(13)

-o*wf (pf)
rarhtyf

(43) ESpfajrmuf
ppfawGqefjy\emae@
0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,ftxdrf;trSwf
 (13)
-o*wf (pf)
rarhtyf

(43) ESpfajrmuf
ppfawGqefjy\emae@
0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,ftxdrf;trSwf
 ykHESdyfjcif; rSwfwrf;
wwd, t}udrf
2010 = ckESpf/ -o*wf(pf)
tkyfa&
2000

xkwfa0ol
okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;Xme
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p)
All Arakan Students' & Youths' Congress (AASYC)

rSwfwrf;pkaqmif;ay;ol
EkdifEkdif(ppfawG)

pmpDpm&kduf
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
(&/ u/ v/ p)
&Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm;

qufoG,f&efvdyfpm
P.O Box - 135
Mae Sot
Tak - 63110
Thailand
Phone: (66) 08 240 540 97
Email: aasyc.ghq.rdd@gmail.com
 aus;Zl;wifv$m

“(13) -o*wf(pf) rarhtyf” pmtkyftm; xkwfa0Ekdif&ef

twGuf rdrdwkd‹ &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;(&/
u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;vmcJhonfrSm (3) ESpfcef‹ -umcJhyg_yD? okd‹aomf
qENom&Sdaomfvnf; vufawG‹taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufonfhtykdif;
wGif a&S‹rwkd;EkdifbJ aemufjyef qkwfcJh&ygonf? ppfawGqefjy\em
ta&;awmfykHonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (40)ausmfu jzpfysufcJhaom tjzpf
tysuftm; jyefvnfajc&maumuf&jcif;/ rSwfwrf; rSwf&m tm;enf;jcif;
ESifh tjcm;aomta-umif;jcif;&mrsm;a-umifh vufawG‹aqmif&Guf&mwGif
tcuftcJrsm;&SdcJhygonf? okd‹aomf ukdEkdifEkdif(ppfawG). tm;ay;ulnDr+
a-umifh ppfawGqefjy\emwGif ukd,fwkdifyg0ifcJholrsm;. wefzkd;rjzwfEkdif
aom jyefvnfajym-um;csufrsm;ukd &&SdcJhygonf? xkdtwGufa-umifh
ukdEkdifEkdif(ppfawG)ESifhwuG tcsuftvufr#a0ay;-uolrsm;/ tm;}udK; rmef
wuf 0kdif;0ef; taumiftxnfazmfay;-uaom&Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm; tm;vkH;ukd
aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf ppfawGqefjy\em. rdwf
qufpmtkyfi,fwpftkyfom jzpfao;ygonf? tao;pdyfta-umif;t&mrsm;
onf jynfhpkHvkHavmufr+&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg? pmzwfolrsm;taejzifh T
pmtkyfi,ftm; tm;rvkdtm;r&/ pdwfwkdif;rusr+rsm; trSefwu,f &Sd-uyg
vdrfhrnf? ppfawGqefjy\emESifhywfoufI jynfhpkHckdifvkHaompmtkyfwpf
tkyf tm; aemufxyfxkwfa0&ef }udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdygonf?
xkwfa0&jcif; &nf&G,fcsufonf &ckdiforkdif;wGif aoG;pGef;cJh
aomtjzpftysufwpfcktm; tzdESdyfcH&ckdifjynfolrsm;/ wkdif;&if;om;jynf
olrsm; ykdrkdod&Sdem;vnfap&ef/ xkduJhokd‹aomtjzpftysuf aemufxyfwpfzef
rjzpfyGm;ap&efESifh jynfolrsm;owd&Sdae-uap&ef &nf&, G fygonf? &ckdif
orkdif;rSeftm; wdrfaumaysmufuG,f atmifaqmif&Gufaeaom Armppf
tm%m&Sifrsm;/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;vufatmufwGif trSefwu,f jzpf
ysufcJhaomtjzpftysufwpfcktm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfygonf? aemuf
vmaemifom;rsm;taejzifh orkdif;xJrS trSefw&m;/ orkdif;xJrS tem*wfudk
&SmazGapvkdaom qENjzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf &ckdiftrsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&; awmfvSefa&;c&D;wGif twkdif;twmwpfckxd tusKd;jyKEkdif
rnfqkdygu rdrdwkd‹ &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;
t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;&usKd;eyfyg_yD?
Tpmtkyfi,fjzifh ppfawGqefjy\emwGif wkdufyGJ0if,if;
usqkH;cJh&olrsm;ESifh touf&Sifusef&pfcJholrsm;tm; *k%fjyKtyfygonf?

okawoeESifh rSwfwrf;Xme
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
rsufpdwqkH; tpdrf;a&mifzkH;v$rf;aeaom b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf
a&jyifus,f}uD;ukdjzwfausmfvsuf avajyavn‡if;uav;rsm;onf vjcrf;
ajrokd‹ OD;wnfwkdufcwfvsuf&Sdonf? xkdvjcrf;ajronf uGsef;}uD;/ uGsef;
i,f/ jrpf}uD;/ jrpfi,ftoG,foG,fESifh awmawmifpdrfhprf;wkd‹jzifh vlwdkif;
ESpfvkdzG,f om,mvSyaoma'owpfckjzpfonf? Ta'ookd‹ (1630) jynfh
ESpfu -o*wfpwif c&pf,mef*kd%f;0if ay:wl*Dbkef;awmf}uD; qDbuf
pwD,ef rife&dwfonf tdENd,jynfrSwqifh vma&mufaexkdifcJhonf? bkef;
awmf}uD;rife&dwf rSwfwrf;wifcJhaomEkdifiHum; “tm&uef” “Arracan”
“&ckdifjynf” yifjzpfonf?
rife&dwfa&muf&Sdvmcsdefum; &ckdifjynfonf ukd,fhrif; ukd,hf
csif;ESifh tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif vGwfvyfaomwkdif;jynfwpfjynf jzpfchJ
onf? bkef;awmf}uD;rife&dwfonf &ckdifjynf/ &ckdifbk&ifESifh &ckdifhxD;eef;
crf;em;}uD;us,fr+/ &ckdifjynf.om,mvSykHtm; pmzGJ‹rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf?
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfu EkdifiHjcm;om;wpfOD; &ckdifjynf. crf;
em;}uD;us,fr+tm; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
rife&dwf. rSwfwrf;t&qkdv#if &ckdifjynfonfum; Owk&moD
r#waumif;rGefI ajray:ajratmuf oD;ESHxGufukefrsm;jzifh uHkvkHjynfhpHk_yD;
rif;ESifh jynfol cspf-unf&if;ESD;pGm aexkdif-uum ppfa&;tiftm;awmifh
wif;ckdifrmaom EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHjzpfayonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf“avm
uedAŠmefuav;”ozG,f csrf;om-uG,f0vSaom &ckdifjynfyifjzpfayonf?
okd‹aomf ,ae‹ &ckdifjynfonfum; csrf;om-uG,f0olrsm; ae
xkdif&m “avmuedAŠmefbkH” r[kwfbJ “qif;&JrJGaw zGwfbkd;atrsm; aexkdif
&m 'kuQbkHav;” wpfckom jzpfvsuf&Sdonf?
‘'kuQbkHav;’okd‹ tb,fa-umifh &ckdifol/ &ckdifom;rsm; usqif;
cJh&ygoenf;?

tkd uGsefb0
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (5000)ausmfu &ckdifjynfonf ukd,hf
xD;ukd,fheef;/ ukd,fhpmay/ ukd,f,
h Ofaus;r+jzifh aexkdifcJhaomEkdifiHjzpfonf?
"n0wDacwf/ a0omvDacwf/ av;_rdK‹acwf/ ajrmufOD;acwf[lI acwf}uD;
av;acwfukd jzwfoef;vmcJhonf? acwf}uD;av;acwfukd jzwfoef;&if;
&ckdifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfjznf;jznf; wkd;wuf}uD;yGm;vmcJhonf?
(1)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
(1784)wGif &ckdifjynfY eef;wGif;t±+yftaxG;a-umifh trsKd;
om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr+_ydKuGJaeonfukd tcGifhaumif;,lum Armbk&if armif
0kdif;onf &ckdifjynfokd‹0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufcJhonf? tcsKd‹aom &ckdifrif;nD
rif;om;ESifh jynfolrsm;u Armbk&iftaejzifh &ckdifjynfEkdifiHa&; _idrfouf
csdefwGif jynfolwkd‹.vkdvm;ESpfoufaom rif;nD/ rif;om; wpfyg;yg;ukd
eef ;wif ay;vd rfh rnf [k,l qum Armbk &if armif 0kd if ;.usL;ausmf r+ukd
axmufcH}udKqkdcJh-uonf? tcsKd‹aom &ckdifacgif;aqmifrsm;u Arme,fcsJ‹wk‹d
&ckdifjynftm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjcif; jzpf
onfukd &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? xkda-umifh awmifrif;}uD; ausmfxGD;onf yxrqkH;
ckcH wkdufckdufcJhonf? Armwyfrsm;tvkH;t&if;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg
awmifrif;}uD;ausmfxGD;onf ajrmufOD;rif;xHrSvnf;aumif;/ &rf;_AJusG ef;
tdrfa&S‹rif;a[mif;oufpHa&$xHrSvnf;aumif;/ rmefatmif_rdK‹pm; AkdvfxGef;
atmifausmfxHrSvnf;aumif; ppfulawmif;cHcJhonf? okd‹aomf xkdtcsdeft
cgu tcsif;csif;oHo,0ifaejcif;/ pnf;vkH;r+_ydKuGJaeaoma-umifh e,fcsJ‹
&efoltm; ckcHwGef;vSef&ef pkpkpnf;pnf; r&SdcJh-uacs? xkdtcsdeftcgu &ckdif
jynfY ajrmufOD;bk&if orRw&mZmrif;tjyif ia-u;awmifwGif "m;rEkdif
rif;/ yaEM;uGsef;wGif aumif;nGef‹&efrif;/ -uyfpifuGsef;wGif "m;ykdif}uD;oH
a'rif;/ &kd;uGsef;wGif ukvm;a&$pmrif;/ wef;vGJwGif awmifrif;}uD; ausmf
xGD;/ rmefatmifuGsef;wGif owkd;jzLrif;wkd‹onf olwpfvligwpfrif; jzpfae
cJhonf? xkda-umifh Arme,fcsJ‹wkd‹onf&ckdifjynftm; tvG,fwul odrf;yku d f
EkdifcJhum (1784) 'DZifbm (31) &ufae‹wGif &ckdifjynf tcsKyftjcmtm%m
usqkH;um ol‹uGsefb0ukd usa&mufcJh&onf?
ESpfaygif; (5000) ausmf “avmuedAŠmef”tjzpfrS ted@m&kHrsm;
aygif;qkH&m “'kuQbkHuav;”tjzpf a&muf&Sdaponfh Zmwfvrf;tp y%r
yifjzpfonf?
Arme,fcsJ‹wkd‹onf &ckdifjynfukd odrf;ykduf_yD; “usLyifckwf usL
ikwfrusef”qkdovkd &ckdifvlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;tm; zrf;qD;owfjzwfchJ
onf?

Arme,fcsJ‹wkd‹owfjzwfcJhaoma-
oma-umifh aoqkH;cJh&aom &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;
aygif;wkwfjyifwGif 1000
o&uftkyfwGif 1000

(2)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
-uuf&kd;awmif 1000
pHum;awmif 2000
ajrmufOD;_rdK‹ay: 37000
ykcufwGif;rS uav;rsm;tm;
"m;upm;ojzifh uav;aygif; 10000
bk&m;ay:/ 'kdif;usD/ armif;aqG;/
i&aumuf/ acgif;_ydK/ yk&drf/
&wemjyif/ vufrawmwef;/
ukd;q,fhukd;awmif/ oHwGJ/
&rf;_AJ/ rmefatmift&yf 184000
pkpkaygif; 236000
&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcHcJh-u&onf?
&ckdifjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf ‘ausmcsrS "m;jrrSef;’ odcJh-u
onf? rdrdEkdifiHukd wkdufckdufodrf;ykduf&efvmoltm; 0rf;omtm;& qD;}udKcJh
aomtjzpf? xkd‹aemuf Arme,fcsJ‹rsm;onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹. ZmwdaoG;/
Zmwdrmefudk csdK;ESdrf&ef &ckdifbk&ifr[morRw&mZm/ rdzk&m;jroEWm/ rif;nD
rif;om;rsm;/ ynm&Sdtrwfrsm;ESifh &[ef;ynm&Sifrsm;/ ukd,f&Hawmfrsm;
ponfjzifh a,musfm;/ rdef;rpkpkaygif; (7700) ukdvnf; zrf;qD;ac:qmif
oGm;cJhonf? ydËuwf (3) ykHESifh aA'if (56) usrf;t0if aq;usrf;/ "mwf
usrf;/ ppfusrf;/ Adokumusrf;aygif;rsm;pGmukdvn;f odrf;,lchJ-uonf?
ajrmufOD;_rKd‹ay:&dS ausmif;}uD; (30)/ ausmif;i,f (3000) cef‹ESifhwuG
apwDykxkd; tajrmuftjrm;udk Armrif;trdef‹jzifh zsufqD;cJh-uonf? ajrmuf
OD;a&$_rdK‹awmfESifhwuG &rRm0wD_rdK‹awmf/arC0wD_rKd‹awmf/ 'Gg&m0wD_rKd‹awmf
&Sd _rdK‹t*Fgtm;vkH;ukdvnf; zsufqD;cJh-uonf? &ckdif&[ef;awmf ax&f}uD;/
0g}uD;rsm;ukd oduQmcs_yD; 'kef;/ [m&Dpaom ,kwfnHhaom trsdK;tEG,f0if
rsm;xHwGif jyefvnf &[ef;cHapjcif;/ tr&yl&rS yifhaqmifvmaom 0gi,f
onfh &[ef;ysdKrsm;xHwGif jyefvnf&[ef;cHapjcif;jzifh omoemudkygrusef
csdK;ESdrfcJh-uonf? Arme,fcsJ‹wdk‹ yifhaqmifvmaom omoemjyKq&mawmf
(12) yg;uvnf; &ckdif&Sd Ak'<pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r+t&yf&yfukd zsufqD;vkduf
-uonf? &ckdifpmayusrf;*efrsm;ukdvnf; zsufqD;cJh-uonf? TuJhokd‹ Arm
e,fcsJ‹rsm;onf &ckdifjynfukd odrf;ykduf_yD; trsKd;rsKd;&ufpuf zdESdyfowfjzwf
zsufqD;aer+rsm;ukd rcHr&yfEkdifjzpf-uaom &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf Arm

(3)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
csJ‹tm; &&mvufeufjzifh ckcHwGef;vSefchJ-uonf? od‹kaomfvnf; olwpfvl
igwpfrif; jzpfaeojzifh atmifjrifoifhoavmuf atmifjrifr+r&SdcJhbJ us
qkH;cJh&onf? e,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&; tapmykdif;umvwGif awmifrif;}uD;ausmf
xGD;ESifh Adkvfcsif;ysHwdk‹rSm xif&Sm;onf? Akdvfcsif;ysHonf (1811) rS (1815)
xd Armya'o&mZfudk ykefuefjcm;em;cJhonf? ajrmufOD;_rdK‹udk (2) ESpfwmr#
odrf;ydkufEkdifcJhaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfwdk‹xHrS axmufyHhulnDr+ r&&Sdjcif;/ usL;
ausmfolArmwyf.vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm;ukd rrSDjcif;wkd‹a-umifh b*F
vm;e,fokd‹ qkwfcGgcJh&onf? (1815) wGif Akdvfcsif;ysH uG,fvGefoGm;aom
tcg ‚if;csay;cJhaomawmfvSefa&;rsdK;aphukd rif;om;}u;Da&$bef;/ a';0ef;
atmifausmf&$DESifh _rdK‹ol}uD;atmifausmfZHwdk‹u qufcHcJh-u onf?

t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹vufatmufusa&mufjcif;
xkdacgif;aqmif (3) oHk;OD;onf (1824) wGif usL;ausmfol
Armwdk‹udk wdkufxkwf&ef t*Fvdyfwkd‹ ESifhr[mrdwfpmcsKyf csKyfqkdcJh-uonf?
xkdpmcsKyfwGif
(1) &cdkifESifh t*Fvdyf yl;aygif;I Arme,fcsJ‹wyfudk &cdkifjynfrS wdkuf
xkwf&ef?
(2) t*Fvdyfwdk‹xHrS vufeufESifhppftiftm; wcsdK‹w0uf ulnD&ef?
(3) ppftoHk;p&dwfudk t*Fvdyfwdk‹xHrSuscH&ef?
(4) Arme,fcsJ‹wyfudk &ckdifjynfwGif;rS armif;xkwfjyD;v#if &ckdifrif;om;
rsm;vufodk‹ &cdkifjynfudk jyefvnftyfESif;&ef?
(5) ppf_yD;qHk;aomtcg ppftwGif;ukefusp&dwf. (2) qudk &cdkiftrsdK;
om;rsm;rS jyefvnfay;qyf&ef?
(6) t*Fvdyfwdk‹aejzifh &cdkifjynfol/ jynfom;rsm;tm; zdESdyfI qufqHjcif;
rjyK&ef?
(7) ppf_yD;v#if_yD;csif; t*Fvdyfwdk‹onf &cdkifjynfrS vHk;0xGufay;&ef?
(8) ppfwdkuf&mwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹u OD;aqmifvrf;n$efjy&ef?
(9) -unf;wyf/ a&wyfESpf&yfpvHk;wGif (2)bufpvHk; nDnm wuf-uGpGm
wm0ef,l-u&ef?
(10) ppftwGif;&duQmudk &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;u axmufyHh&ef wkd‹yg0ifonf?

(4)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
pifppftm;jzifh t*Fvdyfwdk‹onf Armya'o&mZfudk acsr+ef;&ef
ESifh &cdkifjynfudk u|efjyK&eftwGuf enf;y&d,m,fqifcJhjcif;om jzpfay
onf? &cdkifjynf ArmvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufaomtcgrSom &cdkiftrsdK;
om;wdk‹onf t*Fvdyfwdk‹. oabmxm;rSefudk od&SdcJh-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh
(1827) wGif jyifopftultnD&,lI t*Fvdyfwdk‹udk jyefvnfqef‹usif&ef
rif ;om;}uD;a&$bef;/ a';0ef;atmifausmf&$DES ifh_rdK‹ol}uD;atmifausmfZHwkd‹
onf ajratmufpnf;&kH;a&;ESifh ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;rsm;ukd taumif
txnfazmfcJhonf? odk‹aomf pH&azGacgif;aqmifaom opPmazmuftcsdK‹
a-umifh acgif;aqmif (3) OD;onf 'uUm;axmifwGif axmifoGif;tusOf;cs
jcif;cHcJh&on?f Tacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd‹.aowrf;pmukd 'umU;
axmifeH&HwGif vufarmif;aoG;jzifh a&;xdk;vsuf aoonftxd tpmiwfcH
wdkufyGJ0ifum &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹. ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmefudk azmfxkwfjyo
cJh-uonf? acgif;aqmifrJhoGm;aom &cdkife,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&;wdkufyGJrsm;rSm
enf;ynmt&m/ vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm;t&mwGif tzufzufrS om
vGefaom e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfwdk‹. zdESdyfr+atmufwGif rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfcJh&onf?
&ckdiftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfudk qef‹
usifwdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;wGif tjcm;xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; &Sdao;
onf? (1828) wGif &ckdifjynfajrmufykdif; av;_rdK‹acsmif;wGif AkdvfcsKdufpH/
(1829) wGif oHwGJe,frS AkdvfatmifomOD;/ (1831) wGif usdE WvDq&m
awmf/ (1870=71)wGif ajrmufOD;_rdK‹wGif AkdvfarmifOD;jzL trsKd;om;awmf
vSefa&;wpf&yfukd qifEGJcJhonf? okd‹aomf vufeuftiftm;rr#aom
a-umifh wkdufckdufzrf;qD;cH&_yD; owfjzwfcHvdkuf&onf? (1890) wGif
oHwGJusdE WvDwGif aiGausmufpdrf;Akdvf x-uGawmfvSefcJhonf? xkdESpfrSmyif
oHwGJq&mawmf}uD;OD;aqmif_yD; Ak'<omoemawmfukd rdp>m_Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹
vufatmufu u,fwif&eftwGuf awmfvSefykefuefcJh-uonf? oHwGJjrpf
wpf&kd;rS &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;ukd pnf;&kH;_yD; _rdK‹ukd0ifpD;cJh-uonf? xkdwkdufyJG
wGif q&mawmfESifh &[ef;awmftrsm;tjym;ysHvGefoGm;-u_yD; usef&[ef;
rsm; tzrf;tqD;cHcJh-u&onf? (1890) wGif &ckdifjynf ajrmufOD;/ ausmuf
awmf/ &aohawmif_rdK‹rsm;vnf; awmfvSefx-uGr+ tajrmuftjrm; ay:
aygufcJhonf? Akdvf-umxGef;/ Akdvfa&$vS/ Akdvfbwkd‹onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm;
awmfvSefcJh-uonf? oHwGJe,frS Akdvfausmf0onf awmifydkif;rSajrmufydkif;
txd awmufav#muf awmfvSefwkdufcdkufcJhonf? okd‹aomf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹

(5)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
wkd‹. zrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? (1891) wGif Akdvfcsif;zkd‹ESifh om;
armifazmfatmifwkd‹onf awmifolv,form;rsm;ukdpnf;&kH;_yD; t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJ‹tm; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm; armif;xkwf_yD; rif;quf
xlaxmif&ef}udK;yrf;cJh-uonf? (1892) azazmf0g&DvwGif om;zESpfOD;vkH;
zrf;qD;cH&_yD; ppfawGtusOf;axmifwGif wkdufydwfxm;cJhonf? tusOf;om;
wpf&mausmfcef‹onf axmifwGif;wGif wuf-uGykefuef_yD; om;tzESpfOD;
tm; v$wfay;vkduf-uonf? xkd‹aemuf axmifukd azmufxGif;&ef wkdufcku d f
cJh-uonf? e,fcJs‹u wefjyefwkdufckdufr+a-umifh zrf;qD;rdum om;tz ESpf
OD;vkH; }udK;ay;_yD; owfjzwfcHcJh&onf?
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.awmfvSefa&;onf wpfrsKd;om;vkH;yg0if
pkpnf;xm;aom awmfvSefa&;rjzpfcJhaomfvnf; wpfyg;olvufatmufwGif
acgif;ikH‹rcHcJhbJ &J&J0Hh0hH wkdufyJG0ifcJh-uonf? ukd,fhjynfukd jyef&zkd‹twGuf
&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf toufaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ay;qyfcJh-u&onf?

ArmwpfjynfvkH;uGsefb0usa&mufjcif;
t*Fvdyfwdk‹onf (1824) wGif atmufArmjynf/ (1885) wGif
txufjrefrmjynftm; wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufvsuf Armjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;
tm;vHk;udk u|efjyKtkyfcsKyfcJh-uonf? e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfwdk‹. enf;ynmESihf
vufeuftiftm;udk txif-uD;pdwfESifh jyif;xefaomzdESdyfr+rsm;a-umifh
Armtrsd K;om;wpf &yf vH k ;. t*F vd yf e,f csJ ‹qef ‹u sif a&;pd wf "mwf rS m
wjznf;jznf; r+ef0g;vmcJhonf? (1917) wGif &ckdiftrsKd;om; q&mawmf
OD;OwWronf tm&SwdkuftESH‹vSnfhvnfvsuf Oa&myudkvdkeDpepfudk t-urf;
rzuftEkenf;jzifh qef‹usif-u&ef wdkufwGef;v+H‹aqmfcho J nf? q&mawmf.
aus;Zl;a-umifh jynfolwpf&yfvHk; EdkifiHa&;todEdk;-um;vm_yD; qENjyyGJ/
oydwfarSmufyGJESihf awmif;yGJ/ wdu
k fyGJrsm; Edkifit
H ESH‹ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
q&mawmfum; 0dkiftrfbDtoif;}uD;u t*Fvdyfbk&ifrudk
bk&m;ocifapmifrygap[laom _Adwdo#tifyg,m.EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;udk
oDqdkae&csdef/ jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; _Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;wGif tr+
xrf;aeonfh ArmvlrsdK;ykvdyfudkyif acgif;armfI r-unfh0HhcsdefwGif bk&ifcH
qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'gufudk t*FvefjyefoGm;[k owif;pmwGif ajAmif
ta&;qdk wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh tm*owWd&Sifjzpfayonf? (1917) rS (1939)

(6)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
twGif; q&mawmf.EdkifiHa&;pmayESifh rdef‹cGef;rsm;onf Armjynfwpf0Srf;
vHk;&Sd vlxk/ vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;EdkifcJhonf? t*Fvdyf
tpkd;&onf q&mawmfudk (4) }udrfwdkifwdkif axmifoGif; tusOf;csI n‡Of;
yef;ESdyfpufcJhaomfvnf; q&mawmfum; ysHvGefcsdef (1939) pufwifbm (9)
txd 'l;raxmuf/ vufrajr‡muf tav#mhray;cJhay? AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;um; Armjynf.vGwfvyfa&;AdokumjzpfI q&mawmfum; Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;.rD;&+;wefaqmifjzpfayonf? Armjynf. r[wWr*END[kwif
pm; xkdufaom jynfol‹bufawmfom;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfayonf?
,if;umvu &cdkiftrsdK;om;e,fcsJ‹ qef‹usifa&;orm;rsm;
wGif t,ltq (2) &yf uGJjym;cJh-uonf? wpfckrSm t*FvdyfESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufum &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;. ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufatmif
aqmif&Guf_yD; t*Fvdyftpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;wGif 0ifa&muftr+
xrf;um &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdk‹.&ydkifcGifhrsm;ukd wdk;jr‡ifhawmif;qdkoGm;&efjzpf
onf? aemufwpfckrSm ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;wdkufyJG0if_yD; t*Fvdyf
vufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;&,l&efjzpfonf? yxrt,ltqESifh trsdK;om;
a&;v+yf&Sm;cJholrsm;wGif qmay:xGef;/ qmxGef;atmifausmf/ tdkufpDtufpf
OD;ausmfrif;ESifh OD;aratmifwkd‹yg0ifonf? 'kwd,tkyfpkwGif a'gufwm a&$ZH
atmif/ OD;pdefvSatmif/ OD;pdefxGef;atmif wkd‹yg0ifonf? xdkacgif;aqmif
rsm;onf ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I (1920) wGif xlaxmifum
trsdK;/ bmom/ omoemtusdK;udk o,fydk;xrf;&GufcJh-uonf? ArmESihf yl;
aygif;I t*Fvdyfudkwdkuf&rnf[k cH,lcsuf&Sdonfholrsm;wGif &efukefwuU
odkvf ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;udk OD;aqmifcJhaom rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;
vnf; trsm;tjym;yg0ifcJhonf? ,if;wdk‹teuf yxrausmif;om;oydwf
(1920) wGif OD;bOD;/ 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf (1930) wGif OD;ausmf&if/
OD;ndKxGef;ESifh OD;bpHwdk‹rSm xif&Sm;onf? yl;wGJwdkufyGJ0ifI e,fcsJ‹vuf
atmufrS vGwfajrmufygu &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;taejzifh orRwEdkifiHxl
axmifI oD;jcm; &yfwnfvdku &yfwnfcGifh&Sdap&rnf[k tmrcHcsufay;cJh
-uaomArmtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. uwda-umifhvnf; &cdkif/ Arm
aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr+ ydkrdkjrifhrm;cJh&onf? (1937)wGif Armjynfudk tdEdN,rS
cGJxkwfI oD;jcm; tkyfcsKyfvkdufcsdefwGif trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm; r+
ydkI t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vmcJhonf? (1939) wGif &cdkifjynf&Sd vlxk/ vl
wef;pm;aygif;pHkudk udk,fpm;jyKonfh tzGJ‹tpnf;aygif;pHkyg0ifaom &ckdif
(7)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
trsdK;om;uGef*&ufudk zGJ‹pnf;EdkifcJhonf? &cdkifjynftESH‹tjym;wGif v,f
orm;v+yf&Sm;r+ESifh vlxkv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;vnf; tm;aumif;vmcJhonf?

zufqpf*syefvufatmufusa&mufjcif;
(1942) wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu tultnDawmif;
I *syef0ifa&mufvmaomtcg ArmwpfjynfvHk; *syefudk u,fwif&Sif[k
xifrSwfcJh-uonf? zufqpf*syefwdk‹. n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr+'%fudk vufawG‹
cHpm;&onfhtcgrSom usm;a-umufvdk‹ &Sif}uD;ukd;/ &Sif}uD; usm;xuf
qdk;onhf tjzpfudka&mufcJh&a-umif; oabmaygufcJh-uonf? tdEdN,od‹k
qkwfcGgoGm;onfh t*Fvdyfwdk‹uvnf; ar,kc&dkif&Sd b*FvDrlqvifrsm;vuf
wGif vufeufrsm; csefxm;&pfcJhjyD; &cdkiftrsdK;om;ESifh b*FvDrlqvifrsm;
-um; vlrsdK;a&;ESifh bmoma&; t"du&k%f;rsm; zefwD;um tpdk;&opfudk t
-uyftwnf;ESifh}uHKatmif jyKvkyfcJh-uonf? zufqpf*syefwdk‹onf (1943)
-o*wf(pf) (1) &ufae‹wGif a'gufwmbarmfudk &kyfao;tpdk;&tzGJ‹.
t}uD;tuJtjzpf wifajr‡mufvsuf Armjynfudk twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;
ay;cJh-uonf? (1942) wGif wnfaxmifaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf.
acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonfh q&mawmfOD;pdEWmESifh OD;nKdxGef;wdk‹onf Arm
acgif;aqmifrsm;. zdwf-um;csuft& (1944) wGif &efukefYusif;yonfh
zufqpfqef‹usifa&;nDvmcHodk‹wufa&mufum &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;udk,fpm;
ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD; oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhonf?
ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD;.EdkifiHa&;vrf;pOfrSm tzdESdyfcHwdkif;&if;om; rsm;
vufwGJI e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfudk wdkufxkwfum wef;wla&;ESihf udk,fhuH-urRm
udk,fzefwD;cGifh&Sdaomjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;
om;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk‹zmom rdrdwdk‹ oD;jcm;tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiH
tjzpf&yfwnfvdkuvnf; vufcHonf? &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufacgif;
aqmifrsm;onf zufqpf*syefudkwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf Adkvf}uD;-umvSatmif
udk ppfOD;pD;csKyfcef‹vsuf tiftm; (3000) cef‹&Sdonfh &cdkifhumuG,f
a&;wyfrawmfudk &cdkifjynfaus;vufa'orsm;Y zGJ‹pnf;xm;cJh-uonf?
&cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufonf zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;
tzGJ‹csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm; tdENd,odk‹oGm;a&mufI *syefudkwdkufzdk‹ t*Fvdyfukd
tultnDawmif;cH&mwGifvnf; rsm;pGmtultnDay;cJh-uonf? (1944)
ESpfv,fydkif;wGif &cdkifhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS zufqpf*syefudk ajymuf
(8)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
usm;ppfjzifh pwifwdkufcdkufcJh&m ESpfukefydkif;wGif zufqpftm;vHk;udk &ckdif
jynfwGif;rS armif;xkwfEdkifcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf &cdkiftrsdK;om;tpdk;& zGJ‹pnf;
&ef jyifqifaepOf &cdkifhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfvufxJ&Sd vufeufrsm;udk
jynfr&Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom zqyvwyfrsm;odk‹ v$Jajymif;
ay;&ef[kqdkum t*Fvdyfwdk‹u vufeufjyefvnftyfESif;&ef awmif;qdkcJh-u
onf? t*Fvdyfwkd‹ uwdrwnfv#if vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ jyefvnfqifEJG_yD;
vGwfvyfa&;&,lrnf[k jyifqifxm;-uaom OD;pdE Wmwdk‹tzGJ‹u vufeuf
jyefvnftyfESif;&ef jiif;qef&m t*Fvdyftpkd;&u cdk;om;/ "m;jyrsm;tjzpf
0&rf;uyfI zrf;rdef‹xkwfcJhonf? pifppftm;jzifh zqyvwyfzGJ‹rsm;odk‹ vuf
eufv$Jajymif;ay;&efqdkonfrSm taysmhqGJI vufeufodrf;vdkonfh e,fcsJ‹
t*Fvdyfwdk‹.y&d,m,fomjzpfonf? Tonfudk em;rvnfaom Armacgif;
aqmifwpfcsdK‹onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tay: txiftjrif
vGJrSm;um tcJra-u jzpfcJh-uonf?

e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfukd awmfvSefjcif;
(1945) ESpfOD;ykdif;wGif &ckdifjynfolvlxkt-um; t*Fvdyfqef‹
usifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm; }uD;xGm;vmum &ckdifjynftEHS‹tjym; qENjyyGJESihf
oydwfwdkufyGJrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? OD;pdEWmOD;aqmifaom &ckdifhjynfo‹l
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ‹csKyfESifh jynfrrS pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;vmaom zqyvvnf;
tiftm;aumif;vmcJhonf? (1946) wGif ajrykHnDvmcHusif;ycJh&m &ckdihf
jynfol‹vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ‹csKyf/ &ckdifwkdif; zqyv/ &ckdifwkdif;jynfol‹&Jabmf
tzGJ‹/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (&ckdifwkdif;)/ tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD (Arm
jynf)/ vli,frsm;tpnf;t±kH;/ trsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;/ awmifolv,form;
rsm;tzGJ‹csKyf/ &J0efxrf;or*~/ pma&;/ pmcsDpaom vlxk/ vlwef;pm;aygif;pHk
tiftm; (60000) wufa&mufcJh-uonf? ‚if;wGif zqyvtzGJ‹csKyf
acgif;aqmifAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;OD;baqGwkd‹vnf;yg0if
onf? TnDvmcHwGif ,if;umvua&yef;pm;aeaom vuf0JEkdifiHa&;
tawG;tac:udk tajccHvsuf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkudk zGJ‹pnf;EkdifchJ
-uonf? ajrykHnDvmcHt_yD;wGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹wkd‹onf q&mawmfOD;pdEWm
udk "m;jyAdkvftjzpf 0&rf;xkwfI zrf;qD;cJh-uonf? (1945) ESpfOD;ydkif;u
t*Fvdyftpkd;&udk vufeufjyefvnftyfESHzdk‹ jiif;qefcsufudk em;vnfr+vJG
um tcJra-ujzpfae-uaom ArmEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK‹uvnf; tzd
(9)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
ESdyfcHcsif; ukd,fcsif;rpmbJ q&mawmftm; zrf;qD;jcif;udk tm;ay;/ tm;
ajr‡mufjyKcJh-uonf? q&mawmftzrf;cH&onfhtay: rauseyfaomjynf
olvlxkonf t*Fvdyftpkd;&udk tcGef/ tcray;bJ oydwfarSmufcJh-uonf?
&cdkifvli,ftcsdK‹uvnf; t*Fvdyfwdk‹. wyfpcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufodrf;
ydkufcJh-uonf? rif;jym;jrdK‹wGif vlxkqENjyyGJudk zqyvwyfrsm;u t-urf;
zufESdrfESif;&m jynfol (2) OD; aoqHk;oGm;ojzifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;omru
Armjynfolrsm;ygrausreyfjzpfum q&mawmfudkvGwfay;zkd‹ yl;aygif;
wkdufyGJ0ifcJh-uonf? ,if;umvwGif zqyvESifh t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;yl;aygif;
ppfqifum &ckdifajymufusm;rsm;tm; ESdrfeif;cJh-uonf? OD;ynmoD[/
OD;nKdxGef;ESifh OD;atmifZHa0wkd‹url zqyvESifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;
aqmifr+ukd ,kH-unfum EdkifiHa&;t&awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifI trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJh-uonf? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom
zqyvonf e,fcsJ‹t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; tjref&&Sdap&ef
twGuf Armr[kwfaomwkdif;&if;om;rsm;udk wef;wltcGifhta&; ay;rnf[k
tmrcHum EkdifiHa&;t& pnf;&Hk;axmufcHr+udk&,lcJhonf? atmifqef; =
tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkI (1) ESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;t&,l&ef jyifqif
pkdif;jyif;cJh-uonf? okd‹aomf (1947) Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif *VefOD;apm
u vkyf}uHowfjzwfojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if wkdif;&if;om;
acgif;aqmif (9) OD; usqHk;cJh&onf? AkdvfcsKyf.acgif;aqmifr+ t±kduft
&mudk OD;EkuqufcHum Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkvsuf (1948) Zefe0g&D
v (4) &ufae‹wGif ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;ukd &,lEkdifcJh onf?

ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&&Sdjcif;
vGwfvyfa&;&cgpwGif usifhoHk;cJhaom (1947) zGJ‹pnf;yHkonf
Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;wdk‹.trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ukd tmrcHcsuf
ray;Ekdifaom wpfjynfaxmifpepf zGJ‹pnf;yHkomjzpfcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;
wdk‹.EdkifiHa&;/ vlr+a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ ppfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r+
ponfwdk‹udk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;uvuf0g;}uD; tkyfxm;cJh-uonf? okd‹jzpfI
&ckdifjynfvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ‹ (AIO) . twGif;a&;rSL;q&mpHausmfxGef;u
&ckdifjynfonf urBmurodvdkufbJ Arme,fcsJ‹vufatmufodk‹ oGwfoGif;cH
vdkuf&onfh “u|efykef;ukdvkdeDEdkifiH” jzpfonf[k aumufcsufcscJhonf? xkd‹

(10)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
a-umifh (1948) vGwfvyfa&;&pumvrS pwifI &cdkifEkdifiHa&;tzGJ‹
tpnf;tcsdK‹onf Arme,fcsJ‹&efudk jyefvnfwGef;vSefcJh&ayonf?
(1958) wGif zqyv (2) jcrf;uGJI OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom
oef‹&Sif;zqyvu &cdkifjynfay;rnf[k rJqG,fpnf;&kH;cJo h nf? OD;baqG
acgif;aqmifaom wnf_rJzqyvu “jynfe,fawmh ray;Ekdifbl;? usefwhJ
[mukd ay;Ekdifw,f” [kqdkum rJqG,fpnf;±Hk;onf? twdwfu udk,fhxD;/
ukd,hfeef;jzifh &yfwnfcJhaom/ r-umrSDtcsdeftxd ArmtrsdK;om;wpf&yfvkH;
e,fcsJ‹t*FvdyfESifh zufqpf*syefvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufzdk‹ oufpGe‹f
wdkufyGJ0if cJh-uaom &cdkift rsKd ;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;&csd efwGif
trnfcHjynfe,ftqifhudkyif vuf0g;jzef‹I renf; awmif;qdkae&ayonf?
wef;wltcGifhta&;ESifh jynfe,fvkdcsifaom&ckdiftrsdK;om;trsm;pku OD;Ekudk
axmufcHrJay;I (1960) azazmf0g&DwGif oef‹&Sif;zqyv tm%m&&Sdvm
onf? odk‹aomf &cdkifwdk‹rSm jynfe,fr&&SdcJhonfomru ar,kc±dkif&Sd w&m;
r0if 0ifa&mufaexkdifae-uaom b*FvDrlqvifrsm;ukd EkdifiHom;tjzpf
todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzifh wkef‹jyefcJhonf? (1948) rS (1962) twGif; wdkif;
&if;om;rsm;. wef;wljynfe,f&&Sda&;v+yf&Sm;r+ tiftm;aumif;vmcJh
onf? (1962) azazmf0g&D (25) wGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pkaygif;Iordkif;0if
awmif}uD;nDvmcHusif;yvsuf “&Srf;rl”[k vlodrsm;aom jynfe,faygif;pk
jynfaxmifpkzGJ‹pnf;yHkrl-urf;udk a&;qGJcJh-uonf? jynfaxmifpkzGJ‹pnf;yHka&;
qGJ&mwGif yg0if&rnfhtajccH&rnfh rlrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; csrswfcJh-u
onf?

(1) jynfaxmifpkudk wef;wltcGifhtm%m&Sdonfh trsdK;om;jynfe,f

(8) jynfe,fudk tajccHvsufzJG‹pnf;&rnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk oD;jcm;tyfESif;xm;aom tm%mtcsdK‹rSvGJI
jynfe,ftpkd;&wdkif;wGif wef;wltcGifhtm%m &Sdap&rnf?
(3) jynfe,ftvkduf oD;jcm;zGJ‹pnf;yHk/ Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESifh tpdk;&tzGJ‹
rsm;&Sd&rnf?
(4) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfudk vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfESifh jynfol‹v$wfawmf[l
I v$wfawmf (2) &yfjzifh zGJ‹pnf;&rnf? ,if;v$wfawmf (2) &yfonf
xyfwltm%m&Sd&rnf?

(11)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
(5) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfonf (u) EdkifiHjcm;a&; (c) umuG,fa&;
(*) b¾ma&;(C) w&m;pD&ifa&; (i) aiGpuUL&dkufESdyfxw k fa0a&;
(p) qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&; (q) rD;&xm;ESifhav
a-umif; o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&; (Z) taumufcGefESifh qdyfurf;_rdK‹rsm;ESihf
ouf qdkifonfh Oya'rsm;udkjyKydkifcGifh&Sda&rnf?
(6) jynfe,frsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tjynfht0&Sdvsuf/ jynfe,f
tpdk;&rsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&.0ifa&mufpGufzufr+rS uif;
vGwfcGifh&Sd&rnf?
(7) jynfe,fwdkif;twGuf tpdk;&.b¾ma&;toHk;p&dwfudk nDr#pGm cGJa0
&rnf? jynfe,fydkifobm0o,HZmwESifh pD;yGg;a&;taqmufttHk
rsm;udk jynfe,fvlxkuom pDrHcef‹cGJydkifcGifh &Sd&rnf?

xdkodk‹wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;u trsKd;om;rsm;wef;wla&;udk
tmrcHay;Edkifonfh jynfaxmifpkzGJ‹pnf;yHkudk a&;qGJwifjy&ef }udK;yrf;aepOf
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom vlrsdK;}uD;0g'D ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u wkdif;jynf
_ydKuGJrnfpkd;I[kqkdum (1962) wGif EdkifiHawmftm%mudk ppfwyftm;ukd;
jzifh odrf;,lvdkufonf? v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;I orRwESifh tpdk;&tzG‹J 0if
0ef}uD;rsm;/ awmif}uD;nDvmcHodk‹wufa&mufcJhonfh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm;udk tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mr&SdbJ axmifoGif;tusOf;csvdkufonf?
xdk‹aemuf ppfAkdvf/ ppfom;rsm; }uD;pdk;aom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD
udk xlaxmifum t&if;&Sife,fcsJ‹0g'/ vlrsdK;}uD;0g'/ ppftm%m&Sif0g'ESihf
wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudk w&m;0if usifhoHk;-uawmhonf?

ppftm%m&Sifvufatmufusa&mufjcif;
Adkvfae0if; ppftm%modrf;I r-umcifrSmyif OD;ay:OD;ESihf
OD;armifpdefnGef‹wkd‹onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ‹ukd zGJ‹pnf;
xlaxmif_yD; (1962) rS (1969) txd rqvtpkd;&ukd awmfvSefcJh-uonf?
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif OD;ausmfZH&$DESifh OD;armif[efwdk‹OD;aqmifaom &ckdif
trsdK;om;rsm;onf ocifpkd;OD;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (tvH
eD)rS cGJxGufum &ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk xlaxmifvsuf &ckdiftrsKd;om;
a&;twGuf awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifcJh-uonf? (1963) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS
wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; typftcwf&yfpJa-umif;a-unm_yD; wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd vuf
(12)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
eufukdiftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ukd _idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:cJhonf? T
aqG;aEG;yGJodk‹ &cdkifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS OD;ausmfZH&$DESifh OD;odef;azwkd‹ wuf
a&muf_yD; &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.ukd,fhuH-urRmukd,fzefwD;cGifhukd tod
trSwfjyKonfhtaejzifh &ckdifjynfrS Armwyfrsm; ±kyfodrf;&efawmif;qkd&m
vdkufavsmr+wpfpkHwpf&mr&Sdojzifh aqG;aEG;yGJrS EkwfxGuf_yD; vufeufudkif
wdkufyGJudk qufvufqifE$JcJhonf? vufawG‹tm;jzifhvnf; awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD._idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm twdkuftcHrsm;u _idrf;csrf;a&;rvdk
vm;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifae&ygonf[k jynfolvlxkESihf
EdkifiHwumudk ta-umif;jycsufay;vdkaom AdkvfcsKyfae0if;.EdkifiHa&; vSnfh
uGufwpfckom jzpfayonf? (1964) wGif Akdvf}uD;-umvSatmif OD;aqmif
aom &ckdiftrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ‹ aus;vufa'orsm;udk tajccHum
rqvtpdk;&tm; ajymufusm;ppfjzifh wdkufcdkufcJh&m ppfa&;t& xda&mufr+
&SdcJhaomfvnf; jynfolvlxkESifh a0;vHacgif;yg;aomae&mrsm;wGifom v+yf
&Sm;cJhonfjzpf&m pnf;&Hk;a&;t& ta&;edrfhcJh&onf?
rqvtpkd;&vufatmufwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk; EdkifiHa&;t& zdESdyf
cHcJh&onf? vlr+/ pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m -uyfwnf;epfemr+rsm;ESifh }uHKawG‹chJ&
onf?

zJhay;vkduf&aom &uQXmeD
tcsKyftjcmtm%musqkH;oGm;aom &ckdifEkdifiHawmf. e,fe
rdwftm; tenf;i,fazmfjyvkdygonf?
&ckdifjynfonf Armjynf. taemufbufjcrf;wGifwnf&dS_yD;
ta&S‹bufwGif rauG;wkdif;/ taemufbufwGif b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf/
awmifbufwGif {&m0wDwdkif;/ ajrmufbufwGif csif;jynfe,f/ b*Fvm;
a'h&SfEdkifiHwdk‹ESifh xdpyfvsuf&Sdonf? (1824) t*Fvdyf/ Armppft_yD;wGif
csKyfqdkaom &E WydkpmcsKyft& &cdkifjynf.e,ferdwfrSm ajrmufydkif;wGif csif;
jynfe,f yvuf0awmifwef;a'orS awmifykdif;e*a&tilESifh [kdif}uD;u|ef;
txd us,fjyef‹cJhonf? &ckdifjynf.e,ferdwftus,ft0ef;rSmvnf;
(21694) pwk&ef;rkdif &SdcJhonf? okd‹&mwGif &ckdifawmifykdif;a'o ausmuf
c|ef;jrpfrS e*a&tiltxd &Snfvsm;aome,fajrrsm;tm; _Adwdo#wkd‹u tkyf
csKyfa&;,EW&m; ykdrkdvG,fula&;twGuf 'kwd, t*Fvdyf=Armppft_yD; c&mZf

(13)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
ESpf (1853) wGif ykodrfc&kdif (,ck {&m0wDwkdif;) twGif;okd‹ xnfhoGif;
vdkufavonf? xkda-umifh &ckdifjynf.e,fedrdwfrSm (21694) pwk&ef;rkdifrS
(18945) pwk&ef;rkdif cef‹ avsmhusoGm;avonf?
tdEdN,=Arm cGJa&;/ wGJa&;jy\emt_yD; (1937) wGif t*Fvdyf
tufOya't& ewfjrpftaemufbufurf; (37) rkdif&Snfvsm;aom
taemufbufurf;&kd;wef;tm; tdENd,EkdifiH.tkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmufok‹d
oGwfoGif;vkdufaoma-umifh &ckdifurf;&kd;wef;tvsm;rSm (480) rkdifrS (443)
rkdifokd‹ avsmqif;oGm;cJhonf? xkd‹jyif ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD; (1953)
wGif ,ckyvuf0c&dkif[kac:aom &cdkifajrmufykdif;awmifwef;a'oukdvnf;
csif;jynfe,fxJokd‹ qGJoGif;jcif;cHvkduf&onfhtwGuf ,ckvuf&SdArmjynf
wGif owfrSwfxm;aom &cdk ifjynf e,f.e,fed rdwftus,ft0ef;rSm
(14200) pwk&ef;rdkifr#om usef&Sdawmhonf?

Akdvfae0if;ESifh qefjy\em
ppftm%m&Sif Akdvfae0if;tpkd;&vufxuf rqvwpfygwD
tm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wkdif;jynftm; "m;rkd;tkyfcsKyfaecsdef ( 1967) ckESpfwGif
jrefrmEkdifiHY qefjy\em t}uD;tus,fjzpfyGm;cJhonf?
rqvygwDonf tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD;ESpf&yf[k a-uG;a-umf
xm;aom v,form;/ tvkyform;rsm;twGuf awmifolv,form;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJESifh tvkyform;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;tm; ESpfckjyKvkyfusif;y
ay;vsuf&Sdonf? (1967) ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae‹wGif rqvygwDu
“A[kdawmifolv,form;aumifpD”ukd zGJ‹pnf;cJhonf? xkdaumifpD pwif
zGJ‹pnf;jcif;onfyif qef&Sm;yg;r+ jy\emjzpfay:apaomta-umif;t&if;
wpfck jzpfayonf? (1966) ckESpf pkdufysKd;&moDwkef;u &moDOwkazmuf
jyefcJhaoma-umifh ArmjynfwGif pyg;pkdufysKd;{u (11) odef;ausmfysufpD;cJh
&_yD; pyg;wif; odef;aygif; (500) ausmfysufpD;cJh&onf? okd‹aomf
Akdvfae0if;tpkd;&onf jynfwGif;pm;okH;r+ukd tav;rxm;bJ qefjywfvwf
r+jzpfrnfukd odod}uD;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twGuf qefwefcsdef (1³1)
oef;ausmfwifykd‹a&mif;cscJhonf? xkd‹jyif tpkd;&u qefukd vGwfvyfpGm
a&mif;0,fcGifhray;bJ wif;wif;usyfusyfcsKyfukdifxm;onfhtwGuf qef&Sm;
yg;r+jy\em ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? tpkd;&onf jynfolvlxkvkdvm;csuf
ukd tav;rxm;bJ EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;okd‹ wifykd‹a&mif;csaer+/ pD;yGm;
(14)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;r+/ csKyfcs,fuef‹owfaomay:vpD
rsm;csrSwfum pD;yGm;a&;rSefor#tm; ydwfyifuef‹owfr+rsm;a-umifh qef
jywfvwfr+jy\emjzpf&jcif;ta-umif;t&if;rsm;jzpfayonf? (1967) ck
pyg;opfxGuf&Sd_yD; vykdif;cef‹om&Sdao;onfhtcsdefwGif qefjywfvwfr+
pwifjzpfyGm;cJh_yD; qefaps;rsm;vnf; w[kefxkd; jrifhwufvmcJhonf?
(1962) ckESpf ppftpkd;&tm%modrf;pOfu qefwpfjynf jym; (60) om&Sd
cJh&m (1967) ckESpf qefjy\em}uHKawG‹&pOfwGif qefwpfjynf (7) usyfrS
(8) usyftxdjzpfyGm;cJhonf? xkduJhokd‹ ArmjynfwpfjynfvkH; qefjywfvwf
r+jy\emjzpfyGm;&m tqkd;0g;qkH;cHpm;cJh&olrsm;rSm &ckdifjynfolrsm;jzpf
onf?

e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfwnfaom_rdK‹
yxr t*Fvdyf=ArmppfyGJrSm bkd;awmfbk&m; &ckdifjynfukd odrf;
,l_yD; ESpf (40) t-umwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xkdppfyGJa-umifh t*Fvdyf=Arm
&EWykdpmcsKyfukd (1826) ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (26) &ufwGifcsKyfqkdcJh_yD; &ckdif
ESifh weoFm&Da'oukd _Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;tm;ay;vkduf&onf? &ckdif
jynfukd e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfrsm; odrf;,lonfhtcsdefxd &ckdifjynf._rdK‹awmfrSm
ajrmufOD;_rdK‹jzpfonf? ajrmufOD;onf yifv,fESifh tvSrf;a0;jcif;/ yifv,f
ul;oabFmrsm; 0ifxGufoGm;vmEkdifr+r&Sdjcif;/ c&D;oGm;vma&;cufcJjcif;/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wGif _Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;twGuf t[ef‹twm;
jzpfaejcif;wkd‹a-umifh &ckdifjynf._rdK‹awmftjzpf ppfawGuGsef;tm; a&G;cs,f
cJh-uonf?
&ckdifjynfonf tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfchJ
aomtcsdef &ckdifbk&ifrsm;vufxufu ppfawGuGsef;onf ppfa&;t&
tcsuftcsmuscJhaomuGsef;wpfuGsef;jzpfonf? uGsef;.trnfwGif “ppf”
qkdonfhpum;&yfonf ppfa&;t&ta&;ygr+ukd xif&Sm;aponf? rlv
ppfwJqkdonfha0g[m&rS ppfaw;/ ppfawG[k ajymif;vJjzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf?
ppfwJ[laom t"dy`m,frSm ppfESifhqkdif&mtiftm;pkrsm; ppfwJcs&mt&yf jzpf
onf? okd‹aomf &ckdifjynftm; Arme,fcsJ‹rsm;odrf;ykdufvkdufaoma-umifh
ppfawGuGsef;. ppfa&;t&ta&;ygr+onfvnf; avsmhusoGm;cJh_yD; wHig&Gm
tqifhjzpfcJh&onf? xkda-umifh t*FvdyfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif ppfawG_rdK‹tm;

(15)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
“wHig&Gm”tjzpf a&;om;cJh-uonf?
_Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;tkyfpkd;pOfu ppfawG_rdK‹onf Arm
jynf. vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;_rdK‹}uD; (10) _rdK‹teuf wpf_rdK‹tygt0ifjzpfonf?
ppfawG_rdK‹tm; _Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;onf olwkd‹tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;u ppfawG_rdK‹tm; olwkd‹tusKd;
pD;yGm;twGuf wnfaxmifcJh-uovkd &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;uvnf; e,fcsJ‹qef‹
a&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; tiftm;pkrsm;arG;xkwfay;onf bkrRdeuf
oefajrtjzpftokH;jyKcJhonf? rif;om;}uD;a&$bef;/ _rdK‹ol}uD; atmifausmfZH/
a';0ef }uD;atmifausmf&$Dwkd‹OD ;aqmifo nfh e,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&;tiftm;pk
rsm;onf ppfawG_rdK‹ukdtajccH_yD; e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; awmfvSefcJh-u
onf?
ppfawG_rdK‹onf 'kwd,urBmppfumvuvnf; ta&;ygaom
_rdK‹wpf_rdK‹jzpfcJhonf?
ppfawGonf AkH;'%fvnf;cHcJh&onf? ppfajrjyifvnf;jzpfcJh&
onf? ukdvkdeDorkdif;ukd jzwfoef;cJh&aom ppfawG_rdK‹onf ukdvkdeDpepf.
aumif;arG qkd;arGrsm;ukdvnf; vufcH&&SdcJhonf? e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyf wnf
axmifcJhaom _rdK‹/ e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyf/ zufqpf*syef/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'D/ ppf
0g'Drsm; aoG;pkyf/ &ufpuf/ owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&aom _rdK‹?
ukdvkdeDtaqmifta,mifrsm;wnf&Sd&m ppfawG_rdK‹wGif &mZ0if
&kdif;avmufatmif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfvSaom tpktvkduft_yKHvkduf
vlowfr+}uD;onf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD; (19) ESpft-um (1967)
-o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹wGifjzpfyGm;cJhonf?
ppfawG_rdK‹&Sd qwf&kd;usacsmif;onf ta&S‹bufrS taemufbuf
okd‹ a0hum pD;0ifvsuf&Sdonf? ppfawGuGsef;.taemufajrmufbufwGif
}uGDwJacsmif;ESifh r,ljrpf (3) ck aygif;qkH_yD; b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfxJok‹d
pD;0ifvsuf&Sdonf? qwf&kd;uswpf&kd;wGif ta&S‹rS taemuf emZD&Gmtxd
qefpufrsm;/ pyg;okdavSmif&kHrsm;/ oabFmqdyfrsm;/ bkwfqdyfrsm;/ avmif;
avSrsm; jynfhESufvsuf&Sdonf? ukvm;wefjrpfESifh aygif;qkH&m qwf&kd;us
acsmif;0rS rkdiftenf;i,fa0;aomae&mrSm EkdifiHjcm;oabFm}uD;rsm; qkduf
uyfxm;onf?
ukvm;wefjrpf/ av;_rdK‹jrpfESifh &ckdifweHwvsm;rS xGufonfh
pyg;rsm;ukd qwf&kd;usacsmif;w&kd;wGif vma&mufa&mif;cs-uonf? qwf

(16)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
&kd;usacsmif;&Sd qefpufrsm;rS }udwfcGJ_yD; qefrsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okd‹ wifydk‹-u
onf? qwf&kd;usacsmif;wGif ppfawGwnfpuyif qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;
jzpfxGef;cJhonf? &ckdifjynfwpfckvkH;wGif qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;&mY tcsuf
tcsmusonfhacsmif;jzpfonf? rif;*Hacsmif;0atmufem;rSpI qwf&dk;us
acsmif;txd jrpf&kd;wpfav#muf EkdifiHjcm;qefwifoabFmrsm;onf qef*dk
a'gifrsm;rSwqifh qefpyg;rsm;ukd ukefwifjcif; jyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf?

&ckdifjynf. yxrqkH; tiwfab;

“bm;bl[d,ifh qef[d,ifh 'kdif;usD[d,ifh &D[d,ifh” [lI
&ckdifjynf. qefa&pyg;aygrsm;ykHtm; pmzGJ‹rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf?
&ckdifjynfwGif qef&Sm;I tiwfab;ESifh }uHKawG‹cJh&onf[k
orkdif;wav#mufrnfonhftcgwGifrS rawG‹zl; r-um;cJh&zl;acs? ae0if;ppf
tkyfpkvufxuf (1967) ckESpfwGif &ckdifjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; yxrOD;qkH;
aom}uHKawG‹cJh&aom tiwfab;jzpfonf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umifh aiGa-u;
wwfEkdifolrsm;awmif qefukd 0,fr&jzpf-u&onf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umifh
jydef;OESifh csOfaygif}udKaomuf&onftxd qefpyg;&Sm;yg;cJhonf? tusKd;
quftjzpf 0rf;avsmum aoolrsm;owif;/ &SufI tqdyfaomuf owf
aoolrsm;owif;ukd &ckdifjynftESH r-um;csifqkH;-um;ae-u&onf?
ppfawG_rdK‹vrf;}udK vrf;-um;rsm;wGif “xrif;usefay;yg [if;
usefay;yg” [k wpmpmESifh vkdufvHawmif;pm;ae-uolrsm;ukd ae‹wdkif;
vkdvkdawG‹jrifae&onf? &ifcGifxJwGifvnf; Ekd‹pkd‹t&G,fuav;i,frsm;ukd
csDykd‹xm;-uonf? TuJhokd‹jrifuGif;tm; &ckdifjynfwGif rnfonfhtcsdeftcg
r# rawG‹jrifcJh&acs? jrif&oltaygif; a-uuGJ0rf;enf;p&mjrifuGif; jzpf
onf? rdef;rysKd/ vlysKdrsm;onfyif awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf&onfhtjzpf
a&muf-u&onf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umifh aus;vufrsm;wGif csrf;omaomtdrf
rsm;ukd0if_yD; qefvkonfhtjzpfrsm; jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonf? Armppftpkd;&
onf &ckdifjynfolrsm; iwfjywfaeaomfvnf; at;at;aq;aq;yif? &ckdif
jynfolvlxk&ifqkdifae&onfh tiwfab;tm; ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;r&SdbJ &ckdif
tcsif;csif; owfjzwfjcif;ukd tomw-unf apmifh-unfhvsuf&Sdonf?
“,mvnf; nufap/ -uufvJ armap”qkdonfhrlukd vufukdifjyKxm;aom
ae0if;tpkd;&onf qefvkyGJtjzpftysufrsm;tm; OyuQmjyKxm;cJhonf?
ppfawG_rdK‹wGif qyvkdif[kac:aom or0g,rqkdifrsm;rS aus;
(17)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
&Gm&yfuGufwkdif;wGif u'fjym;rsm;jzifh qefa0iS a&mif;csay;onf? vlwpfOD;
v#if ,cifuEkd‹qDAl; (60) ay;&mrS qef&Sm;yg;onf[kqku d m Ekd‹qDAl; (40)
xdavsmhcs_yD;a&mif;csay;cJhonf? &ckdifjynfolrsm;rSm ykHrSefrpm;aomuf
EkdifbJ ravmufrijzifh r0a&pm pm;aomufvm-u&onf?

arSmifrkdufaom ae‹&ufrsm;
-o*wf (pf) (11)/ (1967)
rkd;onf;xefpGm &Gmvkduf/ pJvdkufjzpfaeaom -o*wf(pf) (11)
&ufae‹wGif c&kdifvkH_cHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD (c/ v/ u) &kH;a&S‹wGif
vltrsm; qENjyawmif;qkdae-uonf? awmif;qkdaomta-umif;t&mrSm
vuf&Sd olwkd‹&ifqkdif}uHKawG‹ae&aom qefjy\emtm; ajz&Sif;ay;&efjzpf
onf? (c/ v/ u) &kH;rS qefjy \emtm; ajz&Sif;ay;aeonf[k owif;
rsm;xGufaeaoma-umifh vma&mufpka0;-ujcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomf xl;jcm;
r+um; r&Sdacs? ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;onf tdrfrjyefbJ
wpfckckajz&Sif;ay;avrvm;pdwfjzifh qufvufapmifhqkdif;ae-u&m nae
om wjznf;jznf;apmif;vmcJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGif (c/v/u) wm0ef&Sdol
rsm;xGufvm_yD; “tdrfjyefygawmh” qkdaoma-umifh olwkd‹vm&mvrf;
twkdif; toD;oD;jyefoGm;cJh-uonf? tpkd;&tm; odrhfarG‹aomenf;vrf;rsm;
jzifh olwkd‹. touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf ajz&Sif;ay;&ef awmif;qkdcJh-u
jcif;jzpfonf?

-o*wf(pf) (12)
c&kdifvkHjcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD (c/ v/ u) &kH;wGif
qefjy\emESifh ywfoufI _rdK‹rd/ _rdK‹zrsm;ukdac:_yD; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf
usif;yvsuf&Sdonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rS aeI vlwpfa,mufukd qefEkd‹qD Al;
(14) Al;pDjzifh wpfvpmjzef‹jzL;a&mif;csay;rnf[k owif;rsm;xGufay:vm
cJhonf? vlwpfOD; qef (14) Al;tm; wpfvtxd pm;&rnfh tpDtpOfjzpf
onf?
vlwpfa,muf reufwpfAl;/ nwpfAl; wpfvtenf;qkH; (60)
Al;vkdtyfayonf? ‚if;ukd qefEkd‹ qDAl; (14) Al;ukd vlwpfOD;taejzifh wpf
vpm;&rnfqkdonfrSm rnfokd‹enf;ESifhr# jzpfEkdifp&mta-umif; vkH;0 r&Sd
acs? xkdtpDtpOftm; vufcHonfh vlwpfcsKd‹vnf;&Sd-uonf? Tokd‹qkdyg
(18)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
u iwfI aozkd‹om usefawmhonf? qefvkH;0r&SdI ao&rnfqkdv#if [kwf
ao;onf? qef*kda'gifrsm;/ EkdifiHjcm;oabFmrsm;wGif &ckdifjynfrS xGuf&dS
aomqefrsm; tjynfh&Sdaeygvsuf tb,fa-umifh Armppftpkd;& onf
&ckd ifjynfolrsm;. tiwfab;jy\emukd tb,fa-umifh ajz&Sif;
ray;ygovJ?
nae (3) em&D
qiful;vrf;&yfuGuf/ (OD;apmjzL) qefpuf qyf&kd;usacsmif;
_cH0if;.aemufbuf qdyfurf;azmifawmfwGif vlrsm; &+yf,Sufcyfvsuf
&Sdonf? (C B 28) trnf&Sd EkdifiHjcm;qefwifoabFmonfvnf; qdyfuyf
vsuf&Sdonf? vlrsm;onf oabFmay:rS qefrsm;ukd wpfykdifwpfEkdifo,f
csae-uonf? wpftdwfEkdifol wpftdwf/ wpf0ufEkdifol wpf0uf o,f,l
ae-uonf? wpfcsKd‹rSm oabFm0rf;acgif;xJrS rEkdifreif;xrf;vmI a&xJ
okd‹ qeftdwfa&m/ vlyg vdrfq h if;oGm;onfrsm;ukdvnf; awG‹jrifae&yg
onf? vkH_cHKa&;&Jom;rsm;uvnf; qef,laeolrsm;tm; rnfonfh [ef‹wm;
r+r# rjyKvkyfbJ onftwkdif; &yf-unfhae-uygonf? qdwfurf;wpfckvHk;
onf qef,laeolrsm;jzifh tkwfatmfaomif;eif;jzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? n(7)
em&Dcef‹wGif (C B 28) rS qefrsm;ukefoGm;onf? vltrsm;vnf; wpfjznf;
jznf;uG,faysmufoGm;cJhonf? pm;p&m qefr&Sd_yDjzpfaoma-umifh eD;&m
qef*kda'gifrsm;/ oabFmrsm;rS qefrsm;ukd azmuf,lae-ujcif;jzpfonf?
n (9) em&Dcef‹wGif urf;rSxGufcGmoGm;aom (CB) oabFmwGif rdef;uav;
wpfOD;ygoGm;a-umif;/ aoqkH;oGm;a-umif; owif;xGufvmonf? (CB) rS
,laqmifvmaom qefrsm;onf tqDcGsJum tvGefpm;I aumif;a-umif;
ajymqkdae-uonf?
-o*kwf (12) &ufnaewGif touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf
qefukd &onfhae&mrS azmuf,al eolrsm;&Sdovkd/ qefjy\emtm; tpkd;&rS
ajz&Sif;rS ajyvnfrnf[k ,kH-unfum qENjyawmif;qkd&ef }udK;yrf;aeol
rsm;vnf;&Sdonf?
vrf;rawmfawmif&yfuGuf ausmif;q&mr aetdrfwpftdrfwGif
vli,f (30) ausmf qENjycsDwuf &efpka0;um n (7) em&DwGif aetdrfrS
pwifxGufcGm-uonf? “qefjy\em ajz&Sif;ay;/ ta&;awmfykH atmif
&rnf” “jyKwfqefrpm; &ckdifom;/ qefuGJrpm; &ckdifom;/ qeftjynfht0
(19)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
a&mif;csay;” [ka-uG;a-umfum vrf;r}uD;vrf;twkdif; pwifcsDwufvm-u
onf? olwkd‹csDwufaeaom aemufqkH;ae&mrSm jrLeDpyg,fOuU@ OD;armif
ausmfOD;tdrfokd‹jzpfonf? OD;armifausmfOD;tdrfokd‹csDwufaejcif;rSm qef
jy\emajz&Sif;ay;aeI r[kwf? olu tm%mykdifrsm;tm; vlwpfOD;v#if
wpfae‹qefwpfAl;/ jyKwfqefESifh qefuGJay;v#if&onf[k wifjycJhaom
a-umifhjzpfonf? jynfolrsm;onf ol‹.wifjycsufrsm;tm; cHjyif;um
ol‹qDokd‹ csDwufaejcif;jzpfonf? tdrfa&S‹ta&mufwGif qENjyolpkpkaygif;
(200) cef‹&Sdrnf[k cef‹rSef;&onf? olwkd‹onf OD;armifausmfOD;aetdrftm;
tkwfcJrsm;jzifh ypfayguf-uonf? xkduJhokd‹ ypfaygufaepOf vufeuf
tjynfhESifh ppfom;rsm;vkdufygvmaom ppfum; (2) pD;a&muf&Sdvm_yD; ppf
um;rsm;ESifhtwl AkdvfrSL;apmjzLvnf; vkdufygvmcJhonf? tkd;wef;&yfuGuf
ESifh &ly&GmcGqkHrS qENjyvli,frsm; ppfum; (2) pD;tm; 0kdif;vkduf-uonf?
AkdvfrSL;apmjzLonf vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm;ac:um qefjy\emukd
olajz&Sif;ay;rnf[k uwday;_yD; qENjyolrsm;tm; vlpkcGJ_yD; tdrfjyef&ef
ajym-um;cJhonf? qENjyolrsm;vnf; qefjy\emajz&Sif;ay;rnfqkdaom
uwdtm; ,kH-unfum toD;oD;jyefoGm;cJh-uonf? tcsdefum; nOfh (10)
em&Dcef‹&Sdae_yD?

aoG;pGef;aom -o*wf(pf) (13)

-o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹wGif ppfawGwpf_rdK‹vkH;rSm v+yfv+yf
&G&Gjzpfvsuf&Sd_yD; ,refae‹rsm;xuf ykdrkdxl;jcm;vsuf&Sdonf? onfae‹wGif
ppfawG_rdK‹Y rnfokd‹ rnfykHjzpfvmrnfqkdonfukd rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,muf
ur# rcef‹rSef;Ekdifacs? jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;.rauseyfoHrsm;/ awmuf
acgufoHrsm;/ ikdn‡Of;oHrsm;u ae&mtE‹SH-um;ae&onf? olwkd‹rsufESmrsm;
wGif romr,mjzifh wpfpkHwpfckukd pkd;&drfa-umifh-uae[ef&Sdonf?
bk&m;}uD;&ifjyifwGif ppfawGwpf_rdK‹vkH; qENjycsDwufyGJjyKvkyf
&ef v#Kd‹0Suf}uHpnfxm;-uaom ausmif;om; (12) a,mufcef‹a&muf&Sdvm
onf? xkdtxJrS ausmif;om;wpfOD;u oltusôtwGif;rS ydwfzsifpwpfckudk
qGJxkwfvkdufonf? xkd‹aemuf 0g;vkH;ESpfvkH;wGif taotcsm csnfaESmif
vkdufonf? xkdydwfzsifpwGif a&;xm;aomt&mum; “qefjy\em
ajz&Sif;yg h h h h h &ckdifta&;awmfykHatmif&rnf” [k a&;om;xm;onf?
ausmif;om;ESpfOD;onf ydwfzsifptm; 0g;vkH;ESpfvkH;wGif csnfaESmifvkduf_yD;
(20)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
0uFyguGif;&Sd ydawmufyif-um;wGif axmifxm;vkdufonf? qENjyyGJtwGuf
vlpkaejcif;jzpfonf? xkdtcsdefwGif vrf;rawmfawmifrS tokbykd‹aqmif
vm-u&m vkdufygvmolrsm;onf xkdydwfptm;jrif&m ok\efod‹k roGm;
a&mufbJ pka0;ae&mwGif qif;usefcJh-uonf? tokbykd‹aqmifaom um;
wef;wGif vlrygoavmufjzpfoGm;onf? Tokd‹jzifh wjznf;jznf;pka0;vm
-u&m pwifqENjyEkdifonfhvltiftm;&Sdvmonf? “qefjy\em ajz&Sif;yg
h h h h h &ckdifta&;awmfykH atmif&rnf”[ka&;xm;aom ydwfzsifonf qENjy
yGJ. wpfckwnf;aom qkdif;bkwf}uD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkdydwfptm; ta0;
rSyif xif&Sm;pGmjrifae&onf? ae‹vnf (1) em&Dcef‹wGif pwifcsDwuf
xGufcGm&ef jyifqifjcif; tjzpf qENjyyGJtm; OD;aqmifolwpfOD;onf

“ESmacgif;ykdif; ae0if;tpkd;& tvkdr&Sd?”

“rqvtpkd;& tpkd;& tvkdr&Sd?”
“qefjy\em ajz&Sif;yg?”
“&ckdifhta&;awmfykH atmif&rnf?”

a-uG;a-umfoHtm; pwif wkdifay;vkdufonf?

qENjyolrsm;onf bk&m;}uD;a&S‹0uFbmuGif;rS pwifxGufcGmvm&m a';0ef;

&Gmvrf;/ [oFmuefa&S‹/ abmufoD;pkvrf; xkdrSwqifh rif;bm}uD;vrf;/
bkwfqdwf/ puf&Hkvrf;twkdif; csDwufvmcJh-uonf? vrf;wav#muf vku d f
ygvmcJholrsm;a-umifh qENjyoltiftm;onf wjznf;jznf;wkd;yGm;vmcJh
onf? xkduJhokd‹ csDwufvmcJh-u&m vrf;rawmfawmif&yfuu G f&Sd OD;pHxGef;
(ac:) OD;vljzL tdrfa&S‹ta&mufwGif AkdvfrSL;apmjzL a&muf&Sdvm_yD; quf
vufcsDwufqENrjy&ef [ef‹wm;onf? qENjyolrsm;uvnf; “qefudk
a&mif;csay;yg? a&mif;ay;&if tckyJ vlpkcGJr,f” [k awmif;qkd-uonf?
okd‹aomf OD;apmjzLrSm wpfpkHw&m jyefvnfajz-um;jcif;r&SdbJ vm&m
vrf;wkdif; jyefvnf aemufqkwfoGm;cJhonf? qENjyolrsm;uvnf; a&S‹quf
_yD; a-uG;a-umfoHrsm; atmf[pfum qufvufcsDwuf-uonf? vrf;wpf
av#muf vufckwfrsm;wD;um axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uaom _rdK‹ol/ _rdK‹om;
rsm;ukd awG‹-u&onf? _rdK‹rtrSwf (1) &Jpcef;wGif &Jrsm; ywfywfvnf vkH
jcHKa&;,lxm;-uonf? okd‹aomf qENjyaeolrsm;tm; taESmifht,Suf vkH;0
(21)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
ray;bJ onftwkdif; &yf-unfhae-ujcif;jzpfonf?
vrf;r}uD;twkdif;csDwufvm-u&m ppfawGjynfol‹aq;&kH}uD;ok‹d
a&muf&Sdvmonf? xkdrS }wd*HcGqHk jynfawmfomrlvwef;ausmif;a&S‹rS jzwf
um ppfawGtusOf;axmifAl;0wnfhwnfhvrf;twdkif;csDwufvmcJh-uonf?
vrf;wav#muftm;ay;aeolrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; aomufa&rsm;
wkdufauGs;um qENjyyGJtm; axmufcHtm;ay;-uonf? jynfow l pf&yfvHk;
. vkdvm;csufukd awmif;qkdaomqENjyyGJjzpfaoma-umifh wpf_rdK‹vkH;tm;
ay;-uonf? xkd‹aemuf taemufpHjy (7) Xgevrf;twdkif; axmiftaemuf
buf Adkvf}uD;zdk;om&Gmvrf;twdkif; bkrvufzuf&nfqkdif (,ck avmu
eENmcGqHk)/ abmvHk;uGif;vrf;twdkif;av,OfuGif;rS csDwufvm&m rD;puf
}uD;cGqkH emZD&Gm (vuf&Sdpuf&kHpk) ukefweff;vrf;okd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf?
emZD&GmrS rGwfqvifrsm;vnf; qENjycsDwuf&mwGif yg0ifvm-uonf? qEN
jycsDwufyGJonf vlv+dif;rsm; vdrfhqif;vmonfhtvm; rsufpdwpfqkH; vSrf;
jrifae&_yD; vltiftm;onf odef;ausmfcef‹&Sdrnf[k cef‹rSef;&onf? vlwdkif;
toufqufvuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf qef&&Sda&;onf t"dujzpfaom
a-umifh ,ckuJhokd‹jynfoltajrmuftjrm; yg0ifcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? a-uG;
a-umfoHum; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdacs?
xkduJhokd‹csDwufvm-u&m r-umrSD puf&kHpkvrf;ESifh uoJ&Gmvrf;
xdyfwGif “jr” qefpufa&S‹okd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? qENjycsDwufvmolrsm;
onf xkdae&mta&mufwGif a&S‹qufrwkd;EkdifbJ &yfwef‹oGm;cJh&onf?
tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf qefpufaa&S‹Y oHql;}udK;rsm;jzifh umqD;xm;aom
a-umifhjzpfonf? xkd‹tjyif qefpufvuf,mbufwGif (TE) [D;Ekd;um;}uD;
(6) pD; &yfvsuf&Sd_yD; jrqefpuf_cH0if;ESifh vrf;b,fnmwGif ppfom;rsm;
onf &yfI ae&m,lxm;-uonf? ppfom;rsm;vufxJwGif (G-3) armif;
jyefaoewfrsm; toifhukdifaqmifxm;-uonf? jrqefpufteD; [lar&m
qefpuf_cH 0if ;wpf ckvkH;wG ifvnf ; aoewfarmif;wifxm;_yD ; vkH_cHKr+
cvkwfukd ydwfxm;um owd}uD;pGm &yfapmifhaeolppfom;rsm;ukdvnf;
awG‹jrifae&onf? okd‹aomf qENjyolrsm;um; a-umuf&GHwkefv+yf aemuf
qkwfjcif;um; vkH;0r&Sdacs? okd‹aomf qENjyolrsm;tm; a&S‹qufwkd;I r&
atmif umqD;xm;aomt&mum; oHql;}udK;rsm;yifjzpfonf? oHql;}udK;
.wpfbufwGif vufeuftoifhukdifaqmifxm;aom ppfom;rsm;&Sdae_yD;

(22)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
tjcm;wpfzufwGif vufeufrJhjynfolrsm;/ xrif;iwfI ao&rnfhjynfol
rsm;? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf Armppftm%m&Sifae0if;tvkdus trde‹f
emcHae&aom jynfol‹om;orD; ppfom;rsm;ESifh iwfI ao&rnfhtpm;
wkdufyGJ0ifI aornf[k qkH;jzwfxm;aom jynfolrsm;? rnfolu tEkdif
&&Sdrnfenf;qkdonfukd rnfolr#rajymEkdif? tm%m&SifESifh jynfol xdyfwkduf
awG‹r+ aemufqkH; tqifhokd‹ a&muf&Sdaeay_yD?
xkdtcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;apmjzLonf aemufxyfwpfzefa&muf&dS
vm_yD; qENjyvltkyfxJrSwpfOD; xGufvmyg[k ac:,lvkdufonf? a&S‹qHk;
wef;rS wpfOD;xGufoGm;_yD; AkdvfcsKyfapmjzLqDokd‹ oGm;cJhonf? AkdvfrSL;
apmjzLonf xkdoltm; pm&Gufwpf&Guf ay;tyfvkdufonf? xkdolonf
AkdvfrSL;apmjzLay;vkdufaom pmtm;,lvmum wHxm;tkwfckHxufrS &yfI
zwf&efjyifvkdufonf? xkdtckduftwef‹wGif a&S‹qkH;wef;rS a&mufaeol
rsm;xJrS wpfOD;u xkdpmonf trdef‹pmjzpfa-umif;/ rzwf&ef ajymaomf
vnf; aemufuscJhay_yD? pm&Gufzwfjyaeolonf pum;ttjzifh “(1967)
-o*wf(pf)(13) &uf/ Tae‹rSpI yk'f yk'f yk'fr wpf wpf wpf&mh av; av;
q,fhav;ukd xkwfjyefvkdufonf h h h h” [k zwfjyvkduo f nf? yk'fr (144)
qkdonfrSm nrxGuf&/ vl (5) OD;xufykdrpk& trdef‹jzpfonf?
xkdtrdef‹pmtm; zwfjyaepOfrSmyif qENjyvltkyfonf a&S‹okd‹wjznf;jznf;
ydI zdI odyfonf;vmaeonf? xkdtcg AkdvfrSL;apmjzLu “&Jabmfwk‹d
&Jabmfwkd‹awmif;qkdaom qefAl; (60) ukd ay;r,f/ [kdvrf;rS at;at;
qENjyoGm;-uyg? Tvrf;ukd rausmfygESifh”[k ajymaepOf vltkyfu a&S‹ok‹d
wa&G‹a&G‹wkd;a0S‹vm_yD; iyd odyf icsOfodyf ovkd odyfonf;vmcJhonf?
ppfom;rsm;u umqD;xm;aomoHql;}udK;rsm;ukd b,fnmwpfckpDcGJI
z,f&Sm;vkduf-uonf? “yk'fr (144) ukd&kwfodrf;vkduf_yD” qkdaom trde‹f
ukdvnf; r-um;vkduf&? oHql;}udK;rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;vkdufaoma-umifh tuef‹
towfr&Sd pnf;vGwfurf;vGwfjzpfoGm;_yD; vltkyfonf ajy;wufoGm;
ovkdjzpfoGm;cJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGif ppfwyfrS pnf; (3) wef owfrSwfxm;
aom ae&mtrSwftom;ukd ra&mufcifrSmyif aoewfoHonf rkd;,Hokd‹ v#H
xGufoGm;cJhonf? xkd‹aemuf tqufrjywf xGufay: vmaom aoewf oH?
qENjyolrsm;xJwGif usnfxdrSefI vJusol vJus upOfhuvsm; xGufajy;
olajy;jzifh tajctaewpf&yfvkH;onf &kwfcsif;ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf?

(23)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
tltyGwfvkdufxGufaeonfukd vufESifhzkH;tkyfum a0'emcHpm;ae&olrsm;/
rsufvkH;rSdwfwkwfrdSwfwkwfjzifh yufvufvefaeolrsm;/ ajr}uD;ay:wGif 0yf
ae&mrS ukef;±kef; ajy;olrsm;ukd awG‹&onf?
xGufajy;olrsm;onf qefpufteD;rS pD;qif;vsuf&Sdaom qwf
&kd;usacsmif;ukdjzwfI urf;wpfzufokd‹ xGufajy;&ef a&xJokd‹ ckefqif;-u
onf? xkdokd‹vGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf xGufajy;aeolrsm;ukdyif ppfom;rsm;
onf tvGwfvkH;0ray;acs? wHxm;teD;tkwfckHay:rSaeI acsmif;a&wGif
ul;cwfaeolrsm;tm; pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd ypfcwfae-uonf? vlrsm;tm; wd&p>mef
rsm;ozG,f ypfowfae-uonf? qwf&kd;usacsmif;a&onf aoG;rsm;&J&Jjzifh
aoG;acsmif;jzpfoGm;cJh&onf?

Ak'<bmom0ifwkd‹. Oykyfae‹
(1967) -o*wf(pf)(13)&ufae‹onf Ak'<bmom0ifwkd‹ txGwf
tjrwfxm;&m Oykyfae‹vnf;jzpfonf? ouf}uD;&G,ftkdrsm;onf qef&Sm;
yg;r+.'kuQrsm;ukd ajyaysmufap&ef/ oHo&m0Éfqif;&JrS uif;a0;ap&ef
Ak'<.w&m;awmftm; em-um;&eftwGuf twkvrm&ZdefjynfvkH;csrf;om
bk&m;}uD;wGif a&muf&Sdae-uonf? tbkd;tkd/tbGm;tkdrsm;onf Oykyf
aqmufwnfum w&m;awmftm;em-um;I rjyD;qkH;rSD -um;vkduf&onfh
aoewfoHa-umifh &kwfw&uf vef‹jzef‹oGm;-uonf? tEW&m,fwpfckck
usa&mufae_yD[kod&Sdum pkd;&drfpdwfjzifh tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mokd‹ ajy;vmcJh
-uonf? rdrdom;/ orD;rsm; towfcHae&ovm;/ 'kuQa&mufaeovm;
qkdonfh pkd;&drfpdwfjzifh ajy;oGm;-ujcif;jzpfonf? a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGifum;
vltrsm; tpkvkduft_yKHvkduf aoqkH;aeay_yD? raoqkH;olrsm;. nOf;nL
oHrsm;vnf; -um;ae-uonf? okd‹aomf a&S‹rwkd;&J-uacs? ±kwfw&ufjrif
vkduf&aomjrifuGif;a-umifh rifoufoufjzpfoGm;olrsm;/ owdvpfoGm;ol
rsm;/ ikda-uG;aeolrsm;? rnfonfhtcgrS rjrifzl;aomjrifuGif;? Tpkvku d f
t_yHKvkduf ypfowfcH&onfh jrif;uGif;?
-o*wf(pf) (13) tjzpftysufonf tjcm;_rdK‹e,frsm;okd‹ csuf
csif;ysH‹ESHjcif;r&Sdacs? wpf_rdK‹ESifh wpf_rdK‹ qufoG,f&ef zkH;vkdif;vnf;r&Sd/vrf;
yef;qufoG,fa&;vnf; aumif;rGefjcif;r&Sdaoma-umifh ppfawG_rdK‹ tpkvku d f
t_yKH vkdufowfjzwf r+owif ;onf csufcsif ;rysH ESH‹ Ekdif cJhacs? okd‹ aomf
-o*wf(pf) (14) &ufae‹wGif tjcm;_rdK‹rsm;okd‹ pwifysHESHoGm;cJhonf? tm%m

(24)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
ykdifrsm;u ppfawGqefjy\ema-umifh vl (24) OD;omaoqkH;cJhonf[k ajym
-um;cJh_yD; ppfawGqefjy\emonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD.v+H‹aqmf
aoG;xkd;r+a-umifhjzpf&a-umif; ajym-um;cJhonf? ppfawGqefjy\emESifh
ywfoufI yDuif;toHv$ifhwpfckom xkwfvGifhcJhonf? Armppftpkd;&rS vl
(24) OD;aoqkH;cJhonf[k ajym-um;cJhaomfvnf; &ckdifjynfolwpf&yfvkH;u
vlaygif; (300) ausmfaoqkH;cJhonf[k vufcH,kH-unf-uonf? ppfawG
qefjy\emjzpfyGm;onfh -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹wGif tdrfu xGufoGm;_yD;
rnfonfhtcgrS vkH;0&SmrawG‹aom jynfoltajrmuftjrm;&SdcJhonf? xkdol
rsm;onf tb,ft&yfokd‹ xGufoGm;ygoenf;?

t&Sifvwfvwf i&Jjynfykd‹jcif;
ypfowfr+a-umifh yGJcsif;_yD; aoqkH;olrsm;&Sdovkd t&Sifvwf
vwf ajrjrKyfcH&olrsm;vnf; &Sdayonf? tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mwGif yGJcsif;
_yD;aoqkH;olrsm;/ raobJ a0'emjyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&olrsm;/ ajcaxmuf/
vufwkd‹wGif usnfxdrSefI rajy;Ekdifolrsm;onf pk_yHKusefcJhonf? xkdolrsm;
tm; ppfwyfrS um;rsm;jzifh odrf;usKH;wifaqmifum wpfae&mwnf;wGif
usif;wl;I ajrjr‡yfo_*dKvfcJh-uonf?
Armppftpkd;&onf qENjyolrsm;tm; ypfowfjcif;/ t&Sifvwf
vwf ajrjr‡yfESHjcif;jzifh rmefrajyEkdifbJ touf&Sifusef&pfcJholrsm;tm;
vkdufvHzrf;qD;cJhonf? qENjyyGJwGifyg0ifcJholrsm;vnf; tzrf;rcHbJ vGwf
ajrmufatmif xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh-uonf? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;rSm ppfawG
_rdK‹ vrf;opf&yfuGufrS OD;vkH;armifESifh abmufoD;pk&yfuGufrS OD;pHom
ausmfwkd‹jzpfonf? Armppftpkd;&onf&ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.awmfvSefvkdpdwf
tm; tjrpfjywfacsr+ef;&ef olwkd‹ESpfOD;tm; erlemtaejzifh &uf&ufpufpuf
ESdyfpufcJhonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;tm; zrf;qD;um tusOf;axmifwGif t±l;aq;
xkd;_yD; jyefvnfvGwfay;cJhonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;&l;oGyfaeykHtm; &ckdiftrsKd;om;
rsm;awG‹jrifum Armppftpkd;&tm; rawmfvSef&Jatmif/ awmfvSef/ tefwk
v#if olwkd‹vkd jzpfrnfqkd_yD; &uf&ufpufpufvkyfjycJo h nf? ppftm%m
&Sif.o&kyftm; yDjyifpGmzGifh[jyocJhjcif;jzpfonf?

(25)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
owfjzwfr+aemufykdif;
ppf awG_rdK‹w pf_rdK‹ vkH;onf wdwfqdwf_idrfoufvsuf&Sdonf?
TuJhokd‹wdwfqdwfr+rsm;u _rdK‹ol/ _rdK‹om;rsm;tm; ajcmufjcm;p&m/ a'go
xGufp&m/ rauseyfp&mrsm;tjzpf a'G;a&m,Sufwifjzpfvsuf&Sdonf? qEN
jy&mwGifyg0ifcJholrsm;onf ntdyfcsdefwGif ypfcwfoHrsm;/ ikda-uG;oHrsm;
em;xJ-um;aea-umif; ajymjy-uonf? a-umuftm;vSef‹tm;jzifh tdyfr
aysmfEkdifbJ vSef‹Ekd;olrsm;vnf;&SdcJhonf? wpfcsKd‹rSmvnf; xkdtjzpftysuf
a-umifh wpfa,mufwnf; *a,mifacsmufjcm; pum;ajymaeolrsm;vnf;
&Sdonf? _rdK‹ay:ae&ckdif trsKd;om;rsm;rSmvnf; ppfawG_rdK‹wGif rae&J-uawmh
bJ aus;vufrsm;qDokd‹ xGufajy;-u&onf?
-o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹ tpkvkduft_yHKvkdufvlowfyGJa-umifh
a-umufvSef‹aeolrsm;&Sdovkd tm%m&Siftpkd;&tm; awmfvSef/ jzKwfcs&ef
v#Kd‹0SufwpfrsKd; ajAmifususwpfzkH }udK;yrf;aeaom &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;vnf;
ay:aygufvmcJhonf? Armppftpkd;&uvnf; &ckdifjynfolrsm; _idrf0yfydjym;
aeatmif vufukdifwkwfrsm;jzpfonfh ppfom;rsm;ESifh &Jrsm;tm; ppfawG
_rdK‹wGif ae‹a&mnyg ykdufpdyfwkdufcsxm;vsuf&Sdonf? &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;
uvnf; “&efol‹vufeuf wkd‹vufeuf” rltm; ESvkH;rlum ntcsdefwGif
ppfom;/ &Jom;rsm;xHrS aoewfvk&ef }uHpnf-uonf? aoewfvkI
atmif jrif cJ h o nf rsm;vnf ;&S d o vk d tzrf ;cH &onf rsm;vnf ;&S d cJ ho nf?
aoewfrsm;tm;a&$apwDbkef;}uD;ausmif;teD;w0kdufwGif vk,lcJh-uonf?
ta&twGufrsm;rsm; rvk,lEdkifcJhaomfvnf; -o*wf(pf) (13) aemufydkif;
wGif Armppftpkd;&tm; &ckdifjynfwGif awmfvSefykefuef&ef tiftm;rsm;
wkd;yGm;apcJhonf? ppftpkd;&uvnf; awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; rayguf
zGm;vmap&ef enf;rsKd;pkHokH; zrf;qD;axmifcscJhonf? ajratmufwGif v+yf
&Sm;aeaom &ckdifausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;vnf; _rdK‹ay:wGif qufvuf
&yfwnfwkdufyGJ0if&ef cufcJvmaoma-umifh awmckdcJh-uonf?

-o*wf(pf) (13) tm; jyefvnfajc&maumufjcif;

-o*wf(pf) (13) tpkvkduft_yKHvkdufowfjzwfr+tm; rauseyf/
cHjyif;umjyefvnfpkHprf;onfrsm;/ jyefvnfajymjyonfrsm;vnf;&Sdayonf?
xkduJhokd‹ajymjycsufrsm;/ pkHprf;csufrsm;a-umifh ppfawGqefjy\emonf
Armppftm%m&Sifrsm; &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&SdusL;vGefcJha-umif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;
(26)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
vmcJhonf? -o*wf(pf) (13) ra&mufrSD -o*wf(pf) (10/ 11/ 12) ae‹rsm;
wGif tm%mydkifrsm;onf ppfawGaq;&kHtkyf}uD;tm; ukwifrsm;tm; &Sif;
vif;xm;&ef/ zsm/ -urf;ESifh acgif;tkH;rsm;tm; vl (300) cef‹twGuf jyif
qifxm;&ef trdef‹ay;xm;a-umif; od&Sd&onf?
cv& (20) wyfwGif ausmif;q&mrtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
aeaom yg'vdyfcsdyf&GmrS a':rapmodef; (&JtkyfOD;'kd;vSatmif. orD;}uD;)
uvnf; olrtodrsm;tm; ajymjyonfrSm cv& (20) wyfwGif ppfom;
rsm;onf -o*wf(pf) (13) rwkdifrSD qENjyo&kyfazmf_yD; ypfowfykH/ wyfr
awmfom;rsm;tm; owd&Sd-u&ef avhusifh rdef‹-um;aeonfukd awG‹jrifcJh&
a-umif; ajymjycJhonf?
cv& (20) wGif trSL;xrf;vsuf&Sdaom pma&;}uD;OD;boef;
onf -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufrwkdifrSD 'kvb&[ef;b0jzifh rif;jym;_rdK‹e,f
yef;ajrmif;okd‹a&muf&SdvmpOf aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; r-umrSD}uD;us,faom qefjy
\emjzpfrnf/ ppfwyfwGif ppfom;rsm;txl;avhusifhaeykH/ tavmif;
aumufykH/ ypfowfykH/ ppfom;rsm;ukd qENjyykHpHrsm;vkyfI avhusifhay;ae
a-umif;tm; aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonfukd (NUPA) rS OD;xGef;&Ju
vnf; jyefvnftrSwf&aea-umif; ajymjyonf?
-o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹ tpkvkduft_yHKvkdufowfjzwfjcif;
ESifhywfoufI ukd,fawG‹rsufjrif awG‹&SdcJh&olrsm; ajymjycsufrsm;/ xkdtcsdef
u oufqkdif&mXmersm;wGif 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhaom 0efxrf;rsm;.ajym
-um;csufrsm;t& xkdtjzpftysufonf pepfwuspDrHcJhaomvkyf}uHowf
jzwfr+}uD;wpfckjzpfayonf? qef&Sm;yg;r+onf wwkdif;jynfvkH;wGif jzpf
yGm;onfqkdaomfvnf; Armjynfolrsm;trsm;qkH;aexkdif&m &efukef_rdK‹wGif
qef&Sm;yg;r+/ iwfrGwfr+um; r}uHKcJh&acs? &efukef_rdK‹onf ppfawG_rdK‹xuf
vlOD;a&vnf;rsm;_yD; qefpyg;vnf; &ckdifjynfuJhokd‹ pkdufysKd;jcif;r&Sdacs?
okd‹aomf wwkdif;jynfvkH;qef&Sm;yg;r+jzpfaomtcg &ckdifjynfol/ jynfom;
rsm;onf iwfIvnf;ao/ ypfowfcHIvnf;ao/ aojcif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
aoqkH;cJh&onf? ae0if;tpkd;&onf &ckdifjynfolrsm;tm; owfjzwfjcif;jzifh
tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm; erlemtjzpf jyo_cdrf;ajcmufcJhonf?
-o*wf(pf) (13) tpktvkduft_yHKvkdufowfjzwfr+a-umifh &ckdif
wpfrsKd;om;vkH;onf ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rkef;wD;pdwf/ Armppftm%m&Sif
tpkd;&tm;rkef;wD;pdwfrsm;jzpfay:cJhonf? igwkd‹onf &ckdifvlrsKd;/ uGsefvlrsKd;

(27)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
jzpfaoma-umifh ArmvlrsKd;rsm;. &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfjcif;cH&jcif;
jzpfonf? igwkd‹&ckdifjynf uGsefb0usa&mufonfh (1784) wGifvnf; Arm
vlrsKd;rsm;onf tpkHvkduft_yHKvkduf &uf&ufpufpufowfowfjzwfchJ
onf? ,ckvnf; owfjzwfae-uonf? ta-umif;t&if;Zmpfjrpfonf &ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mr&Sd/ ukd,fhuH-urRm ukd,f rzefwD;Ekdif
aoma-umifhjzpfonf? xkda-umifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;ESifh Armppf0g'Drsm;tm; wkdufxkwf&ef vkdtyfonf?
ArmvlrsKd;rsm;onf &ckdifjynftm;odrf;ykdufcJhonf/ &ckdifjynfolrsm;tm;
owfjzwfcJhonf/ e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyf/ zufqpf*syefwkd‹wkdufxkwf_yD; vGwfvyf
a&;&onfhtcsdefwGifvnf; &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;tm; uGsefZmwfoGif;cJhonf/ jynf
e,ftqifhawmif &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; r&&SdcJh? ,ckwpfzef ppftm%m&Sifvuf
atmufwGif &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf/ ESdyfpufvsuf
&Sdonf[k &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; rSwf,lvmcJh-uonf? xkduo Jh kd‹ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;
0g'Drsm;/ Armppftm%m&Sifrsm;. vdrfvnf &ufpuf uvdrfusr+rsm;
a-umifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;pdwfwGif “ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tm; r,kHESifh”qkdonfh tpGJ
rsm;jzpfay:vmcJhonf? xkduJhodk‹ orkdif;oifcef;pm;rsm;a-umifh &ckdifvlrsKd;
rsm;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd ykdrkdwyfrufvmcJh-uonf? xkda-umifh &ckdif
jynfolrsm;onf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;awmfvSefa&;tm; tm;ay;cJh-u
onf? tm;ukd;cJh-uonf? &ckdif trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;tm; vkdvm;cJh
-uonf?
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh Armppf0g'.
cg;oD;aomtawG‹t}uHKtm; rsuf0g;xifxif awG‹jrifcJh&jcif;a-umifh jzpf
onf? Armppf0g'Drsm;. tpG,fjyL;jyL; bDvl;&kyfukd azmfxkwfjyovkduf
onfhjzpf&yfqkd;}uD; wpfckjzpfonf?
TuJhokd‹ &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfjcif;onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;
rsm;.trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tm; topfwzef tm;opfavmif;ay;vkduf
ovkd jzpfapcJhonf? &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; toGiftrsKd;
rsKd;jzifh qufvufcsDwufcJh-uonf?

(28)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
tarSmifukd _zdK
tvif;aqmifrnfh awmfvSefa&;
(1967) wGif yDwmbcsKdacgif;aqmifaom &ckdifjynfvw G f
ajrmufa&;wyfOD;onf (1969) wGif &cdkifhtrsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ‹ESifh yl;
aygif;um &ckdiftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifvsuf vuf
euf udkifawmfvSefa&;jzifh rqvtpdk;&udk qef‹usifwdkufyJG0ifcJh-uonf?
OuU@xGef;a&$armifOD;aqmifaom ppfa-umif;onf (1972)wGif
&cdkifjynfodk‹ atmifjrifpGm csDwufEdkifcJhonf? odk‹aomf (1977) wGif csDwuf
vmaom twGif;a&;rSL;pHausmfxGef;OD;aqmifonfhppfa-umif;onf csif;jynf
e,fwGif vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; tqrwefomvGefaom rqv
ppfwyf.ESdrfESif;r+a-umifh usqHk;cJh&onf?
(1973) OuU@ckdifrdk;vif;OD;aqmifaom &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmuf
a&;ygwDukd u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk;.tultnDjzifh u&ifjynfwGif
zGJ‹ pnf ;xlaxmif cJhonf? u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyf rawmf ES ifh
vufwGJI bHk&efol rqvudk (3)ESpfwdkifwkdif wdkufcdkufcJhjyD;aemuf (1976)
wGif &cdkifjynfodk‹jyefvnf csDwufvm&m csif;awmifwef;wGif tqrwef
tiftm;rsm;aom&efol rqvwyf. acsr+ef;jcif;cHcJh&onf? OuU@
cdkifrdk;vif;rSm &efol‹vufwGif;tusrcHbJ rdrdudk,fukd tqHk;pD&ifcJhonf?
“rdk;vif;&mZm”trnf&Sdaom Tppfa-umif;wGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;awmfvSef
a&;orm;rsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsif
jynfe,f/ ppfudkif;wdkif;ESifh csif;jynfe,frsm;udkjzwfausmfum rdkifaygif;
(2000)ausmfcef‹ csDwufcJh-u&onf? vrf;c&D;wpfav#mufwGif &efol
rqvwyf.vdkufvHacsr+ef;jcif;udkt}udrf}udrfcHcJh&&m csif;jynfe,fwpf
ckwnf;rSmyif wdkufyGJ}uD;i,f (100) ausmf wdkufcdkufcJh &onf? (1974)
wGif ae0if;tpkd;&onf zGJ‹pnf;ykHtajccHOya'opfwpf&yfudk ‚if;wdk‹pdwf
wdkif;usa&;qGJum twkta,mifvlxkqENcHyGJjzifh twnfjyKcJhonf? T
zGJ‹pnf;yHkonf wdkif;&if;om;wdk‹.trsKd;om;wef;wla&;udkomru Armjynf
olvlxktm;vHk;. 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;udkyg vspfvsL±lvsuf wpf
ygwDtm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wpfwkdif;jynfvHk;.pD;yGg;a&;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
I jynfolvlxkudk w&m;0if*kwfaoG;pkyfonfh wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf
zGJ‹pnf;yHkjzpfayonf? TzGJ‹pnf;yHka-umifh EkdifiHt0Srf;wGif rqvtpdk;&udk
rauseyfr+rsm; wdk;yGg;vm-uonf? (1986) wGif OD;armifapm&if OD;aqmif
(29)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
aom&ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf rif;jym;_rdK‹udkodrf;ydkufI &ckdifjynfvwG f
vyfa&; a-unmcJhonf? &cdkifjynfolvlxk trsm;tjym;u axmufcHcJh-u
aomfvnf; &efol rqvppfwyftm; vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; r,SOf
omojzihf (2) &uftwGif; qkwfcGgcJh&onf? rqvtpdk;&onf &Suf&rf;
&rf;onfhtaejzifh ppfOya'xkwfjyefum tjypfrJhjynfoltrsm;tjym;udk
enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh pGJcsufwifvsuf zrf;qD;axmifcscJhonf? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufchJ
onf? xdkodk‹ tzrf;qD;/ tESdyfpufcH&olrsm;xJwGif ysHvGefawmfrlcJh_yDjzpf
aom ykodrfq&mawmf}uD;vnf; yg0ifayonf?
88 vlxlxktkH-uGr+}uD;ESifh 90 a&G;aumuffyGJ
rqvygwDD. (26) ESpfwdkifwdkif zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr+udkcHpm;cJh-u&
aom Armjynfolvlxkonf (1988) wGif tHk-uGaygufuGJ&mrS &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufvmonf? Tta&;awmfyHka-umifh (1974) zG‹J
pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtwl rqvwpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepfvnf; csKyf_idrf;
cJh&onf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifOD;aqmifaom EdkifiHawmf_idrf0yf
ydjym;r+wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ‹ (e0w) emrnfcHxm;onfh ppftm%m&Sif
rsm;u wzeftm%modrf;jcif;cHchJ&ayonf? e0wppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf
(1990) wGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;yum tEdkif&ygwDudk tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;
_yD; ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefygrnf[k uwday;cJh-uonf? (90) a&G;aumufyJG
wGif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ‚if;wdk‹. -oZmcHygwD
rsm; rJ&&Sdzdk‹}udK;yrf;cJh-uaomfvnf; &ckdifjynfY &ckdif'Drkdua&pDtzGJ‹csKyf
(ALD) ESifh trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ‹csKyf (NLD) wkd‹urJtrsm;qkH;jzifh
tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDtjzpf jyefvnf
yGJxkwfxm;aom ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;.rqvygwDrSm rSef;csufESifh ESrf;xGuf
rudkufbJ cGufcGufvefatmif ±H+;edrfhcJh&onf? (90) a&G;aumufyGJ&vm'fu
&cdkiftrsKd;om;w‹kd. ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk &GH&Smrkef;wD;r+tm; 'Drdkua&pD
jrwfEdk;r+jzifh tay:vGifqHk; xif[yfjyovdkufayonf? Armppft%m&Sif
wkd‹onf rdrdwdk‹vdkyg;ESifh rudkufnDaom (90) a&G;aumufyGJ &v'fudk tod
trSwfrjyK±Hk omru &cdkif'DrkDua&pDtzGJ‹csKyfudk zsufodrf;um a&G;aumufcH
&cdkiftrwfrsm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcscJhonf? &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ‹csKyf rJq, G f
pnf±Hk;pOfumvu OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKcJhol &cdkif = jrefrmordkif; y¾dwf
OD;OD;omxGef;ukdvnf; zrf;qD;axmifcsum axmifxJrSmyif vkyf}uHowf
(30)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
jzwfvdkufavonf? (1993) wGif ppftpkd;&onf wdkif;jynftm%mudk
&moufyef&,lxm;zdk‹ tcsdefqJGI Om%feD/ Om%feufxkwf&ef twkta,mif
trsKd;om;nDvmcHukd usif;ycJhonf? rufvHk;ay;I wpfrsdK;/ _cdrf;ajcmuf
t-uyfudkifI wpfzHkjzifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfh tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&
0efxrf;rsm;/ todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh (90) a&G;aumufyGw J Gif
tEdkif&cJhonfh vufwpfqkyfpmtrwfrsm;udk nDvmcHodk‹ twif;t"rRac:
,lvsuf jynfolvlxku a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufonfh ud, k fpm;vS,f
aygif;pHkjzifhnDvmcHudk usif;yae[ef yHkzrf;cJh-uonf?
rsKd;cspf/ jynfcspf &ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; pkpnf;jcif;
&ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; umvwav#mufESifh &Spfav;vkH;
ta&;awmfykHumvwav#muf ajray:/ ajratmufv+yf&Sm;ae-uaom &ckdif
ausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;onf &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;. ukd,fhuH-urRm uk, d f
zefwD;cGifh&&Sda&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;twGuf awmif;qkdwku d fyJG
0if&eftwGuf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;okd‹ xGufcGmvmcJh-uonf? yxrOD;pGm
&ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;onf ArmjynfvkH; qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;
'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; (ABSDF) wGif 0ifa&mufum wkdufyGJ0ifcJh-uonf?
xkdrSwpfzef ArmjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdua&pDwyfOD; (&ckdi)f
(ABSDF-Arakan) tjzpf v+yf&Sm;vmcJh-uonf? xkd‹aemuf (1995) wGif
xkdif;EkdifiH/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHESifh tdENd,EkdifiHwGifa&muf&Sdaeaom &ckdif
ausmif;om;ESifhvl i,ftpnf ;t&kH;rsm;tm;pkpnf;_yD; yl ;aygif ;wkdufyGJ0if
rnfqkdonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh xkdif;EkdifiH/ AefaumufY nDvmcHwpf&yf
usif;yum &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;
(&/u/v/p) (AASYC) tm; wnfaxmifcJh-uonf? tpnf;t&kH;pwif
zGJ‹pnf;pOfu &ckdiftrsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;/ ppftm%m&SifpepfESihf
e,fcsJ‹0g'wkdufzsufa&;/ tzdESdyfcHjynfolwpf&yfvkH;vGwfajrmufa&;/ 'Drdk
ua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;/ wkdif;&if;om;jynfolwpf&yfvkH; ukd,fhuH -urRm
ukd,f zefwD;cGifhESifh ukd,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&; OD;wnfcsufrsm; csufrSwf
aqmif&GufcJhonf? pwifxlaxmifpOf tpnf;t&kH;.yÉdnmOfrSm (&/u/v/
p)onf EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpf&yfr[kwf/ trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;vrf;a-umif;wGif
OD;aqmifEkdifrnfh wyfaygif;pk/ ygwDtzGJ‹tpnf; ay:aygufvma&;/ ‚if;tzG‹J
tpnf;tm; tiftm;jznfhulnDay;a&;qkd_yD; xm;&SdcJhonf? (1997) ckESpf
(31)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
wGif av;ygwDaygif;pnf;jyD; zGJ‹pnf;aom &ckdifjynftrsKd;om; nDnGwfa&;
ygwD (NUPA)wGif (&/ u/ v/ p) onf tdENd,rSty xkdif;ESifh b*Fvm;
a'h&SfwGif&Sdaom tpnf;t&kH;tm; zsufodrf;jyD; yg0ifcJhonf? (1998) ckESpf
Akd vf &mZmusqkH ;_yD ;aemufwG if tpnf ;t&kH ;.A[kdaumf rwDw pf &yf vkH ;
ysufpD;cJh&onf? (1995) ckESpfwGif zGJ‹pnf;cJhaom A[kdtvkyftr+aqmif
tzGJ‹onf tpaumif;cJhaomfvnf; taESmif;raocsmjzpfcJhonf? (2001)
ckESpfwGif &Jabmfausmf[ef OD;aqmif_yD; 'kwd,t}udrfnDvmcHusif;yum
tpnf;t&kH;ukd jyefvnfxl axmifcJhonf? okd‹aomf xlaxmifcJhaom A[dk
aumfrwDwGif pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr+/ wm0efcHr+tm;enf;onfhtwGuf
tpnf;t&kH;onf ar#mfrSef;oavmuf c&D;ra&mufcJhacs? (2005) ckESpfwGif
jynfwGif;rSausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;ESifhqufpyfr+&&Sdvm_yD; tpnf;t&kH;tm;
jyefvnftm;aumif;apcJhonf? okd‹aomf (2005) A[dkaumfrwDxJwGif
vnf; tacsmiform;vkyfenf;vkyf[efESifh wpfudk,faumif;qefaom vkyf
enf; vkyf[efrsm;/ tzsuform;qefaomvkyfenf; vkyf[efrsm;a-umifh
tpnf;t&kH;. pnf;&Hk;a&;onf rsm;pGmxdcdkufcJhonf? (2007) ckESpfwGif
pwkwœt}udrfnDvmcHukd usif;y_yD; A[dktvkyfr+aqmiftzGJ‹tm; jyefvnf zG‹J
pnf;cJhonf? wwd,t}udrfnDvmcHrS csufrSwfxm;aomOD;wnfcsuf (5)
csuftjyif aemufxyf &ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; Avig;wef zGH‹_zdK;
a&;/ &ckdifha*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpfrsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
a&; OD;wnfcsuf (2) csuftm; wdk;csJ‹csufrSwfcJhonf? xkdokd‹jzwfoef;vm
cJh&m ,ae‹tcsdefwGif (&/u/v/p) . oufwrf;rSm (13) ESpf-umcJh_yD?
a&S‹qufIvnf; trsKd;om;a&;wm0ef/ orkdif;ay;wm0eftm; ausyGefpGm
xrf;aqmifEkdif&eftwGuf (&/ u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf; aqmif&u G f
vsuf&Sdonf?
wyfOD;rSonf wpfygwDokd‹
(88) aemufykdif; &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;orkdif;wGif tzG‹J
tpnf;toD;oD;yl;aygif;um wyfaygif;pkrsm;pkpnf;_yD; “wyfOD;rSonf wpf
ygwDokd‹” OD;wnfum &ckdifjynftrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD; (NUFA) ukd
pwifzGJ‹pnf;cJh-uonf? xkdrS wpfzef &ckdifjynftrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;ygwD
(NUPA) ukdzGJ‹pnf;cJhonf? ygwD. vufeufukdifwyftrnfrSm &ckdifjynf
wyfrawmf (Arakan Army - AA) jzpfonf? (1998) wGif tdENd,axmuf

(32)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
vSrf;a&;.opPmazmufr+a-umifh ppfOD;pD;csKyf Akdvf&mZmtyg0if xdyfwef;
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&um &Jabmfrsm;vnf; zrf;
qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? xkdvkyf}uHro + nf &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;.qkH;&+H;r+
}uD;wpf&yfjzpfcJh_yD; awmfvSefa&;tm; qkd;&Gm;pGm &kdufcyfcJhonf?

a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;
(2007) pufwifbmwGif jynfolvlxk. qif;&J'kuQudk rjrif
Edkifonfh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;u vrf;av#mufcsDwufI arwWmbm0em
yGg;rsm;onfudk etzppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ppfwyf/ &JESifh vHkxdef;rsm;tyg
t0if }uHhcdkifa&;ESifh pGrf;tm;&Sifponfh ‚if;wdk‹.vufudkifwkwf vlrkduf/
vl&rf;um;rsm;udk toHk;csvsuf t-urf;zufESdrfESif;cJh&mrSm a&$0ga&mif
awmfvSefa&; ay:aygufcJhonf? TawmfvSefa&;wGif &cdkifjynfolvlxkESifh
&[ef;oCmawmfrsm;onf jynfe,frSma&m/ jynfyrSmyg a&S‹qHk;rS wufwuf
-uG-uGyg0ifcJh-uonf? okd‹aomfvnf; a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;onf zufqpf
tm%m&l;rsm;.&uf&ufpufpuf_zdKcGJjcif;ukd cHvkduf&onf?

uef‹uGufrJrsm;ay;cJh-uonf
Armppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf (2008)arvwGif olwkd‹tm; w&m;
0iftpkd;&jzpfaprnfh zGJ‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOytm; vlxkqENcH,lyGJqu dk m
qENrJrsm;aumuf,lcJhonf? Armppftm%m&Siftm; ,cifuwnf;u &GH‹&Sm
rkef;wD;aeaom &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf &&SdaomtcGifhta&;tm; trdt&
qkwfukdifum wjynfvkH; uef‹uGufrJrsm; ay;cJh-uonf? okd‹aomfvnf;
Armppftpkd;&onf trSefwu,f&&SdaomrJrsm;tm; vdrfvnfum jynfol
wpf&yfvkH;tm; qef‹usifh_yD; Armppftm%m&Sifpepfoufqdk;&Snfrnfh zGJ‹pnf;
ykHtm; twnfjyKcJhonf? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf Armppftm%m&Sifpepftm;
uef‹uGufrJrsm;ay;um orkdif;ay;wm0efukd ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifcJhonf?
Armppftm%m&Sif rsm;.uvd rfusr+oif cef;pmopftm; wpfzef &&Sd cJh-u
onf? uvdrfusr+/ vdrfvnfr+/ &ufpufr+/ owfjzwfr+onfum; Arm
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'D/ Armppf0g'Dwkd‹.vkyf&kd;vkyfpOfjzpfovkd olwkd‹tm; &ifqkdif
jcif;/ wkdufyGJ0ifjcif;/ qef‹usifjcif;/ pdefac:jcif;/ awmfvSefjcif;onfum;
rdrdwkd‹&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;.orkdif;jzpfayonf?

(33)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
ppfuGsefb0a&muf &ckdifjynf
(1) &cdkifwpfrsdK;om;vHk; udk,fhuH-urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhESifh udk,fydkit
f kyf
csKyfcGifh qHk;&H+;aeonf? &ckdifjynfolwpf&yfvHk; 'Drdkua&pDESifh tajccHv‹l
tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&H+;aeonf? vlrsdK;a&;t& cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfjcif;vnf; cHae
&onf? ppfbufrSmjzpfap/ t&yfbufrSmjzpfap t&nftcsif;wlygvsuf
Armu ocifvlrsdK;/ &cdkifu u|efvlrsdK;tjzpf cGJjcm;I zdESdyfqufqHjcif;cH
ae&onf? jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u v$wfawmfwGif twnfjyKvdu k f
aom/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;u vkyfxHk;/ vkyfenf;ESifhtnD jy@mef;vdkufaom Oya'r
[kwfbJ ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;. rw&m;aomwpfcsufv$wftrdef‹ESifh tm
%mrsm;udk emcHae&onf? w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;u w&m;
Oya'ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm; txufudka&mufaeonf? "eOpPmcsrf;omolESihf
ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;/ ‚if;wdk‹.rdom;pk/ aqGrsdK;rsm;rSm jypfr+usL;vGef v#if
vnf; vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifh&-uonf? rqdkpavmuf tjypf'%fcH&jyD; jyef
vnfvGwfajrmuf-uonf? tajccHjynfolvlxu k dkrl rw&m;onfhOya'
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zdESdyfxm;onf? vlowfonfjzpfap/ "m;jywdkufonfjzpfap/
rk'def;usifhonfjzpfap ppfom;0ifv#if vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifh&ojzifh jynf
ol‹umuG,fa&; wyfrawmfrSm ckd;om;ig;&mpkxm;onfhwyfrawmf jzpfae
onf? ,if;wyfrawmfu tjcm;aomEkdifiHwumwyfrawmfrsm;uJhod‹k
jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz”qd
“jynf mtz kaom aqmifyk'fESifhtnD jynfolvl
xk. touf/ tdk;tdrf/ pnf;pdrfudk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnfhtpm;
“wyfrawmfom trd/ wyfrawmfom tz” aqmifyk'fjzifh rdbjynfolukd
u|efjyKtkyfcsKyfaeonf? pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;rzlvHkI 0efxrf;avmuwGif
vmbfpm;/ jcpm;ESifh tusifhysuf ,Ofaus;r+ xGef;um;aeonf?

(2) ynma&;avmuwGif ausmif;om;ESifh q&m tcsdK;tpm;rnDr#/ rlv

wef;ynmudkyif tcrJhoif-um;cGifh r&jcif;? enf;ynmwuUodkvfESifh aum
vdyfrsm;rSmyif oifaxmufulypPnf;rsm; rvHkavmufjcif;/ nHhzsif;aom
ynma&;pepfa-umifh bGJ‹&ygvsuf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm rwwf
ajrmufojzifh bGJ‹&ynmwwfrsm; um,tvkyf vkyfI toufarG;ae-u&
jcif;/ usef;rma&;avmuwGif vlemESifh q&m0ef tcsdK;rnDr#jcif;/ jynfo‹l
aq;&HkESifh aq;ay;cef;rsm;wGifyif tcrJhaq;0g; ukocGifhr&Sdjcif;/ ul;puf

(34)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
a&m*grsm;udk }udKwifumuG,f&ef pepfusaomynmay;vkyfief;rsm;r&Sd
jcif;/ jynfolvlxk.oufomacsmifcsDa&;udk *&krpdkufbJ rl;,pfaq;0g;ESihf
arSmifcdk&mZmrsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aiGrnf;c0gcscGifhay;xm;ojzifh
qif;&J/ csrf;omuGm[r+ wpufxufwpuf }uD;rm;vmjcif;/ obm0ab;
tEW&m,fESifh }uHKvmv#if xdkufoifhaom u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&m
csxm;a&;ponfh 0efaqmifr+vkyfief;rsm;vkyf&ef b¾maiGa-u;ESifh &kyf0wWK
ypPnf; vHkvHkavmufavmuf r&Sdjcif;/ rdbrJhuav;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu
wm0ef,lI jyKpkysdK;axmifay;&rnfhtpm; uav;a*[mrsm;udk ac|;wyf
pcef;/ ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;pcef;ozG,f toHk;csum uav;ppfom;rsm;
pkaqmif;aejcif;/ roifrae&ynma&;/ tcrJhynma&;pepfrsm;r&Sdjcif;/
tvkyftudkifvnf; &Sm;yg;onfhtjyif rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;/ jynfhwef
qmvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; xdxda&mufa&muf wdkufzsufjcif;r&Sdojzifh ynm
oifp&dwf rwwfEdkifaomvli,f/ vl&G,ftrsm;pkrSm ayawavvGifhI
udk,fusifhpm&dwWysufjym;aejcif;/ qdk;oGrf;vli,frsm;twGuf pm&dwWjyKjyif
a&;ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; pepfwusESifh vHkvHkavmufavmuf zGifhvSpfxm;
jcif;r&Sdjcif;/ jynfe,frsm;.qufoG,fa&;ESifh o,f,lykd‹aqmifa&; zGH‹jzdK;
wdk;wufr+ *&kwpdkufvkyfaqmifr+ r&Sdjcif;?

(3) yk*~vdu "eOpPmydkifqdkifcGifhudk tmrcHray;/ ppfwyfu rxifv#if

rxifovdk odrf;,laejcif;/ jynfwGif;/ jynfyaps;uGufrsm;Y vGwfvyfpGm
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcGifhudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;/ rwefwq}uD;av;aomtcGef
taumufrsm;a-umifh ukef;aps;E+ef; tqrwefwufvmjcif;/ jynfwGif;wGif
tvk yf tud k if &S m;yg;I Ed k if iH jcm;xG u f ol rsm;ojzif h wk d if ;jynf w G if
OD;aESmuf,dkpD;r+/ vkyfom;tiftm; ,dkpD;r+ESifh &ifqdkifae&jcif;/ rdom;pkpm;
0wfaea&;twGuf trsdK;aumif;orD;i,frsm;rSm EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif cE<mud, k f
&if;I 0ifaiG&SmazGae&jcif;?

(4) ppfwyf&duQmESifh &efyHkaiGtwGuf vdktyfaomwif;pyg;udk jynfolvl

xk. t-uyftwnf;udk *&krpdkufbJ t"rRaumufcHjcif;/ owfrSwfwif;a&
rjynfhv#if rsdK;pyg;rsm;udkyg odrf;,ljcif;/ wyf&if;/ wyfzGJ‹rsm;wnf aqmuf
&ef/ EdkifiHjcm;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk a&mif;cs&ef yk*~vduydkif ajr,mrsm;udk
avsmfa-u;ray;bJ twif;t"rR odrf;ydu k fjcif;/ u|J/ EGm;pm;usufajrrsm;udk

(35)
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;
wyf&if;/ wyfzGJ‹rsm;wnfaqmuf&ef odrf;ydkufaejcif;?

(5) pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;rzlvHkI ckdif;u|J/ ckdif;EGm;rsm;udk tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd

arSmifckdaps;uGufrsm;wGif a&mif;csum 0ifaiG&SmazG&jcif;/ a'oEW&yx0D/
&moDOwkESifhrudkufnDaompdkufysdK;oD;ESHrsm;udk twif;t"rR pdkufysdK;cdkif;
jcif;/ v,fajrrsm;wGif qm;csufojzifh qm;aygufI oD;ESHpdkufysdK;&ef rjzpf
Edkifawmhjcif;wdk‹a-umifh awmifol/ v,form;rsm;.b0rSm -uyfwnf;o
xuf -uyfwnf;vmjcif;/ v,f,mxGufukefrsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf;
usqif;vmjcif;?

(6) wkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdk‹. pmay/ ,Ofaus;r+ESifh ordkif;tarG

tESpfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm azmfxkwfcGifh r&onfhtjyif enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh Armr+
jyKcHae&jcif;/ etzppfom;rsm;u wdkif;&if;olrsm;udkr'def;usifhjcif;/ zsm;
a,mif;aoG;aqmifI vufxyfjcif;jzifh vlrsdK;a&;t& aoG;aESmatmif}uH
pnfvkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdjcif;/ olykefESifh tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k ta-umif;
jyum &GmrD;±+d‹jcif;/ ac|;wyfqGJ/ ypPnf;OpPmodrf;,ljcif;ponfh enf;vrf;
rsdK;pHkjzifh n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufonf? tcGifhta&;&v#if&ovdk vlrsdK;wHk; owf
jzwfaejcif;?

(8) qGJydkufoHk;I ig;zrf;ojzifh ig;/ ykZGefrsm; O O&m yifv,f-urf;cif;rsm;

ysufpD;jcif;/ vrk/ uepdk‹ ponfh 'Da&awmrsm;udk rqifrjcifckwfvSJjcif;jzifh
ig;/ ykZGefom;aygufrsm; cdkem;p&m r&Sdwmhjcif;/ opfawmrsm;udk pnf;urf;
rJhckwfvSJjcif;/ obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk A&rf;Awmxkwf,lokH;pGJjcif;jzifh
obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh awm&dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm; jyKef;wD;/ ysufpD;jcif;/ ajrqD
v$m crf;ajcmufjcif;/ o,HZmwESifhwGif;xGufypPnf;rsm; &Sm;yg;vmjcif;?

(9) v#yfppfrD;&&SdEkdifavmufaom obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; xkd

o,HZmwrsm;ukd &ckdifjynfol/ jynfom;rsm;twGuf rokH;pGJbJ tjcm;EkdifiH
rsm;okd‹a&mif;csum ,if;rS&&SdaomaiGrsm;jzifh ppfAkdvfwpfpkonf ppfvuf
eufypPnf;rsm;0,f,ljcif;ESifh ukd,fusKd;twGuftokH;jyKaejcif;?

(36)
 (13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf
tzdESdyfcHjynfoltaygif;wkd‹
(2010) -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹onf &ckdifvlrsKd; (300)
ausmftm; azmufjyefaom Armppftpkd;&u &uf&ufpufpuf tpkvkduft_yHK
vkdufowfjzwfcJhaom (43) ESpfajrmuf 0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,fae‹wpfae‹
jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (43) ESpf onfvkdtcsdefcgrsKd;wGif &ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;onf xrif;iwfcJh&onf? aoa-ucJh&onf? owfjzwfcHchJ&
onf? ,ckwkdifvnf; &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;iwfjywfae-uonf? qif;&J-uyfwnf;
ae-uonf? 'kuQrsKd;pkHukdcHpm;ae-u&onf? awmufycJhaom &ckdiforkdif;
onf Armya'o&mZf/ e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyf/ zufqpf*syef/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'D/
Armppf0g'Dwkd‹a-umifh npfEGrf;cJh&onf? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;tm; vlom;tjzpf
yif oabmrxm;bJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJh-uonf? igwkd‹ &ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;onf _idrf;csrf;a&;ukdvkdvm;onf? igwkd‹onf zdESdyfr+ukd tvkdr&Sd?
igwkd‹onf zdESdyfcs,fvS,faeaom e,fcsJ‹pepf/ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh ppf0g'[l
or#ukd qef‹usif&rnf? awmfvSef&rnf? onfpepfqkd;rsm;ukd &ckdifajray:rS
armif;xkwf&rnf? ajrccJh&aom &ckdifhatmifvHawmfukd jyefvnfpkdufxlzkd‹
}udK;yrf;&rnf? usqkH;oGm;aom &ckdifhtcsKyftjcmtm%mukd jyefvnf&,lzk‹d
wkdufyGJ0if&rnf? vGefcJhaom (43) ESpfu awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf&onfhb0/
ypfowfcH&onfhb0/ iwfI owfao&onfhb0ukd igwkd‹ vkH;0rvkdvm;?
onforkdif;ukd igwkd‹tqkH;owfjyrnf? igwkd‹qufEGJ&rnfhwkdufyGJonf
orkdif;u awmif;qkdaomwkdufyJGjzpfonf? w&m;aomwkdufyGJjzpfonf? jynf
olwpf&yfvkH;vGwfajrmufa&;twGufwkdufaomwkdufyGJjzpfonf? &ckdifjynf
olrsm;. }uD;jrwfaomtrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ aemufqkH;atmif
yGJcH&rnf? azmufjyefaom/ aumufuspfaom Armppf0g'Drsm;/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;
0g'Drsm;onf rkcs usqkH;&rnf?
&ckdiftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;awmfvSefa&;orkdif;wGif usqHk;
oGm;cJhaom &ckdiftmZmenfrsm;tm; OD;nGwftav;jyK-uygpkd‹? olwkd‹.ppf
rSefaomawmfvSefa&;c&D;ukd igwkd‹ qufvufav#mu fvSrf;-uygpkd‹?
&ckdifhtcsKyftjcmtm%m &ckdiftrsKd;om;vufxJa&muf&Sdatmif
igwkd‹aoG;/ acGs;/ ZGJrsm;ukd ay;qyf-uygpkd‹?
(1967) -owf(pf) (13) &ufae‹wGif Armppf0g'Drsm;owfjzwf
jcif;a-umifh usqkH;oGm;aom &ckdifjynfolrsm; aumif;&mok*wda&mufygap?
&ckdifjynf uGsefb0rS vGwfajrmufEkdifygap? ?
(37)
 rSDjirf;pmtkyfrsm;
1? Arakanese Nationalism and the Struggle for National Self -
determination by Khaing Aung Win
2? aoG;pGef;aom -o*wf(pf) (13) aqmif;yg; ckdifatmifausmf (ppfawG)
3? OD;at;csrf;.e&OP&mtifwmAsL;
4? EkdifEkdif(ppfawG). rSwfwrf;rsm;
5? tarSmif-um;u Armjynf (0if;wifhxGef;)
6? ukdvkdeDb0 a&$jynf&ckdif (jrxGef;atmif)
7? rZd…sra'ota&;awmfykH (OD;vSxGef;jzL)
8? ppfawGem&DpifaemufcHorkdif; aqmif;yg; (jrxGef;atmif)
9? &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;orkdif;
(ykHESdyfrxkwfa0&ao;)
10? (223)ESpfajrmuf uGsefoufwm&Snf &ckdifjynf
(&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;)
 &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf
;rsm;twG
0rf;enf;atmufarhzG,fae‹&ufrsm;
aoG;pGef;aom ppfawGqefjy\emae‹ -o*wf(pf) (13) &uf
q&m}uD; OD;ODomxGef;usqHk;ae‹ }o*wf(pf) (14) &uf
q&mawmfOD;OwWrae‹ pufwifbm (9) &uf
&ckdifhtcsKyftjcmtm%musqkH;onfhae‹ 'DZifbm (31) &uf
 &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t±kH;
All Arakan Students’ & Youths’ Congress
OD;wnfcsuf (7) &yf

1? &ckdifausmif;om;ESifhvli,frssm; m; Av (5)wef zGH‹_zdK;

wkd;wufa&;?
2? &ckdifha*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r+tarGtepfrsm; xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufa&;?
3? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;?
4? e,fcsJ‹vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfwkdufzssuf ufa&;?
5? tzdESdyfcHwkdif;&if;om; jynfolwpf&yfvkH; vGwfajrmufa&;?
6? 'Drkdua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&; &&Sda&;?
7? &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH; ukd,fhuH-urRm ukd,fzefwD;cGifhESifh
ukd,fykdifjy@mef;cGifh &&Sda&;?
&ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&kH;
rS xkwfa0 jzef@csDonf?