jrwfao;w,fw/hJ 'Dvdk a[mvku d -f
w,f/
£rH cGm[H bdu©a0 0ÍÑH ZD0dwmeH tm'De0H 'doGm {0H 0'grd/
'Dvkd touf&SifaewJh yk*¾dKvfwkdY&JU tjrHK"mwfwpfrsKd;ukd igbk&m;u
odaewJhtwGuf tdyfaysmfwmu jrwfao;w,fqkdNyD; 'Dvkd a[mwmyg/
tu,fí tdyrf aysmb f eJ YJ awmifMuH ajrmufMuH [kMd uH 'DMuH MupH nfpw
d u
f ;l
aer,fq&dk if xkMd upH nfpw d u
f ;l rIuvnf; tukov0dwufawGom jzpf-
aecJhr,fqkd&if xkdtcsdeftcgrSm tukokdvfw&m;onf rdrd&JUoEÅmefrSm
qufwkduf jzpfraebl;vm;¿ jzpfaeNyD? tukokdvfw&m;awG qufwkduf
jzpfaewkef; jzKef;ceJ b0wpfckukd tqkH;owfcJh&&if b,fa&mufrvJ¿
i&JeJY wd& pämef ESpfrsKd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom bkHb0okdY a&mufr,fqkdwJh 'Dt-
aMumif;w&m;onf xif&Sm;{uef &Sdaew,f/ 'gaMumifh tdyfaysmfae-
wmu jrwfao;w,fvkdY igbk&m;a[mjcif; jzpfygw,fwJh/ 'Dawmh
'Dae&mrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mvkdufwm tm½kHb,fESpfyg; jzpfoGm;vJ¿
tm½k H (6)yg;aemf / tqif ; ç toH ç teH Y ç t&omç tawG U txd
"r®oabmac:wJh tm½kH (6)rsKd;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mNyD;NyD/ wu,f-
awmhvnf; bk&m;&Sifu 'Dvkd igbk&m;a[mwJhtwkdif; cE¨mukd,fBuD;ukd
vSHeJYxkd;&r,f? "m;eJY ckwf&r,f? vQmukdjzwf&r,f? 'Dvkd qkdvkdovm;¿
r[kwfygbl;aemf/
oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; = edó&Pynmpcef;okdY
]]ww¬ bdu©a0 okw0g t&d,om0aum £wd y#doÍödu©wd/
bk&m;&SifjzpfapcsifwJh qE´"mwfawmfuav;aemf/ bdu©a0 =
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY .../ ww¬ = xkdtm½kH (6)yg;wkdYtay:ü/ okw 0g =

tMum;tjrifA[ków k &Sad om/ t&d,om0aum = t&d,mjzpfawmfr-l
aom igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uonf/ £wd = þokdY/ y#doÍödu©wd
= ÓPfjzifh pl;prf;qifjcifí aeav\/
'Dvdk tm½kaH wGeYJ wku
d q
f idk v
f mwJt
h cgrSm 'Dtm½kH (6)yg;wkt
Yd ay:ü
t&d,mjzpfawmfrlaom igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uwpfOD;uawmh
'Dvkdqifjcifw,f/ b,fvkdvJ¿
wd|wk wm0 wwåm, ta,movmum, tm'dwåm, orÜZÆ-
vdwm, oaZmwdblwm, pu©KÈ´d,H orÜvdr|H/
wwåm, = avmavmylaom/ tm'dwåm, = &J&JNiD;aom/ orÜZÆ-
vdwm, = tvQaH jymifajymifawmufyvsu&f adS om/ oaZmwdbw l mm,
,=
rD;awmufr;D vQEH iS hf twlwuGjzpfaom/ ta,movmum, = oHacsmif;-
jzif/h pu©KÈ,
d´ H = pu©KaÈu
´ /dk orv
Ü rd |H = xk;d azmufvu
dk jf cif;uk/d wd|wwkk =
xm;vkdufprf;ygOD;/
rD;w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaewJh tvGef avmavmylaewJh
oHacsmif;wpfcjk zifh yufvufveS Nf y;D awmh rsuv
f ;Hk ESpv
f ;Hk ukd [k;d ajrBu;D xJ
xdk;pkdufoGm;wJhtxd xkd;azmufjcif;qkdwJh vkyfief;&yfukd acwåxm;
vkdufygOD;/ bmvkyf&rvJ¿
[E´m[H £'ar0 reod ua&mrd/
[E´ = ,cktcgü/ t[H = igonf/ £'ar0 = þoabmw&m;
ukdomvQif/ reod ua&mrd = ESvkH;oGif;½IyGm;í aeaytHh/
½lyg½kw
H pfcu k vmNy;D wku
d q
f idk Nf y?D pu©KtMunf"mwfeYJ b0ifraem-
tMunf"mwfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;EkdifwJha,m*Drsm; emrfur®|mef;ykdif;
½kyu
f r®|mef;ykid ;f awGukd pepfwus ½IwwfwahJ ,m*Drsm;twGuf 'Dae&m-
414 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
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rSmawmh tcGifhaumif;yJaemf/ pu©KtMunf"mwfeJY b0ifraemtMunf-

"mwfukd yl;wGJodrf;qnf;NyD;awmh ½lyg½kHta&mifav;ukd vSrf;NyD;awmh
tm½k,H vl udk yf g/ xk½d yl g½kt
H a&mifu 'Dpu©KtMunf"mwfeYJ b0ifraem-
tMunf"mwfESpfckrSm NydKifwlvmNyD; ½kdufcwfNyDaemf/ ½kdufcwfvkdufwJh
tcsdefcgrSm bmvkyf&rvJ¿
[E´m[H £'ar0 reod ua&mrd/
t[H = igonf/ [E´ = ,cktcgü/ £'ar0 = þoabm-
w&m;ukdomvQif/ reod ua&mrd = ESvkH;oGif;½IyGm;í aeaytHh/
iguawmh 'DvkdyJ ESvkH;oGif;½IyGm;aer,f/ 'Doabmw&m;awGudk
ESvkH;oGif;½IyGm;aer,f/ b,fvkdv¿J
£wd pu©K tedpHö ½lyg tedpmö ? pu©K0n
d mPH tedp?Hö pu©Koræaóm
tedapöm? ,rÜd'H pu©Koræóypö,m OyÜZÆwd a0',dwH okcH 0g 'ku©H 0g
t'ku©rokcH 0g wrÜd tedpöH/
£wd = þuJo h nf;yJ/ pu©K = pu©Konf/
h aYdk om taMumif;aMumifv
tedpöH = tedpöw&m;omwnf;/ ½lyg = tqif;½lyg½kHwkdYonf/ tedpöm =
tedpöw&m;wkdYomwnf;/ pu©K0dnmPH = pu©K0dnmPfonf/ tedpöH =
tedpöw&m;omwnf;/ pu©Koræaóm = pu©Koræów&m;onf/
tedapöm = tedpöw&m;omwnf;/ pu©Koræóypö,m = pu©Koræó-
[laomtaMumif;aMumifh/ okcH 0g = okcrlvnf;jzpfaom/ 'ku©H 0g =
'ku©rlvnf;jzpfaom/ t'ku©rokcH 0g = t'ku©rokcrlvnf;jzpfaom/
,rÜd'H a0',dwH = tMuifcHpm;rIa0'emonfvnf;yJ/ OyÜZÆwd =
jzpfay:ívm\/ wrÜd = xkdcHpm;rIa0'emonfvnf;yJ/ tedpöH = tedpö
oabmw&m;omwnf;/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ £'ar0 = þoabm-
w&m;ukdomvQif/ t[H = igonf/ reod ua&mrd = ESvkH;oGif;½IyGm;í
aeaytHh/
½lyg½kw
H pfcuk dk vSr;f Ny;D awmh jrifvu
dk Nf yq
D &dk if a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vb
f ufu
b,fvkdESvkH;oGif;&rvJ¿
eHygwf (1) pu©KtMunf"mwfukd tedpövkdY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
eHygwf (2) ½lyg½kHawGukdvnf; tedpövkdY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
eHygwf (3) pu©K0dnmPfukdvnf; tedpövkdY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
eHygwf (4) pu©Koræóukdvnf; tedpövkdY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
eHygwf (5) pu©Koræóukd taMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh okc-
a0'em 'ku©a0'em Oayu©ma0'emac:wJh 'Da0'em-
awGudkvnf; tedpövdkY ESvkH;oGif;yg/
b,fESpfcsufv¿J (5)csuf/
tJ'rD mS pu©Kudk tedpv ö Ydk ESv;Hk oGi;f ygqk&d if pu©KtMunf"mwfonf
pu©KtMunf"mwfwpfckwnf; jzpfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
pu©K'ouuvmyfvkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh ½kyfuvmyftrIefuav;taeeJY
jzpfawmh 'Dpu©K'uuuvmyf pu©KtMunf"mwfygaewJh ½kyfuvmyf
trIeuf dk "mwfcv JG u
dk &f if ½kyof abmw&m; b,fEpS rf sK;d &So d vJ¿ (10)rsK;d /
yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç tqif;ç teHYç t&omç MoZmç ZD0dwç
pu©Kyom'qkdNyD; ½kyfoabmw&m; b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ¿ (10)rsKd;? tJ'D
(10)rsKd;aom ½kyfw&m;awGukd tm;vkH;odrf;usKH;NyD;awmh tedpövkdY ½I&rSm
jzpfw,f/ okdYaomf rsufpdrSm 'Dpu©K'ouuvmyfac:wJh pu©K-
tMunf"mwf ygaewJh ½kyu f vmyfwpfrsK;d om &So d vm;vkq Yd adk wmh r[kwf
jyefbl;/ b,fESpfrsKd;avmuf&SdvJ¿ ½kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm;u (6)rsKd;?
½kyt
f rsK;d tpm;u (54)aemf/ pu©K'ouuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyfç
bm0'ouuvmyfç pdwZå MoZ|ruuvmyfç OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfç
tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyfqNdk y;D ½kyu f vmyftrsK;d tpm; b,favmuf
vJ¿ (6)rsKd; ½kyftrsKd;tpm;u (54)? (0dok'¨d?2?259/) tJ'D (54)rsKd;aom
416 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
½kyfw&m;awGukd y&rwfokdY ÓPftjrifqkdufatmif odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh

jzpfNyD;ysufaewJh oabmudk ÓPfeJY jrifatmifMunfhNyD; tedpövkdY ½Iyg/
jzpfjcif;ysujf cif;jzifh tEdyS pf ufcaH e&wJh oabmawGukd ÓPfejYJ rifatmif-
MunfhNyD; 'ku©vkdY ½Iyg/ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tckdiftrm tESpfom&
tm;jzifh wnfaewJh twår[kwfwJh oabmw&m;awGukd ÓPfeJY jrif-
atmifMunfhNyD;awmh tewåvkdY ½Iyg/ 'gu wpfcsuf/
aemufwpfck --- (½lyg tedpmö =) ½lyg½ko
H nf ½lyg½kw
H pfcw k nf; jzpfEidk -f
wJph rG ;f tm; &So
d vm;¿ r&Sbd ;l / oluvnf; uvmyfac:wJh trIeaf v;awG
taeeJjY zpfawmh ½lyg½krH ygwJh ½kyu f vmyftrIef qkw d muawmh &Sad umif;-
ovm;¿ r&Sad umif;bl;/ 'gaMumifh ½lyg½kEH iS w hf uG rdrd ½IymG ;ok;H oyfaewJh
½kyuf vmyftrsm;pkrmS wnf&adS ewJh ½kyw f &m;awGudk jcKH iNHk y;D awmh tedpv ö Ydk
½I&r,f? 'ku©vkdY ½I&r,f? tewåvkdY ½I&r,f/
aemufwpfck --- pu©K0nd mPf? emrfyidk ;f a&mufNy/D ½kyyf idk ;f rSm 0w¬Ke-YJ
tm½kH bk&m;a[mvkdufNyD/ emrfykdif; a&mufvmawmh ---
pu©K0n
d mPH tedp?Hö pu©Koræaóm tedapöm? ,rÜ'd H pu©Koræó-
ypö,m OyÜZÆwd a0',dwH okcH 0g 'ku©H 0g t'ku©rokcH 0g wrÜd tedpöH/
pu©K0dnmPfukd tedpövkdY ½Ickdif;w,f/ pu©Koræóukd tedpövkdY
½Icidk ;f w,f/ pu©Koræóukd taMumif;cHNy;D jzpfay:vmwJo h ck okrYd [kwf
'ku© okrYd [kwf Oayu©ma0'emukv d nf; tedpv ö Ydk t½Icidk ;f w,f/ 'Dawmh
emrfyidk ;f usawmh ½IuuG b
f ,fEpS rf sK;d jzpfomG ;ovJ¿ oH;k rsK;d ? 0dnmPf&,fç
zó&,fç a0'em&,fqkdNyD;awmh b,fESpfrsKd;vJ¿ oHk;rsKd;/ 'D½IuGuf
uav;awG a[muGufuav;awGukd MunfhNyD;awmh t|uxmq&m-
awmfrsm;u emrfur®|mef; odr;f qnf;enf;eJY ywfoufNy;D awmh oH;k enf;
&Sdw,fvkdY zGifhqkdMuw,f/ ('D?|?2?314/ r?|?1?280/ tbd?|?2?252/) zóu
podr;f qnf;wJeh nf; wpfenf;? todpw d 0f n
d mPfup odr;f qnf;wJeh nf;
wpfenf;? a0'emu podr;f qnf;wJeh nf; wpfenf;qkNd y;D awmh oH;k enf;-
&Sdw,fvkdY zGifhqkdxm;w,f/ bk&m;a[ma'oemawGukd arTaESmufNyD;rS
zGiqhf x
dk m;wJh tzGio hf 0H PÖemawG jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dawmh 0dnmPfuae
pNyD;awmh odrf;qnf;wJh enf;ukdawmh pd wåmEkyóemvkdYac:w,f/
a0'emuae podr;f qnf;wJh enf;ukad wmh a0'emEkyóemvkaYd c:w,f/
zóuae pNy;D odr;f qnf;wJh enf;ukad wmh "r®mEkyóemvkYd ac:ygw,f/
ckeu rSD&m0w¬K½kyfeJY tm½kH½kyfawGukd odrf;qnf;wmusawmh um,m-
Ekyóem? aygif;vkdufawmh owdy|mef b,fESpfyg; jzpfoGm;ovJ¿
av;yg;/ 'Dawmh pu©K0dnmPfukd ½Ir,fqkd&if pu©K0dnmPfonf pu©K-
0dnmPfwpfv;Hk wnf; jzpfovm;¿ rjzpfb;l / ,SOzf uf pdwf apwodu-f
awGeYJ ,SOw f NJG y;D rS jzpfw,f/ ,SOzf ufapwoduaf wGeYJ ,SOw f NJG y;D jzpfawmh
,SOfzufapwodufawGxJrSm a0'emç onmç ocFg&ac:wJh emrfcE¨m
oHk;yg; ygraebl;vm;¿ ygaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pu©K0dnmPf½Ivnf;
pu©K0dnmPfwpfckwnf; r½IeJY? ,SOfzufapwodufawGukd ½I/ pu©K-
oræóukd ½I&ifvnf; pu©Koræó wpfckwnf; r½IeJY? ,SOfzuf pdwf
apwodufawGukd ½I/ pu©Koræóukd taMumif;cHNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh
a0'emukd ½Ir,fq&dk ifvnf; 'Da0'emwpfcw k nf;ukd r½IygeJ/Y ,SOzf ufpw d f
apwodufawGtm;vkH;udkyJ ½Iyg qkdNyD;awmh 'Dvkd t|uxmBuD;awGu
ñTefMum;xm;w,f/ tJ'D ñTefMum;csufukd Munfhvkdufawmh 'Dpu©K-
0dnmPfu pu©K0dnmPfwpfckyJ ½Iw,f/ pu©Koræóuawmh pu©K-
0dnmPfeYJ ,SOw f NJG y;D jzpfay:oGm;wJh zówpfcyk J ½Iw,f? 'Dvdk r,lqESi-hf
aemf/ wpfzef a0'emusawmh ---
,rÜd'H pu©Koræóypö,m OyÜZÆwd a0',dwH okcH 0g 'ku©H 0g
t'ku©rokcH 0g wrÜd tedpöH/
ponfjzifh 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/ tJ'Dvkd a[mMum;-
awmfrv
l u
dk w
f hJ a'oemawmfrmS pu©Koræóukd taMumif;cHNy;D jzpfay:-
418 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
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vmwJh a0'emonf okcvnf; jzpfcsijf zpfr,fç 'kuv © nf; jzpfcsijf zpfr,fç

Oayu©mvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,fvkdY 'Dvkda[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,f/
a[mMum;csufukd jyefNyD;awmh enf;enf;tuJcwfMunfhvkdufvkdY&Sd&if
pu©K0n d mPfeYJ ,SOw f NJG y;D jzpfaewJah 0'emonf bma0'emvJ¿ Oayu©m-
a0'em? 'g ykHaoyJ/ ckbk&m;&Sif t½Ickdif;aewmu okc okdYr[kwf 'ku©
okdYr[kwf Oayu©mqkdNyD; oHk;rsKd;vkH;ukd t½Ickdif;w,f/ t½Ickdif;wJh 'D
OD;wnfcsuu f dk vSr;f Munfv h udk &f if 'Da0'emonf pu©K0n d mPfeYJ wGaJ ewJh
a0'emwGio f mru pu©K0n d mPfudk taMumif;cHNy;D okrYd [kwf pu©Koræ-
óukd taMumif;cHNy;D awmh jzpfay:vmwJh pu©K0n d mPf&UJ aemufyidk ;f rSm
qufvufNyD; jzpfay:aewJh a0'emawGvkdY cefYrSef;vkdY r&bl;vm;¿
&ygw,faemf/ tJ'gaMumifh pu©KoræóZma0'emvkdY pu©Koræóypö-
,m a0'emvkdYajym&if pu©K0dnmPfeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh a0'emomru
orÜ#d päd Kef;ç oEÅD&Pç 0ka|mç aZmç w'g½kHç raem'Gg&m0ZÆef; ponfjzifh
½lyg½kHukd qufvuftm½kH,laewJh 0DxdpdwfawGeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh a0'em
tm;vkH;ukd qkdvkdw,fqkdNyD; 'Dvkd&Sif;wJh &Sif;wrf; wpfckvnf; &Sdw,f/
aemuf&Sif;wrf; wpfckuawmh pu©KoræóZm a0'em/ pu©Koræó-
ypö,m a0'emqkdwmu pu©K0dnmPfeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh a0'emomru
pu©K0dnmPf&JU aemufqG,frSm qufvufNyD; ½lyg½kHukd tm½kH,lNyD; jzpf-
ay:aewJh a0'emeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh emrfw&m;tm;vkH;ukd qkdvkdw,fqkdNyD;
'DvkdzGifhxm;wmvnf; &Sdw,f/ twlwlygyJ/
('D?|?2?314/ r?|?1?280/ tbd?|?2?252/ r?#D?1?370/ ...)
aemufwpfck --- 'Dvkdqkd&if pu©K0dnmPf&JUa&SUrSm jzpfavh&SdaewJh
yÍö'gG &m0ZÆe;f ac:wJh ½lyg½ku
H dk qifjcifaewJh pdwu
f sawmh r½Iaumif;awmh-
bl;vm;qkdawmh tJ'D½lyg½kHukd qifjcifaewJh 'DyÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;[mvnf;
taMumif;y&d,m,fwpfrsKd;tm;jzifh olUukdvnf; pu©KoræóaMumifh
jzpfw,fvkdY ajymqkdEkdifw,f/ okdYr[kwf pu©KoræóaMumifhjzpfwJh
a0'emvkyYd J ajymqkEd idk w f ,f/ b,fvadk Mumifv h ¿J rsupf u d ef;aewJh yk*Kd¾ vf

wpfa,muf&UJ oEÅmefrmS pu©K0n d mPfjzpfrvm;¿ rjzpfb;l / pu©K0n d mPf
rjzpf&if pu©Koræóaum jzpfO;D rvm;¿ rjzpfb;l / pu©Koræórjzpf&if
½lyg½kHukd qifjcifaewJh 'DyÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;pdwfaum jzpfOD;rvm;¿ rjzpf-
awmhbl;/ a[m - 'DtaMumif;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh pu©K0dnmPf&JU a&SUrSm
&SdaewJh yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;? yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;eJY ,SOfwGJaewJh a0'em[mvnf;
pu©Koræóypö,m a0'em okdYr[kwf pu©KoræóZm a0'emvkdYyJ
ac:Ekdifw,f/ 'Dawmh ajymvkd&if;uawmh pu©K'Gg&0DxdrSm&SdwJh pdwf
apwodufawGukd todpdwf0dnmPfukd OD;wnfíjzpfapç a0'emukd
OD;wnfíjzpfapç zóukd OD;wnfíjzpfap odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh ½lyg½kHukd
qufvufNy;D tm½k, H al ewJh 'Demrfw&m;awGuv dk nf; tedpçö 'kuç© tewå
vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh 0dyóem ½IygvkdY 'Dvkd qkdvkdygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tqif;ç toHç teHYç t&omç tawGUtxdç "r®oabm
ac:wJh tm½kH (6)yg;eJY wkdufqkdifvmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkd wkdufqkdifwkdif;
wku d qf idk wf idk ;f jzpfay:aewJh rS&D m0w¬K½yk af wG tm½k½H yk af wG pu©K'gG &0Dxd
emrfw&m;pk ½lyg½kHukd qufvufNyD; tm½kH,laewJh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrf
w&m;pkç aomw'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pk o'´g½ku H dk qufvuftm½k, H al ewJh
raem'Gg& emrfw&m;pkpwJh xkdxkd ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGukd odrf;-
qnf;NyD;awmh tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wef wifNyD;awmh
wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem½Iyg/ tJ'Dawmh ck'Dae&mrSm ajymaewmuawmh
txl;ojzifh &om½kHeJY ywfoufNyD; ajymaewJh tykdif;yJaemf/ &om½kH
wpfcku rdrdwkdY&JU vQm Zd0Sg'Gg&rSm vmNyD;awmh xdckdufNyDqkdMuawmh
Zd0Sg'Gg&eJY raemtMunf"mwf (= raem'Gg&)rSm vmNyD;awmh xdckduf
vku d Nf y/D xdcu dk vf u
kd wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm xkad ,m*Doal wmfaumif;bufu
bmvkyf&rvJ¿
420 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
£wd Zd0gS tedpmö ? &om tedpmö ? Zd0gS 0dnmPH tedp?Hö Zd0gS oræaóm
tedapöm? ,rÜd'H Zd0Sgoræóypö,m OyÜZÆwd/ y / wrÜd tedpöH/
Zd0gS tMunf"mwf OD;aqmifaewJh (54)rsK;d aom ½kyw f &m;awGvnf;
tedpöyJ/ &om½kHOD;aqmifaewJh &om½kHeJY twljzpfaewJh ½kyfw&m;awG-
vnf; tedpöyJ/ Zd0Sg0dnmPf Zd0Sg'Gg&0Dxd? Zd0Sg'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkç
&om½kHukd qufvuftm½kH,laewJh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pk tJ'D
emrfw&m;pkawGvnf; tedpyö v J Ydk 'kuy© v
J Ydk tewåyv J Ydk 'Dvdk vu©Pma&;
ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh 0dyóem ½Iaeyg/ tJ'v D dk 0dyóem ½IaecJ&h ifawmh
0dyóem½I Ny;D awmh tpmtm[m&wpfcu k dk pm;cJrh ,fq&dk if bmjzpfovJ¿
(edó&Pynm =) oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif;jzpfwJh
todtvdr®mÓPfynmawGukd rdrdwkdY &&Sd NyD jzpfygw,f/
tJ'eD ó
d &Pynm r&Sb d eJ YJ owå0gawGtay:ü wG,w f mrufarm-
aewJh pdwf"mwfawG wpfykHBuD;jzifh 'Dtm½kH (6)yg;awGeJY qufqHaecJh&if
bmjzpfrvJ¿ 'Dtykid ;f ukd tmr*Eöw k eå rf mS jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mawmfr-l
aew,faemf/
] 421
tmr*Eökwåef (pwkw¬ykdif;)
7/ {awok *d'¨g 0d½k'¨gwdygwdaem?

edpöK,sKwm aypö wrH 0ZEÅd a,/
ywEÅd owåm ed&,H t0Hod&m?
a,Zem = tMuifvo Yd nfum;/ {awok = xko
l m;wko d wå0g trsK;d -
rsKd;wkdYtay:ü/ *d'¨g = wG,fwmrufarmwJhpdwfxm; xif&Sm;&SdMuí
aeavuke\ f / 0d½'k g¨ = rauseyfcsujf zifh qefu Y sib
f ufjyKvyk í f aeMu-
avukef\/ twdygwdaem = jypfrSm;vGefusL;jcif;okdY usa&mufí
aeMuavukef\/ edpöH = tjrJ/ O,sKwm = tukokdvftrIukd jyKvkyf&ef-
twGuf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwí f aeMuavuke\ f / aw = xko d wå0gwko Yd nf/
aypö = wrvGeaf vmuü/ wrH = trIu d w
f u dk x f oJ /Ydk 0ZEÅd = oGm;a&muf-
Mu&avuke\ f / aw owåm = xko d wå0gwko Yd nf/ t0Ho&d m = OD;acgif;-
aZmufxkd;/ ed&,H = i&JokdY/ ywEÅd = usa&mufMu&avukef\/ {o
{aom = þuJo h Ydk owå0gwkt Yd ay:ü wG,w f mrufarmjcif; tp&Sad om
tukokdvfw&m;onfum;/ tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[mufrnfygay\/
rH o abmZeH = tom;wnf ; [l a om abmZOf o nf u m;/ e [d
tmr*aE¨m = tn§Dta[muf r[kwfygay/
422 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
1/ avmbjzifh wG,w
f mrufarmjcif;
owå0gawGtay:rSm avmbjzifh wG,fwmrufarmaewJh pdwf-
"mwfawG &Sad eNy/D tJ'v D dk avmbjzifh wG,w f mrufarmaewJh pdw"f mwf
&Sad ewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG&UJ oEÅmefrmS xktd csed t
f cgrSm tukov dk w
f &m;awGu
ude;f 0yfvmNy/D ude;f 0yfvmvk&Yd &dS if 'Dtukov dk w
f &m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfae-
wkef; 'Dowå0g jzKef;ceJ aocJh&if b,fa&mufrvJ¿ tyg,fav;bkH
a&mufr,f/ i&Jukd OD;acgif;aZmufxkd; usoGm;vdrfhr,f/
2/ a'gojzifh xdyfwkduf qefYusifbufjyKjcif;
aemufwpfck --- a'gojzifh xdyfwkdufqefYusifbuf jyKvkyfaeNyD/
wcsKdU owå0gawG owå0g tcsif;csif; ckvkdaygY - w&m;tm;xkwfaewJh
yk*¾dKvftcsif;csif; wpfOD;eJY wpfOD; rauseyfcsufawG wpfykHBuD; xrf;NyD;-
awmh a'goeJY xdyw f udk q
f efu
Y sib
f ufawG jyKvyk w
f ,f/ tJ'vD dk a'gojzifh
xdyfwkdufqefYusifbuf jyKvkyfaeawmh 'Dtukokdvfw&m;awG xif&Sm;
jzpfaewke;f jzKe;f ceJ aocJ&h ifvnf; b,fa&mufrvJ¿ i&Judk aZmufx;dk
usoGm;vdrfhr,f/
3/ arm[jzifh tjypftrsKd;rsKd;ukd vGefusL;jcif;
{awok ygaPok a*a"e *d'g¨ ç a'gaoe 0d½'k g¨ ç arma[e tm'De0H
tyóEÅm ykeyÜKeH tZÑmpm&yÜw,
då m twdygwdaem/ (okweå yd gw?|?1?306??)
wcsKdUwcsKdUowå0gawGu owå0gawG&JU tay:rSm avmbjzifh
wG,w f mrufarmrIç a'gojzifh qefu Y sib
f uf jyKvyk rf çI arm[jzifh awGa0
rdef;armrIawGu trSefw&m;ukd rodrIawGu odyftm;aumif;aew,f/
'Darm[w&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vmr,fh tjypfukd jrifEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;
okdYr[kwf &m*ç a'goç arm[ç rmefrmeç £ómç rpä&d, tp&SdwJh
tukov dk wf &m;qk;d awGaMumifh jzpfay:vmr,fh tjypfawGudk jrifEidk w f hJ
tmr*Eökwåef (pwkw¬ykdif;) ] 423
pGrf;tm; r&SdMubl;/ r&SdwJhtwGuf bmjzpfovJ¿ rvGefusL;oifh

rvGefusL;xkdufwJh tukokdvfvkyfief;&yfawGukd Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfcg
xyfcg vGefusL;NyD;awmhaeMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd Budrfzefrsm; xyfcgxyfcg
vGefusL;zkdY&ef tukokdvf trIawGukd jyKvkyfzkdY&eftwGuf tjrJrjywf
aMumifhMupkdufNyD;awmh tm;xkwfaeMuw,f/
edpKö ,sKwmwd tukovu&aP edpHö O,sKwmç u'gpd y#docFg,
tyÜ#d0d&wm/ (okwåedygw?|?1?306/)
tukokdvfvkyfief;&yfawGukd jyKvkyfzkdY&ef (edpöH O,sKwm =) tjrJ
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaew,f/ (u'gpd y#docFg, tyÜ#d0d&wm =) wpfcg-
wpf&H wkaYd &SmifMuOfoifw h ,fqNdk y;D awmh ÓPfuav;eJY qifjcifraI wmif
r&SdMuawmhb;l / tdraf xmifa&;avmurSm aewJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wG owdrxm;-
oifb h ;l vm;¿ owdxm;oifw h ,faemf/ tJ'v D ydk *k Kd¾ vaf wGu bmvkyrf vJ¿
wrvGeaf vmua&mufonfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief ufxJ xkyd *k Kd¾ vaf wG b,fomG ;-
rvJ¿ tarSmifxo J mG ;Ny;D i&Judk OD;acgif;aZmufx;dk usNy;D awmh oGm;vdr-hf
r,fvkdY 'Dvkd bk&m;a[mawmfrlaew,faemf/ tJ'Dvkd i&Jukd OD;acgif;-
aZmufxkd;usoGm;jcif;onf b,fvkd taMumif;aMumifhvJvkdY ar;&if
tn§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaevkyYd J jzpfw,f/ tJ'D tn§-D
ta[mufawGu bmawGvJ¿ owå0gawGtay:ü rufarmaewJh
pdwx f m;ç owå0gawGtay:ü rauseyfcsuaf wG wpfyBHk u;D xm;Ny;D awmh
qefu Y sibf ufjyKvyk af ewJh pdwx f m;ç owå0gawGudk n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufaewJh
tjrrJ jywf raumif;rItukov dk af wGukd vGeuf sL;zk&Yd eftwGuf jyKvyk af ewJh
pdwfxm;ç tJ'Dpdwfaepdwfxm;awGeJY &m*ç a'goç rmefrmeç £ómç
rpä&, d tp&Sw d hJ tukov dk w
f &m;awGudk wk;d yGm;atmif tjrw J rf; BuKd ;pm;
tm;xkwfaejyefNyD/ bmvkyfwmvJ¿ tn§Dta[mufawGukd bkOf;ay;
ok;H aqmifaewmyJ/ 'Dvt dk n§t D a[mufawGudk bkO;f ay; ok;H aqmifaewJh
yk*¾dKvfawG[m aocJh&if i&Jukd OD;acgif;aZmufxkd; usoGm;vdrfhr,f/
424 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
'gaMumifh 'Dtukov
dk w
f &m;qk;d awGudk igbk&m;&Siu
f tn§D ta[mufvYdk
ac:ygw,f/ tom;wnf;[laom abmZOfudkawmh igbk&m; tn§D-
ta[mufvkdY rac:bl;qkdNyD;awmh a[mxm;awmfrlw,f/ aemufxyf
*gxmav;wpfck jrwfpGmbk&m; qufa[mawmfrljyefw,f/
8/ e rpärHomeremouwåH?
e e*¾d,H e rk@d,H Z#mZv’H/
c&mZdemed em*¾d[kwåókyao0em
ao0em??
a, 0gyd avmau tr&m A[l wyg/
rEÅm[kwD ,nrkwlyao0em?
aoma"EÅd rpöH t0dwdPÖucø/
1/ tom;ig;ukd rpm;jcif;
rpärHomeH = tom;ig;wkdYudk/ temouwåH = rpm;onf\tjzpf-
onf/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGef-
ajrmufjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid af om/ rpöH = owå0guk/d e aoma"EÅd = pifMu,f-
atmif jyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuay/
bk&m;&Siaf [mNy/D ]]rpäro
H }} tom;ig;ukd rpm;jcif;qkw d hJ 'Dusi0hf wf
y#dywfwpfckonf ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf-
zk&Yd eftwGuf pGr;f aqmifjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid af om owå0gwpfO;D ukd pifMu,f-
atmif b,fvkdrS vkyfray;Ekdifbl;wJh/ pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ck 'DokwåefrSm
vmaewJh uóybk&m;&Sifvufxufu wdó&aohBuD;qkdMupkdYç ck
bke;f Bu;D wkYd a*gwjrwfpmG bk&m;&Siv f ufxufusawmh tmr*E¨&aohBu;D
OD;aqmifaewJh &aohig;&mwkdY qkdMupkdY ... olwkdYu tom;ig; pm;Mu
ovm;¿ rpm;Mubl;/ tom;ig; rpm;jcif;wnf;[laom 'Dvyk if ef;&yfu
olwrYdk mS xif&mS ;&Sad eMuwJh ,krH mS ;jcif;0dpud pd mä w&m;ESiw
hf uG udavom
w&m;qkd;awGukd pifMu,fatmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdovm;¿

r&Sdbl;/ 'gaMumifh ---
rpärmomeH = ig;tom;wkdYukd/ temouwåH = rpm;onf\
tjzpfonf/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;
vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0gwkdYukd/ e aoma"EÅd =
pifMu,fatmif jyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuukef/
tom;ig;rpm;jcif;qkdwJh 'Dusifh0wfy#dywfwpfcku ,kHrSm;jcif;
0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif; r&SdEkdifao;wJh owå0g
wpfOD;ukd pifMu,fatmif b,fvkdrS jyKvkyfray;Ekdifbl;/ bmawGukd
,kHrSm;ovJ¿ bk&m;ppf bk&m;rSef {uef [kwfyg\/ w&m;ppf w&m;rSef
{uef [kwfyg\/ oHCmppf oHCmrSef {uef [kwfyg\qkdNyD;awmh
'D&wemokH;yg;tay:ü ,kHrSm;jcif;[m vkH;vkH; uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh
wnf&adS ecJrh ,fq&dk ifawmh 'gu 0dpu d pd mä ukd ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmufomG ;Ny-D
vkYd ajymvk&Yd w,f/ tJ'v D dk ,krH mS ;jcif; vk;H vk;H uif;&Si;f wmu b,ftcsed -f
tcgusrS uif;&Sif;ovJ¿ aomwmywådr*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfqkdufwJh
tcsdeftcgusrS 0dpdudpämu vkH;vkH;uif;w,f/ aomwmywådr*fÓPf
zkdvfÓPfukd rqkdufao;bl; qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU oEÅmefrSm
0dpdudpämawG Oyg'fç XDç biftaetm;jzifh wpfcgwpf&H xif&Sm;jzpfcsif-
jzpfr,f/ rjzpfcsifaomfvnf; &Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ 'gayrJh tEko,"mwf
taetm;jzifhawmh udef;0yfwnfaerIqkdwmuawmh &SdaeOD;r,f/
aomwmywård *fÓPf zkv d Ó f Pfqu dk of mG ;&if xkd tEko,"mwf 0dpu d pd mä
udavomyg tm;vkH; &Sif;oGm;r,f/ 'Dawmh tEko,"mwftaeeJY
ikwaf ewJh 'D0pd u
d pd mä w&m;ukd ry,f&mS ;Ekid af o;wJh owå0gwpfO;D jzpfcrhJ ,f
qkd&if xkdowå0gonf tom;ig;ukd rpm;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;
w&m;u xkdowå0gwdkYukd pifMu,foGm;atmifç 0dpdudpämw&m;awG
uif;pifoGm;atmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;aemf/ tmr*E¨
426 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&aohwkdY w&m;&MuNyDvm;¿ r&ao;bl;aemf/ wdó&aohBuD;aum

w&m;xl; w&m;jrwf &ovm;¿ r&ao;bl;/ aemufykdif;awmh &Mu
vdrfhr,f/ aemufwpfck ..
2/ t0wfr0wfjcif;
e*¾d,H = t0wfrpnf; tcsnf;tESD; aexkdifjcif;qkdwJh usifh0wf-
y#dywfonfvnf;yJ/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0gwpfOD;ukd/ e
aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuukef/
wcsKdUawGu t0wfr0wfwJhtusifh usifhMuw,f/ t0wfr0wf-
jcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dtusiu
hf dk usijhf cif;qkw
d hJ 'Dusi0hf wfy#dywfuvnf; ,krH mS ;jcif;
0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifwJh owå0g
wpfOD;ukd pifMu,fatmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
3/ OD;jynf;uwkH; wkH;jcif;
aemuf -- rk@,d H = OD;jynf;uwk;H wk;H jcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;&yfonf-
vnf;yJ/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGef
ajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0gwkdYukd/ e aoma"EÅd =
pifMu,fatmifjyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuukef/
uwkH; wkH;jcif;qkdwJhvkyfief;&yfukd vkdufemjyKusifhaewJh olawG[m
'Dw&m;emy&dowfxrJ mS trsm;Bu;D ygaeygw,f/ uwk;H wk;H ½ko H ufouf-
jzifh 'Dowå0gwpfOD; pifMu,foGm;ovm;¿ rpifMu,fygbl;/ ol[m
,krH mS ;jcif;0dpu
d pd mä w&m;ukd ausmv
f mT ;vGeaf jrmufatmif rusiEhf idk af o;-
bl;qkd&if uwkH; wkH;jcif;qkdwJh 'Dusifh0wfy#dywf wpfckwnf;aMumifh
'Dowå0g[m pifMu,foGm;EkdifwJhowå0g rjzpfEkdifbl;/
4/ qHuspx
f ;Hk jcif;
aemufwpfck --- Z#mZv’H = jrLrIeftvdrf;vdrf;uyfvsuf&Sdaom
qHuspu d hJ usi0hf wfy#dywfonf/ t0dwP
f dk xk;H jcif;qkw d uÖ cø = ,krH mS ;jcif;
0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH =
owå0gwpfO;D uk/d e aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvyk í f ray;Ekid Mf uuke/f
a&S;,cifuaygY qHuspfxkH;Muw,f/ bkef;BuD;wkdY i,fpOfuvnf;
'Dvdk ukvm;Bu;D awG jrifvu
dk zf ;l ygw,f/ acgif;rSm qHyifawGu >ywfcaJ e-
wJh jrLrIefawG tvdrf;vdrf;eJY wpfcgrS zD;jcif;ç vdrf;jcif;ç aq;jcif;ç
aMumjcif; bmrS r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvkd qHuspfuav;awGukd xkH;xm;jcif;
wnf;[laom 'Dusifh0wfy#dywfwpfckuvnf; 0dpdudpämw&m;ukd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifwJh owå0gwpfOD;ukd pifMu,f
oefY&Sif;oGm;atmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
5/ &aohy&du©&mESifh opfeufa&
aemufwpfck -- c&mZdemed = &aohwYdk aqmif,t l yfwhJ &aohy&du-©
&m opfeufa&wkdYonfvnf;/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpäm
w&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0g
wpfO;D uk/d e aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvyk íf ray;Ekid Mf uavuke/f
&aohy&du&© mawG &Sw d ,f/ tJ'D &aohy&du&© mawGxrJ mS a&S;,cif-
uawmh txGwt f jrwfxm;wJh y&du&© mwpfuckawmh opfeufa&jzpfyg-
w,f/ tJ'D &aohy&du©&mawGeJYwuG 'Dopfeufa&awGukd aqmifr,f
qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'D&aohy&du©&mawGukd aqmifaejcif;qkdwJh usifh0wfy#dywfç
opfeufa&ukd aqmifjcif;qkdwJh 'Dusifh0wfy#dywfawGu ,kHrSm;jcif;
oHo, 0dpu d pd mä w&m;ukd ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif;rS rpGr;f Ekid w
f hJ owå0g
wpfO;D ukd pifMu,fatmif jyKvyk af y;Ekid w f hJ pGr;f tm; &SdMuovm;¿ r&Sb d ;l /
428 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
6/ rD;ukd jyKpkvyk af uR;jcif;

aemufwpfck --- t*¾d[kwåókyao0em = rD;ukdjyKpkvkyfauR;jcif;-
d hJ usi0hf wfy#dywfonfvnf;yJ/ t0dwP
qkw d u
Ö cø = ,krH mS ;jcif; 0dpu
d pd mä
w&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0g
wpfO;D uk/d e aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvyk íf ray;Ekid Mf uavuke/f
a&S;,cif ,Ofaus;rIwpfckaygY/ om;wpfOD; arG;vmNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if
txl;ojzifh jAm[®P0g't& 'Dom;arG;pOf tcsdeftcgrSm rdcifvkyfwJh
yk*Kd¾ vu f tat;'Pfudk umuG,Ef idk &f efqw dk hJ OD;wnfcsujf zifh rD;vIcH w
hJ hJ
tJ'D rD;wGi;f rSm tok;H jyKcw hJ hJ 'Dr;D ukd raoatmif rdbawGu tpOfrjywf
rD;xnfhay;&w,f/ om;tcsdefwef t&G,fa&mufvmwJhtcgrSm igYom;
tdraf xmifyJ jyKrvm;¿ rD;yJ jyKpv k yk af uR;rvm;vkYd 'Dar;cGe;f ukd rdbawG-
u ar;vku d w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm om;jzpfwyhJ *k Kd¾ vu f rD;ukd jyKpvk yk af uR;r,f
qkd&if tJ'DrD;ukd om;vufxJ tyfNyD;awmh awmxGufckdif;vkdufw,f/
awmxJrmS 'Dr;D raoatmif jyKpv k yk af uR;ae&w,f/ tJ'D rD;raoatmif
jyKpkvkyfauR;cJh&if aoonf\ tjcm;rJhü jA[®mhjynf a&mufw,fvkdY
olwu Ydk 'Dvdk t,l&dSMuw,f/ tJ'D t,l0g't& rD;ukd jyKpv k yk af uR;r,f
qkd&ifvnf; 'DvkdrD;ukd jyKpkvkyfauR;aewJh yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf
,krH mS ;jcif;0dpud pd mä w&m;ukd ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid af om
owå0gjzpfcrhJ ,fq&dk if rD;ukd jyKpv k yk af uR;jcif;wnf;[laom 'Dusi0hf wf-
y#dywfu ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd rvGefajrmufEkdifwJh 'Dowå0g
wpfOD;ukd pifMu,fatmif jyKvkyfay;Ekdifovm;¿ ray;Ekdifbl;wJhaemf/
aemufwpfck --
7/ rdrdukd,fukd yifyef;apwJh twåudvrxmEka,m*tusifh
a, 0gyd avmau tr&m A[l wyg/
avmau = avmuü/ a, 0gyd = tMuifyk*¾dKvfwkdYonfvnf;yJ/
tr&m = rao&medAÁmefukdawmifhwvsuf/ A[l wyg = rsm;jym;pGm-

ukeaf om ylyefapwwfaom tusiw Ydk /kd ua&mEÅd = vku
hf u d ef mjyKusií
hf
aeMuavukef\/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmf-
vTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ wH rpöH = xkduJhokdYaom owå0g
rsKd;ukd/ e aoma"E
aoma"EÅÅ d = pifMu,fatmifjyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuavukef/
avmurSm wcsKdU rao&mtNrdKufedAÁmefw&m;udkawmh &SmazGMu-
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd &SmazGwJh tcsdeftcgrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdrdukd,fukd
ylyefapwwfwJh twåudvrxmEka,m*ac:wJh usifh0wfy#dywfawGukd
awmfawmfcyfrsm;rsm; usiMhf uw,f/ rdru d ,dk u
f dk ylyefapwwfwhJ 'D twå-
udvrxmEka,m*ac:wJh 'Dusi0hf wfy#dywf trsK;d rsK;d ukd usiahf ecJrh ,f-
qkd&if 'Dusifh0wfy#dywfawGuvnf; ,kHrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpämw&m;ukd
ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid w
f hJ owå0gwpfO;D ukd pifMu,fomG ;-
atmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/
8/ rEÅmef = aA'ifwkdYukd oif,ljcif;
aemufwpfck --- rEÅm = aA'ifwkdYonfvnf;yJ/ t0dwdPÖucø =
,krH mS ;jcif;0dpu
d pd mä w&m;ukd ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid af om/
rpöH = owå0gwku Yd /dk e aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvyk í f ray;Ekid Mf u-
avukef/
a0'usr;f awGudk wcsKUd oif,Ml uw,f/ oif,v l ukd w
f t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm
'Da0'usrf;awGuvnf; 'D,kHrSm;jcif; 0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;-
vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifwJh owå0gwpfOD;ukd pifMu,fatmifjyKvkyf
ay;Ekdifovm;¿ ray;Ekdifbl;/ aemufwpfck bmvJ¿
9/ [kef;ylaZmfjcif;
tm[kwD = [kef;ylaZmfaom tusifhonfvnf;yJ/ t0dwdPÖucø
430 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
= ,krH mS ;jcif;0dpu f mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif;iSm rpGr;f Ekid af om/ rpöH

d pd mä ukd ausmv
= owå0gwpfO;D uk/d e aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvyk í f ray;Ekid Mf u-
avukef/
[ke;f ylaZmfw,faemf/ tJ'rD mS t*¾ad [mrur®H (|?1?307/) qkNd y;D awmh
'Dvkdawmh zGifhxm;ygw,f/ rD;ukd jyKpkvkyfauR;jcif;wpfrsKd;vkdYyJ ,lq-
&ygw,f/ tJ'D [kef;ylaZmfjcif;qkdwJh 'Dvkyfief;&yfrSm txl;ojzifhawmh
olwkdYu 'DrD;xJrSm axmywfwkdYvkd wefzkd;&SdwJh ypönf;0w¬KawGukd xnfh-
ay;Ekid &f if jyKpv k yk af uR;Ekid &f ifawmh ykNd y;D awmh jrwfw,fvYdk olwu Ydk 'Dvdk
,lykH&w,f/ oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm ('D?|?1?88/)rSmawmh ]]þrnfaom
xif;jzifh þokYd ylaZmfc&hJ if þrnfaom tusK;d &r,f}}qkw d hJ OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf
rD;ukd jyKpvk yk af uR;jcif;wpfrsK;d jzpfw,fvYdk zGiq hf xdk m;ygw,f/ tyg'gef-
t|uxm (tyg'ge?|?2?29/)uawmh rD;xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f Ny;D ylaZmfwhJ cJz,
G f
abmZOfpwJh t&m0w¬KtrsKd;rsKd;eJY ylaZmfjcif;ukd qkdvkdaMumif; -- zGifhqkd-
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'v D dk rD;ukd jyKpvk yk af uR;jcif;qkw d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;&yf[mvnf;
,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifwJh
owå0gwpfOD;ukd pifMu,fatmif jyKvkyfay;Ekdifovm;¿ ray;Ekdifbl;/
10/ ,ZfylaZmfjcif;
aemufwpfck --- ,nrkwyl ao0em = (,nH =) ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;qkw d hJ
vkyfief;&yfonfvnf;yJ/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0gwpfOD;ukd/ e
aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuavukef/
a&S;,cifwek ;f uaygYav ... ,Zfyal ZmfMuw,f/ ,Zfyal Zmfw,f
qkw
d mu om;aumifawG owfNy;D awmhudk ylaZmfMuw,f/ tJ'v D dk ,Zfy-l
aZmfjcif;qkw
d hJ vkyif ef;&yfuvnf; ,krH mS ;jcif;0dpu
d pd mä w&m;ukd ausmv f mT ;
vGefjrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom owå0gwpfOD;ukd pifMu,foefY&Sif;-
oGm;atmif jyKvkyfay;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/

11/ Owkudk rS0D jJ cif;
aemufwpfck --- Owlyao0em = Owkukd rSD0Jjcif;qkdwJh usifh0wf
y#dywfonfvnf;yJ/ t0dwdPÖucø = ,kHrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämw&m;ukd
ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifaom/ rpöH = owå0gukd/ e
aoma"EÅd = pifMu,fatmifjyKvkyfí ray;EkdifMuavukef/
Owkurdk 0DS jJ cif;qkw
d m b,fvv dk nf;qkad wmh aEGumvrSm tifrwef
yljyif;wJh vGiw f ;D acgifrmS oGm;Ny;D awmh aew,f/ rk;d &GmwJh tcsed tf cgus-
awmh opfyif&if;rSm oGm;Ny;D awmh aew,f/ aqmif;tcgusawmh a&xJrmS
oGm;aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd aexkdifjcif;ukd Owkukd rSD0Jw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd a&ikwfjcif; rD;vIHjcif;ponfh y#dywfawGukd usifhaejcif;qkdwJh
Owkudk rS0D jJ cif;[mvnf; 0dpu d pd mä w&m;ukd ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufjcif;iSm
rpGrf;Ekdifaom owå0gwpfOD;ukd pifMu,foefY&Sif;atmif jyKvkyfay;Ekdif-
ovm;¿ rjyKvyk af y;Ekid yf gbl;qkNd y;D awmh uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;u wdó-
&aohBuD;ukd a[mawmfrlygw,f/ aemuf*gxmwpfck qufMupkdY .../
tmr*E¨pifMu,faMumif;usifhpOf
9/ a,m awok *kawåm 0d'dwdÈ´da,m pa&?
"ar® Xdawm tZÆ0r'á0 &awm/
o*Fgwda*g oAÁ'ku©yÜ[Daem?
e vdyÜwd 'd|okawok "Da&m/
a,m "Da&m = tMuifynm&SdwJhyk*¾dKvfonf/ awok = xkd£aÈ´
(6)yg;wkdYü/ *kawåm = vkHjcHKaomwHcg;&Guf&Sdonfjzpfí/ 0d'dwdÈ´da,m =
£aÈ´wkdYukd EkdifEkdifeif;eif; y&dnmynmjzifh xkd;xGif;odjrifjcif;&Sdonf/
432 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
[kwGm = jzpfí/ pa& = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfí aeay\/

"ar® = opömav;&yfw&m;jrwfü/ Xdawm = &yfwnfvsuf&Sd\/ tZÆ0-
r'á0 = ajzmifhrwfjcif;ç pdwf"mwfEl;nHhjcif;ü/ &awm = arGUavsmf
aysmfykdufESpfNcdKufvsuf&Sd\/ o*Fgwda*g = uyfNidwG,fwmrI &m*w&m;
rSeof rQudk ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufvsu&f \ dS / oAÁ'u k y© [
Ü aD em = oHo&m-
0#fqif;&J'u k t© m;vk;H ukd z,f&mS ;Ekid o
f nfh pGr;f tm;vnf;&S\ d / aom "Da&m
= xkduJhokdYaom ynm&Sdonf/ 'd|okawok = 'd|w&m; okww&m;wkdYü
(0g) 'd|okawok = 'd|w&m; okw&m; rkww&m; 0dnmww&m;-
wkdYtay:ü/ e vdyÜwd = vdrf;usHuyfNidrIr&Sdawmhay/
1/ £È´d,oH0&oDvESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u aemufqkH; wdó&aohBuD;ukd opömav;-
yg;eJY pyfaewJh w&m;pum;awG a[may;ygw,f/ *gxmu tifrwefrS
usOf;ygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; yg&rD&ifhanmif;aewJh olawmfaumif;-
awGuawmh vG,fvG,feJY em;vnfoGm;Muw,f/ yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif; jzpfcsifNyDqkdvdkY&Sd&if £aÈ´rSm apmifhpnf;&r,f/
(£È´da,ok *kwå'Gg&wm =) rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç ukd,fç ESvkH;qkdwJh
'Gg& (6)yg;ukd vkHjcHKatmif ydwfqkdYay;&r,f/ bmawG vkHjcHK&rvJ¿ &m*ç
a'goç arm[ç rmefrmeç £ómç rpä&, d tp&Swd hJ udavomw&m;qk;d -
awG 0ifrvmatmif vkv H jHk cKH jcKH owdwnf;[laom wHcg;&Guef YJ apmif&h -
r,f/ apmifv h udk w
f hJ tcsed t f cgrSm b,fvpdk w d x
f m;&rvJ¿ rdru d orx-
e,fxrJ mS wnf&adS eao;&if orxur®|mef;tm½kq H wdk hJ vdycf t
HG wGi;f rSm
rdrd&JU bm0empdwfukd tjrJwrf; oGwfoGif;xm;&r,f/ rdrdu 0dyóem-
e,fxJ a&mufaeNyq D &dk ifvnf; 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;tm½kaH c:wJh
vdyfcGHtwGif;rSm rdrd&JU bm0empdwfukd tjrJwrf; oGwfoGif;xm;&r,f/
vdyfcGHqkdwmuawmh bk&m;&Sifu Oyrmuav; wpfckeJY [kd ukar®myr-
okweå f (oH?2?385-386/)qkNd y;D okweå u f av;wpfck a[mxm;vdYk bke;f Bu;D -
vnf; xnfhajymvkdufwmyg/
jrpfurf;yg;wpfae&mrSm wpfcsed f ajracG; wpfaumifuvnf; tpm
&SmazGxu G w f ,f? vdyw f pfaumifuvnf; tpm&SmazGxu G wf ,f? vdyu f -
vnf; ajracG;ukd cyfvSrf;vSrf;uae vSrf;NyD;awmh jrifvkdufw,f?
ajracG;uvnf; vdyu f dk jrifw,f/ jrifvu dk w f hJ tcsed t f cgusawmh vdyu f
bmvkyv f u dk o f vJ¿ vufEpS zf uf ajcESpzf uf acgif;qkw d hJ 'Dt*Fg (5)ckudk
rdr&d UJ uk, d yf idk Of pömjzpfwhJ vdycf t HG wGi;f rSm oGwo f iG ;f Ny;D xm;vku d w f ,f/
xkdtcsdeftcgrSm ajracG;u tem;rSm xkdifNyD;awmh vmapmifhw,f/
tu,fí 'Dvyd o f nf vufwpfzufzufaomfvnf;aumif;ç ajcwpfzuf-
zufaomfvnf;aumif;ç acgif;aomfvnf;aumif; t*Fgtpdwftykdif;
(5)ckxJu wpfckckom xGufvmcJh&if igukdufcJNyD; pm;vkdufr,fqkdNyD;
'DOD;wnfcsufjzifh apmifharQmfNyD;awmh aew,f/ ajracG;apmifhaew,f
qkwd m odwt hJ wGuf vdyu f vnf; rdr&d UJ uk, d yf idk Of pömjzpfwhJ vdycf t HG wGi;f -
rSm rdr&d UJ t*Fg (5)ckudk rxkwb f ;l / aemufq;Hk ajracG;u Ni;D aiGUNy;D xGucf mG
oGm;&w,f/ at; - 'DOyrmtwkdif;yJ? vdyfcGHqkdwmu ur®|mef;tm½kHyg?
orxur®|mef;ç 0dyóemur®|mef;qkNd y;D ur®|mef;ESprf sK;d &Sw d ,f/ rdrw d &Ydk UJ
ukd,fykdifOpömjzpfwJh 'DvdyfcGHeJY wlaewJh ur®|mef;tm½kHtwGif;ü vuf
ESpfzuf ajcESpfzuf acgif;qkdwJh rdrdwkdY&JU ukd,ft*Fgtpdwftykdif;awGukd
okdYr[kwf rdrdwkdY&JU pdwf"mwfukd 'Dur®|mef;tm½kHtwGif;rSm tjrJwrf;
oGwfoGif;xm;&r,f/ tJ'Dvkd oGwfoGif;xm;cJhr,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh bm
jzpfrvJ¿ ajracG;eJY wlaewJh udavom'PfcsufawGu ukdufcJjcif;
'Pfcsurf S rdrw d Ydk cHEidk &f nfprG ;f tm;awG &Sv d mvdrrhf ,f/ ajracG;uku d cf w
J hJ
'Pfukd rdrdwkdY rcH&bl;aemf/ orxur®|mef;ç 0dyóemur®|mef;qkdwJh
ur®|mef;tm½kx H rJ mS rdrw d &Ydk UJ pdwu f dk oGwo f iG ;f rxm;bl; qkv d &Ydk &dS ifawmh
ajracG;tuku d cf &H rvm;¿ rcH&bl;vm;¿ cH&vdrrhf ,f/ ajracG; tuku d cf -H
&NyD qkv d &Ydk &dS ifawmh 'Dow k eå t f & bmjzpfwmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawGudk
434 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewmyJ/ tn§t D a[mufudk bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifaewJh

yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf bmvkyaf ewmvJ¿ tyg,fav;bku H dk aZmufx;dk usr,fh
uHawGukd jyKpkysKd;axmifaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGom jzpfMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh
'Dae&mrSm uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;uaeNy;D awmh wdó&aohBu;D ukd orx-
ur®|mef;ç 0dyóemur®|mef;qkdwJh 'Dur®|mef;tm½kHtwGif;rSm rdrd&JU
bm0empdwfukd oGwfoGif;xm;zkdY&eftwGuf qkdqkH;rvkdufNyD/
2/ £aÈ´wkdYukd y&dnmokH;rsKd;wkdYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odjcif;
aemufwpfck --- 0d'dwdÈ´da,m = £aÈ´wkdYukd y&dnmynmjzifh
xkd;xGif;od&Sdonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ pa& = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;-
tm;xkwfav&m\/
£aÈq´ wdk muawmh bke;f Bu;D wkYd tbd"r®mukd tajccHtoift h oifh
oifzl;&if odygw,faemf/ £aÈ´ (22)yg; &Sdygw,f/ avmukwå&m-
w&m;rsm; jzpfMuwJh £aÈt ´ csKUd ukd Ekwyf ,fvu
dk v
f Qif use£f aÈa´ wGu
0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½kHawG jzpfMuygw,f/ £aÈ´qkdwmu
wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&&ifawmh ½kyw f &m;ç emrfw&m;ç taMumif;w&m;ç
tusK;d w&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ 'D½yk ef mrfaMumif;usK;d ocFg&w&m;awGudk
y&dnmynmjzifh xkd;xGif;odatmif usifhyg/ bk&m;&Sifu wkdufwGef;NyD/
tJ'v D dk wkud wf eG ;f wmu tn§t
D a[mufawG uif;&Si;f aewJh b0wpfcu k dk
&&Szd &Ydk eftwGuf uóybk&m;&Siu f wdó&aohBu;D ukd wku d wf eG ;f aejcif;
jzpfw,f/ £aÈa´ wGukd yxrod&adS tmif BuKd ;pm;yg/ cE¨mig;yg;ç ½kyw f &m;ç
emrfw&m;ç 'ku©opömw&m;ESifh aMumif;usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'fac:wJh
ork',opöw&m;awGukd od&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkd ½kyfemrfaMumif;usKd; ocFg&w&m;
awGudk tedpçö 'kuç© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wefwifNy;D awmh wGiw f iG Bf u;D
0dyóem½IEkdifcJh&if bmjzpfrvJ¿
3/ opömav;&yfw&m;jrwfü &yfwnfyg
"ar® Xdawm/
"ar® = opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfü/ Xdawm = &yfwnfEidk o f nfjzpfí/
opömav;yg;ukd oifcspo
f m; xk;d xGi;f Ny;D odomG ;vdrrhf ,f/ opömav;yg;ukd
odwJht&d,r*fÓPfrSm oifcspfom; &yfwnfEkdifvdrfhr,f/ 'gu aom-
wmywådr*fÓPfukd &nfñTef;xm;w,fvkdY t|uxmu zGifhxm;w,f/
4/ ajzmifhrwfwJh El;nHhaysmhaysmif;wJh pdwfxm;ü arGUavsmfjcif;
tZÆ0r'á0 = ajzmifrh wfjcif; El;nHah ysmah ysmif;jcif;qkw
d hJ pdwx
f m;ü/
&awm = arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufonfjzpfí/ aomwmyefyk*¾dKvfu
aomwmyefjzpfNy;D wJh tcsed cf grSm ou'g*grfr*fÓPf zkv d Óf Pf &&Sad &;-
twGuf qufvufNyD; BudK;yrf;NyD? ½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awGukd tedpöç
'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD;awmh wGifwGifBuD; 0dyóem
½IaeNyD/ ½IvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdolawmfaumif;u tu,fírsm;
ou'g*grd r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfqkdufcJhr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh &m*ç a'go-
awGu tvGef acgif;yg;oGm;NyD/ &m*ç a'goawG odyfacgif;yg;oGm;wJh
xkyd *k Kd¾ v&f UJ oEÅmefrmS pdw"f mwfawGu ajzmifrh wfaeNy?D El;nHah ysmah ysmif;
aeNyD? tJ'DvkdEl;nhHaysmhaysmif;rIç pdwf"mwfajzmifhrwfrIç pdwf"mwfEl;nHh
aysmhaysmif;rIqkdwJh 'Doabmw&m;ü arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufatmif
oifcspfom; BudK;pm;yg/ 'g wkdufwGef;vkdufNyD/
5/ o*Fgwdw&m;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufjcif;
aemufwpfck --- (o*Fgwdaum =) &m* a'go[laom NiduyfwG,f-
wmrI o*Fgwdw&m; tm;vk;H ukd ausmv f mT ;vGeaf jrmufEidk o
f nfjzpfí? umr
(11)bkH tay:rSm wG,fwmrufarmaewJh NiduyfaewJh &m*w&m;ukd
ausmvf mT ;vGeaf jrmufatmif oifcspof m; usiyhf g/ 'guawmh tem*grd-
r*fÓPf qkdufonftxd usifhygvkdY qkdvdkw,f/
436 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
6/ 'ku©tm;vkH;ukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufatmif usifhyg

aemufwpfck --- oAÁ'u k y© [
Ü aD em = tvk;H pkaH om oHo&m0#fqif;&J
'ku©ukd y,f&Sm;Ekdifonf/ [kwGm = jzpfí ../
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u k © tm;vk;H ukd y,f&mS ;Ekid w
f hJ tqift
h xd usiyhf g
qkad wmh 'guawmh t&[wår*fudk bk&m;&Siaf [mawmfw,faemf/ tJ'v D dk
usifhEkdifcJh&if bmjzpfrvJ¿ 'd|okawok = 'd|w&m;ç okww&m;ç rkw-
w&m;ç 0dnmww&m;awGtay:ü/ e vdyÜwd = NiduyfwG,fwmrI r&Sd-
awmhay/
tJ'Dvkd oifcspfom; t&[wår*f t&[wåzkdvfqkdufonftxd
'ku©tm;vkH;ukd y,fEkdifwJhpGrf;tif &wJhtqifhtxd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf rhJ ,fq&dk if 'd|w&m;ç okww&m;ç rkww&m;ç 0dnmw-
w&m;vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh 'Dw&m;awGtay:ü vdrf;usHuyfNidrI r&Sdawmh-
ygbl;/ vdr;f usu H yfNird I r&Sbd ;l qk&d if bmajymwmvJ¿ tn§t D a[mufawG
ukeo f mG ;Nyv
D Ydk 'Dvdk qkvd ydk gw,f/ tJ't D qifah &mufrS pifMu,fwthJ qifh
a&mufygw,f/ tJ'Dtqifhukd ra&mufao;bl; qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh owå0g
wpfO;D [m pifMu,fwhJ tqifu h dk a&mufNyv
D m;¿ ra&mufao;bl;wJah emf/
tJ'Dawmh 'd|w&m;qkdwmu bmvJ¿
'da| 'd|rwåH usifhpOf
½lyg,weH yódwAÁa|e 'd|H emr? pu©K0dnmPH ye o'¨ð
wH'Gg&du0dnmaP[d 'óea|e/ (O'ge?|?82/)
'Dvkd t|uxmu zGiqhf w
dk t
hJ wkid ;f 'd|w&m;qkw
d m jriftyfww
hJ &m;
jrifwwfwJhw&m;yJ jzpfw,f/ jriftyfwJhw&m;u ½lyg½kHç jrifwwfwJh
w&m;u pu©K'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkeJY ½lyg½kHukd qufvuftm½kH,laewJh
raem'Gg&0Dxdemrfw&m;pkyJ/ okww&m;qkdwmu Mum;tyfwJhw&m;
Mum;wwfwJhw&m;yJ/ Mum;tyfwJhw&m;qkdwmu toH o'´g½kHç Mum;-

wwfwwhJ &m;qdw
k mu aomw'Gg&0Dxed mrfw&m;pkEiS hf o'´g½ku
H dk quf-
vuftm½kH,laewJh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkawGyJ/
aemufwpfck -- rkww&m;? rkww&m;awGqkdwmu bmawGvJvkdY
ar;awmh xdtyfwJhw&m; xdwwfwJhw&m;yJ? bmawGvJvkdYar;awmh
xdtyfwJhw&m;awGu *E¨m½kHç &om½kHç azm|AÁm½kH? xdwwfwJhw&m;awG
qkw
d mu Cme'Gg&0Dxed YJ *E¨m½ku
H dk qufvuftm½k,
H al ewJh raem'Gg&0Dxd
emrfw&m;pk? Zd0Sg'Gg&0Dxd pdwf apwodufemrfw&m;pkawGeJY &om½kHukd
qufvufNyD; tm½kH,laewJh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pk? azm|AÁm½kHukd
tm½kH,laewJh um,'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkeJY azm|AÁm½kHukd qufvuf
tm½kH,laewJh raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkawGyJ/ tJ'D½kyfawGemrfawGukd
rkww&m;awGvkdY ac:ygw,f/
aemufwpfck --- 0dnmww&m;? odtyfwJhw&m; odwwfwJhw&m;
odtyfwJhw&m;qkdwmu 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½kHjzpfwJh "r®m½kH
trnf&aewJh ½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awGy/J odwwfww hJ &m;qkw d mu-
awmh "r®m½kt H rnf&aewJh ocFg&w&m;awGudk tm½k, H Nl y;D jzpfay:vmwJh
raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkawGyJ/ aygif;vkdufr,fqkd&ifawmh ½kyfw&m;ç
emrfw&m;ukeo f mG ;Ny/D tm½kH (6)yg;ESihf ,if;tm½kH (6)yg;wku Yd dk xku
d of vkd
tm½kH,laeMuwJh emrfw&m;awGyJ/ tJ'Dtm½kH (6)yg; ½kyfw&m;ç
emrfw&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;Ny;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm taMumif;w&m;ESiw hf uG
'D½yk ef mrf"r® ocFg&w&m;awGudk tedpçö 'kuç© tewå vu©Pma&;ok;H wef
wifNy;D awmh wGiw f iG Bf u;D 0dyóem½Ivu dk wf t
hJ cg 0dyóemÓPfawGu
&ifhusufvkdY t&[wår*f t&[wåzkdvfxd qkdufcJhr,fqkd&ifawmh
oifcspfom;&JU oEÅmefrSm 'd|w&m;ç okww&m;ç rkww&m;ç 0dnmw-
w&m;vkdY ac:qkdtyfwJh 'Dtm½kH (6)yg;tay:ü NiduyfwG,fwmrI vkH;vkH;
r&SdbJeJY udavomtmoa0g uif;pifoGm;vdrfhr,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm
438 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
oifcspo f m;onf tn§t D a[mufe,fy,fu vGwu f if;oGm;vdrrhf ,fvYdk

'Dvkd uóybk&m;&Sifu wdó&aohBuD;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlvkduf-
ygw,f/ (9)*gxm &SdoGm;NyDaemf/ ckrS (9)*gxmjynfhw,f/ tJ'Dvkd
a[mNy;D wJh tcsed tf cgusawmhrS 'Dwó d &aohBu;D tm; uóyjrwfpmG -
bk&m;a[maewJh 'D (9)*gxmukdyJ wpfzef aqmifNyD;awmh a*gwr
jrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; tmr*EÿkPÖm; trSL;&SdaewJh &aoh (500)wkdYukd
wpfzef jyefNyD;awmh a[mawmfrlaeygw,f/ a[mawmfrlvkdufwJh
w&m;uawmh NyD;oGm;NyD/ okdYaomf uóybk&m;&Sif&JU wynfhom0u
jzpfawmfrlMuwJh o*Fg,emrax&fjrwfawGu *gxmuav;ESpfck
qufNyD;awmh o*Fg,em wifxm;awmfrlcJhMuw,f/ uóybk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;awmfrw l hJ (9)*gxmESiw
hf uG ,if; (2)*gxmwkuYd ydk g pkaygif;Ny;D -
awmh bkef;BuD;wkdY&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;u tmr*E¨&aohBuD;ESifhwuG
&aoh (500)wkdYtm; xyfrHNyD; a[mMum;ay;awmfrljyefygw,f/
o*Fg,emrax&f jrwfwkdY\ *gxmrsm;

10/ £apöwrw¬H b*0g ykeyÜKeH?
tu©mod e a0',d rEÅyg&*l/
pdMwm[d *gxm[d rkeD yumo,d?
ed&mr*aE¨m todawm 'k&Eéa,m/
£wd = þokdYvQif/ {wrw¬H = þteufoabmw&m;ukd/ b*0g
= uóy jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/ ykeyÜKeH = tzefzef txyfxyf/ tu©mod
= a[mMum;awmfrcl ahJ vNy/D rEÅyg&*l = a0'usr;f wküYd wpfzufurf;a&muf
wwfajrmufawmfral om wdó&aohBu;D onf/ eH = xkt d eufoabmuk/d
a0',d = od&SdcJhavNyD/ ed&mr*aE¨m = udavomtn§Dta[muf
uif;&Sif;awmfrlaom/ todawm = wPSm'd|dwkdYjzifh rSDwG,frIr&Sdaom/
'k&Eéa,m = olwpfyg;wkdY\ t,l0g'tm;jzifh qGJaqmifjcif;iSm rpGrf;-
Ekdifaom/ rked = uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ pdMwm[d *gxm[d = qef;-

Mu,faom *gxmwkdYjzifh/ yumo,d = xif&Sm; jyawmfrlcJhavNyD/
jrwfpmG bk&m;u tmr*E¨tn§tD a[muftaMumif;eJY ywfoufNy;D -
awmh b,fw&m;awGudk tn§t D a[mufvYdk ac:w,fqw
dk mukd tBurd -f
Budrf txyfxyf a0'usrf;wwfjzpfaewJh wdó&aohBuD;ukd a[m-
Mum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ a[mawmfrlvkdufwJh uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;
Munfhvkdufawmh uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;&Siof nf b,fvb dk &k m;vnf;vkYd
ar;awmh (ed&mr*E¨ =) udavomtn§Dta[muf uif;&Sif;awmfrlwJh
bk&m;&Sif jzpfawmfrlygw,f/
(todwH =) rnfonfh tm½kHtay:ürQ wPSm'd|dwkdYjzifh ig igY[m
qkdNyD;awmh rSDwG,frI vkH;vkH; r&SdwJh bk&m;&Sifvnf; jzpfawmfrlw,f/
('k&Eé, =) qefYusifbuf0g'orm;awGu aeNyD;awmh uóyjrwfpGm-
bk&m;ukd vmNyD;awmh tajctwif aqG;aEG;Mur,fqkd&if xkdaqG;aEG;-
aewJh yk*¾dKvfawGaemuf tvkdtBudKufokdY b,fvkdrS vkdufygEkdifwJh
pdwf"mwfr&SdwJh tqifhokdY a&mufaewJh bk&m;&Sif jzpfawmfrlw,f/
xkbd &k m;&Siu
f qef;Mu,faom *gxmwkjYd zifh wdó&aohBu;D ukd ed&mr*E¨
ac:wJh tn§Dta[muf uif;&Sif;ykHtaMumif;awGukd a[mMum;jyo
qkdqkH;ray;awmfrlygw,f/ aemufwpfck ---
11/ okwGme Ak'¨ó okbmodwH y'H?
ed&mr*E¨H oAÁ'ku©yÜEl'eH/
eDpraem 0E´d wxm*wó?
waw¬0 yAÁZÆra&mp,dw¬/
aom = xkw d &aohBu;D onf/ Ak'ó
d ó ¨ = uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;\/
okbmodwH = aumif;pGma[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrltyfaom/
ed&mr*E¨H = udavomtn§Dta[muf uif;&Sif;vsuf&Sdaom/ oAÁ'ku©-
440 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
yÜEl'eH = oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©tm;vkH;ukd y,f&Sm;jcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdifaom/

y'H = w&m;awmfjrwfu/dk okwmG e = Mum;em&onfjzpfí/ wxm*wó
= wxm*w trnf&awmfrlaom uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;tm;/ eDpraem
= ESdrfcsaom pdwfxm;&Sdonfjzpfí/ 0E´d = &Sdckd;cJhavNyD/ waw¬0 = xkd
ae&müyifvQi/f yAÁZHÆ = &Si&f [ef;tjzpfu/dk ta&mp,dw¬ = avQmufxm;
awmif;yefcJhavNyD/
wdó&aohBuD;ukd uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;uaeNyD;awmh ]ed&mr*E¨}
tn§Dta[mufuif;&Sif;ykHeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh a[mMum;awmfrlvkduf-
w,f/ a[mMum;awmfrlvkdufwJh 'Dw&m;awGukd emMum;vkduf&wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dw&m;awGu ]oAÁ'ku©yÜEl'e} oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©
tm;vk;H rS Ekwyf ,fEidk w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sw
d hJ w&m;awGyvJ Ydk 'Dvdk olu ,kMH unf-
oGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd ,kHMunfcsuf&SdaewJhtwGufaMumifh uóyjrwfpGm-
bk&m; a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk rvku
d wf hJ 'Dw&m;a'oemawmfudk emMum;-
Ny;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm bmvkyo f vJ¿ xkad e&mrSmyJ uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;-
xHrmS &Si&f [ef;tjzpfudk awmif;yefw,f/ awmif;yefvu dk wf hJ tcsed t
f cg-
usawmh bmjzpfv¿J
wH b*0g ]{[d bdu©L}wd tm[/
wH = xkw d &aohBu;D uk/d b*0g = uóyjrwfpmG bk&m;u/ bduK©
d ó
= cspfom;&[ef;/ {[d = vmayawmh/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ tm[ =
ac:awmfrlvkdufavNyD/
{[d bdu©K = cspfom;&[ef; vmayawmh/ igbk&m;onf oHo&m-
0#fqif;&J'u
k r© S xGuaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfwhJ oDvusiphf Ofç orm"dusiphf Ofç
ynmusiphf Ofqw dk hJ usiphf Ofo;Hk &yfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut f yfwhJ omoemh-
jA[®p&d, r*¾jA[®p&d,ac:wJh jrwfaomtusiu hf dk pepfwus a[mMum;
xm;w,f/ oifcspo f m; usiahf yawmh qkNd y;D awmh vSr;f Ny;D awmh ac:awmf
rlvkdufygw,f/ ac:vkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdcPrSmyJ y&du©&m &Spfyg;

wefqmqifxm;NyD;jzpfaewJh 0g (60)&NyD; rax&fBuD;uJhokdY wifhw,f
pHy,fpGmjzifh aumif;uifc&D;jzifh uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;xH vmNyD;awmh
½kdaopGm &Sdckd;w,f/ ½kdaopGm &Sdckd;NyD;awmh bmvkyfovJ¿
uwdyga[ae0 om0uyg&rdÓPH y#d0dZÑdwGm wdaóm emr
t*¾om0aum ta[mod/ (okwåedygw?|?1?308/)
ESpf&ufokH;&ufavmuf w&m;bm0emawGukd usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv f u
dk w
f m ESp&f ufo;Hk &uftwGi;f rSmyJ om0uyg&rDÓPf
t&mrSm txGwftxdyfjzpfwJh t*¾om0uwpfOD;jzpfoGm;NyD/ &[EÅm
rax&fjrwfBuD; jzpfoGm;w,faemf/bkef;BuD;wkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;tvSnfh
a&mufvmNyD/
trSmuH ye b*0g ,m p wdaóe jAm[®aPe tm'dawm
wdaóm *gxm 0kwåm? ,m p uóaye b*0wm raZÑ e0? ,m p
w'g o*Ðwduma&[d taEÅ a'G? wm oAÁmyd pk'ó *gxm tmaewGm
y&dyP
k HÖ uwGm £rH tmr*Eöwk Hå tmp&d,yÜrck geH yÍöEHé wmyoowmeH
tmr*E¨H Asmumod/ (okwåedygw?|?1?309/)
bkef;BuD;wkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;usawmh wdóykPÖm;BuD; t*¾om0u
rjzpfcif wdóykPmÖ ;b0 wdó&aohb0uaeNy;D awmh uóyjrwfpmG -
bk&m;ukd tmr*E¨tn§Dta[muftaMumif;eJY ywfoufNyD; ar;jref;wJh
*gxm okH;*gxm? uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;u jyefNyD; tajzay;vkdufwJh
tv,facgifrSm vm&SdwJh (9)*gxm? uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;&JU omoem-
awmfaemufykdif;rSm o*Fg,emrax&fawGu xnfhoGif;xm;wJh*gxm
ESpf*gxm? aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpf*gxmvJ¿ (14)*gxm/ tJ'D (14)-
*gxmawGukd tjynfhtpkHjyKvkyfNyD;awmh tmr*E¨&aohtrSL;&SdaewJh
442 ] tn§t
D a[mufqd
qo
k eå )f
&aohig;&mwkdYukd tmr*EökwåefqkdwJhtrnfjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u

a[may;awmfrlvkdufNyD? a[mawmfrlvkdufwJhtcg bmjzpfovJ¿
wH okwmG aom jAm[®aPm wax0 eDpraem [kwmG b*0awm
yga' 0E´dwGm yAÁZÆH ,mpd o'¨d H y&dom,/ (|?1?309/)
tmr*EÿkPÖm;BuD;vnf; bk&m;&Sifa[mawmfrlvkdufwJh tmr*E¨-
okwåef w&m;a'oemawmfukd Mum;em&wJhtwGuf wdó&aohBuD;ykHpH-
wlyJ ESrd cf swphJ w
d x
f m;&Sd Ny;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU ajcawmftpkH Mumy'kuH dk
&Scd ;dk OD;wdu
k w
f ,f/ rdrd y&dowfEiS hf twlwuG jrwfpmG bk&m;xHü &Si&f [ef;
jyKciG hf awmif;yefavQmufxm;w,f/ tJ't D csed t
f cgrSm - bk&m;&Siv
f nf;
{x bdu©a0g ponfjzifh ]{[d bdu©K} ac:awmfrlvkdufygw,f/
aw wax0 {[dbdu©Kbm0H ywGm tmumaoem*EÉm b*0EÅH
0E´dwGm uwdyga[ae0 oaAÁ0 t*¾zav t&[awå ywd|[d ol
H wd/
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အာမဂႏၶသုတၱန္ - အညႇီအေဟာက္ ဆိုသည္မွာ

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အာမဂႏၶသုတၱန္ - အညႇီအေဟာက္ ဆိုသည္မွာ

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