Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EHV Sub - Station
EHV Sub - Station
!A typical layout of a 230 / 110KV Grid station and that a 110/11KV Radial
station are shown in Fig. 1 & 2 below.
!A civil layout for the lands acquired for the installation of the substation
will also be prepared, wherein the Electrical layout will be incorporated in
the specified location, showing, Road, control room, Quarters and other
civil amenities.
BUS BARS
The Purpose of bus bar is to receive the Power and feed to the concerned equipments.
Types : Strung Bus & Rigid Bus
Strung Bus : The Conductor (ACSR) Strung between the two ends of Sub Station
through Disc. insulators and Gripper sets.
Rigid Bus : Aluminium tubes erected and Pedestal insulators over pedestal support
structure.
Points:
"!The Main Bus will be of strung bus and the feeding arrangement to equipments
will be Rigid bus.
"!The insulators should be cleaned and checked for any breakage, cracks and to
be replaced.
"!Since the bus bars are heavy current carrying parts, tightness of the clamps to
be checked to avoid glow.
"!The Pedestal Insulators may be Polycone insulator (or) 33 KV rated Foot type
insulators conceded.
INTERNAL ACCESSORIES:
The transformer mainly comprises of Magnetic core and windings wounded for
the 3 phase. Each phase will have a Primary and Secondary winding, wound according
to the voltage for which it is put into use. The core and winding Units are placed in a
Main tank and filled with Transformer oil.
• The transformer oil is for insulation and cooling purpose.
• The leads from the winding are brought out through the bushings for
external system connections.
• The three phase windings on Primary will be connected in DELTA & the
Secondary in Star as shown below:
Details of Transformer
11. -do - for Trs. of 1000 KVA and below Half yearly before and after wet season
.
12. Checking up gap settings on bushings Half yearly.
of transformer
EARTHING SYSTEM:
The Solidly grounded system ensures speedy & accurate sensitive of fault and
isolate the faulty section.
"!Neutral of Transformer secondary is grounded
"!All other metallic parts associated with Electrical equipments should
be grounded.
"!Surge divertor should be grounded.
"!Double Earthings should be ensured for each grounding
"!All the groundings should be interconnected.
The Earthing system comprises of
1) Earth conductor,
2) Earth connection,
3) Earth Pipe,
4) Earth pit and
5) Earth interconnection.
This scheme of grounding is shown below:
a) Isolator with Arcing horns: Used before transformer to break magnetizing current.
b) Isolator without Arcing horns: Used in other places of Sub-station
POINTS:
!Tandem Operation for simultaneous operation for the three phases should be
ensured.
!The contact pressure should be adequate to withstand load current. This is
ensured by spring & tempered contact leaves. Contact pressure will be > 0.25
Kg. per ampere of normal current rating.
!The Operation should be free by proper lubrication and by treating the fixed and
moving contacts with Petroleum Jelly.
!The close/open should be done from Ground level. The operating Rod should be
earthed safely.
!The isolator may be hand operated (or) it can be motor operated using A.C.
Motor with reduction gear & cam arrangement with limit switches, to stop the
motor at the end of closing/opening without overshoot.
!The Motor operated mechanism will also have the de-linking arrangement to de-
link motor & gear mechanism and perform the hand operation in case A C Supply
fails.
b) BREAKERS:
The main purpose is:
"!To break the load current or fault current
"!It should be capable of quenching the arc quickly & effectively arising
due to interruption of heavy current.
"!The rating of the breaker should be well above the FAULT LEVEL of
the substation, so that the breaker is capable of breaking the
a) OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER ( OCB) : Oil is used for quenching as well as for
insulation since metal tank is used.
b) MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER ( MOCB) : Oil of small quantity is used for
arc quenching only.
Ratings
Type :12PVE 20
Rated System Voltage :11Kv
Highest system Voltage :12KV
Rated Frequency :50HZ
No. of Poles :3
No. of Breaks per pole :1
Rated Normal Current :400/800/1250A
Rated Symmetrical breaking :20KA
Peak Making Capacity :50KA p
Rated Short Time Current for
3 Sec :20KA
DC Component :50%
Rated Power Frequency
withstand voltage for 1 min :28/35KV
Rated Impulse Withstand
voltage at 1.2/50micro sec .:75KVp
Motor Voltage :110/220v AC/DC
Coil Voltage :24/30/110/220v DC
Power required by Trip and
Close coils :400w
Opening Time :60ms
Total Break Time :80ms
Make time :100ms
Mechanism :Motor charged,
Spring tripping
Rated Operating Sequence :0-0.3”- CO – 3’-CO
Applicable Standards :IS 2516-1920&
IEC 56-1987
"!First pole to Clear Factor: RMS voltage b/w healthy phase &faulty phase
--------------------------------------------------------------- =1.2 to 1.5
Phase to neutral voltage with fault removed
"!Duty cycle: The duty cycle denotes the sequence of opening and closing operations
which the circuit breaker can perform under specified conditions
OPERATING MECHANISM:
The Breaker has two operation :CLOSE / OPEN
The OPEN operation is also called : “TRIP”
These 2 operation are speedily performed by using operating mechanisms of the
following kind:
a) Spring actuated : Use of spring & leavers this can be operated by hand (or) AC Motor
b) Hydraulic actuated : Using hydraulic fluid like “AERO- shell oil”
c) Pneumatic Actuated : using air comprised system
2)Moving contact: When it is degraded by large current interruption remove it and polish with
sand paper. Apply three coat of HIT ALUBE 280 Grease to the contact.
4)Insulation nozzle and insulation cover: The nozzle and cover can be removed together with
the moving contact. Use wiper to clean up the interior and exterior. Measure the inner diameter
of the nozzle. and cover. When the dimensions are enlarged by 1 mm or more, replace it with a
new one. “
5)Absorbent: Remove the conductor and take out the absorbent case. Replace the absorbent
with a new one. Exchange it quickly just before vacuum drying. Don’t expose it to the open air.
6Operating cylinder : Remove the cylinder cover. Inspect gaskets. Apply grease to he operating
piston guide, main valve guide, main valve rod, pilot valve and operating piston.
7)Operating cylinder: Remove the oil plug and oil. Then supply new oil to the position of oil
plug. When drained oil is found contaminate, disassemble and check the oil dash pot.
8) Operating mechanism: Check Pins, Links, Levers, operating rod and split pins check nuts
and lock plates for possible looseness. Apply Hit lube 280 grease to pins.
9) Closing Link Mechanism: Clean up and apply thin coat of HIT ALUBE 280 grease to the
hook, pins and roller. Check the state of hook arrangement under both closed and open position.
10) Electro-magnetic valve: When the lever is pressed with fingers, the hook is disengaged.
Clean up and apply a turbine oil to the hook. Check nuts and bolts for looseness. Check the split
pins.
11) Airing valve: Contact a hose to the discharge part and use a measuring cylinder to measure
the discharge amount under water. The measured valve should be 300 to 700 Cg/min at the air
celled to 15 Kgs. cm.
12) Auxiliary switch: Check the contacts; check terminal for tightening. Apply a thin coat of
grease to the pin.
15)Trip-free contractor: If contacts are considerably uneven, repair them using a smooth
out file or sand paper.
Q.1. External Cleaning of Insulator Prior to monsoon and as & when Shutdown is
available or deposits are too thick. Dust / Dirt to
be removed.
Q.2. Switch cubicle cleaning Open the switch cubicle & Remove webs/ dust.
Q.3 Check wiring connection in Check wiring connection Tightly secured. Check
switch cubicle healthiness of relay, Contactors, Etc.
Q.4. Compressor Check & Compare the Running Time.
Q.5. Compressed Air Plant Maintenance to be carried out as per instruction
manual check for any leakage, check oil leakage,
check for alarm, non Return valve to be opened &
Cleaned, Verify motor thermal overload is
working or not.
Q.6. Pressure switch in switch Check by reducing the pressure up to requisite
cubicle value. The Switch should enter into blocking zone
at specified pressure.
Q.7. Verification of SF6 Alarm Healthiness of alarm can be verified by shorting
electrical circuit, not by draining SF6 Gas.
Points:
!Thyrite discs are non-linear resistance &
will conduct on high voltage and high
frequency, but will act as an insulator for
power frequency voltages.
!Leakage current monitor & surge counter will be installed on the base of
surge ground.
!As a backup protection, in case surge divertor fails, ROD Gaps are
installed on bushing of Transformer on 110KV side with a gap setting of
635 mm (25”),
PROTECTION & METERING EQUIPMENTS:
In a
c) RELAYS:
3 O/L and 1 O/L Relay Scheme for Transformers and Breakers
and Differential Relay for Transformer only
"!C.T. Ratio selection - % Current setting in relay & time lever setting in relay
"!E/L Ralay – 40%
E) D.C. SYSTEM :
1. The D.C. system provides reliable DC Source to operate the protection system in
Case of FAULT.
2. 30Volt (15 cells) of 64 AH will be used.
Points:
"!2 Sets of 30V battery will be used, one set for control of feeders and the other
set for protection of feeders.
"! At Normal condition charger will supply small DC loads & feed charging current
to Battery Heavy trip coil currents supplies by battery.
"!The battery should be kept on wooden stand over insulated pedestal.
Maintenance
1. The cell voltage should be around 2 VOLTS & Specific gravity of Electrolyte
1200/270c
2. Battery should be on trickle charge continually. If drained due to continuous
tripping it should be put on quick charge & brought to the level.
3. To be tested daily for leakage is detected & for catering of load.
PROTECTIVE SCHEME:
a) FEEDER PROTECTION :
The Protective scheme consists of
"!Sensing by C-Ts and feeding to relays
"!Activation of relay and closing relay contacts
"!Feeding D.C. Source to the Trip coil of Breaker
"!Breaker tripping & isolating the faulty sections
each breaker should be associated with this protective scheme, to control the section
to which it is meant for.
SCHEME DESCRIPTION:
Breaker is in closed condition feeding a 11KV feeder. If any fault occurs on the
feeder, the breaker should trip. Cutting off supply to the feeder.
The sequence is as follows:
• Fault occurs on the feeder & heavy current flows thro the circuit
• The C-T Senses the fault current & high secondary current flows through the
Relay coil.
• The relay contact closes & D.C circuit is closed.
• With breaker kept on Auxiliary Contacts 4-4’& 3-3’ are N/c & hence D-C + Ve &
- Ve juice is supplied to the trip coil
• Trip coil energized & the plunger is moved up & trigger the trip latch.
1. 230 KV - 4270 MM
2. 110 KV - 3350 MM
3. 66 KV - 3050 MM
4. 33 KV & 22 KV - 2740 MM
5. 11 KV - 2590 MM
1. 33 KV 360 220
2. 22 KV 240 140
3. 11 KV 180 115
CONCLUSION
The sub station forms part & parcel of the power of the power system net
work. The essential equipments installed in a sub station, with the operation and control
features are explained in detail which will provide practical utility information
Spring will not charge Motor has wrong or no Measure voltage on the
Operating voltage motor motor leads
running continuously.
Closing of breakers Closing coil does pull Measure the voltage adjust
does not take place coil adjustment screw
although there is spring Checking closing springs.
charged indication.
Breaker does not Trip Trip coil does not function Measure the voltage Ad
just coil grip adjustment.
Breaker will not close Micro switch arm wrongly Find fault and adjust.
Completely adjusted under voltage
relay released.
Pneumatic Operating Mechanism of Circuit Breaker:- Pneumatic operating mechanism consists of pis-
ton, air cylinder, control valve, tripping and closing, coil, latch, trigger etc.
Opening:- When the trip coil is energized the space of pilot valve is filled with compressed air and the
charging valve moves to right. The space in the operating cyclinder is filled with compressed air and the
operating piston is driven to the left. The operating rod connected to the operating piston is pulled in the
opening direction to drive the puffer cylinder in SF6 breaker at the high speed, through the insulated operating
rod in the supporting insulator.
Simultaneous with the opening operation the cam rotates and causes the electromagnet valve to return
to its original position. As a result compressed air in the space of the pilot valve is exhausted into atmosphere
and the charging valve is reset to the original position. As the open state is retained by the link mechanism
attached to the end of the operating piston.
Pnemo Hydraulic Operating Mechanism:- The main feature of this type is the closure and holding of the
breaker provided by oil pressure. The tripping of the circuit breaker is provided by short travel compression
springs provided in jack casing whose permanent energy is available at all times.
The energy required to close the breaker is stored in two accumulators, one main and one back up.
Each accumulator consists of a cylinder, a piston and pressurized Nitrogen. The energy for actuating the
closing mechanism of the beaker is transmitted hydraulically to the rotating jack through the oil medium from
the Nitrogen gas stored in the accumulators by partial expansion of the gas.
The aeroshell oil is maintained at high pressure in the accumulators (300 to 350 KSCM). The pressure
built by motor driven hydraulic pump in the accumulators. The Jack piston can be moved with high pressure by
opening of hydraulic valves and letting in the hydraulic oil form the accumulator into the cylinder. This move-
ment is utilized to operate the links so as to close the Circuit breaker contacts.
During opening the high pressure oil acts on upper area of piston and opening stroke is obtained.
C. Inspection Program :
To assure the satisfactory operation of the circuit - breaker it is advisable to inspect it periodically
according to the following program :-
INSPECTION SCHEDULE
Routine Inspection
Minor Inspection
Major Inspection
3. POLE COLUMNS
5. Fill in the SF 6
Six months after commissioning and there General inspection; check tightening of
after once a year bolts. Clean insulating parts with non-
fluffy cloth. Check the mechanism stroke
settings. More frequent inspection may
be necessary if the breakers are installed
on a dust laden atmosphers.
Note:
It may be necesary in certain cases to equip the VCBs with surge absorbers to take care of current
chopping effects.
Sl.No Check point Check Item Check Method Criteria What to do Remarks
3. Vacuum Contact wear Visual check for Wipe length should If it is less than
Interrupter Measurement be 3+ 0.5mm with 1.0mm, replace
the breaker closed. the vacuum inter
rupter.
Vacuum Replace the vacuum
Pressure interrupter when
Vacuum pressure is
not sufficient.
I.Introduction:
Lead acid storage battery is an electro chemical source of current (voltaic cell) that
possesses the capacity of- accumulating and storing energy and supplying it as electrical energy.
A battery consists of a set of cells, each set is capable of giving electricity at 2 V per cell. Each
cell is having electrodes in the form of plates with terminals brought outside as positive and
negative. They are immersed in an electrolyte consisting sulphuric acid diluted with distilled
water.
2.Principle of operation :
Electrolyte consists of water molecule and sulphuric acid molecule. The atoms of water
molecule combine with the ions of a molecule of sulphuric acid. This leads to polar molecules of
water callusing separation of molecules of sulphuric acid into positive hydrogen ions negative
acid radical ions.
H2 SO4 ------- 2H + SO4
As a result of this electrolytic dissociation, ions are formed in an electrolyte. Since the
sum of charge carried by negative acid radical ions is equal to the sum of charge carried by
positive hydrogen ions, the solution remains electrically neutral.
Prior to discharge of any lead acid cell its condition is such that the active material of the
negative plate will consist of spongy lead and that of positive will consist of lead peroxide.
As a result of interaction of electrolyte with the atoms of lead of negative plate, some of
the lead atoms become ionized and two charge positive ions of lead pass over into the electrolytic
solution. This leaves the surface of the negative plate charged, with two electrons by each atom
of lead that passes into solution. Therefore, negative plate becomes charged negatively in
relation to electrolyte, similarly, the positive plate is charged with four charge positive ions of lead.
When the plates are connected by means of some conductor, the cell begins to
discharge. The electrons on the negative plate passing into conductor and forcing free electrons
in the conductor matter into the positive plate. the positive ii) ns of the positive plate attract the
free negative ions of the conductor. There is a flow of electrons from negative plate to positive
plate and thus there is a flow of current from positive plate to negative plate.
Each atom of lead of negative plate gives up two electrons. these two electrons pass into
positive plate where they combine with the four charge ion of lead (Pb++) to become two charge
ion of lead (Pb++). These two charge ion of lead enters into electrolyte reacts with two charge
negative ion of acid radical (SO 4--) and from a molecule of lead sulphate. This lead sulphate is
deposited in the form of small crystal on the positive plate. At the same time water is formed near
the positive plate. the process is expressed a below:
At the negative plate, as soon as the electrons move away from the negative plate a two
charge, positive ion of lead which is near the negative plate combines with the two charge
negative ion or an acid radical to form a molecule of lead sulphate. This is deposited in the
negative plate.
Pb++ + SO4-- - 2e- → PbSO4
Thus carry two molecules of sulphuric acid, one molecule of lead peroxide and one atom
of lead will produce on discharge, one molecule of lead sulphate on each plate and two
molecules of water at the positive plate. the substance formed have a smaller reserve energy and
hence formation of substances with lower energy level releases energy. Thus chemical energy is
converted into electrical energy.
During charging positive terminal of the source of electrical energy connected to positive
plate of the cell and negative terminal with the negative plate. when negative source of electrical
supply sends a current through the cell, electrons are moved out from positive terminal, the
positive plate due to difference of electrons, the lead sulphate will undergo oxidation to lead
peroxide as below:
PbSO4 + 2H20 -2e- → 4H++ + PbO2 + S04-
Simultaneously two electrons will move into negative plate and an atom of lead is formed
as below: PbSO4 -2e- → Pb + SO4-
The hydrogen ions of positive plate combine with sulphate radical and from molecules of
sulphuric acid. Hence during charging the specific gravity of electrolyte increases and during
discharge the specific gravity decreases.
After all the lead sulphate is converted into lead peroxide and lead, it is called that the cell
is fully charged. If the charging is continued, the electrical energy supplied to the cell will then be
spent to dissociate the water into hydrogen and oxygen.
2H+ + 2e- → 2Η
O--- 2e - → O
The dissociation of water is noticed by an abundant evolution of gas at both plates. This
gassing or bubbling is a sign of completeness of charge. The above will explain the principle of
operation of an lead
a) Container: Jars of lead acid cells are made of ebonite moulded plastic, ceramics,
glass and wood lined with lead sheet. Main criteria is that the container should be acid
proof. Normally ebonite is made out of rubber 60% and sulphur 40%. Enough space
will be left at the bottom for active material to fall down prevent it from touching the
plates.
Electrolyte:
Battery grade sulphuric acid at specific gravity 1200 is used. Battery grade sulphuric acid
should have a purity of 99.94 percent at specific gravity of 1830 Kg/m3. Electrolyte of 1200 is
prepared by having distilled water in a glass jar and pouring acid in small quantities stirring the
electrolyte continuously. As heat will be generated during mixing, mixing should be done slowly,
Water should not be mixed with acid.
Distilled water used for preparation of electrolyte should have a pH value of 6.6.
Chemically pure water will have a pH value of 7 and when it is less it is acidic and when it is more
it is basic. distilled water prepared from DM water plant or distilled water plant alone be used (or
batteries. It should be kept in a clean container with stoppers and handled in clean vessels kept
separately for this purpose.
Separators:
To prevent buckling of plates, positive and negative plates are held together tightly.
Separators are provided in between both plates. Separators should have insulating property
porous enough to allow gas bubbles to pass through and inactive to acid and lead. Separators
are made out of wood, hard rubber, glass fibre, micro porous plastic materials, perforated vinyl
plastics and perforated allotted ebonite. Separators will be micro porous and also will have slot to
permit gases to travel to the top of the plates. Bi-plast separators made out of vinyl chloride has
been found to have sufficient mechanical strength, very high chemical stability and good electrical
property. Perforated ebonite is also used as spaces along with other separators to enable large
volume of acid to have access to plates. ‘
Felted glass fibre separators are used to prevent positive active materials from getting
dislodged from plates. Positive plates are normally wrapped in glass fibre cloth and other type of
separators are placed on sides. This prevents shedding of positive materials and hence
enhances the life of the battery.
Positive plates:
Positive plates are made out of lead antimony alloy. They are moulded as grills with
packet for holding active materials. Grills are moulded in steel form box with molten alloy at a
temperature of 400 - 450C. The grills are filled with active materials prepared of lead powder and
litharge. Expanders such as lamp black, oak flour, barium sulphate, cotton lines are added to
avoid possibility of shrinkage and hardening. The plates are jointed together into a group by
connecting the top of the plate by a bar and lug is taken out for terminal connections.
After assembly, the positive plates are given treatment forn1ing and they become dark
chocolate brown in color.
Battery should be inspected daily in open type cell with Glass container the following
points to be observed.
TROUBLE SHOOTINGS
Hydration :
This is the action of water on lead plates. If a battery is exhausted to a point, where the
electrolyte is practically water and charging is not given at once (or) if the plates are not entirely
immersed in the electrolyte continuously. Hydration will set up as a white creamy substance
spreading regularly over the plates. As soon as charging is given acid liberated from the plate
attack the lead hydrate forming lead hydrate forming lead sulphate in a condition difficult to
recover even by prolonged charging.
Stratification:
In this case a layer of strong acid lies at the bottom of the cell for lack of circulation. It
causes the hydrometer reading to be misleading. It tends to irregular working of the plates. It
could be overcome by circulation either thorough stirring up with a paddle or blowing up with an
air pump.
Weak Cells:
Weak Cells should be immediately examined for any possible short circuit or metallic
contact between positive and negative plates. Short circuit should be removed and the cell
should then be given special additional charge by taking it out of circuit and putting back again
after recharging. Continuous presence of a weak cell in battery may sometime cause the
individual cell to reverse its polarity. Rectification of weak cells in time is therefore important.
The replacement of a weak cell or any maintenance of the station battery requiring disconnection
of the cell should always maintenance of the station battery requiring disconnection of the cell
should always be done by availing a total shutdown or suitable bypass clip on connection to short
circuit the cell should be established before attempting to cutout the cell.
PROBLEMS IN BATTERIES
ANNEXURE – I
Schedule of Maintenance – Lead Acid Batteries
MAINTENANCE OF BATTERIES
MONTH Whether Monthly / Weekly* Reason for Whether Reason
Maintenance done (Yes / No) Slippage overhaul done for
as per Slippage
W1 W2 W3 W4 Schedule (Yes
/ No)
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
A.C. A.C.
ired
Current
Available
qu
t Re
ur ren
n gC
rati
Ope
to Operate
Required
Current
t
ren
Cur
S pill
Primary Current
Primary Current
Auto Transformer
Relay
Relay
a) Neutral point not earthed within protected Zone.
Relay
Ampere Turns
(I1 + I2) n
2
I1 I2
I1 I2
In this relay the operating coil is connected with respect to load currents on H.V. side are dis-
to the mid point of the restraining coil. The total num- placed in phase with respect to load currents of cor-
ber of ampere turns in the restraining coil becomes responding phase on L.V. side.
the sum of ampere turns in its two halves I1N/2 +I2 The power transformers are ground according to the
N/2 in N turns. For external faults both I1 and I2 in- phase displacement, e.g.
crease thereby the restraining torque increases Group I : Star, Star phase displacement = 0°
which prevents the mal-operations. Group 2 : Star, -Star, phase displacement = 180°
The operating characteristic of such a relay Group 3 : Delta -Star, Phase displacement = Minus 30°,
is given in Fig.8. The ratio of differential operating Group 4 : Delta -Star, Phase displacement = Plus 30°
current to average restraining current is fixed
In thc circulating current differential protection,
percentage. Hence the relay is called ‘Percentage
the phase displacement in line currents on two sides
Differential Relay’.
introduces phase difference in secondary currents
The Relay is also called “Biased Differential
of C.Ts. on two sides.
Relay” because the restraining coil is also called a
Biased coil as it provides an additional Flux. The C.T. connections should be such that the
resultant current fed into the pilot wires from either
sides are displaced in phase by an equal to the phase
Relay operates
in this Region
lowed :
I1 - I2
Operating instruction are the guidelines for the substation operators. The main objective
of the operating instruction is to give a definite direction to the operator to act in a quick and
methodical way by following the sequence and correct procedure under the following
circumstances.
a) In case of a planed operation such as issue of line clear on lines and availing of
shutdown on equipments etc.,
The above details give a complete picture of the substation to the operator and basic
knowledge about the equipments and their type of operation, protections provided.
Even though the operating instructions are general guide lines, in case of emergencies it
may need some minor deviations considering safety aspects and the operator has to make own
judgment For example when a 11 K. V ‘feeder trips the normal operating instruction are
It has been a convention to classify the post of the operator as a nonsensitive post. But
the actual position is it is the most sensitive post. The operator has to be vigilant all the eight
hours and he should be sensitive to the change of humming noise of the transforD1er, another
vibration arcing noise, fluctuations in voltages, sudden changes in load pattern etc. There are
cases, the sensitiveness of the operator has made him to sense the arcing inside the breaker and
he had taken a bold decision and switched off the breaker be fore it lead failure. Sometimes the
breaker would have tripped without much noise but the alarm would not have come. Had the
operator been sensitive he would have identified the tripping by noise in the yard and sudden
change in the reading. Since the operators are to be sensitive throughout his shift.
Before going into actual operation let us see certain Dos and Do not’s.
DOS
1) Before take over the shift check the condition of all equipments in service and make
entry in the log of the conditions.
2) Verify whether any L.C. is pending. If so verify the points of isolation, Earthing etc find
also the availability of keys of the Isolators.
3) Crack the Ammeter crack switch at the time of taking over, after each tripping, after
each charging of the breaker and also after each fluctuation.
4) Watch the hourly reading of the ammeter voltmeter check the loading in all the three
phases each’ time. Record the reason if there is any abnormal changes.
5) Watch for any abnormal noise, fluctuation arcing inside the equipment and Bus bar
clamps, Bushing clamps. Isolators by going round the yard every hour and after every
operation.
6) Check the Battery condition every shift and charging current every hour.
10) L.C. should be issued only to the person for whom it is approved for the work for which
it is approved.
11) Instruction for opening and closing of Isolators should be given to the switch Board
operator one after another, only after completion of each operation and physical
verifications.
12) Equipment or line separation from supply should be physically verified before issue of
line clear.
13) Opening of Isolator in all the three limbs should be physically verified.
14) Equipment or line should be earthed only after proper discharging.
15) Each operation should be recorded in the log book in sequence without omission and
ambiguity.
16) Protection relay flag indication should be watched every hour and any abnormal
indications should be Quoted in the log book and intimated to concerned AE/MRT,
AE/maintenance.
17) Tripping of feeders and issue of LC should be recorded in Red Ink along with indications
and observation.
18) When ever main supply fails trip .all the radial feeder breakers and contact the
operator at the feeding and substation or LD center for ascertaining the reason and
for further normalizing of the load.
19) While charging the transformers alone without toad reduce the tap position to avoid
high voltage in the station.
20) After issue of L.C, keep the key in LC key board and the L.C.key board should be
locked and kept under the custody of operator only.
21) In case of issue of L.C. or returning of LC through phone (ascertain) the correct person
by cross checking.
1) The person in the other end should be recalled by the operator after closing
the phone.
2) The nearby person should be asked to talk and identify the person,
3) Name of work proposed and carried out and the approval number or LC
number should be asked.
Now, let us see the operating sequence of a 110 KV radial substation for the
following emergency operation.
b) Due to Tripping of L.V Breakers In this case O/L Relay indication and LV Breaker
Trip alarm and Lamp indication will come.
Besides there will be no supply. If GC did not trip there
will be Power Transformer Humming noise.
c) Due to Tripping Both GC + i) This may happen due to O/L & E/L in that case
LV Breaker O/L or E/L relay flag along with Breaker Trip alarm
and Lamp indication will come. As the GC has also
tripped there will not be any Power Transformer
ii) This may trip due to master relay which will act
under the following condition.
i) Buckholz bottom Relay actuation or .
ii) differential Relay actuation or
iii) Winding Temperature Trip Relay
actuation
iv) Pressure Relief valve actuation. In these
cases the alarm will be a separate Bell or
Hooter the flag will appear in the
corresponding relay trip lamp will appear
in the GC and LV breaker along with alarm.
There will be no station supply
Hence whenever there was supply failure the operator has to identify the cause of failure
from the above indication. The normalisation is as below.
He has to check the H.G. fuse and L. T. fuses of the transformer and arrange to renew
the same. If H.G. fuse did not stand station transformer may be faulty. If LT Fuse did not stand
cable or feeder fault is to be rectified,
1) Accept alarm.
2) Note down Relay Indication
3) Go to the yard. Investigate for any external damage or towards in the LV breaker
11 KV Bus and 11 KV feeder Breaker 11 KV LAS etc.
If there is any untoward inform the concerned for rectification. If there is any
untoward in any section of feeders of L. V. isolate the corresponding section.
4) Hand trip all the feeder breakers.
5) Reset the relay.
6) Charge the L. V. breaker one by one check the station Bus voltage on all the
three phase. Confirm there is no fluctuation.
7) Charge the feeder breakers one by one crack the ammeter of the feeders for
normal loading.
8) Verify the loading in the power transformer in all the three phases if there is
fluctuation, check cause of fluctuation from the feeder ammeters trip the
concerned feeder.
1) In this case there will be no indication except the stoppage of supply, humming
noise in the power Transformer. Also watch to P. T. lamp if any provided in 110
KV line.
2) Contact the feeding end substation and ascertain the cause of failure of
supply if it is fault tripping inform him about the condition of your substation.
Because the feeder would have tripped for the fault in the station also. If no fault
confirm the same to the feeding end operator. In case of fault tripping he will
ask all the radial S:S. operator to isolate there loads. Then hand trip all the
feeders & G.C. In case of Load shedding, the operator at feeding end will give
10) Incase of 11 KV Bus fault or .11 KV Las failure it will be revealed while charging
the anyone of the LV breaker.
1) Accept alarm.
2) Note down Relay Indication.
3) Go to the yard verify for any visible failure and whether all the three limbs have
opened.
4) If there is no outwards. Reset the flag indication.
5) Charge the feeder breaker. If stood okay crack the Ammeter and watch all the
three phases are loaded.’
On all these cases the observation by the operator will be of prime importance
and save the failure or accident and helps to resume supply early.
So far we have seen the operator sequences for emergency operators now we will take
up a planned operation i.e. issue of L.C. Any planned shutdown should programmed will in
advance and should be got approved by the competent person. In case of interruption of supply it
should be informed to the concerned area section officers and their concurrence should be
All the L.C. shutdown approval are issued for a particular work to the particular staff and
for particular period it is always issued with a condition that the LC/shutdown could be availed
only if the local loading condition permits. So the duty of the operator is to verify the shutdown
has been approved and the individual is authorised person and it can be issued on that day and
the condition of Back feeding mentioned in the shutdown approval could be arranged on that day
or whether the interrupts could be permitted. He should also get the concurrence of the AEE in-
charge of the substation before issue of L.C. informing of the approval and station local condition.
L.C. on line can be issued on phone if the authorised person first contact the operator in
advance and fix the time and give the phone number from which he will contact. As soon as he
comes on phone again and request for LC he should ask to close the phone. The operator should
call him to confirm the phone location and the person correctly.
1) Verify the L.C, approval and confirm the field staff are ready to take up the work.
2) Close the 110 KV G.C. breaker bye pass switch No.5 keep the key of the isolator in
the LC, board. Now we are closing the 110 KV Isolator on load. As this is only a
parallel switch it will not give any arcing. Verify the load in the G.C. breaker is reduced
by 50 in all the three phases. If the isolator did not close properly the loading may
differ. In that case open the Isolator again and close correctly.
3) Hand trip the G.C. breaker. Now once again crack the ammeter crack switch and
verify there is no load through the breaker in all the three limbs. In case of partial opening
of any one phase can be identified from this.
4) Remove the Interlock key from the G.C. breaker and put on the incoming side isolator
and open the incoming side isolator No.2 and lock it verify all the three knifes are
opened.
5) Open the outgoing side isolator No.4 and lock it verify all the three knifes are opened
properly keep the keys in the LC Board. Now the equipments have been isolated from
supply.
6) Use the discharge rod and discharge first all the three phase of outgoing side.
7) Provide the earth rod on both incoming and outgoing sides of the breaker so that they
are fixed to the earth effectively.
8) Remove AC & DC fuses for the breaker.
1) Remove the earth rods provided on both the incoming and outgoing side and
guarding rope the caution board are all removed.
2) Confirm whether the breaker is fit for energisation.
3) Put the AC & DC fuses and idle charge the breaker alone by local close trip switch.”
4) Close the incoming and outgoing side isolators now the breaker has been charged
upto the contacts on both side, Watch for any abnormal Hissing sound. If any Hissing
sound is heard immediately open the isolators.
5) Put on the interlock switch.
6) Close the breaker from the control room. Crack the ammeter and verify all the three
phases are loaded.
7) Go to the yard watch for any abnormality. Confirm every thing is normal.
8) Open the bye pass switch isolator No.5 see all the three knifes have opened clearly.
Now we are opening the isolator on1oad. In this case since it is in parallel no arcing
will occur. Now the load in the G.C. breaker would have doubled confirm the same in
all three-phases.
The said operations cover the L.C. on G.C. breaker without interruption. If there is no
bye pass switch then there will be a total shutdown. In that the sequence of operation will change.
After issue of L.C. inform the operator of the substation back feeding this station
of the local availed by him and to maintain the supply.
1) Verify whether the men and materials are removed and the equipment is safe
for energisation.
2) Put’ on AC & DC fuses. Check the local closing and tripping operation.
3) Remove the earthrods,
4) Close the incoming and outgoing isolators. Put on the breaker interlock switch.
5) Verify the 110 KV main supply is available and inform the feeding end operator
about the normalisation operation.
6) Charge the G.C breaker check the 110 KV bus isolator on all the three phases.
7) Close the 110 KV side isolator and transformers one by one confirm the
transformers are healthy.
8) Remove the back feeding by Tripping all the 11 KV feeder breaker and opening
the back feeding isolator.
9) Confirm there is no supply in the 11 KV Bus.
10) Close the L. V. breaker Isolators to the 11 KV Bus close the L. V. breaker one
by one and the 11 KV Bus is energised along with station transformer.
11) Watch the station voltage and 11 KV Bus voltage in all the three phases.
1) Verify the approval of L.C. and confirm that L.C. can be given on that day
depending up on local condition.
2) As the local is to be limited with in one transformer capacity confirm the local in
the S.S. If the loads are more than one transformer capacity certain loads are
to be shed confirm whether the concurrence is obtained for shedding of these
feeders.
3) Hand trip the 11 KV feeders which are to be shed to contain the load.
4) After reduction of the load Hand Trip the L.V breaker of the Power Transformer.
5) Open the incoming and outgoing side isolators 6 & 7.
6) Remove the AC & DC fuses of the power Tr.1 see that the cooling fans are
stopped.
7) Discharge and earth the transformer on both sIides of the transformer and the
L.V breaker. Put on the caution board and garden the area.
8) Issue the line clear in the proper form mention that the nearby transformer is
alive and safe distance is to be maintained while working on dead equipments.
Normalisation
1) After returning of the L.C. verify for the removal of men and material and the
whether the transformer is safe for energisation.
2) Remove the earthing.
3) Put on AC & DC fuses. Don’t forget to put the buckholz & differential relay
fuses.
4) Close the 11 KV isolator no.6 watch for healthy Humming Noise.
5) Close the 11 KV LV side isolator No.7.
6) Close the L. V. breaker and watch for loading in all the three phases. There will
be reducing in load on the Power Tr.1I verify the sharing are correct in all the ,
three phases.
7) Normalise other 11 KV feeders.
8) Go round the transformer yard verify for healthiness of the Power Transformer
humming noise, loading etc.
Verify for the L.C. approval and concurrence from the field. As the work spot in case of
line L.C. will be far away the operator could not physically verify the work place before
normalisation. Hence he has to take into confidence of the receiver of L.C. for normalisation
hence it is a must that the individual who availed the L.C. should come in person and return the
LC giving due certificate.
Sometime it may happen that there may not be sufficient time to come to the S.S. for
returning the L.C. In such case LC may be permitted to return over phone. It should be intimated
in advance. In that case the operator has to take all necessary precaution to confirm the L.C. is
returned by the correct individual only. For this he may ask the near by person to identify the
phone number, the persons available there and the L.C. number, works done, removing of men
and materials etc.
The sequence of operations are verify whether back feeding has to arranged for the
loads fed by the feeder or breaker.
If no back feeding is necessary inform the concerned area office that L.C. is going to be
issued and there will be interruption.
I) Hand Trip the 11 KV breaker of that feeder. Crack the ammeter and confirm that
there is no load in all the phases.
2) Open the incoming side isolator first and then the outgoing side isolator and
lock them. Put the key in the LC Board.
3) Discharge both sides and put earth on both side if the L.C..is to be issued on
breaker or in case of line L.C. discharge and earth the line. While discharging
one rod only used for discharging the three phases and for early three rods
should be provided tightly and connected earth.
4) Put on the caution board.
5) Issue LC with instruction to provide discharging and earthing at site since
there may be induction due to neighboring line or lightning.
On return of LC get a certificate whether the earthing has been remove. All men materials
have be cleared to a safe distance and the line is fit for energisation. In case of more than one
L.C. await for receipt of cancellation of all L.C.
5) Close the breaker verify all the three phases are loaded and there is no
fluctuation.
6) Go round the breaker and verify whether there is any abnormality in the breaker
and power transformers.
Some exceptional cases. It may require for the person who has availed the L.C. to go on
other personal urgent works. In such cases second L.C. has to be issued to another person for
the same work that has been asked relieve the individual. Then the original LC has to be returned
by the individual and cancel. At no circumstances the L.C. can be transformed.
INTRODUCTION
Nothing is quite common or abundantly available throughout world in
the Earthing soil. Most of us think earth as some thing to be used for planting
or to be excavated for a building foundation. Yet, it also has an electrical
property-conductivity that is put to practical use every day in individual plants
and Electrical utilities.
Broadly speaking earth resistance is the resistance of the soil to the
passage of electrical current. Actually earth is a poor conductor compared with
normal conductor like copper. But if the area of path for the current is large
enough, the resistance can be quite low and earth can be a conductor.
OBJECTIVE OF EARTHING
Prime Objective of Earthing is to provide a Zero potential surface in and
around and under the area where the electrical equipment is installed or
erected.
REQUIREMENT OF GOOD
EARTHING
a) Good earth should have low
resistance
FACTORS
a. Kind of Soil – Soil resistivity
b. Moisture Content
c. Salt Content
d. Condition of Electrode
e. Temperature Co-efficient
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHING
Earthing can be classified into the following categories based on the
purpose for which the part of the equipment connected to the general mass of
earth.
a. System Earthing
b. Equipment Earthing
c. Reference Earthing
d. Discharge Earthing
SYSTEM EARTHING
Earthing associated with current carrying parts of the equipment is
called system Earthing. The system security, reliability, performance, voltage
stabilization, all relied only on the system Earthing.
Eg. Earthing Neutral of Transformer, Surge arrester Earthing
EQUIPMENT EARTHING
Earthing associated with non-current carrying parts of Electrical
Equipment are called as Equipment Earthing. Safety of operator, consumer,
safety of their property are mainly based on Equipment Earthing.
Eg. Body of the Transformer, Body of Motor.
EARTHING PRACTICES
Transmission lines:
i) E.H. T. lines: For 110 KV lines one aerial earth wire through the
towers and for 230 KV lines and two earth wires are run. As per I.S. code, the
aerial ground wire is to be connected to earth at least in 4 towers in every mile
(1.6 Kms.)
Lightning arresters :
The bases of the L.As. are to be earthed with conductors as short and
straight as Possible (for reducing impedance). The earth side of the L.As. are to
be connected directly frolJ1 the equipment to be protected. Each L.A. should
have individual earth rods, which are in turn connected to earth grid.
Circuit breakers:
the supporting structures, C.T. chambers, P.T. tanks, Cable glands etc.,
are to be connected to earth.
Fences:
Providing separate earth or connecting to the station earth depends upon
the distance of the fence the station earth. If the distance is within feet, an
inter-connection made to the station earth. If not, the metallic fences are
earthed by means of earth rods spaced at not more than 200 feet. The gates
and support pans may be earthed through an earth rod. The cable wires
passing under “metallic fence are to be buried below at a depth of 2’6 or are to
be enclosed in a insulating pipe (P. V.C or asbestos cement) for a distance of not
less than 5 feet on each side of the fence.
Ground wires :
The ground wires over the station arc connected to the station earth. In
order that the station earth potentials during fault condition5 arc not applied to
transmission line ground wires and towers, all ground wires coming to the
stations shall be broken . It an insulated on the fir5t tower external to station
by means of strain disc. insulators.
TYPE OF ELECTRODES
b. Rod Type / Pipe Type of Electrode
c. Flat / Strip Electrode
d. Plate Electrode
Resistance = R = ! ohms
4/A
Earthing conductor :
be well-brazed or closely welded. The 1/2" dia. galvanized steel bolts at 11/211
centre are also used for joints.
Earth resistance:
The fault current is to be cleared as quickly as possible and this is done
by having the earth resistance low. The standard values of earth resistance to
be maintained at various sub-stations are given in Annexure IV.
Earth grid:
Bonding all metal parts of the system to be earthed, the earth conductor
and the earth electrodes put all together form and Earth Grid.
General considerations:
i) All earth connections are to be made visible as far as possible.
ii) The earth leads should not be set in concrete.
iii) No series connections are to be made for earths.
iii) Preferably, the Earthing conductors should not be run-in metal
conduits.
STANDARD FLATS
i) 10 x 6 iv) 40 x 6 vii) 60 x 6
ii) 20 x 6 v) 50 x 6 viii) 65 x 10
iii) 30 x 6 vi) 50 x 8 ix) 75 x 10
ROD
40 mm Mild Steel Rod
The Mesh Potential always less than the permissible touch & step
potential. Then only the design is considered as safe.
a) Larger Power Stations G.I. Plates of 120 x 120 cm and i)G.I. Pipes of 152mm
and Major sub- stations 12.5 mm thick diax3.048mts. long
and not less than
12.5. thick.
ii) In case of G .1. or steel
pipes, not smaller than 38
mm internal diameter.
b) Small sub-stations 60 x 60cm G.!. plates of9.4 mm G.I. pipes of 50.8 min
thick internal
diameter and 3.058
mts., long.
Annexure 3
Earth conductors
a) Main and subsidiary connection : Cross Section not less than 161sq.
cm;{Copper)
b) Branch connections : Cross section not less than 64.5 sq. cm.
V. CONCLUSION
The various practices and standards are to be followed in respect of
providing Earthing in our systems. If proper Earthing is not done, there is every
likelihood of equipment getting damaged and also have to be personnel -public
and staff. Hence due attention is to be given in providing and maintaining of
earth grid properly and in good condition.
Load Forecasting:
The load in the grid will vary from time to time. To arrange for the generation from various
resources tile load at a time has to be forecast so that the load and the generation can be matched.
Load forecasting has to be done taking into account the following points.
• Type of the day-on Sundays load will be minimum and on Fridays load will
be maximum.
• Sunrise / Sun set timings.
When the sun sets earlier the lighting load on the grid will be earlier and vice
versa.
• Temperature and humidity deviation:
At high temperature during summer the consumers will draw more power to
meet their requirement
• Any known shutdown of EHT consumers.
• Agricultural load requirements /
During Winter the agricultural load will be low and during Summer
Agricultural load will be at its maximum.
• Comparing the load in the previous week I month I year with suitable tolerance
for load growth.
By using the above guidelines the load that will be incident in the grid is forecast to meet the
morning and lighting peak’ hours of a day.
Once the load incident on the grid for that day is determined, it is the duty of the engineers of
load dispatch centre to prepare a generation schedule for the period in question as to bow they are
going to meet out the load by utilizing the various generating stations in the state and the state’s share
from the central generating stations.
Generation Scheduling:
a. Hourly load.
b. Spinning reserve to be maintained.
c. Incremental cost of generation of various units.
d. Hydro station characteristics: cascading / conventional.
e. Network limitations.
f. Capacity of other system to buy or sell.
g. Maintenance outage plan of generating stations and transmission lines.
Hydel
Thermal
Nuclear
Diesel
Gas
Windmill (Non -conventional)
To match the generation with the load and for load flow management the load dispatch centre
is essentially required and that becomes the backbone of the grid system. The load dispatch centre
perform the following functions.
Grid System:
A high voltage line in between a sending station and a receiving station is called a
transmission line. The A.C. transmission system may be of radial, ring or inter connected. When the
supply is fed from one end of the source then it is called radial system. In this system if a breakdown
occurs the consumers connected to this system will be affected till the breakdown is rectified. .When
all the generating stations are interconnected from which the supply is given to all the loads is known
as interconnected system. Interconnected system in a state forms the grid of that state. If the-
Interconnected system is connected with the interconnected systems of the nearby states this forms
the regional grid.
India has the following five regional grids
Facilities to tie the regional grids which are operating at different frequencies -through HVDC
back to back Inter regional links are available in which one regional system is converted to D.C. and
then inverted to A.C. system at the same location to match the other region grid so as to tie both the
regional grids.
Power system reliability includes the following aspects
• Reliability of supply
• Regulation of voltage.
• Regulation of frequency.
Regulation of Voltage :
Hence the voltage and frequency are to be maintained with in the specified security limits.
Frequency Control :
Frequency Control is achieved by matching the load with generation. Here the load
forecasting and generating scheduling plays a vital role. As per IE rule the variation in frequency upto
3% is allowed. If the frequency goes out of the range either low or high, frequency control is done as
detailed below.
High Frequency Control :
Load Shedding :
To match the generation with load if the load is more, each sub-station operators are called
upon to reduce the load so as to improve the frequency. At the same time, to aviod long and frequent
interruptions to an area a roaster of all feeders in all the sub-stations can be prepared and load
shedding can be done in rotation among these feeders to improve the frequency.
Automatic Load Shedding :
Manual load shedding will not be more effective at the time of sudden increase of load or
sudden loss of generation. To meet this situation Automatic load shedding is being resorted.
For Automatic load shedding a set of feeders are set to trip at a certain under frequency so as
to have the grid from under frequency conditions.
To meet a sudden huge loss of generation and resultant collapse of the grid an islanding
scheme have been devised.
To get separated from southern grid during disturbance the following inter-state feeders are
tripped with Reverse Power Flow (RPF) and under frequency relay combination.
During under frequency conditions (in below 47.6 Hz / 2 sec) islanding will take place and the
grid, will be separated into blocks as specified above and the block subjected to generation loss or
bulk addition of load will only be collapsed and the rest will be’safe and thus this system prevents the
total system failure.
Kinds of grid disturbance :
• Tamilnadu & Kerala separated from the southern grid. (Southern Block f separation).
• Total system black out (Entire system will be collapsed)
• Partial system block out (Particular point on of the grid gets collapsed)
• System split-up (Each block gets separated with out failure.
• Brownout (Voltage collapsed).
As soon as islanding has occurred the frequency is maintained in each block within the limits
either by manual load shedding during under frequency conditions or by charging of the feeders
tripped on under frequency for load relief during high frequency condition. Power supply from the
nearby block is extended to the affected block to synchronize their machines. The loads of the
.islanded block are given supply In steps based on the generation achieved in that block. Nearby
blocks are get tied matching the frequency of both the blocks. -
Prevention of damages to equipment’s and So, after getting proper approval, line clear is
men working on them due to any accidents is an to be issued to the requested party. But the issuer
essential aspect in any establishment. Prevention and receiver should be aware/ have full knowledge
of accident which is an unforeseen one is more es- about the SS equipment’s control room panel de-
sential aspect of any establishment/ organisation. tails etc.,
As accidents occur mainly due to unsafety The line clear issuing person should clearly
execution, action and circumstances, these acci- record the following:
dents can be avoided by adopting safety precau- a. Which breaker have been tripped.
tions, implementing safety producedures and follow-
ing saftety rules. b. Which A.B switches were opened.
1. While execution of any work, that part of equip- d. What is the safer place / Line to carry on the
ment or line is to be isolated from the supply. execution work.
2. Using discharge rods, charging, current if any Safety arrangements in control room:
is to be discharged. 1. Key Board should be in open condition so that
3. Using Earth rods, all phases/ conducting path the keys could be taken out quickly during
are to be property earthed by securing good any urgency.
earthing. Line clear keyboard should be in locked up
4. When even opening an AB switch or closing condition to prevent other persons from using
AB switch is also advisable and preferable to the keys inside, before the cancellation of the
wear rubber gloves. Line clear permit.
5. Use of belt rope is another safety method to The keys should be placed in the key board
be adopted to work on elevated places. in an orderly manner according to their
numbers. Otherwise, the required lock could
Safety methods to be adopted in Sub - Station: not be opened in time and the possibility of
If any work is to be attended to any line, first opening a wrong lock may happen.
and foremost item of work is to get proper approval 2. Rubber mat should be provided on the floor in
from the competent controlling authority for execution front of the panel board.
of the work specifying the date, time, duration, place
of work, affected parties etc., 3. The following details should be clearly
displayed in the control room
For Grid feeders and Stations, the authorized
officer for issue of approval is S.E. Approved operating instruction for all
(L.D.Centre),Chennai. For 110KV, 66KV radial feed- equipment’s Break down instructions.
ers superintending Engineer / Distribution is the ap- Operating instructions including for the emer-
proving authority. Similarly for 33 KV Divisional En- gency operations to be carried out in the event
gineer in charge of distribution is the approving au- of operation of buck holz relay. Differential
thority. relay. Differential relay, Group control trip, total
Above details with the list of authorisied offic- supply failure and grid failure. The operator
ers is enclosed herewith (enclosure I). should be fully conversant with the above
instruction and he must be able to act quickly
Without obtaining proper approval from the and effectively.
competent authority, no L.C. should be issued nor
availed by anybody. If the above procedure is not 4. The Board containing D.C. cable layout. A
followed, it is nothing but a suicidal. Further it also cable layout panel wiring diagram and earthing
amounts to murder of others. layout should be displayed in the control room.
This is necessary to attend the faults
immediately after their occurence.
-101- T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
5. D.C.Earth leakage test system should be Safety adopted for transformers:
available.
1. Transformers are to be maintained periodically
6. There should not be any defective power plugs, as per schedule. Switches on HV side and
switches and bulb holders in the control room LV side are to be isolated after releasing the
wiring. load tripping the breakers.
7. One artificial respirator should be available in 2. Kiosks and OCB: All the Live parts of the Kiosk
ready condition. should have H.T. insulation tape. To be
protected by wiremesh. It should be vermin
8. Stools made of insulating material should be
proof. Keys are to be kept with inter lock.
used for operating high tension communica-
Whenever to open the door of the kiosk, kiosk
tion equipment’s (Telephones).
should be tripped link should be opened by
9. Adequate number of rubber gloves, belt ropes, the interlock key. The opening of the links
discharge rods, and earth rods in good are to be verified physiclly. After doing all the
condition should be available in the control above precautions, the tank should be lowered
room. down. Proper care is to be taken and it should
Battery room: be kept in mind that supply is available at the
roofing.
1. Battery room should be in locked up condition.
“Naked flame is prohibited inside of the battery Oil leak should be arrested. Back feeding is
room” and “Smoking prohibited” warnings should avoided.
be kept written on the battery room door. Cotton waste should not be used for cleaning
2. One exhaust fan should be functioning. purpose.
5. The specific gravity should not be maintained AB switch blades are to be opened fully.
below 1195 at 15.60C and below 1183 at 32.200C AB switches are to be kept locked on both condi-
allowed. The battery should not be allowed to tions.
discharge below 1160. AB switches are to be opened only after
6. Cell voltage should be maintained between 1.95V tripping the breakers.
to 2.05V. The battery should not be allowed to Lightning arresters:
discharge below 1.85V.
Lightning arresters are used to bypass the
7. Battery should be allowed neither to overcharge sudden lightning surges and thereby to protect the
nor to undercharge. It should not also be kept equipment’s.
idle.
Only after proper discharging is done on light-
8. Electrolyte level must be checked in every shift. ning is done on lightning arresters, it should be
It must be ensured that the level is 10mm above attempted to attend to maintenance.
the top of the plates.
Fencing is to be provided around lightning
9. Weak cells should be rectified then and there. arresters. Door arrangements with lock is to be
10. While taking specific gravity readings, care must provided. Separate earth connections are to be pro-
be taken not to allow the acid to come in con- vided for lightning arresters.
tact with the eyes.
1) UNLOADING PRECAUTIONS
i) No impact unloading to be done
ii) Proper equipment like bundle rope, lifting hooks adequate capacity crane.
B) INSTALLATION “CARE”
1. PRELIMINARY WORK TO BE ORGANISED PRIOR TO INSTALLATION
REQUIRED DOCUMENTS :
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
GENERALARRANGEMENT DRAWING
SCHEMATIC DRAWING ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL
VERIFY ALL THE MATERIALS AS PER PACKING LIST.
LIFTING DEVICE (HOIST, SLING MANILA ROPE)
D’S FIXED SPANNER SET.
2 NOS 32-36 MM 42-46 MM.
TORQUE WRENCH 10-32 NM 3KGM. - 15KGM.
TRICHLORETHYLINE.
STARCH LESS & FIBER LESS CLOTH (MUL -MUL)
WIRE BRUSH
ADHESIVE LUBRICANT
LOCTITE 241
MOLYKOTE GREASE - (321-R)
2. AIR SYSTEMS :
A). CLEAN THE PIPE LINES AS INDICATED IN SEQUENCE USE “PULL THROUGH”
CLEAN WITH
WATER JET
BLOW COMPRESSED AIR
INSPECT FOR FOREIGN PARTICLES.
B) ERMETTO CONNECTIONS
USE RIGHT ANGLE CUTTING WITH PIPE CUTTER.
CLEAN, APPLY OIL &THEN TIGHTEN.
OPEN THE JOINT AND INSPECT FOR FORMATION OF GROOVE IN THE PIPE.
FORMATION OF GROOVE INDICATES THAT THE JOINT IS PROPER.
A) Verify the Presence of SF6 Gas By once pressing pin of coupling and listen the
sound.
B) Do not permit moisture while assembly is made.
C) Unless alarm is connected do not connect gas pipe lines.
D) Use two spanner while connecting or disconnecting gas pipe lines.
E) Temperature correction to be incorporated while making up of SF6 gas in the
Breaker by referring pressure temperature chart in the instruction manual .
C) COMMISSIONING “CARE”
A) Check SF6 Leakage with “detector”
(Joints must be covered with polythene bag for at least 2 Hours).
Insert the probe of leak detector inside polythene bag & Check the Leakage.
B) Ensure SF6 Gas going into all 3 phases. Can be achieved by first filling in central
pole to normal pressure. Then connect inter-pipe and observe pressure dropping to
Half. Rise the pressure once again to normal. Connect Remaining inter-pipe and
Observe Pressure Dropping to 2/3. During this period verify density monitor contacts
refer (D) finally make up the pressure to the normal pressure.
D) DAILY “CARE”
Drain the condensate during early Morning Hours. Draining Should Continue All
compressor starts.
E) QUARTERLY “CARE”
This trouble shooting charts are for handy guidelines, do not Hesitate to contact us for any
further clarifications details at the nearest ABB office (Addresses given on the back-cover
page)
(A) Electromagnetic PT: Electromagnetic PT is just This problem is solved by the following methods:
like any other transformer. Only difference is the large 1) The duration of the sub-harmonic voltage can
transformation ratio such as 1000 or 2000. be considerably reduced by loading the PT
to its full burden.
(B) Capacitive voltage Transformer:
2) The relay measurement is inherantly delayed
It is actually a capaccitance voltage divider
by half to 1 cycle duration.
with, auxilary transformer. The transformation ratio
of auxilary VT is 11KV/ 3/110/3 irrespective of pri- 3) In the relay, the PT voltage is filtered by a
mary voltage divider suitably adjusted. filter, tuned to power frequency. This filter is
automatically introduced when the voltage falls
Performance-wise there is no problem with
below 15% of the rated voltage.
electromagnetic PT. But the cost of electromagnetic
PT is higher than CVT at 230 KV level and very much So, a careful choice of relaying scheme should
higher at 400 KV level. So it is normal practice to be made when CVT is used.
use CVT at 230 KV and higher voltage level. Further connection of any auxilary PT should
From the examination of figure B, it can be be avoided out-side CVT circuit as it may lead to
seen that the CVT is a series resonance circuit. series resonance.
During fault condition when the high voltage point is In Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, 0.5 class with
grounded, the charge in the condenser discharges 500 VA burden is specified for the Bust VT for pro-
and a sub-harmonic resonance frequency voltage is tection and metering.
induced in the secondary of CVT. This voltage be-
comes predominant when the primary voltage falls The details given above are an over-all view of
bellow 10% of this rated value. As per I.S, this volt- the performance requirement of current and poten-
age should decay to less than 10% of the peak value tial transformers. Since generating capacity, trans-
before the short circuit, within one cycle of the power mission lines and transformer capacity are increas-
frequency. For 50 Hz system this time is 20 m.s. ing day by day. It is the primary duty of the protection
With fast acting relay, this subharmonic voltage will Engineer to review the entire protection system
introduce two problems. periodially and make modification if required to
improve the performance.
1) Wrong directional response REFERENCE
2) Error in measurement of impedance in case 1) IS 2705 part I to IV specification for current
of distance protection Transformers.
2) IS 3156 part I to IV specification for voltage
Transformers.
3) Protective Relays Application Guide by GSC
Measurements.
05. How a new operator is to be acquainted with the operation of Sub Station?
(PARELLEL AND REVERSE PARALLEL SHIFTS)
08. Are operational events to be recorded then and there (or) after completing the
specified sequence of operations
10. How will you understand the Layout of SS defining the “feeding
arrangements, controlled isolation arrangement, Power and voltage transfer
using transformer, Protective arrangement” etc.
11. Which are all the areas in a sub station, where operations have to be carried out.
12. Classify the operations to be performed for which the operating instruction should
be available
13. What is the operational equipment to control and isolate the area
14. What is the sequenced procedures to cut off loads and isolate the area
- 118 - T & SS Training Institute, Madurai
15. Why the isolators are called potential isolators?
16. What are the two types of isolators employed in Sub Station and define their usage
in its specific location.
17. What do you mean by “Inter Lock” and define its benefits
18. What are the statistical practical information to be available for the specific
operations areas, defined in 11
19. What are the types of breakers employed in SS based on various are quenching
mediums
20. What are the types of operating mechanisms employed for the operation of the
above breakers
21. How a closing spring of a “spring and lever operated mechanism” is sequenced for
its loading for a subsequent closing operation – Is spring loading by motor
operation comes with lamp indication in your panel”.
22. How will you release the load of spring while giving line clear
23. How a pneumatic (AIR) operated mechanism is sequenced for operation with Air
pressure in its reservoir and define cut off/cut in pressure
24. Are you conversant with these cut off/cut in pressures relating to the breakers of
pneumatic mechanism, in your SS
25. Are you watching the’ compressor Run’ indication lamps, such breakers in your
control panel
27. Are you competent to take remedial operation measures, if such exigency arises.
28. Is there any protective arrangement to trip the breaker automatically, if Air
becomes low (or) is the breaker opening operation is locked automatically.
29. In such “Air Lockout” cases, what will you do to isolate the breaker from service.
30. What do you mean by “condensate” in the Air reservoir and measures taken by the
operator to release the same.?
31. Is it necessary to release the air in the reservoir before giving a line clear for the
breaker?
- 119 - T & SS Training Institute, Madurai
32. In case of SF6 Gas medium breaker, Are you conversant with working pressures
of SF6 gas, exhibited with colour indication (Green, Yellow, Red)
33. Will you trip the breaker with load if SF6 pressure is becoming low beyond the
working limit.?
34. In such “gas lock out case” how will you isolate the breaker from the system.
35. Are you conversant with the operation of all the breaker i.e. ‘close’ and “open” by
(a) locally mechanically
(b) locally electrically
(c) by remote electrically
(d) tripping thro’ relays
37. What do you know about “ Fault level” of the Sub Station and how it signifies
with the employment of controlling breakers?
38. What is the protective scheme available for 11KV feeders and for 110KV feeders
at sending end ?
39. What are the protective schemes for the power transformer
42. What are all the equipments and elements available for protection in association
with each controlling breaker?
43. Is potential Transformer (P.T.) associated with protection in the radial sub station?
45. Is operation conversant with the significance of flag indication and how to reset it?
46. If a tripping thro’ Relay occurs, when do the operator reset this Flag i.e. “before or
after normalizing”?
50. What will happen, if healthy Transformer is normalized without resetting the Flag
indication of Master Relay?.
51. What are the possible, conditions, when Master Relay Flag could not be reset?
52. What the operator should do to enable for resetting the Master Relay in such
conditions?
53. What is the importance of “Annunciation legend” each controlling area, in the
annunciation panel.?
54. Are you conversant with the available annunciation for each controlling area?
55. What is the significance of “Accept and cancel” the indication in the annunciation
WINDOW?
58. What are the probable trouble shooting in the D.C. system and quick remedial
measures the operation should take on such exigencies?.
59. Why should the operate be conversant with location of D.C. fuses in the panel of
controlling areas.
60. Describe the use of A.C. supply system in the various operational areas of SS and
strum its importance
61. Is the operation conversant with measures for availing alternate A.C. supply in
case of exigencies.
62. Why it is important that the operator should know the location of A.C. fuses in the
control panel
63. What the operation should practise for familiarizing such location of D.C. fuses
and A.C. fuses.
64. What are all the items to be checked while taking over shift duties
66. What are all the observations and checks to be exercised by the operator for
the normal condition of operation
67. Is the operator conversant with the statistical information about the
operational area as defined in (X-18)
68. Is the operator able to perform the “ON Low Tap Changer” operation by (i)
Remote (ii) Electrically at site (iii) Mechanically at Site.
71. What is the procedure change the tap if Master/Follower control is not employed?
72. Can the tap be changed for raising the voltage level at the tail end of the feeders
74. Is the operation familiar with any specific condition imposed for parallel operation
of types due to unequal % impedance.
77. What the sequence of procedure to be carried out by the operator for shut down
L.C. work?
78. What are the sequence of procedure for normalizing after completion of shut down
and L.C. work?
79. What is L.C. key board and why it should be kept under lock and key?
80. Is the operation to perform the operation, discharge and earthing personally with
the assistance of SS Shift (or) can it be entrusted to others?
81. What are all the items (T&P and consumables) that can be maintained with the
custody of operator?
82. What is the significance of keeping discharge rod and earth rods in operaor’s
custody ?
86. Who are authorized personnel for issue and receipt of line clear
87. What is the necessity for placing and a ladder in SS equipment under L.C.
88. What are other safety measures to be adopted during L.C. works
89. Do you know that the operator is officially responsible for issue of L.C. in the
entire 11KV feeders
90. Do you also know that be can limit issue of L.C. upto the first series suited of the
11KV feeder the AE/Distribution to avail L.C. of their own, since he is also
incharge of the supply on that feeder
91. Whether AE/Distribution can avail L.C. on 11KV feeders of his jurisdiction (or)
avail back feeding without informing to the operation
92. Whether the operator should be properly informed AE/Distribution to record all
operation performed in the 11KV feeders
93. What are the types of L.C. and the role of the operator and care to be exercised by
him in such L.C.
94. Define L.C. permit form and describe the procedures for issue and return of L.C.
thro’ this form
X. BLINK :
95. What is meant by blink and how it serves for minimizing the interruption
99. Whether the responsibility can be fixed on the personnel who obtained the blink, if
the duration is unnecessarily extended
101. What are all the other safety aspects of the blink
103. Define sequence of instruction for tripping/declaring break down of a 11KV feeder
104. What are the sequence of operation, if L.V. breakers trips as a back up protection.
105. How will you distinguish a tripping of L.V. and G.C. breaker for a transformer
failure or for a through fault.
107. What are the operating sequence if “Master Relay” act (Buchholz Relay bottom
and other transformer protective Relays)
108. If power transformer failure is observed, can be test charge the transformer
109. What the operator should do if main supply fails due to load shedding
110. What the operator should do if main supply fails due to tripping of 110KV feeder
111. Can G.C. be tripped directly with load for any emergency.
2. Line clears shall be issued by the Operators on duty to authorized persons only. A
statement of the powers of J.E‘s and S.O.’ s and subordinate staff in respect of the issue
and respect of the issue and receipt of line clears is given below:-
-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x—x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x—x-
Grade of Employee Powers to issue and receive line clear Special authorities
(Electrical) by virtue of the post held action by Divisional
Engineer
( Electrical).
(1) (2) (3)
-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x—x-x-x-x-x-x-x-
1. (a) Junior Engineers All lines and equipments up to Not necessary.
S.O. I Grade upto 230 K.V
With at least
One year experience.
NOTE:- (i) Line clears on Lines or equipments should be issued only by the
persons who are in direct charge of the lines or equipments concerned.
1: GENERAL
Rapid growth of industries and 1.2: ON - LOAD TAP CHANGER:
distribution network has resulted in voltage Tap changing ON-LOAD has become nec-
variation in electrical systems. For the essary
healthiness of the electrical equipments and * To maintain a constant secondary voltage
their performance it is very much essen- with a varible primary voltage.
tial to maintain the system voltage within the * To control the secondary voltage with a
prescribed limits. Voltage of the system can variable primary voltage.
be varied by changing the transformation * To control the flow of reactive KVA between
ratio of the transformer, by adding in or cut- two Generation - systems or to adjust reac-
ting out turns of primary or secondary wind- tive KVA branches of loop circuits.
ings. Basically, Tap Chan ging equipment * To control the division of power between
can be divided into: branches of loop-circuits by shifting the
a. OFF-CIRCUIT Tap Changer. phase angle position of the output voltage
b. ON-LOAD Tap Changer. of a transformer.
Now-a-days, almost all large power
1.1: OFF-CIRCUIT TAP CHANGER: transformers are fitted with OLTC and with
The cheapest method of changing the the introduction of OLTC, the operating effi-
turns ratio of a transformer is by using OFF- ciency of the electrical system has consid-
CIRCUIT Tap-Changer. As the name im- erably improved. The principle of on-load
plies, it is essential to de-energise the trans- tap changing was developed in late 1920s
former while changing the tap. An OFF-CIR- and requires a mechanism which will need
CUIT Tap-Changer mainly consists of the following two conditions.
the following three parts [Fig.1.1] :
a. Operating handle, projecting outside the * The load current should not be interrupted
transformer. during a tap change.
b. Fixed contacts with connecting ter minals, * No section of winding should get short cir-
arranged in circular form. cuited during a tap change.
c. Insulated shaft with moving contacts.
The various circuit arrangements All forms of ON-LOAD Tap chan ging
using OFF-CIRCUIT Tap-Changer are circuit, thus, needed to be provided with an
a. Linear impedance to prevent short circuiting of tap-
b. Single bridging ping section of the winding during Tap
c. Double bridging Changing operation. The impedances can
d. Series parallel be either a resistor or centre tapped reac-
e. Star-delta.. tor.
To prevent unauthorized operation of The tap changer can therefore be
an OFF-CIRCUIT Tap changer, a me- classified in general as:
chanical lock is usually provided. Some-
times, to prevent inadvertent operation, an a. Reactor type.
electromagnetic latching device or a micro b. Resistor type.
switch is provided to open the circuit breaker
and thereby to de-energise the transformer, 1.2.1: REACTOR TRANSITION TYPE
while operating the handle and well before OLTC:
the movement of contacts on tap switch. The simplest form of reactor switch-
ing is shown in figure [1.2.1]. There is only a
single winding on the transformer and a
TAP selector
I. Introduction
M/s. H.G. PQLLOCK and P.S. COOPER in 4936 known for over two decades,
perfection on commercial exploitation was attained during 1960’s. This
development made it possible for SF6 gas at low pressure to be used in BIN
circuit breakers for insulating and are’ quenching purposes, Some of the
outstanding properties of SF 6 gas which make its use ideal in EHV circuit.
breakers are:
1. Inertness
2. Non-toxicity
3. Electro negative nature
4. High dielectric strength
5. Unique are quenching property
6. Chemical and thermal stability
7. Good Thermal conductivity
8. Non corrosiveness
9. Non-Flammability
a) Physical properties:
atoms are placed at the corners of a regular octa-hedran with the sulphur atom
centrally placed at a distance of 1.58 angstrom units. The bonds are
predominantly covalent and the dissociation equation is
The decomposition potential is 15.7 ev. SF6 gas is a very heavy gas and
its density is approximately 5.5 times that of air. It is highly stable. It is more
compressible than air and follows the law of perfect gases.
b)Electrical properties:
The di-electric strength of SF6 gas is 3 times that of air at
frequencies. since SF6 has no dipole moment, the dielectric constant does not
vary with frequency. AT 27.30c and atmospheric pressure the dielectric constant
dielectric strength of the gas and the very rapid recovery of dielectric strength
after arcing occurs. SF6 is approximately 100 times more effective in this respect
than air under similar conditions. The low arc-time constant and its capacity to
absorb free electrons due to electro negative nature makes it an excellent
medium for arc interruption. The complex molecular motion of SF6 enables it to
absorb electric energy and form stable negative ions. Its tendency to form
negative ion around current zero results in the fast disappearance of electrons
liberated during arcing. Unlike oil, arcing in SF6 will produce no carbon deposits
or carbon tracking.
The electro-negative property of SF6 may be due to several factors,
including its large collision diameter. If stray electron electric field can be
absorbed before they attain sufficient energy to create additional current carrying
particles though collision, the breakdown can be slowed or even stopped. The
large collision diameter of SF6 molecule assists in capturing these electrons.
energy can be stored in the vibration levels of the SF6 atom, forming stable
negative ions of low mobility. Thus the gas is electronegative in nature and
shows .great electron binding capacity. Hence SF6 gas displays splendid arc-
extinguishing performance .
effectively than the common gases. The co-efficient of heat transfer of SF6 is
approximately 2.5 tip1es that of air under the same conditions. Hence when the
breaker is energized, the temperature rise small.
SF6 in the gaseous state follows the ideal gas laws fairly closely.
f)Toxity :
SF6 is a non-toxic gas and produces no poisonous effect on human body.
But the decomposition products produced by the discharge (SF4, SF2, S2, F2
h) Various constants :
Some of the outstanding properties of SF6 which makes it ideal for high
voltage power applications are:
Breakdown in gases takes place when the free electrons gain sufficient
kinetic energy Under the influence of an electric field and collide with neutral gas
molecules liberating electrons from their outer shells. A chain reaction like this
results in an electron avalanche. In the case of electro-negative gases like SF6
this mechanism is slightly modified. The free electrons get attached to molecules
forming negative ions. SF6 + e Z SF6 -e. This negative ions are too massive to
to ensure that such sharp points do not exist in the breaker so that a fairly
uniform field distribution can be achieved.
4. Principles of interruption with SF6 :
Techniques employed for interruption with SF6 can be classified into two :
a) Double pressure system.
b) Single pressure system.
The latter can be further classified as double flow fixed nozzle and single
flow series piston breakers.
insulation and the energy for interruption. The breaker chamber consists of the
fixed and moving contacts, and the piston arrangement in the puffer type fixed
contact. As the moving contact separates under fault, the piston moves forward
with high speed. This compresses the SF 6 inside the hallow fixed contact and
forces the gas into the arc resulting in quenching. The force with which the gas
could be blast depends on the design of the piston arrangement and the energy
of the control mechanism.
A further improvement is the Magnetic puffer type breakers where the
operating force on the moving contact rod is increased, by magnetic repulsive
force. The short circuit current is passed through a set of coils fixed on the
support of the moving contact fed. A secondary short circuit ring is positioned
and magnetically coupled with primary winding. This ring acts as piston as well.
This interaction between the. two fields produces a repulsive force and it pushes
the moving contact rod forward. The addition of this simple magnetic drive
mechanism improves the interrupting capabilities of the breaker.
The single pressure system has an inherent advantage of simplicity in
construction. It needs no additional compressor as required in double pressure
system. The manufacturing cost of puffer type equipment is lower.
Fig:Single Pressure
Puffer Type
The primary functions of a circuit breaker are carried out of breaker pole.
The breaker pole consists of interrupter unit and support insulator.
The interrupter unit consists of fixed contact tube, guide tube, moving
contact tube, puffer or blast cylinder and piston. The fixed contact tube is
connected to the top terminal via. Contact support.
the breaker.
arc. The gas compressed during the above process is released only when the
contacts are separated with moving contact assembly acting as a slide valve. At
the instant of contact separation, arc strikes between the front end of the arc
quenching nozzle of the fixed contact tube and the arcing ring of the moving
contact tube. The compressed gas in the blast cylinder is released in the break
radically as the contacts are separated. As the moving contact assembly moves
further, the arc between the front end of the fixed contact nozzle and the arcing
ring of the moving contact is transferred from the arcing ring of the moving
contacts of nozzle of the guide tube , by gas jet and its own electrodynamics
forces. the arc is further elongated by the gas flow axially into the nozzles and
safety extinguished. While the arc is being interrupted, the blast cylinder which is
made up of arc resistant insulating material enclosed the arc quenching
assembly, there by protecting the porcelain insulator from arcing effects. After arc
extinction, the moving contact assembly and blast is free of any parts of the
chamber which may have a bridging effect or influence the electric field
distributor.
7. Operation principles:
7.1. Opening operation:
When the trip coil is energized, the space of pilot valve is filled with
compressed air and the charging valve moves to right. The space in the
operating cylinder is filled with compressed air from the air received and the
operating piston is rapidly driven to the left. the operating rod connected to the
operating piston is pulled in the opening direction to drive the puffer cylinder at
extinguishes the arc generated between the moving and stationary contacts.
Simultaneous with the opening operation, the cam rotates and causes the
electromagnet valve to return to its original position. As a result, compressed air
in the space of pilot valve is exhausted into atmosphere and the charging valve is
reset to the original piston. As the open state is retained by the link mechanism
attached to the end of the operating piston.
7.2. Closing operation:
When the closing coil is energized, the arc nature is made to rotate
causing the hook to be disengaged. Thus the sector line rotates to release the
roller and the operating piston is driven in the closing direction by the force of the
closing spring, upon completion of closing, the link mechanism is held in a state
to be ready for the subsequent opening operation.
8. Caution :
When operating the breaker observes the following:
I)Keep correct SF6 gas pressure and operating air pressure as specified.
4)Do not pump the gas piping and air piping with any object.
5)Do not damage the gasket and seal face on the leakage tight joint in the gas
and air system.
6)When opening the circuit breaker by the manual handle. ‘
a) confirm that the main circuit is not energized.
b) Be sure to turn off the control power supply.
c) Confirm that compressed air in receivers is released.
d) Confirm that manual operating rod and handle are removed
before changing the receiver with compressed air.
7)Do not operate any part other than the manual operating handle before filling
SF6 gas at the rated pressure. Do not fill compressed air before filling SF6 gas.
If the gas leaks through any point, this can result in reduction of pressure
and consequent loss of insulation properties Gas Leak detection is done with the
help of a halogen torch type detector. The detector works on the principle that
SF6 absorbs a certain number of electron when passed through an atmosphere
where free electrons flow. The free electrons are generated with in the sector by
a small radio active source in the presence of a carrier gas. these electrons are
collected at the detector anode and give a small base line current which is
amplified. When the probe of the detector is kept near the joints of the SF6 filled
equipment and if SF6 leaks out there will be variation in amplified valve of current
SF6 gas circuit breaker combines the advantageous features minimum oil
and air blast breakers and exhibits a number of additional advantages over both.
11. Maintenance:
SF6 circuit breaker requires very little maintenance involved are those
parts which are subject to wear and aging. The degree of contamination of
insulators should also be checked. The following are the factors which govern the
maintenance of the breakers.
i)No. of short circuit interruptions.
ii)Switching frequency and service conditions.
iii)No. of years of service.
necessary
2. Minor inspection After 1 500 operation or 10 year —
3. Major inspection After 3000 operation or 20 year Draining of SF 6 if
necessary
2. Air pressure: Check whether or not the pressure gauge indicate the
specified value
Check whether or not any leakage noise audible around the sealed
piping joints.
3. Operation counter: Check and Record the number of operation.
4. Space heater: When humidity is high or temperature is low, turn on the
heater for the mechanism box and control unit.
5. Others: Check for sings of abnormal noises and contamination of
insulators.
11.3. Ordinary inspection:
This has to be carried out in the de-energized condition without
discharging gas. Perform an operation test to check the minimum operating
pressure before starting the inspection cautions (a) Turn off the power surfaces
of control circuit to the circuit breaker. (b) Exhaust the compressed air thoroughly
from the circuit breaker.
1. Gas leak - Check on the gas system of interrupter unit, gas piping and
control unit using a gas leak detector.
2. Mechanism:
a) Electromagnetic valve: Check the hook clean up the hook by applying a
3) Arcing contact: When the surface is found- uneven, polish the surface with a
smooth out file. Measure the dimension of arcing contact, when the amount of
wear becomes 2 mm or over, replace the contact with a new one. Apply thin coat
of HIT ALUBE 280 grease to the contact.
4) Insulation nozzle and insulation cover: The nozzle and cover can be
removed together with the moving contact. Use wiper to clean up the interior and
exterior. Measure the inner diameter of the nozzle. and cover. When the
dimensions are enlarged by 1 mm or more, replace it with a new one. “
5) Absorbent: Remove the conductor and take out the absorbent case. Replace
the absorbent with a new one. Exchange it quickly just before vacuum drying.
Don’t expose it to the open air.
7) Operating cylinder: Remove the oil plug and oil. Then supply new oil to the
position of oil plug. When drained oil is found contaminate, disassemble and
check the oil dash pot.
8) Operating mechanism: Check Pins, Links, Levers, operating rod and split
pins check nuts and lock plates for possible looseness. Apply Hit lube 280
grease to pins.
10) Electro-magnetic valve: When the lever is pressed with fingers, the hook is
disengaged. Clean up and apply a turbine oil to the hook. Check nuts and bolts
for looseness. Check the split pins.
11) Airing valve: Contact a hose to the discharge part and use a measuring
cylinder to measure the discharge amount under water. The measured valve
should be 300 to 700 Cg/min at the air celled to 15 Kgs. cm.
12) Auxiliary switch: Check the contacts; check terminal for tightening. Apply a
thin coat of grease to the pin.
14) Pressure switch :Setting pressure rise or reduce according to whether the
adjusting screw is turned clockwise or counter clock wise. Check the operating
pressure.
15) Trip-free contractor: If contacts are considerably uneven, repair them using
a smooth out file or sand paper.
16) Ratings of various circuit breakers SF6 : SF6 gas circuit breakers are
manufactured in India by M/s.BHEL in collaboration with Siemens of West
Germany, MIs. TELK in collaboration with Hitachi of Japan andM/s. Alind in
collaboration with DELLE ALSTHOM of France. The ratings of these SF6
breakers are given below:
Electrical systems by nature involve two forms of protection over current and over voltage
since over current protection of electrical equipment’s are well known to all, it is not elaborated
here. Over voltage protection on the other hand, remains a relatively new subject to many
engineers. Both types of protection equally necessary for safe system operation.
The importance of over voltage protection for a power system can not be over
emphasized. Major equipment failures, expensive repairs, personnel safety and plant down time
are certain consequences of inadequate protection from voltage surges.
Surge arresters are designed to limit dangerous system over voltages. Whether lighting-
or System- produced-to safe values when they occur on power systems. An arresters is a voltage
limiting device. The functions are to discharge energy associated with a system over voltage
condition, limit and interruption the power fellow current that follows the transient current through
the arresters and return to an insulating state prepared for the next over voltage occurrence.
In performing its voltage limiting function, certain protective characteristics of the arrester
must be coordinated with the prevailing insulation levels on the system being protected. Insulation
The basic operation of a surge arrester is single. In its noffi1al state, an arrester must act
as an insulator. When a high voltage surge occurs. The arrester must cease to be an insulator
and must turn into a short to-ground-in million thus of a second. The operation of the most widely
used type of surge arresters the value, type of arrester is dealt with. Other
types of arresters, such as expulsion arresters and line Oxide arresters
(Gapless arresters) are either on the decline or too new for a general
discussion at this time. The active elements of a valve type arrester are the
spark gap and the valve block. these are housed in a porcelain shell for
atmospheric protection and external insulation.
The gap assembly consists of a number of in-
series air gaps with sufficient dielectric strength to
withstand the highest power frequency on the system.
During severe over voltage conditions, the gap must
always, breakdown at a voltage level some what below
the insulation withstand voltage level of the equipment it
is protecting, other wise equipment damage and or plant
down time will result. the gap therefore serves as the
switch which turns on the arrester. the voltage level at
which the arrester goes from the passive (insulating) to the active (conducting) state, is called the
spark over voltage.
The valve block controls what happens after the arrester has been turned on. If only a
gap is used, once a surge has been diverted to ground, a dead short circuit exists between line
and ground and the 50 hertz-system energy tries to flow to ground causing a fuse, re-closer or
breaker to operate to interrupt the system fault current.
The valve element does exactly as its name implies. It conducts when surge current is
flowing and it ceases to conduct when 50 Hz line current begins to flow. the valve block is able to
do this because It is made of a non-linear resistance material, silicon carbide. The valve block
offers a very high resistance to 50 Hz current while displaying a low resistance to surge current.
In addition, it also consumes the surge energy passes through it.
There are three classifications of surge arresters used for over voltage protection in a
system.
1.Distribution Type:
The arresters are generally used in distribution system for equipment protection.
Standards distribution arresters are used for protecting oil. Insulated distribution transformers,
these arresters are also used as line entrance arresters, for 11KV and 22KV lines. They are the
lowest in cost.
2.Intermediate Type :
These units cost approximately two or three times as much as equivalent distribution
units. For this, the arrester offers lower maximum spark over and discharge voltage
characteristics that afford a greater margin of protection plus the capability of discharging large
surge levels. These arresters also have a pressure relief system to safely vent internal pressure if
the unit falls before the porcelains shell has a chance to rupture. These arresters are used for the
L.V. protection of Power transformers in sub-transmission sub-station i.e.110/33/22/11KV and
66/22/11KV sub-station.
3.Station Type:
These arresters offer the best protective characteristics and the highest thermal capability
but they cost about twice as much as equivalent intermediate units. Like intermediate arresters,
station arresters have a pressure-relief system to safely vent internal pressure if the unit fails
before a porcelain shell has a chance to rupture. These arresters are generally used in 230KV,
110KV and 66KV systems.
4.Basic insulation level:
Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) is the voltage level that equipment insulation is
capable of withstanding without sustaining damage. The voltage withstand of insulation is
function of time. Inorder to establish volt-time impulse insulation levels of transformers standard
impulse tests standard voltage withstand tests are conducted on selected units as type test.
Transformers are subjected to impulse voltage tests (at rated BIL) and a chopped wave test (15%
above BIL). A steep front - of wave test (65% above BIL) is also performed on some units. A
curve plotted through these three points defines the minimum insulation withstand curve for
i)Arrester rating :
The voltage rating of an arrester is defined as the highest 50 Hz voltage at which the
arrester is designed to operate and reseal effectively after a surge has passed. Because of the
system grounding and connection, this, voltage is typically higher than the phase to ground
voltage / on the healthy phases will increase temporarily and it depends upon the earthing factor
or the system. The selection of an arrester voltage rating for station depends upon grounding
system connection and system voltage rating.
Also the voltage impressed across an arrester during a surge discharge is directly
proportional to the arrester voltage rating that is, a 10,000 Amps surge produces a higher
discharge voltage if it is flowed through a 10KV arrester than it does flowed through a 9KV
arrester generally it is desirable from the stand point of equipment protection to select the lowest
voltage rating for the application.
ii)Arrester location:
Surge arresters should always be located as close as possible to the terminals of the
equipment protected. In the case of transformer protection, mounting the arresters directly on the
transformer is the best of insurance. An appreciable distance between the surge arrester, and the
protected equipment reduces protection, afforded by the arresters and also increases the voltage
impressed upon the transformer at time of surge discharge. Also because of the extra travel
distance between the equipment and its arrester, surge wave could rise above the equipment
damage point before the arrester comes to its rescue.
n addition, the arrester connecting leads should be kept as short as possible because of
their voltage contribution to discharge the voltage. During current flow to ground through an
arrester, the interconnecting leads provide a voltage contribution because of current passing
through an impedance. Depending on surge magnitude, rate of rise type of conductor, a typical
value of voltage contribution to discharge voltage by interconnecting leads is i.e. 1.6 KV / foot.
(The protection range of an arrester increases with the difference between the impulse
voltage IV’ and the spark over voltage Va. Therefore, an arrester with protective level tends to
extend the protective range)
@ L = U-Ua (1000-550)
------- v = ---------------- X 300 = 52.5m
2 XS (2 X 1000)
The electrical circuit length between the surge arresters and the transformer bushing
technical should not exceed the limits given below: T.N.E.B. practice —(Thumb rule)
KV Meters Feet
230 60.0 200
110 36.57 110
60 24.38 80
iii)Interconnection of Grounds:
It is essential that the arrester ground terminal be interconnected with the transformer
tank and secondary neutral to provide reliable surge protection for the transformers.
Iv)Insulation coordination: .
Now let us consider the selection of an arrester according to standards, codes or
recommendations for insulation coordination. Calculating the margin of protection is the major
part of an. insulation co-ordination study. Insulation coordination is the process of comparing the
After determining the rated voltage of an arrester, the protective level has to be carefully
selected. For complete protection of the equipment, the “protective level” viz. the level to which
the over voltages are omitted by the arrester, must be lower than the withstand level by a factor of
at least 1.2 for lightning surges and 15 for switching surges. The value thus selected must be
checked against that given in I.S.S. or the technical details furnished by the arrester
manufactures.
To arrive at the discharge voltage of an arrester for these calculations discharge voltage
for a 10,000 Amps. surge is normally used. The following formula define these two margins of
protection calculations:
The table below gives the Rod gap setting adopted for various voltages: Gap settings:
Gap settings in MM (inches)
System voltage Gap on Transformer Gap on terminal Tower Gap on next three
Bushing approach towers
i) Protection against direct strokes can be handled by shielding the station equipment’s by
the provision of either
a) Mast or rods or
b) a net work of overhead ground wires in such a way that equipment’s and
switches of all lie in the protected zone.
ii) The protected zone for a rod mast is generally assumed as a cone with a base radius
equal to the height of the rod or mast above ground.
iii) For small sub-stations it may be sufficient to run one or GI wires across the station
from adjacent line towers. Extra wires may be run from the tower to the structure and
over the station.
iv) The grounds of the station shield should be solidly tied to the station ground bus to
prevent difference of surge potential between the shield and other g-rounded parts of
the Station.
.
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COOLING - REMOVAL OF HEAT.
Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the above three elements like fuel, oxygen or heat.
Starvation - Removal of Fuel
This is a method in which the surrounding materials are
removed from the seat of fire and making the fire to starve.
Without supply of fuel the fire will be starved and
extinguished.
V. Fire Extinguishers :
Fire Bucket wiht round bottom for holding water or sand.
Chemical fire Extinguishers :
Sl. Type of Contents of Max. Pressure Where Where
No. Extinguisher Container Range Developed to use not
Inner Outer Inside
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
4. CO2 ------- CO2 Very 53Kg/ B,C,E -
Close Sq.c.m
1.“A” (Solid Fire) Paper, wood 1. Seperation Starvation 1. Fire bucket with
Cloths,Rubber 2. Water Cooling sand or water
3. Dry sand or Blanketing 2. Soda Acid
powder 3. Dry Powder
METHOD OF OPERATION
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
METHOD OF OPERATION
METHOD OF OPERATION
1. Uncoil the rubber hose
2.Open the wheel value
3.Gently lower the engine untili
the handle rests on the ground.
4.Direct the discharge jet to the
base of fire.
Effective jet length in Meters: 10
Discharge time in Seconds : 90 - 120
METHOD OF OPERATION
1. Uncoil the rubber hose
2. Open the wheel value
3. Gently lower the engine untili the handle
rests on the ground.
4. Allow the pressure in the gauge to build
up to 5.5Kg/Cms2.
5. Open the hand control nozzle & Direct the
jet to the fire
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
METHOD OF OPERATION
1.Keep Extinguisher upright and remove safety clip
2.Hold nozzle in hand, strike the Knob
3.Direct jet towards the near edge of fire with a rapid
sweeping motion.
4.Drive the fire towards the far edge until the flames
are extinguished
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
METHOD OF OPERATION
METHOD OF OPERATION
METHOD OF OPERATION
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
METHOD OF OPERATION
METHOD OF OPERATION :
Portable : 9 ltrs
Trolley type : 45 Itrs and 150 Itrs.
NOTE :- The Bureau of Indian Standards has withdrawn ISI Mark for Soda Acid model because of the
operational risks involved during the usage of extinguisher and has advised to replace it with water CO2 Fire
Extinguishers.
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
METHOD OF OPERATION:
Mechanical Foam 9 Ites. IS 10204 Trolley type : 45 Itrs and 150 Itrs
‘AFFF’ (Aqueous film forming Foam) Solution is mixed in water
Note : The Bureau of indian Standards has withdrawn ISI mark for this model because of the operational risks
involved during the usage of the extinguisher and has advised to replace it with Mechanical Foam Fire Extin-
guishers.
.
METHOD OF OPERATION:
The Stored Pressure ABC Powder type fire extinguishers are multipurpose type suitable for flmmable
liquids, gases and for fires in electrical equipments.
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T & SS Training Institute, Madurai.
VIII. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS :
1. The lids of all extinguishers should be checked for tightness. If two or more threads are exposed out
the cylinder should not be used. The high pressure developed in the cylinder could be withstood only
if the lid is completly screwed on to the body. Otherwise the lid would come out as a blast and cause
serious injury to the operator.
2. All extinguisher should be used in the direction of the wind.
3. There are three pin holes on the periphyery of the lid. When there is any block in the cylinder nozzle
or hose the contents will not come out while using. Then the cylinder lid may be unscrewed very
slowly. When the holes come up, the pressurised gases will come out thro’ these holes. Only after
the gas completely goes out, the lid can be fully opened. On no account we should think that there is
no pressure inside the cyclinder, if contents do not come out during usage.
4. Whenever newly filled, the gas catridge and Co2 cylinder should be checked for its correct weight.
a. Monthly - cleaning and checking for nozzle block and lid tightness.
b. Quarterly - open the lid. check for free movement of plunger. Clean the outside of the inner container.
c. In foam type the solution should be poured seperately in utensils and stirred. Few drops may be taken
out sepertely and mixed together for checking proper formation of white coloured foam.
d. Once in 6 months - The gas catridge should be ckecked for weight. If there is more than 10% loss in
weignt of gas, the cylinder may be used in Fire mock drill and then refilled.
e. One in two years- The cylinder should be ckecked for pressure test. Soda Acid and Foam type should
withstand pressure of 17.5Kg/Sq.cm for 2.5 minutes and carbondioxide cylinder should withstand
pressure of 210 Kg/Sq.cm, for 2.5 minutes.
f. Once in two years 50% of stock of Soda Acid and foam type extinguishers, DCP once in 3 years and
Co2 once in 5 years should be used during demonstration / Fire mock drill.
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