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Bou. Bp Aueucauap M. Hempoeuh

VBOB V 0HBOCO0H1V

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/HPEPABABA H3 HPBE uHHOCOuHJE H CA BOM
HOBE3AHHX uHHOCOuCKHX OFHACTH/














HOBH CAu - KOCOBCKA MHTPOBHHA

2007


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YBOBHH HOIAEB HA mHAOCOmH1Y

unnoconia ie es cymne napounra noiana yncxe xynrype, xoia
nnie cnopna nn no cnoioi npnponn, nn npema npenmernoi onacrn, a nn npema
noimy xoin ce o noi nma. Ona nma cnoiy ncropniy, npemna y camoi ncropnin
ne moxe na ce saxnarn noxcorpacxnm npncrynom xpos onncnnana onor nnn
onor mncnnona y sapannenom nponennnany snauaia neronnx mncnn.
Hpnonrno mynpoye nnie npnonrno camo no npemencxom cneny, nero ie
ono npnonrno no nsnopnom saxnarany cymracrna crnapn n rnme no
ysopnocrn xoiom ce noxasyie mncaonom norneny. V rom cmncny n nnie
ronnxo naxno na nn ie nnoconia nacrana y VI nexy npe pohena
Xpncronor, saxnayiyhn yuennma n mxonn xoiy ie ocnonao Tanec ns Mnnera
ca nosnarom nspexom na ie cne nona, nponyxno Anaxcnmannap ca
mnmenem na cne iecre ecxonaunocr, a Anaxcnmen ro ncro nacranno na
npomnma xao nasnyx (rsn. ioncxn xnnosonsam), Xepaxnnr xao npnonrnn
ym n narpy n Emnenoxno xao yan n cyxo seme n nea, nnn nax Hnraropa
ca cnoinm apnrmorpaniama npemena n cnera. Taxno pasmarpane xperano ie
on onor mro ie nmenonano xao npnpona, nnn on napounre npcre nocmarpana
npnpone, na ie noxyunnane onor nnn onor nnna onmrocrn npencrane o
nncrnonany sacnnnano nen yremeyiyhn noiam. On ce onnxonao xpos
nnhene cymracrna xoie ie npe cnera pasymenano xao nnnane n pacr,
yxennane n yxnnnanane xoia omoryhana n nonesyie nha, canpxanaiyhn
ono mro iecre. V cnoi nynncxoi cymrnnn npnpona ie nnhena xao
necarnennna no ncxonnmry, na ie ncronpemeno pasmarpana xao ocnona ns
xoie nornuy cne nnnnne noiane, iennaxo xao n one nennnnne y nennm
ocrannma. Ty cy noiennnauna nha ca cnneronnma cnoxennx ysaiamnnx
onnoca, xao n nnxon nennnnnn cxnan xoin nm nonymra na nncrnyiy.
Mncaona sacnnnana xoia cy ce ncnocrannna xpos Hnraropnna rymauena
npnpone n cnera, mro ce npnn nasnao ynreem mynpocrn, Anaxcnmannpa
xoin ie npnn nanncao cnnc o npnponn cxnaraiyhn naueno onmasne sa
nacranax npen ecxonaunnm, Hapmennna, xoin ie ynyrno na necaxpnnenocr
onnoca mnmena n nncrnonana n oryna anno naicnaxnnie cnerno na ono
mro npnpony omoryhana, Xepaxnnra, xoin iy ie nnneo xao norocno capano
noiannnane n xperane npema neronnm mepama ornapana, re Emnenoxna y
noiernuxn nanaxnyrom pasanpany onor nnuyher y cnoiy n pasnarany ca
coom, y nnxy cnernocnor ciaia xyrne.
Hpecoxparonnn cy y xparxnm n caxernm nspexama, a n y noercxoi
opmn nncoxe ecrercxe nnmensnie, na rai naunn npyxnnn noronem

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mncaonom yncrny ynopnmre y nanaxeny npnonrnor onnoca mnoronpcnnx
pasnnunrocrn nocroieher n nnxonor moryher iennncrna nncrnonana, iennor
n cnera, naxne raxno mncaono orarcrno xoie ie npenanem nocneno n no nac,
xao cnenouancrno o norpen sa naipanninm nyxonnnm ysnocnma, a raxohe n
xao snpxy mncnn xoie nac uecro ocrane n y nenoymnnama y norneny
ncnpannocrn rymauena n pasymenana. Moxe na ce xoncraryie, xaxo npemna
npnpona nnie snaunna cacnnm cneonmre eneprercxo nonmane nncrnonana
na rnm nouennma, ona ie rexnna carnenanany nncrnonana ycrpoienor y
nnmensnonnm xapaxrepncrnxama, c osnpom na ycnocraneny naxny
pasanpana, xpos osnpane na nera n npnpano npnxnarane naunna nnhena
ciaia necaxpnnenor. 3a one mncnnone npnpona ie sacnrypno nna ncro mro n
cnernocno eneprercxo iennncrno cnera, xoie ie no napnniannor onpehnnana
nocnenano rex nenononom capanomhy mncnn nnn cnare ymnor
pasanpana. V rom cmncny n cam xocmoc nnie morao na ce pasymena xao
nexaxna unpcro nerpnnxonana crnap, neh xao crane y xome ce cner nanasn c
osnpom na mepe npnponnnx ycnonenocrn xoie ra omoryhanaiy.
Jenan neron neo ie nnnnn n npncrynauan onaxannma onune
cnecrn, ann raxohe ys nera nne n onai neo xoin ie raxnoi cnecrn
nenpncrynauan n moryhe ra ie pasorxpnrn camo mnmenem xoie rpara sa
xapaxrepom crnapn nocmarpannx xao noiane, nnn na naunn xaxo ce one
npyxaiy n ycxpahyiy y nnheny. V onome mro nnaue nasnnamo npocropom
nnie nocroiao camo rnenann npenmer, nero ie y nera nno no npernocrannn
yxyueno n camo rnenane, xao ono npocrnpyhe sa npocrop. Taxo ce npocrop
npnnnxanao nnn ynaanao on onora mro ie ry n onne, ynyhn pasymenan
xao oyxnarane n canpxanane npema orpomnocrn onora onamo nnn ramo,
nnn y pacnony on cnecrn npncyrne renecnocrn no ornopene ecxonaunocrn.
Onnaxnocr na ce ycynn n sanoune mncaonn onnoc npema cnemy mro iecre,
raxo nam neh on cnoinx ncropnicxnx noueraxa npyxa noxase xonnxo ie
nanopan n rexax nyr nyxonnor ycanpmanana, a na ie n xana ycnena ro raxohe
nocena perxocr. Hnraroponcxn npncryn rymaueny cnera n apnrmonornin
ycrpoicrna npocropa n npemena y cymrnnn crnapn, ca eneicxnm yuenem o
nenponannnoi n nasna nocroiehoi cepn nncrnonana, rnopn ocnony
Hnarononnx nnianora Tu+ai n Hap+euuo. Maremarnuxa aromncrnuxa reopnia
noxasyie nenennocr xpainnx uecrnna xon Pemoxpnra neonpxnnom y xnno
cxnahenoi reopnin npocrnpana n npemenonana, a y Apncrorenonoi 4u;uuu
xao neonpxnn neo nnoconie o npnponn, cnnuno xao n Anaxcaropnne
ncrounanocrn xao cnnunorpnna nonesanocr rnapnn nan xoinma croin ym.
Emnenoxnona uerpcr yann n 3anane iom nnie nocnena no Xepaxnnrone
nonemnunocrn ynyrap camor noima nncrnonana, a ra rpaina ynyrapna opa
nrpe nauena, xao n nenpnnnhaiyha ce cepa nncrnonana Hapmennnonor

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nanaxnyror mamannsyiyher xasnnana, iennaxo xapaxrepnmy noroc
nnoconie y nennnnnoi xapmonnin nnianexrnuxor ycrpoicrna crnapn n
nnianomxnx cnryannia o nnma, xao n cam cmncao yann npema mynpocrn.
Vcnen cyxoa pasnnunrnx, a nenomnpnnnx cranonnmra y
nnoconin, xoin npocrnm rymauennma nocraiy n nononn sa neyremeena
pacnpanana, nonasn n no nanana ca nparehnm pasopnnm ocyhnnannma, na
ro naa npenynpennrn orxnananem moryhnx necnopasyma nononom rora, o
uemy ce sanpano pann. To na ona rana nema nponeneyrnuxn xapaxrep camo
xao nexy npcry noxane, nero n pann nponiana no npanor nyra. 3a
onpannananem raxnor npnryna nema nocene norpee, ynyhn na npany
namepy nonn xea xoia ie camom coom onpannana, na ce mecra xoia cy
nsocrana on oiamnena n npernopnna ce y neiacna, yny nnxe ocnerena n
pasiamnena. Pa n ce onn xoie ro sannma ynenn y nnococxy
nponemarnxy, norpean ie cnnrernuxn npncryn y ynopennnm anannsama n
nonarannma pasnora sa nnococxy yremeenocr, sapan nspane n npnmene
merona cyouanana ca remennm nnococxnm nnrannma.
Hame ie npeme cxnono omanonaxanany, a n xomnpomnryiyhe ie y
norneny nanonne sapnnyrocrn sa oncranax nnoconie. Ona nounna na
norneny na nnmecrpyxy nnocmncnenocr xoia ce ry norxpana n nenyie
onoino, raxo na nsasnna n npnnnuno onpannan noncmex, mro naa
nsnpxarn. Ty nam ne nomaxy mnoro nsronopn xaxo ie nnoconia yunnnna
mnoro sa ncropniy uoneuancrna, iep ie naxna ona nena crpana xoia ce onnocn
na nnuny ynory n nonpnnoc. Cnaxo nnococxo saxnaraiyhe nonmane ie
yncxn saxnar, n ro onai uonexa y nennnn, xana my cama cnaxonnennna
nocrane nepasymnna. Ono saxnaraiyhe ry ie cama cymrnna uonexa n
onpncyrnenocr ror cymracrna xoie y nnoconpane ynonn ynnranomhy nan
nnm camnm. V ocnonn cnor nocroiana uonex ie rnme nonnprnyr saxnary,
saxnahen nyrem xee na yne ro mro iecre, npexnahen n cycpernyr ca
nonmannma n cxnarannma, xoia remxo na cy cama naxencrno narocnona.
Ona cy nanexo nnme opa /yiyov:ouo;io roi :nc ouoioc/ ca neonpennnom
n remxo yxnarnnom nnocmncnenomhy cnaxor ncnnrnnana n nncrnonana.
Vronnxo ie sanarax xpnrnuxor merona na oonpn y ncrpaianany na
nnrannma, na craiany y ynnranocrn ns xoie ie npencnnrnnane n
nponepanane ycnon nsnopnnier ocnenouanana y crana, nonoxaie n nnnone
crnapn n noimona, xao n nnxonnx snauena. Onpes n cxpomnocr ce yue
nexanem ca naunnnma onnananana cranonnmrnma oxpenyrnm
ecxonaunocrn n neunocrn, xao ynopenno anannrnuxnm onnnnma
yxonaunnana crnapn mro na nac cyuy ns ecnpernennor xocmnuxor
npocrpancrna, onpehenor ynpano rnm namnm npemenom nonmana n

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pasymenana nnnona n npcra nncrnyiyher xoie nam ce oryn naianyiy n
npoianyiy xao ocnenouene noiane. unnoconia ne moxe na nocroin,
yxonnxo nac nnrepecyiy camo pesynrarn, iep onai xoin mncnn ne naa na
cxpahyie npernocranxe n ycxpahyie mncaony nynnny crnapn, neh na nne
cnoinm nyrem no xpaia (npeunnom npeue, a oxono nnxe), a pasnor n
morao na yne no Apncroreny - n yoo vo\ rvroynio n, nanme na
npenasnnasn camonamerane npornnpeunocrn.
Hponepanane raxo nonpasymena ro nonohene y nnrane n cranno
nyene y ynnrnocrn xao nponynnane y cne nehoi cnasn xoia ncxyuyie
cnaocrn, na ce ne n ncnycrnne nocrnrnyre npennocrn n na cne naxon rora
narenrno ne noune na ryn cmncao. Maprnn Xainerep ie sa raxan npncryn
nao n ienno nannnno ynyrcrno, pasmnmaiyhn o cmncny nocpenonana ynyrap
nnenrnrera xao canpnnanana uonexa n nha: Ha cmemo nn mn onna mncnnrn
na he ce iennor nana ocrnapnrn mncaonn ynasax y cymrnncxo nopexno
nnenrnrera? Vnpano saro mro rai ynasax saxrena na ce cxoun, mro my ie
norpeno nerono npeme, npeme mnmena, npeme xoie ce pasnnxyie on
npemena pauynana, pauynana mro nanac cnyna pacrpxe name mnmene.
Panac pauyncxa mamnna, sa ienan cexynn, nspauyna xnane onnoca. Vnpxoc
cnoi rexnnuxoi xopncrn, onn cy nenrnn. Ma mra n ma xaxo na mncnnmo,
mncnnmo y oxnnpnma rpannnnie. Ona nnana xana nac ocnoaha on mnmena
ynarpar n ynyhyie mnmeny ynanpen xoie nnme nnie nnannpane. Tex xana
ce, mncnehn, oxpenemo onom o uemy ce neh mncnnno, mn hemo mohn na
mncnnmo n o onom o uemy iom rpea na ce mncnn. /M. Xainerep, Ha:e)o
uoeumumema, 1957 (npen. Foxnnap 3en, Feorpan., 1982., crp. 56)/
Hnrana xoia xapaxrepnmy raxan cran ynnranocrn pacnnryiy ce o
xapaxrepy ayropnrera xoin ie onnyuno na npnpona sananex mopa na ocrane
npnpona canpemene nsnxe, a ncropnia sananex na ce noianyie xao npenmer
ncropnorpanie. Cnna namerana oanesa cynnme nac uecro cnyrana y
norpen na crnapn nye pasmarpamo, ann ncro raxo n camonnacna
macxnpana npen crnapnomhy no oncenenyrocrn axryennnm n nomonnnm
crnapnma orpannuanaiy nac na iennocrpanocrn, na ce ne xaxe
iennonnmensnonanan npncryn y nnxonom nocmarpany. Onpes n cxpomnocr
nonehanaiy naxny xoia nx nparn n onemoryhana ryene xopnsonra cmncna,
a nenorpena camonaxnocr /camonnacnocr-camoxnnocr/ nonono cnan, na
n n raxno nocmarpane morno na ce ycrann n yunpcrn. Pocroian naunn
xnnena rnme nac oanesyie na yuecrnonane y norpannunoi n
pasrpannuanaiyhoi nrpn cnna nea n seme xoia nonpasymena ncxon cnera
mro iecre n nna.

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1. HOPEKAO HPEBMETA H HO1MA mHAOCOmH1E


Hesanncno on rora xaxno he nmenonane sanonrn ymnn n
xnnornopnn cacroiax xocmoca n /no/iannnx crnapn y nemy, npncryn n
ncrpaxnnane, xao n casnane ymnnx nnnona crnapnocrn, ono ie ynex ienno
onronerane mncrepnie xnnora n nouerax nnoconie. Honnnonane peun
noperxa n yxpamenocrn xnnora moryhe ie xana ce ycnocrann cner, xana on
cneryie, ri. nocroin ycnen rora mro nocroin Cnennmnn xoin ypehyie
cnemreny apnrmonorniy no saxonnma cxnannocrn, mepa n rpannna cnaxor
noiennnor nncrna n nnxone ysaiamne onnoce xao npann cnercxn nopenax.
Vmne crnapnocrn camnnanaiy ymny peu xocmoca xao noroconornxy nnn
naunn na xoin cne ono mro iecre nna nnnnnnm nnn /no/iannnm. Hpnonrno
ie oyoc sop, caop n pasop /cmncaonn ronop, noiam, ymna peu/, xao
moryhnocr n oiennnanane onnxa y canpxainnm caonnomennma nha y
nncrnonany. Hoiam uynne crnapn onnxyie ymno, naie nm nsrnen /einoc/ n
onnuia npyrocrn no npcrn /moponorniy/, ycranonanaiyhn mehy nnma nese
onnocnnx pasnnxonana n cnnunocrn. Onaxno norocno yonnuanane n
oiennnanane uynnnx crnapn y no-cranane y xnnor xao nanane
cranonnmra, xao nocranxe cacrana o-nnx-onanocrn /cxemarnxa
xareropniannocrn/, noxasyie na ie noroc /ymna peu, noiam/ xnnornopnn
enemenr xocmoca, xoin ono rnapno xao ancrpaxrny npyrocr unnn norahaiem
xnnora n ocrnapnreem cnpemnocrn n nncnosnnnia npyrauniocrn. Vronnxo
ie nnoconpane nasna nenesano sa nno xaxne xopncroynne namepe,
mana ie nainosnannie na pasmepn n yrnpnn npernocranxe sa npaxrnuny
crpany xnnora, iep ra neynesanocr ie cnoona on nno xoie amnnnosnocrn
na ce snane ocamocrann on xnnora n snoynorpana nerony ncxoncxy
nenory n enerannniy sa namernnocrn xoie ncxpnnanaiy, crexy n ynniaiy
nopenax n nenory. Panac cy npncyrne n cnopne pasnnxe y npncryny rom
npnonrnom cranonnmry, xoie xao xamene cnornnana o rpaino crane crnapn
nnme rypaiy y cenxy onor mro ie naxno, neronn mro noncrnuy na
npencnnrnnana.
V ocnonn peun nnoconia ie rnaron oiriv, ynrn n noiam oooio.
To ie yan xa ymemnocrn mro nounna na snany n nosnanany crnapn.
Hspasom +vopocm osnauanao ce n cnaxn nyox ynnn y nonesanocr crnapn,
xao n y paspemena sanaraxa yncxor xnnora. Peu oooio nonpasymena n
xynrnnncanocr y cmncny concrnxonanocrn, a oooio nexonnma y ynorpen
nma naranoxennx snauena xoia cy ce nomepana ns npenaxena ienne enoxe y
npyry n oenexanana npnnannocr onpehennm xynrypnnm xpyronnma.

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Kon npnnx rpuxnx mncnnnana rsn. Hpecoxparonana, snauene peun
oooio nno ie npe cnera reopnicxo (n noiernuxo) snane xoie ie yxyunnano n
ymehe (:r;vn) n neronane npnnne (oor:n), a yunre raxnor snana no ie
oooio:nc. Vunre yun snany, nox ra mynpan nocenyie, na ie nnoco cnoi n
iennor n npyror xoin ce cmemra na rno nsmehy nepe /opasonana y
nacraiany/ n snana /nayxe/.
Hoiam nnoco (oioooooc) iana ce npnn nyr xon Xepaxnnra ns
Eeca (540-480. npe poh. Xpncronor), npema Pnenconom 22. parmenry, rne
on xaxe na nnocon mopaiy na ynn snannn mnornx crnapn, ncrnuyhn y 40.
parmenry raxohe n na mnorosnanocr ne yun namern.
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Ono mro oxnnana n
unnn xnnnm iecre narpa ncxoncxor noroca, a ona ie pasmennna sa cne npyro
npema nexoi mepn nnn onpehenoi npennocrn, re ce raxo onpxana raxohe y
cymrnnn nnhen ornenn cner. Taxo ie cynne uynno onaxnna mannecrannia
ncxoncxe narpe, na mopa na nncrnyie npema onpehenoi mepn (p. B94), xoia
oesehnnanem pannorexe nspaxana xocmnuxy npanny. Fynyhn na cne
ncronpemeno nncrnyie xao xocmnuxn, ecxonauno oyxnaran rox, onna ie
mepa ona xonrnnynpanocr nnana nnn onai oxnnp xpos xoin ce snnane
onnnia. V raxnoi yonnuenocrn xao y npennnnnnoi xonoreunnn noxasyie ce
cnaxo onpeheno nhe, nocehn y cen cxpnnen neuar npncyrnocrn neuno xnne
narpe, iep ie nennnnnn cnoi iaun on nnnnnor. Taxno cnaiane onaxnno
ie y nymn n crora nnmano cnopenno nnn nenaxno iecre nnrane ncnxonornie
xon Xepaxnnra. Ieneanomxn nyma ce xoncraryie xao crnap xoiy ocyiehyie
nona, xao mro nony ocyiehyie sema, na ananorno rome mro on seme
nocraie nona n nyma nocraie on none, ri. npaha ce cen ncnapananem nnare
(nanp. onniena nyma ie nnaxna). Kana rnpnn na ie cyna nyma naimynpnia n
naioa, Xepaxnnr rana mncnn n nairpesnennia n naipasopnrnia nyma,
xonnxo ron na ie nymama panocr na nocrany nnaxne. 3a ny ie naxna
pasopnrocr xoiy nocn cyn n ronao nax xoin nonocn ynpemenanane
ncxoncxor orna. Te nnamene eneprnie nesyiy sa cee pasopnrocr xoia
nonocn ynnne ycmepanaiyhn rnme xa nornnn nncrnonana nnn iennom xoin
iecre cne mro nnie npnnnn nncrnonana n nnana.
Barpa ie ono mro oxnnana /ono mro nocn pasanpane nnn nne
saienno ca ymom/, mro uonexa unnn xnnnm a ne rpynnom (on none n seme) re
ie ro onpehena npcra cnecrn, mynpocr xoia ce nanasn y maxpoxocmocy. To
ienno Xepaxnnr onncyie xao reonomxy nnosnaunocr Jenno, mro ie iennno
mynpo, n moxe ce n ne moxe nasnarn nmenom 3enca (p. B32), ann n xao
rnoceonomxn axrnnnrer y xome casnane ynpanana, xpmanena nnn
nynncxe namepe nyxa nma nainnmn panr onnomena npema iennncrny

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Xepman Pnenc, Hpeocorpamoeuu I-II, 3arpe, 1983. /1. Tom/

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crnapnocrn (p. B41): Camo ie jeuo +vpo: nmarn casnane xaxo cne, no
noiennnocrn, nna ynpanano. To casnane ie n camo ornenor nopexna, ro ie
cnercxa, xocmnuxa cnecr xoia nsana on noronyha y npnnnne, iep narpa he
xan nohe cne muenarn n ocynnrn, a npanna he neh ymern na muena n ocynn
xonaue n cnenoxe naxn. 3nane namepe, snane o spauennma ornene cnecrn na
nennxo, o rome onaxne ie nsnara xomanna n mra ona npernocrana, ri. xaxo
ncxoncxa narpa xnepnernuxn nacryna y xocmocy, iecre nainnme snane nnn
neopasnoxnno snane y npanom cmncny peun. Casnane xaxo cne nna
ynpanano nnme xao na ne moxe na crane nn y xaxne nnnexcannie nha nnn
nnxone xareropnsyiyhe nonnce, nero nenocpennnie npniana sa ono mro
ncxoncxn iecre, ys capano oxpne nncrnonana o xoiem pasanpe nemo
snane. Ca nspexom ncrpaxno cam camor cee, moryhe ie na ie Xepaxnnr
xeneo na cnenoun na nnacrnrom npnmepy o rpannnama casnana, re na rnme
naronecrn xaxo noroc nncrnonana xao cnnma saiennnuxn nocn nennnnny
xapmonniy xoia ce noxasyie y oxpmainma n npeonnananaiyhem xapaxrepy
saxonomepne cnare naxena xao iaua - noenonocna. To nemo snane xao
npnonrnnie snane, nnn xaxo ra ie y cpennenexony xapnnnanno
opmynncao Hnxona Kysancxn, yueno nesnane, npema apxaicxom ynnny
Xepaxnnronom, nnie camo sauyhyiyhe nero n nenpennnnnno, neouexnnano, xao
n ro na moxe uonexa na ce nann n racn xao cnernxy y roxy nohn. V rom
cmncny xpainn nomer one apxaicxe meransnxe xao na ce xpnie y npxyncxoi
nnosnaunocrn n remenoi neonpennnocrn: Bpxonnn, unie ie npopounmre y
Pennma, nnrn mra xasyie, nnrn mra xpnie, nero snamena naie.(p. B93)
Taxo ce moxe ycnonno pehn na ynn xoin cy caropenn nocraiy naxon cmprn
oxancxn, iep cy ce npoxenn ncxoncxnm ornem n ysnnrnn na neecxe pannn
nennxnx parnnxa nncrnonana. Hennnnna xapmonnia nnana nan xocmnuxnm
npannnom na ie par oran cnemy n cnemy xpa, re na y cnnm npomenama ns
xaoca xoin nonnmrana cnaxy nornunocr nonono ycnocrana nornxy
ycxnahnnana, mro ie sancra mepa npnonnrne nynne nnn raxo nyox noroc
nma. Hpnpona nornxe nncrnonana ie raxna na nopasymena nanymrane
onune cnecrn n yncxor crana xoie snaun nncrneny nponsnonocr
/cyncrannniannor acnexra, nnocrasnor, concrna nnunocrn/, saxrenaiyhn na ce
onai xoin rpara sa ncxoncxom mynpomhy nahe y npen-eroncrnunoi cnryannin,
y ycxnahenocrn ca cymracrnom nnn xoncyncrannniannnm nasnauennma.
yncxn ero ie nonaxo cnopenna xapaxrepncrnxa uonexa, a nocrnsane
carnacnocrn ca norocom nncrnonana saxrena n nerono nornyno nanymrane
n nocraiane onnoiennm n nenpncrpacnnm, ycnonno peueno esnnunnm nnn
nannnunnm iennncrnom narpeno-nyxonnnx eneprnia, iep he narpa nonaxo cne
xana nohe na muena n ocynn, a yne uexa xana ympy ono uemy ce ne nanaiy
n mro n ne cnyre. (p. B27) To na npnpona nnn ono nspacraiyhe xao

9
cymrnncxo oenexie nma, xaxe Xepaxnnr (p. 30 P/K), na nasna nncrnyie
eiame ynex n iecre n nhe, naro ie no npncyrnocrn npemennror xapaxrepa
xoin nonpasymena raxny rpainocr, mro c ienne crpane noxnna moryhnocr
nacraiana n nponanana xao npeme xoie ynnmrana, nsnyrpa ra nannnasehn, a c
npyre crpane yxasyie na nenpexnnnocr ncronernocrn y camom nncrnonany
xao onome mro iecre n nna. Camo cymracrno npnpone orxpnna ce ns nenor
cxynauxor oxpna nnn nornxe, xoia ie nasna onronornxa nncrnonana xao
xasnnane iennncrna crnapnocrn y cnemy mro iecre. V rome, xocmoc ie nspas
crana nennne npnpone n nenor nocenor cmncna, a par y nemy
saxonomepnocr pyxonohena noxopananem nornnn nennnnne ycxnannnocrn
xoia nsnocn cne enomene ersncrennnie y npnmopnniannnm cxnononnma
noiannnana. C rnme ie Xepaxnnr ncrnnao onnnxy snana nocene npcre,
xoie npenasnnasn yonuaiena mnena, re caunnanaiyhn nnococxy
npernocranxy, orxyna n rai snauaian remenn ynnn xoin n nae naxn: He
mene, nero )oeoc (xasnnane. sopene, capano oxpne nyxnocrn) c)vuaivhu,
mynpo ie cnoxnrn ce na cne jecme jeuo. (p. 50) Pasmarpane cmncna xaxo ie
ono cneiennncrno mnmeno, xao na y pasnnm pannnma cnecnnx nnn
necnecnnx onanaana ror nnrana, onpehyie n ynyhy ncropniy nnoconie,
a moxna n xapaxrep samnmana xynrype onnoca npema npnponn, xao cnnm
ocnonnnm enomennma xnnora y cnery y xome ce sarnuemo, re na ro nnrane
onronapamo y mepn cracanocrn cnara nyxa. Hnraropa ca Camoca (584-500. pre
n.e), sa xora ce xaxe na ie nennny cnemnpa nasnao xocmocom sor noperxa n
pena xoin ie y nemy, na nnrane rnpannna Heona ns uniynra unme ce on ann,
onronopno ie na ie nnoco. Hnraropa ie, npema Ernienom cnenoueny, onai
xoin ie npnn nennny cnemnpa nasnao xocmocom sor pena xoin y nemy nnana.
4

Besa iennor n mnoror rai pen n omoryhana, naiyhn raxno nncrnonane xoie
nonpasymena saiennnny cnera n iennor cneiennncrna. Pne xpaine nosnnnie
nncy ono na mra ie ocnonan y pasmarpannma moryh, nero ie ro ono rpehe xoie
pesynryie y cynpocranennm nanopnma xao nsmnpene. V cnom cyueanany
cynpornocrn c osnpom na cnare xoinma pacnonaxy nponsnone rpehe xao
onronapaiyhe iennncrno y xome cy canpxane, na norouxn peueno monana n
nniana nponsnone rpniany xoia nx y cen canpxana n oyxnaraiyhn
camonpencrana. Fpoi rpn raxo ce npnponno namehe xao onai xoia
npencrana crnapn npnnenene cnom ncxonnmry, xao mro ie sa Hnraropy n
cnera nernna /npennn nenamxn poi npcrniy na pynn n nosn/ poi-onnx,
xoin ca cnoie camocranne mohn nnie nonnoxan nnxaxnoi npomenn. Hnraropa
ra nenyxyie na ocnony nocroiana ner npannnnnx reomerpnicxnx rena:
mempaeoap, roura, ormoeoap, urocoeoap n oooeraeoap. Kocmoc yronnxo

4
Xepman Pnenc, Hpeocorpamoeuu I-II, 3arpe, 1983. /1. Tom/ crp. 104.

10
npencrana nonexaenap (xon Hnarona y Tu+aiv ie xonxa), iep ca cnoinx
nnanaecr npannnnnx neroyrnona (oner poi ner xao ocnonnna), sarnapa
npencrany nacnoncxor npocrnpana. Poxcorpa Pnoren Haeprnie nanonn nam
n Anexcannpon nsnemrai o Hnraropnnoi nnoconin: Hpnnnnn cnnx crnapn
iecre monana nnn iennnnna; ns one monane nponsnasn neonpehena nniana n
cnyxn monann cnome yspoxy xao marepnianna nonnora; ns monane n
neonpehene nniane nponsnase poienn; ns poiena rauxe; ns rauaxa nnnnie; ns
nnnnia nonpmnne; ns nonpmnne unpcra rena, ocernna rena, unin cy
enemenrn: narpa, nona, sema n nasnyx. Onn ce enemenrn mehy coom menaiy
n y nornynocrn npenase ienan y npyrn, n cacranaiy ce na n crnopnnn ienan
xnnn xocmoc, pasyman, cepnuan, y uniem ce cpennmry nanasn sema, xoia ie
n cama cepnunor onnxa n cnyna naceena.
3
V onom nsnemraiy nar nam ie
onnc npnpone xao pasacrprn npernen on monanonomxo-onronomxor no
apnrmernuxor, reomerpnicxor n nsnuxor nnana ersncrennnie, rne poienn
ounrnenno nocenyiy rexnny meransnuxor xapaxrepa, a reomerpnicxn nnan
ce excnnnnnpa mepom meransnxe nnmensnia y npocropnocrn. Onnocn xoie ie
ycranonno xacnnie cy snarno yrnnann na Hnaronono pasymenane nnxoromne
xopneprennnie npnpone n mnmena, xao n na nonaxene no meransnxe
nnmensnia y ycranonanany pasmepa nennunna n manenocrn xao cnoiena
iennor n neonpehenor nnoicrna. To ie ono naueno xoie unnn oneparnnnnm
onronomxa onmepanana npncyrnocrn crnapn. Hnraropnna meransnxa moxe
na ce nniarnocrnnxyie xao meransnxa cnerna n ronnnne ncnoena y
acrpannom noperxy /Kapn-Xainn uonxman Bnyx cmarpa acrpanny pennrniy
npnonrnnm mnrornopauxnm opacnem crnapnocrn/, a y cpennmry ror
noperxa nanasn ce nacnoncxo ornnmre. Mehy cnomnnannma Hnraropnnnx

3
Pnoren Haeprnie, ueomu u +uu+ena ucmaruvmux du)o;oda, Feorpan, 1979., crp. 271.
Hcro raxo xpnrnuxn cnnuno nanonn n Apncroren: ...raxosnann nnraroponnn nocnernnn cy ce
maremarnnn n npnn ie ynanpennnn, na cy nacnnrann y noi cmarpann na nena nauena iecy nauena
cnnx nncrnyiyhnx. A nomro cy y noi poienn no npnponn npnn, unnnno nm ce, nanme, na y noi
nocmarpaiy mnore cnnunocrn ca crnapnma xoie iecy n xoie nacraiy, nnme nero y narpn n semn n
nonn,...a y poiennma cy iom nnnenn cnoicrna n pasmepe ycxnahenocrn: na nomro ie nsrnenano
na n npyre crnapn y unranoi npnponn nannxyiy poiennma, a poienn cy ono mro ie npno y
unranoi npnponn, npnxnarnnn cy na cy crnxninn cacroinn poiena crnxninn cacroicnn cnnx
nncrnyiyhnx, re na ie neno neo xapmonnia n poi /Ar., Met.., 985b23-29 - 986a3/ V cnom
xomenrapy Meransnxe Anexcannap Aponnsniamxn xaxe 3a nauena nncrnyiyhnx crnapn
Hnaron n nnraroponnn nocrannnn cy poiene, nomro nm ce unnnno na naueno iecre npno n
necacraneno, a on rena cy npe nonpmn /iep ie ono npocrnie n nepacrannno pannie no nrxy/,
a on nonpmn npre no ncrom onnocy; on npra nax rauxe, xoie maremarnuapn nasnnaxy osnaxe, a
onn camn iennnnne, xoie cy nornyno necacranene nncrnyiyhe crnapn xoie nnmra nemaiy npe
cee. A xaxo cy iennnnne poienn, poienn cy, naxne, npnn on nncrnyiyhnx. /Alex. Aphr., Eis
Met., 55, 20-26/


11
mncnn, Pnoren Haeprnie naneo ie n nerona cnoienpcna cynnncxa
xasnnana, xao nsnonornxe noperxa: Cynne, Mecen n ocrane snesne cy
oxancrna, iep y nnma npeonnahyie ronnora, a ronnora ie yspox xnnora.
Mecen ie oacianan Cynnem. Foronn n ynn cy y cponcrny, yxonnxo uonex
yuecrnyie y ronnorn; saro oronn none pauyna o uonexy. Cynnna ie yspox
mro cy crnapn onaxo ypehene xao nennna n noiennnauno.
4

Onn naion no Hnraropnnom mnmeny ane ce nocmarpanem
(0roio) ynyhn na nemaiy nn poncxy nymy, a nncy nn xao npyrn naxomn na
cnany n nonr, re rpaxe ncrnny. V Hnarononom (427-347. npe poh.
Xpncronor) nnianory Io;oa, ncrnue ce xaxo oronn nemaiy norpey na
rparaiy sa mynpomhy iep cy mynpn, a na ry norpey raxohe nemaiy nn onn
xoin cy neyxn, iep n ne snaiy mra ie mynpocr, na cy nnocon na cpenoxpahn
nsmehy mynpnx n neyxnx. Mynpan (ooooc) moxe nrn camo nexo on orona, a
uonexy xoin rexn oxancxoi mynpocrn npnnana na yne oio-ooooc.
3aronerna nrypannia nacraie ca noimom mynponnie (oooio:nc), xoin cy
pannie nnn xonnensaropn naponnnx mynpocrn, npnponosnannn xoin cy
narenrnpann nsyme xopncne sa npymrno nnn snannn saxona n annoxarn. V
Hnaronono noa ounro ie na ce pasmernna annoxarypa xpemarncrnuxn
nonama, nonyuanaiyhn raxnoi mynpocrn (snany) n sa ro ysnmaiyhn nonan.
Hnaron ie npxao na snane naa na ce ycnaia pann nera camor, na ocyhyie
raxne concre, na ra peu nounne na nonpnma cmncao npenpenenocrn, nox ie
nnoco nonyr Coxpara cxpoman n y cnemy cymnnuan, iep sna na nnmra ne
sna, ann oyser yany npema ncrnnn xoiy cne npeme rpaxn, es onepe na
he y rome n ycnern. Ann, xaxo na snamo na raxo nemro ycnena? To nainye
nnrane xon Hnarona paspemanano ie na nnianexrnuxoi pannn, re nonpasymena
nernrnmny sacnonanocr ynnrnocrn nan crnapnma narnm y penexcnnnnm
crpyxrypama camoonnomena snana, a meponannocr nnianexrnuxor npncryna
n merononomxor yremennana cnecrn y sacrynannma n ocnopanannma
noxasyie n nanac meponannocr cnoie xomnerennnie naxena. Hcrnncxo
concrno uonexonor nha ie nerona nyma, a neno ynanpehnnane n neronane,
nenane noheno npnnnama no oyxnarnor camoynepena, rne nyma y

4
Hcmo, crp. 274. Hopen onor ncxasa Pnorena Haephannna, n pasmarpane Hpoxna Pnianoxa
ronopn nam o nnraropeicxoi reonornin y onnxy maremarnuxnx nrypa: Crora nac n Hnaron,
npexo maremarnuxnx nnxona noyuana o mnornm n sannnyiyhnm mnmennma o oronnma, a
nnoconia nnraroponana ynorpeanaiyhn one sacrope cxpnna nocnehnnane y oxancxa
mnmena. Taxan ie n cnexonnxn `Cnern ronop` n unnonai y `Faxanrxnnama` n unran naunn
Hnraropnnor ynyhnnana o oronnma. /Proclus, In Eucl. el., p 22,9/, na poi nnie camo
pasnyuyiyhn opran ora xocmornopna, nero cy cnemnp n cne crnapn onpehenn ca rpoie iep
xpai, cpennna n nouerax canpxe poi cnera, a ro ie onai rpoicrna/rpniane/ /Arist., De caelo,
268a10/

12
camonpencnnrnnany nocraie cen ornenano, raxo na ce y rom ornenany ne
came nnn y nyxy casnaie ono oxancxo y noi camoi xao n yremeyiyhe
cnnunocrn n pasnnxe. Tai saoxper y cee camor nnxaxo nnie cnohene nnn
oroanaiyha penyxnnia, nero epornunomhy oraro camo-carnenanane xoie
nocnena no nennncanocrn, xao mncnehn camoonnoc, nnn oyxnarno
cxnarane ncrnncxor nncrnonana xao cnor, xoier mnoronpcnocr oiennnana
no iennncrna n iennauena xpos mnmene, na ono mnmeno cnecno y
mnmeny sanonia onronapaiyhn xapaxrep. Onai naunn cne iauer nonesnnana
ca camnm coom n nocraiana iennnm, xao ceeysnnxyha nnacrnra canamnocr
y mnmeny, mannecronana xao napacraiyha cnnunocr mnmena ca
esycnonnnm iennncrnom xao nsnopom cnnx pasnnxa, a rnme n mnmena xao
raxnor, iecre cacnnm iacan pasnor sa ro na nyx xao nainnmn onnx mnmena
nma nernrnmnrer na nonn n nonpmana camocasnane. Muu+ene +uu+ena,
xaxo ie cnonno naicnoxennin sanarax nornuxor npomnmana crnapnocrn
xoin ie npenyseo Hnaronon yuennx Apncroren, raxohe ie nonpasymenano
cnryanniy na ce y mnmeny nnenrnnxyie concrno xao cnoienpcan
"npnrymenn cyiexrnnnrer" y xom ce nnenrnnxyie concrno ca
camopenexryiyhom nenornopnomhy. Hcrnncxo uonexono concrno iacno n
nennocmncneno repa na camonnenrnnxanniy na pannn mncaone crporocrn
oxancxor ocnona y nnacrnroi cnecrn. On ne nonasn on mnmena camor /ro
n nna ocnrypana nononexonna nosnnnia crnapn mnmena xao cogito ergo
sum alias res cogitans/, neh on onora mro ce mnmeny naie na ra mncnn,
ynyhn na ie ono nasna ynyheno na cnoiy mnmennny n ns ne nsnopno
nponcrnue /Ap., Mem., 1072
a
30/. yncxn ym xao cnoi npenmer nma nemro
npyro, a ne cee camor, nox ie npenmer oxancxor yma ncxyunno on cam, c
rnme na ym nna mnmen yxonnxo mncnn n mncnn yxonnxo ie mnmen, raxo
na ce y onnoc nononn onai xoin mncnn n ono mnmeno snauehn na ie
mnmene nocrano ono mro ce mncnn, na ie mnmene nocrano enomen
enomena nnn npncnoiena npenmernocr. Camoonnomene nha y onnxy
camonpesenrannie nneia ie mnmeny xao onome mro ce mncnn, nanano ie
crpyxrypno oenexie mnmena camor cee, xana ce mnmene npernapa xpos
ono Haioe y concrnenn npenmer; xao ono mro ce mncnn, ono mncnnno
nocroin y nenarnocrn mnmena ynyhn na mnmene nnie nnmeno cnoinx
mncnn n camoonpehnnana xao xonaune cnpxe nennne /Ap., Mem., 1072

20/. Ta
Apncrorenona reo-nornxa xao norocnocr oxancxor nncrnonana nma n
cnoiy epornuxy crpany ynyrap npnponnocrn (nennne xocmoca xao) onora mro
iecre. Hanycrnnmn nnianexrnuxy nornxy yunrea n opnienrnmyhn ce y
npyrom npanny npema smpmennm anannrnuxnm xnnemopnnm
merononorniama, Apncroren ie sa nhe cnoinx ynnamenrannnx ynnna
nanncao na: "xivri or c r rr ro oo o urvov urvov urvov urvov xivouurv or :oo xivri"/xao ono mro

13
ie +vo+euo nno xpehe noxpenyrnm/.
5
V onom nonainyem ynnny y
cymracrno npnponnocrn npnpone Apncroren ie ocrao nnaronnuap, ynyhyiyhn
na ono nemncnnno Jenno n Popo xoie nsnpcnomhy n ysnnmenomhy
npenasnnasn cymrnny y onome mro ym omoryhana es penannonnx
nncxypsnnnnx yonmranana, nomryiyhn epornuxy napan npn npncrynany n
npnnnxanany onome mro iecre. Tome onronapa npna nnoconia iep
oyxnara onacr nenoxynnor nnococxor snana, mro ce xacnnie nasnna n
meransnxom. Bena ie cnpxa y ncrpaxnnany n nauennom casnanany remea
nncrnonana (Met., 982a), na ie ona crora n ona npana rpaxena nayxa, xoia
ocnoaha: "Ann ncro onaxo xao mro cnoonnnm nasnnam uonexa xoin ie ca+
ceou cepxa n xoin ne nocroin pann nexor npyror, raxo ie n ona nayxa
/nporonnoconia/ iennna mehy cnnma nayxama xoia ie sancra
cnoonna."/Ap.,Mem., 982 25-27/













5
Aristoteles, Metaphysica, 1072
b
3-4 V cnoioi xnnsn Cvoiermueuocm u ca+oceecm v aumuuu,
/Bnpnypr, 1997/ Knayc Enep ie y nornany "Bra mncnn nenoxpernn noxperau?" noxymao n
ienno cmeno rymauene: "mncnnm na Apncrorenon parmenr ns cnnca O monnrnn, rne ce xaxe:
"For ie nyx nnn nemro c ony crpany nyxa" (up.49P). morn ncmo nrn cxnonn na anrepnarnny
xoia ie ry opmynncana - or xao nyx nnn xao nemro mro ie rpancnennenrno y onnocy na nyx -
ne cxnarnmo xao crpnxrny nnciynxnniy, nero y cmncny nspasa "ann n": For ie nyx, Hyc, ann raxo
na ce neron nyx remen y nemy, y ory. For iecre nyx, ann ie on ncronpemeno, saxnayiyhn
cnoioi anconyrnoi camopenexcnin, n ono y uemy ce nyx yremeyie, ocnona xoia nyx nocn, ono
Onaxne on nponsnasn. Kao ono Ho uemy nyx iecre,or ncronpemeno npencrana n mnmene n
npnnnnn mnmena y xome mnmene nanasn cnoie ynopnmre. For ie nyx, a xao npnnnnn snana
on ie n nnme on nyxa, on ie ocnona mnmena, xoia ie, xao rpancnennenrannn npnnnnn,
ypauynara y anconyrny camopenexcniy mnmena: xao ocnona cnecrn xoia ce remen y cnecrn.
Ono snauene nonceha na xacnor Bennnra /Schelling/ xoin ie noxymao na ncnocpenyie
nnaroncxo-nononnaronnuapcxn xonnenr rpancnennennnie n nyxonnn xapaxrep anconyra."/npen.
E. Hepynunh, Frn.,2002, crp. 55-56/

14
2. CMHCAO HOCPEBOBAHA V HEHOCPEBHOC1H HOHE1KA
V 0HBOCO0H1H

unnoconia saxrena ysnnrnyrnin npncryn ornapany nnmensnie y
xoioi ce nemanaiy npomene nyxa y neronom nocroiany y npemeny, iep axo ce
camo unnn na ie y ncropnicxom npnxasy nnoconia neh ry, moxe na nam
nenoimeno nsmaxne nena noiana n nen xnnn nyx. 3anounnane y
nnoconin nnie moryhe rex xoncraranniom na nocroin mnomrno
pasnonnxnx nnocoema, a na ce ne yxaxe na ie nnoconia npncyrna n no
noi camoi, no nenom cneheny ymnnx npernocranxn xoie n caunnanaiy nen
ncropnicxn xnnor. Vnpano re ymne npernocranxe nmnnnnnpaiy norpey sa
nayunom crporomhy, iep ce rno nouerxa nanasn y onom esycnonnom, y
anconyry, onaxne ce n mnpn nenoxpyr nnococxor nnrana xpos nerono
nsnarane n pasnarane, xao opa sa cymracrno.
Kpnrnuxnm nanymranem cnnx rexyhnx n nopo nosnarnx naunna
snana, npncnenomhy na ce noxasyie nncrno npenmera anena xao
nperxonno nopo nosnare sareuenocrn sareuenor, rne ie nncrnyiyhe
onacno noneeno n neynnrno ce ysnma y cnom namernyrom nocroiany,
nouerax y nnoconin nnun n na nanan xoin uonexa ynn ns ynonocrn n
nexaia n crana y ynnrnocr n nonoxai nonnoxnocrn cymnn n pacnpann. To
ie crane ynnranocrn n no canpxaiy n no opmn, xaxo ie ncrnnao Xeren, iep
ce npyraunie ono n ne moxe cycpecrn, ynyhn na c ienne crpane nerono
onpncyrnanane nonnmrana npencrane, a c npyre saxrena crynane y naunn
ncnocranana cymrnne xao npenmera xoin ce anrnnnnnpa n nanonasn.
Houerax nnoconie nnie camo meronnuxn nponem nnianexrnuxe
nnoconie ecxonaunocrn, neh n nocroiana mro ce nornue cymrnne namer
yncxor nncrnonana, a ro ie ncraxao n Xeren y Euuur)oneouiu
du)ocodcrux uavra: Ono nosnanane rnx npenmera noxasyie ce raxo xao
nenonono, a na ce unne n ynaxanaiy npemnocmaere n veiepaeana, noxasyie
ce xao neaonyc1nno. Mehyrnm, remxoha na ce nanpann nexn no:emar iana
ce onmax rnme mro no:emar xao nemro nenocpenno unnn nexy
npernocranxy, nnn ie on, mrannme, cam npernocranxa.
6
Hnrane na nn mn
ynasnmo y nnoconiy n xaxo nanasnmo nyr xpos ncnpanan npnnas, iecre
ncronpemeno n nnrane xaxo nnoconia sanounne ca nama, oysnmaiyhn nac
nnn nac nanymraiyhn.
Cnoi nouerax n npema Apncroreny, nnoconia nma y camoi yncxoi
npnponn, y onome mro uonex iecre cnenenonnromhy, npe nno xaxnnx

6
I.B.u. Xeren, Euuur)oneouia du)o;oduicrux ;uauocmu, Capaieno, 1987, crp. 29. (npen. Bnxrop
P. 3oneenn, Veoo, naparpa 1)

15
noiennnaunnx pasnnxonana, y ymnoi n mncaonoi uonexonoi cnoconocrn
xoiom pasymena nha y onnnnma n npcrama, y xapmonnin mehyconnx
onnoca y npocropy n npemeny, y saxonnma xoin oesehyiy nopenax, nenory
n rpainocr xnnora. Houerno n enemenrapno ysnohene on penarnnnor xa
anconyrnom nanasn ce y nonasnmrnma npnonrnnx nnococxnx rparana,
na cy nperpaxnnana n nsyuanana anconyrnor onai naunn nocroiana xoin
paspemana sanncnocrn n npenasnnasn orpannuanana.
3anounnane nnoconie raxo nma sanarax na ysnene no
nenonnrocrn xnnora nnn snana xoie ie neonpennno n nencnpnno
npenasnnaxenem penarnnnor xapaxrepa narocrn uynnor ncxycrna, naxne na
onnene no anconyrnor xapaxrepa crnapn xoin nocenyie naunn xnnora n
snana. 3nane ce xon Apncrorena onnocn na norocno ymospene, na nymy xoia
pasmnma n pasymena no nenonany nocmarpanem onnxa n npcra iennom
nenpennnnnnom oyxnahenomhy nocroieher, iep nyma ie na nexn naunn cne
nocroiehe.
7
3nane raxo nnie onnoieno on nnhena n ymospena, xao nnrn o
ymnom yueny es npernocranenor snana, iep cnaxo yuene n cnaxo
pasymno nsyuanane nna ns neh nocroieher snana n noxasyie ce
8
, xao mro ie
n nenocpennocr casnainor ncxycrna nenoxasnna nenoxasnna ie nayxa o
onnm nenocpennnm /ncxycrnnma/
9
, a cymrnna ie unnennna neonnmrna na
nncrnonany.
Xycepn ce ocnanao na Pexaprone xornrannie n nerono nanaxene
nouerxa y nnoconin xao ynnamenrannoi nsnecnocrn y nnein onepe mncnn
sa onora xoin mncnn, a neron yuennx Eyren unnx ie nouerax nsnarana o
sanounnany y nnoconin nnneo xao nsnarane nouerxa, onnc
esnpernocrannor xao opnyror cnera Xerenone 4euo+euo)oeuie ovxa,
nnn excnnnxanniy npnnnnna na xome nnoconia nounna, a rex sarnm ie
cmarpao na naa npncrynnrn nnrany penyxrnnne n nporpecnnne
enomenonornie. Xycepn ie rpaxno npyraunin naunn nsnarana crnapn
enomenonornie, xoie nehe nrn na Kanronom rpary, ono y uemy ce on
ocnanao na rpancnennenranno cyiexrnnny nnmensniy onnyxe sanounnana,
rne naa younrn na ie sa pasnnxy on Pexapra, unia ie xornrarnnna eronornia
neo cnera n ecxonauna cyncrannnia nopen npyre ecxonaune cyncrannnie
npocrnpana, nounm ie sa Xycepna cner npenpacyna nosnrnnnocrn nnn
nponsnon cyiexrnnne xoncrnrynnie, xao nocnennna nerone
rpancnennenranne nenarnocrn, ca unme n cna nperxonna snana o cnery
mopaiy na yny cranena y sarpane. Hponemarnsonane nnrana o nouerxy

7
Ap., O ovuu, 431
b
21.
8
Ap., upvea aua)umura, A1, 71a1-2; 8.
9
Ap., upvea aua)umura, A3, 72
b
19-20.

16
nnoconie Xycepn ie nsnarao y cnoinm npenanannma o npnoi nnoconin
(Erste Philosophie I-II), y nsnecnoi mepn n non Xainereponnm yrnnaiem, xoin
ie o nouerxy ronopno xao o mpaucueuoeucv uanpocmo ynnamenranne
onronornie, a xacnnie naxon oxpera y nnoconin n xao o nspyuyiyhoi
npemencxoi nocynn, norahaiy, nsnopy ymernnuxor nena. Hoimonn
nnrennnonannocrn, necxpnnnnie n anannse caunnanaiy enomenonomxn
npnop ca xoinm ce nonnpe no rnenana nneanne npnpone cymrnne xao cee-
noxasyiyhe nnn xao enomena. uenomenonomxa merona nonpasymena
necxpnnrnnny anannsy nnrennnonannocrn cee-noxasyiyher y momenrnma
npenmernor cmncna (noema) xoia ie ncnxonomxo nsrpahnnane reopnie
casnanana, a nnococxn ncxopax nacryna ca nneiama sa uncry
enomenonorniy xao npenas xa nnococxom nnrany, rne ce nononn y
nnrane renepannn cran nnn esynnrna camopasymnnocr cnera xoin nam ie
nannno nar, iep xnnnmo npema cnoa n cxonno ynyrapcnercxnm crnapnma.
Pannxanna penexcnia xoia nne xa npnponnom narny xnnora, orxpnnaiyhn
nerony ynyrpamnocr ornapanem xopnsonra na xoin ce nocnena
enomenonomxom penyxnniom. Xycepn nnie cnoie nnacrnro mnmene
nononno y nnrane n nnie n mnmene mnmena nocranao sa npenmer
cnoinx ncrpaxnnana. Tno xoie no nsnpmenoi penyxnnin sanocena
enomenonornsyiyhn cyiexr, nonyme, nnie n camonpernocranaiyhe, iep
iennncrno naxena npecraie na yne nenponemarnuno xpos cranane
npencyhena y sarpane n nonnpane no rpannna nncrnonana xoie ce
npencnnryiy. V camoocrnapnnany cnera xoncrnrynmyhn cyiexr nocraie
nnnnn y rpancnennenrannom camoxperany xoncrnrynmyher xnnora xpos
nncrnyiyhn nponec rpancnennenranne ananornie. Kaxo ce uonex ne
ocnoaha cnoie yncxe cymrnne, rpancnennenranny penyxnniy nsnpmana
nyx y uonexy nnn nerona mncaona cnecr xoia penarnnnsyie ynnnepsym y
rpancnennenranny saiennnny monana xao anconyrny xoncrnryrnnny
rnopennny, na ie nhe y rpancnennenrannom crany momenar anconyra rne ie
cner enomen a ne camopasymnnn xopnsonr npenmerne narocrn npnponnor
crana.
Houerax Xainerepone nnoconie iecre y npomnmany o
pannonymnocrn oncranxa xoin ce npxn sarnopennm sa pasnnxonane
nncrnyiyher n nncrnonana, a ono mro ry pasnnxy nrnopnme iecre
nannnocr rnme mro saronapa nenorpenocr ncnnrnnana n ne nonymra na ce
ona noiann, npemna xao nenspnunro nnn cxpnneno ono nnxana nnie
necxnaheno y nensnecnocrn snana n nesnana. unnoconpane ie raxo
unnene nspnunrnm pasymenane nncrnonana, nenompauyiyhe n
nensonauanaiyhe omoryhanane pasnnxonana ornapanem xopnsonra na xome
nncrnonane nna xareropniannom crpyxrypom nspyueno moryhnocrn

17
pasymenana. V uonexy (rynncrny) ncrnna ersncrnpa y cnoioi nnepennnin
xao onrnuxa n onronomxa, na ie uonex ersncrnpaiyhe pasymenane
nncrnonana xao ynnranocr o sacnnnany meransnxe: Vxonnxo uoniex
ersncrnpa, noraha ce na onpehenn naunn nnosonpane. unnosonia - mro
ie raxo nasnnamo camo ie cranane-y-noxper meransnxe y xoioi ona
nonasn x cen n cnoinm napounrnm sanahama. unnosonia ce, naxne, noxpehe
camo iennnm oceyinnm ycxaxanem nnacrnre ersncrennnie y remeny
moryhnocr oncranxa y niennnn.
10
Hpema Xainerepy, meransnuxa rpomocr
ersncrennnie ncrnny nocmarpa saxpxano npniananem na onrnuxy ncrnny,
na ncnocranaiyhn nanerocr npema onronomxom nonmany ncrnncrnonana
sanounne nnoconpane youananem nenpnxpnnaiyhe ce nae
nenomyhenocrn nncrnonana. Konnxo ornop npema meransnnn nma nnn
aranne nesrone n ynnnepsanne rennennnie xnnora, a y xoioi mepn ie on
nexn npnnaran monyc ynnna noiennnna, ne moxe na ce onronopn npexo
nesnpanocrn n onemohanocrn na ce casnaie ns nosnnnie necanomnne
cnrypnocrn xoia nounna cama na cen. To ie raxohe neocnonana camonaxnocr
xoia onepnme ca ncnxonornsmom ropnocrn xoin nnie onpannan nn
nanohennma cnmnroma nexanennnie nsnan xora n nenena nexa naronomxa
ysnnrnyrocr cnecrn. Fynyhn na cmo cnecnn cnnx nocrynaxa xoie
cnpnnonnmo, onai na xora ce Xainerep oxomno ca npnmenama, yxasyie na
cacnnm pasroneran pasnor no xome moxemo na ynnnnmo na nam ynpano onn
orxpnnaiy nsnecnocr ersncrennnie: Onai xo rnena oceha na rnena, onai xo
uyie oceha na uyie, n xon npyrnx ynxnnia ie na ncrn naunn npncyran ocehai
na ce one onnniaiy, raxo na mn ocehamo na onaxamo n youanamo na mncnnmo.
Ann, unnennna na mn onaxamo nnn mncnnmo snaun na nocroinmo. Jep name
ie nocroiane cymrnncxn onaxane n mnmene. /Ap. Hur em., 9, 1170
a
29;

1/ Honamana xora cmo cnecnn xao nsnpmena nncy camo rnenane n

cnymane, nero n xonane no Apncroreny, iep cmo n nera cnecnn xpos
onaxane. Mehyrnm, nainya nsnecnocr nonasn nam on ynyhnnana na
onaxane n mnmene: Xnnor ce xon xnnornna onpehyie xpos cnoconocr
onaxana, ann xon uonexa xpos cnoconocr onaxana n mnmena...Tnme ce
noxasyie na xnnor y cymrnnn iecre mnmene n onaxane. /Ap., Hur. em., 9,
1170
a
16/, a nemro nnxe: Hame nhe ie cymrnncxn onaxane n mnmene.
/Ap., Hur. em., 1170
a
33/ 3a raxan yremeyiyhe ecrercxn n norocnn npncryn
cam Apncroren nao ie n cacnnm ymecno oiamnene y cnncy Huro+axoea
emura: Cne crnapn xoie rpea unnnrn npnnanaiy n noiennnocrnma n onnm
xpainnma, na pasopnr uonex naa na nx casna; n pacynnnocr n ynnhane mro

10
Martin Heidegger, to je metafizika, /Uvod u Heideggera, prev. Marijan Cipra/, Zagreb, 1972., str.
58

18
ce rnuy crnapn xoie naa oanarn, - a re cy one xpaine. Vmnocr ce, oner,
rnue xpainnx crnapn y oa cmepa, iep noi npnnanaiy n npnn n nocnennn
noimonn, a ne pasymy: n ym xoin ce rnue noxasnnana ann ce
nenpomennnnm n npnnm onpenama, nox ym xoin ce rnue nsnona ns
nenonana (npaxrnuxnx cnnornsama) saxnara xpainy n nenpomennny
unnennny, re npyro cranonnmre. Hanme, ro cy nauena sa nocrnsane cnpxe,
iep onmrocrn nonase on noiennnaunocrn o uemy nax mopa na nocroin nayxa, a
ona ie ymnocr. /Ap, Hur. em., 6, 1143
a
16-1143

-6/ 3a raxny rpesnenocr

nnennpa Apncroren nmaiyhn y nnny neonxonnocr onronopa xoin ma xonnxo
xnanrnnxonann nnax na nexn naunn saxrenaiy ncnopyunnane, iep ie ro
norpea yncxe napann xoia ncnonornuno rpara sa onronopnma n norpeyie
nainye ynnne rpannnama namnx moryhnocrn: Jacno ie naxne xaxo
pasopnrocr nnie nayxa, xao mro ie peueno, ona ie ono xpaine y
npomnmany (moxna nainya cxnonocr c osnpom na pacnonoxnna
casnana), iep ie ono mro naa na nenyie raxno. Ona ie onpeuna n ymnocrn iep
ce ymnocr rnue rpannna o xoinma nema noxasa, a pa;oopumocm ouoe
noc)eonee, unme ce ne ann nayxa, neh uvuuo onaxane, u mo ue ouo
ceoicmeeuo noieouuu+ :v)u+a, nero ono xoinm cxnaramo xaxo ie xpainn nnx
rpoyrao, iep he ry na ce crane. /ucmo, 1142
a
23-29/ uynno onaxane xoie ce
rnue rpesnenocrn nnn pasanpyhe pasapanocrn onaxo xaxo ono nnie
cnoicrneno noiennnnm uynnma, iecre ecrercxo n nma cnary na ce nocn ne
camo ca nposnnannma n moryhnm ononpranannma, neh ne nonymra nn npen
nopnnannma, a ne na ce nn nonnmranannma. Ma xonnxo na xnanrnnxannie,
xoie y meroncxom cmncny nonpnnaiy cnaxy reopniy unia n sanaxana
norpeonana xnannnxonana y npanny xnannrarnnnnx nocrnrnyha, one ce
noxasyiy xao ecrercxn cnonnne n pasnonnne onmrnm uynom, xoie pecrpnnryie
mepy yxyca ncnocranaiyhn nony rpannny nonycrnnocrn penarnnnsannia.
Crnapn raxo nmaiy n cnoie nannuie xoie ie y onpehenom ecrecxom nanomeny
rpannnnor marepnianua cnnxana canpemenor cnera youno n nornrprao
Maprnn Xainerep: Taxohe, necxpnnenocr, npema xoioi ce npnpona
npencrana xao npauynnnn cxon nenyiyhnx cnna, moxe, napanno, na
nonycrn raune rnpnne, ann ynpano sor rnx pesynrara ocraie onacnocr na
nam y cnemy mro ie rauno yne ycxpahena ncrnna...unm ce ono-necxpnneno
nnme ne rnue uonexa nn xao npenmer, neh ncxyunno xao crane, n uonex ie
ynyrap ecnpenmernocrn iom camo ncnocranau crana rana uonex nne
camom nnnnom nponannie, ro iecr onyna rne nera camora rpea cmarparn iom
camo cranem. Mehyrnm, ynpano raxo yrpoxen uonex npann ce na ie rocnonap
cnera. Tnme ce mnpn nnysnia na cne mro ce cpehe nocroin camo yxonnxo ie
uonexono neno. Hs ne nacraie nocnennn napnnn npnnnn: unnn nam ce na
uonex cnyna cpehe iom camo cee camor. /M. Xainerep, Hpeoaeana u

19
pacnpaee, Feorpan, (npen, F, 3en), 1999, crp. 25/ V cnoinm xacnninm
panonnma Xainerep ie npennsno youno ono nerpnnxyiyhe y rom sanpemany
xao "caxpnneno y nepasymnnom", mro ie nanarano n nemy cnoicrnen
saoxper, na ie ro sa nera ono mro moxe na ce nnnn n xao xopen nnxnnnsma
xoin y nononexony nsnia y npnn nnan, a oner raxno na moxe n camo
cranonnmre nosnrnnno na npeoxpene: "3ap rpannnnia rpuxe nnoconie nnie
cacnnm y npany xan neh nexonnma ry nnoconiy nnnn y cnernocrn
nnarononcxe nnoconie? Tymauene nha xao ioro-e on crpane Hnarona ie
raxo mano nexo oncroiane on nouerxa na ra ono uax pasnnia n omrpnie nonma
n xpos "yuene o nneiama" ocnnna /yremeyie, opasnaxe/. H)amou ie
ooepuaeane no:emra. V crnapn, ne moxe ce nopnnarn na rymauene nha
xao ioro-e, nponcrnue ns ocnonnor pasanpana (noxnnanana) nncrna xao
ouoic-a. Ono ie, xaxo mn xaxemo, nexo nyxno cnehene ns cymrnne nha xao
des augehendes Scheinens /nspacraiyher cniana, nemrana, npnunnanana/.
Ann y rome ne nexn nnmra on nexora ynaanana nnn uax nexor ornanana
on nouerxa. Cuevpuo ue. Mehyrnm, axo ce ono mro ie nexo cymrnncxo
cnehene ysnnrne no came cymrnne n raxo maxne na mecrro cymrnne, xaxo
onna croin /crnap/? Onna ie ornanane ry, n ono, ca cnoie crpane, mopa
nononnrn no caspenana cnoicrnennx nocnennna. Taxo ce ro nemanano. He na
ie yonmre ouoic osnauanan xao ioro, neh na ce ioro noianyie xao iennno n
meponanno rymauene nha, ocraie ono mro ie onnyuyiyhe. Oncroiane rnx
nnaiy rymauena moxemo naxo nponennrn axo oparnmo naxny na
pasnnunrocr nyrana-nornena xoinma ce xpehy ra cymrnncxa onpehena nha,
ouoic n ioro. 4uoic ie nspacraiyhe nnanane, ono-y-cen-ry-craiane,
crainocr (crannocr). Ioro, nsrnenane xao ono mro ce onaxa, iecre nexo
onpehene onora mro ie craino (cranno) yxonnxo ce ono, n camo yxonnxo ce
ono, cynpocrana nexom nnheny. Ann n ouoic ie xao nspacraiyhe nnanane
nnax neh nexo noiannnane. Cnaxaxo. Ann ie ro noiannnane nnosnauno.
Hoiannnane noxasyie npno: ono mro ce canpa, ono mro ce y capanocrn
nononn no craiana (ycnocrana) n raxo craiane. Ann onna noiannnane
snaun: xao ono mro neh croin-ry npyxarn nexo npenne nonpmie, nexo
onpmie, nexo nsrnenane xao nonyny sa rnenane. Bnhena (nonasehn) ns
cymrnne npocropa, pasnnxa nsmehy noiannnana n noiannnana ie ona:
noiannnane y npnom n npanom cmncny saysnma, xao capano
camoonnohene-no-craiana (camo-ycnocranane), npocrop, ocnaia ra rex,
(nanme) xao raxo ry croiehe ono cen crnapa npocrop, nsneicrnonana cne mro
y nera cnana, n camo ce naxnanno ne opasyie. Hoiannnane y npyrom
cmncny ns-cryna camo ns nexor neh roronor npocropa n nyrem rnenana ce
onaxa y unpcrnm nporesannma rora npocropa. Bnn, xoin crnap npyxa,
nocraie cana onnyuyiyhn, a ne ona cama. Hoiannnane y npnom cmncny rex

20
onprana nexn npocrop. Hoiannnane y npyrom cmncny nononn iom camo no
nexor onpra n no pasmepanana ornopenora npocropa."/M. Xainerep, Veoo v
+emadu;urv, Feorpan, 1976., (npen. M. Cranncanan), crp. 192-194./
To xana ce nexo ycamno no xnanrnrarnnne camonsonannie
nonpasymena mnomrno ycamenocrn n poina npennocr raxnnx noiana ne
camo na ie uynno nsmepnna, neu ie iennno uynno nnn ecrercxn n noxyunna.
Ecrernxa ry nocraie n ona remena nayxa xoiom ce y raxnom cnery iom nxaxo
moxe crnapnma npncrynnrn ca pasymenanem n ca nsrnenom na
pereneparnnnn yunnax pecrpyxryparnnno npeoxpenyrn crnapn nnxonom
reopnicxom ncxonnmry (ienno / nanpenonane / npeoxper: Hpoxno, resa /
anrnresa / cnnresa; tollere, elevare, conservare - yxnnane / ysnnsane /
ouynanane: Xeren). uynna mnomrnenocr npennanana ce y ancrpaxrnoi
noiennnaunocrn, xoia caunnana excnosnnniy noima nneie, a y xoioi poi
nspaxana neny crpyxrypy, unnehn poiny iennnnny xao enemenr cnnrese
neoa noima no onor ncxonnmra pona, y xome ce maremarnuxn na nspasnrn
npeopaxai mnomrna y ienno. Ocnonnn npnronop na ie nsnnaiane
maremarnuxnx nha y sacenuny cepy ersncrennnie neonpannano, nao ie
Apncroren, cmarpaiyhn na ie nenpnxnarnno nsnnaiarn nx nopen oxancxnx
nha xoie npoyuana reonornxa nnn npna nnoconia xao meransnxa
nsnxannnx nha n sanarcxnx nponsnona. To ie crora mro on cmarpa na cy
maremarnuxa nha rex cnoicrna nsnxannnx nncrana nnn cymrnna. Ona cy
npncrynauna npoyuanany rex nomro ce onnoie y mncaone ancrpaxnnie xoie
nm nnxaxo ne oesehyiy sacenuny ersncrennniy. Taxo nnma ne moxe na ce
npnnnme craryc no xome n ona morna na nmaiy camocranan nsnop nocroiana
y cen nonyr nsnxannnx nha, npemna cy nenoxperna. Tnme, no
Apncroreny, cnaxa cepa nha mopa na nocenyie n nnacrnra nauena n yspoxe,
a rome npnnana n cnoicrnen rnn snana y cmncny xopnsonrannnx
nnepennniannia, a ne y xopnsonry nenonana no neprnxann n xpos creueno
crapemnncrno y nennnn nncrnonana, nnn y xniepapxnin
cnemrenonauennocrn ycrpoicrna crnapnocrn. V cnom pany C+ucao
uoea)u;+a, oran Hanne unopencxn nsneo ie nononom rora rnennmre y xome
cy one onpeunocrn npnnnnne n mrannme, na ce nanonynyiy: Hpema iennom
cxnarany, ro ie camo oconnna crnapn, xoia nsnan nnx ne nocroin, ann nnax
raxna na nsnan ne ne mory nrn (Apncroren).
Hpema npyrom cxnarany, ro ie peannocr nsnan crnapn xoia cama sa
cee nocroin, ann nnax raxna na ie ona ueraro n y crnapnma n crnapn y noi, a
mnmo ne ne mory na yny (Hnaron). Ha npnn nornen, nsmehy Apncrorenone
+opdo)oeuie eiooca n Hnarononnx uoeia nexn nenpemocrnna nponannia. Ann
naxnnnin nornen unnn iacnnm na necnarane nnie oxo cymrnne crnapn. To
ce moxe pasiacnnrn na npnmepy merannnx onnaxa, xoin ce nanase y

21
npannnnnm nnsonnma n xoin ce ncnoanaiy raxo mro nmaiy nexy nesy nsmehy
cee ocrnapeny neopmanniom marnerne cpennne erpa. H Hnaron n
Apncroren ieouaro npnsnaiy ony nesy, ann ce nae nocrana nnrane o
npou;eoha:v marnernor noa n rana Apncroren onronapa na xao raxan
noyhnnau cnyxe ca+u onnnn, iep ynyhn /na cy/ :e)u:uu onn nmaiy
concrnenn marnernsam. Hnaron nax cmarpa na ce marnerno noe crnapa
conenonnom xoin oxpyxyie onnxe a onn, ynyhn na cy on eeorha,
npnnpemeno ce namarnernmy. Hnaronona xonnennnia nanexo ie mnpa on
Apncrorenone, nomro ie ona norona nocean cnyuai npne. 3aro y noiennnnm
cnoinm rymauennma Hnaronona xonnennnia moxe na yne neoma nncxa
Apncrorenonoi, y opveu+ nax neoma ynaena. /H. unopencxn, C+ucao
uoea)u;+a, Feorpan, 2000, crp. 71-72/
V rom cy npanny carnenanana n nononnaronnuapn cmarpann na rpea
ynecrn nemniyprnuxn yspox xao pannonpanan ca onnma rnapn, onnxa,
nenonana n cnpxe, a Hpoxno Pnianox ie npennoxno iom n noiernuxn, xao
neoma xoncrnryrnnan na n npnpona mnmennna, xoia ie crnopena, morna na
noxaxe n cama cnoie xpearnnne norennnie. Hpoxno Pnianox ie cmarpao na n
nyma morna na omoryhn xnnor, neh npe rora n cama mopa na moxe na yne
xnna, a ro yxasyie na neno neoryhnno npnencrno n nannexnocr y xnneny
nnnnnor cnera. Ono ca+o oumu casnaie v;por ceeea, mro nae nponsnonn
cymracrno xao npno no peny, a rex xao npyro nponsnonn xocmoc, cynne
npema cnernocnocrn, re ocrana noiennna nha. Camo nnxonn cy
npoyspoxonann nemniyprnuxn, raxo na na nnxonnm noianama ocraie )enoma
(nox cy n cama rnapna neecxa rena nenna n npononannna). V morpeny
camnx mncnenocrn, nyma ce ysnnxe no re npnonrne nese ca onnm
esycnonnnm y ymy, xao na "morpn mncnn rnopna nenor xocmoca". Pa
crnapnma nnie yspox y ymy, nnra ce Hpoxno, mra n ro npxano nenone cnera
es pacnanana n neypehenocrn, n mra n nno ca mepom n ycnocranennm
penom mehy crnapnma y nnany, na einocn ne npecrpoianaiy sna xoia nacraiy?
Hocmarpanem einoca nyma ynnha nparonenocr camnx mepa nnn nncrnennx
npernocranxn, xao nopenax y xom ie ono aromnsonano n noiennnauno
nocneno na cen cnoicrneno mecro. 3a nnycrpanniy on nanonn cynne, mecen,
snesne, neo, xao npnmepe cneypehenocrn y nonpmenoi cxnannocrn. Tai
cmncao nnie camo moryh (ayromarnsonannm naunnom nacraiana - on cemena
uonex, on sarnenanocrn y narpy nnamenonn, on npyher nerpa cmoxne), neh n
nenoyonnuen n nenoycrpoien no cnoioi cnpcn xoia nsnyrpa pyxononn
nonianem onnxa. Tnme ie cam cmncao (pasnoxnocr, nneinocr, noimnnocr)
yunanen y npnpony, raxo na ra ona u+a npexo nanenennx onnxornopnnx
cnara. Taxnn ysponn xoin cy ynanpen noxperany iecy nneie unie ie mecro
nocroiana y ymy, sarnm y nymn, n na xpaiy y npnponn /onom nspacraiyhem/,

22
ounrnenno na xnnemopnsmy rena. C osnpom na neoma onrepehenn noiam
"ynyrpamnocrn" xao "camopenexcnnnor nnnenrapa noiennnna",
nnaronnuapn cy uecro saysnmann cran o norpen ncrpaianana na
"cnoamnocrn", mro nnie snaunno "exane on camor cee", nero npyxane
camom cen nonono nopnx moryhnocrn sa npana pasnnxonana nnn
ocrnapnnane pacrepa y camonnenrnnxanniama xao onunnm nacenannma n
samenama. Ty ce yxasyie norpea sa nponianem eneprercxnx cxnonona xoin
npxe onpehene rnnonornie cnecrn yxanynennm, a ra ce cnara crnue
opmnpanem cnnonrnuxor rnennmra nnn npncycrnom y carnenanany. On
cnecrpanocrn raxnor carnenanana nnn cnare npncyrnocrn y nemy sanncn n
cmncao nnhenor, a rnme n nneinn xopnsonr xao nnnexc sanpemnne n
moryhnocrn ncrnncrnonana.
V rom cmncny y xocmocy naa nsnahn iom ynex nemro oxnneno
mro n ycneno na nac nonexe ca xnnornomhy nac camnx, ri. ca namnm
nynncxnm momenrnma cnecrn xoin perxo xan, nnn rorono nnxaxo, ycnen
npaxrnune psnne cynepaxrnnnocrn mnmena n npepsnx saxyuaxa, ne
ycnenaiy na nonpy npen naxny xoia n npncraiana na nm ce yxaxe n y mnpem
samaxy nonesana y iennncrno cnecrn cmncao ersncrennnie yonmre. Ponyme,
nrn onai xoin rpaxn nncrnonane iecre meransnuxn napanoxc, iep ns cnor
rynncrnyiyher nha uonex rexn xoncrnrynnin nainnme nncrnyiyher n
onmepana oryn pannn nncrnonana. To nainncrnyiyhnie nncrnyiyhe ronn n
onecnoxoiana uonexa, repa y nocranrniy onronomxor xomnaparnna
oxancxor n cyouana ce ca nnmrerom crnapn n nonnmrananem
camonononocrn y npnunpmheno narom n cnrypnom, oxpehyhn ce
onronomxom cynepnarnny, oxancxoi npernocrannn yxynnocrn nha,
npacnerny yncxor saiennnuapeher nyxa nnn Fory.














23
3. YBOBHA mHAOCOmCKA HHTAHA

Apncrorenon cran na ie nnoconia rparane sa nauennma n
ysponnma onor mro iecre, npernocrana nsnarane n pasymenane nennne
nerone nnoconie, rne cy nauena
11
n ysponn
12
(Mem., 981b), nemro mro
nnie samennno nno unme npyrnm - "xoi yoo :oyo0ov xoi :o o\ rvrxo rv
:v oi:iv ro:iv"(Ar., Met. 982
b
10). Kaxo cna nnoconia rexn ynnny y ono
mra iecre, ona nocrana nnrane mra ie nncrnyiyhe. Kaxo ie nncrnyiyhe
nno mra o uemy ce moxe pehn na iecre, a nnoconiy sanpano sannma mra
iecre yonmre, ro n nennna nnrana o rome mra iecre nna npernocranena
nnranem o onome mra nnie; a onn nny saienno iom on Hapmennnone
nnococxe noeme (nha n nenha, ncrnne n npnnnna). Kana nnramo sa
nenonnrocr nncrnyiyher nohenn cmo nnranem xoie nnie cnnrynapno
ycmepeno, a ro ie ono no uemy ce nncrnyiyhe pasnnxyie on nenncrnyiyher
13
.
Hnrane o nncrnyiyhem ie rema onronornie n ona my onpehyie cymrnny xao
nncrnyiyhem :o ov, (he ousa, essentia, Wesen); ann n naunn nocroiana
rnm nyrem (:o ov:o, existentia, Dassein, Dasein). Vronnxo ie Apncroren
yuene o nncrnyiyhem xao raxno (onronornia) n casnanane nauena n yspoxa
crnapn (meransnxa) nocmarpao yienno, iep npna nnoconia nocrana
nnrane o nouennma n ysponnma y cnerny nnrana o nncrnyiyhem xao
nncrnyiyhem. Axo ce nanme nnra, no uemy nncrnyiyhe nncrnyie (mra my ie
nonnora /nonmer-cyiexr/ n cmncao /cnpxa-nonpmenocr/), pasyme ce na ono
neh ynanpen canpxn npencnnrane npernocranxe nauena n yspoxa xoin
omoryhanaiy n ncnynanaiy snauene n snauai cmncna raxnor nocroiana, ri.
xapaxrepnmy cymrnny n naiy cmncao nncrnyiyhem. Kaxo ie npna
nnoconia xon Apncrorena nnhena xao mpareua uavra n uavra o ucmuuu
(993b), iep nnxo ne moxe cacnnm na ie noxyun, a nnrn ona cacnnm nsmnue,

11
Ao;n /Arch/, principium; ocnona, ncxonnmre, nouerax ono npno ns xoier nponcxonn ocrano
xao mnoxnna nncrnyiyhnx.
12
Ai:iov /Ation/, nsncxyiyhe npacrnapn npema o:oi;niov /stoicheon, Ursache, elementa/; ono
mro saxrena ocnonna snana, asyxy cnaxe nayxe, npema ocnonama onor mro ce noxasyie nnn
iana xao ono mro cacrana n nocn (no npxany npema crnapnma ananorno crnxnin xaxo y
npnponn raxo n y noesnin).
13
Hayxa o nncrnyiyhem xao nncrnyiyhem nocn y cen npernocranxe pasnnxe na on nouerxa
carnenana nncrnyiyhe y nennnn, a ne nsnnoieno c osnpom na noceny onacr xao nocene
nayxe. Cymrnna npnpone raxo nnie nnmra camo npnponno, na ne moxe na yne nn npenmer
nocene nayxe, a cymrnna poia nnmra nspoinno, a oryn nn noceno maremarnuxo iep ce ns
onnoca poiena ne ounryie nnxona cymrnna. Vronnxo ie nayuno snane xnannnxonano
casnannma crnapn n nnxonnx crana npema xapaxrepy nauena n yspoxa, a ne npema cnopennnm
oenexinma xoia npnnonaro noce.

24
xao mro n cnaxo nanasn sa cxonno na nemro xaxe o npnponn xao o nennnn
cnera npncyrnor (Mem., 993 ab), na ie necxpnnenocr onor mro iecre nnn
nncrnonana ncronpemeno n nerona ncrnnnrocr. Vronnxo mnmene nnie nn
ncrpaxnnane, nn nperpecane crnapn, axo ncnycrn npernocranxe na xoinma
nounna A cama no cen mncao ie no onom mro ie naioe, a nainnma no
nainnmem. Hcrn mncnn ym npema npexnarnma mncaonor, iep ymno nacraie y
nonnpy ca ymom, na cy y ncrom ym n mnmeno... iep ym ie nenornopnocr
xnnora, nenornopnocr onora (ora); nenornopnocr ie npema onaxnom xnnory
naioa n neuna... xnnor n rpaina nenpexnnnocr n neunocr npnnanaiy ory;
iep ro ie or. /Ap. Mem., 1072b 18-30/
Hocroin mnoro pasnnx noxymaia na ce yrnpnn sanarax, cmncao
n cnpxa nnoconie, ann cy n xacnnin xenenncrnuxn onronopn na nnrana
cpehe (Ennxyp), npnnne (cronnn) n neunor n nenpomennnor y ocnonn
crnapn (Hnornn, Hpoxno, Cnmnnnnnie), npecynnn sa neno onpehnnane. Beh
xon Xepaxnnra n Hapmennna cpehan ie n naxen uonex xoin yn, ri. neryie
n nasn mynpocr, a xon Hnarona ona ie ono mro nnue ns ersncrennniannor
cpennmra yncxor xnnora, re eporonornia n ranaronornia nsmehy nea n
seme, xnnora n cmprn. Epor y neronom nnianory Io;oa (203b-204a) iecre
nere ocxynnne n ona, a xao nhe nsmehy ocxynnne /Hennie, ocxynnor,
no;e++apcroe) n nsona /Hopoca, +vopocmu n orarcrna, oxpenyrocrn
nenom n nopom)/ rexn casnanany, nonn mynpocr, nn cmpran nn ecmpran,
nn cnpomaman nn orar, na cpenoxpahn mynpocrn n esyma. Epor ie
nonyor xana orenonyie yan n naron sa nennm, a xao nnococxa noiana
croin nsmehy mynpocrn n esyma, no ony nocernn n nncnpen, a no mainn
sanynan n necrannan. Tanaronornia nnianora 4eoou (64a), raxohe ie
nponynnane cmncna nnococxor xnnora n yncxe xonaunocrn nesane sa
nymy y nnacrn rena n uyna sa xnnora, na ie nspas rpaine rexne sa
nocrnsanem ncrnne ocnoahane nyme on pasniauxnx crpacrn canianem y
uncro mnmene. unnoconpane ie raxo n nexane y ymnpany xao
pacrenonnnane nyme nnn nncxpycrpannia nenor naronomxor nena
nonesanor ca norynnm crpacrnma. V rom cmncny nyma nperpaiana cmpr
(xpos nonnp nncrnonana n nnmra), na nena neycmprnnocr nma n ner noxasa
xoie ie mehy nocnennnma ncrnnao Fpana Herponniennh na mory na yny
noimenn camo nnoconpanem. Haxon cmprn nyma onnasn onome mro na
ny nnun, re axo ie nnoconpana ymnom, oxancxom n ecmprnom. 3a
xnnora ona ymnpyie crpacrn nocnehnnanem ymonany, nsnnxe ce no
ncrnnnror n oxancxor npenasnnaxenem mnena cnaxonnennne, raxo na ce
rnm nyrem ynyhyie naxon cmprn npema neunom n nenpomennnom. To ie
ypeheno n oxancxo, mro ynn onuno ne cxnaraiy nnn norpemno cxnaraiy
n npesnpy nnoconiy, ynyhn na ce nome n ne ane, /upraea, 535c/. 3a

25
nnoconiy y nenoi npnponnoi npnnnn yme crnapnocrn nncy nsymn
yncxor yma, nncy naunnn ynnnnncana ymnor y uynno, neh ono mro unnn
xnnor n xocmnuxy xapmonniy, npe nennnnny neronn nnnnny.
Kaxo ie n sa Apncrorena nnoconia ncro mro n oxancxo
(Met., 983a) ry ce ounryie ncronerna cnoconocr nyme na oecmphyie cnoie
nocroiane, na nonn n pasymena n ncrnncrnyie na naunn na xoin noroc,
snpaiyha capanocr xnnora y ronopy, nonnpe no nnacrnre cnpxe. Kaxo ce
ro noraha y pasiamnanany norahaia nocroiana: c nynnm npanom moxe pehn
na neno nocenonane nnme nero yncxo. (Mem., 982b). Cne nnx saoxyna
ona ncrnna xoia ie y crany na onacne ncrnne npnann xao neo nnacrnre
nsnecnocrn xao ncrnnnrocr. Hcrnnnro ie ono mro sanpano iecre, ono mro ie
nncrneno nacynpor npnnnnnom, ne xao ono noxperano neh xao camo
xperane, ri. ycmepeno onom mro y cen cnernn xao raxno (das Wahre - Das
Wahre ist die Ganze - ov:oc ov). Hcrnnnro ie nncrnonane xoie ce noianyie
y cnem nncrnyiyhem (ooouoio) ycnen nocenonana cnerna y cen xpos nrpy
cymrnne n noiannnana, oxancxo casnane n xnnor xao nexo nrpane
yann ca camom coom, o uemy ie Xeren xasnnao xao o anconyry.
14
H cne ce
casnane xpehe ynyrap nennne nncrnyiyher xoie ce ne ryn n ne necraie,
nero enenryanno sacrnpe n unnn nenposnpnnm. 3acrpanyiemo ynpano crora
mro nac nncrynaunocr oxonnor cnera onnonn na crpannyrnny, na nannno
npocynnmo xaxo ono mro nnnnmo ncronpemeno n snamo, mana ono mro ie
nosnaro, xaxo ie Xeren mynpo ynosopno, nnie ncronpemeno n casnaro.


14
Xeren ie y npenronopy 4euo+euo)oeuie ovxa ncraxao pasnnxy nosnarocrn n snana xpos
oryhenocr nynor snana on onor mro ie nansrnen nosnaro n opmannsonano, nnme nero iacno
yxasyiyhn na naxnocr pasnniana opmn casnana no anconyrnor xao pesynrara pasnniene
penexcnie n nenor cmncna: Vnpano sor rora mro ie opma sa cymrnny raxo nrna xao mro ie
cymrnna nrna sa cee, ono mro ie no cen ne moxe ce cxnarnrn nnrn nspasnrn camo xao
cymrnna, ro iecr xao enocpenna cyncrannnia nnn xao uncro camoonaxane onora mro ie
oxancxo, neh ncro raxo xao opma n y nenom ony pa;euieue dop+e; rex rnme ce ono cxnara
n nspaxana xao ono mro ie crnapno. Hcmuuumo iecme ue)uua. Hennna nax iecre camo ona
cymrnna xoia ce sanpmana nyrem cnor pasnoia...Ped)ercuia /mnmene/ iecre ono mro
ucmuuumo :uuu pe;v)mamo+, ann ona ncro raxo yxnna ry cynpornocr neronor nocraiana; iep,
ro ie nocraiane ncro raxo iennocranno n crora ce ne pasnnxyie on opme ncrnnnrora, na ce y
pesynrary noxaxe xao iennocranno; ono, nanpornn iecme rai noepamar v
ieouocmaeuocm...Vsnomene naine npnpone nsnan norpemno cxnahenor mnmena n, npe cnera,
oncrpanene cnoamne cnpxonnrocrn xomnpomnronano ie yonmre opmy cnpxe. Ann, xao mro
n Apncroren nennnme npnpony xao cnpxonnro nenane, cnpxa iecre ono mro ie nenocpenno,
ono mro mnpyie, ono mro ie nenoxperno a mro n camo noxpehe; raxo ono iecre cyiexar. Berona
cnna na noxpehe, ysera ancrpaxrno, iecre nhe sa cee nnn uncra nerarnnnocr. Pesynrar ie camo
sor rora ncro mro n nouerax, iep nouerax npencrana cnpxy; - nnn ono mro ie cmeapuo iecme
camo sor rora ncro mro n neron noia+, iep ono mro ie nenocpenno xao cnpxa nma y camom cen
camcrno nnn :ucmv cmeapuocm./Xeren, 4eu. ovxa, npen. H. Hononnh, Frn., 1979., crp. 10-12/

26
4. HOPEKAO HAPOHHTHX CBO1CTABA mHAOCOmH1E

Inenano npema noianama onnx xoin cy nnoconpann y pasnnm
connierernnm xonrexcrnma n npemennma, cacnnm mnpne canecrn moxe na ce
xoncraryie xaxo nsysernocr n nocenocr yonmre nncy nemro mro ne
xapaxrepnme nnococxn npncryn crnapnma. Mehyrnm, n nan onor
onomnnana na pasnnunra noa n xonrexcre conniannnx nenonana n
mehynenonana, nocroin moryhnocr raxnor onnaiana xnnorne cnne xoia he na
ce npeann na reopnicxy cepy onaxana crnapnocrn n y roi onnoienoi
crnapnocrn na ce opnienrnme na carnenanane nene nsnopne xomnerennnie
nncrnonana. 3nnaiyhn ce sa nac, ro iecr yncxnm nocpenonanem,
nnoconia nma cnoiy cnpxy npe cnera y nanoxnahnnany n nonynanany
snana xao cnonona cnernocrn, xoin nponnpy xpos rycre naoie nesana n
nenrnocrn, na n xynny sa ynnhanem ncnynnna. Tnme ce epornuxnm
ncrpaxnnanem nnoconie ocrnapyie n sanennane nha, npncaiennnanane
oryhenor n nsryenor y onoi mepn, y xoioi ie ro cnaxom noiennnny moryhe, a
camnm rnm ocrnapyie ce y nexoi mepn n xnnor xynne sa mynpomhy xao
nennne ncrnne. Taxno ncnynene nnn canpxai xnne nnoconie iecre neno
cymracrno nnn nrnocr, ncrnncxo nncrnonane nnn ayrenrnuan cnner
moponornie einoca nnn nneia, nennna nncrnenocrn y naicrpoxe nayunom
nnn nporonnococxom cmncny. Ha rom rpary rpahena ie n iennncxa
nnoconia, ysnnxyhn npe cnera n camy peu npnpona no panra uaponocrn,
xoin ie y crany na cnoin nneiy n noiany. Fecmncneno ie neponarn na cy
nocroinn xnnora nno xaxnn necanpmenn nennhn n renamna ynnnepsyma
(npana nennunna uonexa y raxnnm nacnoncxnm pasmepama ie mnxponcxa), a na
ie rai ncrn xnnor ocrao ycxpahen camom ynnnepsymy. On ie onapen iennnm
nsnopnnm cymracrnom nnn ce cacroin on cnernocnnx xnnnx spauena na
nennxo ns ramnor mopa onmre cnecrn, xoia ce mannecryie y cnnn
ncnoanana xoiy ie Hnaron nasnao cnercxom nymom, a Apncroren
enrenexniom nnn crenenom ycanpmenocrn noiennnor nha. Crapo ie ynepene
nacrano ns nocmarpana crnapnocrn na nocnennna ne moxe na nanmamn
yspox, xao nn na ono mro ie xnno ne moxe na nacrane ns neuera mro n nno
nnmeno xnnora, nnrn na ns nera cen nsnnaun xpany. Mehyrnm, npema
Xainereponom rymaueny, neh ce xon Apncrorena, xoin ie n cam y cnoioi
ncnxonornnn onai saxren nexnaparnnno nsneo, noronnno nonreopnicxo
samennnane nennne ncrnne nnn nynohe nncrnonana, na mnora noiennnauna
nha n nnma cnoicrnene ncrnne, xoie ce iom camo opmanno-nornuxn
mehycono nosnaiy n onmre. Ann ra nnmensniy ceeoeuocmu v+a n nerone
ynorpee y ysypnaropcxe cnpxe, xao nanpehnnana xpos camosarnapana, es
remarnsannie xopecnonenrnnx xperana cnecrn n cmncna, xoia sarnm ornapa

27
nponene ns xoinx nsnia romnna "nponema", npe he nrn na npnnana
concrnma xoin cy ce annoxarypom yma annnn ns pasnora npaxrnune
xopncrn. Apncroren ie noxymanao na ce onpanna y cnncy 0 noouianv
coducma, na nponema nema, a na nx concrn crnapaiy, re na moryhy nax y
norocy naa orxnanarn xpos noniana naxnnx npernocranxn. Vm ie onna ym
xana mncnn nnn ynnha - casnaie na nneian, a ne esnneian n cnoamnn
naunn. Hspana onpehene apxnrexrype cnnxe-cxeme xoia n nmana sanarax, na
no onpehenom nanpry cpenn n cncremarnsyie nha non aprnxynncany mpexy
sarapanronanor nonoxaia crnapn, moxe na ce osnaun xareropniom ns xoie
nornue ynepene naro xpos cnoamne nncranannie, noneneno uax n no
"cncrema uncror yma". Hpnnen "uncr" ncronpemeno moxe na snaun n
ounmhen, ncnpaxnen n no rone ancrpaxnnie esnneinocrn nsononan ym.
Camonsonannia xoia ce ocnana na rsn. uncro ia nnie nnmra mane eronsam y
cnnm nnmensniama cnoamnnx nncranannia y xoie ce ycnocranno nnn
ymrenonao xao npecynna noa iennnxe. Hpernomnmaiy nnn naauaiy
ncrnne cnaxor naror nnococxor nnxa nperxonn rno onaxne on nonasn, re
omoryhana na ce rnme yxaxe na nsnecny ncropnicxy mepy. Mepa y ncropnin
norahana nma cnoie iennncrno y ecxpaiy xoin ie onpehyie, nan
nponsnonocrn apoxnnx nonaraxa n nenocraraxa. H npemna ce rai
npernomnmai-naauai nneie nsnopno orxpnna "na neny", r. i. y camoi
paspann nnococxor nanpra nnn ocnonnor nauena, moryhe ie ncxopaunrn
nemy ynanpen n pasrpnyrn rno ca xoier xpehe. Hneinocr nonpasymena xnnn,
nyxonnn canpxai xnnora xoin sanpema nonpyuie nsmehy yma n ncrnne. 3a ro
ie neonxonna npnnpema xoia ce sanonoana xpos ycanpmanane npernocranxn
ns nrpe ncrnne n merone, npnnannocrn npenmery n manenapa cnecrn y
xonaunocrn casnanana, ri. pasymenana onor mro nocroin n mro ce iecre xao
nrn ro mro ce iecre y cnom iecracrnonany. Cnecr omoryhana na ce na
nonpmnny npoiexryiy one nymenne cnare xoie ie Apncroren y cnoioi
ncnxonornin nmenonao xpannnennm, opmarnnnnm n xnnornopnnm, a
nononnaronnsam iom n acrpannnm nnn erepnuxnm. Ecrercxn xomnnexcna
npoxnmana onnxonana nyxa npyxaiy ocehane na ie na npnponny yncxy
mnmnhny npehy ocnonena acrpanna nyma, xao nesa oprancxor n anoprancxor
cnoia xnnora. Ha rai naunn moxemo na ycranonnmo noneny na cnnecrernuxe
nnn cnonecne nnnone noiana nymennocrn, re anecrernuxe nnn ecnonecne,
nanme one xoin nseranaiy saiennnny ca cnernom n npernennomhy, nsnopnom
nenorom n nopom. Crora cy on snauaia npenasnnaxena cranonnmra uncro
pannonanne nnoconie, nsa xoie croin ncropnicxn camoycnocranen noiam
eronrera nonenen no naronomxe opme camosarnapana y cee, n
camonsonannie, re xpos nponynnana ecrercxnx xomnnexcnia nnhena

28
npenmernocrn crnapn cnehene nenore xoia nonn ernnn nopa xao onome mro
npenasnnasn pernonanna n camnm rnm n napnnianna cymracrna.
Vs nomoh carnenanana cnera xnnora, napounro xpos ocnonne
enomene yncxe ersncrennnie, mory na ce ycranone nynncxe mepe nnana
noiennnna npema axrnnnoi crpann ecxpaia, rne ce saienno canpy
nncrnonane, npeme n npocrop, ca nennnom ncrnne. Cnemnp rorono na nema
rpannna, ann nsnaxene na xpai ca oanemrennma xoia nac ns nera
npennanyiy ynpxoc rome mro ym non nnma saxasyie, moxe na ce cnponene
xao ncxycrno cnecrn xoie moxna nncmo nn xanpn na oiacnnmo no xpaia.
Hamepa sa casnananem n pasasnananem nnxe ce ca nna nymennocrn, ne
nnaiyhn ronnxo cnecna onnyxa xonnxo cnna xoia nocnena ca nynx pannn
cnecrn noncraxnyra nsnecnom meransnuxom norpeom. Hama ce npocro
namerne norpea na ynosnamo moryhnocrn nyronana xpos nye nnnoe
cnecrn ecxpaia, a ra norpea xpos npenasnnaxene onnca xoin opmnpamo
ynyrpamnnm nnianosnma nonn xa cmnpenocrn n ycrannany namepe xoia
nenyie y ynnnepsymy xao cnna xoia ie ncnynana. Honpnnnuno ie
oecxpapyiyhe na name yonuaiene cnosnaie pacnonaxy onncom
nnrepnperarnnnnm cncremom xoin orpannuana nye norennnie name cnecrn.
Tai nam nnrepnperarnnnn cncrem namehe mepnna xoia caunnanaiy opacne
nocrynana, onpehyie xoin cy napamerpn namnx cnoconocrn, a ynyhn na ra
cranno xopncrnmo y cnaxonnennom xnnory, ne ycyhyiemo ce na ncnnryiemo
npane ocnone na xoinma raxnn crannapnn nnaiy sacnonann iep ce nnamnmo
napymanana raxnnx nauena (npyrn n nsncxnnann mane esenna
cnanaxena). Hcnnrnnane raxo nnhenor canpxaia nnoconpana rnme nac
nasna npaha na noxnacnunn n anrnuxn nepnon nnoconpana, iep ie y nnma
cynepeno nnanano mnmene xao nocnenno ncnoanane canpxaia nyxa
ecxonaunocrn, a unie cy namepe norexne ca ncror rna na xoiem ie ro
mnmene n nonasnno no cnoie cnpxe - nocnehenor nocmarpana ncxona camor,
es cycresana. V nainnmem casnanany nauena xpos ancrpaxrne nerone y
nrnnm sanaxannma, nsnopnnin ym n nncrnonane ce nenocpenno nonnpyiy
es yuecrnonana uyna nonemennx sa npnmana rex yxanynennx npencrana
xapaxrepncrnxa ersncrennnie, mro yienno snaun n xpos noncronehenocr ca
nnxonnm xnnnm canpxainma, xoin nounnaiy na npnnnxanany nyxonnnm
ancrpaxnniama nonecennm npncyrnomhy ecxpainor mopa cnecrn xao cne
nsnopnnioi moryhnocrn camocnecrn nncrnonana.





29

II
HC1OPH1CKO H3BAIAHE HMEHA H HO1MA 0HBOCO0H1E


1. mHPOKA HCTOPH1CKA OBPETEHA 3AHOHHHAHA mHAOCOmH1E

Hopoianane nnococxnx nncnnnnnna ie ycnonno, ynyhn na
cncremarnsannia snana saxrena npernennocr n anannrnuxy cxpynynosnocr,
mana cy ra snana y ocnonn iennncrneno nonesana, sa pasnnxy on
ocamocraennx nosnrnnnnx nayxa xoie cy ce remarcxn nsnnoinne y nocene
onacrn (nsnxa, maremarnxa, acrponomnia, nonornia, reorpania,
ncnxonornia, nenarornia...) V Hnarononoi Axanemnin iom xao nepasnnoian
mnroc n noroc nsyuanana ce nnoconia c osnpom na cna nnrana xoia ie
nocranana n onacrn xoie ie remarnsonana. V Hnxeiy Apncroren ie nnme on
nenennie npxao npenanana ns cnnx onacrn nnoconie, nonesyiyhn nx
ynyrpamnom nornxom xoia ce onnocnna na nncrnonane n y npnoi
nnoconin nmana cnoi nsnop n yroxy. unnosonia cxnahena xao rexna
npnnnn, iannna ce na arnncxom rpemy ysnnmena nsnan cynuane Arnne, na
Aropn, y xpyry rsn. cronxa (3enon Kpnrcxn, Xpncnn Tapmxn), a snana xoia
cy cnyxnna nocrnsany re npnnne nennna cy ce na nsnxy, nornxy n ernxy.
Cpennonexonna nonena snana y npeme nnanannne cxonacrnxe nna ie
nonynena apncrorenoncxnm yrnnaiem, na ce xon nnx nnoconia nennna na
meransnxy ca onronorniom n reonorniom, nsnxy ca xocmonorniom n
ncnxonorniom, re ernxy ca nonnrnxom, a ra pasnnxonana nncnnnnnna
yrnannom cy ce sanpxane n no nac nanamnnx. On npe rpn nexa onom ce
nnepennnpany npnnpyxnna rnoceonornia non Pexapronnm n Kanronnm
yrnnaiem, xao reopnia n xpnrnxa casnana, raxohe n ecrernxa sacnyrom A. I.
Faymraprena, a rex snarno xacnnie ncnxonornia ca cana nomnnanrnom no
rnnonornin paspahenom connonorniom.
Hono noa xapaxrepnme xperane rsn. nonnm nyrennma, ca
noxnnananem n camor nacneha nnoconie xao nexe npcre cynnmnor
repera, ann ie na cpehy rai ias xoin nornexan npenasn n y ornopenn nonop
npemocrnn, iep ie npomnmane nncrna nnn mncaona cyncrannniannocr
saiennnuxa n nopnnarenma. Fopa nomnnanncra n peanncra, xoia ce
pacnnamcana y cyxoy oxo nnrana rpancnennenrannia, iecre anrnresa xoia
npeonnahyie y npenocy ocnonnnx snana na nosnrnnny nsnecnocr, na n nae
ycnonanana pasnoi nayxa sarapanronan necymnnnomhy nnnnnnnyannor
snana. Opyhe nosnrnnnor nnn nnnnnnnyanncrnuxor necymnnnor snana

30
iecre anconyrnsannia parmenrapnor, xoie ie ncrprnyro ns
rpancnennenrannia n cnoheno na saoxpyxnnane y ycameny onacr. To ie c
rnme nocrao oneax moryhnocrn snana xoie ce xonrponnme nosnrnnnnm
nsnecnocrnma, nnayrypnmyhn rax ienny nnnnnnsanniy ca npeoxpenyrnm
craponnococxnm nonmannma. H y rnm sacrpannnannma, nnax ie rexna
na ce nponahy nonono nopn onronopn na npacrapa nnrana, y
nnneprennniama cne cnonnna na npnxnarnne oxnnpe pasymenana,
npyxaiyhn n cynncna onpehena nnoconie nacrana y nexonnxo nocnennnx
nexona.
Pasnoiem nononexonnnx nayxa snane nocraie moh, re nponem
nsnopa, moryhnocrn n rpannna casnana nocraie emnnpnicxn ycnon
xnannnxannie cxnarana, na xome ce oehanana Fexonona (1561-1626)
Be)ura oouoea ys npnmennnane Hoeoe opeauoua uavra /1620/ n Hoxona
(1632-1704) censannonannsannia yma, yrpahena y neronoi emnnpncrnuxoi
reopnin nneia, na n rpacnpana nyr nosnrnnnsmy xpos Xiymon (1711-1776)
emnnpncrnuxn nmnpecnonnsam n arnocrnnnsam. Hexpnrnuxa
pannonanncrnuxa n npocnernrecxa nepa y rsn. cnemoh yncxor nyxa ry
ie onpannano ysnpmana, re ie nosnnana na yhene ns ynonocrn normarcxor
npemexa. V oe)v Pacnpaea o +emoou (1637), Pene Pexapr (1596-1650) ie
onncnnao cnoia npoyuanana n nayuna nacroiana, npnmehyiyhn na ie naxne
npenna ona +vopocm xoia nonpasymena nornyno snane o cnnm crnapnma xoie
uonex moxe na casna, re na nsrpannom unpcrnx nauena nnoconie orxnonn
moryhe cymne, oxo xoinx n ce enenryanno n nae nonnnn cnoponn.
unnoconia sa Pexapra snaun cmvoupane +vopocmu xao
npnanane opnienrannie sa xnnor y xome ce ocraie y snpany, re npexo
ennnennnono necymnnnnx nauena xoia nperxone cnaxom ncxycrny, nsnanase
norpene nemrnne. Ta npnponna merona nnoconie nnn ncrnncxa nornxa
ne ocnana ce na rsn. snpan pasym xora cnn mncne na nmaiy nonono, neh
na npnponny cnernocr yma, iep ie pasym cymrnna uonexa xao nsnop
casnana n xpnrepniym ncrnnnrocrn; iep ie ro, xaxo ncrnue Pexapr, npxane
no onor pena xoin nocroin y camom npenmery /meroncxa cxenca, anannsa
noremxoha, cnnresa xao ypehnnane mncnn n nepnnxannia xao onmrn
npernen sor moryhnx nponycra/, ri. nyr ounrnenne nnrynnnie y nennnn n
oniennom, xao n nyxne nenyxnnie nocrynnnm n nnunm npexnnannm
xperanem mncnn. Berone npnnnnne xomenrapncao ie Cnnnosa (1632-1677)
paspahyiyhn sa ro noa ynpexeny anrnreneonomxy nosnnniy
xnnepnsnxanne acnrernunocrn crnapn, ca ocnonnem na sanonoanane na
mannm crnapnma, na n ce y Hannnonom (1646-1716) onronomxom
mononnypannsmy nnoconia pacxomno pasnnna. Pacnpaea o +emadu;uuu,
Mouaoo)oeuia, Hoeu oe)eou o +vocro+ pa;v+v n Oe)eou o meoouueiu,

31
nonparnnn cy nnoconin crapn ciai n yrnen, raxo na ie on cacnnm
onpannano nasnan nononexonnnm Apncrorenom, n ca Bononom
cncremarnsanniom ynenen y mxoncxn cncrem xao npaysop. Hpna ie iennnnna
nnn nporomonana, na ocnony xoie, cne nyxonne uecrnne xao xnne cnne y
enrenexnin yma nocroie n nonpnmaiy nenncxonnocr cnor pacnopena n
nonoxaia. Hpnnnnnom nnenrnrera Hainnn ia pasrpannuanao nocroiane
pasnnunrocrn monana, npnnnnnom xonrnnynrera ro na npnpona ne unnn
cxoxone, n npnnnnnom npenonpehenocrn ycxnahenocr cnnx crnapn y noperxy
xao npecrannnsonanoi xapmonnin. Taxo cno name ymonane npema Hainnny
nounna na npnnnnny npornnpeunocrn xoinm ce ncrnnnro npornncrana
naxnom, re na npnnnnny nononor pasnora xoin ce moxe nsnahn anannsom
xpos pasnarane na npocrnie nneie n ncrnne ,cne nox ce ne crnrne no
npnonrnnx; ca unme on camo npomnpyie n nonynana saxone mnmena
rpannnnonanne nornxe. Oryn nerona monanonornia anpmnme reneonomxn
nnnamnsam xoin ysnnxe nnrannocr npnpone n no npannn Foxnioi sanpmana y
reonornin xao nornuxn xopexrnom n nocnennom mnmeny, ca unme ie yienno
penanopnsonao n mncaone npennocrn crape nnoconie: "Interim pulcherrima
sunt multa Platonis dogmata, quae tu quoque attingis: unam omnium caussam
esse; esse in divina mente mundum intelligibilem, quem ego quoque vocare
soleo regionem idearum. Objectum sapientiae esse , substantias
nempe simpices, quae a me Monades appellantur et semel existentes semper
perstant, o:o orix:ixo :nc nc, id est Deum et animas, et harum
potissimas Mentes, producta a Deo simulacra divinitatis. Mathematicae autem
scientiae, quae agunt de aeternis veritatibus, in divina mente radicatis praeparant
nos ad substantiarum cogitationem"
15

H sauernnx nemauxe xnacnune nnoconie, Hmanyen Kanr (1724-
1804) npxao ie na nnoconia naa na onronopn na rpn remena nnrana
mra mory na snam (meransnxa), mra rpea na unnnm (mopan) n uemy mory
na ce nanam (pennrnia). Kon nera ce ra rpn nnrana cnone na ienno mra ie
uonex, na ie remena nncnnnnnna sa nera y ocnonn anrpononornia. V
rnannom reopnicxom neny Kpumura :ucmoe v+a (1781), Kanr ie cmarpao na ie

15
Hainenma cy mehy nnma mnora Hnaronona yuena xoinx ce nexaxo nornuenmo: ono cnnx
yspoxa ienno nncrnonane; nncrnonane y oxancxom nyxy ymcrnenor cnera, xoier n cam nexan
nasnnam nonpyuiem nneia. Hpenmer mynpocrn iecre ouecmeeua ouha, ynex iennocranne cymrnne,
no menn nasnana monanama mro naienannyr nocroiehn cranno npennaiy npeooumue
nora;auocmu rueoma -, ri. Fora n nyma, a unin cy cnaxnnin nyxonn nponsnenenn on Fora
oxancxnm cnnxama. H maremarnuxe nayxe raxohe, mro none no neunnx ncrnna, y oxancxom
nac nyxy xopennro npnnpemaiy sa casnanane cymrnna. /Gothofredi Guilelmi Leibnitii, Opera
omnia, Vol. 2., Genevae, 1769 (Ad Hanschium, de philosophia platonica sive de enthusiasmo, anno
1707.)/


32
nnoconia cncrem cner nnococxor casnana: opasan cnnx noxymaia
nnoconpana. Opasan xoin rpea na cnyxn sa onennnane cnaxe
cyiexrnnne nnoconie unia ie srpana uecro npno pasnonnxa n npomennna
no cnom onnxy. Ha rai naunn, nnoconia ie uncra nneia o iennoi moryhoi
naynn xoia in concreto nnrne nnie nara, ann xoioi mn noxymanamo na ce
npnnnxnmo na pasnnm nyrennma cne nox ne yne orxpnnena iennna y
uynnocrn npno sapacna crasa n nox nam ne nohe sa pyxom na xonniy xoia
nocan nnie ycnena, yunnnmo, yxonnxo ie ro uonexy nocyheno, iennaxom
npacnnnn. Cne norne ne nocroin nnienna nnoconia xoia ce moxe yunrn;
sancra rne ie ra nnoconia, xon xora ce ona nanasn n no uemy ie moxemo
nosnarn?
16
Ono mro Kanr iacno ncrnue cacroin ce y unnennnn na nnxo ne
nocenyie nnococxa snana xao mro mory na ce nocenyiy nayuna, re
nnoconia oncroiana y crannom nexany nnoconpana, iep ie:
nnoconia nneia nornynor snana xoia nam noxasyie nocnenne cnpxe
yncxor yma; ona ie nayxa o nainnmoi maxcnmn ynorpee namer yma
(yxonnxo non maxcnmom mncnnmo na ynyrpamnn npnnnnn nsopa nsmehy
pasnnunrnx nnena); y onom nocnennem snaueny ona ie nayxa o onnocy cner
casnana n ynorpee yma c osnpom na nocnenne cnpxe yncxor yma.
Kanron nacranau J. I. unxre (1762-1814) ncrnnao ie na: xaxna ce
nnoconia npa, sanncn on rora xaxan ie xo uonex; iep, nnococxn cncrem
nnie mpran xoman noxyhcrna xoin n ce morao onnoxnrn n npnxnarnrn xaxo
nam ie noa, nero ie on onyxonen nymom onor uonexa xoin ra nma.
17

Xeren (G.W.F. Hegel, 1770-1831) ie nnoconiy onpenno yonmreno
xao mncaono pasmarpane npenmera, mnmenem xoie ie pasmnmane mro
canpxaie nononn no cnecrn noimonnnm casnananem. Ho nemy nnoconia
penexcnia y cee no anconyrne pannn, xoia ce canpxana y pasmnmanem
nponsnenennm mncnnma o onnnnma cnecrn. V cnoioi Hcmopuiu
du)ocoduie, Xeren ie ro opmynncao xao sanarax nnoconie na npoyuana
ono mro ce nnaue cmarpa nosnarnm
18
, re raxohe na ce yne cnecran n
orpannuena xoia rom ynosnanany n npenosnanany mra ie ry sancra casnaro,
croie na nyry onpehennm npemenom y xome ce xnnn: ...cnaxn nnnnnnnyym ie
nere cnor npemena n saro ie nnoconia neno npeme oyxnaheno y
mncnnma. Hyno n crora nno mncnnrn na nnosonia moxe nrn nsnan
nenor (noi canpemenor) cnera, xao mro nn nnnnnnnyym ne moxe na
npexopaun cnoie npeme.
19
Hexa neuna ynnnepsanna nnoconia xoia n
nmana cnoie naxene nan npemena n y cnnm npemennma, re naxnna xao

16
Kanr, H. Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, Feorpan, 1990, crp. 497
17
unxre, J. I.: V:ene o uavuu, Feorpan, 1976, crp. 120.
18
Xeren, I.B.u.: Hcmopuia du)o;oduie I, Feorpan, 1970, crp. 24.
19
Xeren, I.B.u.: Ocuoeue upme du)o;oduie npaea, Capaieno, 1989., crp. 18

33
onmreoanesyiyha, morna n camo non npnnynom na ce ynonn n nemrauxn
narypa (npnmep ie nneonomxo nniamaroncrno n nornen na cner xao mro ie
nnianexrnuxn marepniannsam, mro cy cxpmenn saienno ca nonnrnuxnm
npoiexrnma xomynncrnuxor omennsma n peannor conniannsma y cnery),
mro cnaxaxo ne n cnanano y yan npema mynocrn, cem ncxpnneno n
xpaine narernyro. Ponyme n raxno ncxpnnanane n onannnane nnax uyna
rparone nnoconunocrn, na ie nnax nexn nnn nnoconpana xonnxo ron
no sacrpamyiyhn. 3noynorpee ynex nonnaue nenonepene, a nayunn nnx
nnoconie xoin ie nsrpanno Xeren y rnm xomynnrapnnm npoiexnniama
cnercxe penonynnie nsyserno ie snoynorpeen, ann ne am n camo neronom
sacnyrom.
20
On ie cnoiy nnoconiy nnneo ne camo xao npxynan ncropnie
nnoconie, nero n xao nen xpai nnn xonauno ocrnapene. Cnaxaxo na ie ro
ncnynene n ocrnapene nnoconie y nenom nayunom nnxy nsnarana
noiannnx snana n nayunor pana na ycanpmanany nneie xao cxnonona noima n
peannrera. Ona ie norom nocnena n no enomenonomxn sacnonanor nnxa
crpore nayxe xpos penyxrnnna carnenanana noima cnera xnnora xoin ie
sacnonao Xycepn, xao n no craiana y uexaonnnn uncror nncrnonana xoie ie
opahnnao Xainerep nnn no xocmonomxe nrpe cnera xoiy ie onronomxn
sacnonao Eyren unnx n meransnuxn nponyno M. Vsenan. Kpos
remarnsonann menniym uynnocrn nponyxao iy ie y cneoyxnarnnm
nnmensniama nainehn ecrernuap npomnor nexa A.u. Hocen, a ca nonparxom
na rymauene cneroorauxe mncnn H. A, unopencxn n C. Fynraxon, naiyhn
nmnynce na ce npexo nnoconie ns nonor yrna penanopnsyie n y namem
npemeny esycnonnn snauai canpxaia normn xpnmhancxe reonornie, xaxo ie
rome ns ecrercxe nnmensnie npncrynno Mnnopan M. Hasnh, nnn ca
xainereponcxnm cxnonocrnma Xpncro Janapac ns onacrn npxnene ncropnie.
unnoconia ne moxe na yne ocrnapena, yxnnyra n npenasnhena,
ri. onauena y nenaxnocr xoia xpenn neuncry canecr, xao mro nn reopnie
casnana ne mory na parmenrapnsyiy ynyrpamnn nanop casnanana ncrnne n
y naprnxynapne sone anannsa noimona nsmemrannx on cnoie cymrnne cmecre
nonono nanoxnannn onronapaiyhn anapar snauena, xoin n nonpasymenao

20
V panom neny 4euo+euo)oeuia ovxa, Xeren ce namao npen nannnomhy rsn. xnnepxpnrnuxnx
samepxn y casnainoi reopnin, sanpano cposananem osnnocrn, ona, crpnena n pana y
nnococxom nocny, na ie nanncao: Mehyrnm, axo npnoianane na ce ne nocne y sanyny
ynocn nenonepene npema naynn yonmre, xoia es raxnnx nenoymnna npenasn na camo neno n
crnapno casnaie, onna nnxaxo nnie iacno samro na ce, opnyro, ne ynece nenonepene npema rome
nenonepeny, n ne nonene pauyna o rome na ie cam crpax na ce ne norpemn - norpemxa. (nnnn n:
Xeren, 4euo+euo)oeuia ovxa, /Vnon: Cucme+ ;uana/, npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1979. crp.
46.) Crpax on sanyne y xnnepcxenrnunocrn casnanana ysnma cee sa peannrer nan ncrnnnror n
nasnnaiyhn ce crpaxom on sanyne npnxpnna npenapy na ce pann o crpaxy on ncrnne, xoin ce
orxnana nsnaranem noiannor snana.

34
camo nona sapoanana y rpancnennenranno repmnnnsonane omane, ca rex
npnnnnnom iacnohom nennncannier cmncna; nnn nax npennanana
meransnxa npeopaxaiem y rexnnxy, iep ie n cama rexnnxa camo npenasna n
nponasna opma iennor nnxa ncnoanana meransnxe, mro ce na younrn na
pasnoiy nonnx nnrnrannnx rexnonornia.
21
To mro ce nnoconia nasna npaha
na nouerax n nonyr nnerne ns Hnarononor 4eooua (84ab) onapa nnenno
rxane nohy
22
, re ys mnore snauaine pesynrare raxohe nocenyie mnomrno
cranona xoin ce napaiy, moxe na yne n crnap npennocrn crporor
npncrynana n nsnopnnx nacroiana na ce mncnn. H ncrnna xoia nopaha nax ie
nnococxn saxren sa nenom anannsom n npencnnrnnannma, xao mro ie ro
onynex n nno y onacrn onor mro ce npxn nosnarnm n onor mro ce sancra
casnaie n ynosna. Axo ie exo npeme ncnyneno ncrnnama unin cy nponnxr
naxn, naa snarn na ie raxnnx npemena nno ynex n na cy pyxonana
noimonnma nacymne uecra; re xao mro yrnnnrapna mornnannia xopncrn n
ncxopnmhanana nma crpacr xee sa nocenonanem n nnamhy xao nocecnnnn
neo yncxe ncnxnxe nasna nsnoxen nerponnma raxnnx crpacrn, raxo n ono
nosnaro y namoi nnsnnn ocraie sanpano nenosnaro es nnococxor
opasonana xoie ynyhyie na casnanane.
Ocnonne reme nnoconie cy ono mro ie onmre nosnaro, a ro ie
nennna onora mro iecre n nena ncrnna, re neno noxyunnane cxonno
cpencrnnma xoia nehe ry nennny nennrn n pacnapuanarn n ry narocr rora
mro iecre camooryhnnarn on ne came, ycxpahnnarn cnoony nenom
noiannnany nnn ie sacrnparn noi necnoicrnennm onncnma oconna.
Cnaxaxo, cam iesnx nnoconie ie raxan na neoma naxo moxemo ca nnme na
sacrpannmo, na ce nahemo na crpannyrnnn mnmena. Hororono iesnx

21
Xainerep ie no ynepen na rexnnxa nnxana nehe nosnonnrn uonexy na yne npennanana, raxo
na ie on cnoi oxper pasymeo xao mncaony npnnpemy na ce ona y noa nnanannne nocroa
meransnuxe ycronouenocrn nnax npennana. Kaxo ie nserao na omrpnie caunnn pasnnxy
anrnuxe n cpennonexonne meransnxe c ienne crpane, re meransnxe nonor nexa y cmncny
anconyrne nnanannne narnx pasnora xao pauyna n npopauyna ca nhem n o nhy, a ne nnme
capane spanocrn nerone cymrnne, xanxynarnnno-rexnnuxo onpehene npnnncao ioi ie
renepanno, npemna ie iacno na ie ro pannonanncrnuxn oneparnnno nsnpmanane n nonpmanane
ncnnarnnocrn npoiexara nnxona camoonnonne xannrana n neronor cyiexrnnncrnuxor
sanocenana n nocenonana. Hpemohanaiyhn xapaxrep mohn /xanxynannie ca nnxonnma nha no
creneny ycnemnocrn ncxopnmranana n ocnrypanocr nnacrn nan nnma/ ce yrnphyie n oryn
pasnexe na rom nonoxaiy ecnpnmepno, rne ron ie moryhe, nperennyiyhn na nnanerapno
ocnaiane cnera mro my ne npnnana, ri. npra yncxe noe n nenoe ncronpemeno, mro he pehn
npe cnera caunnana nponem npaxrnuxe nnoconie nnn ernxe, xoia pannxanno camoyxnna
nnacrnre cnpxe noramnyiyhn cnoiy ncrnny, mro ie naineponarnnie n xpaina nocnennna
cnmynannie pennrnosnocrn n cnmynaxpyma nononepcrna xao myner nannnxnnana ca camnm
coom y camoynaananany on camor cee xao nsryenocrn y nycrnnn.
22
Xeren, I.B.u.: Ocuoeue upme du)o;oduie npaea, Capaieno, 1989., crp. 7.

35
canpemene nnoconie nocraie ronnxo cnoxen, na ie norpena nsyserna
naxna n ycpenorouene na npenmer na n ce pasymeo n cxnarnne ocnonne
nopyxe xoie ona npenocn. Maprnn Xainerep (M. Heidegger, 1889-1976), xaxe
na ce onronop na nnrane mra ie nnoconia cacroin y rome na onronapamo
onome npema uemy ie nnoconia na nyry, iep ono mro nam ce opaha xao
rnac nncrnonana nosnna nac a onronapamo. Mn naa na ynemo nosnann
nnn ncnocraneno ycxnahenn /nncnonnpann/ na onronapamo, raxo na crnap
nonie cnoiy onpehenocr n raunocr y ynaxanany nocyne nncrnonana cnpam
xor ce ycxnahyiemo. V rom cmncny naxoha nspaxanana n npenocna
nponnnnocr iesnxa y cen uecro canpxn n samxy no xoioi nam ce yunnn na
cmo nemro nonono nopo pasymenn, a na ce naxnanno noxaxe xaxo ro n
nnie cnyuai, xao mro ce uecro nemana ca cnncnma rpuxe nnoconie n
reonornie. Pasymern nnxon ronop ynyhen nama snaun ne npernaparn nnxone
mncnn y nama /o/naxo pasymnne xoncrpyxnnie, neh nocnernrn nonony
naxny nnxonom ronopy ynyhenom nama, y mrnmynry ornopenocrn
ynaxanaiyhn ro ronopeno, na mra ie n cxperao naxny ca nennxom cnarom
Xainerep, n cam nouecro ne am nax sa unrane. Onronorniy n
enomenonorniy on nnnn xao xapaxrepncrnxy came nnoconie npema
npenmery n naunny nocrynxa, onpehyiyhn ie y cnom rnannom panom neny
Buecmeoeane u epe+e: unnosonia iecr ynnnepsanna enomenonomxa
onronornia, xoia nonasn on xepmeneyrnxe rynrxa, a ra ie, xao anannsnxa
ersncrennnie, yrnpnnna xonan nnrn nonne unrana nnosocxor
sannrnnana (nocranana nnrana) onnie onaxne ono nsnnpe n x uemy ce
npaha
23
. Xainerep xaxe na my ie sa saxnarane nha y neronom nncrnonany
mnoro ycannno, re na my ne nenocraiy nouecro rex peun, nero n rpamarnxa,
mro ie yocranom nnnnno n y Hnarononom Hap+euuov, xao n Apncrorenonoi
Memadu;uuu, nopeheno ca rexcronnma Kcenoonra, Xeponora nnn
Tyxnnnna. Pnsane pyxy on unrana nnococxnx rexcrona sor
xepmernunocrn nspaxanana, cna ie nsronop sa onycraiane on noxymaia
ocnemranana nainynx rema xoie mnmene crana y sanarax na yny
ncrpaxene n pacnerene, xonnxo ie ro xpxxom n nomnom crany yncxor yma
npncrynauno n no nomernma moryhe.
3a Hynnnra Bnrrenmraina (L. Wittgenstein, 1889-1951) nnoconia
ce cacroin y nornuxom pasiamnanany mncnn, na ie ona axrnnnocr xoia
nannnasn yuena noiamnananem noimona, ca sanarxom na mopa yunnnrn
iacnnm n omrpo pasrpannunrn mncnn xoie cy nnaue, raxo pehn, myrne n

23
Martin Heidegger, Bitak i vrijeme, /prev. H. arinic/ Zagreb, 1985, str. 42.; Sein und Zeit, M.
Nyemeier, Tbingen 1984, S. 38; 436.

36
pacnnnnyre
24
(4.112). Cran nemoncrpnpa nornuxy opmy crnapnocrn, na
nnie mncrnuno xaxo ie cnnier, nero na on iecr (6.44), ann nperxonno on
nennnme n ncnpanno npncrynane meronn nnoconie raxo na ce
ennmnnnme meransnxa n nonycrn xasnnane camo cranona npnponne nayxe
(6, 53). 3a nera saronerxe nema (6.5), a o uemy ce ne moxe ronopnrn, o
rome ce mopa myriern. (7.) Ono mnsosocxo cranonnmre xoie mpsn n na
ronopn n na nporymaun cnoie mnmene mnpe n nye on mynponnia
aopnsama, nocrano ie n nomonno n npomnpeno, iep norxpanyie nenocr y
nanopy onnananana nnococxnm nponemnma, ann noxasyie n ornopen
annmosnrer npema cnoxennm meransnuxnm cranonnmrnma, xoie on nenn ca
rorono xomnnernom anrnocaxconcxom nnoconiom, xao n ca rorono cnnma
ns canpemene nnoconie nayxe. Hanonno cy cranonn nenponepnnn
cpencrnnma n mepnnnma monepne nayxe ecmncnenn, ann uax ie n ro
sacrapena rnpnna, iep pennmo n cranonn canpemene xnanrne nsnxe nnn
reopnie xaracrpoa y rpannunoi onacrn ca maremarnxom, raxohe nncy nnme
nponepnnn na rai naunn. Bnxona ie npennocr necymnnno n ecrercxa, a
apxnrexronnxa nneia uecro nocenyie n ymernnuxe npre, raxo na he y
nponniom cynnne nsrnena cnnuno reopniama o nacranxy npnonrnor
crapocpncxor nncma y Honynany, cnoie ynaxanane nanexo nnme nanasnrn
y ecrernuxoi ernnn (cncremarnxa naa na ce oana na nen naunn n uecrnro,
nnoxanncrnuno n nnoaxpnnuno), roi nanacne osnnoi naynn
ynyhnocrn.
25

H Teonop Anopno (T. Adorno, 1903-1969), ienan on xpnrnuxn
pacnonoxennx mapxconora n cacnnm noap connonor ymernocrn, y nacrann
ns nnococxe repmnnonornie, narnamanao ie nnrennnonannocr casnanana
ncrnne xpos nenosnrnnncrnuxe /rpancnayune/ npre n nepesepnncanocr
remarnxe, xao xperane nyxa on yxpyhyiyhnx nxcannia no saxnarana
nemncnnnor mnmenem, xao nyoxn xeypncrnuxn saxren xoin croin npen

24
Wittgenstein, L., Tractatus logico-philosophus, Sarajevo, 1960., \4.112\ str. 73-75. Ein
philosophisches Werk besteht wesentlich aus Erlauterungen; 4113 Die Philosophie begrenzt das
bestreitbare Gebiet der Naturwissenschaft. Sie soll das Denkbare abgrenzen und damit das
Undenkbare. Sie soll das Undenkbare von innen durch das Denkbare begrenzen.
25
Ecrernxa ie y rom cmncny ernxa ynyhnocrn, ynyhn na ono mro ce y nperxonnnm nexonnma
unnnno nnepnopnnm no xapaxrepy casnanana, cana nonpnma cnoiy nyny cnary y moryhnocrn
na npannnnnie penanopnsyie n na xao npyra nnoconia ouyna nocroiancrno yncxnx casnana
xoia npenasnnase nosnrnnncrnuxe npre pannonannrera, iennaxo xao n npennocrn ocnonnnx
enomena yncxor nocroiana y ncropnicxoi nnmensnin penarnnnsannie nnxonnx snauena. Vs
ncropnicxy nnmensniy nponema nenomnnannie n nnrana nsnopa nncmenocrn, xao n enanyannie
n penanopnsannie nponema npennocrn y ernuxoi neprnxaxn n ecrercxoi mnpnnn, nnnn n moie
xnnre: Anexcannap M. Herponnh, Kpamra apxeoepaduia Cpoa, Honn Can, 1994., xao n
Apxeoepaduia uapooa Jveoucmo:ue Eepone, Feorpan, 2006.

37
nnoconiom: unnoconia ie nepmanenran, ouainnuxn nanop na ce xaxe
ono mro ce sanpano ne moxe xasarn
26
. Beron ncxas: xo nehe na ce ynycrn y
pan yma, nexa nnxe pyxe on nnosonie
27
nonceha na Xerena n neron
nepnnxr ns 4euo+euo)oeuie ovxa, xoin ce no npernocrannn iom nanno
cyouno ca nosnrnnncrnuxom nayunom ayropnrapnomhy: Ha cnaxn naunn
pyxonohene nnacrnrnm ynepenem iecre nemro nnme on onanana ayropnrery;
ann, npeoxperanem mnena, sacnonanor na ayropnrery, y mnene xoie ie
nonnxno ns nnacrnror ynepena, nnie ce nyxno nsmennna nerona canpxnna n
na mecro sanyne nnie crynnna ncrnna
28
. Vxasnnane na ona mecra xoia
ynosopanaiy na samnnnane ncrnne n ncrnnnrocrn ca yrnnnrapncrnunninm
nnennma xoin cy na npnn nornen cnoconn na ro nanoxnane, naxno ie sor
ynpexennx nonycrnnocrn n npeneperanana ca nannnomhy na he camnm
rnm rai nmneryc na ce nsxnnn n y ncnpneny nocrane esnauaian. Taxna
nonycrnnocr nonena ie no ynpexennx samena resa, uax norne na nonyr xaa
nouecro ymemo na cmarpamo xaxo cy ape nainehn oxeann. Vronnxo
nnpexrnnie naa yxasarn n na ro on uera nnoconia nounne, mra rai
nouerax ycnonana n rne ce on nanasn.


















26
Anopno, Teonop: 4u)o;oduicra mep+uuo)oeuia, Capaieno, 1986, crp. 76
27
Anopno, Teonop: 4u)o;oduicra mep+uuo)oeuia, Capaieno, 1986, crp. 116
28
Xeren, 4euo+euo)oeuia ovxa, /Vnon: Cucme+ ;uana/, npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1979. crp.
49.

38

II, 2.
0HBOCO0CKA KOPEHH1A 3AXBA1AHA HO1MA HPEMA CABPEMEHOM
HPABHV OH1O1EOBOHKOI 1VMAHEHA HO1ABA



Bennuancrnenocr npne nnoconie xoia ie xon Jennna nsopena
xpos ycnonomxy rnranromaxniy n opy cynpornocrn, mro ie namerao
nnorenercxn cyncrpar noima npnpone, cacroiana ce y rome mro ie
reneonomxn ym cxnarnna xao nenaran y cnnm opmanniama npnpone, na
naunn ypehena xoie ce na nocmarpannma pasnyunrn n nperpecannma
pasaparn. Kon Hnarona nenhe nocroin xao neonpehena npyrocr xoiy
nouexyie n sanpemnuno onpxana rpehn pon nha, mro y Pemoxpnronoi
aromncrnn snaun npocro npasnnny /:o xrvov: ouorv/, y xoioi ce re naimane
nenonenne uecrnne cynapaiy n onniaiy. Beh xon Apncrorena ie ro npnnaro
onronomxoi crpyxrypn noima npocrpancrna n mecra y xome ce nanase
onnxonana rena on nna momenra, a ro ie rnap n nnmenocr. Poxnacnuna
mncao nnie iennoponna, ann ie enearcxa mxona ca pononauennnxom
Hapmennnom naimapxanrnnia n y Hnarononnm nnianosnma xpos cyxo ca
concrnxom, aromncrnuxnm censyannsmom n Coxparonnm ornnonananem
nae on nsnonora y uncre noimone, nonena no ononpranana rese o
nenocroiany nenha, ynyhn na ono xao neonpehena nnoinna nocroin y
nocenom monycy y npnponn. Bnhene ymnocrn y npnponn iecre ysopno
xenencxo nnococxo nacnehe (maremarnuxo-mysnuxn onpehena xocmnuxa
xapmonnia, cnponohena nauenom xperana nenepannor snana cnercxe nyme
/Hnraropa, Hnaron/, onronomxn cnoi cynpornocrn onor mro iecre n mro nnie
nan cynpocranana, xao oysnana hynnnocr snana /Hapmennn, Xepaxnnr/,
carnacnocr snana n noe /xynne, xrena/ xao namepa caxpnnena y npnponn n
nouerax xoin nsmnue oenonannnany n oiamnennma /Xepaxnnr,
Apncroren, mncrnuna reonornia, ncnxasam/). To ie moryhe pasymern n
xanroncxn, xao nnhene ymcrnenor naruynnor ocnona y ncropnin norahana,
xoie ce mannecryie npexo ounronana namepne cnpcncxonnocrn cymrnne
npnpone. Hpenymranem neuemy mro ce y cnoioi nanmohnoi npncyrnocrn
cnnma saiennnuxn nynn n sanonia cynenonanem, mro nonpasymena
cnonrannrer nonmana xpos cnoienane penenrnnnrera yrncaxa y onaxannma
/a camnm rnm nnie nsononana camocnecr necymnnnocrn axcnomarcxor ero-
ynnamenra xoin oesehyie nsnone rnpnnn, nnrn cyiexr-cyncranrnnna
axcnonornia/, nocnena ce nonono no onora mro cy Jennnn nasnann 0rooio
/opahena naxna na nnhene npnsopa xao cacymracrneno rnenane,

39
nocmarpane/. Hcropnicxn ie reopnia nocnena no rora na yne rpernpana xao
nemro crepnnno nnn uax crepeornnno, iep ce noiam npaxce, nenarnocrn xoia
ennnienrno mena nsrnene n crana crnapn nocpencrnom yncxor
ycanpmanana snana n nemrnna, y saysnmany npyraunie carnenananor
npocropa cnoone, npocro namerao (xon Kanra nenonane xao `cnmon
nauena` nna nocpenonano saiennnuxnm remeem Foxnie cnenpncyrnocrn).
uenomenn ynnnepsyma rpaxnnn cy raxna oiamnena y xoinma he ce noiam
npnpone npnnarohanarn narypanncrnuxnm n marepnianncrnuxnm
xonnennniama, arnnnnm n nensocranno ynopnnm y cnoinm
npernocranannma cnemy ocranom, ca rnnnuno nononexonnom resom, na
iennno raxan npncryn oesehyie npomnpnnana yncxnx snana, a na cy
opmannn, marepniannn n nnannn ysponn meransnxe ne camo crapo
rnoxhe, neh n nemro nonyr nennne nnn xene neporxnne /u. Fexon/, xoia
nynn camo crepnnna orxpnnana nanno nosnarnx n npaxrnuno
neynorpennnx crnapn. Hnax ce rex y pasmarpany n npaxrnxonany y noi
nsrpahennx npernocranxn, ornapao xopnsonr y nonesanom npncryny, rne ce
rparano sa cxpnnennm opmama n nnannnm ysponnma, xoin cy nonesann ca
ennnienrnnm n marepniannnm xaysannrerom, mro ie Fexon on Bepnyama y
De dignitate et augmentis scientarum(1623) nasnao cnexynarnnnom
nnoconiom npnpone, y nnny physica specialis, xoin ie nspas Kanr xacnnie
ynorpeanao sa osnauanane cnexynarnnne ynorpee yma sa nsnohene
npnnnnna cnexynarnnne nsnxe xao meransnxe npnpone. Hpaxrnuna
nsnxa ce annna npnmenama cnexynarnnne nsnxe, ro iecr cnennianne
nsnxe /causae efficientis et materialis/ n meransnxe /causae formalis et
finalis/, na je nenarna nsnxa ona xoia ie no upencncy Fexony morna na
ynanpenn norpena n xopncna snana sa pasnoi nayxe xao cnoienpcna
npnmenena meransnxa. Hasnn meransnxa nnie ynex ycnenao na ononn
nyxy npemena, na cy ra cmennnann nasnnn xao mro cy onronornia,
reneonornia, nnoconia nncrnonana, ann nnrana xoia ie ona neh na camom
nouerxy ornapana ocrana cy cacnnm canpemena, es osnpa na nena
marepnianna n opmanna cyxanana n cnohena ca nparehnm ononpranannma.
Baa ncrahn na n nnaue meransnxa ne snaun camo sannpane y nouerxe
crnapn, neh iennaxo ronnxo n y nnxone moryhnocrn, xao n oxnnpe casnana
npema xoinma ycnenamo na ce carnenamo y cnery y xome cmo ce naxparxo
sarexnn. V norneny mexannnnsmom oxonane npnpone Kanry nocraie
meponanan noiam penannie n oiexra xoin ce noianyie: Kanr peun noiana
naie npnmapno `mecro` y rexnn na ncxaxe nepcnexrnny oxonane npnpone, ri.
noianyiyher ce npenmera: ry ie yienno nepcnexrnna moryher n crnapnor
ncxycrna. /F. Kaulbach, Phil. Der Persp. I, Tbingen1990. S.52/ To mro ie
nononexonnn nanor nyxa npemena craiao nsa npanana pasmarpana npnpone

40
xoin cy cnennnn Fexonony maxcnmy na pao ovxa mpeoa ocmeapumu rao pao
nvme+ +auuua (Bac., Novu. org., Oxford, 1889, p. 186), nnn nax Pexaprono
ynepene na ynorpea mamnncxor naunna mnmena nernrnmnme ynorpey
npnpone pann nocrnsanana nanmohn, cnana y camononono sarnopeny
nnmensniy pasmnmana, ycnen uera ie Kanr n nacroiao y ronnxoi mepn na
pasymenany xoie nponyennie carnenana nonyhene moryhnocrn. Anconyrna
necannannnocr xoxesnie marepnie nnn nena nenponopnocr xao mexannuxa
camonononocr ca cnoa yrncxnnannm cnnama xoiy npernocranaiy
aromncrnuxe nnn xopnycxynapne reopnie (Kanr ce rpynno na ry reopniy
nooma npennaxyhn na ce re cnne nnne xao nnxepenrne camoi marepnin),
mro mncne nha xao mamnne nnn nyxe anarxe cnoamnnx noxperauxnx
cnna, nncy camnm rnm nemro mro nna onpannano na npnrom oesehyie n
cynepenocr nacryna. Axo ie ro nonyhenn monen xoinm n ce cnrypno morno
sarocnonapnrn npnponom, rye ce ns nnna ona ncxoncxa cynpocranana n
spanocrn xoia nnanaiy y noiann xao narocr cnera, na ro n nnie nnmra npyro
no oiamnanane monena nnhena xoin Pexapr y uuonmpuuu oiamnana
nornynnm cnennnom, a ono ce n noxasyie raxnnm y nponyenom
npomnmany ror cranonnmra neh xon Hainnna n Kanra /npema
rpancepsannoi nepcnexrnnn Bonranra Benma, La Dioptrique, Oeuvres, VI,
Paris, 1897/1913, s.62/.
V rom cmncny n unrany Kanrony rpancnennenranny nnoconiy
rymauno ie Eyren unnx xao ienno nono sacnnnane meransnxe, ri.
onronornie y nnrany o nesn rpancnennenrannia ens n verum. /Eyren unnx,
Veoo v du)o;oduiv, Feorpan, 1989., crp.127/, nmaiyhn y nnny pesynrare
ncrpaxnnana xoie ie cnponeo na remennm nnrannma anrnuxe nnoconie.
Hcro raxo, on ie onnnuno npnmerno xaxo npnpona nonpasymena crnapn nare
y oxonnnn xoia ie oner y oxonnnn, ann nnxono iennncrno ie cner xoin nnie
rex oxonnna n oroeno oxpyxene, neh ono mro ie n Kanr ncrnnao:
unnosonia npnpone nnie onronornia nexor oxpyra, nexor pernona
nncrnyiyher, nero ie nnosonia nena, ann y npanny ncnnrnnana, ra xoia ce
onpehyie rpancnennenrannom nesom onora ens n onora unum. /ma+o, crp.
132/ unnococxo nponnrnnane npnpone ie yronnxo cnennnuno, iep
pasmarpa onmre meransnuxo nnrane nponsnnaxena nncrnonana iennor y
mnoronpcnocr nha, ri. nerone iecracrnene n mracrnene noiane na xopnsonry
cneiennncrna, xopnsonry ycranonanana cnera xao cnerna n rna yxynnor
nocroiana. Ta nponemarnxa cexe n y cnoiene casnainoxrnrnuxor
npencnnrnnana.




41
/KOCMOHOBKH PHHAMH3AM IPE FHBCTBOBABE BHBE HHJE PEAHAH
HPEPHKAT/

V nynxryannocrn nsnopnor onaxana nanasn ce ocnon sa

ycnocranane nnnnie reopnicxor anpnopnsma xoin omoryhanaiy noiane
crnapn y nnma cnoicrnenoi cnoonn (npnponnocrn), nnn ce noianyiy xao
npenmern nponsnenenn rexnama sapoanaiyher reoperncana. Bncnna re
rauxe ie sanncna on mepe nopacnocrn carnenanana n ynnnn na rom xopnsonry
nnme nncy nnrana oiexrnnne peannocrn, neh cnare cnnrernuxor
yonnuanana n nsannnana npen xapaxrep cnnx nnnona oiexrnnannia iauer
casnana, nororono xana ce nma y nnny noiam xpaine cnpxe. V rom cmncny
Kanr cmarpa na axo rpancnennenranna reonornia namepana na casna nhe
npanha ns ncxycrna yonmre, ona ie xocmoreonornia, a axo ro namepana na
cnponene na ocnony camnx noimona es ncxycrna, moxe na ce nasone
onroreonorniom (K.:.v., crp. 385). Hexa oiexrnnna peannocr iecre
crnapnocr sacnonana na oconnn npenmera n nonnoxna ie orneny na nn ie
nar raxo nnn npyraunie, ri. xpos oparan onnoc nnn nnnepsny nexcniy
/opnyro canniane/ y penexcnin, a ynpano ro ie ono mro Kanr nasnna
pasmnmanem /berlegung/ nnn nonaxenem no rpancnennenranne
penexcnie: Ony panny nomohy xoie ia npxnm y nesn nopehene npencrana
yonmre ca mohy casnana y xoioi ce ono npmn, n nomohy xoie ia pasnnxyiem
na nn ce one mehy coom nopene xao npencrane xoie npnnanaiy uncrome
pasymy nnn xao npencrane xoie npnnanaiy uynnome onaxany, ry panny ia
sonem mpaucueuoeuma)uo pa;+uu+ane. /H. Kanr, Kpum. :ucmoe v+a (O
amnonnin noimona penexcnie), Feorpan, 1990., crp. 202/ To nnhene
nnocrpyxocrn noiane, xao nnocrpyxor noima noiana noiane n nene
emnnpnicxe nenocpennocrn, nno ie noxymanane na ce nasnaun npanan
nsnaxena ns cnecrn xoia n nna y cen mnpyiyha, nsononana, nancnercxa
cnecr y cen sarnopene cyiexrnnnocrn, sa xoiy n cner npencranao camo
ronn npnnnn, npema neronoi narocrn. Comarcxe cycrpyxrype nyxonnnx
nponeca xao yrnnain na yncxn nyx nncy nemro crpano renecnocrn, neh
nainye nonesann n ncnocpenonann ca onaxanem n ocehanem. Kon
Hnarona n Apncrorena n mnmene ce ocrnapnnano nnxoromnuno (y
nnianexrnnn nncrnonana xon Hnarona n y onronomxom yremeeny nauena
npornnpeunocrn xon Apncrorena), a snane o cen camom crnnano ie npexo
noima cnpxe es remarnsannie onor ia xao yremeyiyher. H Kanron
nnnerepmnnncrnuxn xaysannrer y npnponn n cnery xao npaxrnuno npxane
cnoone nonpasymena onronopnocr nnunocrn cnpam naruynnor ocnona xana
ce ancrpaxrnnm mncnnma onpehyie ono esycnonno, re xareropnie
monannrera npernocranaiy raxne ynnne xoin nncy nsnyuenn ns uynnor
ncxycrna. Vonmreno ie moryhe na ce nemro onnniano npyraunie, mana nnie

42
anexnarno emnnpnicxoi npnmenn xareropnia monannrera y npyraunie
nocranenoi yspounoi nesn, ann ie xao xaysannrer npnmennn na nonpyuie
npnpone y mnpem cmncny, nanasehn oiamnena npomenama y cnpcncxonnoi
ynyrpamnoi npnponn nnn mncaonoi cepn cnera.
Honmana penexcnie npema marepnin n opmn xao ocnocoenocr
n npniemunnocr onpeneyie ce xao noimena penexcnia, penexcnia o
penexcnin sayseror rpancnennenrannor crana, xao onpenennane
sacnnnana nncrnonana. Mehyrnm anpnopnsam xoncrpyxnnie xoia
nonpasymena orpannuenocr ooienocrn narypanncrnuxor oiexrnnnsma, ono
sacnnnane nncrnonana cnymra na cyiexrnnny cepy ne ocneranaiyhn ie y
nononoi mepn, raxo na saxren iennncrna onaxaine penenpnnnocrn n
cnonrannrera nonmana xao saiennnuxa narocr noima n onaxana nsocraie, a
ca xoinm ce rex nocrnxe anepnenrnnna nornynocr iacnohe n ennnenrnocrn.
Cnaxaxo na ie rpancnennenranna cyiexrnnnocr nemro mro ce ne na raxo
naxo yxanynnrn y nponosnnnone cxemarnsme xpyre pannonanne meransnxe,
ynyhn na y ocnonn nonpasymena cnonrano nenyiyha n mncneha
nnrennnonanna nha. Hnax, naa ncrahn xaxo ce no nehe iacnohe n
ncraxnyrnie ennnennnie ne nonasn nn ynanpen yserom anpnopnom
anaparypom nnn nonyxnniom casnainnx mohn, a nn nponsnohenem on crpane
camnx crnapn. Hnrennnonannocr xopnsonra no xoier ce nocneno, cama
nanaxe npexopaunnane noiennnnx casnana n npomnpnnane onor mro ie y
casnanany axryennsonano. V rom cmncny nonmane crnapn n nnxono
ncxycrno nocnenaiy penexcnnnom mohn cyhena no xnacnnxannia xoie
nonpasymenaiy eneprnunnin onnoc nnn remny n oxnnenniy mehycony
nesy.
Onuai na ce opme noiana npnpone cmarpaiy y nainehoi mepn
cnyuainnm, npocro ie crnap ienne onpehene onnyxe na neh ycnoienom rnny
nocmarpana, xoin ie nanexo on rora na nyxno mopa na ycnonana cnaxy
moryhnocr rnenana na npnpony: ...y npnponn y nainehem creneno cnyuaino,
axo ce ne ysme y nomoh iom nexa napounra npcra xaysannrera, nanme
xaysannrer cnpxa (nexus finalis), ro iecr na ie npnpona, nocmarpana xao npocr
mexannsam, morna na ce nsrpann na xnany pasnnx naunna, a na ne nanhe
nenocpenno na iennncrno npema nexom raxnom npnnnnny. (Kanr, Kpumura
+ohu cvhena, crp. 242) Kaysannrer cnpxa ie pyxononehe naueno sa
rpancnennenranno penexronane xoie ie xomnerenrno sa npocyhnnane
xapaxrepa nenor nncrnonana. V rom cmncny monanna onronornia xoia ie
enncremonomxn yremennana npxanem sa emnnpnicxe canpxaie xoin cy
nponepnnn, unnn npenas npexo mexannuxor noima npnpone na nsnopnniy
ennnenrnocr nenor xapaxrepa y oprancxom cnoiy oxnnennx nha, rne ie
cacnnm pasymnno pyxononehn noiam cnpxe. Homro cy y Kpumuuu +ohu

43
cvhena cnn reneonomxn cynonn noneenn na cynone o ynyrpamnoi
cnpcncxonnocrn npnponnnx oiexara, xoin nx ysnmaiy sa ocnon carnacnocrn
npecrane npocyhnnana xpainnx cnpxa, re cynone o penarnnnoi nnn
cnoamnoi cnpcncxonnocrn npnponnnx oiexara, xoin sa ocnon moryhnocrn
onnx oiexara ysnmaiy nnxony carnacnocr ca nexom cnpxom xoia ce nanasn y
npyrnm crnapnma, (a rnme nx npocyhyiy xao cnpxe camo penarnnno, ri. camo
xao cpencrna sa nemro npyro), npeepenrnn cy onn momenrn unin cy nenonn
onpehenn nennnom, ann n camonponsnonnom ounrnennom na npnmepy xnnnx
nha.
Vnyrpamna cnpcncxonnocr npnponnnx oiexara, nnn xon Kanra rome
ncro, cynona y xoinma ce noiennna xnna nha npocyhyiy xao cnpxe es
onnoca npema npyrnm xnnnm nhnma nnn ma xom npyrom nsnuxom oiexry,
ennnenrno ie anocrponpana xao camonponsnonna xoia ce cacroin y rome
mro: cnaxn neo rora crnopena nponsnonn raxohe cama cee raxo na
onpxane iennor nena sanncn on onpxana npyrnx nenona nansmennne.
/Kpumura +ohu cvhena, crp. 253/ Hpnpona raxo ynyhyie na mncao na ce
onmrn onnnn n nocena canpxaina onpehena mehycono nornyno
noxnanaiy, uax norne na ce rnme nonpehyiy onuainomopannoi cnpcn xao
oxancxom nyxy ca uninm ce canpxananem ocrnapyie crnapnn xnnornn
nopenax. Honmehyhn onaxan npnnnnn xaysannrery nexor naruynnor ocnona
npnpone, na ocnony nera penexcnnna moh cyhena npocyhyie n moryhnocr
nacranxa xnnora. Bnxona emnnpnicxn ennnenrna oconna ysaiamne
sanncnocrn nenona xoia moxe na ce nocmarpa xao cnyuainocr c osnpom na
saxone mexannxe n ocoenocr namer pasyma na nennny nasna oiamnana xao
pesynranry mehycono nesanncnnx neicrana ennnienrnnx yspoxa nennx
nenona, nsrnena xao na mopa na yne nyxna c osnpom na saxren ocnonnor
crana pasyma, na ce nonnprne cnmynranoi narocrn cxemarnsma nonmana.
Pasym nponncyie na ie neonxonno xao ycnon moryhnocrn ncxycrna na ce
crexne snana o oiexrnma, xoie he na oesenn cxemarnsam npemencxnx
uynnnx opmn, ca unme nocrynnme na: cne noiane y cnoioi ersncrennnin
croie a npnopn non npannnnma onpene cnora mehyconor onnoca y iennom
npemeny.
29
To na y xaysannom nanny npnponnnx snnana nacraiy oiexrn
xoin cy raxnn na ie onpxane cnaxor nnxonor nena y onnocy na onpxane
cnaxor npyror nena nonaoco, xao n y onnocy na onpxane nennne yienno n
yspox n nocnennna, nnie cxnarnno. 3a Kanra ie ro noniennaxo necxnarnno
c osnpom na rpancnennenrannn saxon ynnnepsanne yspounocrn, xao n c
osnpom na nocene npnponne saxone xao nerone cnennnxannie. Ono mro
ry sa pasym ocraie cnyuaino, mana ie xao neo npnponnor noperxa nyxno, moh

29
H. Kanr, Kpum. :ucm. v+a, Feorpan, crp. 254

44
cyhena ie npnnyhena na penexcnnno npocyhyie cxonno rpancnennenrannom
npnnnnny cnpcncxonnocrn npnpone xao xpos onnoc ysaiamnor cnpcncxonnor
nponsnohena, ounror y norneny onpxana ycnonenocrn nena n nennne.
Orpomnocr nennne ie nemro ysnnmeno. Hpn onome ce ne nopnue nanerocr
nsmehy ymnor nanora n nsnoenana hynn, xao nsmehy mopanne n rexnnuxe
cnecrn, mro ie ncronpemeno snaunno n nanymrane npocnernrecxnx
cranona, xpos xpnrnxy came npocnernrecxe cnecrn, y ynnnepsannn ocehai
uoneunocrn nosnan on oxancxe cepe nncrnonana na yne y onome mro
iecre. C osnpom na ono mro iecre, naxne y onnocy na noiam nncrnonana,
Xainerep ie y cnoioi xacnoi n npomnmenoi pacnpann Kaumoea me;a o
ouecmeoeanv nniarnocrnnxonao: Kaxna ie iom npyra ynorpea sa
nncrnonane n iecre, cem nornuxe? V peuennnn For iecre cyiexry ce
ne npnnaie nnxaxan npenmerno-canpxaian, peanan npennxar. Vmecro rora
cyiexra, For ce ca cnnm cnoinm npennxarnma sacnnna cam no cen.
Jecre onne snaun: For nocroin, npncycrnyie. Hpncycrnonane,
nocroiane nonpasymenaiy, na xpaiy, nncrnonane, ann nncrnonane n
iecre ne y cmncny sacnnnana onnoca nsmehy cyiexra n npennxara y
peuennnn. 3acnnnane, crnapno peueno iecre y peuennnn For iecre, nne
npexo rpannne casnana Fora n rom casnany npnnaie camy crnap, oiexrnnnor
Fora xao nocroieher, sa pasnnxy on nornuxe ynorpee nncrnonane ce onne
ynorpeana y nnny crnapnor oiexra camor no cen. Mornn n crora na
ronopnmo o onrnuxom, raunnie oiexrnnnom xopnmheny nncrnonana. V
nomenyroi npenxpnrnuxoi pacnpann Kanr ie nncao: Axo ce ne nocmarpa
camo rai npocrn onnoc (ycrnapn nsmehy cyiexra n npennxara peuennne), neh
crnap, xoia ce sacnnna cama no cen n sa cee, ro ie raxno nncrnonane
iennaxonpanno crnapno... Hpennxarom nocroiana ia nnmra ne nonpnnocnm
crnapn, neh camy crnap npnanam nenom nonmany. Cyhenem o nocroiany
ia na rai naunn npenasnm npexo onacrn nocroiana ne npema nexom npyrom
npennxary mnmo onnx nonpasymenannx y nonmany, neh xa camoi crnapn c
rnm camnm, ne no poiy ca nnme nnn mane npennxara, neh ce camo iom ys ro
y norneny sacnnnana mncnn n anconyrno.
30

Xainerep cmarpa na ie xao sacnnnane, ycranonanane, npenmernocr
crnapn, Kanrona resa o nncrnonany xao uncrom sacnnnany npxynan n
ynasan npema onpehnnany nncrnonana xao nonnexeher /cyiexrnnnocrn/,
iennaxo xao n npema nanpen sa cnexynarnnno - nnianexrnuxo rymauene
nncrnonana xao anconyrnor nonmana. V nonecnom norneny Kanrona
nparmarnuxa anrpononornia ie saxasana na nemoryhnocrn na nomnpn onnoc

30
M. Heidegger, Kants These ber das Sein, iz: Gesamtausgabe, T. 9 Wegmarken. /1919-1958/,
1963.

45
emnnpnicxor n meransnuxor xapaxrepa, ann ie saro orxpnhe
rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn y nperensnin na npenasnhe cnryanniy
npnponnor crana n ys ro, na nnax nenocpenno nonpe no nncrnonana cnera n
cnera mro iecre, ono mro ie xon nera nnonornopno. Henocrarax ce cacroin
ounro y rome, mro Kanrono nnrane o ycnonnma moryhnocrn npnanana
norpenor ncxycrna (noemarnuxor marepniana cnecrn y nepnenrnnnnm
axrnma), ancrpaxyie on camor roxa ncxycrnenor casnana, na nerone anannse
ocraiy es canpxainor ocnonna, xoier nasna naa rpaxnrn y npenmernoi
ycmepenocrn namer pasmarpana cnpam onor mro ie npncyrno n xao
peannsanniy casnana narocrn. Hnrane o moryhnocrn ncxycrna raxo ie
neonnoinno on nnrana o neronom nncrny (cyncrannnin), ynyhn na
nnxonnm onnaianem nocranamo pannxanny npenpexy npencnnrnnany
camor ncxycrna y nynnioi nnmensnin. Vronnxo nnie nonono na ce nnra o
ycnonnma moryhnocrn namer ncxycrnenor cnera, a na ce ne noxaxe xaxo on
cam nacraie y namnm nnacrnrnm ncxycrnnma, iep n na rai naunn y
ncrpaxnnane naxpynnne nencnnrane npernocranxe ca anonnmnom
nnrennnonannomhy, xoie n omerane sanonoanaiyhe npencnnrnnane onma
noemarcxnx nonaraxa nnn came npncyrnocrn npncyrnor xoie nocehe
ncxycrno no moryhcrny nonpasymena n canpxn. Tpancnennenranna cnecr ie
ocmnmena xao ienno noceno crpyiane n cnonrannrer mnmena, y xome
nna noxasana xoncrnrynnia yunnaxa cnecrn n neronnx npenmernnx
nocrnrnyha, rne ce xnaranem sa neny nnrennnonannocr cxnna nenposnpnn
neo ca oiexrnnnrera, y rparany sa ennnenrnnm ocnenouenem n ncnynenem
y peannsannin cnecnnx axara, a ro n iecre rparane sa peannom
npenmernomhy. Kanr ie cepy cyiexrnnnrera pasnenno na nna nena, on
xoinx ie ony xoia ce sacnnna na cxemarnsmy anpnopnocrn osnauno xao
oiexrnnny, a xana ie ra oiexrnnnocr opnienrncana cama na cee
/xapresniancxnm npornamanane cnera npyror sa npnnnn/, on nocraie yspox
xoin camom cen nperxonn y npemeny n nocraie n cam moryha yrnapa
nncrnonana. Hneie xoie pasym cam cen crnapa cy raxne na npema Kanry na
npenmern on nnx exe cacnnm nan namer nnnoxpyra, re on cmarpa na n nncy
ry saro na n mynponann o nnxonoi npenmernocrn: mra cy one no cen n no
cnoioi npnponn, neh xaxo rpea na nx samncnnmo y nny mopannnx
npnnnnna ynepennx xa xpainoi cnpcn cnnx crnapn (xpos mra onn, xoin n
nnaue nnn nornyno npasnn, noniaiy oiexrnnno-npaxrnuny peannocr): -
raxo nmamo npen coom cnoonno noe, nponyxr namer concrnenor pasyma,
cneonmrn noiam o xpaiy cnnx crnapn, xoie rpea na ce nonenn y onnocy xoin
on nma npema namoi mohn cnosnaie n na ce xnacnnxyie ono y nemy.
31
Ha

31
H. Kanr: O rpaiv ceux cmeapu, y sopnnxy `Vm n cnoona: cnncn ns nnosonie ncropnie,

46
raxnoi rpacn mncaonor nyronana nocranena ie xao xpaina n rsn.
ynyrpamna cnpxa, nnn nnacrnrn nn naicnoicrnennie namepe xoia
npnxyna xnnorne eneprnie ycmepanaiyhn nx xa ncxonnmry, xpos ony nrpy
cnna npnpone y pesynranrn pasnonpcnnx nnnamnuxnx neicrana npema
naruynnom ocnony, a xoia ce onpxana y nonynanany n xapmonnsyiyhoi
pannorexn. Hosnnnia nncrnonana raxo ie sanpano mncaono nanaxene y
ynyuenocrn y ry nrpy nneinnx cnna, xoia naa na nam nenocpenno noxaxe
cnoi cmncao, ri. na nam nnax oenonann nainenocpennnin npaocnon
ersncrennnie na xoioi cne nounna.
Kpainn yspox xoin nanonn Kanr ncronpemeno ie sanor
cnpcncxonnocrn n yspox cneonmrer noperxa naxo ie rai nopenax y uynnom
cnery nyoxo cxpnnen on nac (Kpum.:uc.v+a, crp. 591), mro nocnema
nannxyie na pecraypanniy Hainnnone nneie o Fory, xoin ie yienno apxnrexra
xocmnuxe mamnne n npanennn nnanap napcrna nyxona, ri. cnpononnnan raune
nponopnnie npnnne n naxenocrn. Tnme n npnponno n mopanno
saxononancrno nno oiennneno y nenoxasnnom oiexrnnnom naxeny
xpaine cnpxe nnn naruynne ersncrennnie, ann xoie naxn xao nyxan npenmer
mopanne nepe, es osnpa na nenonecnocr reopnicxe ynorpee n nenocrarax
excnnnxarnnne npennocrn sa nayuno casnane npnpone. Hyr xoin yxasyie na
npanne pasnoia Kanrone xpnrnuxe reopnie noiam ror nainnmer nncrnyiyher
nocrynnme perynarnnnom npnnnnnniennomhy, saxrenaiyhn n nerony
nposnpnocr y cmncny nnmer cmncna oanesnnana c osnpom na cny
nsnxanncrnunocr n nanery nomorernuxnx ycnona. Tn ycnonn pennie
onpehenocrn nnacrnuno narnx npnsopa xoin n rpeann na ocnnxaiy ono mro
ie crnapno, ca nperensniom na sancra n yny raxne narocrn, mory na ce
ncnyne no ananornin ca npnponom raxo na ce noxaxe xaxo ienno nhe cnoinm
ymom n cnoonom moxe na canpxn y cen npaocnon cnnx npyrnx crnapn.
Taxna carepanaiyha nperensnia rnme noxeno npnrncxa npncyrnocr crnapn
y anannsama uynnnx nonaraxa xoin ypehyiy xapaxrep nponene crana n
onnoca marepniannnx cnna, ycmepanaiyhn ie na ce noxaxe y noxenom
cnerny c osnpom na cnoicrnenn reopnicxn anpnopnsam xoin omoryhanaiy
noiane crnapn y nnma cnoicrnenoi cnoonn (npnponnocrn), nnn ce noianyiy
xao npenmern necnoonnor reoperncana. V rom cmncny Kanr cmarpa na axo
rpancnennenranna reonornia namepana na casna nhe npanha ns ncxycrna
yonmre, ona ie xocmoreonornia, a axo ro namepana na cnponene na ocnony
camnx noimona es ncxycrna, moxe na ce nasone onroreonorniom (K.:.v., crp.
385). Ha onai naunn onpehena moryhnocr mnmena nncrnonana npexnana
xopnsonr ornopenocrn npema onome mro iecre n mro n morno na yne

npana n npxane`, Feorpan, 1974., crp. 129

47
ycranonananem npernocranxe xoia ra cnohenem na nornuxn npnnnnn
nenpornnpeunocrn rex nansrnen nnenrnnxyie, a sanpano cyxana na ono
cxonno oxnnpnma raxne npernocranxe, ne npxehn no ocraraxa xoin ocraiy
y anonnmnocrn. Kana mnmene npnnana nncrnonany, neronn cy ocrann
nnnnnn npema npnponn n nenoi nocrynncanoi anrnuxoi nennnn
nncrnonana, ne y cmncny snpa marepniannnx crnapn, neh xao cymrnncxn
onnananaiyher.
Hcrnna ie na ie cam Kanr nonpnneo xapaxrepncrnunom cyxanany
nnacrnre nepcnexrnne mnmena xpos nonynapnsaropcxn oxnnp cnoie
nnoconie xoin ie cxnnnpao y Hpo)eeo+euu ;a cearv ovovhv +emadu;urv
(1783), xoia he mohn na nacrynn xao nayxa, a ynpano ie ry nsnoxno na
cyiexrnnnn ycnonn cnecrn nponsnone npenmere, re unranoi npnponn xao
raxnoi nponncyiy nene saxone: Pasym ne npne cnoie saxrene (a npnopn) ns
npnpone, nero nx on noi nponncyie.
32
Tnme ie cam Kanr nao nonona onnma
xoin nnoconiy nnne iennno y oroenoi ynxnnin nncnnnnnne reopnie
casnana, na mory iom camo na xomenrapnmy ycnone non xoinma ie nexa
nayxa nara n moryha, a na nena canpxnna n onm npernocranxn onora mro
ce y casnany casnaie ocrane neynnrno, ca unme n ce n cama Kpumura
:ucmoe v+a /1781;1787/, y nennnn nomepnna y nanenene oxnnpe
pecrpnnryiyhe reopnie casnana, a rnme ce n cne casnane xao enncremonornia
nsiennaunno iennno ca nayunnm casnanem. Baa raxohe nmarn na ymy xaxo
nn onaxnom mnmeny Kanr nnie nao rex mano nonona sa opmnpane: Po
cana ce npernocranano na ce cne name casnane mopa ynpanarn npema
npenmernma; ann, non onom npernocranxom nponanann cy cnn noxymain xoin
cy unnenn na ce o npenmernma ncnocnyie nemro nomohy noimona, unme n
ce name casnane npomnpnno. 3or rora nexa ce iennom npoa na nn y
nponemnma meransnxe nehemo oe ycnenarn axo npernocrannmo, na ce
npenmern mopaiy ynpanarn npema namem casnany a npnopn xoie o
npenmernma rpea na yrnpnn nemro npe nero nam onn yny narn.
33
Ty ie on
nsnoxno n na cyiexrnnnn ycnonn cnecrn nponsnone npenmere, n
npencraaiy saxonnrocrn y unranoi npnponn: Ocnonna nauena moryher
ncxycrna yienno cy naxne onhn saxonn npnpone, xoin ce a npnopn mory
cnosnarn...Ona npannna nax caunnanaiy n nornuxn cncrem, a na nnma
ocnonnn noimonn, xoin canpxanaiy yniere a npnopn sa cne cnnrernuxe n
nyxne cynone, caunnanaiy ynpano saro rpancnennenrannn cncrem. Ocnonna
nauena, xonauno, c nomohy xoinx ce cne noiane cyncymnpaiy non one

32
H. Kanr, Hpo)eeo+eua ;a cearv ovovhv +emadu;urv, 1783. /y Pnnie pacnpane, 3arpe, 1953.
(npen. B. 3oneenn), crp. 77/.
33
H. Kanr, Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, Frn., 1970, crp. 68.

48
noimone, caunnanaiy nanocnnierxy nsnonomxn, ri. npnponnn cncrem, xoin
nperxonn cnaxoi emnnpnicxoi cnosnain npnpone n xoin ie rex unnn moryhom,
na ce crora moxe nasnarn ynpano onhom n uncrom npnponnom snanomhy.
34

Hainnme saxononancrno npnpone mopa na nexn y nama camnma nnn y
namem pasymy, na npnpony npema nenoi onmroi saxonnrocrn moxemo na
rpaxnmo camo y ycnonnma moryhnocrn ncxycrna xoin nexe y namoi
uynnocrn n pasymy. Hpnpona ce raxo ocnnna na saxonnma xoie pasym casnaie
a priori /axo ce ne rnena na npnpony crnapn camnx no cen/, raxo mro ce
nomohy nera onpehyie iennncrno oiexara n ro npema ycnonnma xoin nexe y
neronoi nnacrnroi npnponn. Vnohenem nymenanne npnpone y nncxypsnnnocr
cranonnmra, noniamo pesynrar na ona xao npernocranxa sannnhe ym y
nosnare anrnnomnie. Konnxo ron nyoxo nponnpao, cmarpa Kanr, nam
pasym ne moxe na orxpnie ono cyncrannnianno camo, uax n non ycnonom na
my ce excrensnnno orxpnie unrana npnpona, iep cne ocmnmana nncxypsnnno
nnn nomohy noimona nnn nomohy npennxara xoinma ynex nenocraie
anconyrnn cyiexr. O moryhnocrn na rn noimonn nnn npennxarn yny
yuecrnyiyhn momenrn n xao raxnn na ornapaiy xopnsonr npema ynyrpamnnm
nenocrannma (xao pennmo y nnaronnuxoi nnianexrnnn), Kanr ne ronopn
nnmra. Hyr xoin yxasyie na npanne pasnoia Kanrone xpnrnuxe reopnie noiam
ror nainnmer nncrnyiyher nocrynnme perynarnnnom npnnnnnniennomhy,
saxrenaiyhn n nerony nposnpnocr y cmncny nnmer cmncna oanesnnana c
osnpom na cny nsnxanncrnunocr n nanery nomorernuxnx ycnona, oe
pehn penniy onpehenocrn nnacrnuno narnx npnsopa xoin n rpeann na
ocnnxaiy ono mro ie crnapno, ca nperensniom na ro yny n onncra raxne
narocrn. Taxna namernna nperensnia npocro npnrncxa npncyrnocr crnapn y
anannsama uynnnx nonaraxa xoin ypehyiy xapaxrep nponene crana n onnoca
marepniannnx cnna, ycmepanaiyhn ie na ce noxaxe y noxenom cnerny c
osnpom na cnoicrnenn reopnicxn anpnopnsam xoin onemoryhanaia noiane
crnapn y nnma cnoicrnenoi cnoonn (npnponnocrn), nnn perynnme onnoc no
xome ce one noianyiy xao npenmern necnoonnor reoperncana.
Cnaxaxo na Kanry nnie morno na yne nncxo cranonnmre xaxo ce
rpahennna namer ncxycrnenor cnera remen na mexannnn uynnnx ocera, uax
norne na ie on no noan na ce ycynn na ncnnrnnane, na nn yonmre n
nocroin ocer xao crnapna narocr y cnecrn, ca unme sanpano n nounne
xpnrnuxa nnoconia. Ppyrnm peunma, on onora mro cama cnecr

34
H. Kanr, Hpo)eeo+eua ;a cearv ovovhv +emadu;urv, 1783. /y Pnnie pacnpane, 3arpe, 1953.
(npen. B. 3oneenn), crp. /. Cnn cy namn cynonn nainpnie npocrn samienenn cynonn, xoin
npniene camo sa nac, ri. sa nam cyiexr, n camo nm naxnanno naiemo non onnoc, nanme npema
nexom oiexry...Taxo oiexrnnna npniennocr ncxycrnenor cyna ne snaun nnmra npyro nero
nyxny onhennry npniennocr (crp. 55)

49
npernocrana n sna xana noxnnana nemro xao naro, nenocpenno sanncn n y
xoioi mepn uynnn ocern xao rpaha ncxycrna mory na nperennyiy na naxene.
Baanocr namnx noimona, na maxap na ro n naxn iennno y onacrn nornxe,
ne moxe nonono nopo na ce pasymena na remey oroenor ncnxonomxor
pasymenana name cnecrn. 3a raxno sacrynane xoie ie Kanr nemoncrpnpao na
nsnonornin oxa n casnainoi ynxnnin nnna n ynnhana y Kpumuuu +ohu
cvhena, no ie ncxopax xa nonom nnococxom yremeeny rne ie Kanrona
rpancnennenranna penexcnia yponena y xnannnxonane nnepennnpannx
nnnona cnecrn, nyrem nnrennnonannocrn y xopenarnnnoi nnrennnonannoi
npenmernocrn, ornapaiyhn nyr xopnsonry npenosnanana came namepe xao
xapaxrepa nyxa nnn camnx moryhnocrn nnnona narocrn uynene crnapn no
cen. V rexeny npema neuemy n onnpahany noniaiy ce npencrane
npenmernocrn, ca unme ie camonenarnocrn nyme y ocrnapnnany onaxana
npahen nenyxrnnnn nnrnnrer nornuxor cyna n saxyunnana. Hyrem yma xao
noernuxe xoncrenannie xynna nnn naron nocraie nonn axr, a
npencranane casnanem, re onaxana y onmrem ymy ocraiy cauynana xao
npencrane (n cnnxe noiana n one samnmene yopasnom), omoryhanaiyhn
nexornuna cehana (mneme, memopniy), xao n xornmnuna (anamnesy,
npncehane), nonesyiyhn raxo ymnocr ca namnm snannma o nnacrnrnm
crnapnma. Pasmarpanem nosnnnie rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn crnap
ie ynanpehena n npahena nnxe camom Kanry, xana ce on neronnx
cnenennxa xacnnie pasnniana reopnia casnana npeopnyna y
enomenonorniy casnana, a cama nnoconia y enomenonorniy xoia ie
xoncrnrynniy cnaxor oiexrnnnor naxena yremennana y nnrennnonannnm
yunnnnma cnecrn.
Kanrona rpancnennenranna nnoconia nnie npexpernnna camo no
nexom Xycepnonom npnnarnom mneny, neh ie naunn na xoin ie on nocranao
nnrana oanesyiyhn sa norone nnocoe iep ie y xpnrnuxom naunny
carnenanana crnapn y raxnom mnmeny npncyran n enomenonomxn opar
xoin ie nreparnnno cnponeo nmneryc crape xenencxe mncnn. Ha naunn
cnoicrnen nemy, Xycepn ie ono npnmerno ncrnuyhn ro mro ie cnercxo-
nonecno snauaino n oanesyiyhe: Honasehn on one enomenonomxe
nnoconie, ys ienno xpnrnuxo xopnmhene npennocrn Kanrone nnoconie,
moxe ce ynnnern na ie y nenoi rpancnennenrannoi cyiexrnnnocrn (xoiy
naxon yremeena n noimonnor nxcnpana rpea ocnopnrn) y xnnoi
nnrynnnin yrnenano ynpano ono mro cama enomenonornia cnoiom meronom
cxnara y anonnxrnuxoi ennnennnin, y iennom noi cnoicrnenom nnpexrnom
naunny ncxycrna, y iennoi noi cnoicrnenoi meronnnn nnnnpexrne

50
xonnennnie, n y cnemy anonnxrnuxn.
35
Hononexonno yncrno yrnannom ie
narn ncxycrnenn cner npnxnarano xao narn, a uonexa xoin casnaie xao neo
ror cnera, xaxo ce on y nemy nasna sarnue. Ono mro ie xon Kanra nonecno
npyraunie n npe nera nnxaxo nnn nenonono remarnsonano, nmenyie ce n
uynennm xonepnnxancxnm oprom, no xome ce nocrana nponem
ncrpaxnnana anpnopnnx ycnona moryhnocrn sa casnana xoinma ce nocnena
no saxonnror ynepena o nocroiany peannor cnera n ycnonnma neronor
pacneranana. Cner ie, a ro ie cnaxaxo nncxo Kanronom orpannuanany
naxena oiexrnnnocrn na noiane, nnrensnnnrer nnrepnperarnnne marpnne
nnrennnonannnx yunnaxa came cnecrn, ann ne y uncroi nperensnin
nmanennnie cranona na ncrnnnrocr, xoin cy onuno ryene xpos
nponemarnxy nponenypannnx nnrana (nporoxon cranona) npen
orpomnomhy necnyhene raine xoia ce ornapa ns onaxo carnenanor yrna.
Vnpano y Hpo)eeo+eua...( 32), Kanr ie npexo pasmarpana xnannrera ynonno
crnap no cen, xoia nan npocrpa n npemena annnpa nama uyna xao neo
namer rena y npocropy n npemeny. Tnme ce nserana cnaxa cnyuainocr. Taxo
monannrer nporoxonapnnx cranona npernocrana rnphene xoie he o
nyxnocrn ronopnrn ns xopnsonra ienne reopnie, c unme ie cnyuaino ono mro
ce nanasn nan re reopnie n ro c osnpom na ny. Hporesane ycnona
cnyuainocrn na cne, namno n cnoie rpannne y rome mro ro ne n nno
cnyuaino sa nexy npyry reopniy, nnn nax c osnpom na nosnare n no cana
ncrpaxene n nome noxpnnene reopnie. To ne moxe na yne nn nsysehe xoie
n nornphnnano npannno, iep n ce pannno o yxoi cnennnxannin n
peoprannsannin reopnie xoia ne n morna na ce nonene y cxnan es samene ca
nornyno nonnm npannnom xoin n nocrynncana raxna npomena. Crnap no
cen ry ce npnnomnma xao pesynrar saxyunnana o ycnony moryhnocrn
penarnnne nesanncnocrn iennor nena npenmera namer ncxycrna xao
cnoamner.
C rpancnennenranne rauxe rnennmra nonono ie na mn nexe name
npencrane rpernpamo xao npenmere iennor ncxycrna pasnnunror on iennor
npyror ncxycrna, ri. cnoamner sa pasnnxy on ynyrpamner, na n n
opmanno cxnarnnn neycnonenn ocnon re nesanncnocrn. Taxo ce opmnpa
napanena sa rpancnennenranne nemoryhnocrn /iep, ersncrennnia nnie
peanan npennxar/ n ymcxe nyxnocrn, xoia crnap no cen nexaxo mopa na
mncnn xao nocroiehy. Hpnnyna nonasn ynpano ns opme onaxana xoia ony
nyxnocr nensocranno saxrena, na n xpos opmnpane uncrore onaxana

35
E. Husserl, Die Krisis der europischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phnomenologie:
Eine Einleitung in die phnomenologische Philosophie, Den Haag, 1954. s. 431 (Xusserliana Bd.
VI, Beilage X)


51
morna na ie pacnernn xao nexy noimonny cnnresy enomena. Vronnxo ie
npaxrnuxo npxane npernocranxa sa cmncnenocr ronopa o naruynnom ocnony,
xao npaxrnuxn crnapnoi n reopnicxn sa ym nyxnoi crnapn.
Haxon nyror nepnona narypnnococxnx nacroiana y xoinma ie
npnpona nocmarpana xao nexn cnoamnn cner oiexara cpehnnan npema
onaxnnm nnn onaxnnm xniepapxnicxnm npannnnma, re nomnannie
excnepnmenranne emnnpnicxe nayxe, xoia ie noiane npnpone camepanana
cnoinm maremarnuxnm monennma ns mexannuxnx necxpnnnnia emnnpnicxn
nnnnnor, n pesynrare rnx camepanana y cnoioi nannnocrn noncronehnnana
ca nnranem o nnxonoi ncrnnn, Kanr ie xpenyo on ncrpaxnnana nsnuxnx
cnna mro xao ysponn nsasnnaiy nocnennne y npnponn, annnpaiyhn uynne
oprane cyiexra xoin casnaie. V onnocy na npnponan naunn mnmena on ie
saxrenao ncxopax n crynane na rno meroncxe cymne, xoiom ce ynasn y
xapaxrep rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn, mro nerony nnoconiy
ysnnxe nncoxo y oxnnpnma reneonomxor roxa nonecrn nnoconie.
Meransnuxn cran nnn nneannsam y mnpem cmncny, onai rpancnennenrannn,
nonpasymenao ie sa Kanra excnnnxanniy rymauena cyiexrnnnrera cnecrn
xao mecro nopexna n ynnnpana cnnx oiexrnnnnx naxena nncrnonana,
ycnen uera ie caunnanana rpancnennenranna nenyxnnia n nsnohen
cxemarnsam xareropnia, na n ce nsnamao npenas ca noimonnocrn xareropnia
na onaxane, a y xom onnuiy ce iennno n mory noiannrn ocern, a na ne
mopaiy camnm rnm na yny nnrennnie.
Ono snauene Kanronor sncxor nanpenonana casnana xoie ce
ncnynana y yremennany, nornprao ie xao snauainy sa nonecno sacnnnane
enomenonomxor crana Enmynn Xycepn, re ncraxao rsn. nneanny cepy
naxena npenmernocrn sa omoryhanane nayunor xapaxrepa namnx casnana:
n y onacrn emnnpnicxor mnmena, y cepn neponarnohe, mopaiy nrn
narn nneannn enemenrn n saxonn y xoinma ce remen moryhnocr emnnpnicxe
nayxe yonmre.
36
V rom ce cmncny xon Kanra oceha n nsnecna nenarona on
penarnnnsyiyher narypannsma xoin nonpasymena nayuna peanna
npennxannia, na ie crnnnno nanymrane nosnrnnno-nayune
pannonannocrn younno n y noiauanoi ecrernsannin enomena, xao n
pennmo y norpen sa ycxnahnnanem ca mexuuro+ npupooe (rne nn ce camo
ncxycrno npnpone nponynnano cnecnnm onaxannma), mro n morno na ce
rymaun n xao norpea sa npounmhananem cnecrn on xoncrpyxnnia xoie ie
nononexonna nayuna cnecr noxymana na npomonnme xao ncrnncxn cner cne
no oryxnocrn crepeornna. Meransnuxe nouerne ocnone npnponne nayxe

36
Edmund Husserl, Logische Untersuchungen, I (Prolegomena zur reinen Logik), Halle, 1913., s.
24.

52
xon nera neh saxrenaiy enomenonomxn xapaxrep ounronana y nocrnsany
naxena, a rexnnxe ymnocrn xoie nonpasymena cncremarnxa xpnrnxe uncror
yma onnoce ce npe cnera na npyraunin npncryn camom noimy npnpone.
To, xaxna ie nnoconia iennom nna y craporpuxom nepnony
nonecrn, enoxanno ce nsmennno iep cy ce nexaxo pasnoa cnera pasnecnna n
nsmaxna ioi rno sa nsnopnocr raxne npcre xoncrnrynnie. Hpnpona re
npernocranxe pasnemanana enomen ie xoin sannpe nyoxo y xapaxrep
npemena n nncrnonana, sa xoin ie Xycepn namao sa cxonno na yxaxe na
xpnsy enponcxor yncrna, a Xainerep na npeneperanane onor mro iecre n
meransnuxo saxpnnane nncrnonana, xao yxynan xopnsonr saopanana
ncxona. Hecannannna naprnxynapnocr snana n iecre ona ncnenxanocr xoia
yxasyie na nenononocr sanonoena y rnm naprnxynapnnm nanpennma n
pasnoinma, xoin ce noxasyiy y onnananany oxpyxyiyhom npnponom,
nacranaiyhn ce na nnanannny ynn iennnx nan npyrnma.
37

Kaxo ce crnopno yrncax na ie nnoconia orpannuena na
yremennane n onpannanane ncxycrnennx nayxa n nnxonnx nononexonno
cxnahennx maremarnuxnx ocnona, xpnrnuxa maca ocpenne nanapennx
yuecnnxa y xynrypnom n npymrnenom xnnory, norpynnna ce na cna
pasnnxonana xoia nonpasymenaiy camocranny nyxonny cnny n Foxnie
npncycrno y pasmarpannma, onryxe sa sanepennuxy anrasmaropnunocr, na
ie nnoconia ycmepena na yxyunnane y rexnnuxn noron sa nponsnonny n
nonynnpane mera-ncropnicxnx nneonomxnx npoiexara, nnn ie xao nexa npcra
cnymxnne nayxe nouena na ce rpernpa xao nonono pecrpnnronana cepa
npana na pasmarpane non nmenom reopnia casnana. Tnme ce

37
Taxno npemohanane xao nexa potestas causa sui, mohna camocnpxa /nancnercxa
camopenexcnnna ayronomnia iacrna/, rexn sa esrpannunnm npomnpnnanem nocrmonepno
cxnahenor rpancepsannor yma (pennmo y npomnmannma Bonranra Benma), yrpoxanaiyhn
n cam cmncao nocroiancrna xnnena n cnoone xao raxne: Pexpern iennncrna cy necnoinnn ca
nnnamnxom monepne...3anarax monepne nnie y rome na ce nacynpor pannonannocrn xoia ie
nocrana mnomrno, iom iennom nponnme nnn oann nmnnanrannia yma xao xnacnune nncranne
iennncrna, neh na ce on mncnn npyraunie: ns opme xoia ie ns ocnona y cxnany c raxnnm
mnomrnom...On ce nnme ne onpehyie xao uapono cpencrno sa yxnanane mnomrna. Ann, y
onnocy na noiennnaune nponeme ror mnomrna moxe nenonarn xao repaneyrcxo cpencrno.
/Bonranr Benm, Haua nocm+ooepua +ooepua, Cp. Kapnonnn, Honn Can, 2000, crp. 277/ Axo ie
npempexanane n ympexanane casnana rex ynxnnia repaneyrnxe, onna n sancra rpeano
npenopyuenn rpancepsannn ym nocrmonepne nnnern n xao ynxnnonanny cnmynanniy
npenmernocrn, xoia ce xao anconyrna camopenexcnnnocr ecrernsyie, ynyhn na ie nanycrnna
rpancnennenranny cyiexrnnnocr iennncrna anepnennnie y npanny oesehnnana npocropa sa
iesnuxe n onaxaine nrpe cnmynannia n cnmynaxpyma. Hpenopyxa xoia ce onnocn na nerone
mehycexeropcxe cynpapannonanne ynxnnie caunnanana xonrponncannx nponasa n
cncremarcxnx npemomhanana nonohenem y nesy n pasnoinnm nnnniama onanno esnanexno
pasnnoiennx nonpyuia, cnaxaxo na ie xao Kanrono nacnehe nemro mro rpea ynaxnrn n
npnxnarnrn xao nsyserno canpxainy n merononomxn ncnpanny npry nerone crynnie.

53
xonnenrpncana moh y xpnny nenrapa pasnoia monepne nayxe
38
xoia ie nouena
na onnxyie ianno mnene, yrnuyhn na naunn xnnora cnaxor noiennnna, re
ycnocrannna nnanannny rexnnxe xoia ie noxasana cnoiy mannnynarnnny moh
no re mepe /unrana nnnycrpnia y nanern parnnx pexnnsnra, on nonomxor no
aromcxor opyxia n caopasnnx yehnnauxnx mennia, nnmra mane y norneny
nporypana nnopmannia nannnnma xao yoinrnx cpencrana
nonnnamhnnana/, na ce unnn xaxo cy meransnuxe npernocranxe n
pennrnicxa yuena (napon es meransnxe xao xpam es cnernne, npasan
xpam), nynnne nanexo oe ynopnmre ypeheny yncxor npymrna on
xonnenrpannie mohn y monepnoi naynn n nenoi nomnnanrnoi npnmenenoi
napnianrn rexnnnn. Taxo ce ns acnexra craporpuxe nnoconie ono mro cy
rsn. ncxycrnene nayxe npenosnaie xao oanemrenocr, ncropnia /ynosnarocr

38
Hocrano ie ounrnenno na nnoconia ne moxe na ce nomnpn ca cranonnmrem ncxycrna unie ie
nanpenonane nenonpmnno, na nae pasnaxe n nanmamyie cnaxy ocnoieny ncrnny. V npenanany
onpxanom nononnnom 1953. ronnne, a xoie ie ymno non nacnonom Hayxa n pasmnmane y
xnnry Maprnna Xainerepa Votrge und Aufstze, on ne camo na ie y xpnsn ocnona canpxaia
nayxa xoinma ie mepnnocr crnapnocrn n pauynane c npenmernomhy xao neno oesehnnane,
noneo npen cyouanane ca remennm nspasom nemohn c osnpom na pacxpnnane nncrnonana,
nero ie n camo cmepane xa onnynn o nocranany npenmernocrn yonmre noneo y nnrane
yremeenocrn raxnor camopasymnnor ayromenrannrera: V monepnoi enoxn, mehyrnm, ro mro
ie, ncnocranaiyhn cee xao npncyrno, noxasyie ce raxo na ono cnoie npncycrnonane ycrayie y
npenmernocrn. Tom npenmernom nnanany npncycrnonana onronapa nayxa yronnxo mro ca cnoie
crpane, xao reopnia, nsasnna ono-crnapno, rexehn napounro neronoi npenmernocrn. Hayxa
`npnremnyie` ono-crnapno. Ona ra naronn na ce cnaxn nyr npnxaxe xao rxane, ro iecr y
npernennnm nnsonnma narnx yspoxa. Taxo ono-crnopeno, y cnoinm nnsonnma, nocraie nparnno
n npernenno. Ono-crnapno oesehyie ce y neronoi npenmernocrn. Onarne nponcrnuy onacrn
npenmera, onacrn xoie nayuno opahnnane moxe na cnoi naunn na cnenn. Cnennnauxo
npencranane, xoie cne-crnapno oesehyie y neronoi nparnnoi npenmernocrn, iecre ocnonna
npra npencranana nocpencrnom xora monepna nayxa onronapa crnapnom. Ann pan xoin pemana
cne n xoin y cnaxoi naynn npmn npencranane iecre cana ona opana crnapnor xoia na
yonmrenn nahnn ro-crnapno npe cnera, n napounro, ynonn y npenmernocr, unme ce cne-crnapno
ynanpen rpancopmnme y pasnonpcnocr npenmera sa cnennnauxo oesehnnane.
Pa ce ono mro ie npncyrno na npnmep, npnpona, uonex, nonecr, iesnx ncnocrana xao
ono-crnapno y cnoio npenmernocrn, na y ncro npeme nayxa nocraie reopnie xoia cnenn ono-
crnapno n oesehyie ra y onom-npenmernom raxno crane crnapn nno n ncro raxo uynno
cpennonexonnom uonexy xao mro n ono mopano na yne sananyiyhe sa rpuxo mnmene.
3aro monepna nayxa cxnahena xao reopnia crnapnor nnie nemro mro ce pasyme camo on
cee. Ona nnie nyxo uonexono neno, nnrn ie ona crnapnnm nsnyhena. Hanpornn, cymrnna nayxe
nocpencrnom npncycrnonana onor mro ie npncycrno nocraie norpena y rpenyrxy xan ce
npncycrnonane ycnocrann y npenmernocrn crnapnora. Tai rpenyrax, xao n cnaxn rpenyrax re
npcre, ocraie raiancrnen. He nonase nenpnmerno camo nainehe mncnn nenpnmerno nacryna, npe
cnera n nsnan cnera, npomena y npncycrnonany cnera mro ie npncyrno.M. Xainerep,
Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, Beoepao, 1999., npen. F. 3en, crp. 41-41



54
ca crnapnma/, na n ro onn pasymenn xao snane na ocnony xoier ce
nponsnonn, cnpana, roronn y cmncny techne xao poietike episteme, npepahyie
y ienan mera-onnxonann rexnnuxn noron. Iorono na cne nana non
ayromarnsam, nexo cnoamne n oryheno nsnpmanane n, ma xonnxo na cmo
cnecnn na ie snoynorpea, ona nocraie ienna yxnonnna camopasymnnocr
(pacryhn ayromarnsam oprannsonana parnnx yniana, on maconnnx noxoa
xonnennnonannnm opyxiem no ynorpee aromcxnx omn ca pasnnunrnm
crenennma cnpnmamrna ypanniyma y oienoi rnann, renercxn nnxenepnnr no
xnonnpana ynn n xnnornna, nnacr npoxpara n rexnoxpara no ynene
ycnonnma xnnora n npncnne na nsnpmena xoia nnnuyiy neyxnonnne nornene
n onnyxe no yxnnana cnoone canecrn). Taxan npncryn xopnmheny
pasnniennx opmn nnopmarnnnnx pecypca xoin cy naranoxenn npoiexrom
rexnnuxor npemohanana monepne npnpononayune rnnonornie cnecrn,
xopnmhenem monena anpnopnsma nomnnannie, sanpano ie neh rexnuxnm
mohnma nmnpernnpan nnn mro ce noe rnue oesyhen cner, xoin nnme ne
npxn no nsnopnor cmncna npnpone n cnera mro iecre n nna. V cnery xoin
nounna na samncnn mexannsma nomorernxe npnponnnx saxona rne ce rexnnxa
iana xao cnna nomnnannie, xao na ie xnnor ornmao y anonnmnocr, a
yncxn nnmn norennniann xao na cy rypnyrn y crpany n sancra nrnopncann
carypnannicxom marepnianncrnuxom camoxnnomhy. Kaxo ie no rora
nonasnno n xaxo ie yonmre moryhe na raxan cmep rexnn saysme rnannnny
cnara xoie cy nosnane na onnyue o cmepy onnxonana npernocranxn
npymrnenocrn n ypehyiyher xperana yncxnx cnara, nn naimane nnie
camopasymnno xao mro moxe na ce yunnn ns ocehaia onune yxnonnnocrn y
rai n raxan noron xao ro n raxno nacroiane.
Ono remxo nnrane nonono nac npaha xaxo na nononexonne
npernocranxe xoncrnrynnie monepnor rpancnennenrannor cyiexrnnnrera na
ocnony nsnecnocrn onor ia xoie xornrarnnno onpannana n oesehyie
xperane npema anconyrnoi penexcnnnocrn, ynnnpanem casnana y
nenocpennoi camonsnesnocrn mnmena xoie ce penyxonano na nyxy rnpnny
o npncyrnocrn npencrane yonmre, ncxyuyiyhn cymrnncxy oconny
mnmena xao mro ie nerono iennncrno, cnpcncxonnocr nara xpos
nnenrnrer, pasnnxy, neo, nennny, penannie nr.n. xao npenosnarnnocr
ypehenocrn nha xoia ie mnmeny nara na ce xa noi ynpana, oyxnaraiyhn
nmnnnnnrne einercxe n nnrennrnnnne ycnone, xoin n unne
npenosnarnnnm nncrnyiyhe xao ono mro iecre. Hena cnoone xoia ce
ornopnna ns raxnor camocnecnor saxrena nonpasymenana ie n nponeme xoie
ie ona y cen cxpnneno nocnna, a xoiy mn nanamnn nonono npencnnryiemo
cymnom y necymnnno, xao mro ie nanpenax xynrype y rom onnxy cnoone,
a ro nonpasymena n nsnecny iennocrpanocr xoia ie nanena mrery npe cnera

55
camoi nnoconin. Pa nn ie nemnnonno npnxnarane excrpemne
pannxannsannie ncropnie xoia ie nyxna nocnennna merononomxor
ocnrypanana nenonana camocnecrn na xonnryparnnnnm ocnonama
nononexonnor casnainor cyiexra, xoin camy npnpony ysnma xao npenenanrny
peannocr cnoamner cnera n camnm rnm xao nemro mro cacnnm naxo moxe
na ce nspyun mannnynarnnnnm xapaxrepncrnxama xonopmnnx yxnanana
rpannna camocranne peannocrn nha xoie sarnuemo?
39
Crnap naa nonono
nparnrn ca nncrpyxnnia nnnaxrnuxe nosnnnie na ro, na npenmer ronopa
onprana npnponne rpannne, iep ro npyxa iacnniy moryhnocr cxnarana, nyrem
xperana mehy nennnnniama n resama xoie ce nonone y ynyrpamne
iennncrno. Hcro raxo, nocmarpane npnpone no ananornin ca ymernomhy
nynn npyrauniy rnnonorniy nonmana, rne ce ornapa nenpncrynauna
nnmensnia cneronana cnera. V iennncrny crnapnocrn npeme ce ne saycrana
n npenecenn yrncax recra nnxa xao onaxene opme, nanexo ie mane
ycnonen on nayunor nnxa y xome npeme nsnenana npexnna cnoi rox.
Vocranom, ono nonymra na ce naspe n nocroiane uernpre nnmensnie xao
peanne opme nocroiana, nonehn nac nenonnrninm onaxannma non
npyrauninm cnnresama pasnopanancxnx yrnona rnenana a realia ad realiora.



39
Vmernnx ie technites ne saro mro ie on n sanarnnia, neh saro mro ce xaxo ca-cranane nena
raxo n cacranane rnopennne nemanaiy y onom npo-ns-noheny xoie nymra nncrnyiyhe na ce
noiann n na yne npncyrno noniaiyhn nsrnen. Ann cne ce ro nemana ycpen nncrnyiyher xoie
cnonrano nspacra ycpen physis-a. (M. Heidegger, Holzwege, npen. crp. 42) Hononexonnnm
nayxama xao nenrpnma mohn sanarcxn onenanaiyher rexnonomxor nporpama nopoanana
npnpone, uonex ce yxyuyie y nocyiexrnnncany meransnxy noe sa mohn xoia ce pasnnia xpos
cexrope excnnoarannia n camonorone, xao nae neynnrne ycranone camoonnocne penexcnie
nncrnonana. Taxo snane ne camo na ce onnaia on npenmera xao camonsnecnn anconyr xon
Xerena, unme ce ann crynnia "Xeee)oe noia+ ucrvcmea" - "cxynane camonoiannnana y
noiannnane ns cniana anconyra - nensronopena cymrnna noe" (ma+o, crp. 158), neh ce y
Hnueonoi nniarnosn "Boe ie +pmae" noxasyie n xao sanpmnn cranniym n nonpmene meransnxe
cyiexrnnnrera. V rom cxnony nenocraiana ncxona, nacrannno ce "uooa c)ure ceema", xana ie
xapresniancxn npopauyn ersncrennnie na uniem ce rpary cner ocnaia nnn saysnma n npxn y
nnacrn, xao rnopennna npencranauxe nponyxnnie, y nennm nnrepnperarnnnnm nanennniama
nnn cnnxama. Cyiexar, ono nonnexehe xoie ce nonpenmehyiyhn y npencranaiyhem
nocranany ycnocrana xao cyiexar sa camor cee, nnn, xaxo ce on iom n meraopnuno
nspaxana, "For ymnpe" /cnaxaxo, nenocraie nopyxa (snax, mnr) na on no Orxpnneny n nacxpcana/
- y cne ro nehoi, no neynnrnor norona pasnnianoi nnacrnroi camonsonannin uonexa. Mncnn cnoi
nanor noniaiy ns cnernocne cepe ncrnne n nnxono oxperane roi cepn nanexo ie snauainnie
on nponene xaxan ie nparmarnuan eexar nsasnan no penexcnnny ero-nosnnniy, nen sarnopenn
connncncrnuxn craryc n nparmarnuny rsn. nayuny ynorpey, xoia nn nema nnme norpey na ns
raxne sarnopenocrn rpara sa nsnasom.


56
Ha rai naunn ie cacnnm npnxnarnna resa na ie Kanrono anene
mexannxom npnpone nmano xapaxrep nye npnnpema sa pasmarpna nsnxo-
reneonomxe cnpxe, na n n ce na rai naunn oe youno cam noiam cnpxe n
noxasao y nnxem cnerny. Inenano ynasan, ro ie ynexonnxo younno neh n y
npnom neronom oianenom pany ns rsn. npenxnpnrnuxor nepnona - Muc)u o
npaeo+ npouenueanv rueux cu)a u npocvhvivhux oora;a, onnx xoinma cy ce
rocnonnn on Hainnn n npyrn mexannuapn nocnyxnnn y rom cyxoy, nopen
iennncrnennx nperxonnnx pasmarpana, xoia yonmre sarnuy cnny rena
(Kennrcepr, 1746). Hpnpona noima cnne y rom Kanronom npnenny
pasmarpana ie c osnpom na nene mexannuxn xoncrpyncane saxonnrocrn, ann
n xao nnococxn /onronomxn nara/ ocmnmena noiana. Taxo ie on xpenyo
on meransnuxn yremennanor noima cnne, iep ie ro no nyr sacnnnana
nneie o moryhnocrn nsnuxnx cnna, xoie ce y mexannsmy npnpone nonpehyiy
non npannna xoia rpynnmy cnyuainocrn, a ca unme nonymraiy na ce cama
npnpona nnnn n xao onrnuxa xonrnrennnia nerna anrnuxn iennncrnene
cncremarcxe nennne. 3or rora ie y roi pacnpann Kanr onmax na nouerxy
narnacno na ie rnme n Hainnny nncxa ramna enrenexnia Apncrorenona,
nnhena xao raina nenonana rena /ma+o, 1/, nanme xao pyxononnn noiam
penenanran sa pacnpany. Hpenasehn on Kapresnienor mexannuxn crarnunor n
maremarnuxn nspauynaror noima cnne xao nponopnnonannocrn npema
xonnunnn xperana /xoia ie cxnahena xao cnoa npnnonara mamnncxom
ycrpoicrny cnera, es nennncana nennunna y xnanrnrarnnnnm mexannuxnm
saxonnrocrnma/, a ncro raxo n on Hainnnoncxor noneher noima xnne cnne
xao enrenexnie, ri. remenor nnococxor noima nsnxe nahenor npema
reneonomxom ycrpoicrny, sa xoin ie nynnnno npnmerno - est aliquid praeter
extensionem imo extensione prius.
40
Kanr ie Hainnny nyxan n sa cam nasnn

40
Kants Werke, Akademie Textausgabe I, Vorkritische Schriften 1746-1756, Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter & Co, 1968., Gedanken von der wahren Schtzung der lebendingen Krfte und
Beurteilung der Beweise derer sich Herr von Leibniz und andere mechaniker bedient haben, nebst
einigen vorhergehenden Betractungen, welche die Kraft der Krper berhaupt betreffen, 1747, S.
18. /Muc)u o npaeo+ npouenueanv rueux cu)a u npocvhvivhux oora;a, onnx xoinma cy ce
rocnonnn on Hainnn n npyrn mexannuapn nocnyxnnn y rom cyxoy, nopen iennncrnennx
nperxonnnx pasmarpana, xoia yonmre sarnuy cnny rena (Kennrcepr, 1747, crp.18)/. Pnnamnuxa
cymrnna mexannxe npocropa nare arpaxrnnnnm n penynsnnnnm cnnama xao oconnom nonmana
marepnie ynexonnxo cnnun na nnaroncxn rpehn pon nha nnn nouexnnaunny /-
sanpemnunocr npocropa/, uera ie Kanr n xacnie ienna no cnecran, ynyhn na ie
nnrenernnnnocr nnn noonornsam Hnarona cmarpao xonrpanosnnniom censyannsma Ennxypa n
Pemoxpnra nnn penarnnno npocrom onpexom, xoiom ce nnie uax nn ys Hainnnone nynnnne
xomenrape nnme anno. Mehyrnm, na nyry nsrpanne npanor nonmana cnpxe n npnponn, xoin
nsnia na uncrnny y Kpumuuu +ohu cvhena, naa onmax nanomenyrn na crnap croin npyraunie.
Kanrona yehena ncnoena cy y pnrxocrn mncnn (xoia nonceha na ony xoiy nncy es pasnora
rnrynncann doctorem subtili), xoia ce ornena y rome na ie on npennsno youno nenocrarxe y

57
vis viva, xoin ie on npomonncao y cnoioi pacnpann Specimen Dynamicum,
Pro admirandis Naturae legibus circa Corporum vires, & mutuas actiones
detegendis, & ad suas causas revocandis, 1695., xao xnnernuxy eneprniy
maremarnuxn opmynncany y mv
2
, xoia no ynyrpamnem npxany sanpema
yienno npencrane n noimone xao status repraesentativus universi n npencrana
cam cner /Kants Werke.. crp. 29-31/. Hainnn y Hoxasnnany nnnamnxe ry
xaxe sa xnny cnny na nnoconin nehe manxarn neno nnocrpyxo nnhene, a
na he nayxe na ynanpenn: Duplex autem est vis Activa (quam cum nonnullis
non male Virtutem appelles) nempe aut primitiva, quae in omni substantia
corporea per se inest, (cum corpus omnomode quiscens a rerum natura
abhorrere arbitrer) aut derivativa, quae primitivae velut limitatione, per
corporum inter se conflictus resultans, varie exercetur. Et primitiva quidem
(quae nihil aliud est, quam rv:rr;rio n o:n) animae vel formae
substantiali respondet Armueua ruea cu)a ie xon Hainnna nnhena n xao

crpyxrypannin cnpxa npnponocnona n nsnuxe reonornie, re npennsno nasnauno xaxo nncy cne
nsnuxe cnpxe npennnhene sa ro na yxasyiy na nexn nenoxyunnn pasym y yspoxy cnera, ycnen
nenononocrn nnn nnma cnoicrnennx orpannuenocrn (uax nx ie nehnna rex na nocnyxe nexom
nponsnono onapanom nsnoheny n nonreopnicxom xopnmheny). Berona nopacnocr na ce nocn
ca rom xomnnnxonanom nponemarnxom ounrnenna ie y mnnynnosnoi penexcnin, xoia ce ornena
y iacnom npnmehnnany na reopnicxo sacraiane xon nocnenne cnpxe xoiy moxemo na samncnnmo,
camo ornapa nnrane xnnornor acnexra enomena npnpone xome mexannuxe saxonnrocrn
xocmonornie xao anonnxrnuxn onpenena xomnonenra, nnme nncy nenpemocrnne npenpexe -
uemy ie ry ra nenoxynna npnpona, n mra npencrana xpainy cnpxy raxo nennxe n raxo
pasnonnxe eeumuue (crnapanauxor ymeha, ymernocrn)? (K.m.c., crp.361). unsnxo-reneonomxo
sacnnnane reopnie cnera xoie xasyie o camocrannom ynpyxnnany canpmencrana y iennom yspoxy
nnie nn onpannan nn noxasan noiam, neh onai xoin ie ycnoien pann oe ynorpee yma (iep ym
npencrana nnuny npennocr xoiom on n neron xnnor mory npencranarn xpainy cnpxy).
Hs yrna rnenana Kpumure +ohu cvhena nsnxo-reneonomxn noxas nma ynory na nymennocr y
nocmarpany cnera ynyrn na nyr cnpxa, a rnme na pa;v+uoe crnopnrea cnera, ann y
nperepanoi rexnn sa casnanem, xao noxas o npanhy ne camo na nnie nonoan, iep ce ne ann
nainnmnm crenenom ror pasyma, nero nnie nn onronomxn onpannan y pannonannoi reonornin
xoia cnoinm sarnapanem y ayropnrer camononone pasnoxnocrn npexo noi norpenor rapanra
saxnor camonononor ayropnrera, ne nonymra noiam o Fory xao nepasnnoian on oanese npema
Beronom nhy, n rnme xaysannrer casnana namnx nyxnocrn xao Foxninx sanonecrn npnxasyie
xao nemro naxnanno nnn nax xao nsnyheno norunnanane (yocranom, cacnnm ncnpanno rnpnn
Kanr, na n ro es nosaimnnana ns mopanne reneonornie, nno sacnnnane nemononornie). To
nnie neonxonno y penenannonoi reonornin xoia npernocrana nonmane nenoxynnocrn cnnx
Foxninx canpmencrana, rne cy noimonn cnesnaiyher, cnenopor, cnenpanennor, cnemohnor,
cnenpncyrnor nha nrn., raxnn na nsasnnaiy nainnme crpaxonomronane n nparonony
npnnpxenocr. (Onmra nanomena o reneonornin, npen., Frn., 1991., crp. 362-367). Ca onnm ie
ornana moryhnocr sacnnnana nsnxe onpenom xaysannrera nexor penannonom nsnunomhy
onpehenor npnor noxperaua, ynyhn na mexannuxn saxonn xperana noiam raxnor yspoxa
ocranaiy nornyno npasnnm, cnenouehn o nocroiany nexor pasymnor ocnona xperana y cnery,
ann ro sa Kanra nn xao Byrnon sensorium Dei nnie oconna ns came npnpone, xoia n ce es
ananornie c ymernomhy, na rai naunn nana casnarn.

58
moh xynne, npnnna nnn cnara nnunocrn, xoia ce iana xao npu+umueua
(npeooumua) cu)a y nymennoi opmn cyncrannnie n rnme nna nasnana n
npea eume)exuia, a younna ie xao u;eeoeua cu)a ns nnnamnuxnx
saxonnrocrn, on xoinx sannce xonxperne axnnie n peaxnnie rena y noxannom
xperany. Ty naxn xonnennnia marepnie eneprercxn onpemene cpasmepno
nennunnn rena xoie nocn nacnnny cnny ornopa, mro ce cynpocrana
xperany, ri. snaun npnponny xoncranry cynpocranana npomenn (n xon
Byrna neaxrnnnocr nnn nnepnniy). Pexapr ie ncrpaianao na nennnnnin
cnne xao npenocy marepnie ns iennor y npyro cycencrno, ynorpeanaiyhn
nspas cnna sa nomnoxeny cnny n npehenn nyr (xacnnie nasnano nnpryennn
pan), a xonnunny xperana ysnmao ie sa cxanapny nennunny ne pauynaiyhn
na neno ouynane (xonsepnnpane) y cmepy xperana, nox ie Hainnn y Hoeoi
+emoou ;a +arcu+v+e u +uuu+v+e (Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis,
itemque tangentibus, quae nec fractas, nec irrationales quantitates moratur, &
singulare pro illis calculi genus)/1684/ n Aua)u;u ueoe+ueoe u
oecroua:uoe/1686/, ynonno xonsepnanniy xonnunne nporpeca nonnonehn
ie non npannna nnrerpana ca ynorpeom cnmona .
41
snaun cymy nnn

41
Ha ono Kanrono nnhene cnopa oxo Pexaprone npesenrannie noima nnnnie xoin pemana
nponem nprnoxnnm xperannma, cyueennm ca Hainnnonnm n Oineponnm pemenem o
ouynany eneprnie xon enacrnunnx rena npnnnxom cynapa, nanno ie yxasao Karl Rosenkranz,
Geschichte der Kant`schen Philosophie, (Leipzig, 1840), Berlin, 1987, Erster abschnitt: Die
heuristische Epoche 1746-70, s.110-111/ Ponyme, ro yxasnnane ie y nnnamnrery xnne cnne y
npnponn sa nera snaunno rex Kanrony cnonocr mncrnnnsmy xao mncaony nenonpmenocr ns
npexpnrnuxor nepnona, a ro cranonnmre ie y nonnie npeme cacnnm cynncno noxasao
neonpxnnnm upnnpnx Kaynax, yxasyiyhn na nnococxy sacnonanocr raxnor noima cnne xoia
cexe iom ns nynncxor yremeena y Apncrorenonoi reopnin npnpone. Cnna y npnponn xao
nena nnnamnuxa xomnonenra xoncrnryrnnna ie sa noiam cnoone, npyxaiyhn opnienranniy y
xperany: Den Namen `Kraft` spreche ich in seiner philosophischen Bedeutung an: Kraft in
philosophischer bedeutung ist das Vermgen derjenigen Bewegung, durch welche das Viele in Eins
zusammengefat wird. So ist die Kraft ursprnglich da am Weke, wo ein Gebilde als dieses eine, in
sich zusammenhngende hervorgebracht wird. Die Monade bettigt Kraft (der Per-zeption) und
existiert selbst nur durch das Wirken dieser Kraft. Diese Idee spricht im Dialog eine neue,
eindrucksvolle Sprache: hier kommt der Spung zur Geltung, den der Gedanke von der
Ausgedehntheit zum unausgedehnten Prinzip der Kontinuierung zu machen hat: dieser Sprung wird
in der Theorie der transcreation zum Ur-sprung der Bewegung. (Hme `cnna` y cnom nnococxom
snaueny nam xaxe: cnna y nnococxom snaueny ie omoryhanane nornunor xperana, nyrem
xoier ie nonesana mnomrno y ienno. Taxo na xana ie cnna nsnopno na neny, nonyr ienne
onnxonanocrn xao nexor iennor, y cen ra ie ncraxnyro nonesana. Opahena cnna monane (nep-
nennnia) n nnacrnro ie nocroiane xpos nenonane one cnne. Ona nneia nocrana y nnianory ienno
nono, nspasnro xasnnane: onne nonasn no cxoxa npennocrn, xana ce saysnma rnennmre
npomnpenor n nenpomnpenor nauena nenpexnnnocrn: onai cxox ie y reopnin rpancxpeannie no
npema npa-cxoxy /nsnopy/ xperana.) /Friedrich, Kaulbach, Der philosophischen Begriff der
Bewegung: Studien zu Aristoteles, Leibniz und Kant, Kln; Graz, 1965., S.50/ Konrnnynrer
nnnnnresnmannnx enemenara osnauanao ie sa Hainnna crnapny nesy mehy crnapnma, xoin ie y

59
yxynan snp xoin cnaxy xonauny xonnunny ysnma y cnoicrny nnrerpncanor
nnepennniana ri. nnrerpana, a nnrerpncanem ie omoryhena apnrmernsannia
xnanparype xpnnonnnnicxnx nrypa. V naueny, cmarpa Hainnn, cnaxy
xonnunny moxemo na nocmarpamo xao cymy nnepennniana, orxyn n
xpnnonnnnicxa nrypa moxe na yne cxnahena xao rpannna npanonnnnicxe,
raxo mro opaha naxny na nponopnnie nnn cpasmepe. unrypannia nrypa ie
raxo crnap npernocranxe onaxne ce ornapa cmncao nornena na nen cmemrai,
ri. na npocropnocr npocropa xoin xao xenneponcxo nacnehe naro xao
nononnaronnuxn nmnync nnhena nnnnie xao nnrennrnnnnor nyxca rauxe
rnennmra, xoia morpnnauxn cnaia mnoronpcnocr y npnponn nennncany
cnopnnm saxonom nenpexnnnocrn, sa xoin ie Kaynax nsnamao na ra ie n
Hannn nasnnao Hannpnnrom cnoone, naicnoicrnenninm nsnopom noima
ecxonaunor. /ibid., S. 50/ Axo ce namepa ne cxnarn nnrennrnnnno, iep ie
sor ecxpaine nennocrn orpannuenor n neorpannuenor ecxpaia
ennnenrno ancrpaxonane on npenmerne mnoronpcnocrn na n ce on yunnno
cxnarnnnm, onna oiexrnnno cnenn na nasna mopa na my ce nonaie iom mano
ecxpaia, xaxo n ce y ancrpaxonany on excrensnia cyncrannniannn
xonrnnynrer sanonono (mro ie Kanr nornprao y nnceprannin De mundi
sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis, 1770., re xao npernocranxy
noxasao neonpxnnom y Kpumuuu :ucmoe v+a, 1781.,1787
2
). Beron npnmep ie
ysnmane mnponana n iennaxocrn xao rpannunnx cnyuaiena xperana, rne xpyr
xao mnoroyraonnx ca ecxonauno mnoro crpana, xoin y nocrenennm
npomenama n es cxoxa xoin n napymanao saxon xonrnnynrera, on
mnoroyraonnxa npenasn na xpyr; unnn npenas ca cnoicrana mnoroyraonnxa
na cnoicrna xpyra, oyxnaraiyhn y nnma canpxane pasnonnxocrn.
Konrnnynrer ie raxo samnmen nnax cacnnm onpannano xao ue)uua npe
oe)oea xoin cy camo norennniannn n oryn ie on npenmerna mnmennna,
nemro :ucmo uoea)uo (intelligibile). Mehyrnm, ro ne snaun ncronpemeno n
nemro cnpenno, sanemapnno nnn onannno xao nanoxnannno neunm npyrnm,

nnny maremarnuxnx nsnona maxcnmyma n mnnnmyma xon npomennnnx nennunna n pemanana
nponema xnanparype xpnnonnnnicxnx nrypa ounrnenan. Hpernocranxa ie na ce xonrnnynpana
npomena cacroin on ecxpaino mannx npomena, a npeme on ecxpaino xparxnx npemencxnx
rpenyraxa, raxo na ie nnepennniannn pauyn /nanaxene nyxcnie y nyenrn/ npnmenno n na
anreapcxe n na rpancnennenranne /mexannuxe/ ynxnnie. On xpaine nennunne nnie onpenno
neonpeheno xao 0, neh xao dy/dx; x=ydx, nnn xao xnanparypy xpnne. Bennunna raxo nne
npe nporesana, a nnepennnian nnn nsnon xao noiam nonia anexnarny npnmeny y xnnemarnnn
onna xana nesanncno npomennna nennunna cnmonnsyie npeme. Axo ie x=npeme, a y=f(x),
noxperna rauxa xoia npenasn npemencxn pasmax on 0 no x, ona naie nsnon f(x) xoiom ce
osnauana rpenyrna psnna noxperne rauxe y onpehenom momenry, ca unme ce nonnpa nen
nonoxai, re nonia opyhe sa ncnnrnnane onnx npnponnnx enomena y xoinma ce ianaiy
npomennne nennunne.

60
iep cne mro ie crnapno nanasn ce y rom noperxy, na yronnxo saxon
xonrnnynrera n ecxpaino mane nennunne sa Hainnna nmaiy cnoi reme rex
y cnom ncxoncxom nopexny on Tnopna npnpone n cnera mro iecre nnnnno n
nennnnno, reonnneiom yremenno y cncremarcxom iennncrny noima
crnapnocrn.
V Mouaoo)oeuiu /15/ Hainnn ie ns nnococxor yrna oiamnanao
xaxna ie ro enrenexnuna cnna rena: Penarnocr ynyrpamner npnnnnna xoia
unnn npomeny nnn npenas on ienne nepnennnie npyroi, moxe ce snarn
anernnniom...mopa ce ncxpeno npnsnarn na nepnennnia, n ono mro on ne
sanncn, ie neoiamnnna mexannuxnm pasnosnma, ri. nnxonnma n
xperannma./npee.,crp.51/ To npernocrana cranonnmre no xome y
anpnopnocr came npnpone cnanaiy saxonn xoie ie For yneo y ny, ca unme ie
nocrano moryhe casnane npnpone xao cncrema nsmehy maremarnuxn
noimenor rena n uynnor rena y xonrnnynpanocrn sareuenom on npnpone,
xao nonesanocrn nena n nennne. Hpenmern cy xao npocropno mnorocrpyxn
pasnonpcnn, ann cxnarne pasnnxa snna ce npexo rnapnnx cnna xao
ncnynenor npocropa, xao onnx excrensnnnnx pasnnxa xoie nonpasymenaiy
nennunne n onnxe nesane sa mecro, re one nnrensnnne xoie ce ianaiy y
norneny ycnona ncnynenocrn npemena ynyrap xopnsonra yncxe cnecrn.
42


42
Hyrem uyna mn nocraiemo cnecnn ypohennx nneia xoie cy y namem nyxy camo necnecno
npncyrne, re nnxonnm nocpencrnom mncnnmo, ann ne raxo na one onronomxn sannce nnn
nocraiy on uynnnx yrncaxa. Hsmehy xea n cnecrn npyxa ce mehynpocrop npane cnoone xoia ie
ycnonena pasymenanem, raxo na ie Hainnn nncrnonane onpenno xao iennocranno (ono xoie
nema nenone) n cnoxeno (ono xoie ie cxyn iennocrannnx cyncrannnia /monana-"iennoha"/), a sa
xoie naxn: "Cacranene crnapn nnn rniena iecy mnomrna; a iennocranne cyncrannnie, cne xnno,
nyme n nyxonn iecy iennncrna. H sancra ie norpeno na nocnyna yne iennocrannnx
cyncrannnia, iep es iennocrannnx ne n nno cacranennx; nniena ie npnpona, npema rome
nyna xnnora." /Leibniz, W. F., Izabrani filozofski spisi, Zagreb, 1980. -"Hauena npnpone n
mnnocrn yremeena na ymy", crp. 247/ V camoi monann nocroin mnomrno noxpera n onnoca,
npemna nema nenone: "Hponasno crane, xoie oyxnaha n npencrana mnomrno y iennncrny nnn
iennocrannoi cyncrannnin, nnie nnmra npyro nero ono mro ce sone nepnennniom ...
Pexapreconnn cy ry iaxo norpniemnnn, mro cy cmarpann, na cy cne ueceuiecue nepuenuuie
nnmra. 3or re cy sanyne onn raxohe nonieponann, na cy iennno nyxonn monane, n na nnxaxo ne
nocroie nyme xnnornna nnn npyre enrenexnie." /ucmo, "Mouaoo)oeuia", 14, crp. 259/ Cranno
crane iennocrannnx monana ie na nocenyiy nepnennniy nnn saxnarane crnapnocrn no iennor
nnmer crenena iacnocrn, mro opasyie cnecr o "ia" n mnmene xoie nponsnonn noimone.
Cnemoh, cnemynpocr n cnenopora, xao oconne xoie ie ym y crany na cxnarn xao oenexia
monane monana y cmncny nyxno canpmenor nncrnyiyher, nncy n oenexia yncxnx monana
unie ce canpmencrno xpnie y nanperxy iacnocrn n pasronernocrn cxnarana nneia crnapn.
Cneyxynnocr ie monana nara y reomerpnicxoi cnnnn nopehena ca nnpamnnom, uniy ocnonnny
unne nainnxe nornyno necnecne monane, a npx monana ca anconyrnnm snanem, raxo na ie sa
name "ia" ocrana cpennna nsmehy nnx. Onnocn mehy nnma ycranonanaiy ce xarexonanem
nnrenexryannnx nomera, na ie: "cne xnno raxno ornenano na ono npencrana cnemnp y cxnany ca
cnoinm rnennmrem, npyrnm pnieunma, cnaxa monana, cnaxo cvncmauuuia)uo cpeouume mopa

61
Bpeme ce xon Kanra iana xao nopnuyha perynarnnna nneia n neonxonna
npencrana xoia nexn y ocnonn cnnx carnenanana, iep xoncrnrynme
crnapnocr noiana: Jep, npeme ne moxe na yne nnxaxna onpena
cnoamnnx noiana; ono ne npnnana nn onnxy nn nonoxaiy nrn.; nanpornn,
ono onpehyie onnoc npencrana y namem ynyrpamnem crany...ro ie npeme
ienan ycnon a priori cnaxe noiane yonmre, n ro nenocpennn ycnon
ynyrpamnnx noiana (namnx nyma), a rnme nocpenno n cnoamnnx noiana.
/Kanr, Kpum. :ucmoe v+a, npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1990., crp. 61/ Taxo ie
Kanr nocneo no ynepena na npocrop n npeme ne mory na nocroie nan yncxe
cnecrn, nexehn nsmehy enemenara npasnnx nncrannnia n peannnx
nnnamnuxnx rauaxa, raxo na cy npocrop n npeme narn y anpnopnom
/maremarnuxom/ nneannrery, a rex naxnanno ce ycnocrana onnoc npema
nnxonom cyiexrnnnrery. Hpema Kpumuuu :ucmoe v+a, npocrop n npeme
saienno ysern, iecy uncre opme cnaxor uynnor nocmarpana, na cy ro
mncaono xoncrpyncane npenmerne npoiexnnie (nneie), saxnayiyhn uemy cy
moryhn anpnopnn cnnrernuxn cranonn xoin nperennyiy na oiexrnnnocr.
Cxema npemena on npomnor xpos canamne npema ynyhem, nparn ocnonne
momenre xoncrpyncana npenmernocrn xao cnoconocr nenonana cyiexra na
casnanany oiexrnnnocrn ounma pasyma, a ro oner npernocrana na cy

nocienonarn naioe ypehene nepnennnie n rexne, raxo na yne cnomnno ca cnnme
ocrannm...enora cnemnpa morna n ce cnosnarn na cnaxoi monann xan n ce mornn pacrnopnrn
cnn nesnnn cxponnrn naopn, ann nnma rpea npemena na ce pasnniy raxo na yny ounrn...name
spxane nepnennnie pesynrar cy yrncaxa mro nx nnienn cnemnp ocrana y nama. Camo For ie
cnocoan sa pasronnierny cnosnaiy cnera; iep on ie nsnop cnera mro iecr. 3ancra ie c npanom o
nemy peueno na ie nerono cpennmre cnyrnie, a neron oncer nnie nnrnie, iep cne ie nemy
nenocpenno na noxnar es nxaxne ynaenocrn on ror nerona cpennmra." /ucmo, crp. 253, 254 -
"Ha:e)a npupooe u +u)ocmu vme+e+eua ua v+v"/ Onarne n nerono ynepene na npnpona cama
nonn no rpannrea n nnanaiyhe iennnxe cnera, a ecrercxa ycanpmanana nepnennnia no
pasronernninx casnana xpos xoiy nenyie Foxnia npomncao /Providentia Dei/. V nncmy Barnepy o
xnnoi cnnn rena Hainnn ie nanncao: Respondeo primo principium activum non tribui a me
materiae nuae sive primae, quae mere passiva est, & in sola antitypia & extensione consistit; sed
corpori seu materiae vestitae sive secundae, quae praeterea Entelechiam primitivam seu principium
activum continent./Leib. Op. om. edit. et frat. Tourn., `logica te metaphysica`, s. 226/Pa ie ro
eneprercxn ocnon n ono mro Hainnn ncrnue na npnnana Foxnioi npannn n mnnocrn, mrannme
Cnacy xoin ie nacxpcenem noxasao na ie cmpr nonyr cna, xaxe n cnenehe: Videmus sane
hominem a somno profundo evigilantem, imo etiam ab apoplexia ad se reversum memoriam status
pristini recuperare solere. Idem de morte discendum est, quae perceptiones nostras turbatas &
confusas reddere potest, delere plane ex memoria non potest, cujus usu redeunte etiam praemia &
poenae locum habent. Itaque Salvator ipse mortem somno comparavit. Brutus autem divinae
societatis & juris incapacibus, personae conservatio & moralis immortalis tribui non
potest./Leibnitii Opera omnia edit. et frat. De Tournes.,Genevae, 1768., `Opera logica et
metaphysica`,., s 229/



62
nonnohena opmn uynnnx npencrana npenmernocrn non cxemarnsam, xao
nrypannie npocropnocrn,
43
ycnonn nonmana (mana ce xacnnie nonynana n
ca ananornom nnmensniom, xoia unnn penenanrnnm n cnmonnuxn naunn).
Beron saxyuax ns anannse rpancnennenranne ecrernxe yun na ie npeme
opma ynyrpamner uyna xao onaxane nac camnx n onpena npencrana
namer ynyrpamner crana, nornanaiyhn non opmannn ycnon ynyrpamner
onaxana, xoinm ce rex n crnapa npnnnxa sa mannecranniy nno xoie noiane.
Oiexar xao raxan, naxne nenocpenno, nnrn ie casnarnn xao raxan, nnrn mn

43
Beron cran npema reomerpnin xoiy ie y unsnuxoi monanonornin /Monadologia
physica/(1756), rexno na nsmnpn c meransnxom, cacnnm ie anpmarnnan, xao n y Pacnpann o
nerarnnnnm nennunnama ynenennm y cnercxy mynpocr (1763) /Versuch, den Begriff der
negativen Gren in eine Weltweisheit einzufhren/, rne npexo ror noima xoin ie nosnar y
maremarnnn, ann ce on nera ne unnn ynorpea y peannom casnany, Kanr cmarpa na oe
nemonrpnpa nerono snauene, na npxehn na maremarnxa nocmarpa ono onmre y xonxpernom, a
nnoconia ono xonxperno y ancrpaxrnom, npenopyuyie neny npnmeny. Kon Pexapra ro ie
axcnom anconyrne nsnecnocrn eronrera ca ypohennm axcnomarcxnm npnnnnnnma unin reme
nexn nye on remea reomerpnie xona npenpacyna xoia onpehyie croeha /Husserl, E.,
Kart. Med., prev., Zagreb, 1971, s. 51/ Honyxe opasnoxene sa raxno nacnonnpano nocrynane,
na ce y rom norneny ne n crnapane nenoymnne, Kanr ie sacrpamyiyhe cmnpeno n iacno nsnoxno
n y opmn anonnxrnuxor saxyuxa y cnncy Memadu;u:ra no)a;ua ua:e)a npupooue ;uauocmu
(1786), /npen. Mnnan Coxnnh, Capaieno, 1990., crp. 8-9/: Tnpnnm, mehyrnm, na ce y cnaxom
nocenom yueny o npnponn moxe cycpecrn camo ononnxo npane snanocrn, xonnxo ce y nemy
cycpehe maremarnxe. Jep, npema nperxonno peuenom, npana snanocr, noceno npnponna,
nsncxyie ienan uncrn neo, xoin nexn y ocnonn onor emnnpnicxor n xoin nounna na cnosnain
npnponnnx crnapn a priori. A cnosnarn nemro a priori snaun cnosnarn ra ns nerone uncre
moryhnocrn. Mehyrnm ce moryhnocr onpehennx npnponnnx crnapn ne moxe cnosnarn ns
nnxonnx uncrnx noimona, iep ce ns nnx moxe nonyme cnosnarn moryhnocr mncnn (na ona cama
cen ne npornnpieun), ann ne n oiexara xao npnponne crnapn, xoia moxe nrn nara nsnan
mncnn (xao ersncrnpaiyha). Jom he ce, naxne, saxrnienarn, na n cnosnann moryhnocr onpehene
npnponne crnapn n raxo n ny camy a priori, na noimy yne npnnonar onronapaiyhn onaxai a
priori, ri. na noiam yne xoncrpynpan. A ymcxa cnosnaia nyrem xoncrpyxnnie noima ie
maremarnuxa. Ha maxap crora n es maremarnxe nna moryha ienna uncra nnosonia npnpone
yonhe, ri. raxna xoia ncrpaxyie camo ono mro unnn noiam npnpone yonhe, ri. nnax ie ienno uncro
yuene o npnponn xoie ce rnue oopeheuux npnponnnx crnapn (yuene o rnieny n yuene o nymn)
moryhe camo nocpencrnom maremarnxe, n, c osnpom na ro na ce y cnaxom yueny o npnponn
sarnue camo ronnxo npane snanocrn, xonnxo ce y noi nahe cnosnaie a priori, onna he, npema
rome, yuene o npnponn canpxanarn camo ronnxo npane snanocrn, xonnxo ce y nemy moxe
npnmiennrn maremarnxa. Hcrn cran ie ocrao nenpomenen n xacnnie: 3aienno c rnm, nanasnm,
na y cnaxom nocenom yueny o npnponn nayxe, moryhe ie y npanom cmncny nahn ie camo ronnxo,
xonnxo y noi nma maremarnxe (H. Kanr, Co:uueuu, r. VI, Mocxna, 1966., crp. 56; 58/Opus
postumum (1796-1803)/). H xao mro ro xon nnocoa onuno nna, nouenmn on Hainnna xome
ie ayronnnaxrnunocr y maremarnnn nonena nonpnnnune nenoe, a c osnpom na ne am
nonony oneny o Kanronoi cynepenocrn xperana na rom nonpyuiy y naxnannnm
ncrpaxnnannma nonninx maremarnuapa, pasopnrnie ie pacnpany o neranma ocrannrn no
crpann.


63
moxemo na ra noxyunmo es uynnnx oncepnannia noniennx npexo
penenrnnnrera yrncaxa n nnrepnperarnnnnx onnca xareropniannnm
cxnononnma, xao cnonrannrerom nonmana y xoinma opmnpamo cnnrernuxe
cynone o nemy. Camnm rnme n ocnonna xareropnia nocroiana xao uncra
rpancnennenrannia, nncrnonane y cnoioi iacnohn, moxe na ce ornopn rex ca
npnmenom one xareropnie npemena n na ny, ri. opmnpane cnnrernuxe
cynone xoin ynase y cacran npnxasa nene xoncrnrynnie. Fnncrnonane raxo
nnie naro onronomxom nyxnomhy noima, ann ro ne snaun na nerono nnane
y samncnnma xao monanna onronornia y pernonannnm nomennma, ne moxe na
nonie pexynepanniy y rpancnennenrannom cmncny, xaxo rpanyncanem
opmn narocrn noxrpnna nsnuxe reneonornie, raxo n axrom neponana y
ernuxoi xoncrenannin nmneparnna ycarnamanana ca nneiom crnapnocrn
nainnmer Popa. V rom ie nspnunrom nacroiany Kanr nnme nero iacan:
Hpema rome, pasym orpannuana uynnocr, a na sor rora ne npomnpyie cnoie
concrneno noe, re onomnnyhn uynnocr na ne yopasn na ce moxe onnocnrn
n na crnapn no cen, neh camo na noiane, on samnma nexn npenmer no cen,
ann camo xao ienan rpancnennenranan oiexr xoin ie yspox noiane (re, naxne,
cam nnie noiana) n xoin ce ne moxe samncnnrn nn xao nennunna, nn xao
peannrer, nn xao cyncrannnia nrn. (iep onn noimonn saxrenaiy cranno uynne
opme y xoinma onn onpehyiy nexn npenmer); o xome ce, naxne, anconyrno ne
sna na nn ce moxe nahn y nama nnn nsnan nac, na nn n ynnmrenem
uynnocrn no ncronpemeno ynnmren n on nnn n npeocrao n onna xan ncmo
mn oncrpannnn uynnocr. Axo xohemo rai oiexar na nasonemo noymenon,
sor rora mro nama npencrana o nemy nnie uynna, ro nam croin no noe.
/H. Kanr, Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1990., crp. 216/
Kaxo npnmapna cnoicrna rena nemaiy npema Hainnny cnoi yspox y renecnoi
npnponn, on ie cmarpao na ie nnxon yspox y xapmonnin xoia nnana y
renecnom cnery, cnenouehn rnme na ie peu o nerenecnom nhy nnn iennom
iennnom ymy xoin ynpana nenoxynnnm nsnuxnm cnerom. C npyre crpane,
cnoicrna npnponnnx oiexara rauno onaxamo camo xao ee)u:uuv, oo)ur n
rpemane, na ie saxyuno na noiane npnpone raxo rpea n oiamnanarn
nomohy mexannuxnx saxona xoin nyne yspouno oiamnene, ys ysnmane y
osnp n nexnx nensnxanncrnuxnx cnoicrana /na ocnony came mexannuxe
crpyxrype no peny npnpone rpecn mopaiy na yny xaxnenn, a nopa nena na
yny narpahena/, raxo na saxonn xperana rena cnyxe saxonnma npanne n
iannor noperxa (Mouaoo)oeuia, 89). Hpecrannnpana xapmonnia
ennnienrnnx yspoxa napcrna npnpone n napcrna mnnocrn xao nnannor
yspoxa, nounna raxo na nonynapnocrn nsmehy Fora xao apxnrexre cnercxor
mexannsma n Fora xao monapxa oxancxor rpana nyxona, mro ie napanennsam
y xome Kanr ne nanasn necarnacnocr y xpnrnxama. Arperar iennocrannnx

64
cyncrannnia xao xonrnomepar renecnocrn, namao cnoiy cnpxy xon Hainnna
y peannom meransnuxom cnoiy nmehy nyme n oprancxor rena, rymauen xao
nesa ycnocranena xopecnonennniom.
44
Onaxan npncryn rymaueny
nnnnnresnmannia ounrnenno na ie no ncynnme nmanenrncrnuxn, na camnm
rnm nnie npyxao ocnon sa nnneprenrna pasnniana mexannuxnx anannsa
npnpone (npe cnera ca onnianem nponosnnnie ca nanncxnm nenonanem
cnne /rpannrannie/ n nenom rpomeny nyx npehenor nyra es xonsepnannie
eneprnie y xocmnuxnm pasmepama), sor uera n nnie uyno na ie saxren sa
nannianem xocmnuxe mamnne no ncnoanan nnme nero mro ie ro
sanpano n nno norpeno. Hpecrannnpana xapmonnia xao reme
nncrnonana xoin nonesyie acnexre mexannsma n oprannsma y npnponn,
npema Hainnnonom nainanexocexnniem carnenanany, nornue on Tnopna
ynnnepsyma, xao Bnme ncxasana mnnocr npema cnnm crnopennma. Ony nesy,
nonyme, Kanr ie cmarpao reopnicxn neonpxnnom, n ocnopanao neh
nanohennm xareropniannnm cxnononnma, c osnpom na casnainn perynarnn
nneie xoia mopa y rpacnennenrannoi ynorpen onpehnnana noima na ce npxn
uynnor ncxycrna onaxana npnponnnx oiexara, xaxo n no neronom
yeheny nserna cynnny amnonnia uncror yma, a onai nyr y opmn
xocmonomxor noxasa a contigentia mundi: Mehyrnm, ornhn raxo nanexo, na
mrannme rnpnnrn: raxno ienno nhe (For) nocroin nyxno, ro nnie nnme
cxpomno ncxasnnane nexe xnnorese, neh npcxo nonarane npana na
anonnxrnuxy nsnecnocr; iep, y crnapn, axo cmo ynepenn na snamo sa nexy
crnap na ie anconyrno nyxna, onna n ro name snane o noi mopa na yne
anconyrno nyxno...Fesycnonna nyxnocr, xoia nam ie rnme nocnennn
ocnonan cnnx crnapn raxo neonxonno norpena, iecre npann nonop sa
yncxn ym...Onne cne non nama rone, re nainehe canpmencrno xao n naimane
nene es nxaxnor ocnonna npen cnexynarnnnnm ymom, xora nnmra ne craie
na nycrn na n ienno xao n npyro nmuesny es nxaxne cmerne. /Kpumura
:ucmoe vma, Frn. 1990. crp. 376/ C osnpom na nonpnnnuny penexcnnny
nennnrapnocr xoiy ie Kanr onne nonycrno ynocehn nonnmen ron, cacnnm ie
ymecna Xerenona peaxnnia na ny: Ho Kanronom cxnarany sacraie ce xon
pasnnxe, nyannsam ie ono mro ie nocnenne, cnaxa crpana sa cee naxn xao

44
F. Herponniennh ie ro yennno n caxero oiacnno: Monana ie c ienne crpane arom, naxne
nocnennn enemenr marepnie c rnennmra marepniannsma. C npyre crpane, ona ie nenenna
nymenna cyncrannnia, naxne nocnennn enemenr nyxa c rnennmra cnnpnryannsma. Hainnn
nainpe anannsnpa noiam marepnie noxasyiyhn xaxo ce marepnia mopa cnecrn na nocnenne
enemenre cnne; nanocnerxy nnenrnnxyie nocnenne nnnamnuxe enemenre marpnie ca
nocnennnm necnecnnm enemenrnma nyxonnnm. On naxne anannsom nyxa n marepnie rexn na nx,
cnonehn nx na npocrnie enemenre, raxo npnnnxn na nanocnerxy nocrany nnenrnunn, na nnxon
nyannrer nornyno nmuesne. /F. Herponniennh, Hcmopuia uoeuie du)ocoduie, Feorpan, 1982.,
crp. 219

65
nemro anconyrno...cnaxa onuna cnecr ie nsnan rora, cnaxa panna nonaxe
npano na ro na yxnne ienny npencrany (ono mro ie cyiexrnnno) n na ie
yunnn onnm mro ie oiexrnnno. Taxo ynanacr xao ona nnosonia nnie
nnienan uonex; axo uonex oceha rnan, onna on ne samnma iena, neh pann na
n nocrao cnr...
45
Ona myuna cnnxa cnoienpcnor sacrpanyiyher naroca on
remenor ynapa na ynyrpamny xonsncrenrnocr mnmena, ncro raxo nnie
ncronpemeno n iennno nocrnsano n y Kanronnm pasmarpannma nyheno
pemene. Ounrnenno na ie on nacroiao na saoxpyxn ro cranonnmre cnenehn
emnnpnuapcxe nyrene, xoin cy yrnannom ocraiann na ncnxonorncrnuxnm
pannnma nponsnonnx nosnnnia: Pencr npnsnaie na mn cnaxaxo moxemo
casnarn ersncrennniy nexor npanha na ocnony camora yma, ann na ie nam
noiam o nemy camo rpancnennenranan, nanme camo noiam o nemy xao nexom
nhy xoie nma nenoxynan peannrer ann xoin mn ne moxemo nnxe
onpennrn...Hpema rome nencr non rnm nhem samnma nexn yspox cnera (na
nn on neicrnyie na ocnony nyxnocrn cnoie npnpone nnn na ocnony cnoone
ro ocraie neonnyueno), a rencr non rnm nhem samnma rnopna
cnera.(Kanr, K.:.v., /Kpnrnxa cnaxe reonornie sacnonane na
cnexynarnnnnm nauennma yma/ npen., 1990., crp, 385-386) Ona necnperno
cpouena opmynannia xao na xohe na xaxe xaxo rencrnuxo cranonnmre ne
nonpasymena na crnapane cnera nnie ncronpemeno n neron yspox nacranxa, a
na samnmenn Tnopan cnera ne neicrnyie na ocnony nyxnocrn cnoie
npnpone nnn cnoone, mro ie remena npornnpeunocr. Tponnocrasnn For
xpnmhancxe pennrnie ie iennncrnen no npnponn n iennocymracrnen y
xnnocrasama (nnunocrnma), xaxo ro nsnaxe ycarnamenn n iennncrnenn
cnmnon nepe. H Xeren ie npnmerno na y norneny nneie mohn cyhena, ona
Kanrom yrnphena nenpernenna nponannia nsmehy onacrn noima npnpone
xao onora mro ie uynno n onacrn noima cnoone xao onora mro ie
naruynno, nnax nnie cacnnm nenpemocrnna, re na naruynnn cner nma,
nanonno, nsnecran yrnnai na uynnn cner, nanme noiam cnoone ocrnapyie y
uynnom cnery cnpxy..., re ca rnme xao na on n cam cnenn anrnuxo
nocmarpane cnpxe y npnponn camoi no cen, xao noimy xoin npoxnma raxo
na ie cne noceno onpeheno rom onmromhy. Cmarpaiyhn na ie noiam cnpxe
cynnman /Euuur)oneouia du). uavra 204/ npn uemy ce nnannn yspox
ncrnue ncnpen nenarnor sor nenpnnanana iom neorxpnnenoi nnn cnenoi
nyxnocrn, ncrnuyhn norpey n naron xao nponsnohene nnacrnre cnpxe xao
re cnoie nsnecnocrn, on ce nosnna na Kanra n Apncrorena: Kon cnpxe ne
mopa ce nomnmarn onmax, onnocno camo na opmy y xoioi ie ona y cnniecrn
xao onpehene xoie oncroin y npenonn. Hoimom ynyrpamne cnpmnocrn Kanr

45
Xeren, Hcm. du) III, Frn., 1983, crp. 456-457

66
ie oner noynno nneiy yonhe, a nornannro nneiy xnnora. Apncrorenono
onpehene xnnora canpxana neh ynyrpamny cnpmnocr, na croin crora
ecxonauno nanexo nsnan noima monepne reonornie, xoia ie nmana npe coom
camo xonauny, nancxy cnpmnocr.
46
Hnrn ce nnxe onpehyie cam snauai
xonaune cnpxe n nnannor yspoxa, nnrn ce reonomxo nnhene cmncna
crnapana cnera nnxe npennsnpa c osnpom na noiam cnpxe. Henocpennocr
reneonomxor onnoca Xeren ry nnnn xao cnoamny cnpxy xoia croin
nacnpam npernocranenocrn oiexra. Cnaxaxo ono nopehene ie ancrpaxrno n
y nornuxom npocropy y xome ce onnnia n snaun ycnocranane ancrpaxrnnx
penannia. Onpehene nene opme raxo ie naxnanno naro xpos pasnnunrocr on
noima, a ro snaun na ie opmanno nocranena c osnpom na rorannrer xoin ie
noiam. Moryhe ie nanme, nocrannrn nnrane n y opnyrom cmepy o cnpcn
noima (ne camo o nononocrn onma n nynnn canpxaia, neh n o nncnnn
npernocranenor nna sa xomnerenrno cyhene xao nyno onnananane
opmom n canpxaiem nnn pasnnxonane crenenonana yma), mro ie sa Xerenon
cnen pasmnmana ry nsocrano. Pasnnunrocr yxasyie no nemy na xonaunocr,
a ona oner na orpannuenocr cnyuainor xoie ie naro xao nemro noceno n
naheno, oiexrnnnrer nome nonesan n nenocpenno cranen non ny (ca onnm
ce n namepa xoia nenyie na axrnnnoi crpann ecxonaunor npxn sa nemro
ysrpenno n cnyuaino ri. xao na ie Tnopan cnyuaino crnapao cner. Xerenon
nan nsnon ie crora ienno anaxonyrnuno nornanane non ancrpaxrne npenoce
mncnn xoin oner nsnase na ncro - nocrnrnyra n nsnenena cnpxa ie
npenomena y cen, ona ie camo nexn oiexar xoin ie oner cpencrno nnn
marepnian sa npyre cnpxe no y ecxonaunocr / 211/, a nsnpmena cnpxa ie
onpehena xao cpencrno n marepnian, ynyhn na ie pasymena xao cam no cen
nnmranan n nneanan oiexar xoin ie rnme nocranen cam no cen rex ca
/nnacrnrnm camoyxnnanem/ cnpxe, xpos yxnnane opme no nenor
camonnenrnrera, rne oner nacryna n yxnnane canpxaia xpos ro yxnnaiyhe
nonesnnane opme ca camom coom raxo na noiam xao nienarnocr opme
camo cee nma sa canpxai. Tnm ie nponecom, naxne, yonhe nocraneno ono
mro ie no noiam cnpxe, no cen nrxyiyhe iennncrno cyiexrnnnora n
oiexrnnnora xoie cana nrxyie sa cee, - uoeia / 212/ Kanron cncrem cnera
paspahen ie npexo mexuure npupooe xoia ce nanaxenem npenasa nsmehy
emnnpnicxnx narocrn noimona n ymcrnennx sanarocrn nneia xao mnmennna,
enomenonomxn cyounna ca noiannomhy nnn nnocrpyxnm xperanem onor
noiannnanor y noianama /nnpexrnocr noiane n enomen noiane/. Kpos raxno
nonmane npenasa ynorpea rexnnxe npnpone na nexn naunn rpancopmnme
n camy nenocpennocr npncryna onaxany, re nocraie nynnna, oxperna n

46
ucmo, crp. 182.

67
cannrnna naxna yma, xao nexn nocpenyiyhn rpancepsannn ym, y cmncny
penexronana penexcnia (ne y cee xao cxemarnsyiyhn nmanenrnsam), neh
npncnaiana y cmncny ymnor npounmhanana n ncrnnana perynarnna xao
xonrponncanocr rauaxa nonesnnana n nmnnnxannia, xoie cy mehycexropcxn
ornopene y cnoinm nennncannma npenmernocrn. Fnncrnonane, nocroiane
/enai/ nnana-crnapnnm iecre Jenno, ienna iennna anconyrna crnapnocr, re
xao nnane-iennnm nnana-crnapnnm iecre ceemoeane ceemcrocmu ceema,
neronor cnerna n rna ca xoier ce ono ecxa. To ne snaun enemnnanniy
nnrana npne nnoconie nnn meransnxe, nero ro na cy nsnopnn noimonn
ncrnne n nopa, iennor n nenor yxyuenn y crnapanauxn npoiexar
cncremarnunor sacnnnana meransnxe xao nayxe xpos casnanane nene
nnacrnre excnnnxarnnne moryhnocrn y cncremy. Hnrane camonononocrn
cncrema cacnnm ie xopexrno nerarnnno onennnano, ann ie n nan nerone rsn.
uennune nyxnocrn (iom ienan ncnxonomxn enep camonaxnocrn
camocnecrn xoin yxasyie na ouaiane noima y craiany ncnpen onronomxe
nnnnepennnie na ynnnepsannocrn nepnepnie ocpennocrn n npoceunocrn
mro ce oesehyie y camonaxnocrn cnoamnnm nanynananem n rpaxn
ocnrypanane ror nonnmanana snauaia), ocrao na naxn ycnocranann ycnon
na ce ynanpen pacxpun rno pasymenana, ysnmaiyhn y osnp moryhnocrn
nnacrnre excnosnnnie y penexcnnnom saxnarany, xaxo ie ro, ne es
noremxoha, carnenao y nonnie npeme n Eyren unnx: Homro uonex nnie
iennocranno n npocro cnecran nncrna, nero rpaxn na naro nncrnyiyhe
moxe na casna xao nnmranno n nennacrnro, raxohe xao omany n napxy, n
nomro ie nasna ronen nacnyhnnanem o y nainehoi mepn nncrnyiyhem, n
nomro cne mro iecre nnn ce nsnaie na iecre mepn nemy nemy cranno ynanpen
oacianaiyhom nneiom summum ens, nomro uonex sarnue nncrnyiyhe y
nanoncxom nyxy nsmehy Hnmra n Fora, n y pasronopy nyme ca camom coom,
y `dialgesthai` on ncrpaxyie n nonma cne mro ce cycpehe c osnpom na
nnmranno n nainncrnyiyhnie, nnianexrnxa noima nncrna sa uonexa ie nrno
nocpenonane. Ann nnie nn ro npornn cneyxynnor nyxa n cnaxor cnona
Xerenone nnosonie, xrern nr nocpenonanapacnernnrn c osnpom na
cpennmne mecro uonexa? Jep nnie nn ynpano xnnor anconyrnor nyxa
nsnaxene-nan-cee, nocraiane-npyrnm, n na ocnony one cynpornocrn,
npahane-y-cee, n y onom cmncny nocpenonane? Hnie nn uonex cen camom
camo ienan nenposnpnn onnx anconyrnor nyxa? Cnaxaxo na iecre. Hnax, ono
ie cne peueno c osnpom na Xerenony nnosoniy n y onoi onmrocrn nma
ienny opmanny npasnnny xoiom ce nsnpcno moxe aprymenrncarn...Cnrypno
ie na ie nerona nnosonia nonparax xonaunor nnosonpaiyher cyiexra y
ecxonaunn xnnor anconyrnor nyxa; mehyrnm, remxo ie n neiacno nnrane
xaxo ce onnnia yxnnane xonaunocrn. Onnoc nnosonpaiyher uonexa npema

68
ymy xoin ie ronen nnm camnm norepan n xoin ie npncneo no camocnecrn y
naueny ie xon Xerena cxnahen xao hnosis, xao cieounene, a ne, xao mro ie ro
nno nperexno y anrnuxoi meransnnn, xao homoosis, xao vc)u:naeane c
Forom. 3ap ne n morno nrn na cy onpehene Xerenone ocnonne
npernocranxe o npnponn camocnecrn nne nenarne npn onoi nocrannn?
47

Pyannsam nayxe o npnponn n nayxe o xynrypn uncro ie rnoceonomxa
xoncrpyxnnia. Xainpnx Pnxepr n Bnnxenm Bnnnenann xao mapxanrnnin
npencrannnnn Mapypmxe mxone neoxanroncrna cynpocrannnn cy cner
nncrnyiyher xao npnnanan npnponn, n cner nyxnocrn xao npnnanan
noymenannom yncxom cnery ncnoen y xynrypn. Onn cy cmarpann na y
npnom nnana nanonno saxon nyxnocrn, a y npyrom onai npennocrn, mro ce
opmnpaiy xao nnenn yncxe nenarnocrn cxonnn pasmarpannma
xymanncrnuxnx nnn nyxonnnx nayxa. V ncropnsmy n na nemy ocnonanoi
nnococxoi xepmeneyrnnn noxasyie ce ananorna nnocexnocr merona
oiamnena npnponocnona n rsn. nyxonnnx nayxa nnn xymannrapnnx
snana. Taxno oiamnanane ncxyuyie noiam nennne xao cner onnxonannx
cmncnenocrn, npememraiyhn ce y oiexrnnannie nenyiyher cyiexra xoie
crnapaiy cner xynrype uoneuancrna, a camnm rnm sa npnpony ocraie onnnia
na ce nocmarpa xao oroenn oiexar, xoin xao cnponnna cnyxn uonexy sa
nerone xonopmne nnene cne no neorpannuenor ncxopnmranana. Taxno
nennncane craryca npnpone xoia naxn sa onuan xoncrpyxr, mro ie nnmen
nnme nxaxnor onronomxor snauaia, cnenoun o pyrannoi cxnonocrn
ocnrypanany on nemnpa xoin n ns rnx nonpyuia mornn na nsniy, ann ne
saycrana ce camo n saxrenany ynonocrn sa xynrypy. Pacr nayunnx
casnana ornopno ie n ernuxy nponemarnxy na npyraunin naunn, raxo mro ie
xao npeonnanann momenar nnrepeconana sa npnpony ca nopacrom
rexnonomxnx norennnia yxasnnao na nennnrapnocr nnrepnperarnnnor
xopnsonra, na xome n nexn rnannnna cyxoa nnrepeca, ynyhn na raxna
nonoxanroncxn nsnenena reopnia xynrype pannonymno nonymra pasnonpcne
npnpononayune mannnynannie xoinma pyxonone neorpannuenn anernrn
yrnnnrapnnx nnrepeca (npexomepna excnnoarannia mnnepannnx pecypca,
sarahnnane xnnorne cpennne, renercxe myrannie n ennmnnannia unrannx
nnnx n xnnornncxnx npcra). Cymrnncxnm nanymranem noima
npnponnocrn npnpone noraha ce saopan mro nonymra renypcxe cxnonocrn n
ornapa nepcnexrnny rnrancxnm crpacrnma nnme nero y nno xaxnnm
nponyxrnma yunnaxa yopasne y panninm enoxama. V cnryannin
onmrenoxene amnesnie xao ra ie canecr onniena n ycnanana sor
ynpaxnanana rsn. saana, xao mro ie pennmo monepnn non

47
Eyren unnx, Veoo v du)o;oduiv, Feorpan, 1989., /npen. P. T. Mnneycnnh/, crp. 90-91.

69
rexnonomxnm nomarannma orpomne pasopne cnare, rne xprna ynanpen nema
ama am nnxaxnnx mancn (xoin ce cnaxo mano npnmenn n na nenohynne y
yncxoi npcrn, nanniama n noiennnnnma, a oner y ocnonn sor arpecnnne
namernnocrn noe n nenocpenne ncnnarnnocrn norxpannnana
xpemarncrnuxnx crpacrn romnnana nonna). Pasynapenocr monepnor
xynrypnor uonexa nocrana ie no npnpony pasopna, a no xnnor ycxe npcre
uax pnsnuna.
Kaxo nnmensnie n nepcnexrnny npnponnocrn npnpone, nene nynncxe
cymrnne nnn mesransnuxor nosannncxor cnoia npncycrnocrn yonmre
moxemo na casnamo mnmo onaxnnx cxnonocrn n nnrepeca, naro nam ie npema
Kanry xao ono naruynno y nnmansniama enomena cnera n cxonne
nponemarnxe (nanac n pexnn n penexronanom penyxnniom npnponnor
crana). Ienepannn cran nannne npnonynocrn ys oxonnn cner iecre crnap
ocnemranana xpos cnecny penyxnniy cnecrn o rom yronyhy, a no ne
nocnenamo rex nyrem oaspnnor npnxnarana n remenor pasnniana
onroreonomxe npernocranxe, ca nome ycnonenom xocmonomxom
nnnamnxom. Ca rnme ce nonono ncnocrana oanesa npahana remennm
noimonnma meransnxe na npyraunin naunn, nnxonnm nonnm nonohenem y
nesy ca snauaiem xoin onn y cen noce. unnoconpanem meransnxa cama
cee ncnocrana xao snane xoie nononn no nayxe y anrnuxom snaueny ror
noima, xoin npnnnuno neiacno onpehyie meponannocr xon Kanra, c rnme mro
ce saxrena uncrnna nonmana narocrn ycnona non xoinma ie ro onpxnno
moryhe, xaxo ie onnnuno xoncraronao n Eyren unnx: Hocranam resy:
Kanrona rpancnennenranna nnosonia nnie nnmra npyro nero ienno nono
sacnnnane meransnxe, ri. onronornie, y nnrany o nesn rpancnennenrannia
ens n verum. Bonehe nenrpanno nnrane onor nonor sacnnnana nnax ie
nnrane xaxo ie meransnuxo casnane yonmre moryhe, ri. na xoin naunn ie
ynyrpamna npnpona nncrnyiyher ynpano raxna na ie ono neh nexo
ncrnnnro. Ha xoin naunn ie ens xao raxno verum? Ono nnrane ne cmepa na
oiamnanane ncxycrnenor casnana, ri. naunna na xoin nncrnyiyhe, axo
nocraie npenmer ncxycrna nexor cyiexra, cnyuaino, ynpano onne-onne, moxe
nrn ncrnnnro. He pann ce o nnany-ncrnnnrnm nncrnyiyher xoie my
npnnana cnyuaino n nenrno. Hanpornn, pann ce o nnany-ncrnnnrnm
nncrnyiyher, yxonnxo ono nyxno n nocroiano npnnana nncrnyiyhem...axo
n nncrnyiyhe, y meransnuxom casnany nperxonno casnaro y cnoioi nrn,
on ncxona nno crnap no cen ryha cyiexry, onna yonmre ne n morno nrn
nnxaxnor anpnopnor snana o nemy. Jep yxonnxo ono rpea na ie a priori, ono
ce ne cme npncrn ns ncxymanaiyher cycperana ca nncrnyiyhnm...Axo ncrnna
meransnuxor casnana ne moxe na naxn sa Crnap no cen, onna ie
ounrnenno na ona ynpano y camoi cen mopa canpxanarn npnnnnn onora mro

70
caunnana ooiermueumem ooierma. Axo ie excnosnnnia nponema non
nnranem na xoin naunn nncrnyiyhe ynanpen rpea n moxe na yne ncrncxo,
onna pemene nexn y rome na nncrno yne casnaro y nnany-ncrnnnrnm, na
verum caunnana nr onora ens. To snaun: uncrn ym, moh anpnopnor casnana,
npoiexryie ns cee camor oiexrnnnrer oiexara, npenmernocr npenmera...On
n hn mehycono croie y onnoheny cnena iennor sa npyrnm (akoluthen
/npare ce/), ona ce onnoce xao ation n arch, xao yspox n nouerax xaxo
xaxe Apncroren /Met., 1003b22/, xoin ie npnn n nsnopno saxnarno
nponemarnxy rpannennenrannia. Vnpano c osnpom na anrnuxo nopexno
mopa ce ncrahn nnosnaunocr xoia npniana ys rpuxn noiam n, noiam
nncrnyiyher. T n, naprnnnnna opma, iennom snaun ono xoie iecre,
cyncrannniy ann onna oner n nnnnnrnnno ysero einai, nncrno. A y
cxnany ca onom nnosnaunomhy rora n, xao nncrnyiyhe n xao nncrna,
nmamo n nnosnaunocr npyrnx rpancnennenrannia. Cnaxo nncrnyiyhe ie xao
raxno ienno, nnane-iennnm iecre nr cyncrannnie; Substantia est
monadare xaxe Hainnn unin nenrpannn meransnuxn noiam monane
osnauana cyncrannniannrer cyncrannnie. Ann n nncrno, enai, nnana-
sncxnm iecre Jenno, ienna iennna snnocr. Fonane-iennnm nnana-
sncxnm iecre ceem. Hnrane o cnery ie rpancnennenranno nnrane.
48
Kaxo
ie Kanr npenyseo cyouanane ca mnpnnom snauena noima npnpone n cnera,
ysnmaiyhn na ono mro nnie npenmer nayune merone ne moxe nn na naxn xao
nen oiexar, cacnnm ie oncrpaneno ynaxanane ryena y remn xoia ca
ynorpeom mohn casnana ne cmarpa sa norpeno na ie yunnn npenmerom
xpnrnuxe penexcnie. To, oner, ne snaun na ie on enemnnncao nnrana npne
nnoconie nnn meransnxe, nero na nx ie yxyuno y cnoi crnapanauxn
npoiexar sacnnnana meransnxe xao nayxe xpos casnanane nene nnacrnre
moryhnocrn. Kanr ie ycnocranao ycnon na ce ynanpen pacxpun rno
pasymenana, ysnmaiyhn y osnp moryhnocrn nnacrnre excnosnnnie y
penexcnnnom saxnarany, a ro ie nocao rsn. mpaucueuoeuma)ue du)ocoduie
xoia pasmarpa nnrane ycrpoicrna nncrnyiyher, xao nncrnonana onora mro
y casnany naa na yne casnaro, xaxo ie ro xpos iennncrno nncrnonana
remeno pasmorpno n Eyren unnx, cmarpaiyhn na ie excnosnnnia ropner
paxypca noima cnera ono mro ie meransnxa nsnopno n snaunna c osnpom na
onronomxe rpancnennenrannie xoie cy ocnopanane cnopennnm aprymenrnma
n neonpannano rypane y saopan, a xnnor noimona iennor, nopa n ncrnne,
xoin ce nsnaxy xpos nonmane cmncna cnercxocrn cnera, y cnom nonem cnoiy
snauena n nanae ouynanaiy onai apncrorenoncxn, `onnaixana xao n cana`,
npexo norpean xopnsonr pasymenana cmncna cnera mro iecre n nna.

48
Eyren unnx, Veoo v du)o;oduiv, Feorpan, 1989., /npen. P. T. Mnneycnnh/, crp. 127-129

71

III
IAABHH HPABHH mHAOCOmCKHX OCMHmABAHA
1EBHHCTBA CTBAPHOCTH


III.1. PA3HOBPCHOCT H PA3PEmABAHA OCHOBHHX HHTAHA
mHAOCOmH1E

unnoconiom nnxana nnie nn nnanao nornynn penarnnnsam, na
cnaxo crnapn moxe na rnena onaxo xaxo my ce unnn, iep ona saxrena
ncnynanane ycnona na ce nonoxn pauyn o cnom rnennmry. Aoyov oioovoi ie
nyxnocr n oanesa xoiom ce onpannana nnococxo cranonnmre, es xor
ncnynanana naxnanna opasnoxena ne nonpnnoce cynnme onepn
ncrnnnrocrn n nornpnn naxena ynoxennx nanopa. Hpemna nocroie cacnnm
pasnnunra nnhena nnococxnx nponema, xao n naunna nnxonor
paspemanana, a ynyhn na cmarpamo xaxo ie ym cnocoan na cxnarn
npornnpeunocrn, nenpemocrnna necnarana ne mopaiy na yny
xapaxrepncrnxa nnococxor nnianora. Hainosnarnin maicrop nnianora y
ncropnin nnoconie ie necymnnno Hnaron n xon nera nouecro nnana
necnnuxn ronop xoin ce ocnana na mnrone y paspemanany nnococxnx
nponema, ann sanonecr Aoyov oioovoi, on ie ynaxanao n cnpononno. V
nerono noa mnrcxo nacnehe ie neneno n ono ie nocnno snaxe
npenosnarnnocrn yuena o ncrnnnrom, nopom, nenom n iennom xao
nainnmnm nneiama, sor xoinx n nnie mopao na caunnana crpore nonene
nnococxnx nncnnnnnna. Taxo xon nera youanamo nnianore xoin cy
nacraiann y pasnnm asama, rne ie npna pasmarpana on Coxpara nacnehene
reme npnnne n snana, xao n pacnpane concra. Ty cnana n opmnpane
ecrernuxor crana o anconyrnoi nenorn xpos mnrornopne nnsype y A)ruouiaov
I, Xunuiu cmapuie+, Houv, napounro Io;ou n 4eopv.
V npyroi asn rne cy naiiaue remarnsonana ernuxa nnrana nainnmer
nopa napannrmarnuan ie nnianor Ppxana, rne ie on ynoxno rpyn na caunnn
cnnresy noiane uynnocrn xon noiennnna n nauena pasymenana npannunocrn y
rpahancxnm onuainnm n npxannnm oxnnpnma, yiennnyiyhn ernuxe n
nonnrnuxe opme npnnne npanennocrn ca npaysopom nainnmer nopa xao
opnienrnpom. Popo camo re npnnne npenasnnasn cymrnncxn ianaiyhn ce
cnery xao cnernocr y cnmonnuxoi npencrann ynopehenoi ca cynnem.
V rpehoi asn axnenar ie cranen na meransnuxy n pennrnosny
crpany non yrnnaiem eneiana n nnraropeicrna, rne nomnnnpaiy nnianosn

72
Tu+ei n Hap+euuo. V npnom on pasnnia ienno rymauene nopexna n
nocroiana cnera xoie n nanac nenyie nennuancrneno, a y npyrom ienny
panyposny cnexynarnnny nornxy y xoioi pasmarpa cne naxne samepxe cnoioi
pannie paspahnnanoi reopnin nneia, ne nmenyiyhn cnor naisnauainnier
yuennxa Apncrorena, ann npyxaiyhn mapxanrne onronope na nnx (pennmo-
nneia nenore ie n cama camocanpxnna xao nena no noimy, a nopore no
noponamepnocrn). To cy sanpano aprymenrannie npnnpemene neh pannie
xpos remarnsanniy sananocrn y cnery, xoiy nsnaxe npnua o nehnnn ns VII
xnnre nnianora Ppxana, xao n nnianosn nosne ase - 4u)eo, Teemem nnn
upraeuur. Ecrercxa nnmensnia neronnx nnianora xoin nocenyiy snauaine
ymernnuxe xapaxrepncrnxe, cnaxe ce ca neronom cxnonomhy nanxanncrnnn
y rexnn xa neuno nenom. Jep ro ie Pnornmnn ynnn - ono mro ce yn mopa
na yne canpmeno n es norpea, a na xpaiy n nainenme on cnera /a y rome ie
cnpam nosnnnie nncrnonana no saxnahen n Kanr, ynonehn ymernocr mohn
cyhena no npnponn npema onom nenom y noi, re rexnnxy cyna yxyca
nonymrao sa perynarnnnn npnnnnn ynorpee yma, xoin cnoinm oneparnnnnm
oncepnanniama nonesyie reopnicxy xpyrocr mexannuxor saxononancrna
npnpone ca npaxrnuxnm ymom xoin saxrena nsnpmena ernuxnx nyxnocrn y
nonpyuiy xapmonnunocrn cnnx nnrepcexropcxnx penannia, xao oanesyiyhn
cyiexr reneonomxor npocyhnnana/. Hpanan na xoin ynyhyiy ocehain nnie nn
sa nornennnane, nnrn sa nrnopncane es nocnennna. Hama ie remxo
nocrnxan nornyno excnnnnnran ynnamenr casnana xoin n ce sacnnnao na
camopenexcnin, ynyhn na camo mnmene n ronop nornuy ns nnme
pasnnunrnx nsnopa n unne neonpxnnom nornyny oiexrnnanniy came cnecrn
xao raxne, cem y rorannrapnnm xonnenrnma nonnrnuxe peannocrn ca uninm
cmo xaracrpoannnm yunnnnma nororono nanac cyouenn n ynosnarn. To nac
nonceha na rpannna nsmehy yma n ocehana nnie raxo naxo n npennsno
onpennna xaxo ce ro npeuecro ysnma xao camopasymnna unnennna, raxo na
ie excrponeprnoi nnn nannnoi cnecrn opmnpanoi npema xareropniama
cnoamner emnnpnicxor ncxycrna, nauenno nenpncrynauan nno xaxan
npennnrennnonannn ynnn y ynyrpamne cnerno n ncxycrno cnecrn xoia
caunnana ynyrpamny crnapnocr npyraunier pena.
Hoiam marepnie, noxyuen xon Apncrorena y onronomxom xopnsonry
monannrera nha, ornopno ie onrnuxnm cyncrparom nsnnnrera n npyraunie
moryhnocrn nornennmra na reo-nornxy, xao n reopnicxn nornen na no rana
neyouene moryhnocrn nnoconie yonmre. Hpenxonnn cmncao raxnor
nsnarana nar ie xpos noiam xperana n noiam oxancxor. For xao nenoxpernn
noxperau xoin xao cnpxonnrn yspox noxpehe unran nnnnnn n nennnnnn
cner iecre narocnon npnnnauena nnn onniana xao ycmepanana npema
ocrnapnnany npnpone. Henoxpenyrn noxperau xao eporonomxa xomnonenra

73
norahana cnera mro iecre nonono oxpehe naxny npema noimonnma rnapn,
rena n xperana, unnehn cmncao nsnnnrera nnme nero naxnnm no
pasymenane nynncxnx acnexara onor mro nnue, pasnnia ce n nna nnn
npnponnocrn /nneie/ npnpone. V cnaxom cnyuiy, Apncrorenon noiam
mnmena xoie ie nocneno no npernocranxn ca xoinma my ie omoryheno na
camo cee mncnn y npounmhenoi opmn xoia reneonomxn pacnonaxe ca
ounronannma npenmernocrn y xapaxrepy oxancxor nyxa, iecre excnonenr
rpannunor noima cncremarcxor iennncrna n npareher camopenexronana xoie
ie ncronpemeno canpxano y cnaxom mnmeny. Anconyrno camoonnomene
oxancxor mnmena nnie nnmeno npenmernocrn, ann ann ona nnie nnmena
anopernunocrn xoia nornue on hyrana o nmanenrnoi crpyxrypn Fora mro n
nnnnxonano nniarnosy xaxo ce pann o iennom nencxasanom xopnsonry
nerarnnne reonornie. Hnax, ro crane ie nocrynno n uonexy xao ono nainnme
mro moxe nosnrnnno na ce samncnn, ann cmo n nsysernnm n neoma xparxn
rpenynnma (Ap., Mem., Hamna, 7 n 9), na ie ro ncronpemeno n ona
axrnnnocr xoia ne npnnana iennno Fory. Kornrarnnnn yunnnn uonexa nncy
raxnn na ie on y onnocy na Fora nnmranan, npemna oxancxo n yncxo
noernuxo mnmene nnie nnenrnuno, ann nnie nn anconyrno pasnnunro.
Cnnunocr nnxonnx cnoicrana nounna na ynnny na xapaxrepncrnxe oxancxe
noernunocrn nannnase y nncoxom creneny pasnnxe ananorne xapaxrepncrnxe
yncxe noernunocrn, mana cy y axry mnmena mnmene n npenmernocr
mnmena nnenrnunn npema ncroi crpyxrypn camoonnomena. V Hnarononoi
nnoconin cnecr cnoi canpxai npnma on nncronana, npexo xornnrnnnnx
canpxaia einercxnx cymrnna narnx y nnianoernuxnm npocyhnnannma, nneia.
V rom cmncny saxyuax o rome mra npnpona n mra nncrnonane iecre y
npenmernom casnanany, nna anexnarno nsnarano reopniom nneia, xoia nnie
nexn nocean nponyxr cnonranor crnapana cnecrn, neh canpxaina
nrypannia crnapnocrn, y cnoi amnnanenrnocrn snauena. Konauan cran na y
reopnin nneia iennocrannnm narocrnma nnhena, nneiama nnn
nnrennrnnnnnm opmama, onronapa n iennocranno noernuxo casnane xao
onronop na nsasone uynnnx n nyxonnnx narocrn, nponemarnsyie nnrane y
xom creneny penexcnia moxe na ce onnocn na npernocranxe ncxycrna.
Apncroren neh nnie opahao ronnxy naxny na naunne crnnana ncxycrna y
nnxonoi oiexrnnnoi canpxnnn, neh ce oxpenyo ncnnrnnany nocrynnocrn
nnn nenpncrynaunocrn sacnnnana moryher ncxycrna y nnococxoi
ocnemhenocrn xao nocnennoi concrnenoi narocrn mnmene mnmena.
Kopax xoin n no nera naano y oxnnpy pasmarpana Hnaronone reopnie
nneia nsnecrn, onnocno n ce na xoncrnryncane camoyremeena cnecrn xao
enncremarnunocrn enncremarcxor nnn xoncrnrynnie xoia sanonia snane
snana xao npnponno npxane. Cnaxao na ne cmarpamo na na rome naa n

74
ocrarn, ri. npnponno npxane ysern sa nocnennn ocnon xapaxrepa
ncrnnnrocrn. Fesnan npnpone ie nyn on onaxo sanprane rpannne, xao mro
ie sacnrypno n rexe yxnarnn on yonuaienor npahena cnena penexcnia n
saxyunnana o nyxnocrn cnena npe nero mro ce sauyno xynane onosno. H
Bexcnnp nac ie y Xa+)emv onomenyo na nma mnoro nnme nhe nsmehy nea
n seme, nero mro ce na samncnnrn nnn canarn y nexoi nnoconin.
Hcrnncrnonane, nnax, nonpasymena nonono nopo nnn anexnarno
pasymenane onor mro rai cran nonpasymena, c osnpom na nnmecnoinocr
remarcxor npncryna reopnin nneia, iep ona nonnpe n no esycnonne
npernocranxe Fora Hesnanna nnn no anpoxcnmarnnne reonornie onor mro
nspaxana nocrynar cycpera nnnem y nnne npema pasnnianom reopemarnsmy
y xacnniem nnaronnsmy.
Ona nnmano neanopernuna nnmensnia mncaono ie ornopena xpos
nonecnn xopnsonr pasnoia nnoconie, iep ce ona ncronpemeno nponanasn n
xao nenrpannn xopnsonr mncaonor ncxycrna cnecrn (enomenonomxor
crana), xoin sannpe y camo cpennmre nponemarnxe nnianexrnuxor
mnmena no xoiera ie onnyuno crano, re ncro raxo n xao nonecnn nepnnxr
neprnxannor nocesana ncrnne na nayunoi pannn, ca noimonnnm nananem
pasnora sa ersncrennniy onora mro iecre n nna. Panno youena nnocrpyxocr
sanpano n unnn rai nonyxnar nsyserno axryennnm, iep ie nonecnn xnnor
mnmena cxnahen xao ynpemenenocr nncrnonana nnn mnmene ncxona y
neronoi nnmensnin npemenonana, raxo na npemencxn pasnoi nnianexrnxe nne
xa ycanpmanany nene nneie xpos nanpenonane paspane opmn y npemeny
nnana nenor noima, a ro ncronpemeno cexe y camo cpennmre neronor
yxynnor mncaonor nanopa.
Vremeene onor mro iecre nemro y norneny nerone cymrnne,
Hnaron nasnna uo0roic, y cmncny npernocranxe xao nneie, onor mro cy
nouernn ocnonn casnana nncrnyiyher, xpos yremennane onora mro n
unnn nerono nncrnonane. To ie cacnnm npyrn cmncao snauaia ror repmnna
on pennmo onor xoin ce xopncrn y maremarnnn npn nocrynnnma
pasmnmana. Baa ce noncernrn na ro na Hnaron nainnmn noiam cnoie
nnoconie ouo ooopo, nasnnao n uryio:ov uo0nuo, ann ro nnxaxo nnie
ono snane xoie noniamo ncxycrnom n nmamo xao iacan n cnrypan nocen.
Ono npernocrana n nenononocr nenocpennor saxnarana, re noxyunnane
cmncna naineher yuena npernocrana nennxe nanope, xaxo n ono mro nam
nonasn npexo nnrenexryannor nornena nnn nnrynnnie ns cnyreher
pasymenana mornn na pasymemo nsnopnnie n sanra npncnoinmo. Cepa
yonuaiene maremarnunocrn npyxa nam yuenocr xpos xnnorese sanonoene
einocom nnn nnxom nsnarana y xonrexcry yrncaxa n narahana (ooco), raxo
na cy sanncne on nponyxnnie uynnnx cnnxa. Taxo ie nnianexrnuxa resa nemro

75
mro ce ycnocrana cacnnm npyraunie on npnpono-nayunnx xnnoresa, iep ona
ne moxe na yne nexa nouerna cxnna-cxema ncrpaxnnana, nero nspnunra
rema pasmarpana nan cnaxe nponsnonocrn n cnopennocrn. To
npernocrana na nnie nosnoeno ysnmane xnnoresa sa oiamnanane
neuera, neh na one came mopaiy na yny nauenno npencnnrnnane, xao nneia
xoia mopa na nahe ocnonan cama y cen, na n nna npana nnococxa
npernocranxa. Kaxo ona rai ocnonan moxe na nponahe, n xaxo moxe na ce
ycnocrann y nnococxoi xomnerenrnocrn?
To ce npema Hnarononom nnococxom casnany noraha y
nnianory xao onom onnxy ncrpaxnnauxor npomnmana crnapnocrn, y
xoiem ce nnrane nocrana xao nponem ornapana cmncna crnapn.
Hocranane nnrana npernocrana ornopenocr, ann ncronpemeno n
ncnnrnnane rna ca xoier nnrane xpehe, c rnme mro ce npernocranxe onaxne
cama ynnrnocr nnue ocneranaiy n nonono iacno nsnoce. Honasehn on re
npomnpene ynnrnocrn noxasyie ce n mra iom xao naa ynnrnocr npeocraie y
ncrpaxnnany xoie caronopnnnn cnene. Pnanornxa ce raxo onnnia npe cnera
xpos npano nocranane nnrana, ri. xpos ona nnrana xoia orxnanaiy
norpemne npernocranxe xao cnoienpcan npnnnn nepemnnocrn. Hsnnoieno ns
rnx rsn. nepemnnnx cnryannia mnmena, no xoinx ce nonasn pyxonohenem
xpnno nocranannm nnrannma, ri. nnrannma mro cxpehy ca npanor nyra na
xoiem ie nanaxene onronopa moryhe, mnmene ie yponeno y canpxai
crnapnor cmncna npanna ncrpaxnnana na xom nocrnxe snane rne rocnonapn
ncnpanno pacyhnnane n nencnpanno nna ncxyunnano. Pemanane
nocranenor nnianexrnuxor nnrana iecre nyr npema snany, a nyno casnane
ce nocexe rex n xpos carnenanane cynpornnx aprymenara y nnxonoi
nenpannnnocrn; xpos ncxonnmra no xoinx nonone xpnno nocranena nnrana
mro onemoryhanaiy nynn n npann onronop. V rome ce n cacroin npennocr
snana npen ymnmannma xoie nynn mnene, iep npyxa ynnn y moryhnocrn
xao moryhnocrn, rne snarn snaun snarn n cmncao snana n cmncao nesnana,
nnn - ocrnapnrn iennncrneny nesy cynpocranenocrn cranonnmra xoia ce
nonmaiy cne no rpannunnxa xoin nx ysaiamno ncxyuyie. Anrnnornuxn cran
nnn npnnnnn xonrpannxnnie nnie nemro mro n camom ymy ocrano
cnoamne nnn nenosnaro, o uemy cnenoue neh cacnnm nopa Apncrorenona
pasymenana onor nponema y nornuxnm cnncnma. Ha cynpornnm
npernocranxama moryhe ie nesanncno on came npenmernocrn nnn on ouoe
uma nayx, opmnparn pasnnunra n cynpocranena nayuna snana /Ar.
Metaph., M4, 1078
b
25/, nanme moryhe ie ycmepanane ncre nayxe y cynpornnm
npannnma, na yxonnxo saonhemo nenonono penexronany Apncrorenony
meronnuxy cnecr /pennmo - Ar., Topica, 105
b
23, rne ie on nonpnnnuno
pnrnnan/, nnnnmo na nnianexrnxa snana y ocnonn nnana n xon nera. Hnrana

76
y cen oyxnaraiy cynpornocrn nosnrnnnnx n nerarnnnnx npernocranxn,
nnhene neuera na ie raxno n npyraunie, a ro nmnnnnnpa ysaiamna nornpana
xoia mnpe nnnoxpyr casnanana xpos nponanaxene aprymenara nnn nanane
pasnora sa npnxnarane ienne on crpana, ns uera ce cama crpyxrypa snana
noxasyie xao nnianexrnuxa. Ta cynpocranana cama nnianexrnxa nspnunro
unnn cnoinm npenmerom n ona ie yronnxo snane xoie oiennnana
cynpornocrn n npenasnnasn cnne mnena xoie nncy cnecne cnoinx
iennocrpanocrn. V nnma ce sa nnocoa nnrane camo namehe, mana ono nnie
nn nonyunno nn nayunno naxne, nncy nenaromxo-rexnnuxa crnap xoia n
naxo orxnanana yonuaiena mnena n npenpacyne. Hpemna raxna crnap
nauenno nounne on concra xoin nocranaiy nnrana na anrpononomxoi
ocnonn n nanymraiy necnecny nesanocr sa npnponne enomene n mnrcxe
npencrane onuainocrn, unme nanpocro nna ynenena penexcnnnocr nnn
opnienrannia npema mncaonoi cnecrn; ra ymemnocr xao noenonocna
opnienrannia npornn cnaxor npyraunier mnmena, iom nnie ymemnocr
nnianexrnxe y rpaxeny ncrnne. Hnaron ncrnue na cy n concrn oioi,
npniaren mynpocrn, iep ono mro ie xon nnx rex cnyheno n cnao, on ycnena
na oiaua nononehn ono cnao xasano no nonoxaia y xoiem ie iaxo, ri. na
ncrypn pasnore xoin nncy nomnn no nspaxaia, raxo na ce onai xoin sna na
nnra npxn camnx cnoinx nnrana xao npanna nnxonnx ncxonnmra. Peueno
iennocrannnie, nnianexrnuxa ymemnocr nocranana nnrana xao npxana
onor mro nnrane npernocrana, iecre moh pasmnmana y noimonnma nnn
crany mncnnona npema ncrnnn xoia ra onpeneyie xpos noroc nnianexrnxe, a
xoin ie oryn nanane pasnora y saxreny sa snanem nncrnonana mro oyxnara
n moryhnocr na y rome pasymemo n camn cee, onpannanaiyhn na rai naunn
saxren sa raxnnm snanem.
Kao ymehe na ce carnena iennncrno iennor rnennmra nnn na ce
pasmorpn einercxa crpyxrypa onpehenor rnna nnn nnxa crnapnocrn,
nnianexrnxa je eineronomxa nayxa, nayxa ymeha opasonana noimona xpos
xomynnxanniy ynyrap nnxonor cmncna. Pnianexrnuxo ymehe canpana n
neoe noimona nocenyie cnoiy nayuny aprnxynanniy nnn meponannocr
ennnennnie xoia ce nanasn y carnenanany mepe nonesanocrn crnapn iennnx ca
npyrnma, onor pasnonpcnor n mnorocrpyxor mro nexn y norocy. Cam noroc
noimen ie rnme xao ono ienno, xoie ie nocraneno c osnpom na
cxnarnnocr xao mnoro, a xoie mnoro on cam non coom npncnaia n unnn
ersncrenrnnm. To nnme ne moxe na yne nexo ienno xoie ie sareueno y
cnopenno narnm mnoxnnama ynyrap cee, neh ie pasnnieno no nornuxe
pasnonpcnocrn xoia ie ocnonnna n noimnna ynpano xpos ro xoncrnryrnnno
ienno n cen ncro. Vnpxoc cnoicrnennm pasnnaxennma crnapn cy raxo
iennncrnene y norocy /ioro/, na pasneoa /oioioroic/ yxasyie na mnorocrpyxo

77
ienno xoie ie on pacnonoxnnnx mnornx ycneno na onenn npyrocr, ca unme ce
nocrnrna pacnonoxnnocr sa snane n nanane pasnora, no ysnnsana npema
nayunoi meponannocrn xao anexnarnoi noimnnocrn noimona - mnmena ca
cnoicrnennm norocom (pasnoxnom peuiy, noimom) /Pl. Polit. 285e/.
Oyxnarane mnomrna iennocnnm nnnonnma nnn canocranane
nneie mnomrna, ca xoiom ie caunnen oneparnnnn noiam npenasnnaxena
nenpooinocrn eneicxor nonmana nncrnonana, Hnaron ie nsneo y nnianory
Hapmennn, neponarno nmaiyhn y nnny Apncrorenone npnronope na nouerxy
4u;ure nnn y npnnm rnanama Memadu;ure. Ty ie sacnonana moryhnocr
oer onpehnnana nncrnonana ca nnranem yuecrnonana crnapn na nneiama
rnme, mro ienno nneie moxe na noimn mnoxnny nneia nnn mnoxnny
noimnnor mnomrna iennnnna xao paspemanaiyhnx y noi camoi, rne ie
nenncrnonane cxnaheno xao onpehena nosnrnnna nnnnnocr c osnpom na
nncrnyiyhe xao nneia /Pl. Soph. 258c/. Ty ie n ocnon sa xacnie Xerenono
npomnmane xapaxrepa npornnpeunocrn y nocpenonanoi nenocpennocrn,
mro ie ym cnocoan na cxnarn naxon erepnunor xynana y pany noima xoin
cnpononn sanounnanem nnoconpana y 4euo+euo)oeuiu ovxa. Hneia ce
nanasn na nncrnyiyhem ysnmanem nnna xao nerono nncrnonane xoie xao
npcra iennnena crnapnnx nnnnnx pasnnxa, nnie nornuxn oryheno on
nymennor ycrpoicrna onor mro iecre, cem no onronomxoi nnnnepennnin y
ynaxanany iennno cnoamne enomenannnx crnapn.
Kao noiam cnnx moryhnx noimona, nneia ie nanpocro ca cnoinm
nnianexrnuxnm nemnpom ono mro ce y camom rom nemnpy rpaxn, raxo na ie
ynyrpamna cnpxa snana iep ce nanasn onne rne snane camo cee nponanasn,
rne nnie snane o neuemy nan cee nnn cnaxn moryhn npenmer, nero onne rne
noiam onronapa npenmery a npenmer noimy. Taxo ie ro y cncremarnunocrn
nnhena nnrana meransnxe xao nornxe nncrnonana, ono mro ce moxe ncro
raxo oxapaxrepncarn xao nnarononcxa nncnnpannia n nomer, nsyserno naxna
camoxoncrnrynnia canpxaia n ynyrpamna aprnxynannia canpxaia no opmn
mnmena, naxne ne nemro ysero no cen n camnm rnm xoie ocraie
cnoamne n nsonyie ce on camor canpxaia, nero nemro mro nnrepnopnsyie
oiexrnnne canpxaie y ynyrpamnocr mncaonocrn n rnme ocnerana
cnoicrnenocr came npenmernocrn npenmera. Tnme cmo crnrnn n no nocnenne
nspennnocrn nornuxnm cpencrnnma, nnn caunnnnn nainornynnin moryhn
onnc, xao npxynan no xoier nocnena yny1pamnn anjanor /casnainn
xopnsonr nncrnonana ncxasnn peunma/. Mecro na xome ce on cnama n
npenymra nae nohcrno nenspennnom nasnnamo yny1pamnou 1nmnnou
/v+uu+ muxoeane+/, onom rauxom npeoxpera rne ce cner eneprnuno
saycrana n ncxasyie eneprercxn xao cnecna eneprnia ecxonaunocrn.
Fecxonauno ie cama nnnna cncrema xoia ra pasnia y neronoi nenonnrocrn n

78
ynonn oprannsonann xaoc xao rpar ancrpaxrnor nera y nesamncnnno. Tai
oprannsonann xaoc nnme ce nae nspaxana noxnnainma xpos meraope
/mnrornopcrneno/, neronn nno unme npyrnm.
Camonocenonane noima, na naionm sacanama ncxycrna mnmena
y nnarononcxoi rpannnnin, saxrena onnoc cnpam camor cee n ro napounro y
nnny cnoone, xoia omoryhana uonexy na o cen mncnn na ocnony xopena y
nemy camom /nonyme ne eroncrnuno no ornenany camopanexcnia, neh no
onom eneprercxom xopeny no xome ce npenosnaie xao npano nncrnyiyhe y
nncrnonany/, y iennncrny npaxrnunor n reopnicxor yma xao o nponsnenenoi
crnapnocrn y npomnpenoi n nonnmenoi cnecrn, xoia ce ornena y ancrpaxrnoi
ecxonaunocrn ns cee came xao ns came ecxonaunocrn. Tai nmnync y
nemro xopnronanom n pecrpnnronanom enomenonomxom nnny axryenan ie n
nan nanac na cacnnm napounr naunn. On yxnna nonnoienocr rena n yma (reno
ie nsnop namnx eneprnia n camnm rnm pyxononn ymom), nsmehy cnera onune
cnecrn y nepnennniama emnnpnicxe crnapnocrn n cnera nneia xao nyxonne
crnapnocrn, nonehn nac npema onome cynpamenrannom, cnernocnnm nnrnma
onapenor nnmra, xao ecxonaunom cpennmry xocmoca, ramnom mopy
cnecrn. Ancrpaxrnn neronn xoie ro npnnnxanane nonpasymena moryhn cy n
y cny n na iann, xpos rparana sa namnm npannm, nsnopnnm ymom. 3ema ie
cnecna nonpmxa rnm namnm nanopnma sa xoiy ioi ns cner neecxor cpna naa
nrn onan n saxnanan. Ha nyry npema ecxonaunom, sema ce noxasyie xao
ayrenrnuan neo npenonpehen na ynonon namoi nainyoi norpen sa
cnoonnom nrpom. Taxo nam xnnor onpehen xonaunomhy onranana na
semn nnie nn narocnon nn xnerna, neh npnxnahenn nsason sa
nenpncrpacnocr, neycnenocr n yan xoin ce nocrnxe npnpanomhy n
cmnpenomhy, rorono pannonymnom npexaenomhy nanannma nenosnaror,
xoinm ce xpoun na nyry snana xa cnoonn n onexoneuana cnecnocr. Tai nap
yncxnm nhnma oesehyie ecxonaunocr xao ienna orpomnocr npocropa n
npemena osapena snanem xoie nm ce npnnnxana.










79
III, 2. HPO1O0HBOCO0CKO 3AOKPVHBAHE
HPBOBH1HOI CMHCBA

Ono mro unnn na cna npyra nha iecy saysnma mecro nainnmer Fnha,
re ce xon Apncrorena nonma xao xpaine nhe, oxancxo n naiynaxennin,
naiuacnnin pon, ann ne raxo na n ce nerepmnnncrnuxn onnaiano nhe n
nncrnonane. Onnx ie onai xoin nenonanem npema onome mro eiame nno
na yne caunnana nha, re cnoinm yuecrnonanem y nncrnonany caunnanaiy
cymrnne. Onnx axrnnnpa marepniy sanaiyhn ioi onnxornopnn nnenrnrer
noroca, unnehn ie rnme n neunm nocroiehnm :o oi:iov :nc \nc :o riooc
ro:i, :o\:o o n ouoio n xo:o :ov oyov. (Ap. Mem. 996
b
8; 1041
b
8; 1035
b
16)
Hpe nncrnonana moxemo na npernocrannmo camo moryhe nhe /ouvouri ov/
nnn marepniy xoia ie nnmenocr ca moryhnomhy na nemro yne yxonnxo
nocne no onnxonana (Ap. Mem. 1050
a
15-16), mro nam nomaxe na cxnarnmo
nncrnonane xao crnapnocr nnn eneprnuno nenonane opme. Tai npenasax
oana ce nyrem xperana n npomene (ucmo, 1069
b
15-16; 4u;ura, 224
b
8,
225
a
1, 201
a
8), a camo xperane nasna nma nexn nonasnn yspox nnn naueno, iep
cne mro ce xpehe nma norpey sa nexnm noxperauem (4u;ura, 256
a
14), ri.
nonpasymena rnopauxn yspox xoin naie onnx nmaiyhn na ymy nsrnen n cnpxy
cnoie rnopauxe eneprnie, mro onpxnno xasyie na ie noxperau yman (Mem.,
1072
a
26; 1032
b
15-17). Hocroin raxohe n noxperau ynyrap rnapn xoin ie
cnocoan na nsasone xperane, a ro ie xynna rnapn sa onnuiem, nnnamnuxa
cxnonocr crnnany nsrnena (Mem., 1072
b
3), na Apncroren cmarpa na nnmra
ne noniamo rnme axo ycnocrannmo neune cymrnne n crnapnocr xao raxny
npemecrnmo y nneie, a y nnma ne nahemo naueno cnocono na nsasone
npomeny n xperane (Mem., 1071
b
13, 14-16). Marepnia xao nnmenocr ne
npencrana camo norennniy xperana y cmncny neponarnohe na orpnn
onnxonane, iep n rana nna rpaina n nenpomennna narocr, ann ona
nonnexe nponannnocrn ycnen canpxanana nauena cnocoor na nsasone
xperane, canpxanaiyhn n neponanohy nexperana ri. nponanana /n o0ooo
oux ro:i xivnoic (nponaoane uuie rpemane 4u;ura, 225
a
32, Mem.
1067
b
36-37/, na ie oryn moh xperana n rpnena xao nponanana, uniy
nnnamnxy caunnana na ie no1ennnjanno y cnaxoue (nocma)oe v npupoou u
v+ehu+a, Mem. 1032
a
20-22), y pacnony npnxnarnnocrn na iecre n nnie.
Haueno cnocono na nsasone xperane iom nnie xperane no cen, na ce yspox
xperana ne moxe nyrem xynne sa onnxornopenem npnnncarn camoi rnapn,
iep n ono rana ocrano ienna nenenarna moryhnocr, a camo xperane nn ne
nacraie nn ne nponana, nero nma xapaxrep neunor. Hpenasax ns moryher y
nenarno nhe yxasyie na nesy xperana ca cymrnnom nha, iep n y
cynpornom n camo xperane nonnerano nponanany, unme n ce yxnnyna n

80
moryhnocr rpainor yuecrnonana nha y nncrnonany, a c rnme n npnponna
cymrnna nha (4u;ura, 225
a
34-225
b
3) iep n ce yxnnyna nesa xperana ca
npemenom xoie raxohe rpaino nocroin (Mem. 1071
b
6-10)). Vronnxo ie cacnnm
cynncao saxyuax na eneprnia nnn nenornopnocr nperxonn moryhnocrn nnn
norennnianniama, onnocno na xperane nocroin npe cnaxor npenacxa ns
norennnie y axryannocr (Mem.,1049
b
5-8, 24-27), ca unme ce ncnocrana
nocroiane npnor nsnopa eneprnie xoin nsasnna xperane y cnery: Fynyhn na
xperane rpea ynex na iecre n na ce ne npexnna, ro mopa na nocroin nemro
neuno xoie npno noxpehe...n ro npno noxpehyhe mopa nrn
nenoxperno...nsnan cnaxe npomene (Mem., 1012
b
30-31). Berona cymrnna ie
camo nenonane: naa naxne nrn naueno rora xoie ie cymrnncxa
nenornopnocr(Mem.,1071
b
19-20), a Henoxpenyrn noxperau ie oryn nernapan
nnerenecan /ucmo, 1071
b
20-21/ es npemencxnx npomena es xoinx npnpona
ne nocroin, raxo na on iecre npnonrno n nnanaiyhe naueno xao nsnop
xperana n neuno nenonane/ucmo, 1072
a
24-26/.On ra nmenyie peuiy For n
nasnauana xao remeny xareropniy nnococxe nponemarnxe. Apncrorenon
For nocraie rnme npenycnon n nonasnmre sa rymauene nha, nnxonor
nncrnonana n crnapnocrn, ynyhn ycranonnnan xao nornuxa neonxonnocr
snnana cnera n xnnora nnn npenycnon nocenonana nornuxor cmncna. Kao
onnoiena n nenoxperna npnpona (ucmo, 1072
b
24-25), For ie npno n
nairnannnie naueno (ucmo, 1064
b
1) xperana nnn nnna nncrnonana, ne
rpeaiyhn nmra nan cee, nnrn cnoamne npaxce/ynnnne (Ap., Ho)um.,
1325
b
28-30). Kao uncra eneprnia on ie n uncrn onnx xoin nocroin camo xao
ymno mnmene, a ne xao marepniannsonano onnuie, re ie no roi
mnmennnn n camo mnmene Foxnie nenonane (Oro\ rvroyrio vonoic
Mem., 107
b
20). For cmnma uncrn onnx xoin ie nerona cymrnna n eneprnia
xao nenonenna n nepasnenna mncnehn camor cee, nenarno nocenyiyhn
nncrnonane nnn camoxnnor xao ecmprny nenarnocr nnn xnnor neunn
/ucmo, 1072
b
28-30/To ie naioe n naiyronnnie ymocarnenanane, cpeha Fora
xao nerona reopnicxa nenarnocr y ncronernocrn yma n ymnor, xao ecrpacan
n nensmennn, nainehn n nenponannna npnpona, naueno n yspox nha on
xoier ie cne n xpos Fora ie ro sa nac casnano /Ap. O roc+ocv, 6, 397
b
14/, re my
cner nyryie cnoie nponcxohene, onpxanane, yxpamenocr, ycxnahenocr n
nopenax Bro ie xopmnnap na nahn, ro ie For y cnery /ucmo, 6, 400
b
8/. Ha
rai naunn y Apncrorenonom nonrpahnnany onronornie nncrnonana y
npnponn crnapn, nncrnonane yremeyie snane o nhnma no npnponn xao
npnponna nayxa caunnanaiyhn nyrem noroca pasnor nocroiana nha nnn
nornuxn uynnocr unnn carnennnom n oiamnnnom. Pae on rora cexe
npnonrnnia nayxa o onome mro iecre xoia carnenana nenonnrnie came
crnapn nocroiana anehn ce nhem xao nhem. Ono npenasnnaxene nsnxe

81
npenasnnasn n onpeny yspoxa npnponno nocroieher, ann unnn ce n camo
yncxo mnmene xoie ymyie nosnnaiyhn ce na ono ymno onnaianem
mnmena on mnmenor n ancrpaxrno ra npencranaiyhn xao
cxemarnsonany xareropniy /mana On ne nonnexe marepniannsonanoi
cxemarnsannin/, raxo na iennno For iecre mnmene mnmena xao
ncrnnernocr yma n ymnor, ri. ne mncnn raxo na nonnexe nerepmnnannin y
onnocy na mnmeno (Mem. 1074
b
15-1075
a
10). C ony crpany ror
nerepmnnanrnor onnaiana ymnor on onora mro ra raxnnm unnn, ncxyuyie
moryhnocr na nncrnonane nocmarpamo c osnpom na nha xao nnxono
cnoicrno n xareropnuxn npenycnon. To ncxyuyie xaxo yspouny xopenanniy
nha n nncrnonana, xao n nonnprananem nncrnonana nennnnnin yspoxa
n cnaxy ynopeno-npennocny nponeny xoia n nopannanana rai onnoc, iep ce
norunnana merononornin nsnuxor npncryna. Orcycrno n npncycrno cy
npenycnonn na nha iecy, na ce nnxona ncrnna ne noncronehyie ca nnxonom
rnapnom nnn onnxonanom crpanom nsrnenana xao narom cymrnnom, neh ce
cxnara eneprercxn xao nenonane n norahane nsnaxena ns camosaxpnnenocrn
npen cee came, xao npemenocr xoia noxnna onronomxy crnapnocr
nnnnnnnyyma camor no cen ca orpannuenem na ce ry nha noianyiy xao
npenmern. Bpcra ne moxe na yne noxpon nha, nemro mro my ce npnnonaie,
neh ona caunnana neron nnenrnrer n uynne n ymne npcre caunnanaiy
nncrnonane. Vxonnxo nneie ne onenornopanaiy yonnuena nocroieher
ncxyuene cy npcre xao nocnonn onronomxnx canpxaia noiennnaunnx nha,
iep ie npcra cymrnna no norocy n yuecrnonane na nneiama xopnronano ie
enrenexnunomhy nha nnn npcra nma n cnoi yspox n cnoiy cnpxy.
Jennnnunocr onnuia nomohy xor iecre nhe /ro mro iecre/ y ymy xao mecry
npcra /Mem. 1075
a
3-4/ xao enrenexnin, rne nanasn cnoie yremeene n
nornpny xao onnxyiyhe ocrnapene ersncrennniannor norahaia, ca unme ce
nonia n npacnnxa nnunor nauena ersncrennniannor norahaia y panoi
nnsanrnicxoi reonornin. Vm y eneprnin iecre neronn npenmern sacryna
Apncrorenona ncnxonornxa reopnicxy onnoienocr, nenomemanocr, nenonane
npema cymracrny, rne ie cyiexar nacnnan xana ie y nnrany rnap, a axrnnan
xana ie y nnrany ym xao nocnnan npcnor ocrnapena nncrnonana. Kaxo ie
xperane norahai xoin ce onnocn na cam cacran nnn ycrpoicrno nocroieher,
ono ie enrenexnia xao ocrnapnnocr norennniannor nha Enrenexnia onor
mro nna no moryhnocrn, xao raxno iecre xperane (Ap. Mem., 1065
b
15-16).
3axnayiyhn einocy cnaxo nocroiehe nhe nocnena /iep npcra ie xperana
xonnxo n nha/ no canpmenor nmana nnn npxana y nncrnonany, no
ynornynene n ycanpmene crnapnocrn nha mro nsnyrpa nocenyie xpos
nocehn cyiexr marepnie xaxo cnoi yspox, raxo n nnacrnry cnpxy.

82
Taxan ie saxyuax nannnan ns onnx pasmarpana xoia cy nacroiana na
aprymenryiy resy o npennocrnma snana xoia ce crnuy pasmarpanem crnapn
onronomxnx nauena sacnonannx ynyrap npne nnoconie. Ty ie
nncrnonane /:o rivoi/ na nexn naunn ncro mro n npnpona /ouoic/,
iecracrno xao nspacrane n nocnenane y cnerno crnapnor, rnme mro ie
ncrynnno ns cxpnnenocrn n nocrano npncyrno /ooouoio/, xao nacraiane n
nocroiane xoie ocraie na nnana. Fnncrnonane xao npnpona raxo nma moh na
onnanana cnnme, nnana nncrnyiyhnm y nennnn nperxonehn mnmeny,
ocraiyhn raxo neron nanor n sanor xao npnnanno na nainsnopnnin naunn.
Mnmene c rnme nma ynory na npnmaiyhn rai nanor npe cnera npnmern n
sanpxn naxny na nncrnyiyhem xoie my rai nanor ncnopyuyie, cynncno nae
pasanpyhn o uemy ie peu c osnpom na noiannnane xoie nocnena y
nocroiane xao craiane y cnerny nncrnonana. Apncroren n camo mnmene
ysnma sa npenmer nainnme penexcnie n rnme nonymra na ono mro ie
mnmene nsnopno npen-mernyno cnanne y npyrn nnan, nonnaiaiyhn raxo
ono ns nennne mncnnnor mnmeno y mnmeny xao noceny npenmernocr,
re ncrnue marepniannie xoie nnme ne npnnone nennnn nnxonor nopexna, neh
ayropenexcnnnom momenry re cana moryhne nennne rsn. camoonnocehem
ce snany xoie raxohe nonnocn nepnnxr xomnerennnie. Ounrnenno ie na ce
cmncao nenennocrn n xonrnnynrera xon nera n Hapmennna pasnnunro
pasymenaiy, iep ce ne npnnia nhe ys nhe raxo na ce npnxnara nocroiane
mnomrna, neh na ce npn cnaxom noxymaiy onnaiana n pasnnxonana cxnara na
ie cne ynpano nnme ncnyneno. V cnncy O ceemv, Apncroren he ynpano one
napmennnoncxe arpnyre nncrnyiyher xocmonornsonarn, na ie Hennna
Cnera iennncrno, nepohenocr n nasnamne nocroiane, nenpexnnnocr y cen
no canpmencrna n onpehenocrn nsnan uera nema nnuera xyrnonnnnocr. Ona
cepnunocr ie oner ymy cxonna, noepnuxa cnnxa nnn npencrana
Hapmennnonor cepnunor nncrnyiyher y neronom nncrnonany
npnnienocrn nha ys nhe xao nenpornnpeunocr ca coom camnm. Ono mro
ie xon Anaxcnmannpa naxnno sa neorpannueno xao axryenna ecxonaunocr,
xon nera nocraie nnocrpyxor xapaxrepa y rymaueny, nanme xnacnnxonano
npema nyxnnn n npema npemeny, re cnemy mro ie nenpexnnno npema neon
nnn npema xpainocrnma: Jep xan ce xpehe esrpannuno /orioov/ onne rne ie
A, nexn neron neo xao IP he na ce nahe y orpannuenom B, re na rai naunn
npyrn n nasna npyrn; a ro yienno nasnauana /ouu3nor:oi/ na ono orpannueno
noxpehe esrpannuno /:o orioov xrxivno0oi :o rrooourvov/ n
orpannueno paspemana (anconnnpa) on esrpannunor. Jep moxna n nnie
nemoryhe na esrpannuno npenasn orpannueno npyraunie nero xaxo
orpannueno npenasn esrpannuno, nnn nomenem nnn mepenem. Oryna,
ynyhn na ie raxno mra nemoryhe, esrpannuno ne moxe na npenasn

83
orpannueno. Ann, ncro raxo, nehe nn orpannueno na npehe esrpannuno y
orpannuenom npemeny. Jep, na n npemno esrpannuno, naano n na npehe
n orpannueno, ynyhn na ie orpannueno canpnnanno /rvuoo;ri/
esrpannunom. Vsme nn ce n ro n npeme, noxas he na nam yne ncrn. /Ar.
Phys., 238
b
2-16/ Axo ie npema neon npeme neorpannueno, nemy npnnana n
neorpannuena nennunna, a axo ie raxo onpehena nennunna, rome cnenn n
raxno npeme: Jep nnocrpyxo ce nasnna esrpannunnm n nyxnna n npeme, n
y nennnn cne ono mro ie nenpexnnno, nanme: nnn npema neon nnn npema
xpainocrnma...axo npeme (npema neon) yne esrpannuno, n nennunna he
nrn neorpannuena, re axo ie raxna nennunna, onna ie n npeme. /Ar. Phys.,
233
a
28-36/ Fecxonauno n npeme raxo rnope cnoienpcan napanoxc xoin n
nnaue ncxyunnao ienan npyrn, ann ysaiamnocr npnpone nnxonnx nocroiana
npnmopana mncao na nx ysme saienno, onrypyiyhn mncao npema xopnsonry
xoin n morao na nx nonexe, a ro ie xopnsonr neunocrn xoin nyxno
npomnmaiyhn nema moryhnocrn na ce ne noiann. Ann, xaxo ce on
noianyie, xana ie neunocr no cen npnnanna Fory, n ca uonexom remxo na
moxe na nma nmra npyro cem npnnarnnx cxnarana n yehena sa xoia n nncy
norpenn noxasn? To ie crnap cnnremarnrsannie n remarnsannie onnxa
npocyhnnana cnpam onor mro ro yonmre omoryhana n npyxa
xnannnxonanem camor cee y rom nponecy, ncnocranaiyhn saxren sa
xomnerennniom xao sa nocnennomhy ynnna. Taxo ie nocnennocr mnmena
npocro npnmopana Apncrorena na ycranonn ecxonaunocr npemena nnn
neunocr, xao oconny npemena mro onna n cam noiam npemena unnn
nonymrennm sa oncepnarnnnocr ynorpee, uax n y rexnnuxnm nnmensniama
oneparnnnnx penannia. Fecxonaunocr ie nasna y nonnm cnoiennma noima
npemena n saro ie xonrnnynpanocr nnn nenpexnnnocr ono mro nonesyie
nnaue noxnnnno n pacnnno ono mnoro cana, xao nenona on xoinx ce npeme
cacroin, ynopennnm n nacnennnm y cnmynranom xonrnnynpany no rsn. roxa
npemena. Tox npemena oner ie iennncrnenn snp xparana xoie npeme
noxasyiy y enomenannom acnexry, a ynyhn na cem no sanonecrn
ecxonaunor xao neunor monynanra rpaiana npeme rexn n mnoronpcnnm
pasapannma, a ry rnanny nanerocr onpaxana ynpano noiam xperana.
Pnnamnsam xoin nsnyrpa unnn moryhnm rai noiam, na nexn naunn nononn y
nnrane onai xapaxrep npnonrnor ynnna nocrnrnyror npexo pasmarpana
cymrnne nncrnonana xao eneprernsam, rne ce nhe mnorocrpyxo ncxasyie y
cnoioi crnapnocrn, na ie pasnnxonane camnx noimona moryher n crnapnor
nha nanexo nnme noroheno onom ynyrpamnom nonenom, nero mro ce ro
unnn na npnn nornen. Arncrorenon eneprernsam ie xnnemarnuxn nenonono
enrenexnuan, ri. on ie pacyr y npemeny xome camo ym noiennnna nasna nonom
n ns ror xopnsonra nenpennnhenom eneprniom canpana xao onnexyn cnoa

84
nponyxana npernocranxe, ns npyre cepe nonocehn cnary nyxa xao nonyncxe
pasnore ocneranana xoin ce yanyiy na n reopnia nna onpxnna, xnnn n
xpehe ce. He camo na ry nenocraie xacnnie youena reopnia nmneryca, xao
nnmax nanerocrn y rypannma, nyuennma n ornopnma rena y xperany, neh
n cacnnm nemexannuxn n nenonorncrnuxn noncrnnain, xao mro cy
xpnnonnnnicxe nyrane n saxpnnena nenonana xao pesynranre ynyrpamnnx
ornopa ne camo nsnuxe npcre. Kperane nana yienno c mnmenem n ono ie y
neon nenno npema npernocrannn na ce cnaxo xperane onnnia y npemeny,
re camepeno neronnm nenonnma nonia n cnoiy nennunny, ynyhn na ie ono
mro moxe na ce mena nenno. Mnmene ce rnme xon nera opnienrnme
cnpam marepniannia n xperane npema onronapany na nnrane o onom nnn
onom noiannom onnxy narocrn, mro snaun nncncrnpane na xareropnin
xnanrnrera xoia nnie cacnnm ncro mro n npocrnpane, ann nonpasymena
npxane sa marepniannrer xao penannonnsam cymrnne ns xor ce nsnonn
reopnia. By nonynana noiernuxa cnoconocr na ce nonpmn ono mro iom
nenocraie nnn ocraie y anonnmnocrn y nporesany ennnennnie xaxo cy crnapn
nsnopnnie nare nnn xaxo ce nnne nonoxene y ecxonaunocrn.
Vsner y ecnpernocrannn nouerax xao noueno nnoconpana snaun
n nymenno n nsnuxo ocnoahane, opnienranniy noe npema nnacrnroi
ynyrpamnoi cnpcn n cynenonana y nonaxennma no xpaia concrnenor
ynyrpamner sanarxa xao ycnpxonnnane nnn camoycanpmanane. 3anarax
nnoconie ie na uonexa ocnoonn on nsryenocrn ynyrap crnapn, on
oyserocrn crnapnma ynyrap cnera xao xomnynsnnnor ncnxnuxor
oprannsonanor xaoca y renepannom crany, na ra paspemn on camocxpnnene
nespenocrn (Kanr). V raxnom xopennrom mncaonom saxnarany nnoconia
ce nsnaxe xao ocnocoena na y cycpery ca npnponnnm n onunnm npyxn
ynnne pasnnunre on yonuaienor, y npyrauninm nnmensniama, nsa xor
xopnsonra cner cam cee noxasyie na naunn nrpe cxpnnana n orxpnnana,
ncrnne n npnnnna ri. nenpnxpnnenocrn n camocxpnnana.












85
VBOB V 0HBOCO0H1V

II


IV.0. mHAOCOmH1A H OBHOC CA BPYIHM OBAHHHMA
MHmEHA
(nocenn aeo)


IV, 1. IAABHA PA3AHKOBAHA H HOBEAA mHAOCOmH1E HPEMA
CTAHOBHmTHMA

Hainaxnnia nosnnnia y nnococxoi rpannnnin ie nnoconia
nncrnonana nnn onronomxn ycrpoieno mnmene /Hapmennn, Apncroren/.
Ono nounne c rnm na ce nonasehn on noiana nnra sa nncrnonane xoie nm
nexn y ocnonn, ri. npomnma ycnone n carnenana moryhnocrn ncxycrna
nonmana rne ie iacrno nocraneno na npyry nnnniy c osnpom na onai
npnmapnn saxren. Ienepanno y nnoconiy cyiexrnnnocrn cnanaiy
mncnnonn xoin npxe na nnoconia rpea na nne cynpornnm nyrem on onor
xoinm ie pannie nmna, a iacrno ce nnxe na rnanny nnnniy n npencrana xao
onronopan cyiexr cnaxor ncxycrna /Pexapr, Kanr/. Vcnonn n moryhnocrn
ncxycrna y iacrny naiy opnienranniy na cyiexr ncxycrna n nerona onpehena
xoia mory na yny n emnnpnicxa n pannonanna. V nnoconin nyxa /Xeren/
mnmene ce ocnana na nneie xoie ce no samncnn nanase y ocnonn cnnx
crnapn n ca nnma ce remarnsyiy ycnonn n moryhnocrn casnainor ncxycrna.
Honasehn on anconyra raxno nnoconpane mncnn saienno onronomxe n
rpancnennenranne nponeme nonesyiyhn cyncrannniy n cyiexr, nhe n
rpeane xao cymrnny n iacrno. Hnax, nopen onnx rnannnx cranonnmra xoia
nmaiy mnore nonnpcre, cnn ce onn nanase y Hnarononoi nnoconin
(npnpona/onronornia, nyma/cyiexr, nneia/nyx), a mnomrno acnexara n
cnnresa xoie nacraiy ns nnococxe nponemarnxe, unnn ce na cy pasnoine
nnnnie ienne neune nnoconie /philosophia perennis/ xoioi ce npnxnanao
Hainnn, nnn cncremarcxe nneine cnnrese Xeren. unnosonia cxnahena xao
rexna npnnnn, iana ce y arnncxom rpemy na Aropn y xpyry rsn. cronxa
(3enon Kpnrcxn, Xpncnn Tapmxn), a snana xoia cy cnyxnna nocrnsany re
npnnne nennna cy ce na nsnxy, nornxy n ernxy. Cpennonexonna nonena
snana y npeme nnanannne cxonacrnxe nna ie nonynena apncrorenoncxnm
yrnnaiem, na ce xon nnx nnoconia nennna na meransnxy ca onronorniom

86
n reonorniom, nsnxy ca xocmonorniom n ncnxonorniom, re ernxy ca
nonnrnxom, a ra pasnnxonana nncnnnnnna yrnannom cy ce sanpxane n no nac
nanamnnx. On npe rpn nexa onom ce nnepennnpany npnnpyxnna
rnoceonornia non Pexapronnm n Kanronnm yrnnaiem, xao reopnia n xpnrnxa
casnana, raxohe n ecrernxa sacnyrom A. I. Faymraprena, a rex snarno
xacnnie ncnxonornia ca cana nomnnanrnom connonorniom.
Hopoianane nnococxnx nncnnnnnna ie ycnonno, ynyhn na
cncremarnsannia snana saxrena npernennocr n anannrnuxy cxpynynosnocr,
mana cy ra snana y ocnonn iennncrneno nonesana, sa pasnnxy on
ocamocraennx nosnrnnnnx nayxa xoie cy ce remarcxn nsnnoinne y nocene
onacrn (nsnxa, maremarnxa, acrponomnia, nonornia, reorpania,
ncnxonornia, nenarornia...)
Vronnxo cnenn na ce ocnpnemo n na xapaxrepncrnxe onnoca
nnoconie npema npyrnm nyxonnnm onacrnma, remarnsyiyhn nayxy n
iesnx, pennrniy n ymernocr, xao onnm onacrnma xoie ca nnoconiom ynase
y cepy anconyrnor nyxa. H y nonesnnany onnx crpyxrypa mnmena xao
nenanmaman maicrop noxasao ce Xeren, xoin ie n meransnxy n nnoconiy
iesnxa pasmarpao xao nayxy nornxe, raxo na cy rpancepsanne nnnnie
nanaxena ncrnnnrocrn y nnma raxohe nsnarane xao neonxonne npema
sanarxy na ce noxaxe mepa onpxnnocrn nnococxor cranonnmra c osnpom
na nnx, a raxohe n na ono mro ce noxasyie ncrnnnrnm y nnma ne ocrane
npenymreno nnnonamranaiyhoi ynorpen n npannonannnm nopoanannma
nnma nornyno crpannm nporpamnma n nnennma. Pasnnxe y canpemenom
npncryny raxnoi remarnsannin crnapn ne menaiy cymrnncxn, na ynexonnxo
uax nn crnncxn, ynyhn na cy nonpasymenane onmepeno n narano nsnarane
npnxasa ca saoxpyxennm npernocranxama xoie cy nx nocnne.















87
IV.1.1 mHAOCOmH1A H HAYKA

C nynnm npanom ce moxe xasarn na ie nnoconia nayxa, yxonnxo
ce nema y nnny iennno canpemenn noiam nayxe, xoin ie opmnpan rex
cpennnom nenernaecror nexa n nocrao nnanaiyhn. Hayunocr y nnoconin
npyraunier ie xapaxrepa on nayunocrn y canpemennm nosnrnnnnm nayxama,
raxo na ona pacnonaxe noimom nayunocrn xaxan cy nmane y nnny pannie
enoxe, no Xerena n Xycepna. Crnap ie npe cnera y nenpnxnarnnocrn merona
nosnrnnnnx nayxa, na ie nnrane merona nocean nnococxn nponem, iep
on ne moxe na ce npeysnma cnoa n mexannuxn, na n ce xpyro
cxemarnsonannm nocrynnnma ycnemno n ypeheno nsnoxno cxyn snana xoia
mehycono croie y nesn. Ta nesa cama yxasyie na rai cxyn snana xao
ynyrpamny nonesanocr ca cnoicrnenom nenonnromhy nnn cncremom xoin ce
noxasyie y excnnnxannin. unnoconia raxo saxrena ienny cncremarcxy
nonesanocr snana y ncxasnma, na nayunocr xoia ie noi cnoicrnena naa na
npernocrana nennny snana o ncrnnn cnera mro iecre.
unnoconia ie oryn nayxa o nocnennnm ocnonnma xao
npenycnonnma n npernocranxama onor mro ncrpaxyie n pasmarpa (n xon
Apncrorena nayxa xoia nocmarpa ono mro iecre), a ycnonn moryher ncxycrna
nnn npenemnnpnicxn remen na xoinma ce raxna nayxa sacnnna, ne mory na
npohy es nnacrnror npencnnrnnana n xpnrepniyma onpxnnocrn. Oryn
nnoconia ne ncnnryie camo emnnpnicxe ocnone crnapn, neh nnra sa
remee ncxycrna yonmre xoin camn nncy nnmra emnnpnicxo. Vronnxo ie
naxno na ce ona cxnarn n xao ynnnepsanna nayxa, iep nnra sa moryhnocrn
ncxycrnene crnapnocrn y nennnn. Ona ne nonymra cen na yne cnenena na
iennonnmensnonanno ynaxanane ncxycrna n merone, xao mro ie ro moryhe
xon remarcxn penyxonannx n meroncxn iennoymno cyxennx nocennx nnn
rsn. nosnrnnnnx nayxa. Camnm rnme, raxohe, npnponno ce ncnocrana
saxren na cnn nenn ncxasn yny ymnn, raxo na ie cnnma xoin ry
npernocranxy nocenyiy, nocrynna moryhnocr na nm nocrane nnnnn n iacan
npenas on ncxycrna no npenemnnpnicxnx n nanemnnpnicxnx ycnona, xao mro
cy nauena xoia ra omoryhanaiy. 3a ro ie norpeno raxohe, na ce cnaxo mnene
nnn cnnxa cnera nonnprne nepnnxry nponene, yxyuyiyhn y ro n nsannnane
npen cee nnacrnror cranonnmra o xome mopaiy na ce nonoxe pauynn.
unnoconia ie raxo no xapaxrepy xpnrnuna, re saxrena npenasnnaxene
oxnnpa xoie namehy nneonornie, nonnrnxe, pennrnie, nayxe, rexnonornie n
cnn onn normarnsmn xoin cyxanaiy na iennocrpanocrn n yrepyiy y crpoiene
iennonnmensnonannocrn. Coxparoncxo nopahane noima o xome ie xasnnao
Hnaron xao o anuxom ymehy, norpenom na n ce nsamno ns cnera cenxn n
oxpenyno cnerny; npocneryiyha ynora xpnrnuxor crana xaxny ie

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napannrmarnuno nemoncrpnpao Kanr n xacnnie y nainehoi mepn n Xeren
npema cnery emnnpnicxor ncxycrna y renepannom crany, xoin ce onuno
saysnma y cnaxonnennnn; cne ro nononn no rora na ce npencnnryie
nenocpennocr, re na ce xpos nonmaiyhe nocpenonane pasyme mra ce xohe ns
nsnopnninx npernocranxn, ns onor mro nenocpennocr n omoryhana npxehn ie
na oxyny na ce ne pacnanne. unnoconia ie nryn xpnrnuxa nayxa ymnocrn o
oxnnpnma ncxycnne crnapnocrn y nennnn.
Haxynena xonnunna snana naa na ce rpynnme n caunne nonene,
xaxo n ce onaxmano nnxono nsnarane n nonno na npernennocrn, xaxo ie ro
nanno yunnno n Apncroren, nenehn ie na reopnicxn n npaxrnuan neo.
Teopuicrv du)ocoduiv unne oumo)oeuia xao yuene o nncrnyiyhem
(reonornxa, nsnxa, maremarnxa), du)ocoduia npupooe xao nnococxo
yuene nacnpam emnnpnicxnx npnponnnx nayxa n du)ocodcra ncuxo)oeuia
xao nnococxo yuene o nymn y nainehoi mepn xao aumpono)oeura. V
nonnie npeme npenno ie cnomenyrn meopuiv ca;uana xao xpnrnuxo yuene o
nocrnsany snana n xep+euevmu:rv du)ocoduiv xao yuene o rymaueny n
pasymenany. Hparmu:uv du)ocoduiv unne emura (yuene o ncnpannom
nenany npema npnnnama, rne cnana n pa;+ampane npaea n npannunocrn),
no)umura (yuene o ynpanany saiennnnom n npxanom), erouo+ura (yuene o
sanonoanaiyhem onxoheny npema nomahnncxnm nopnma) n nouemura
(yuene o crnapany n nponsnoheny; a xacnnie ca pasnoiem enncremonornie ry
cnana n ecmemura xao nayxa o nnoconin ymernocrn n nnoconin
rexnnxe). V remene nnococxe nncnnnnnne raxo cnanaiy meransnxa,
rnoceonornia, ernxa n ecrernxa, a nornxa caunnana n nae remarnxy
meransnxe, xaxo ie ro yxnoneno neh y Apncrorenonnm pasmarpannma
xpos noroc nncrnonana n merononorniy nayxe. Hma nonyme n rennrnnnnx
nnoconia xao mro cy nnoconia nayxe, nnoconia iesnxa, nnoconia
ncropnie, nnoconia npana, nnoconia nonnrnxe nrn. sanpano cy
onpehene nsnohene reopnie xoie uemhe nero mro n ro one na npnsnaiy
iennocrpano remarnsyiy nponeme ns yrna nnxone npnmennnocrn, na oryn
remxo na mory na cnone sa ynnamenranne nnococxe nncnnnnnne.
unnoconia iecre nayxa, n ro npema iennom nacnony nosnaror Xycepnonor
nena crpora nayxa n cpencrno nenor ncxasnnana cy noimonn. Ma xaxo na ce
cemanrnuxo noe nnxonnx snauena nomepano n uax n xopennro menano,
onn cy cpencrna nspaxanana namer nnhena n nauennor pasymenana crnapn n
cnera y xom ce nanase.
unnosocxo mnmene onnxyie ce noimonnma n cncremarnsannia
onor mro ie noimeno xpos nnxono nsnarane n opasnarane y iacnocrn n
pasronernocrn iecre npernocranxa nnococxor anena crnapnma n
remenma cnera mro iecre. Ha rai naunn mnmene ce ouynana n npenocn

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noxonennma, onpxanaiyhn ce na rnannnm (remarcxnm) noimonnma ca xoinma
ce oana pasmarpane y pannom cmncny (oneparnnno) npnnpemana nspane
nnrana n rparana sa onronopnma. Temarcxn noiam xon Hapmennna ie nhe,
Xepaxnnra noroc, y Hnarononoi nnoconin ie ro nneia, y Apncrorenonoi
eneprnia, y Hpoxnonoi ienno-nanpenonane-npeoxper, Hainnnonoi monana,
Kanronoi rpancnennenranno, Xerenonoi anconyrna nneia, Hnueonoi noa sa
moh, Xycepnonoi rpancnennenranna cyiexrnnnocr, unnxonoi nrpa cnera.
Hpexo rnx rnannnx noimona onpeheny nnoconiy cxnaramo na noi cxonan
naunn, iep cy onn cnoienpemeno ocneranann onpehene cepe mnmena na
non naunn n nocrann no rom nonpnnocy npennn namhena sa xacnnia
noxonena. Pannn noimonn xoin nncy cacnnm npenmerno onpehenn n cnyxe sa
noiamnanana ocnonnnx samncnn, xao mncaonn monenn nnn nnrenexryanne
cxeme y xoinma cy npernocranann, ann ne n excnnnnnrno ncxasann,
ocraiyhn y sacenxy onnx mro cy ncraxnyrn. Hcro ce raxo noraha na ienan
noiam saysme cpennmne mecro y nnosonpany n nocne non naiiaue cnerno
yma, a na sarnm nocrane pannn nnn nomohnn, xana ce nnme oiamnana
nemro npyro, orxpnnaiyhn ynyrpamny nnocmncnenocr (noroc, nhe, ienno,
xperane, mnponane, npeme, npocrop nrn.) Taxo cy y xacnnioi nnoconin
noimonn enomen, penyxnnia, xoncrnrynnia, rpancnennenranna nornxa n
cnnunn uecro npencranaiy iom neremarnsonane noimone, xoin nncy
ncronpemeno cacnnm ornopenn, na yxonnxo ie iaua ocnerenocr na iennoi
crpann, ca npyre ie nya cenxa xoia nx oannia. Cne mro ie moryhe unnnrn
y roi cnryannin ie noxymanarn na ce ann apem mano nnme cnerna n na ony
cpany rne cy cenxe n nonpnnern ocnerenocrn ys nomoh Foxniy y mepn
namnx cnara.
Hainnn ie nacroiao na nsrpann nnoconiy xao ynnnepsanny nayxy
(mathesis universalis), ann opmannsam maremarnxe xoin ie yseo sa ysop nnie
no nonoan na nsnpxn xpnrnuxo nponnrnnane nornuxe onpxnnocrn
npernocranxn, na n yremeno nopexno snauena ancrpaxnnia on xoinx ce
nonasn n opasnoxno ca nonono npyxennx pasnora xaxo ce no nnx nonasn.
Hoiam saxrena na yne ycnocranen y neronoi nyxonno xnnoi npnponn, ri.
na yne oprannsonan y cncremarnsannin cxonno roi npnponn, a ne
yrnannnan y npoxpycrony nocrey mpexa n xoncrpyxnnia xoie ce cnyxe
nnme camo nennmnuno, nrnopnmyhn nerony nennny snauena nnn ncrnncxy
nesy ca onnm mra osnauana. Tnme nnoconia cama nponncyie npannna n
rpann cen cnoicrnene canpxaie n merone xoin omoryhanaiy npncryn
esycnonnom n ornapaiy panan ecxonaunor.
Onne naa caunnnrn camo iom ienny nanomeny xoia he ro
mehycrane nouena iom iacnnie nasnaunrn. unnoconin n nnie nno no
rora na nno xome ycahyie nnn na cnoamnn naunn crnapa

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nnococxy cnryanniy nnn ornopenocr sa pennrniy, neh ie ro nemro mro ce
npe nenor axrnnnpana nanasn y cyiexry npernocraneno xao nonnora, xoia
xao cyncrannniannocr ne nonpasymena crnapane nuera nonor cem ne came.
Ann camonoa n camoye xoie pacnayie nyx no mnnranocrn, moxe na
ce ymema y nsnohene na nnneno re npernocranxe, re na namepy raxnor
carnenanana npencrann raxo naonaxo, na ro moxe na nnun na cnnxy nyxonne
npnpone xoia ie nocrana rorono yonuaiena y name npeme. Oryna ie
neonxonan xpnrnuxn cran xoin nonpasymena nncranny npema rnm naxasnnm
yonuaianannma, xoia cy sanpano nepneprnpana uonexa no naonaxnx
nnacrnrnx n nocennx cranonnmra, na xoinma ce sanpxana n xoun cnaxo
nponyennie ncrpaxnnane n rexna na ce nponpe no ncrnne. H ry ce
cyouanamo ca napanoxcom nnn npornnpeunomhy, na ce cnoona noxasyie n
xao camonnacnocr nnn nax xao nenocr xoia ce ne ycrpyuana y camononom
nanpehnnany rexnn xoia n nyxno nonnna no onora mro n n naano na ce
yne.
Cnoona ce raxo noxasyie na nnie mncnnna es nyxnocrn, a nyxnocr
xao nemro mro nema camo cnoiy nerarnnny crpany npnnyne n npnrncxa mro
nonpasymea on n rpnene. Camonaxnocr xoia sanpxana, ycnopana, a na
xpaiy n xoun ro ynyrpamne xperane npema nsnopnnioi cnpcn nma n cnoie
mnpe npernocranxe on oroene cyiexrone noe, xaxo ie nynnnno npocynno
n Xainerep y pacnpann o cymrnnn pasnora: Homro ie cnaxo yncxo
nonamane ornopeno na cnoi naunn n nomro ce cnaxe c onnm npema uemy ce
nonama, ysnpxanocr ocranana na mnpy, ro iecr cnoona, mopana ie na my
nonapn onai mnpas ynyrpamner ynyhnnana pann yiennauena npencranana
c nornunnm nncrnyiyhnm... Homro ie y cymrnnn ncrnna nnax cnoona,
uonex y ocranany nncrnyiyher na mnpy ue +ore ouecmevivhe marohe
ocmaeumu oa ovoe ouecmevivhe roie ouo iecme u raro ouo iecme.
Bnnc1nyjyhe ce 1aaa npnxpnna n nsoxpehe. Hpueuo cmu:e +oh.
3axnayiyhn roi mohn na nnneno nsnasn necymrnna ncrnne. Ann nomro ex-
cncrenrna c)ooooa rao cvumuua ucmuue uuie :oeeroeo ceoicmeo, nero uonex
ex-cncrnpa camo xao cnojnna 1e cnooae u maro nocmaie cnocooau ;a
ucmopuiv, necymrnna ncrnne ne moxe npno na nacrane naxnanno ns
uonexone uncre nemohn n nemapnocrn. Hencrnna mopa npe na nornue ns
cymrnne ncrnne. Camo saro mro ncrnna n nencrnna nncy, y cymrnnn,
nenaxne ienna sa npyry, neh npnnanaiy ienna npyroi, ncrnnnrn cran moxe
yonmre a yne cacnnm iacna cynpornocr onronapaiyhem nencrnnnrom
crany.
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Hame mnmene ie na onryxnnane meransnuxor rnennmra
Hnarona n Apncrorena, y uemy ie Xainerep cmarpao na ce ncropnicxn xopenn

49
Maprnn Xainerep, Hvmuu ;uaroeu, Feorpan, 2003. /npen. F. 3en/, crp. 173

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sanyna xoia nnoconiy nonn y nynny, nnie nn xopexrno nn nocnenno c
osnpom na npyraunie npncryne roi nponemarnnn y npyrnm neronnm
cnncnma, na raxohe nonn y sanyny npyraunie npcre. Vronnxo ono
camonopnnane meransnxe nma nemro on xanxynaropnor xapaxrepa
namemrana npema npnnnnn, na n xnpy rpenyrnor pacnonoxena, n nanexo ie
sanncnnie on nnanannne rexnnuxor nocroa unnena pacnonoxnnnm yma n
nayxe sa npoiexrnnne ynorpee n snoynorpee, nero mro n ro ono camo
nxana xreno na npnsna. O rome nnie cnenouancrno camo npaxrnuno
nonamane na ynnnepsnrery y noa nainpner yncxor norpoma n nonnauene
npen iannnm npnsnanem sa nnme nero ounrnenna orpemena /nnnn xn.
Bnxrop uapniac, Xaioeeep u uauu;a+/, neh n reopnicxo npxane xoie ie n
camo nnnnnpano noom sa noom nnn rome ncro noom sa moh,
onpenennno naxnanne penarnnnsannie ca nnueancxnm onnymom na camo
npema sacrynannma nainnmnx ynnna Hnarona n Apncrorena ca
nnnonamrananem nanopa cpennonexonne nnoconie n nennx xacnninx
meransnuxnx ycnona n nanona, neh n npema normarnma xpnmhancxe nepe
raxo mro cy cacnnm rypnyrn y nosannny n onauenn xao nenaxnn. Onne
naa nanecrn n Xerenone peun ns neronnx npenanana o nnoconin
pennrnie, rne ce on nnpexrno nosnna na Iocnona: Xpncroc xaxe: `Fynnre
canpmenn xao mro ie canpmen Oran nam neecxn` /Ho Mareiy, 5, 48/. onai
nnconn saxren, sa mynpocr namer noa, npasan ie rnac. Ona ie on Fora
naunnnna nemro ecxonauno canacno, xoie ie nanexo on nac, n ncro raxo
yunnnna ie yncxo casnane nycrnm npnnnhenem xonaunocrn nnn
ornenanom, y xoiem nanase camo cxeme, noiane. Crora naa na nonnmo pauyna
o onoi sanonecrn n na cxnarnmo nen cmncao, xana ce nenn: `Fynnre nn,
naxne, canpmenn, xao mro ie canpmen Oran nam neecxn`; nomro nnmra ne
nosnaiemo canpmeno, name snane n noa ie camo anconyrno ynyhena na
noiany n ncrnna nanpocro rpea na yne n na ocrane camo nemro onocrpano.
A mra, mopamo nae nocrannrn nnrane, mra n nnaue nno npenno myxe na
ce nonma, axo ie For nenoimnn? Ono cranonnmre, no cnom canpxaiy, mopa
na ce cmarpa sa nocnennn crynan uoneunier ynnxanana, npn uemy ie uonex,
cnaxaxo, ncronpemeno yronnxo oxonnin, xan nepyie na ce ono ynnxanane nma
na yxaxe xao ono nainnme n xao nerona ncrnncxa onpena. Haxo ie,
mehyrom, raxno cranonnmre cmecra cynpocraneno nennxoi npnponn
xpnmhancxe pennrnie, iep no noi naa na nosnamo Fora, nerony npnpony n
nerony cymrnny n ono nosnane na ynaxanamo xao ysnnmenocr.
50



50
I. B. u. Xeren, Hpeoaeana o du)ocoduiu pe)ueuie, Hpnn neo, Bpnauxa Fana, 1995., /npen. M.
. Mnnenxonnh/, crp. 34-35.

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IV.1.2. mnnocomnja n pennrnja (1eonornxa)

Hoiam pennrnosnocrn y nnococxom nonmany cexe y pacnon on
naiysnnmennier neponana no onunor mnena n npencranauxor nonepena
xao nponsnonocrn xoia npernocrana camonnacnocr narahana. On camnx
noueraxa xynrypne ncropnie ro sauyhyiyhe nhe xoie ce noiannno na cnerny
cnercxor nana n noueno na nponanasn cnoi nonoxai y xocmocy xpos nopenax
yann, uonex, nocenonano ie ynyrpamny nonesanocr ca nepom y naruynno.
Jom y npananno noa uonex ie norahana y npnponn npnnncnnao
narnpnponnnm cnnama n noianama n ro nmenyiemo npnponnom pennrniom, sa
pasnnxy on normarcxe nooxnocrn xoia xapaxrepnme rsn. oianene
pennrnie iynansma, xpnmhancrna, ncnama, xnnnynsma n ynnsma, xoie
ernxom nyxnocrn nnn neonronomxn saxrenaiy na uonex cnoinm npaxrnunnm
npnnpxananem nopmn n xanona onpxana nnno orxponena ynonoanaiyhn
Foxninm sanonecrnma. V cnoinm poinnm nnnonnma pennrnia ie onynex
npnnnaunna naxny nnocoa, sacrynaiyhn ynepene na ce naa ocnanarn na
noxymenre on ayropnrera xao na npnnnneronan nsnop ncrnna xoie npyraunie
ne n nne nocrynne, nsnocehn nnnnxarnnne n nopmarnnne ncxase o cnom
canpxaiy. Taxo cy pennrnosnocr n neno npaxrnxonane onnaixana npenmer
ncrpaxnnana reonornie, nnoconie, connonornie, ncnxonornie nrn. On
cnoinx noueraxa nnoconia ie npema pennrnin saysnmana cran casnaine
onpesnocrn, nonymraiyhn n npenopyuyiyhn neponane onne rne ce noxaxe na
sa ro nma pasnora (cmarpaiyhn nocroinnm ynaxanana nemoncrparnnnn
nanaxnyrn noxymenr xao orxpnnene n oryn nsnop ncrnna), nnn rne nna
ncnynen ycnon nononocrn sa npenopyxy ns xpnrnuxe ennnennnie. Ty ie
iom ynex naionpxnnnin xocmonomxn aprymenr npnonrnor nenoxpernnor
noxperaua cnera mro iecre, xao n nenpoyspoxonann yspox xao ono
nenoxyunno n neoiamnnno xoie oiamnana nmenom Foxninm cne npyro,
mro ie n cnoienpcna nornpna npennor Xepannronor ynnna, sanonienor no
onmrem norocy, na cy nainnme n nainnxe crnapn saienno, xao mro ce
nocpenonanem nenrpa cne crnapn nanase saienno na oony xpyra. Kpyxene
rnx npernocranxn nornue ce n reonomxe mncnn xoia ie sa crapoiennncxo
cxnarane npe cnera necnnuxe n npnponocnonne crpyxrype onn xoin
orocnone ane ce iesnuxnm pnrmonnma n xapmonniom, nsnocehn menonniama
peun npencrane xoie nan ynomena y crana xoie raxna namemrana iesuxnx
marepniannia npernocranaiy, ne n nno moryhe. H sa oxnnpe enponcxor
nyxa, ycnonno peueno, reonornia ie iennaxo cmncnena peu o Fory xao
npononen, iennaxo xao n noesnia, ri. nenane pennrnosnnx necama y Foxniy
cnany xao mnenane cnerna n ciaia, mro ooie saienno unne orocnyxene
Cnennmnem. Cnaxaxo na nnie cnyuaino nn rne cmo ce ponnnn, xao nn sor

93
uera (axo ro penarnnnsyiemo moxna nnxemo pyxe n on nnoconie), na nac
nasna sarnue onuainocr sannuainor nyxa, uax n onna xana nonnrnxa ronnxo
ysypxa connierer na ce y naxnma n norpomamxnm norpomnma
mannecronannm xao xomynnxarnnna saiennnna cnne, crnapn nonexan uax n
ca nennxnm nanopnma nnme ne pasasnaiy. Kpos raxny onuainocr yxyuenn
cmo y npnnannocr onpehenom nnxy pennrnie xoia ry nnana, na ie cacnnm
nernrnmno cranonnmre nnernsma xoie ce uecro cnounrana Hpanocnannoi
Hpxnn na Hcroxy xao npornnpeuie ca xpnmhancxom normarnxom.
Pasnonnxocr normarcxnx yuena y xpnmhancrny ie cnopenna n ono caunnana
orarcrno ror yuena xoie mrenpo nma mra na nonynn cnnma n cnaxome, a
pasnosn sa ononpranane ror orarcrna nnrn mory na yny nnococxn, nnrn
yncxn y nno xom cmncny peun rne ce nonpasymena nomrene, npannunocr n
ncrnnoynnocr nnn iennocrannnie peueno uecrnrocr. Hecrnopene Foxnie
eneprnie npnnne on nouerxa cnera rexe nsrpannn npymrnennx nopmarnna
xoin canpmenocr nanase y mnmeny o nouerxy cnera xoie ie oiannno Fora
xao Tnopna cnera ns nuera, Onor xoin ie crnopno neo n semy, npno nnsy
cee a npyro nnsy nnmrannna, a uonexa xao onronopnor sa ono mro ie
cmemreno y nnsnny nnuera. Fnncxo ie nponnnnnocrn na ce xaxe xaxo ie
uonex n camnm npnonrnnm unnom crnapana cnera crnopen sa moryhnocr
nnacrnror nana, na my ie nocprane raxopehn ypoheno n snane o crnapnma
necrannno. Crannnsannia ie moryha rex naxon nynor nnrepnopnsonana
cnecrn o nsrony ns npacrnopenor paicxor crana n nsryene npnonrne
nynohe snana, xoiy on naxon rora nyro n nanopno mopa na nanoxnahyie
nocpennnm casnanannma n na noxymana na ca noxainnuxom uexnom
pexoncrpynme n nparn ry npnonrny nenonnrocr xpos snoi n cyse, pan n
narny, nenonane n on, mro n caunnana ocnon ncxynnnany n
perenepncany on onympnocrn ycnen npacrape n npnonrne, a cnaxaxo n
npannune xasne Foxnie sa camonnacnocr, ropnenny camonaxnocr,
camoxnnocr n oxonocr, eronarniy. Ta npcra naxoymnocrn n nnnrxoyma n
nanac ie npenosnarnna y cnryanniama xana ce nemro xohe n na rome
ncrpaiana, es osnpa na npernocranxe ycnonenocrn n cnoconocrn xoie n
raxan nonyxnar nonymrane, na cexaxe mra sna nere mra ie 300 xnna, nnrne
n rorono. H ononnxo xonnxo ie moryhe nerery axo nnie naruonex nnn
noruonex na nnrne crornny nyra neuy rexnny on nnacrnre, ronnxo ie nno n
moryhe npnonrnnm ynnma y paiy na ce ocramocrane n no snany nocrany
iennaxn Fory. Hnaue Ena n Anam ne n cnymann canere acnnne xoia nx ie
rypana y nponacr, nero n crnapann cnerone n ycranonanann y nnma
naoe n nanenme penone nncrnonana, mro snamo na nnie no cnyuai.
Xerenon xomenrap one cnryannie cmeman ie yronnxo mro nrnopnme cnoi
nnacrnrn saxren sa nanymranem ancrpaxnnie ramo rne ioi nnie mecro na cne

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meranomancxn nonnonn non ecxaronomxy moryhnocr ncxynnnana raxo mro
he nena iennom onpacrn n oiauarn, re crnhn na ypane cne ono sa mra nncy
nna cnocona ry n oniennom, nnax crnuyhn na xpaiy ro npnonrno snane.
Axo n ro n nno moryhe no raxnoi, ne moxe ce pehn neyncxoi samncnn,
ona y cnaxom cnyuaiy ryn ns nnna xepnrmarnunn nonn nonoxai ns xora ce
xpehe na n ce yonmre nocrnrno ncxynene, a rex ca npncrynanem na ry
panan morno n na ce xpene na cnenehn xopax ca sanarxom npyraunier npanna
xrena y nnxy nexe nnnepsne noe xoia n nac npnnnxanana Foxnim
snany, y uemy onna cmarpamo na ie merononornia xoiy cy paspannnn Cnern
Onn Xpnmhancxe Hpxne, nororono on 3. no 14. nexa (on Cn. Bacnnnia
Bennxor n para my Ipnropnia ns Hnce, Cn. Ipnropnia Teonora n Jonana
3naroycror no Cn. Pnonncnia Apeonarnra n Maxcnma Hcnonennnxa,
saxyuno ca ncnxasmom Cn. Ipnropnia Haname), nanexo mynpnia n oryn
ncnpannnia n nnxa ncrnnn. Cnaxaxo na moxe na ce nocrann n nnrane xaxne
ro onna nese moxe na nma ca nnoconiom, a cem nennxe xonnunne
necmorpennx pannonannsannia npe cnera mnsosocxor n anrnrencrnuxor
rnna, moxe na ce na n sanonoanaiyhn onronop nesa cy cmncnene peun.
V cnncy O 4u)ocoduiu Apncroren ie ncrynaiyhn npornn reopnie
nneannnx poiena n cynpocranaiyhn Hnarony cnoi ounmhenn nnaronnsam
npomonncao ry cmncnenocr, nonynnnmn n npnn noxas o Foxniem nocroiany
(p. 16): Moxe ce yrnpnnrn na ie y cnaxoi onacrn rne nocroin
crynnennrocr, rne nma onor mro ie nnme nnn mane canpmeno, neonxonno na
nocroin n iennocranno canpmeno. Axo ycpen onor mro iecre nocroin
crenenonanocr nnme nnn mane canpmennx nha, neonxonno ie na nocroin
naicanpmennie nhe n ono ie oxancxo. Ty on ronopn o ynyrpamnem
ycpencpehnnany xao npernocrannn pennrnosnor pacnonoxena, raxo na
nanasn cyiexrnnne noxase sa Foxnin oncranax y noxnnaiy nymenne cnare
y onom uacy xana ce ona xonauno onnaia on rena (y cny nnn npen cmpr),
noniaiyhn cnoiy ncrnncxy npnpony saxnayiyhn xoioi moxe npopouxn na
nnnn ynyhnocrm xao n ncxycrny creuenom na ocnony nocmarpana snesnanor
nea; mro n morno na ce nmenyie nornxom cxpnnene carnacnocrn nnn
nennnnne xapmonnie npnpone cnera n onnoca noiennna npema npymrnenom
ypehnnany ycrpoicrna saiennnne. Besa ie nepa xao neonxonnocr xnneena
no nyxy.
V nnoconin crapnx Ipxa n nnxonnx cnenennxa y pasnniannm
acnexrnma craryca penexcnie npnonrnor nncrnyiyher, raxne npcre
onronopnocrn npema xpainoi ncrnnn nanasnmo xao nnianexrnuxy nrpy
ncrnne n npnnnna, ann n xao anonnxrnuxo sanounnane mynpoya. Ta
osnnocr nocraie osnna rema ca crynanem y nonecr npenana o
crnapanauxoi npnponn Foxnioi, xao ncxoncxa mannecrannia Peun xoiy

95
nonocn enoxa xpnmhancxor orxpnnena ncrnne cnera mro iecre n nna.
Anonorercxa nena noxasyiy eneprnunocr xoia nnie sa nornennnane, iep cy
nacraiana y onpany one ncrnne xoiy ie Iocnon nsnocno npema Cnerom
Hncmy. 3aienno ca enoxom narpncrnxe, xoia ie ornopeno n pasronerno
sacnnnana npenane reopnicxnx n npaxrnuxnx naunna crynana na ncnnr n
nponepe ocnonnnx remarcxnx n oneparnnnnx noimona anrnuxe mncnn (noiam
/noroc/, nncrno /ycna/, carnenanane /reopnia/, casnane /enncremarnxa/,
nenonane /eneprnia/, npcra /einoc, nneia/, caunnanane /noiernxa/ nrn.), ro ie
nonycrnno cnerane orpomnor mncaonor ncxycrna xoie nnxaxo ne moxe na
yne esnauaino, neh eneprnuna unnennna, xaxo ie ro ncraxnyro n xon
canpemennx mncnnnana.
51


51
V nnnicxom mncaonom cnery repmnm euepeeua nma, xao mro ce npno iacno noxasyie,
npyraunie snauene nero y crapoi nnoconin. Ann ynpxoc rome ne n rpeano na ce npennnn na
noiam euepeeua, epeou n unran noxaynap xoin ry cnana xon Hnarona n Apncrorena nsnopno
npnnanaiy noimonnom cnery rexnnxe n xynrype, naxne nn y xom cnyuaiy ne none nopexno ns
onacrn nnoconie npnpone, nero cy rex naxnanno npnmenenn na npnpony...Kon Hnarona, xao
n xon Apncrorena, yuecrnonane necanpmenor nncrnyiyher y nainnmem onnxy nncrnonana
nocpenonano ie epocom. To epornsonane nenoxynnor xocmoca n ynyrapxocmnuxor snnana,
naroncxa rexna cnera nnxer xa nnmem n nainnmem, nnie xapaxrepncrnuno camo sa Hnaronon
cncrem, neh ce nn Apncrorenon cncrem ne moxe samncnnrn es re npernocranxe: npnn
nenoxpernn noxperau, For, xao noenn noxpehe xocmoc; rexna na ce onrnuxn npnnnxn
npnom, na n ce y nocnennoi nnrennnin nno ncro c nnm, nocmarpana ie xao ynnnepsanno
nenarna ynpanauxa cnara. Hacynpor rome, y nnsanrnicxoi reonornin nonasn no nsiennauanana
oxancxe eneprnie ca oxancxom naronarn, mro sa nocnennny nma oprane Hnarononor n
Apncrorenonor onnoca rpancnennennnie n nmanennnie. For ce y cnoioi nencxasnnoi naronarn
cnymra no rnopennne...Vrnnai na esymny npnpony onnnia ce na ocnony cnoonne onnyxe. Taxo
nenoxynna npnpona moxe na nocrane opranom oxancxe euepeeua...Hs Hnarononor yuecrnonana
uynnnx crnapn y nneiama, nanocnerxy y nnein nopa, nacraie saiennnmrno Fora n rnopennne.
Haprnepn y rom saiennnmrny ocraiy, nonyme, nenonnmrnno pasnnunrn, ann ynpano nnxon
nnianexrnuxn onnoc orar napnianniama npencrana onai naneromhy ncnynen npenmer
nnsanrnicxe reonornie, xoia c nyno ycnexa ononena nennxom noxymaiy sananne reonornie na ce,
nanme, yxnne nnn For y npnponn nnn npnpona y Fory. Knayc Enep, Koumuuuvmem v
du)ocoduiu Xe)eua oo naoa Bu;aumuicroe uapcmea, (y xn. B. Taraxnc, Bu;aumuicra
du)ocoduia, Feorpan;Hnxmnh, 2002.), npen. C. Panoiunh, crp. 21-23. Taxohe, iom ranannie
pasnnxonane, ycpenoroueno na rnanne momenre ncnxacrnuxor cnopa, ycnocranno ie nenanno n
np Mnnan Vsenan, na rpary anannsa A. u. Hocena: V nnaronnsmy cy cnn ynn cyncrannnianno,
xnnocrasnpana orenornopena oxancrna n ry nema nnxaxne cymrnncxe/nncrnene pasnnxe
nsmehy uonexa n ora. V nnaronnsmy or ne moxe nrn nnunocr, on ie poi, ri. or ie ono mro ie
npe cnera ienno, a xaxo poiena nma mnoro n orona nma ncro ronnxo. 3aro oronn nnaronnsma
nncy nnunocrn, no mncrnuxn mnronornsoonann poienn n nneie; xonauno, y nnaronnsmy ce nehe
nahn nnmra o renecnnm ocehannma n nymennom crany uonexa xoin ce y monnrnn ysnnxe ory.
Hnrne nema nsnonomxor xopenara excrase n monnrne. Pox ie xpnmhancrno nerano paspannno
naicnoxenniy nsnonorniy monnrne, nnaronnsam, na xnane crpannna o excrasn, ne ronopn o
rome nnmra...Taxo ce xon Bapnaama n necnno na ie or ocrao cam no cen, anconyrno
necasnarnn nox cy ce eneprnie, ynyhn casnarnne n nenne, mopane onnoinrn on ora n
cmarparn rnapnnm. Tnme ie nonyme cauynana rpancnenenrnocr ora, ri. nerona nernapnocr n n

96
unnoconia y rom npenany nnie nonnxanana nnn omanonaxanana,
nero ioi ie nponanaxeno npano mecro, xaxo ra ie iom y uerpnaecrom nexy
onncao ncep npanocnannor orocnona n ienan on naixpnrnunninx reonora
yonmre, Cnern Ipnropnie Hanama (1296-1359), xana xaxe: `Hcrnncxn
nnocon`, xaxe nennxn Pnonncnie, `nnn cy oanesnn na ce xpos casnane
cymror ynyre npema yspoxy crnapn`. Axo n naxne no ncrnncxn
nnoconpaiyhn, xperao n xa yspoxy, a xo ne xpehe nnie ncrnncxn, re nema
mynpocr, neh xoiexaxan omanyiyhn npnnnn ncrnncxe mynpocrn; nnie
mynpomhy neh nopnnanem mynpocrn, a na nn ie moryhe nasnnarn oxancxom
mynpomhy nopnnane mynpocrn? Hpemna ie ym nemoncxn, yxonnxo ie on
/yonmre/ ym, rana iecre nopo, ann axo ce nnme xopncrnmo nome, sao ie.
Hrexaxo na on ne nosnaie oe on nac saxone xocmoca, xpyrone nsnasaxa n
sanasaxa nonoxaia rena xoia ce xpehy, re oner, axo ce rnm snanem ne cnyxn
oroynno, on ie ym esyman n nompauen. Fam raxna ie n cneronna
mynpocr, xoia saopanaiyhn na ns nnuera nnxana nnmra n ne moxe na
nonnxne, noxymana na pann na necraiany ienne crnapn nacraianem npyre,
npexo y rnopennny ynemene oxancxe Hpemynpocrn, re nacroin na noxaxe
xaxo For nnie Iocnon naceene n Tnopan cnera; a xoia ie na rai naunn
ononprna nomronane ncrnncxor Fora n carnacno nennxom Pnonncniy
`neuacrnno oxpenyna Foxnie npornn Foxnier`, yunnnnmn ce no rome
ecmncnenom; na xaxna ie ona Foxnia mynpocr? 3aro ie Anocron n ronopno,
noxasyiyhn, na nocroie nne npcre mynpocrn: `V mynpocrn Foxnioi, xpos
cnoiy mynpocr cner nnie nosnao Fora`.. /Cnern Ipnropnie Hanama, Pe:u v
ooopauv ceenmeuo vmux)ux, I, 2, 16-17/ Onaxno cnoie nnhene nopexna re
mynpocrn on ie cynncno opasnarao: Kon nesnaoxana ie nnie nno, iep ie
nna y nnxonnm ncrpaxnnauxnm nennma; na nsyuanaiyhn Berone saxone can
xnnor, nomnn cy no nexaxne npencrane o Fory, sa mra npnpona n crnapane
naiy sa ro ne esnauaine ocnone, a ro nncy npenysnmann nemonn c
ymnmanem econa; a na nx neh nncy npxann oronnma, na nn n y yncxy
rnany ymna nxaxna npencrana o Fory? Peuiy, ncrpaxyiyhn npnpony uynno
noxyunnnx crnapn, onn cy crnrnn no npencrane o Fory, ann nenocroine Fora
n neonronapaiyhe Beronoi naxenoi npnponn, saro mro ce nompaunno
nemncneno nnxono cpne (Pnm. 1, 21) on snoxaxnnnnx ynyrpamnnx

nnaroncxo nepasnnxonane rnapnor n ne-rnapnor y mncrnuxom ncxycrny. 3aro cy napnaamonnn
xpnrnxonann ncnxacre, nnxon mncrnnnsam, nnxono crporo pasnnxonane uonexa n Forouonexa,
opena n raine, c nenom mncrnuxom rexnnxom camoncnnrnnana...a nme oxnie nnie cam or neh
rnap, n or, ocraiyhn nenoianan, npernapa ce y ancrpaxrnn noiam na ry nnme n nemamo nnxaxnor
ora neh esoxny rnap. Bonrep ie norom n morao na xaxe: `xan ne n nno ora rpeano n ra
nsmncnnrn`, a Faxynnn: `axo n or nocroiao, rpeano n ra ynnmrnrn.` /Mnnan Vsenan,
Hcmopuia du)o;oduie, Honn Can, 2004., crp.234-235/

97
nemona, nox cy oner, c npyre crpane, nponyxanann na nomryiy re nemone xao
orone, na axo n y nnx nmann nonepene, y yunree mnorooxamrna, na nn
n ce y yncxoi rnann noiannna nocroinnia npencrana o Fory? Crora cy
poonn ecmncnene n esymne mynpocrn n npocrauxor snana oxnenerann
Fora n npnpony, ynonehn ony y nonoxai rocnoncrna. Bera nax, xonnxo ie on
nnx sanncnno, nsnenn cy ns nonoxaia rocnoncrna npnnncyiyhn n nemonnma
nmena orona. V rome cy ce noxasann raxo nanexn on crnnana raxo naxnor n
on nnx xeenor casnana cymrnne, na cy nexnno nasnnann xnnnm, mrannme
n na nma nanexo nnmy nymy on name, a nepasymno nax pasymnnm, saro mro
cy nnn y crany na cmecre yncxy nymy, cmarpaiyhn na cy nemonn nnmn on
nac n iom n, o neuncrn! namnm rnopnnma; na cy caneunn Fory, a necrnopenn
n ecnouernn ne camo marepnia, raxosnana cnercxa nyma xon nnx, n ro y
samncnnma, na nema renecny sanpemnunocr, neh n came name nyme. H mra
cana na xaxemo, na cy ynn xoin cy na rai naunn nnoconpann n o raxnnm
crnapnma, onnanann Foxniom mynpomhy? Pa nnxo on nac ne ynana y raxny
nepacynnocr. He moxe nopo npno na nonocn nome nnonone, no peun
Iocnona, na ia, npocyhyiyhn cam y cen, ne nocmarpam ry mynpocr npema
canamnoi yncxoi, xana ona ronnxo npornnpeun cama cen, na ienno n ncro
nasnna xnnnm n nexnnnm, pasymnnm n nepasymnnm, re crnapnma xoie ce no
npnponn ne mory ocernrn n yonmre nemaiyhn opran sa onronapaiyhe
cnoconocrn, na ro npnnncyiem cnoconocrn npanena spxe y namnm
nymama.. /Cnern Ipnropnie Hanama, Pe:u v ooopauv ceenmeuo vmux)ux, I,
2, 18/ Onaxno xopennro xpnrnxonane noima npnpone unnn ce na npnn nornen
cacnnm nanpniarecxnm npema moryhnocrnma yncxnx casnana n
nonesanocrn ca onnm mro npnpony xpos xpearnnno n pexpearnnno
npoyspoxonane nsnaxe nonymrenocrn pasymenana yonmre, ann ro ie camo
na npnn nornen, re cnaxaxo na Cn. Hanama ynnha na n y roi npnponn
nenocpenno nocroin ocnon xoin nnie sa onannnane: Axo n nexo oner
ronopno na crpemena n snane nncy ynex xon nemona canpmeno sno, iep
noxasyiy nncrnonane n xnnora n mnmena; onna, xao npno, c rom nopom
nonnorom onronapamo na ie neocnonana osnoiehenocr, axo ie mn saienno c
parom Iocnonnnm nasnnamo nemoncxom (Jar. 3, 15), ony mehy Jennnnma
npnmeny mynpocr, xoia onnyie npornnpeunocrnma n xoia ie y cee
noxynnna neh n cnaxo nome yuene, ra xao ona xoia ce ynayie on crnapne
cnpxe oronosnanana; a ro saun na he ona ynex nrn yuecrnyiyha y nopy
xpos ynaeno n samyheno oncrynane. Haxon rora xana ce ro npomncnn
nocroino, na nnienno sno, xoie iecre, nnie raxno na ie sno, ann npexo
npomenennx n npnnannnx eneprnia n ornannx on sanpmnnx nenonana
cnpxa...A nma nn y noi nemro sa nac xopncno? Cnaxaxo. Jep n y nenoama
nsnyuennm ns semnor meca, mnoro ie nenyiyher n nexonnror, n snannn ymeha

98
neuena cmarpaiy nonpmanane rora naionm n naixopncnninm, xao mro ce
sa npnnpemy rainnx orpona ysnmaiy on npoannx naicnahn, cnocon na
caxpniy ynemenn canpxai; peuiy, y cneronnoi ie mynpocrn xopncr, n ro
mnora, xao y meny nomemannm ca orponom, ann ie mnoro n pnsnxa, na onn
xoin ns re cmece onnaiaiy men, na ce c nnm saieno ne ynnery n cmpronocnn
ranor. /Cnern Ipnropnie Hanama, Pe:u v ooopauv ceenmeuo vmux)ux, I, 2,
19/ To ne snaun na y rnopennnn nnn onom crnopenom ne nenyiy necrnopene
Foxnie eneprnie, re na ie crnapanauxo naueno ncnpneno ca npnonrnnm
unnom crnapana raxo na nx nnme nema. Bnx nema camo y rom cmncny na ce
unn crnapana ne nonana cnaxn nan, c osnpom na ro mro ce npnonrno
noronnno, xao mro ne snaun na ro ne moxe oner na ce noronn yxonnxo
Cnennmnn raxo ne onnyun npema Cnoioi, nama nenoxyunnoi onnynn n iom
mane cxnarnnoi samncnn. Mn cmo na npnpony ocyhenn n y nama ona
nnamrn xao nex npcra yryenor ornnmra, nasna nac cehaiyhn na nopexno n
crane y xoiem ce sarnuemo, xamo ron na ce y npencranama nenemo nnn y
samncnnma nonecemo. Bnannxa Pane nanno ie ro y cnom nennuancrnenom
cneny nasnao nyuom xoiy ie rama oysena, a rerornn, nsnuecxn oxnon
mopamo na nocnmo noxne pouno oncroin cyxancrno. Taxo ie sa nac cama
npnpona cner xoin sarnuemo n on xoier cmo y rom cnery nouecro n sareuenn,
ri. sampmenn y xperannma xao y nexom nannpnnry y xome nocroin nsas, ann
rai nsnas ie moryhe nahn rex onnm Apniannnnnm xonnem xoin nam nynn
mama nnacrnra neanecresnpana pasopnrocr (nponyyiyha cnecr). Taxo ie
xocmoc, xao cner npnpone n rexnnuxnx yxpaca, nnax npe cnera nemro mro
xnnn y neronom cneronany /ocneranany n rny xoie nnie rex ynyrapcnercxa
narocr crnopenor/, xao nauennn pasmemrai onor nnna ymnor ocnona nnn
noernuxor nnxa cnecrn xoin ie nocn n omoryhana ioi saxonomepnocr
nsnaxena, rpaiana n nnanana y cnery xnnora. Hs rora ie nponcrexno yuene
o nncrny nnn cymrnnn, xoie ie meransnuxo nnn nosno rnoceonomxo
onpenennane neronnx nainynx mncnn, mro ie rpannnnia nacranaua
Hnarona n Apncrorena (Hpoxna, Pamacxnia Pnianoxa, Anexcannpa ns
Aponnsnie, Cnmnnnxnia) iom nnme nponynna, a xoia ie namna cnoie
nnococxo saoxpyxnnane y saoxpery xoin ie yunnnna xpnmhancxa mncao
xacnninx iennncxnx reonora. Vuecrnonane y nncrnonany ce xon nnx
ocrnapyie n orxpnna xao naunn n nornxa onnoca cnaxor nocroieher nha y
oxnnpnma nennne nocroieher, xao cneiennncrneno yxnanane y cneyxynno
npymrneno ocrnapnnane xnnora. V npne onnoce cnanaiy noiennnauna
cnoicrna cyiexra (Apncrorenona npna cymrnna), a npyre rpynne onnoce
xao onmre onnoce cyiexara n xao cymrnncxn npnponna cnoicrna (npyra
cymrnna), xoia xapaxrepnmy naunnn-norocn iennor saiennnuxor neonnmrna
na nncrnonany xao saiennnuxe cymrnne nnn npnpone. Hnunocr nnn nnocras

99
xao nnnnnnnyanna npyrocr raxo nonia xapaxrep Apncrorenone npne
cymrnne xao sacenocr cnaxor nocroiana, a ro unnn pasnnxy npema cymrnnn
nnn npnponn no nnrany iennncrnenocrn n nenannxonana cnoicrana, ono
onmre, saiennnna oenexia, onmra npcra nnn pon, raxo na noiennnauno
nocroiane ne ncnpnyie crnapnocr ienne n onmre cymrnne. Ha rai ce naunn
nocroiane nha ne yremeyie nncrnonanem no cen xoie n onna renepanno
nno nnenrnnxonano ca nexnm xnnepnsnuxnm oxancxnm nncrnonanem,
neh nenonanem nnune cnoone Foxnie, nonyr rora xaxo ie ymernuxo neno
ocnon nspasa nnune npyrocrn n cnoone crnapanauxor nenonana ymernnxa.
Marepnia cnera ry ne moxe na yne pasymena xao onronomxn neoiamnnna
crnapnocr, neh xao pesynrar crnapanauxor nenonana Foxnier, ri. nma
nornuxn cacran xa pesynrar crnnaia nenonana noroca nnune crnapanauxe
npyrocrn. To sa nocnennny nma na ie rnap pesynrar crnnaia eneprnia nnn
nenonana noroca, ri. nenyiyhnx onnoca xoin ce ianaiy xao noiennnaunn
norocn nnn norocna cnoicrna, unin crnnain n ciennnanana onpehyiy panan
nocroiana uynno noxyunnnx crnapn. V rymaueny Lecmooueea Cn.
Ipnropnie Hncxn ncrnue na: Cne ono ns uera ce rnap cacroin, naxo, remxo,
unpcro, ranxo, mexo, ysopno, nnaxno, cyno, xnanno, ronno, oia, onnx,
onm, pasmax; cne cy ono ronn noimonn no cen...n nnie rnap on nnx
noiennnauno, neh xan ce onn cxyna crexny, nacraie rnap. (S. Gr. Nissius, Pro
hexaem., 7. PG. 44, 69c) Tn nornuxn xnannrern xao uncrn noimonn cy
nnepennnpane opme eneprnie, enemenrapnn cncremn nnnamnsma
maremarnuxe cnmerpnie y exnnnanennniama mace n eneprnie, nnnamnuxnx
monana noa n xopnycxyna, cncrema rnapnnx cacroiaxa ca mehynenonanem n
ysaiamnnm npeopaxananem, xao n monnnnm mnmonnaxenem; raxo na
nornuxn cacran rnapn nonpasymena neny nenarny nosnnniy xao
oiennnyiyha ycarnamenocr iennnnna, naunna nnnamnuxor ocrnapena
noroca y nnxonnma rnnonomxnx npenmernocrn onnoca. Oryn cnenn na nn
cxnarane nha xao noiana, iennaxo xao nn cxnarane nha narnx no cen nnie
ncrnnnro, iep nn enomenannrer yrnannom cnonnn na emnnpnuxe
yrnnnrapnocrn, a nn rpancnenenrna narocr ne mory na naxe xao ocnonn
ncnpannom naunny xnnora nn c osnpom na npernocranxy npnnncxor xnnora
n Foxnie sanonecrn (ernuxy npaxcy), a nn c osnpom na saxrene sa
yrnphnnanem canpmencrna ns anpnopncruxnx npncryna xoin n yxnnann
nanop sa noxyunnanem, pan n nonocr npncryna cxpnnennm npernocranxama
xapmonnie ca xocmocom n Forom (reopnia). Hnrn ocrnapene onnxa, nnrn
ocrnapene marepnie xao nomnnanrnnx narocrn ne onronapa onpenn
ocrnapenocrn nha, iep mnmonnase y ocnonn naxehy meransnuxy
npernocranxy n y reonornin (Cnera rpn iepapxa Bacnnnia Bennxor n para
my Ipnropnia Hncxor n Jonana 3naroycror /xao n Pn. Pnonncnia Apeonarnra

100
n Ipnropnia Teonora, cne no Cn. Ipnropnia Haname), a ro ie noroc xao
nnnamnuxo ocrnapnnane onnoca n ycarnamenocr ca onnm xaxo nocroiana:
ienne iennncrnene xapmonnie, mro caunnana marepniy n neno
onnxornopno pasnnxonane y npyrocrn cymrnna.
52
Ty ce ne cmarpa
ncrnnnrnm nn cxnarane nha xao oroene noiane, xao nn narocrn no cen
(xao, yocranom, nn xon Kanra), neh xao mro ie ncraxao Cn. Ipnropnie Hncxn
y npnenemxama sa ncanme (PG 44, 441B), na ie ro naunn nocroiana narocrn
xao ycarnamenocrn nornuxnx xaxnocrn mro caunnanaiy n ienny mysnuxy
xapmonniy, capany n npeneny, a xoia cne caunnana cnenpxehom cnnom.
53

Hopenax, ycxnahenocr n nenora ie cnemnp xao cner saiennnuxor npxana nha
y nnnamnuxn nenyiyhem cnanany, mro ne mory na ce pasymeiy xao nponsnonn
ienne cymrnncxe n nyxne nornunocrn (n xon Apncrorena cy npnn npnnnnnn
nan nomamaia pannonannnx saxnara n xao nauenno ncxasnnn sanpano
nenoxasnnn), mro n nno norunnanane nocroieher onronomxn
neoiamnnnnm nauennma xao npernocranxama n saxonnrocrnma cnera
apxernncxnx nneia nnn noroca xoin n nyxno caunnanann ynyrpamne
nocroiane Foxancxe cymrnne nnn pasyma, neh cy ro orxpnnana noroca y
npencranama nnn onronornia cnnxe nsiana capane spanocrn naunna yann
xao nnhena naunna nocroiana yann xoia yremeyie nncrnonane.
Mynpocr n nenora cnera y ceem)v cnemnpa n na m)v naceene xao xocmnuxor
norahaia, ocnnxana nnn onciaiana eneprniy nnn nenonane cnerorpoinune
yann xoia ie oxocnnna xnnora, raxo na iecner cnemnp yxpamen na
cnerorpoinuan naunn. Taxo cy xocmonomxe nocnennne onaxnor cneroorauxor
nnhena crnapn opr na onronomxoi pannn npyraunie yremennane nnn
nnocrasno onpennne crnapnocrn xoia snaun cnoony on cnaxor
npenonpehnnana cymrnnom nnn marepnianncrnuxn xoncrnryncanom

52
Xoio:o\ Iiovvooo: l;roioouo riooyync o:n oiooooio, Arnna: Pomoc, 1988., 4u)ocoduia
u; uoeoe ve)a, npen. iph. M. Bacnennh, B. Fana: Fparcrno Cn. Cnmeona Mnporounnor, 2000.,
crp. 95.
53
Fpar Bacnnnia Bennxor, Ipnropnie Hncxn (335-394), y mnanocrn perop, a norom enncxon y
Hncn, y nouerxy xnnora non nyoxnm yrnnaiem Opnrena n neonnaronnsma xao n xocmonomxor
yuena o mysnnn (xoie ce on npemena nnraropeiana nponnaun xpos unrany anrnuxy nnosoniy)
cmarpao ie na menonnia nacnone nacraie memanem crnapn y cnery no yrnphenoi nepaspymnnoi
xapmonnin n na ce ra menonnia yma ysnnxe nan cnone ocere n cnyma nanene neeca. Cmarpao
ie na xnmne y cnany Fora nacraiy ns cnercxe xapmonnie xoia ie sanpano xnmna o carnaciy
snopennne cnera ca camom coom. Cna neecxa rena ce, no cxnarany Hncxor, n y rome on cnenn
nnraropeicxo yuene, xpehy ca cepom nenoxpernor nea n xperane nannynapnnx nha ie
nocroiano n neuno. 3npane xperana n mnponana y nepasopnnoi ie nesn xoia nnie nnmra npyro
no mysnuxa xapmonnia ns xoie ce paha noxnana mohn xoia cne ro onpxana. Vsaiamno caocehane
xoie npoxnma snane cnera xoie ie norunneno noperxy n ypehenom xperany iecre xocmnuxa,
nsnopna, npnonrna, opnrnnanna mysnxa. Ben rnopan (crnopnnmn ie no saxony mynpocrn) iecre
rpannre nacnone. (M. Vsenan: Hocmr)acu:ua ecmemura, Bpman, 2004., crp. 117)

101
npnponom. He yxnna ce camnm rnme cymrnna xao sa cne npenonpehyiyhn
onmrn noroc, neh moryhnocr neronor noncronehnnana ca nncrnonanem no
cen xao ocamocraennm nocroianem mro n onemoryhanao cacnnm
pasnnunr naunn nocroiana. Kana y rome cnern myxenn orononnuno
nocmarpaiy cnerno, a nnne ra y oroneicrnyiyhoi /reyprnicxoi/ saiennnnn
nyxa, npema nenspennnnm n ycanpmanaiyhnm (cnpxonenarnnm) oaciannma
npocnerennx, onn nnne onehy cnoinx cranonnmra, na nm ce mncnn y ymy
ncnyne npenennm cnianem npexo naronarn ronopa, a nonexan nomohy
oxancrnenocrn peun orononnunom nenorom n cnecr ca onpehennm
npocnananem rena. Jep ry cnany xoiy ie Jenan Oran nao, nao ie
nocnymnnma, npema ienanheocxoi peun, n noxeneo na onn yny c Bnm n
nocmarpaiy cnany Berony (Jn. 17, 2224). A moxe nn ro na ce noronn
renecno, xana naxon Beronor ycxohena na neeca On nnme nnie npncyran
renecno? Jacno ie na ie cana moryha iennno ymna oacianocr, xoia ce noraha
xana ce cne ymcrnene nyxnocrn ycanpme, re xana ym nocrane npnneecxn n
xao onapen nama nannpenaiyhnm noxnonnma c nea, noxnanno n nenspennno
nocnannm on Fora, xoin cy nonyr nanpacnnx npnsopa sa nonnpnnane, xoin cy
ynasna xannia naxohena cnnx casnana ysnnmenor cnerna, ne xao ecrercxn
/uynnn/ cnmonn xoie cnernre nocmarpa, nnrn xao pasnn cnemrenn sanncn
xoie nosnaiemo, neh ce ro nasnna nauennnm nenoroxnnenem y
nenorornopeny n on Fora ocnerenom cnernxom. Ha rai naunn, n nnmn
nopenn nanxocmnuxor yma onnma cy ananornn, npema neecxom orxpnnauy n
onome xoin ce nsiamnana o roi Cnemrenonauennocrn, ne nnaiyhn onapen
iennno npnonaponnma casnana n nayxe, neh n npnonrnnm cnernom, npema
ysnnmenoi nauennoi cnpcn /Cneror/ Tpoicrna ncnynene iepapxnie, re ne camo
Tpoinune Cnane, ne nocraiyhn npema yuemhy camo onai xoin nocmarpa, neh n
Hcycone cnernocne noiane /oroannie/, nnn nax one xoia ce orxpnna
yuennnnma na Tanopy. Vnocroienn raxnor nocmarpana, nocnehyiy ce y
oroneicrnyiyhe cnerno sancra n camn, xao na ncrnncxn xnne, re on ror
reyprnuxor cnerna nocraiy yuecnnnn y npnonrnom. /Tpuiaoe, I, 3, 5/
Haruynno ie n nnaue mnmennna npnor pena, xoia ce y nnoconin npnpone
n reonornin orxpnnena noxyunnana anannsom nsnonornie uynnocrn n
xaysanno-reneonomxnm nonmanem, mro ie ynex nonono yxyunnano n
norpey sa onananem onronomxnx noimona npencnnrnnanem nnxonor y
anrnnn nocrnrnyror canpxaia. Hpemna, yxonnxo ce noiam npnpone pasmarpa
camo y xaysannoi orpannuenocrn renecnnm onaxannma xoia y cen nemaiy
norpey sa nsnnianem pasnoinor nyxa xoin n saxnayiyhn namepn
opmnpanoi on rpeana ncrnne nonasnna no nspaxaia, crnap moxe n na ce
nernnxyie, re nocrane napanormarcxo ynopnmre na mrery xaxo reopnicxor,
raxo n npaxrnunor nnna ymnocrn, o uemy ie cynepeno cnoie mnmene y

102
nononexonnoi nnoconin nsnocno Hainnn, a naxon nera n Kanr. Mehyrnm,
ienna cnona xa raxnom xpnrnuxom ocmnmanany ycnocranena ie neh
carnenananem xapaxrepa renecnocrn n xon Cn. Ipnropnia Haname, na ienan
nsyserno meponanan naunn: Hnax nocroie n naxene crpacrn n raxna onmra
xperana nyme n rena, xoia ne saxnnaiy nyx sa meco, neh nonnxy meco no
nyxonnor nocroiancrna, nonnauehn ra y nncnny sa coom. Kaxna cy ro
nenonana? Pyxonna, xoia ne nny on rena no yma, xaxo cmo pannie ncraxnn,
neh ona xoia npenase ca yma na reno, xoie ce xpos re eneprnie n crpacrn
npeopaxana y oe n nna ooxeno, xao iennna oxancxocr Foxnie Peun
xoia ce ouoneunna sa nymy n reno, xoia ie nocpencrnom nyme
ooxancrnennna meco xpos xoiy cy ce ncnynanana oxancxa nena, na ie
raxna xon nyxonnnx nyxonna naronar, xoia ie npemna nocpencrnom nyme na
reno, raxohe my nonymraiyhn na noxnnn oxancxe crpacrn n na
narocnoneno cacrpanana oxancxn crpananaiyha nyma. Kaxo ie crpananane
raxne nyme oxancxo, pasyme ce na ie y noi narocnonena n oxancxa
oconna crpacrn, nnn oe, axo ie y nama cnoconocr crpananana iennna, ra
iennna cnoconocr crpacrn moxe na nocrane narocnonena n oxancxa.
Pocrnxyhn ry naxeny nynohy, ona ooxyie n reno, n rana ce ne noyhyie
no renecnnm n semacxnm crpacrnma, neh ce raxo ne moxe noxasarn
nencnnranom, neh cynporno, ona cama cen npnnnaun reno, onnonehn ra on
naxnonocrn sny n nnmyhn y nera cnerocr n neonncnno ooxene, sa mra cy
ounro cnenouancrno uynornopne mohn cnerana. Kon npnomyuennxa Creana,
iom xao xnnor, nnne ie nocrano nonyr nnna anhena (Pena 6, 15). Hnie nn
onne oner, y renecnom crpananany, nno nemro oxancxo? 3naun na
oxancxo crpanane n nemy onronapaiyhe nenonane iecy onmrn sa nymy n
reno! H ro nnxono saiennnuxo crpanane ne npnxnna nymy sa semne n
renecne mncnn n ne nynn nymy mpaxom, xaxo nnme nnoco, neh nocraie
nexa raiancrnena nesa n ciennnene c Forom, uynecno nannenmn nan rannnm
n semacxnm crpacrnma uax n reno, saro mro cy ce nnme Foxnin, no peun
npopoxa nncoxo ysnenn nan semom (Hc. 46, 10). Ero xaxna cy ra
nencxasnna neicrna o xoinma ronopnmo, ona ce nnynanaiy y rennma cnemreno
sarnxnnx, xoin can xnnor nocnehyiy ncnxnin. Ono mro ce y rnm eneprniama
unnn neocmncnnnnm, npenasnnasn cmncao n cxnana ce npen yncxnm
nonmannma, xoia cy y nnma nonnxna pacyhnnannma, a ne na neny n
npaxrnuxnm ncnnrom. Axo nax nnoco ne npnsone nepy xoia iennno n moxe
na nanoxnann nemncnnny ncrnny, ro cnercxn nonmaiyhn, ex! es cnerocrn, on
ce neuacrnno nspyryie ca narouacrnnnm. /Tpuiaoe, III, 2, 12/ Hoiam Fora
raxo y oxnnpnma iyneoxpnmhancxor npenana xareropnuxn nornphyie
nnrepnennniy y ncropnin iennor ycnocranana (nnocrasn) concrnene
ycranonenocrn nnn nnunocrn xoia ie cnoonna on cnaxor npenonpehnnana

103
cymrnne, ypoxa n pasnora. To, oner ne n morno na ce cxnarn y cmncny
nyxnocrn xoia n no cymrnnn nnn npnponn nperxonnna Fory xao nyxnocr
naror noroca oxancxe cymrnne, crora mro ona cama ycranonana nnn
nnocrasnpa cymrnny n nenonane cnera mro iecre. Hpnnnnn snana Fora raxo
nnxaxo ne n morao na ce cnene na cyiexrnnno ymno cxnarane (xao mro ie
ro cnyuai ca nannno nenpencnnrannm ycnonnma saysnmana renepannor crana
ns ynyrapcnercxe nepcnexrnne), a na ro snaun na nonmana norahana
ncropnie xao cnenouancrno ymnor ncxycrna o rome na nnie Cymrn /Onai Koin
Jecre/ ns cymrnne, neh na ie cymrnna ns Cymror crora mro On y Cen
oyxnara cno nncrnonane, nsnnmno. Kana ce rai ynnn noxnnn xao nsnnman
nana n ono mro omoryhana sacnonanocrn, nnn mro npyxa pasnore neponany,
raxo na ca rnme cne nocraie cnopenno n nenaxno, nocraie nsnnmno.
Fnncrnonane raxo ne moxe na ce noncronern nnrn ca noiannomhy noiana
(nneiom noiannnana), nnrn ca ymnom crnapnomhy naror noroca nocroieher,
ynyhn na ce ne npenonpehyie nyrem ymnor nosnnana noiana na narn noroc
nnn na nnxony cymrnny, neh ce orxpnna xao ncropnicxo norahane, xao
nenarno snnane xoie ie nocrynno snany xpos ncxycrno npounmhanana n
npocnerananem caspene nenocpennocrn nnunor onnoca. Onai noiam ro
nnme nnxaxo nnie y ncnxonomxom cmncny, neh y onronomxom cmncny
nennne n cneyxynnocrn, ri. ne camo xoxanranniama pasnnx crpana nha,
nero n neronoi xoxepennnin ynyrpamne nonesanocrn n cxnarnnoi
xoncexnenrnocrn. Hpemna ro nma cna oenexia onor mro ie Kanr y
nnoconpany ncxycno xao rpancnennenranny cyiexrnnnocr, a
nncrnonane xao rpancnennenc nanpocro es peannrera npennxannie, Xeren
xao cyiexr xoin ce xpos pan noima opasonanem y mynpoyy
cyncrannniannsyie, a Xycepn xao crporo nayuno anannsnpany n axpnnunnm
onncnma nsneneny npernocranxy ncrnnnrocrn xao nnrepcyiexrnnno naxene
ncxasnnana y cnery xnnora; crnue ce nonexan yrncax nonpnnnune snonoe y
npenasnnaxeny cnoamner oenexia ynorpee oneparnnnnx n rexnnuxnx
repmnna, xoinma ce y nepasymenany nsasnna spxa snauena ca xanocnnm
nocnennnama enemenrapnor nepasymenana.
54
unnn ce na ie nnuna

54
Taxo no mnoro uemy xepmeneyrnuxn npenna crynnia Xpncra Janapaca 4u)ocoduia u; uoeoe
ve)a, sacrpamyiyhe ryn na snauaiy ca onenama sananne nnoconie, xoie cy ys cny epynnnniy n
ecennnuxy enoxnenrnocr nnme epncrnuxe nero xpnrnuxe npnpone, a na xpaiy ce n cacnnm
onpnuyhn nnoconpaiyher orocnona npenomenem y onacrn nayxa o cnopennnm ysponnma
xoin nny sa xeama sa onnxornopnomhy, ycnocranaiyhn c rnme n cacnnm ornopen nepnnxr
ycnoxoianaiyhnm cxemarnsanniama pannonannsma n npasnnnama enomenonornie, re
nauenno cmarpaiyhn na ie onronomxa nponemarnxa nacrannna na nne nae y iesnxy monepne
nsnxe n iesnxy ncnxonornie-ncnxoanannse y npncrynany ncrnnn nncrnonana (ma+o, crp.
364.).


104
nenocpennocr cne nsoxpenyna no re mepe, na ie naniauao
ncnxononorncrnuxn nnueancxn crannapn n nxennypncrnuxn nnan nnune
nenocpennocrn cnonnn na repmnnonorniy emnnpnicxnx iennocrpanocrn, a ro
raxohe moxe na ce nnnn n xao necpehan xomnpomnc ca nayuno
nonnnamhyiyhnm nocrnrnyhnma y enexrponcxnm rexnonorniama, xoie cy na
xpaiy xpaiena ncnponyxonane n ony iauany, narnameny nnpryenny
peannocr, xao xnnepnsnxanncrnuxn xnneprponcany nanoxnany nanopa
pana na noimy, na nox nma crpyie oesehyie norpene nanpaxaie sa
ynonocrn anrasmn. To, nonyme, no npnponn crnapn n moxe na yne
onpeheno xao noronan marepnian sa pannn xpener ncnxonora, nnn uax moxe
na yne nnheno xao nannuie monepnnx npennocnnx cranona y ecrernnn
55
, xao
yiany norxynrypnnx naoia y cymynaxpymnma n mennianniama npennocrn
npannonannnx crpacrn xpos ncxasnnana pyxnor, ri. onor mro y canpemenoi
ymernocrn nsasnna ouai n npencrana npaxrnuny n onnnnny nponemarnxy
sa ncnxoanannrnuxe enaopannie n excneprnse. Ono mro n nanac morao na
snaun noiam nenore n npnpona npncryna neronom onnxonany xpos
ymernocr, remxo na moxe na ce cynncno onpenn es cranana y sarpane
oesnpehyiyhnx cranona npeepennniannor reonornsma, re neonxonne
meransnuxe nynne mncnn ca reonomxom ncxpenomhy, mro ce cnonn na
ncro. Cnaxa ncxpenocr nma cnoie ynyrpamne rpannne y ypohenoi
nenocpennocrn renepannor crana enomenonornie, xoin nanexo on cnaxe
ncnpasnocrn nyro yxasyie, n onnma xoin ce ocnocoe na ro pasymeiy
noxasyie, na ie on cacrannn neo nenocpennocrn npncryna crnapnma xoin nx
cnyrana n xoun y nynniem ncxasnnany. Hamernyre orpannuenocrn xopnsonra

55
Pa ro ne mopa ynex na yne nenncano npannno xana ie ecrernxa y nnrany, cernmo ca
pasmarpana ienne npnnnuno necxnahene n y cnoie npeme ycamene nocroiancrnenocrn
ncrpaianana y opn sa enomenonomxn nsnaiane ecrercxe npennocrn xon Mopnna Iairepa,
npema cnnunocrn n pasnnxama noperxa yann enomenonornie Maxca Benepa, xao mro ro
moxemo na nahemo n xon nac, apem y iennom no cnemy nsysernom ynony y nocrxnacnuny
ecrernxy: Hocroie rpenynn y xoinma ce cycpehemo ca cnoiom necnrypnomhy n crpennmo na nn
cmo nemro na npann naunn pasymenn; nocroie n rpenynn xan cxnaramo na neuer nnax nma uax n
y onnm crnapnma xpai xoinx cmo uecro nponasnnn, a na nx nn na rpenyrax nncmo mano oe
sarnenann; nocroin n npeme xoie ie npen nama, a y xome he ce moxna nnnern n ono mro ie
panninm enoxama ocrano cxpnneno.
Onnoc cxpnnenocrn n necxpnnenocrn nnie iennosnauan; nnhene ie cnnma naro, ann
neiennaxo. Ono mro nnnnmo, uecro sanpano ne nnnnmo, a ono nennheno, ono mro ocehamo,
uynamo xao nainye ncxycrno. Vnpano y rome n iecre raina ymernocrn, raina na ce xaxe
nencxasnno, na ce nnnn nennnnno, na ce cnernocr ncrnncxom cnernomhy
pacnernn...marepniannsonana nopyxa nanniyher y nycrnnn, ynyhena onnma xoin ce neronom
xprnom ncxynyiy; ona ie semna cnnxa neunor nsnopa, nornpna na sanynnor xona nema axo ie
ono npeo ynex n noc)eone. /Mnnan Vsenan, uucunamueua ecmemura, Bpman, 2006., crp. 12/


105
pasmarpana xao xonnynsnnna ncnxnuxa crana n nparehn xomnnexcn
menrannnx mpmena xonana mncnnma (reonosn n nnpexrnnie pexnn
saxnayiyhn nehnm rpexonnma), cnyranaiy mncaonn xopnsonr anaiyhn ra na
snn nenpooinocrn sa pasymenane, a ro ce xon onaxnor ynnna ornena npe
cnera y unnennnn synenor xapaxrepa noe n nenpecnnnnm
nncperynannonnm pacnonoxennma, rne nona crnap ynaxena y saiennnuxo
ocmnmanane n nocraie unnennna ounrnenne oncennyrocrn cacnnm
npyrauninm npennocrnma ns cexropa cnopennor yspoxa, neronn mro n ro
morno n na ce nacnyrn xao naxno na npnn nornen. Ta noa ie sanpano n
nenoa norexna ns ynepena na ce sna ono mro ce nosnaie n mro nnie
nponynnano crynnosnnm ynosnananem, onaxne nononnune ynosnarocrn
ycnonanaiy n xaraxrep mnmena n npncrynana nponenn n ocynama, on
uera ie cnrypno oe cysnpxanarn ce, yxonnxo nac ne npenasnnasn. A xana
cmo xpxxor n nomnor nyxa /mro ne n ayromarcxn mopano na snaun n
nenocrarax cnare, nero n ony nemoh xoiy nonpasymena ncranuanocr n
nponnenocr nyxa/, name ymne eneprnie nouecro mory na ce noxaxy xao
oesnpehene y peannom xnnory, a crpnene sa nnxono pasymenane
nenonono. To oncycrnonane ynyrpamne ypannorexenocrn xao
necrpnene nma xao cnpemnocr na nepnosno mnmene xparxe ann ynapne
yunnxe, xoin mory na nponsneny n napanonune noxnnaie nporanana.
Moxna, nonyme, n rome na ce crane na xpai, ann ie sa ro norpena nomoh
Foxnia n ornapane ouniy yma sa nponyen ynnn, xoin he nrn y crany na
yunpcrn xonenne onnyxe n npeoxpene nponsnenene spxe y pasymenanem
ocneranany iacnocr, na onnananocr iesnuxnm ymehem ncxasnnana
oesehyie ry cnnma nacymno norpeny pasronernocr n npyxane nyxonnor
cmncna.













106
IV. 1.3. mHAOCOmH1A H 1E3HK
(ME1OBHHKA HPEBHOC1 OH1O-BOIHKE)

Vnpexen ie cran y nanamnem anrnonncxom cnery yonmre, a on
rora remxo ycnena na ce orme n nnxona nnoconia, na cy onn no cxnonocrn
anannrnnn emnnpnicxnx cranona, ann n ynpomhanany crnapn na xoie nx
naronapa nnxon onunn iesnx, na nexn naunn iacnnin n pasronernnin,
npaxrnuno mynpnin on ocrannx, orxyna nponcrnue n mnomrno npyrnx
necnopasyma. To ie y npeme narnor pasnoia enexroncxnx mennia ronnxo yseno
maxa, na nouecro ymena na yne n cacnnm nennacnpano no namernnocrn
xoia moxe na ce cycperne na rorono cnaxom xopaxy. Hpemna n camn npnsnaiy
na cy iesnuxn nponemn cnoxenn n mnorocrpann, re na ie cnnraxca peun,
nspasa n peuennna, xao ona xoia oyxnara opmanne onnnxe nexor iesnxa,
npecynna xonnxo n reopnia snauena nnrennnonannor nocrynana y
canpxainma neponana (nonyme es moryhnocrn penyxnnie renepannnx
cranona n pecrpnnronana nannnor nonepena npema crnapnma), xon nnx
yrnannom nperexe ynxnnonanna reopnia ca nxenniypncrnuxn
sapannanaiyhom iesnuxom xomnerennniom n ynorpeom snauena peun. Ona ie
nouecro pyxonohena nnrrenmrainoncxnm iesnuxnm nparmarnsmom, cnohennm
na ycnonena nocrnsanana nnena y crnapnom xnnory ri.
npexnnanany, narocrany n creneny ynonocrn. Kpnrepniym casnaino
yrnnnrapncruxe nepnnxannie nnana y nnacrn nexe naxne cnnxe o rome
xaxne crnapn rpea na yny, re cxnarane nnoconie xao xomornor
reopnicxor npornnorpona raxo nmenonannm naxnnm cnnxama, sanpano ie
ancnnxannnocr xoia na cymnnn naunn yun o npennocrnma, a nouecro nx
n ancnnxyie xpos samene resa n npnnncnnana meransnuapnma na mncne
ono mro ne mncne. Meransnuapn cy ynn osnne pasopnrocrn n xpos
nenpncrpacnocr ncrpaxnnana npne nnoconie crporo ce ane nayunnm
nponenama onpxnnocrn cnoinx ncxasa, Ponyme, onn ro ne unne nn sor
nexaxne nenocpenne xopncrn n nsrnena na nsnyrpa iennocrpano
ocrpamhennm ymonnma nnue na sanynna nha. Ann sap ocnoahane yma on
oxonanocrn npnpone n cnera moxe na yne nmra sanynno n nnxepaspenno?
Hporonnocon cy nocroiancrnenn iep cy y cee ynenn perxy
npnnnnnniennocr, n iep cy nha xoia ce y nainehoi mepn ocnoahaiy on
oyserocrn nenocpennomhy oxperom npema onome mro ioi nexn y ocnony, a
xoia n nm es ror xpnrnuxor oxperana camo iom nnxrnpana cnoie rpenyrne
saxrene n orpannuanana ym na iennocranocrn iennonnmensnonannnx
cnnunoyma.
On nncannx rparona npnnx nnococxnx pasmarpana, npnn xoin ie
nonesnnao ncrnny ca onmrnm pasymom no ie Xepaxnnr ns Eesa,

107
nasnauanaiyhn yuecrnonane xoie caunnana norocnocr /capann xasnnane,
peunrn cmncao, ymnn iesnx/ xao cnnma saiennnuxe noiane, a onn xoin xao na
nmaiy nnacrnry moh pacyhnnana /F2/ ne caunnanaiy mynpoye, neh camo
nesnane n sanyny. Jep cnn ce yncxn saxonn xpane nomohy onor iennor
oxancxor, xaxe Xepannr /F114/, ncrnuyhn cnemreno a ne yronopno
nopexno cmncna npannna no xoinma ce xnnn y saiennnnn. Kana ce onmrem
norocy n norocy saiennnne cynpocrana cnoi nocenn noroc, noiennnaunn
pasym xoin ie nsnnoien n neycarnamen ca saxrennma npymrnenor norahana
xnnora, nonasn no onacnocrn cyxoa. Vronnxo n ncrnny casnaiemo ne xao
npenmer nnnnnnnyanne nepnenrnnne cnoconocrn sacenor noroca, neh xpos
ycxnahnnane noiennnaunor ca saiennnuxnm norocom, nnn ca onnm mro
pasymenaiyhn nenory naie pasnore yxpamenocrn n nopa xoin n caunnanaiy
xnnene no ncrnnn. Pasrpannuena crnapn nounnaiy na onpenama onmrer
noroca, rne rnaroncxn onnx xoin onncyie yuecrnonane y nncrnonany rnacn
cymracrno, na onpehene xoncraryie ycnonomxo pasrpannuanane cymrnne
nha, naunna na xoin nocroie nha y rpannnama onmrer noroca, xao n
rpannnama nperncranxn sa npymrneno-xocmnuxo onmrene n ocrnapene
xnnora. Apncroren ie ycranonno na ce xapaxrep noiennnaune onpene
cymrnne onnocn na iennncrno nha xao onor onmrer /xo0oou/ n cxynnor
/ouvoou/. To iennncrno nha npernocrana cnnresy noiennnaunnx
enemenara xoin n unne nhe xao rnap, onnx n nnxon cnoi, cxnon on ooier
xao onmre
56
/Mem., 7., 1037
a
6-7/, a ncxasyie ce xao xaxno, xonnxo nnn xoia
npyra noiennnocr on crnapn mro ce raxo npnpnuy /ucmo, 1028
a
12-13/. Tn
ncxasn nonymraiy saxnayiyhn noiennnaunnm enemenrnma n npennxanniama
iennncrna nha nerono mnorocrpyxo sopene, ann nasna npema iennom
naueny /ucmo, 1003
a
33-34/, ca nosnnanem na npnonrno n nouerno iennncrno
nha xao na nerony cymrnny nnn npnpony: On ronnxocrpyxo xasnnannx
nncrnyiyhnx, iacno ie na ie on rnx npno nhe ono mro iecre, ynpano
osnauanaiyhn cymrnny /Mem., 7., 1028
a
13-15/.
Honcronehnnane onpehena ca moryhnomhy orxpnnana cymrnne
onor mro iecre, nonmax noxasyie xapaxrep nennnmyher noroca nnn
onpenenor xasnnana xao ncxas. Hcxasno ie ono ronopene xoie ce onnocn na
cymrnny n onpehyie cymrnny, noroc xoin nam xasyie na nemro iecre nnn
nnie, noroc y onome mro ncrnncxn nnn naxno nocroin /Ap., O mv+a:., 4,
17
a
2-3/. Taxo anoanrnuxn noroc xoin nosnoana na ce nnnn cymrnna nha,
xoin nsnonn na nnneno, npernocrana ienny snpxy nnn capanocr
noiennnnx enemenara n npennxara onmrer n yxynnor ncxycrna iennncrna

56
Aristotelis Metaphysica, recognovit brevique adnotatione critiva instruxit W. Jaeger, Oxonii,
1978.

108
nha, pasnnxyiyhn enemenre xoin osnauanaiy ienny cymrnny on onnx xoin
osnauanaiy npyre cymrnne. Hcxycrno xao npnn ocnonan opnienrannie y
nnany, Apncroren ie yseo neoma osnno: Hcxycrno ynn nponcrnue ns
cehana, re ns mnomrna cehana na ncry crnap sanonia ce ienno noceno
ncxycrno, na ce unnn na ie ono nncxo naynn n ymehnma. Hayxa n ymeha
cnene ns ncxycrna, ns ncxycrna nacraie ymehe, ns nenocrarxa ncxycrna
cnyuai. Vmehe nacraie xana ce ns mnomrna ncxycrnennx noimona nsnonn
ienan iennnn onmrn cyn npnmennn na cne cnnune cnyuaiene. /Mem., 980
b
-
981
a
/
Jacno ie yronnxo na ie noiam cacranen on pasnnxa, a ro
pasnnxonane y xasnnany ynex nma onmrn xapaxrep n cnpam nncrnene
iennnnne noiennnaunor (npne cymrnne) n cnpam onnx mro ce sony ienno
(xareropnie, npyre cymrnne). Hoiam onpemyie iennocr cymrnne xao noroc ys
nomoh pasnnxa, na: nocnenna pasnnxa iecre cymrnna crnapn n nennnnnia
/Mem., 7., 1038
a
19-20/. Penonane n unn oiannnana, ncxas, ne yxasyie camo
na iennncrno nha xao onmrer, neh noxasyie n naunn narocrn ror iennncrna y
pasnyuyiyhnm pasnnxama mro onpehyiy iennnnuny onmrocr cymrnne ca
enemenrnma xoin ie cacranaiy: naa na nenonn ronopa npnnanaiy y nennny
ronopenor/Mem.,1034
b
23/. Taxo ronop caonronapa orxpnnany naunna
canpana noiennnaunnx nenona nnn npenosnarnnnx pasnnxa xoie yxasyiy
na iennnnuny onmrocr cymrnne, unnehn rnme cnnresy nnn nnn nopenax
noiennnnx unnennna onmrer ncxycrna, xaxo n ce y oxnnpnma onmrer
noroca /onmrer sopa, saiennnuxor pasyma/ noiannna iennnnunocr cymrnne.
To ie norocnn nnn nornuxn naunn xoin ce onnocn na xapmonnuno canpane
no noperxy xao canpane npocyhyiyhnx pasnnxa n noiennnnx nenona, ca
unme ce noxasyie ra iennncrnena onmrocr cymrnne. Fnhe ie ro mro iecre xao
onmrn noroc iep ie noroc nopenax cnera /4u;. 252
a
13-14/ , a raxohe n saro iep
ie ono `sor uera` y norocy /4u;. 200
a
14-15/
57
. Vronnxo cymracrny rnapnocr
xao nnmenocr ca cnopennom yspounomhy ne unnn npenpexy sa ynnne y
oenexia caopnocrn nncrnonana, ri. cnpam onor mro ce npxn cnpam nyra
npema moryhnocrn ennnenrnpana rora mra n xaxo iecre y cxyronnma
snpaiyhe spanocrn necxpnnenocrn crnapn, iep v;por meapu ie u;e)eo
/epcma/, marohe ie cvumuua oua roia ie no pe:u :o oi:iov :nc \nc :o
riooc ro:i, :o\:o o n ouoio n xo:o :ov oyov. (Ap. Mem. 996
b
8; 1041
b
8;
1035
b
16)
Onaxno anannrnuxo onpehnnane cymrnne nosnoana na ce
ycnocrann pasnnxa ynyrap nennx nornuxnx onpehena. Horoc osnauana n c
rnme yxasyie na axrop npncryna, na npnnas xoin ycnocrana onnoc yma ca

57
Aristotelis Physica, rec. W. D. Ross, Oxonii, 1977.

109
naunnom orxpnnana nha n nerone ycxnahenocrn ca cnerom, nanme na camom
mecry ycxnahnnana yma n nocroieher. To ce snna nmenonanem xao
nannanem npenmera nmenom xoin ie naimana iennnnna y onpeheny onmre
norocnocrn. On ie raxo ancrpaxyiyhe caxnmane cemanrnxe onpehnnana y
ymy n onai xoin nae onpehyie cymrnny osnauananor, xaxo n xaxe
Apncroren: onpehene ce rnue cymrnne n onnxa (Mem., 1035
a
28-29).
Cnyxa noroca ie cemanrnuxo-cnmonnuxa xpos yuecrnonane na onmrocrn,
raxo na ie onpehnnane onnxornopno xana naie iennncrnene rpannunnxe
nasnauananom ncxycrny, ne-repmnnnmyhn ra opmannsonanem. 3aro n
cnyxn xao casnaina moryhnocr npexo npencrana nnn ymospena samncnn
(nyma nnxana ne mncnn es cnnxe /oov:oouo:oc/ /Ap. O ovuu, 431
a
17/), a
ancrpaxrno caxero onpehene xao noiam xoin onpehyie cymrnny, nasna
yxasyie na nncrnonane n ncxasyie neonnmrno y ocrnapnnany xnnora xpos
onoceena n onpenmehena y iennnnne snana. Mehyrnm, ona moryhnocr
ocamocrannana ns nennne mncnn n peun xpos onmre cxnarane noimona na
ce onnoie on camor ocrnapena xnnora, n camo nncrnonane ie y crany na
npernopn y xonnennnonanan noiam onnaiaiyhn ra on nnnamnuxo nenyiyher
onmrer noroca xnnora.
58
Apncrorenona nornxa nma sa npenycnon ncnpanan
pasym /rsn. `snpan pasym` camo xao `npany peu`/ xoin nponanasn rauno
onpehene n ncnpanno crpyxrypncane noimona n cnnornsama, ann ce rnme
snane ne ncnpnyie y nennnnniama n crpyxrypanniama. Hocnenna
ncnpannocr noroca nnie rex merononomxa nnn opmanna, nero ona xoia ce
nornphyie npnnnom (Ar., Eth. Nic., 1122
b
29; 1144
b
26-28) xoia ie nsnoimrena
xao neno saiennnne n naa ie nmarn sa ianno nenonane (Ar., Politica,
1276
b
29-31), a xonauno snane ce onnocn na norocno carnenanane npcra
(einoca, opmn Ap., O ovuu, 429
a
23; 431
b
26;432
a
1-3) n nenocpenonan
cycper ca rnm snanem y nenocpenno nenoxasnnoi naynn y naiyronnniem n
naioem nocmarpany (Ap., upvea aua)., 72
b
19-20; Mem., 1072
b
24).

58
Ha ro ie ynosopno Xpncro Janapac y cnom nesaopanaiyhem ce nnn nenpeneperanaiyhem
ynony y nnoconiy, ncrnuyhn: Hpn raxnom iennom ocamocraeny noimona, anene ymnnm
crnapnocrnma xoie ycrpoianaiy xnnor, naxne nnoconia, naxo moxe n camo na ce npernopn y
nnnnnnnyanny nsnexanocr yonnuanana nsnnepennnpannx merona xoin noimone nonone y
ysaiamny nesy,na n na xpaiy oxonuano y npeoraroi pasnonpcnocrn noimonnnx `cncrema` xoin
ce mehycono noniaiy. Hoimonn samenyiy ncxycrno nocroieher, a snane ce noncronehyie ca
nnnnnnnyannom cnoconomhy uonexa na `cxnara` noimone xonnennnonannor xonexca ysaiamnor
cnopasymenana, cnoconomhy na nx ynopehyie, na nx nonesyie n cynpocrana, n ro cnaxn nyr
nenesano ca xnnornom crnapnomhy.Jacno ie na naunn xnnora n ynorpee ancrpaxrnnx noimona
nocraie xpnrepniym sa pasnnxonane ncropnicxnx onnxonana uonexonor xnnora, xpnrepniym sa
pasnnxonane nnnnnnsannia. /Xoio:o\ Iiovvooo: l;roioouo riooyync o:n oiooooio,
Arnna: Pomoc, 1988., 4u)ocoduia u; uoeoe ve)a, npen. iph. M. Bacnennh, B. Fana: Fparcrno
Cn. Cnmeona Mnporounnor, 2000., crp. 70/

110
Anonnxrnuxo snane raxo nnie nanpocro nnn no cen, neh ono mro osnauana
nsnecny onpeheny crnap n nnie nemro npyro nero ono mro ona cama iecre na
unnn neno cnoicrno, n ne ncxasyie ce camo c osnpom na noiennno
(cnnrynapno) nonnexehe (cyiexr), a ono mro ro moxe on nanna
cnopennocrnma nnn axnnnennniama xao ona cnoicrna xoia cy ncxasana o
noiennnom nonnexehem mro my ne npnnanaiy sor nera camor, ca unme ce
ynone cnopenne cymrnne n moryhnocr pernonannsannie snana xoia ryn na
npnonrnoi onmrocrn. On nanme rnpnn na cnaxa nayxa nnie nemoncrparnnna
n na ce nayxa o nenocpennnm nauennma ne moxe anonnxrnuno noxasarn.
Mehyrnm, namnpoxo pacnpocrpaneno cxnarane o rsn.
pannonannocrn nnn nnrenexryannoi cnoconocrn uonexa, uax n onna xana
Hnaron n nononnaronnuapn onpene snane xao nsnaxene ns nha n
cynenonane y nopy xoie npenasnnasn nennunnom n cnaxy cymrnny, npxn na
ro nnie nosnnane na casnainy moryhnocr xoia nne nae on pasymenana, nero
camo nannnaxene uynnnx nesa c osnpom na uncrohy yma. 3nane ce nnax ne
orpannuana camo na cnoconocr pasyma na opasyie noimone, nornphyie
cnarane noima ca mnmennnama nnn caxyna cnnornsme, neh na einercxn
ynnha nopexno crnapn xoie ie y ocnonn nenoneeno y nenpennnnnnoi
oyxnarnocrn nncrnonana., iep cnaxo yuene n cnaxo pasymno nsyuanane
nna ns neh nocroieher snana raxo mro ce noxasyie /Ar., Anal. Sec., 71
a
1-2;
8/. Vmospene, reopnia ie naiyronnnie n naioe nn casnana, xoia oxonuana
na nocmarpany Fora /Met. 1072
b
24/, a no cnpcn nenarnocrn ona ie
reonornuxa ca ynyrpamnnm sanarxom Fora cnyxnrn n carnenarn /Ar., Eth.
Nic. 1249
b
20/. H xao mro ie cnaxa npaxca xonauna y cnom nonpmerxy nnn
caspenocrn, raxo ie n npaxrnxonane onor naiysnnmennier nocmarpana
moryhe onna xana ce npyra nenonana ncnpne n npnneny cnom xpaiy, na n
ornoueno ono xome nema noxasa y nonmany n nocranane nnrana o
xpnrepniymy ry ie renoncrnuno ornpnnnxe ononnxo xonnxo ie cmemno n
nocranane nnrana xaxo snamo na npnpone yonmre nma.








111
IV,1.4. 0HBOCO0H1A H E1HKA

V cnaxonnennom nspaxanany peun ernxa n mopan xopncre ce xao
cnnonnmn. Eroc snaun hyn, napan n nnune cxnonocrn, ann n mecro na xome ie
nhe cmemreno /eroc cynna ie neo, eroc xpane xoia nace ie nnnana/, a
mopannocr ie onuainocr, nannxe, xapaxrep. Baa nmarn y nnny ry nesy
ernxe ca nsnxom, xoia npexo nennne enomena xoin ce ianaiy y mnpoxo
cxnahenoi npnponn, nonpasymena pacnon on nonmana eroca xao oxancxe
cynnne xon Xepaxnnra no Hnaronone nancymrnncxe nneie Popa n
Apncrorenone cnpcncxonnocrn noima npnnne (mynpocr, xpapocr,
nsnpxnnocr, npannunocr) ynyrap came npnpone xoia cnnm cnoinm
xperannma nne xa npnonrnom nopy nenoxpenyror noxperaua. Vronnxo
ernuxa n ecrernuxa onronopnocr ycnonanaiy iesnx xoinm ce nacranyiemo y
nncrnonany nnn sarnuemo y npnponn xao nopn nnn nomn. Peu npnnna
nonesana ca noimom opasonana, ona ie npema Coxparonom yueny snane, a
Hnarononom nneia nopa.
3a cronxe mopanan xnnor ie xnnor y cxnany c npnponom, ri.
nneannnm pasymom xao oecrpamhenoi yncxocrn, ienan nyn nspas
pnropncrnuxor mopana xoin saxrena camoyncrno yxonnxo ce ne ypenn
nsryenocr y spnn xoia moxe na nacrane. 3a nnx ie neo xocmoc no
cnercxa npxana n xocmononnrnsam ie nspas cnercxor nmnepniannor narnyha
ynoceanany npencrana non ocamocraena cxnarana pernonannnx
xareropnia y xoinma ce ornena neymonnn saxon nonnennn non exnexrnuxe
mopannsannie. Pasym, noa n ocehana cy nopma npernocranxn npnnncxor
xnnora, cnara xoiom ycnaiamo nacnnrane y norneny rora xo cmo n mra cmo,
npnxyuyiyhn ce xynrypn, ri. onnnnma neronana nyxa xao
npenosnarnnom crnny n nprama naunna ncnynanana n nonpmanana
enemenrapnnx npra cymrnne npnponnocrn y nama, xoie ce nonpmanaiy y
iacnninmm onnuinma mecra rne ce nanasnmo y cnery nnn y neronoi
erocnocrn. Kanron nopmarnnan n reopnicxn npanan neonronomxor
sacnnnana ernxe uncre nyxnocrn, ca xareropnuxnm nmneparnnnma
nocrynana na ocnony rpeana ayronomne mopannocrn, saxrenao ie na yne
ycnocranen npema normarnma xpncronnxe ernxe onycraiana on sna y
mahyyncxoi saiennnnn onmre noe n no sanonecrn naruynnor yma.
Erocnocr y anrnnn naxne snaun xonnxo n nrn nacranen, nrn
cmemren na onpeheno mecro ca nnpacrpyxrypom n crannapnnma xoiy nono
cranonane nonpasymena. Ernxa yronnxo nonpasymena anesyiyha ynyrcrna n
npannna xoia xasyiy na xoin naunn uonex naa na onrana y cnery xao
excncrennniannoi ornopenocrn nnn necycrernyrocrn nocroiana. V
nanamnem rpenyrxy noceno, naxna xoiy saxrena nesa ernxe n onronornie

112
naa na yne nonono nopo ncraxnyra, iep ycyn npenymrenocrn maconnom
npymrny xoin ie ncrynno xao moh rnoannnx nonnrnuxnx cyxoa n onnyxa
na nnanerapnoi pannn, ne naa na yne npennhena. Onuainocr xoia
nonpasymena nese noiennnna ca saiennnnom nma cnoie nope n nome crpane,
ann nnx sacnrypno rpea ouynarn xao ynyrpamnn nmneparnn uonexonor
nyxa n npernocranxy neronana npnnne n npxana ynn na oxyny, maxap
nanac n na cannm nenonoan naunn. Pncnnnnnnonane na rai naunn nma
ynory nomohn n nsanana npen remxnm ncxymennma n anopniama
cnoxennx npymrnennx nesa nanamnnne, a xynrnnannia, xaxo ie ro nanno
nopo onpenno Kanr, npernocrana sanonocrno neronanor xperana y
npanny ocrnapena nopa xpos cnrypny ornopenocr sa ncrnny crnapn.
Ernxa ce saienno ca nornxom n nsnxom npnn nyra y ncropnin
nnoconie noianyie y Hnarononoi mxonn. Ono mro ie ernuxo cnonn sa
onuai, nannxy, nopexno, naunne npanennor n nonnunor nonamana,
nomahnncxo npxane, xynr orona, npniarecxn canesn, saiennnne para,
cneuanocrn, norpen. Cyxo ncnca n nomoca xoin ie iom on concra
ncrnnan y nenrpnpany yncxe hynn xao mepnna cnnx crnapn onmepanan ie
na nocranany nnrana npanennocrn n npnnncxom yueny xoie cnenn ono
nancymrnncxo nsa cenmor nea nnn nneiy Popa xoia cne npenasnnasn
cnernom n ciaiem omoryhanaiyhn nnane y cnery cnemy xnnom n nexnnom.
Apncrorenona npaxrnuna nnoconia nnra o onom nopom n npanom xao
ocnonn n mepn npnnne xao remey nopor n npanennor xnnora n nenonana.
Eroc ie raxo cran, cennmre, onranannmre xao mecro cranonana, ns xoier
xao ornopene onacrn nna nonymreno na ce noiann n npnhe ono mro uonexy
cymrnncxn npnnana, a ro ie ynenonnnane xnnora mncaonnm nenonanem
xao naunn nncrnonana n oryn ono renynno, oxancxo. Ha rai naunn ernxa
ie cxnahena xao ona nnococxa nncnnnnnna, xoia ys yuene o onpxanany
npanna y ycnaiany noimona xoin snaue ono nopo, npomnmane ncrnne
crnapn ne nymra camo xao reopnicxo npencranane nncrnonana, neh ns
raxo creuennx casnana nonymra n nsnnauene ynyrcrana npnmennnnx y
npaxrnunom xnnory: Fnaxencrno ie nenornopnocr canpmenor xnnora
npema canpmenoi npnnnn/Apncroren, Hur. Em., 1, 2-7/.
Haueno npnnne npema Apncroreny nnie ym xao xon Coxpara /npnnna
ie snane/, neh esymnn naron nnn npannonanne cxnonocrn, iep on ie
marepnian npocyhnnana yma n neron ynpannre. Jennncrno yma n crpacrn y
xome ym rocnonapn onpehyie cpenny mepy nsmehy xpainocrn sa npnnny,
xoiom ce xao noroncxom cnarom (Xeren) ocrnapyie ono mro ie ymno. Jep n
npema Apncrorenonnm ynnnnma ernuxo nenonane npema nannnn n onuaiy
cexe on nonnunor nonamana no ysnnmenocrn npnnne (npanennocrn,
pasopnrocrn, xpapocrn /nsmehy cynyne onnaxnocrn n xyxannunyxa/,

113
napexnnocrn /nsmehy mxprocrn n pacnnnnmrna/, narocrn /nsmehy iapocrn
n rpnennocrn/, npniarecrno /nsmehy camoxnnocrn n necenunocrn/), re ce
ernuxa cnpxa cacroin y nnoconin nyxa xao: `nymennoi nenarnocrn npema
npnnnn`. Ono mro ry nenarnocr ynanpehyie nocroiehn na n omoryhnna
naion xnnor, iecre npxana: Ppxana ie naxne, on npnpone npnonrnnia
nero nn noponnna n iennnxa, iep nennna nyxnnm naunnom nne npe nennx
nenona /Ap., Ho)umura, 1253
a
18/; a xaxo ie y ncrn max n npano npema
npannom noperxy n saxononancrny npnnanno onuainom erocy nonnca,
crnapana nocnymnocrn npema nannxama y npaxcn nnn xnnory xnnnx nha
yonmreno, no xome ra npxana n osaxonyie, re naa cacnnm ncnpannnm
npxarn Xerenon cnnc Ocuoeue upme du)ocoduie opraeuoe npaea sa ernuxy
crynniy, xoia nounna na remenoi npernocrannn na ie cne ymno n crnapno, a
cne crnapno ymno. Eroc nonnca ie mecro namer npennannmra y saiennnnn
mehy xyhama n nononnma y xnnornoi npaxcn canpmenor n camocrannor /Ap.,
Ho)umura, 1280
b
33/, sa xoie cmo npnnncxnm nesama npncno nonesann, ann ro
ne snaun nomarane nonom yremennany nomohy nnoconie rsn. `saxonnma
orana` xoin cy nocroiann on crapnne n on nac cy nnn iaun npennaiyhn
nnxe oronnma (Hn., 4u)eo, 16c), neh ienan xpnrnuan cran y cmarpany na
cy rn nsnopnn onuain n nannxe y crapnnn, cynehn no nnxonnm ocrannma,
nnn npnmnrnnnn n napnapcxn, na naa rpaxnrn nennny nopa nononehn ie
na xpaiy no nonmana (Ap. Hur. Em. 1095
b
6), a ne npenane orana. Ono mro ie
npnnna n naanocr ne pacre nam on npnpone, neh ie ro nannxa n on npnpone
cmo onapenn no noi moryhnocrnma, xoie mn ocrnapyiemo ri. npaxrnuno nam
ce omoryhana y saiennnnn es xoie cmo xnnornna nnn nexn or /ucmo,
1103
a
19-29/, a mro nam ncnouerxa no nannnocrn namer ymonana nnie nn
npncno nn nncxo, cne nox nama npnpona ne nocne no ymne crnapnocrn
/Mem., 1025
b
22/.
Hnrane sna yrnannom ie rpernpano ns nerarnnnsma marepnie xao
npannonanne cxnonocrn crparnma nnn nax xao nnmenocr npnnne n nopa.
Hainnnono yuene o npnponn sna y Teoouueiu ie pasnnxonano neron
meransnuxn (necanpmenocr), nsnuxn (rpnene, on) n mopannn (sanyna,
rpemene, rpex) acnexr, xoin nnie yspox mro noxpehe nero oapa. Kao
naimana mepa nopa nnn oncycrno nopa, sno ie napnnianno n xonrpacrnnno
xao penarnnna xonnunna, rne ie mane sno nopo y onnocy na nehe, a raxohe n
noncrnnai sa ycanpmanane xpos Foxnie xaxnanane n narpahnnane, xao
camoycanpmanane y cxnany ca cnerom (npecrannnsonanom xapmonniom). V
cnoioi crynnin 4op+a)u;a+ v emuuu u +amepuia)ua epeouocua emura, Maxc
Benep (1874-1928) ie pasnno enomenonomxy nnoconiy npennocrn xao
emonnonannn nnrynrnnnsam n marepnianny ernxy axcnonornie:
xeoouucmu:rux npennocrn sanonocrna n ona, euma)ucmu:rux xnnora n

114
snpana, ovxoeuux ncnpannor n nencnpannor, nopa n sna, ecmemcrux nenor,
ysnnmenor, xomnunor, rparnunor nrn., re )oeu:rux ncrnnnror n naxnor n
pe)ueuo;uux nnunocnnx cnerocrn n necneror, ca cxananniom onpehnnana
nnxone nncnne /rpainocr, nenennocr, sacnonanocr, nynna sanonoena,
nepenarnnnocr/. V cnoioi Emuuu Hnxonai Xaprman (1882-1950) ie
ocnaxyiyhn Benepone nneie nopen nncnne npennocrn ynonno n nnxony
iaunny, xoia ioi ie opnyro nponopnnonanna iep cy nnme npennocrn
cnanie, a nnxe iaue. Orpemena o nnxe npennocrn cy rexn npecryn ca
npannnm canxnniama, ann ie ncnynanane nnmnx npennocrn ernuxn
snauainnie neronn ocrnapnnane nnxnx. yan n nonnomnnocr cy raxo
mopanno nnme npennocrn xoie ce nnynanaiy, nero mro cy ro cnrypnocr
nmonnne nnn npannune xasne, xao mro cy xpaha n nax nanexo rexn npecrynn
on neyasnocrn. Mopanno ie nonamane raxo ono xoie ne nonpehyie nnxe n
ncnynana nnme npennocrn, nonpasymenaiyhn n `nocrynaropnn arensam` xoin
cny nerony meransnxy casnana nncrnonana perpoaxrnnno ana na xonena
xao nepeanny npennxanniy.
yncxn cy nocrynnn onna ernunn, xana noxasyiy onronopnocr
xpos norpey na ce ycxnahyiy ca cnerom, xao cnernom n rnom xoie noxasyie
xocmonomxn xapaxrep nnoconie npnpone xoin nonpasymena n cxpnnene
ocrarxe y nennnnnoi xapmonnin nrpe cnna Hea n 3eme, Cmprnor n
Fecmprnor. Taxo ie ry npacnnxy xnnora y npaxrnunom xnnory n
cnmonnuxoi npencrann npannnx n nonnrnuxnx mohn nanpenno ecrernuxn
ycneno npyxno, xao necnnx ernxe ynyhnocrn xpos nrpy, yan n ymernocr,
canpemenn mncnnnan enomenonomxn npnnnnnnienne none peannocrn
Eyren unnx (1905-1975). Ernunocr ie xon nera nsnoimrena xao ennnenrna
mepa nenor y nonamany nnn npaxcama, nanme nsnnaiana mncaonomhy
onmepenocr npnnne, re xao onai cnernocnn ciai nopa y ocnonnnm
enomennma yncxe ersncrennnie, xoin xao n xon Apncrorena nonn
narocnony noponrn nnn ynnma moryhem naxencrny. Morno n ce pehn
na ie ernxa nesana ys nsnxy xao nnoconiy npnonrnocrn y npnponn na
onai naunn, na xoin ie ecrernxa cymrnncxn xanryannrer yncxor
nonamana nesan sa meransnxy.
Hpemna ce n cam nosaanno nynncxnm acnexrnma cmncnenocrn
snauainnx peun Hnueonor nnxnnnsma y nniarnosn nexanennnie enponcxor
npymrna /nanonno ynncrnuxn nmopanncrnuno ncrynaiyhn c ony crpany
nopa n sna/, on ce nnax nnie noneo sa nnueancxnm napanonunnm npesnpom
npema xpnmhancrny n neronnm emnarnuxnm n oxancxnm npnnnama nepe,
nane n yann /ri. uynnn nnunn xanryc, xnnocrase cranona nonpxane
pasymom n noom/, ca norpeom na y nepopmancy carnpana npennocrn
ycnocrann nanpeuan nnacrnre eronarcxe npennocrn (samro cam JA raxo nen,

115
nameran nrn.), xao mro ie raxno excnenrpnuno npxane nonnnacrnno
xomeonarcxn menrannn xanryc Maprnna Xainerepa. Excnenrpnsam n
neypannorexena nocenocr xao aypa Hnueone nopemehene nnunocrn
/anrnrencrnuxe xnnocrase xao ecrernnnsmn nonpnnaiyher n pasnprnnauxor
menrannrera/, xao na ie neocnemreno nenonana na Xainerepa y noa
nanncrnuxnx norpoma n ennnenrnor crana nepnepryiyher sna, na ie on n
xacnnie nonycrno cen na ce nnarn n npxocn noennnuxoi crpann y Ppyrom
cnercxom pary penarnnnsanniama, xoie nnax xomraiy nanexo nnme nero mro
ie on n no cnpeman na nnarn, y cnncy o xymannsmy, re na nnnonamrana
nnoconiy n cnaxy ernunocr, xnanehn y rome Mapxca, a rex npnnnnno
ysnnxyhn Xepaxnnra xoin ce npxao nnocoom, n mnsosocxn nrnopnmyhn
Xerenone ernuxo-ecrercxe nanope. Taxan nnme nero ennnenran
ncnxonornsam, remxo na moxe na ann nnxe cnerno na crnapn n nonpnnece
nnheny ernune ynyhnocrn, iep ie cyierno nanycrno ono nonpyuie xoie my ie
omoryhanano na mncnn n na crnapa, saronapaiyhn ynyhe cnmynarnnne
rexnnxe mnmena n cnmynaxpyme ienne nenposnpne n y parmenranniama
nyxrarnnne xepmernsannie cnecrn.
Xnnor npaxrnxonan y nopy, y rpainoi naxnonocrn noe sa
nenoroye, nonpasymena rpahene exymencxn oxyhene xyhe nncrnonana,
a one ce oxyhyiy npe cnera y nyxy n nacranyiy y snpanoi cpennnn neronnx
iesnuxnx nspasa. V rom cmncny ernxa ie ienan ymnn ynnn y cymrnny onora
mro iecre, ns npanoueraxa n yspoxa exymenonomxa n exonomxa
nncnnnnnna, a cnoi cmncao n cymrnncxn snauai sanpxana xao ecrernuxa
nayxa xoia ocehaiem nonesyie noiane y npnponn ca nneiama, ncnocranaiyhn
n cmncneno yuene o nenom nonamany xao naxnnocr ncranuananor
onnoca npema npyrnma n npyrauniem. Pasmnmaiyhn capano nnn norocno o
yncxom npennannmry, o npnonrnom enemenry y xome ce nncrnyie, n o
onome mra ra omoryhana, raxo na ce ynaananem nopoxa n oxaiananem
nounnennx rpexona crnuy ycnonn sa npyxane moryhnocrn ynosnanana ca
ocnerananem npernocranxn nocroiana. Craiane y raxnom cnerny
npnnnauno ie sa oxancxy cepy xpacore n nama nnuna npyrocr norocno ce
ocnocoana sa onmrene c nom.








116
IV.1.5. Ecmemuua npe+a npe+emv u noj+v, uao uavua o
uvuuo+ cjajv ucmuue

Ecrernxa xao nnococxa nncnnnnnna nounne ca ncrnnanem
uynnnx onnxa npema npenarnamenom nnrenexryannsmy apoxnnx ymona,
xoin ie xao monepan noiam 1750. yneo Anexcannap I. Faymrapren (1714-
1762) xao nayxy o snany xoiy npyxaiy uyna n uynna casnana, y npeme
nnanannne nnoconie npocnehenocrn, rne ce ncrnnana nayxa o snany xoie
crnuemo uncrnm mnmenem. Mncnnonn ror npemena npernocranaiy
nornuxoi opmn pasmarpane noima nenore n c nnm nonesannx nyxonnnx
canpxaia nponema, rne ce youanaiy canpxnncxe cponnocrn nnococxnx n
ymernnuxnx nena, ncrnuyhn xpnrnxy xoia pacnerana onacr ocehana n
yxyca nonohennx no meponannnx casnana. To ie raxohe npeme cnopona o
onnocnma yma n mohn nmarnnannie, noimy rennia n cmncny npannna, o rome
na nn ocnone nenore nanasnmo y ocehany nnn nocpencrnom opmannsannia
casnana. Hpenmer ecrercxor anena raxo yonmreno moxemo
oxapaxrepncarn xao npoyuanane noimonnnx nponema nesannx sa npnponne
nenore, xao n sa noiam nenore xaxo ce on ncnoana y ymernocrn xao noianno
canpmencrno (perfectio phaenomenon), ca nnem casnanana nenore.
Peu casnanane saxrena ncxopax ynasan no xparxor noncehana na
cmncao Apncrorenonor nena Hroi oir:ixn nnn iom nornynnie Hroi :r;vn
oir:ixn, mro ce yonuaieno npenonn O necuu:roi v+emuocmu nnn
Hoemura. 1r;vn ie xao cnaxonpcno ymehe nocena oinoic, raxo na noiam
:r;vn pasiamnana n noiam oinoic, c rnm na ie onai npyrn mnpn n
nonpasymena npnn. Paxne, nocean oinoic xao nnmesnauno :r;vn
npernocrana crnapane nena ca xoinma ce nma y nnny oyoc, pasnoxnocr
crnapanauxe nncnosnnnie. Ha camom nouerxy Memadu;ure nsnarao ie
Apncroren na ie npenmer :r;vn onmrocr :o xo0oov, mro npernocrana
na ymernnx-rexnnuap nosnaie n yspoxe /oi:io/ n pasnor /oyoc/ onor mro
unnn, ri. naunne crnapana. 1r;vn ie npema rom ynnny ienna npcra snana
(Mem., 981
a
) n nornana non nponeny nayunor xapaxrepa. V cnncy xoin
pasmarpa mecro npnnne y xnnory neronana saiennnne n cmncao
npyxeynnocrn, y Huro+axoeoi emuuu (1140
a
), on cna ymeha xapaxrepnme
xao ona xoia ce ane nacraianem nnn cmnmanem n nnannpanem xaxo na
nemro nacrane, a ro snaun na ce ymernocr ann caunnananem cmnmennx
crnapn, re na ymernocrn nonpasymenaiy /nayuna/ nauena nnn nsnope xperana
n npomene. Tai nouerax n xpai xperana ce nanase y ymernnxy xoin nyrem
nnx ocrnapyie ymernocr nnn rexnnxe nsymenana n npnmene, xao mro cy onn
y npnponn neh canpxann n narn no nenoxpenyrom noxperauy xoin

117
ycranonana xpacory noperxa n ncnoana nenory xao uncry yan. Taxo
moxe na ce caunnn ananornia na ie ymernocr yncxo crnapane npema ysopy
oxancxor crnapana n nexa npcra yraxmnne ca npnponom, cnpam onor mro ie
y ocnonn omoryhana, iep ie ro npema Cnmnnnnniennm peunma For.
Apncroren npxn na ie oryn unnninna mynpocr, npemna mana no creneny,
ynopenna ca mynpomhy nnocoa xoin ce ann xonaunnm oxancxnm
nauenom cnemnpa n cnera mro ce xpehe n nocroin, unin cy nocrynnn n camn
oronnxn (Hur. Em., 1141
a
). Hcra ananornia naxn sa npnpony xoia naie saxon
no xome ce pahaiy nena, xao n sa nenmapa xoin npnorpannrecxn nponsnonn
xyhe, yxonnxo ro unnn onpxnno y camoi roi npnponn.
Onnx xao ncnynene nnannpanor n paspahnnanor Apncroren nnnn
xao yunnax, nnn pesynrar ynopennn ca ynnnm cranem yma, a rnap xao
crpemehy moryhnocr nnn norennniannocr y cnaiany. Camo ncnynanane nena
nonohenem neronnm no onnuia, nonpasymena onnxornopnocr nnn
opmnpane, nox ie rnap oroena cnoconocr neronor nsnpmena (Mem.,
1048
a-b
). To onna snaun na npnpona nenyie na rai naunn na cne crnapn repa na
ocrnape cnoie moryhnocrn no xpaia, a ra ncra rexna sa camoncnynenem
nanasn ce y nymn ymernnxa xoiy on ycahyie y nexy rnap, xao ono on uera ie
naunneno onpeheno ymernnuxo neno y cnoioi npcrn.
Vmernnx npa marepnian xao cxyn cnnx moryhnocrn npnnarohennx
neronom nonmany, na n on nera caunnno cnoie neno, y uemy ce ne
pasnnxyiy yxe rexnnuxa nemrnna n ymernocr iep ce nocmarpa n pasymena
marepnian xao moryhnocr c osnpom na npcry nnn samnmenn nnx xao
ocrnapnnocr. To ie sa Apncrorena npcra yonnuene eneprnie iennaxa no
nenorn xao ona nnnnna y npnponn n cnemnpy (oiexrnnnn einoc xao rnopan
nenore), nnn y yncxnm ocrnapennma (cyiexrnnnn einoc xa rnopan
ymernnuxor canpmencrna), nox ce camo y Foxniem npencnercxom ymy
ciennnyiy peannn n nnunn einoc n nenonenny nennnyn raxo casnaiy cny
yxpamenocr n xpacory cnemnpa, xao canpmeno neno oxancxe ymernocrn; a
xaxo y cnom yueny o ymernocrn Apncroren nenn nainnme rpnianno-
nnianexrnuxn nsnoimrene ynnne y npaocnon nenore y cnemy mro iecre cnor
yunrea Hnarona, mro ie onna n npacnnxa neunor n ecxonaunor xnnornor
naxencrna.
Vmernocr nnn rexnnxa xao ocmnmena n cnpcncxonna nenarnocr
ca snauencxnm oenexinma nayxe n sanara, nna npema yneny snana y noi, c
osnpom na mepy y xoioi ie snane npncyrno y noi n y sanarcrny. V sanarcrny
ona ie cxyuennia n nonpasymena poncxn nonoxai npema sapannnnany
moryhnocrn nsnohena na nnneno onor mro iecre ns nenncrnonana, nox ie y
cnoonnoi ymernocrn ra moryhnocr nanexo neha, no mepe y xoioi ie moryhe
uynnocrn na nonpe no canpmencrna nnn ycnpxonpxnnocrn. Tom

118
xanryannom moryhnomhy npnencrneno ce n ann ecrernxa, na xaxo ie peu
ymernocr npnonrno osnauanana cnaxo ymehe nnn nemrnny /:r;vn/, on
sanarcxnx pyxornopnna no nennuancrnennx apxnrexroncxn caunnennx
xpamona n crarya orona n ynn, pasnnunrocr ynopennnx opmn cxnarana n
crnapana ounrnenno ie npncyrna on nannnna. Bncoxa onnxornopna
nenarnocr iennor unnnie nnn Hpaxcnrena, nnn Xomeponnx enona n nennxnx
rparnuapa Ecxnna nnn Cooxna, nna ie mnmena saienno ca ynorpennnm
n xopncnnm crnapnma nomahnncxor npnopa n onennnx npenmera, anarxn sa
opany seme n ypehnnana mecra panan nnmopa n saane y saiennnnama. V
anrnuxo npeme raxohe ie nacrana n xapaxrepncruna norpea sa nnxonnm
ocmnmananem, na cy Hnaron n Apncroren yremennn ocnonne noimone
/\n n uooon (materia n forma), rioc (idea) n :r;vn (ars)/, a xoin he omehnrn
rpannne ymernocrn n y nanexoi ynyhnocrn. On nannnna ce ymernocr
noxasnnana xao cnoienpcna cynapnnna npnpone, na ie Hnaron xpos onrnxy
uerpcrn nnoconie n necnnmrna no cxnon nponenn na ona camo
nonpaxanaiy npnpony, a Apncroren na ona rexn na nonpmn ono mro
npnpona cama nnie yunnnna, ann na n npocyhnnana o noi nna
npnnnnnnienna, naano ie na ce nponahe n ycranonn nen iennncrnenn
npnnnnn. Taxan iennncrnenn npnnnnn nonesan ie ca noimom nenore xoin
ncronpemeno nma n ynory rpancnennenrannie, ri. oanesnnana mnmena
npema neronoi ocnonn, mro ie cacnnm es cmernn ycnenano onnm mncaonnm
xonocnma anrnxe.
Hononexonnn nnean casnana, xoin ie napannrmarnuno cnponenen
xon Penea Pexapra (1596-1650), nonpasymenao ie cna snana n cne nemrnne ca
saxrenom sa nonnpranane non crporocr npannna xoia nponncyie ym, rne
nponepanaiyhn ym nponncyie ayrenrnunocr n nsnopne canpxaie. Tnme ce non
cmep pasmarpana n noncrnnai sa ynomene npyrauninx canpxaia nnhena
crnapn nnie onnocno camo na nornxy n maremarnxy, nsnxy nnn
ncnxonorniy, neh n na ecrernxy xoia nounne na nponncyie crpore saxrene n
nopmarnnna npannna roi nonoi ymernocrn. Toxom unranor cpenner nexa y
raxnom ce nonoxaiy nanasnna mysnxa xoia ce cxnarana pannie rorono xao
nayxa, a mro nncy nononnnn y nnrane nn ennnxnonenncrn, ann nn ocrann
npocnernren. 3a Pnnpoa (Deny Diderot, 1713-1784) nayxa n yxyc nacraiy
no ncrom opacny, ann na ce nae ynnaiaiy y napanennsam, na necnnx mopa
na yne n nnoco, raxo na yne sacrynena y nornunocr n nenornunocr.
Panamnn iennncrnen noiam ymernocrn, non xoin cy nonnenene mnore
xereponomne noiane, sanpano ie nanexo mnpn n ayronomnnin y onnocy na
onai on npe nna nexa. Cpennnom 18. nexa Bapn Fare ie na ocnony
ynnnepsannnx n onmrenaxehnx npnponnnx saxona ynaxno saxren sa
ynohenem n y ymernocrn cnoicrnenor saxona npema rom saiennnuxom ocnony

119
nonnonehn cne noiane ror rnna non noimam nene ymernocrn, xoie cy rnme, no
nemy, cnenene na ienan npnnnnn (1746). 3axononannem ymernocrn noxymao
ie na ce npnxaxe Hnxona Foano (1636-1711) xoin ie ynorpeno nyx
xapresniancxor saxrena sa iacnohom, re yrnenaiyhn ce na Apncrorena reopniy
ymernocrn npornacno crporom nayxom, xpnrnxyiyhn nponsnonocr n
ecrercxe cnoone, na cy ncrnna n nenora, xao n pasym y nainnmoi mohn
nayunor yma n npnpona y cnoinm reneonomxnm xopnsonranniama,
nsiennauenn sor saiennnuxor nopexna y anconyrnom cynepennrery yma.
Ecrernuxa reopnia ce xperana neh rpacnpannm nyrem maremarnuxnx n
nsnuxnx nayxa, ann rpniym uncro nnrynrnnnor casnana xao nmunmhenor
nspasa rexne sa uynnnm canpmencrnom, no ie y raxnoi armocepn cacnnm
neouexonan, xana ce sna na no Pexapronom saxreny sa iacnnm n pasronernnm
mnmenem cne rpea nperxonno cnecrn na npenosnnnonncane saxone
oroene npocropne nnrynnnie, npernapanem noimona y reomerpnicxy
nryparnnnocr. To ie nno moryhe rex nanymranem opnienrannie xoiy ie
pasnniao neron hax Hnxona Manpanm (1637-1715), a xoia ie cne rnapno
nonmana xao npocropno, a ono mro ie nsnuxn renecno cnonnna na nocnenny
npocropnocr xoia ce nnie pasymenana uynnnm n nmarnnarnnnnm cpencrnnma,
neh xonnnnnonannma nornxe n apnrmernxe. Vuennx Hainnnonor haxa
Xpncrniana Bona (1679-1754), Anexcannap Iornn Faymrapren (1714-
1762), cycnennyiyhn ry nanpehenocr npannna reomerpnicxor mnmena y
nrypanniama, sacnonao ie ecrernxy
59
, ncrnuyhn xaxo ce y onome mro ie
uynno yremeyiy n nayxe n ymernocrn. Ca rnme ce nonno na cy cnn uynnn
xnannrern cyiexrnnnsonann, raxo na npeocraiy uncrn onnocn xoie npenmer
no cen nocenyie n npnnana onacrn reopnie npnpone n maremarnuxnx
npoyuanana. Taxnoi xnacnnncrnnxoi reopnin rpannne cy nocranene iom y
anrnnn, iep ie ncrnnano na ie sa crnapane ymernnuxor nena norpena n
rexnnxa n ranenar nnn nocean nap (ingenium). To ce nnax nonia camo on
npnpone xao ypoheno cnoicrno nnn no noceno ncxasanoi naronarn Foxnioi.
O rome ie nenao Xopannie, a ro ie sacrynao n xnacnnncra Foano, y npanny
cxnarana na ce necnnx paha, a ne naxnanno onnxyie nnn nponsnonn. Hponec
crnapana ymernnuxor nena nnie ncro mro n camo rorono neno, xoie naa na
yne ocnooheno cnera cnyuainor n ysrpenno nesanor ys noiennnor
crnapaona. Kaxo xnacnnnsam cnaxy ncrnny nnnn rex y ancrpaxrnom, manxa
my pasymenane ncnxonornie crnapana n nynoha uynnor xopnsonra, sa mra ce
xao yspox yrnannom nnnena nnanannna mexannnnsma n nneana reomerpnie y

59
Ecrernxy ie Faymrapren sacnonao yremeyiyhn ie na uynnom casnany (cognitio sensitiva), xao
casnane nenor. Onai neo nnoconie xoin ce anno ncrpaxnnanem onor nonpyuia yncxnx
casnainnx mohn onpehen ie xao uynno nnn ecrercxn casnaian cognitio aesthetica, nnn nmenonan
iennocranno: aesthetica.

120
naynn 17. n 18. nexa. Kana ie pannonanncrnuxn nyx noueo na nonymra ca
nomnnanniom n xapresniannsam nocneo y npyrn nnan, Faymrapren ie nocneo
y npnnnxy na y recnom canesy ca nornxom yremen ecrernxy xao nayxy o
uynnocrn nnn na pexannnryie uynno casnane, mro ie n yunnno
nocranaiyhn ecrercxy nayxy ynopeno ca uncrnm casnanem. Hpema nemy,
ona nma noianno canpmencrno (perfectio phaenomenon), ca unme ie ecrernxa
n sanonna camocranny onacr, es osnpa na ro, mro nnie nmana ony npcry
canpmencrna onmrocrn xoiy nocenyie nornxa. Cnenehn Hainnnono (G.V.
Leibniz, 1596-1716) yuene o crenennma casnana, Faymrapren ie npnxnarno
cranonnmre na ie pannonanno casnane nsnan uynnor, ann ca rnme n na ono
mro ie norunneno pasymy nnie nnmeno cnoie nocene cymrnne, ca unme ce
ouynanaiy n ne norncxyiy nnxe nymenne cnoconocrn. Ca rnme ce menao n
onnoc npema crporom xapresniancxom yueny o crpacrnma xoie pacrpoianaiy
nymy, re ce y cnerny ecrernxe xao ncrpaxnnana rnnonornie uynne
canpmenocrn noiannnana crnapn y cnery xnnora, na uemy ie axnenar
cranno nonnnie n nosnn Xycepn (E. Husserl, 1859-1938), re ce one ry
pasymeiy nnme xao nmnyncn n noncrnnain sa nymenne nenarnocrn, neronn
necrpyxrnnnn naronn. uynnn monannrern casnana sanoniaiy naxny
casnainor xopnsonra, raxo na ie emannnnannia uynnocrn nonesana n ca
emannnnanniom enomena renecnocrn xao noxnnane npesnpa ynexonnxo
nenonennor on ne
60
. Onn monannrern uynnor casnana ncnpennnhy nenory,
nonanane, sanonocrno n nacnany, na ie ry Faymrapren onpannano nocranno
orpannuena xoia ycmepanaiy uynnom canpmencrny xoie ne nounna na
nacnann, nero na nenorn, npennananaiyhn cynpornocrn censyannsma n
pannonannsma y nponyxrnnnnm cnnresama pasyma n uynnocrn npexo
iennncrnenocrn nauenne nenore. Mehyrnm, nyr xoinm ce no ne crnxe nnn
naunn xaxo ce no ne nonnpe ne moxe na yne cnonnn na oroanane no
noimonne iacnohe nnn ocnpomamnnan na xpyry ancrpaxnniy. Hoesnia ie

60
Faymraprenona reopnicxa pexannnrannia uynnocrnna crana na rpary snauaia Hainnnonor
maicropcxor youanana snauaia rsn. cnrnnx nepnennnia n nonesanocrn ca ynyrpamnom cnarom
nnxonom xoia ce xpnie y renecnocrn, ncronpemeno ie n ornop Hnarononom (427-337. npe
Xpncra) npxany, xana ie ncrnnao na uynnma ne npnnana ncrnna (Teemem, 186d). Teonomxn
oxper y nonmany cmncna nncrnonana xoin ie no nocnennocrn noneo Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama,
ncrnuyhn xaxo cnaxa cymrnna nornue on Fora xoin ie npema Cnerom Hncmy onronopno
Foronnnom Moicniy: Ja iecam Cymrn, ocnoonno ie snpany renecnocr n snpany uynnocr
onryxe sa rpex nompauenocrn casnana, noxasyiyhn xaxo ie ro camo npyra npcra enerernsonana
oxninx nsnasaxa n neicrnonana na rnap, nopen one nymenne xoia nnie cnopna. Morno n ce uax
pehn na y xonaunocrn sanonia n npennocr npexo cpna xao rena rena nnn nacxpmner cpna, ri.
cpennmner casnainor oprana ca xoinm onmrnmo ca Forom. Vronnxo Xeren nnie naunnno
nnxaxny enncremonomxy rpemxy xana ie ymernocr ynpcrno y anconyrnn nyx nopen pennrnie n
nnoconie.

121
neron npnmep, n ona ne moxe na nonpasymena camo oiexrnnny ncrnny, nero
n uynny nponopnocr, moh na ce npenecy xnnornn canpxain enerannniom
cnnxonnrocrn xao vita cognitionis y xoioi ie naunn nsnomena nnhena xnnora
xpos nocrnsane onmrer y nocenom napounro saxrenan, c osnpom na nary
neranocr xoiy nynn ra casnaina ynxnnia. Vmernocr ne nonpasymena
nanymrane cnera noiana, neh nnxonnm nnxepenrnnm nocrnsanem
xareropniannom nxonorpaniom npnxasnnana ocrnapyie iennncrneny
xonremnnarnnny cnnxy. Onpehnnane ecrercxnx cnennnunocrn xon
Faymraprena snnano ce npexo anannse opme n nnrennnonannocrn iesnxa;
rne ie cemanrnxa oxnnena no nyne uynne ynonoenocrn mnpnnn
onnxonana npencrane, ncrnuyhn ecrercxo casnane xao ono xoie nacnpam
nornxe npomnpyie xornnrnnny pannonannocr, noniaiyhn nonn sanarax na
onnemenyie, noomana n nsomrpana yncxo uynno casnane. Bennunna
ymernnxa n ce ca rnme nnnena y cnoconocrn na ynaxne xnnor y xnannohy
snaxona, re na ca rnme oxnnn n noimonnn iesnx nayxe. Vnpano ra
cnennnunocr iecre npenmer none nayxe xoiy ie na Hainnnonom rpary
Faymrapren yremeno, npnnnuno xpapo sa cnoie npeme saxyuyiyhn na
rexna uynnom canpmencrny nnn nnrynrnnnom casnany y noxyunnany
nornyne onmrocrn crnapn nomaxe n nnoconin na y rparany sa nennm
ynornynn onnxe casnanana cnera n noepnuxnm cpencrnnma nnn
onronorniom cnnxonnrocrn xao npennsnnm meraopama, ca unme ce
ynornynana nncxypc n nonia na xomnnernocrn. Orpannuanane nomena
nornxe na Hainnnonom rpary onpehnnana canpmencrna n uynno a ne camo
pannonanno, ycnocranena ie cepa nernrnmncana moryhnocrn nyra npema
ncrnnn mro yremeyie ecrernxy, raxo na ce nornxa npxn y onnm rpannnama
y xoinma ce crnapno n xpehe (Meditationes, p. CXV), ornapaiyhn rnme
moryhnocr ycanpmanana n nannxe norncnyrnx casnainnx nemrnna, ca
nauennnm saxyuxom na ie: noercxo, ono mro nonnexe nnmoi casnainoi
cnoconocrn, npenmer nornxe, a ecrercxo, npenmer ecrernxe (Med., p.
CXVI). He npornnpeun ro nn camopasymenany uynnor n mnconor nnn
ecrercxor nepna y anrnnn - Onai xo rnena oceha na rnena, onai xo uyie oceha
na uyie, n xon npyrnx ynxnnia ie na ncrn naunn npncyran ocehai na ce one
onnniaiy, raxo na mn ocehamo na onaxamo n youanamo na mncnnmo. Ann,
unnennna na mn onaxamo nnn mncnnmo snaun na nocroinmo. Jep name ie
nocroiane cymrnncxn onaxane n mnmene. /Ap. Hur em., 9, 1170
a
29;

1/
Ono ce cyouana ca norennniama rnapne npnpone xao nnnamnsam nha y
ymernnuxom neny, rne pennmo rparnuna nepnnernia crpaxom n caxaenem
nononn no pacnnera xoin nsasnna ounmhene, ynyhyiyhn na ynnn xoin
orxpnna nye npernocranxe nncrnonana on onnx xoie cmo nnaue
nosnanann. Onaxno ecrercxo npenasnnaxene oxnnpa namer nannnor

122
opnienrncana y cnery n npenasnnaxene nannnocrn ynosnarocrn ca
crnapnma, y xoiy cmo sapoenn renepannnm cranom narocrn xopnsonra
name ecxcncrennnie, mehy npnnma ie narnacno A. u. Hocen / Hocen, Anexce
ueonoponnu: O:epru aumu:uoeo cu+eo)u;+a u +udo)oeuu, Mocxna:
Hsnarentcrno Mtcnt, 1993.(O +udu:ecru-mpaeu:ecro+ +upoeo;;peuuu
Apucmome), Vuenne o necrnnn, crp. 728-732., ca noronopom H. A.
Iorornmnnnn, H)amouu;+ e 3a;epra)ie XX eera, nnn Bnns no necrnnne
nenyme nnepx, crp. 922-943)/ Vuene o neicrnnma ie raxo axryenno y
ymernocrn n nopexno ymernnuxor nena ce cmemra onne rne ornapa
xopnsonre xperana y marepnianniama crnapnocrn, raxo na mena name
nonamane n nam ym, npyxaiyhn moryhnocr na nye pasymemo n cne mro
iecre n nna. Vmernocr ie raxo cnocona na nsnenann name name
pasymenane n nsnopnocr ca xoiom ona ro unnn npyxa nonona ecrernuxoi
naynn na nnxe n ycnemnnie onpra remxo yxnarnne enomene, npnnasehn
camom Popy na nornynnin naunn n iacnnie ra ocneranaiyhn.
Ca onnm ornapanem npocropa ynyrap xoier ie moryha n
anannsa ymernnuxor nena xao cacrannn neo ycanpmanana casnana yonmre,
Faymrapren ie yremeno nony nnococxy nncnnnnnny ca concrnenom
ncrnnom n npnnnnnom, xoia ie ypannorexnna onnoc pasyma n uynnocrn.
Hayxa n nrnxa ane ce ynnnepsanniama, nox ecrernxa sacnnnaiyhn ncrnny
noercxnx nena n onnx nennx ymernocrn ornapa nonpyuie xnnnx cnnxa xoie
noimonno nsrnenaiy xao nenonono nposnpne n nepamuanene. Faymrapren ie
ynnneo na necnnnn npyraunie cxnaraiy mopannocr on nnocoa, a na nacrnp
cacnnm npyrnm ounma rnena cynne on acrponoma. Ca onananem
nnrepeconana sa remarnsanniy cepe uynnocrn, n noceno cepe
ysnnmenor, Faymraprenonn ynnnn xoin cy n Kanry nnn nparonenn iep ie no
neronoi Memadu;uuu npxao npenanana crynenrnma, nonono cy
axryannsonann. Kaxo noiam noernxe nopen necnnuxor rnna nspaxanana
nonpasymena n nponsnonny no apnuxor npanena cepnicxnx monena
npenmera, a rexnnxa n rexnonomxn npncryn nopen nspasa oxpernnx snana o
nemrnnn caunnanana npenmernocrn sa xoiy ie norpena n ymernnuxa xnna,
snaue maconny npnmeny n opr, ecrernxa xao nayxa o uynnom ciaiy ncrnne,
xaxo iy ie cacnnm nopo nennncao Xeren, n nae cne ro canpe na
nainpnmepennin naunn n xao merononomxn yremeena n sa pasnnxonana
ocnocoena nayxa ne ryn na axryennocrn.






123
V. 1eopuja, npauca u noemuua

unnococxa reopnia, npaxca n noernxa xao nayunn npannn
naunna anena nponemnma, nnnonn remarnsannie npnnacxa n onnoca
npema npenmernma, mory na ce pasymeiy n xao oneparnnne rexnnxe
nsnpmena nnena nonmana crnapn. H xao mro nnenn mopaiy na yny
cnpcncxonnn c osnpom na ncrnny, ri. panno naueno y nnma nonnprnyro
saxrennma nenonnror npncryna, raxo n oneparnnnn noimonn nonpasymenaiy n
cacnnm onpehene rexnnxe cxonne nsnpmanana sanaraxa, nnn meponannocr
xoia cexe ns nenpncrpacnnx cepa sannrepeconanocrn sa crnapn. V anrnuxo
noa noiam :r;vn oyxnarao ie pasna ymeha sacnonana na snany n ncxycrny.
Hacraiyhn y onacrn sanara rai noiam ie cxnaran yrnannom npaxrnuno, nyrem
cnpxe noomanana xnnora (semopanna, mennnnna, rpannrecrno) nnn
neronor unnena npniarnninm (mysnxa, noesnia). To, oner, nnie snaunno na ie
nocroiana nenpemocrnna cynpornocr npaxrnunor cxnarana ror noima n uncro
reopnicxnx nsyuanana npnponocnonana n maremarnuapa, iep ie noiam
nanorpahen n sa norpee nayune nenarnocrn. Tome cy nonpnnenn concrn ca
cnoinm npaxrnunnm cxnonocrnma, cxnaraiyhn camy xynrypy xao snp pasnnx
ymeha xoia ce naiy ynorpenrn xao snana cnennianncra (nnn nanac excnepara
sa onpeheny onacr), a xoia ce mory npenocnrn n nayuanarn es nponema (y
cnncy O noouianv coducma ynpano nnx Apncroren nanonn xao one xoin
nsasnnaiy nponeme, a nnaue y reopnin nponema n nema). Hanme, acnexr
xopncnocrn ce noxasyie xao nonreopnicxn n omera nyr npema ncrnnn xao
cnpcn, saxpnnanaiyhn ra npema nnxnm perniama nncrnonana pann
ynonocrn n nacnane. Hpaxrnuno ymehe nonesano ca snanem n casnanem
unnn ono mro nononexone pasyme non nennsom snane ie moh, a ro n nnie
nnmra npyro nero acnexronana nemrnna npnmene rnx snana n nnxone
ynorpennocrn, npema uemy cy n nnococxo opasonane n neronn
pesynrarn ono nepasnnxyiyhe. On cmarpa na y ocnonn cnaxe ymernocrn n
nayxe (na n ecrernxe) nexn ncxycrno, xoie ie crnopnno ymernocr, a
nencxycrno cnyuai (Mem., 980
a
-981
a
), a ns mnomrna pasnonnxnx uynnnx
yrncaxa, npencrana n ycnomena, xoie nonnexy npepann: Vmernocr ce iana
rana xana y nponsnony nnsa noniennx ncxycrana nacraie ienan onmrn nnx
ycnonno cnnunnx npenmera. Taxo ynopeyiyhn npema Kannin na ie npn nexoi
onecrn nomorno nexo cpencrno, re na ie ono nomorno n Coxpary n npyrnma,
ro ie crnap ncxycrna; a na ce norom cxnarn na ono nomaxe cnnm cnnunnm
ynnma na onpehen naunn, na npnmep nermarnnnma n xonepnnnma ro ie
rauxa rnenana ymernocrn. V onnocy na nocroiane ncxycrno ce nn no uemy
ne pasnnxyie on ymernocrn, neh nanpornn nnnnmo na ynn nenyiyhn na

124
ocnony ncxycrna, nocrnxy nnme ycnexa nero ynn xoin nnanaiy onmrnm
snanem, a xoin nemaiy ncxycrna. (Mem., 981
a
5-15). Taxo npnmene yrncxe
mnmene nononn no npernennocrn xao nsnecan cyxenn onnx npocyhnnana
(Anal. post.,II,19. 996
b
31), a onronomxn panr raxohe naa na yne ynaxen:
"cana onpehnnane noiamnana nemro ienno, xao n noxas. Ann mra ie ro uonex
n mra uonex iecre ro nnie ienno n ncro."(Anal. post.,II,7. 92
b
3-10), npemna ro
na nemro iecre: "ne moxe na yne casnaro nn no onpehennma, nn
nocpencrnom noxasnnana" (ibid., 92
b
37), na ce nenocpenno nncrnonane n
naueno casnaiy camo xpos cee (ibid., 64
b
35), nnn xpos ncxycrno ynyrpamner
nponiana no npenmernocrn n oyxnaraiyher nonmana - "iacno ie na npna
nauena nyxno casnaiemo xpos nanohene, na na rai naunn yrncax nopaha
onmre" (Anal. post., II,19. 100
a
4). Tnme ce no npupoou /ibid, 72
b
29/ npenasn
on nenosnaror xa nosnarom, xao on nennmnunor xa onmrem, ri. on uynno
npnxnarnnor xa mncaono npnxnarnnom. Taxo ie ocnonna opma nornuxor
ncnnrnnana am nnianexrnuxn cnnornsam nnn cnnornsam nnrana n
ncrpaxnnana xpos cynpocranene moryhnocrn (Anal. prim., I,1; Topica, I,1),
iep ie neno nnocoa xao onor xoin nsyuana cnaxo nncrno nnn cymracrno
yonmre, xaxno ie no npnponn /Met., 1005
b
6/. Ho npnponn ie yxasnnane na
nncrno(cymrnny) nonesano ca cnyuaiennma y xoinma ie xperane cnpxa
axryannsonano, raxo na ce ne snna rex npomena nonoxaia n mecra rena nnn
nonpyroiaunnane, neh xperane xao ocrnapnnane npeopaxaia y npyraunin
onnx n xapaxrep. Taxo no nemy npnpona nocryna cnnuno yunrenma xoin
cmarpaiy na cy nocrnrnn cnoi nn rex xana yuennnn ono mro cy nayunnn
noxaxy na neny /Ap., Mem., 1050
a
18/.
61
Ono mro ie noxasano na neny xao

61
Apncroren nocenonane snana cmarpa npanom axryennomhy nyme, nanonehn nnacrnune
npnmepe xoinma aprymenronano nnycrpyie cmncao nocenonana eneprnie y cnncy "O ovuu"
pasnnxyiyhn nna cmncna axryennocrn, xoiy nocn noiam rv:rr;rio (ocrnapene cnpxe nnn
nonpmene), xpos onnoc xoin nocroin nsmehy nocenonana n xopnmhena snana (De anima,
412
a
10, 22), sacrynaiyhn mnmene na ie nyma axryannocr y onom cmncny y xome ie ro
nocenonane snana. Jep, xao mro nayunnx nocenyie snane n onna xana ne reopernme, raxo n
xnno nhe nocenyie nymy n onna xana cnana. Ppyrnm peunma, xao mro nayunnx ne npecraie na
yne nayunnx nox iene nnn nonn yan, raxo nn xnno nhe ne npecraie na yne xnno xana cnana
nnn ce nanasn y nexom narenrnom crany y xome cy nerone axrnnnocrn cnenne na mnnnmym. To
ie sor rora mro nayunnx n rana nocenyie snane, a xnno nhe opmy, ri. onnx n crpyxrypy
xnnor nha. H xao mro ie nayunnx, nayunnx saxnayiyhn nocenonany snana, es uera ne n
morao na reopernme, raxo na ie nocenonane snana, nomro ra unnn nayunnxom, nerona
axryannocr, ann ie ynpaxnanane reopnicxe axrnnnocrn, xoie ie rnme omoryheno, nemro mro ra
iom nnme n nennnrnnno unnn nayunnxom, na ce saro moxe cmarparn neronom iom nnmom n
xpainom axryannomhy, raxo ie n sa xnno nhe nocenonane opme nerona axryannocr xao xnnor
nha, nomro ra ocnocoana sa npmene xnnornnx axrnnnocrn, ann ie camo ro npmene iom
nnmn crenen nerone axryannocrn, iep ce ynpano y nemy cacroin xnnor. Aprymenranniy sa
nxonnmre y noiernuxom onnocy naie A. u. Hocen y crynnin - Hocen, Anexce uionoponnu:
O:epru aumu:uoeo cu+eo)u;+a u +udo)oeuu, Mocxna: Hsnarentcrno Mtcnt, 1993.(nororono

125
cxnaheno nma cnoi ecrercxn n mncaono sacnonan xopen, iep: Hame nhe ie
cymrnncxn onaxane n mnmene. /Ap., Hur. em., 1170
a
33/ 3a raxan
npncryn cam Apncroren nao ie n cacnnm ymecno oiamnene y cnncy
Huro+axoea emura: Cne crnapn xoie rpea unnnrn npnnanaiy n
noiennnocrnma n onnm xpainnma, na pasopnr uonex naa na nx casna; n
pacynnnocr n ynnhane mro ce rnuy crnapn xoie naa oanarn, - a re cy one
xpaine. Vmnocr ce, oner, rnue xpainnx crnapn y oa cmepa, iep noi
npnnanaiy n npnn n nocnennn noimonn, a ne pasymy: n ym xoin ce rnue
noxasnnana ann ce nenpomennnnm n npnnm onpenama, nox ym xoin ce
rnue nsnona ns nenonana (npaxrnuxnx cnnornsama) saxnara xpainy n
nenpomennny unnennny, re npyro cranonnmre. Hanme, ro cy nauena sa
nocrnsane cnpxe, iep onmrocrn nonase on noiennnaunocrn o uemy nax mopa
na nocroin nayxa, a ona ie ymnocr. /Ap, Hur. em., 6, 1143
a
16-1143
b
-6/ Teno
xnnor nha noueno ie na ce nasnna oprannsmom ynpano saro mro ce neponano
na neron onnx n crpyxypa, xao n onnx n crpyxrypa neronnx nenona, nncy
xpaina cnpxa neh opyhe, nncrpymenr (ooyovov) xnnornnx axrnnnocrn,
npema xoinma ce nanase y penannin cpencrno-nn. V rom cmncny Apncroren
nnme na ie reno xnnor nha nncrpymenr cnnuno xao cexnpa, n na cnn neronn
nenonn raxohe nocroie pann neuera (Ar., De partibus animalium, 642
a
10), na
n sarnm ono pann uera rn nenonn nocroie onpenno xao nenarnocr (oocic),
n saxyuno na nomro cnaxn neo rena xnnor nha nma nexy nenarnocr sa
cnpxy, n reno xao nennna mopa nocroiarn pann nexe cnoxene nenarnocrn.
(Ar., De partibus animalium, 465
b
15)/ Taxo ie on pasnnxonao xperane xoie ce
ocrnapyie npema cnpcn on onor xoie ro ne unnn, xana nocnonno xaxe
/Met.,1048
b
18-23/: "Haxon mro nn ienno nenonane xoie nma rpannny nnie
cnpxa camom cen, neh ie ycmepeno xa nsnecnom nny, xao mro ie na npnmep
cnaene mpmanenem, xana n camn nenonn rena ocnae y roxy iennor
onpehenor xperana, ne npnnanaiyhn onome pann uera ie xperane, ro nnie
npaxca n nnie sanpmeno nenonane; iep nnie cnpxa; neh /ie nenane-npaxca/
ono xome camom npnnana cnpxa n npaxca."

O +udu:ecru-mpaeu:ecro+ +upoeo;;peuuu Apucmome), Vuenne o necrnnn, crp. 728-732.,
ca noronopom H. A. Iorornmnnnn, H)amouu;+ e 3a;epra)ie XX eera, nnn nnns no necrnnne
nenyme nnepx, crp. 922-943) Eneprnuxo mecro xamena xao remarnsyiyhe noiane, ri. nocmarpano
c osnpom na ono mro my onpehyie mepy n noneyie mecro y npocrnpany xao xocmoc, a xoie ce
nanasn sa onaxane n mnmene xao noiana mehynynxryanno, ro xasyie o eneprnin xoia my
omoryhana nsrnen n npn-nymra y cnen npnponnnx crnapn, yxasyiyhn rnme na nsnecny
camocrannocr nnn cnoony came npnpone, ynopennny ca xonnennniom cnera xnnora
/Friedrich, Kaulbach, Der philosophischen Begriff der Bewegung: Studien zu Aristoteles, Leibniz
und Kant, Kln; Graz, 1965., S.23-29/


126
Ono youeno pasnnxonane nesanpmenor xperana xao nponeca
ocrnapnnana cnpxe (pacr, yuene), n onor xoie y cen nenocpennnie canpxn
cnpxy (ncnynene xea, ynnn, nsnarane), xao npaxce y yxem cmncny peun,
naxno ie sa xoncrnrynniy xacnnie npaxrnune nnoconie. Ono "npema-
cnpcn-ocrnapyiyhe-xperane" nnn "nncrnyiyhe-na-nyry", iecre npaxcnc
rymauen xao eneprnia nnn ocrnapnnocr xao ocrnapnnane y nemy cnoicrnene
/naxonehe ce/ cnpxe. Tnme ie noiam npaxce yser sa nanpehen noiam yxynnnx
onnxa yncxor ncnoanana oncranxa, a reopnicxa nayxa, noiernuxa
ymernocr n npaxrnuxo nenonane nnaiy nonnenenn non ncrn cmncao, iep
nmaiy ncrn onronomxn panr. Taxo cy one rpn onacrn xoncrnryrnnne sa
nnmn cmncao pasymenana onor mro iecre. Hsnopnocr nenonana (xao
nanpehenocr ep)uue), iecre ono mro nponcrnue ns ne came, xao onnnn
ymnocrn nnn ymnn nenonn nyme, mro Apncroren y cxnony saxrena sa
ncrnncrnonanem /or0nouro0oi/ nnnn xao ocnonne onnxe ncrnne y
xnnornoi nenncxonnocrn /nn ienno, nn npyro, nero rpehe, xao mepa
nocpenonana (Ar., Met., 1178
b
21)/. Taxo ie npaxca npema noiernnn onpehena
xao nennmnuno nonmane onor mro ce nponsnonn y npenmernoi opann, na ce
nponsnonna /oinoic/ n nenonane /oocic/ nanonynanaiy. Kao cnoicrnena
npaxca, penexcnnno npxane ne rpea nnuer npyror, sa pasnnxy on
pasymnor ycnocranana ymeha /:r;vn/. Craryc yma xao onuainnx snana,
pasopnrocrn /oovroic/, n neron cmncao, raxo ie nnhen, na ce c ienne
crpane naueno cnaxor nponsnohena nanasn y nponsnohauy - xao ym, ymehe
nnn ma xoia cnoconocr; a c npyre crpane naueno cnaxe npaxce /nsnpmena/
nanasn ce y npaxrnxyiyhem xao moryhn nsop nnn onpeneene, ynyhn na
nocroin ncronernocr nsmehy npenmera nenana n npenmera nsopa. Haueno
crnapn eneprnuno ronopeno, nexn y nenonany, a ono oner crora mro my ie
nara cnpxa: ou:n urv o6v n oiovoio xoi n on0rio oox:ixn/ iep ncro cy
pasym n npaxrnuna ncrnna/ (Ar., Met., 1139
a
26-27) Penonane nnn eneprnia
iecre ns xopnsonra reopnie, npaxce n noiernxe nnhen v+, uavra,
pa;oopumocm, mexuura n +vopocm, rne onn y pasnnunrom onronomxom
panry snaue ieouucmeeuo ;uane. Onpenennana nacraiy y nornunocrn xao
oiovoio oox:ixn, n noce onronomxy rexnny xoncrnrynnie yma n ycnonno
cxnahene camocnecrn, iep ie n cam ym npenmer mnmena, xao n ono mro ce
moxe samncnnrn, a ncro ie ono mro mncnn n ono mro ie npenmer mnmena.
Mnmene raxo nma moh na ce nocn ca npemenom, na ie ym xao "einoc
einoca"/Apncroren, O ovuu, 432
a
3/, n rexnnuxn n npaxrnuno y mncaonoi
nponyxnnin nemro mro nannnasn npeme y nnmensniy onora mro npnnonasn,
re ns ne nonia cnoiy nyny nosnnniy yxnanana. Teopnicxn npncryn n
nocrnrnyha xoin ie nmao sa ycnon na yne oenexen crnapanauxnm nnnonnma
mnmena, Apncroren ie nennocmncneno onncao xao nponyxrnnno mnmene

127
xoie ie y crany na pasorxpnna camo nncrnyiyhe: "Vonume v+ v ocmeapenv
iecme neeoeu npeo+emu"/ucmo, 431

7/, ri. xana mncnn ym ie xonxperan y

cnom mnmeny npenmernocrn raxo na ie pacxpnna n ocnerana. Tai ym
iecre cee nosnanaiyhn ym.
Tnme ce no npupoou /ibid, 72
b
29/ npenasn on nenosnaror xa
nosnarom, xao on nennmnunor xa onmrem, ri. on uynno npnxnarnnor xa
mncaono npnxnarnnom. Ecrercxa onpannanocr nnhena n ynnna rnme nnie
ononpranana nnn nonohena y nnrane. Vronnxo ecrercxn xopnsonr y cnom
anrnuxom yremeeny nna napounro ynaxanan, a nei ry neh nna iacno na
naxnocr ncxycrna ne snaun n nerony npecynnocr, raxo na ie ecrernxa
yremennana npema cnoinm ocnerenninm crpanama. Hornuxn momenar na
xome ce ra aprymenrannia sacnnnana, iecre na ymehe xasnnana /:r;vn
or:ooixn/ mopa na nounna na snany /rio:nun/, a ne na ncxycrny /rurioio/.
3a Apncrorena, ro ie neh crnap nymennnx cnoconocrn: "H xao y unranoi
npnponn nocroin nemro mro ie marepnia cnaxoi npcrn (a ro ie ono mro ie y
norennnin cne one crnapn) n npyro mro ie yspox n ono crnapanauxo xoinm
cne crnapa, re xaxo ce ymehe /:r;vn/ onnocn npema marepnin, nyxno ie na n y
nymn nocroie re pasnnxe". /Ar., Peri psyches, , 5. 430
a
12-17/ Texnnuxa
peannsannia nneie raxo ce onnnia na nonnosn (hypokeimenon, cyiexr)
nncrna (cymracrna, substantiae), xoia n iecre ro mro moxe na yne (ouvouri
ov :i rivoi); a ro ie y npemencxoi excrasn ynyhnocrn excrarnuno-npemencxa
nneia nnn peanno nocroieha esycnonna nneia nonecnor cyiexrnnnrera
nncrnonana xao ynpano-nncrnyiyher, nnn - ayromenrannrernom
nponsnonnom ayroncnuxe cnecrn xpos mnmene mnmena noxyunnor
ayrorenor ocnona. Vmehe ne camo na sanncn on snana, nero ie n camo snane
xoie nounna na npnponn casnana cnor npenmera, n nasna ie opnienrncano
npema "npanom nopy"/ru3ouio/. Apncroren n na ona nnrana craryca
noima peropnxe morao na nona, mro ce rnue nponene peropnxe xao onpehenor
ymeha, cnoie mnmene: "Hanme, ns namhena ynnma nacraie ncxycrno, iep
mnoro namhene ienne re ncre crnapn nononn no cnoconocrn noiennnor
ncxycrna. H ono ce unnn rorono iennaxo naynn n ymehy, ann sanpano n nayxa
n ymehe nonase ynnma npexo ncxycrna, iep xaxo xaxe Hon /Hnaron, Iopeua,
448n/ ncxycrno ie naunnnno ymehe, a nencxycrno cnyuai. Vmehe nocraie
xan on mnornx nomncnn creuennx nncxycrnom nacrane ienna onmra
npernocranxa o cnnunnm crnapnma". (Ar., Metaphysica, 980
b
27-981
a
7) 3a
concre n perope, nainrnnia onacr xnnora iecre nonnrnxa, ne saro mro n
ona nna ono onmre nnn onmre nopo cner oprannsonanor ypehena
saiennnne, nero saro mro nocn nepconanny anpmanniy mohn y roi n raxnoi
xonxpernoi saiennnnn, a ro snaun na yme na nonnaun nonyre mohn y noi. To
ie cacnnm iacno iep ie ona raxohe n nemrnna (snane, xao n ymehe) xoiom ce

128
cnoconomhy moxe nocrnhn ro na n nexapa n yunrea rnmnacrnxe na
yunnnm poom, a mro ce rnue rpronana, noxasahe ce na onn naro ne crnuy
cee pann, nero sa npyrora, sa one xoin ymeiy na ronope n ymeiy na yene
cnernny. Ocrnapene nexe xopncrn, raxohe ie naiynocnnie nornphnnane xao
rnanna crnap y nainnmoi mohn peropnxe - voehueanv, a axo cy ro nainnme
cnpxe n nornuxn cmncao xnnora ncronpemeno, onna ry nornunocr sancra
nema mra napounro na rpaxn. Fynyhn na ie n nnoconia nopen ycnona
ynocroienocrn npnnne n nexa npcra ymeha, ann no nocroiancrny nanexo
nsnan cnnx ocrannx /Hnaron, upraea, 485d/, pacnpanaiyhn n nononom
nnrana peropnxe "uma ie ucmuua, a uma uuie" /ibid.505e/, on ie pasymena
xao nacxane xoie cnyxn nponsnoheny sanonocrna n npniarnocrn, na maxap
ona rnme n nna ienan neo xnepnernxe nonnrnuxor ymeha; ona ie cenxa
iennor neronor nena /ibid.463d/.
Vxonnxo ce nacxann connonexrn crane y sarpane n npnnna onnoin
on anarnsma ycnonanana n napenonannor ecnoronopnor npnmopanana
na nocrynane, cenxa nocraie younnnia n raunnie ynosopana na npann nsnop
cnerna xoin ie n caunnana. Ono nrn npnnncxe nyxnocrn iecre onunoi
cnecrn nenpncrynauna nyxonna cyncrannnia, xoioi ce npnnnxanane
omoryhana rex nsnpmananem saxrena npnnne, naxne pasopnrnm npncrynom
xoie pasanpe y spxanocrnma, npmehn nenaromxn nocao nonyuanana ne
camo npnmepnma, nero n napenama xoie ycmepanaiy n nonpmanaiy, ri.
npnnone ynyrpamnoi cnpcn ncrnne nopa n nenore, neronoi xpainoi cnpcn.
Cnoconocr sa ysnnmennie cnpxe xoia ce y nama nanasn cxpnnena,
nonpasymena noemarcxy excnnnxanniy y xoioi iauaiy mohn ennnennnie
(uncroha onaxana), a cnan ynyrpamna nenacnrocr cyponocrn n
neoysnanocrn uynnnx npoxrena, npernapaiyhn cne nnme re uynne
moryhnocrn y penenrope ncxoncxnier ocnona npnpone y nama n cnemy mro
iecre, y npounmhennin n ysnnmennin ecrercxn cran, noncrnuyhn n
ycanpmanaiyhn rnme oprane nnrynrnnnor pasyma xoinma npnnanaiy
ynocroienocrn sa xpainy cnpxy crnapana nnn yxyuenocrn y Foxniy namepy
crnapana cnerna n rna, cnera xao nncrnonana npncyrnocrn npncycrnyiyher
cne-iennncrna. Kana ce xpnrnuan poi eneprercxnx noa nnn reopnicxnx
marepniannia xao ecrercxn npounmhennx n nonpemennx nonnia, ca
canpxainma xoie noce mnmennne y namoi ynyrpamnocrn ynann, nonasn no
cnryannie na ce onaxana npaxrnuno nponyyiy xnannrarnnno nonom
opmom, nnn nax cama ra eneprercxa noa iacnnie nnne n nsncrpeno
npencranaiy xao no rana nenonono nosnare n npenosnare noiane. To
nornue on nenoxynnocrn name noiernuxe cnecrn, xoia ie nesa ca cnnm
xnnyhnm n mro iecre y ynnnepsymy, xaxo npaxrnuno raxo n reopnicxn nnn
iennonpemeno, ann na pasnnm pannnma. Ma xonnxo one nne

129
nnepennnianno nocranene n napnnianne cnpam nperxonehnx pasmarpana,
yxasyiy n na npyraunie moryhnocrn, na npyraunie nyrene mnmena xoie ce
npyxa ns noa cnoone xao ynaxanaiyher nauena, iep nnoconpane nnie
nnmra ynnopmncano, nnrn n rpeano na yne crnap sacrpamyiyher
iennoyma. To oner ne rpea na yne maxcnma ynenena na ymran
axpnnunocrn, a raxohe nn cnncxonnnocrn cranonnmra. C npyre crpane,
nnie camo Kanr y pnroposnocrn cnoinx maxcnma no nenonycrnn y rparany
sa nsnopnnm ocnonnma nncrnonana n mnmena, neh n mynpa nspexa An.
Hanna xaxe na mn ie cne nosnoeno, ann na nnie cne camnm rnm n nopo, re
na cne rpea ncnnrarn, ann ce ynex naa nparnrn Popy. Pnnamnsmom
nnnnnor cnera noneena eneprnia, ne mopa na ce rymaun iennno na
Apncroreny cxonan naunn, iep ona cama no cen ne ynonn y cymracrno n
iennncrnenocr nncrnonana nnxaxno pasnnaiane nnn nenane /ny
normarnuapn cmarpaiy noporom, a mncrnnn yany/, ynyhn na
cymracrno camo no cen xao eneprercxn nap Onora Koin Jecre nnn Cymror,
npexo Cnna Foxnier, Iocnona Hcyca Xpncroca, nna onepeno (iep nnie
nomao na yxnne nero na yrnpnn 3axon, Bennxo Hpannno nncrnonana) n
nonono nocraie noysnan npenocnnan eneprnia, a eneprnia nonasehn on
crnapn oner ne moxe no xpaia na npehe y enrponnuno rnapny ramy, iep ie y
saiennnmrny ca Forom. Foxnie nme raxo ne npnnana camo iemcrnom Iocnona
nonono yrnphenoi cymrnnn, nero n Beronnm eneprniama nnn cnoicrnnma xao
mro cy nopora, naronar, npemynpocr, cnernocr, npomncao, nncranocr,
yan, re nacxpcna renecnocr, ri. ecmprnocr orenonene xprne ncxynena
ncrounor rpexa, nnn sor rpemenem nsryenor npnonrnor snana n
sananocrn cnera y nenpooinocr rame.
Vsnnsane xa Fory n ocnehnnane (osapnnane) neronnm cnernom
moryhe ie sor rora mro nacnena rnopennna nacroin na ce npnnnxn Fory
(canpxn onnxornopnn nonrnnai xao nnnamnsam rpaiana), na Berona
eneprnia caonmrena uonexy nocraie na ocnony oronnnenauxor nanora n
cnoicrno camor uonexa, xaxo ro carnenana n Cnern Ipnropnie Hanama:
Ionopnrn o Fory n cycpecrn ce ca Forom nnie ienno n ncro. 3a npno ie
norpeno snane n peu, npn uemy ce raxohe nsnaxe cnonecno ncxycrno,
yxonnxo nehemo iennno na neryiemo snane, neh n na ce nnme cnyxnmo n na
ra npenaiemo; sarnm ie neonxonna pasnonpcna rpaha sa pacyhnnane, ocnone
sa noxasnnana n ynopehnnana npema npnmepnma cnercxnx crnapn, na cne ro
nnn nehn neo rora moxemo nocreneno na npnxynnmo rpynehn ce n
cnymaiyhn, a cne ie ro npncrynauno ynnma xoin ce cnanase y cnery, re na
xpaiy nocraiy n mynpann ror nexa, npemna neuncrn xnnorom n nymom.
Hacynpor rome, cycpecrn ce y cen c Forom, npnnennrn ce sa Bera y
uncrohn n cnnrn ce c neronnm necnnnennm cnernom, xonnxo ie ro

130
npncrynauno yncxoi npnponn; nemoryhe ie, axo n nopen ounmhena xpos
npnnny ocranemo cnoa, re ie raunnie na naa na y camnma cen saienno ca
ocehaiem ocrannmo cne uyncrneno, nannenmn ce nan nomncnnma,
pacyhnnannma n nornuxnm snanem, cacnnm ce npenaiyhn y monnrnn
nernapnnm nyxonnnm nenonannma (eneprniama), nonnmn nesnane, xoie ie
ysnnmennie on snana n y nemy ce nanynnnmn npecnernnm cnianem Pyxa,
raxo mro hemo nennnnno na nnnnmo xao narpany neunor cnera. Pasymem nn
xonnxo ie on rora nnxe cne mro ce onnocn na mnoromymehy nornuxy
nnoconiy, unie ie naueno uynno nocrnrnyhe, a nocnenna cnpxa y cnnm
pasnonnnocrnma snane, xoie nnie nonieno y uncrohn n xoie ne ounmhana on
crpacrn? Haueno nyxonnor nocmarpana ie nopo, sacnyxeno uncrnm
xnnorom, re casnane cymror, ncrnnnror n sancra rauno sa one xoin ra nmaiy,
saro mro nnie nonneno yuenem, neh uncrohom cpna, re ocnocoeno na
pasnnxyie mra ie y camoi crnapn neno n xopncno, re mra raxno nnie; a nerona
nocnenna cnpxa, sanor ynyher nexa, iecre nesnane xoie ie nnme on snana,
re snane xoie ie nnme on nonmana, cxpnneno neonnmrno y cxponnrom,
rainom n nenspeuenom nocmarpany xao ncxycrny neunor cnerna. /Cn. I.
Hanama, V ooopauv ucuxacma, 1,3,42/ Taxo ie anrnuxn rnn nsnonornie
cxannannsonan, ann ie nnxna nona nnoconie npnpone no xoioi ie no
npnuehy n nomohy Foxnie mnnocrn uonexy nocrynno eneprercxo
noncronehnnane c Forom, ynyhn na ie uonexon nyx epoc yma npema
oxancxom norocy: Brannme n reno he rana na yne nyxonno, a ne
nymenno, npema Anocrony: Ceie ce reno nymenno, ycraie reno nyxonno (1
Kop. 15, 44); a axo ie nax ono nyxonno, ro spaunn ym npnma Foxnin necax
raxohe nyxonnnm nnhenem. Kao mro ie cana remxo cxnarnrn, na nmamo ymny
nymy xoia ie cnocona na nocroin cama no cen naxon re y mecy, cmprne n
nenpncrynaune renecnocrn, xoia noramnyie n orexana nymy, noceno cmo
ycmepenn na ie yopaxanamo no nnxy rena nnn y npyrnm mamraiyhnm
opacnnma, sor uera n ne ynosnaiemo nyxonno uyncrno. Taxo he nrn y
naxenom xnnory ynyher nexa, sa cnnone nacxpcena npeopaxene y
anheocxo nocroiancrno no Jenanhey Xpncronom (Mr. 22, 30; Mx. 12, 25; Hx.
20, 36), nacynpor nperxonnom. Teno xao na he na ce ncxpane: ono he raxo na
ce ncranua, na ce nnme yonmre nehe noxasnnarn xao c-rnap n nehe ce
npornnnrn ymnnm eneprniama, saro mro he ym na nocrann na npx.
Hpanennnnn he crora n renecnnm uyncrnnma ramo raxohe na xymaiy Foxnie
cnerno. /Tpuiaoe, I, 3, 36/
Hsomrpanane na nnianexrnuxnm cnnornsmnma, es osnpa na
moryhe npeepncane anonnxrnuxnx saxyuaxa, raxo saxrena onepanane
ennnennnonnx momenara anonnxrnuxnx saysnmana cranona, na nno xaxno
camonosnane xoie nema ry onronopnocr na nnnnin nponepnnocrn

131
sacrynannx ynnna, nema nn eneprniy xoiom n nonnpano no mamancxor
ysnnmena nenpxreher cpna ncrnne ns Hapmennnone mncaone noeme, nnn
nax no nyxonne npyrocrn ns cpna xao rena rena xaxo cy ie y eneprnunoi
nnmensnin nncrnonana, ns npyraunier npncryna n carnenanana, nnnenn n
nocnehenn ncnxacrn y cnerny Foxninx necrnopennx eneprnia.
Kon Hpoxna ie y nonpmeny yxynnnx nnarononcxnx nanopa casnanana
nenonana nerarnnna n ananornuxa nnianexrnxa, xao mro ie n onnoc
nornphnnana n nopnnana nmao snauai sa ycpencpehene cnecnocrn (:o\ rvoc
ouvoio0noic /Proc., In Platonis Parmenidem commentaria, 1071, 18/), na n
ce nonpno no ncrnncxe cepe iennor camor xao ncrnncxor, nanpocro n camor
iennor (or0c rv, oc rv, ou:orv -1071, 5); y xoioi cepn ie ounro
xoncrnryncana cnnecrernunocr nnn cnecnocr (n ou:oounc :nc vu;nc oic
roi :o rv - /1191, 3-9/, ov0oc :nc vu;nc/1046,6/), xao nponsnoneha n
ounronana npncyrnocr einoca n npanor npxana - "rao umo u ucmo ieouo u
uanpocmo, uuie noo+emuocm ouo+ npou;eoou)a:ro+, cee oor mareo ieouo ue
uacmaue cnpa+ ca+oieouoe"(ucmo, 1177,22).
Taxo anconyr nnie nayxa cama nnn nexa nena xnnocrasa, nero ie nayxa
anconyrnn +o+euam anco)vma y xom ce nnoconia y cnom nonecnom
xperany nonpmana, c rnme, mro ie cyiexr ror norahana cam anconyr. Ty
naxne nexn xonxperno-rexnonomxn nocao nema mra na rpaxn, einocn ne
mory na nperennyiy na rexnnuxy npnmeny y xoioi n ce noxasnnann xao
npnnnnn rexnnuxe nponyxrnnnocrn, xao nexa npcra camooprannsannie,
camopeannsannie, camoonpxanana n ynxnnonncana pana noima. V rom
rorono ayromarnuapcxom noy ocnaiana n sanocenana cexropa anena,
nna n ro camo noma ecxonaunocr acnexronana xoncrpyxnnia y
nenornen. Camonocenonane noima, na naionm sacanama ncxycrna
mnmena y nnarononcxoi rpannnnin, y xoioi nnie nsysero Apncrorenono
xpaine ycanpmanane ror mnmena, omoryhana uonexy na o cen mncnn na
ocnony nyxonnor xopena y nemy camom, y jeuucmev nojemuuuoe,
npaumuuuoe u meopujcuoe v+a, xao y nponsnenenoi crnapnocrn npema
npomnpenoi n nonnmenoi cnecrn, xoia ce ornena y ancrpaxrnoi crpann
ecxonaunocrn ns cee came xao esycnonne. Tai nmnync y nemro
xopnronanom n pecrpnnronanom enomenonomxom nnny axryenan ie n nan
nanac na cacnnm napounr naunn. On yxnna nonnoienocr rena n yma (reno ie
nsnop namnx eneprnia n camnm rnm pyxononn ymom), ann ncro raxo yrnue n
na npnnnxanane erepcxnm pannnma nsmehy cnera onune cnecrn y
nepnennniama emnnpnicxe crnapnocrn, n cnera nneia xao menranne
crnapnocrn, nonehn nac npema onome cynpamenrannom, cnernocnnm nnrnma
onapenor yma, xao ecxonaunom cpennmry xocmoca, ramnom mopy cnecrn.
Ancrpaxrnn neronn xoie ro npnnnxanane nonpasymena moryhn cy n y cny n

132
na iann, xpos rparana sa namnm npannm, nsnopnnm ymom, y uemy capahyie n
nerono canauxo iesrpo y npeornapany sa cnexnny none crnapnocrn y xoioi
ce nehe menarn nn neo nn sema, nero mn non nnma n y nnma. 3ema ie
cnecna nonpmxa rnm namnm nanopnma sa xoiy ioi ns cner cpna naa nrn
onan n saxnanan. Ha nyry npema ecxonaunom, sema ce noxasyie xao neron
ayrenrnuan neo npenonpehen na ynonon namoi nainyoi norpen sa
cnoonom. Taxo nam xnnor onpehen xonaunomhy onranana na semn nnie
nn narocnon nn xnerna, neh npnxnahenn nsason sa nenpncrpacnocr,
neycnenocr n yan xoin ce nocrnxe npnpanomhy n cmnpenomhy, rorono
pannonymnom npexaenomhy nanannma nenosnaror, xoinm ce xpoun na nyry
snana xa cnoonn n oeeroee:aea ceecuocm.

Va. Hpoo)e+ cmamvca du)ocoduie

3nnaiyhn ce "sa nac", yncxnm nocpenonanem, nnoconia nma
cnoiy cnpxy npe cnera y nanoxnahnnany n nonynanany snana xao cnonona
cnernocrn, xoin nponnpy xpos rycre naoie nesana n nenrnocrn, na n
xynny sa ynnhanem ncnynnna. Tnme ce epornuxnm ncrpaxnnanem
nnoconie ocrnapyie n sanennane nha, npncaiennnanane oryhenor n
nsryenor y onoi mepn, y xoioi ie ro cnaxom noiennnny moryhe, a camnm rnm
ocrnapyie ce y nexoi mepn n xnnor xynne sa mynpomhy xao nennne ncrnne.
Taxno ncnynene nnn canpxai xnne nnoconie iecre neno cymracrno nnn
nrnocr - ncrnncxo nncrnonane - nnn ayrenrnuan cnner nneia, nennna
nncrnenocrn y naicrpoxe nayunom nnn nporonnococxom cmncny. Ha rom
rpary rpahena ie n iennncxa nnoconia, ysnnxyhn npe cnera n camy peu
npnpona no panra uaponocrn, xoin ie y crany na cnoin nneiy n noiany.
Fecmncneno ie neponarn na cy nocroinn xnnora nno xaxnn necanpmenn
nennhn n renamna ynnnepsyma (npana nennunna uonexa y raxnnm nacnoncxnm
pasmepama ie mnxponcxa), a na ie rai ncrn xnnor ocrao ycxpahen camom
ynnnepsymy. On ie onapen iennnm nsnopnnm cymracrnom nnn ce cacroin on
cnernocnnx xnnnx spauena na nennxo ns ramnor mopa onmre cnecrn, xoia ce
mannecryie y cnnn ncnoanana xoiy ie Hnaron nasnao cnercxom nymom.
Crapo ie ynepene nacrano ns nocmarpana crnapnocrn na nocnennna ne moxe
na nanmamn yspox, xao nn na ono mro ie xnno ne moxe na nacrane ns neuera
mro n nno nnmeno xnnora, nnrn na ns nera cen nsnnaun xpany. Mehyrnm,
neh xon Apncrorena, xoin ie n cam y cnoioi ncnxonornnn onai saxren
nexnaparnnno nsneo, noronnno ce nonreopnicxo samennnane nennne ncrnne
nnn nynohe nncrnonana, na mnora noiennnauna nha n nnma cnoicrnene
ncrnne, xoie ce iom camo opmanno-nornuxn mehycono nosnaiy n onmre. Ha
ry nnmensniy ceeoeuocmu v+a n nerone ynorpee y ysypnaropcxe cnpxe /es

133
iennncrnenocrn xnnora xoin n cne xao cnercxa nyma ncnynanao n
npoxnmao/, xao nanpehnnana xpos camosarnapana y nnmensnie
camonaxnocrn, es remarnsannie xopecnonenrnnx xperana cnecrn n cmncna,
xoia sarnm ornapa nponene ns xoinx nsnia romnna nponema. Vm ie onna ym
xana mncnn nnn ynnha - casnaie na nneian, a ne esnneian n cnoamnn
naunn. Hspana onpehene apxnrexrype cnnxe-cxeme xoia n nmana sanarax, na
no onpehenom nanpry cpenn n cncremarnsyie nha non aprnxynncany mpexy
sarapanronanor nonoxaia crnapn, moxe na ce osnaun xareropniom npnunna,
ns xoie nornue ynepene naro xpos cnoamne nncranannie, noneneno uax n no
"cncrema uncror yma". Hpnnen "uncr" ry ncronpemeno snaun n ounmhen,
ncnpaxnen n no rone ancrpaxnnie esnneinocrn nsononan ym. Camonsonannia
xoia ce ocnana na rsn. uncro ia nnie nnmra mane eronsam y cnnm
nnmensniama cnoamnnx nncranannia y xoie ce ycnocrannna nnn yxnonnna,
xao npecynna noa n nenoa iennnxe. Hpernomnmaiy nnn naauaiy ncrnne
cnaxor naror nnococxor nnxa nperxonn rno onaxne on nonasn, re
omoryhana na ce rnme yxaxe na nsnecny nonecny mepy. Honecna mepa nma
cnoie iennncrno y ecxpaiy xoin ie onpehyie, nan nponsnonocrn apoxnnx
nonaraxa n nenocraraxa. H npemna ce rai npernomnmai-naauai nneie
nsnopno orxpnna "na neny", r. i. y camoi paspann nnococxor nanpra nnn
ocnonnor nauena, moryhe ie ncxopaunrn nemy ynanpen n pasrpnyrn rno ca
xoier xpehe. Hs cnnecrernuxnx nnn cnonecnnx nnnona noiana nymennocrn,
nocmarpamo n anecrernuxe nnn ecnonecne, nanme one xoin nseranaiy
saiennnny ca cnernom n npernennomhy, nsnopnom nenorom n nopnm. Crora
cy on snauaia npenasnnaxena cranonnmra uncro pannonanne nnoconie,
nsa xoie croin ncropnicxn camoycnocranen noiam eronrera nonenen no
naronomxe opme camosarnapana y cee, n camonsonannie. Vs nomoh
carnenanana cnera xnnora, napounro xpos ocnonne enomene yncxe
ersncrennnie, mory na ce ycranone nynncxe mepe nnana noiennnna npema
axrnnnoi crpann ecxpaia, rne ce saienno canpy nncrnonane, npeme n
npocrop, ca nennnom ncrnne. Cnemnp rorono na nema rpannna, ann nsnaxene
na xpai ca oanemrennma xoia nac ns nera npennanyiy ynpxoc rome mro ym
non nnma yme na saxaxe, moxe na ce cnponene xao ncxycrno cnecrn xoie
moxna nncmo nn xanpn na oiacnnmo no xpaia. Hamepa sa casnananem n
pasasnananem nnxe ce ca nna nymennocrn, ne nnaiyhn ronnxo cnecna
onnyxa xonnxo cnna xoia nocnena ca nynx pannn. Hama ce npocro namerne
norpea na ynosnamo moryhnocrn nyronana xpos nye nnnoe cnecrn
ecxpaia, a ra norpea xpos npenasnnaxene onnca xoie opmnpamo nsnyrpa
sapannennm nnianosnma, nonn xa cmnpenocrn n ycrannany namepe xoia
nenyie y ynnnepsymy xao cnna xoia ie ncnynana. Honpnnnuno ie
oecxpapyiyhe na nama yonuaiena casnana pacnonaxy cnoamnnm

134
onncom xao nnrepnperarnnnnm cncremom xoin orpannuana nye norennnie
namer pasymenana crnapn. Tai nam nnrepnperarnnnn cncrem namehe mepnna
xoia caunnanaiy opacne nocrynana, onpehyie xoin cy napamerpn namnx
cnoconocrn, a ynyhn na ra cranno xopncrnmo y cnaxonnennom xnnory, ne
ycyhyiemo ce na ncnnryiemo npane ocnone na xoinma raxnn crannapnn nnaiy
sacnonann, iep ce nnamnmo napymanana raxnnx nauena (npyrn n nsncxnnann
mane esenna cnanaxena). Hcnnrnnane raxo nnhenor canpxaia
nnoconpana rnme nac nasna npaha na noxnacnunn n anrnuxn nepnon
nnoconpana, iep ie y nnma cynepeno nnanano mnmene xao nocnenno
ncnoanane canpxaia nyxa ecxonaunocrn, a unie cy namepe norexne ca
ncror rna na xoiem ie ro mnmene n nonasnno no cnoie cnpxe - nocnehenor
nocmarpana ncxona camor, es cycresana. V nainnmem casnanany nauena
xpos ancrpaxrne nerone y nrnnm sanaxannma, nsnopnnin ym n nncrnonane
ce nenocpenno nonnpyiy es yuecrnonana uyna nonemennx sa npnmana rex
yxanynennx npencrana xapaxrepncrnxa ersncrennnie, mro yienno snaun n
xpos noncronehenocr ca nnxonnm xnnnm canpxainma, xoin nounnaiy na
npnnnxanany nyxonnnm ancrpaxnniama nonecennm npncyrnomhy
ecxpainor mopa cnecrn xao cne nsnopnnioi camocnecrn nncrnonana.
Vo. Hpeo+em u cepxa du)ocoduie
Hocroin mnoro pasnnx noxymaia na ce yrnpnn cmncao n cnpxa
nnoconie, ann cy n xacnnin xenenncrnuxn onronopn na nnrana cpehe
(Ennxyp), npnnne (cronnn) n neunor n nenpomennnor y ocnonn crnapn
(Hnornn, Hpoxno, Cnmnnnnnie), npecynnn sa neno onpehnnane. Beh xon
Xepaxnnra n Hapmennna cpehan ie n naxen uonex xoin yn, ri. neryie n
nasn mynpocr, a xon Hnarona ona ie ono mro nnue ns ersncrennniannor
cpennmra yncxor xnnora, re eporonornia n ranaronornia nsmehy nea n
seme, xnnora n cmprn. Haxon cmprn nyma onnasn onome mro na ny nnun,
re axo ie nnoconpana ymnom, oxancxom n ecmprnom. 3a xnnora ona
ymnpyie crpacrn nocnehnnanem ymonany, nsnnxe ce no ncrnnnror n
oxancxor npenasnnaxenem mnena cnaxonnennne, raxo na ce rnm nyrem
ynyhyie naxon cmprn npema neunom n nenpomennnom. To ie ypeheno n
oxancxo, mro ynn onuno ne cxnaraiy nnn norpemno cxnaraiy n npesnpy
nnoconiy, ynyhn na ce nome n ne ane. 3a nnoconiy y nenoi
npnponnoi npnnnn ymne crnapnocrn nncy nsymn yncxor yma, nncy naunnn
ynnnnncana ymnor y uynno, neh ono mro unnn xnnor n xocmnuxy
xapmonniy, npe nennnnny neronn nnnnny.
Kaxo ie n sa Apncrorena nnoconia ncro mro n oxancxo ry ce
ounryie ncronerna cnoconocr nyme na oecmphyie cnoie nocroiane, na nonn
n pasymena naunn na xoin noroc, snpaiyha capanocr xnnora y ronopy

135
nonnpe no nnacrnre cnpxe; re xaxo ce y pasiamnanany norahaia nocroiana:
c nynnm npanom moxe pehn na neno nocenonane nnme nero yncxo.
(Mem., 982
b
).
Vronnxo ie Apncroren yuene o nncrnyiyhem xao raxno (onronornia)
n casnanane nauena n yspoxa crnapn (meransnxa) nocmarpao yienno, iep
npna nnoconia nocrana nnrane o nouennma n ysponnma y cnerny nnrana
o nncrnyiyhem xao nncrnyiyhem. Kaxo ie npna nnoconia xon Apncrorena
nnhena xao mpareua uavra n uavra o ucmuuu, iep nnxo ne moxe cacnnm na
ie noxyun, a nnrn ona cacnnm nsmnue, xao mro n cnaxo nanasn sa cxonno na
nemro xaxe o npnponn xao o nennnn cnera npncyrnor, ro ie necxpnnenocr
onor mro iecre nnn nncrnonana ncronpemeno n nerona ncrnnnrocr.
Vronnxo mnmene nnie nn ncrpaxnnane, nn nperpecane crnapn, axo
ncnycrn npernocranxe na xoinma nounna; cama no cen mncao ie no onom
mro ie naioe, a nainnma no nainnmem. Hcrn mncnn ym npema npexnarnma
mncaonor, iep ymno nacraie y nonnpy ca ymom, na cy y ncrom ym n mnmeno:
...iep ym ie nenornopnocr xnnora, nenornopnocr onora (ora); nenornopnocr
ie npema onaxnom xnnory naioa n neuna...xnnor n rpaina nenpexnnnocr n
neunocr npnnanaiy ory; iep ro ie or. /Ap. Mem., 1072
b
18-30/
Hcrnnnro ie ono mro sanpano iecre, ono mro ie nncrneno nacynpor
npnnnnnom, ne xao ono noxperano neh xao camo xperane, ri. ycmepeno onom
mro y cen cnernn xao raxno. 3acrpanyiemo ynpano crora mro nac
nncrynaunocr oxonnor cnera onnonn na crpannyrnny, na nannno npocynnmo
xaxo ono mro nnnnmo ncronpemeno n snamo, mana ono mro ie nosnaro, xaxo
ie Xeren mynpo ynosopno, nnie ncronpemeno n casnaro.

Ve. 4u)ocodru cmaeoeu u ;aoamar du)ocodupana
Hono noa xapaxrepnme xperane rsn. nonnm nyrennma n
noxnnananem n camor nacneha nnoconie xao nexe npcre anacra, ann ie
na cpehy rai caunnenn nonop n npemocrnn iep ie npomnmane nncrna nnn
mncaona cyncrannniannocr saiennnuxa n nopnnarenma. Fopa nomnnanncra
n peanncra xoia yrnannom npxynn y cyxoy oxo nnrana rpancnennenrannia
iecre anrnresa xoia npeonnahyie y npenocy oconnne snana na nosnrnnny
nsnecnocr xoia nae ycnonana pasnoi nayxa sarapanronan necymnnnomhy
nnnnnnnyannor snana. Opyhe nosnrnnnor nnn nnnnnnnyanncrnuxor
necymnnnor snana iecre anconyrnsannia parmenrapnor xoie ie ncrprnyro
ns rpancnennerannia n cnoheno na saoxpsxnnane y ycameny onacr,
oneax moryhnocrn snana xoie ce xonrponnme nosnrnnnnm nsnecnocrnma,
nnayrypnmyhn rax ienny nnnnnnsanniy ca npeoxpenyrnm
craponnococxnm nonmannma. Hponsnonna cnecrn sanpano ie camo
saxnarane y npeypehnnane npcra n penona noimona xoin cy ry on npananna n

136
ne naiy ce carprn nnxaxnnm naxnannnm apnxanniama ycnemnnx n
ysmohannx nornena na cner. 3acrpannnana nncy pesepnncana camo sa
nonnrnuxe npoiexre nneonomxor nponsnohena noxennx nosnnnia yuena
xaxo na ce mncnn, npemna ie nnax nya rexna na ce nponahy nonono
nopn onronopn na npacrapa nnrana nnneprennnie saysnmannx nosnnnia ro
n cnonnna na none npnxnarnne oxnnpe pasymenana, npyxaiyhn n cynncna
onpehena nnoconie nacrana y nexonnxo nocnennnx nexona. Hexpnrnuxa
pannonanncrnuxa n npocnernrecxa nepa y rsn. cnemoh yncxor nyxa ry ie
onpannano ysnpmana, re ie nosnnana na yhene ns ynonocrn normarcxor
npemexa. 3a nera ie nnoconia snaunna cmvoupane +vopocmu xao
npnanane opnienrannie sa xnnor y xome ce ocraie y snpany, re npexo
ennnennnono necymnnnnx nauena xoia nperxone cnaxom ncxycrny, nsnanasn
norpene nemrnne. Ta npnponna merona nnoconie nnn ncrnncxa nornxa
ne ocnana ce na rsn. snpan pasym xora cnn mncne na nmaiy nonono, neh
na npnponny cnernocr yma, iep ie pasym cymrnna uonexa xao nsnop
casnana n xpnrepniym ncrnnnrocrn. To ie, xaxo ncrnue Pexapr, npxane no
onor pena xoin nocroin y camom npenmery /meroncxa cxenca, anannsa
noremxoha, cnnresa xao ypehnnane mncnn n nepnnxannia xao onmrn
npernen sor moryhnx nponycra/, ri. nyr ounrnenne nnrynnnie y nennnn n
oniennom, xao n nyxne nenyxnnie nocrynnnm n nnunm npexnnannm
xperanem mncnn. Berone npnnnnne xomenrapncao ie Cnnnosa paspahyiyhn
sa ro noa ynpexeny anrnreneonomxy nosnnniy xnnepnsnxanne
acenrernunocrn crnapn, ca ocnonnem na sanonoanane na mannm crnapnma,
na n ce y Hannnonom onronomxom mononnypannsmy nnoconia
pacxomno pasnnna. Pacnpaea o +emadu;uuu, Mouaoo)oeuia, Hoeu oe)eou o
+vocro+ pa;v+v n Oe)eou o meoouueiu, nonparnnn cy nnoconin crapn ciai
n yrnen, raxo na ie on cacnnm onpannano nasnan nononexonnnm
Apncrorenom, na ie ca Bononom cncremarnsanniom ynenen y mxoncxn
cncrem xao npaysop.
H sauernnx nemauxe xnacnune nnoconie, Hmanyen Kanr npxao ie
na nnoconia naa na onronopn na rpn remena nnrana mra mory na
snam (meransnxa), mra rpea na unnnm (mopan) n uemy mory na ce nanam
(pennrnia). Kon nera ce ra rpn nnrana cnone na ienno mra ie uonex, na ie
remena nncnnnnnna sa nera y ocnonn anrpononornia. V rnannom
reopnicxom neny Kpumura :ucmoe v+a (1781), Kanr ie cmarpao na ie
nnoconia cncrem cner nnococxor casnana: opasan cnnx noxymaia
nnoconpana. Opasan xoin rpea na cnyxn sa onennnane cnaxe
cyiexrnnne nnoconie unia ie srpana uecro npno pasnonnxa n npomennna
no cnom onnxy. Ha rai naunn, nnoconia ie uncra nneia o iennoi moryhoi
naynn xoia in concreto nnrne nnie nara, ann xoioi mn noxymanamo na ce

137
npnnnxnmo na pasnnm nyrennma cne nox ne yne orxpnnena iennna y
uynnocrn npno sapacna crasa n nox nam ne nohe sa pyxom na xonniy xoia
nocan nnie ycnena, yunnnmo, yxonnxo ie ro uonexy nocyheno, iennaxom
npacnnnn. Cne norne ne nocroin nnienna nnoconia xoia ce moxe yunrn;
sancra rne ie ra nnoconia, xon xora ce ona nanasn n no uemy ie moxemo
nosnarn?
62
Kanr iacno ncrnue na ce ro cacroin y unnennnn na nnxo ne
nocenyie nnococxa snana xao mro mory na ce nocenyiy nayuna, re na
nnoconia oncroiana y crannom nexany nnoconpana, iep ie:
nnoconia nneia nornynor snana xoia nam noxasyie nocnenne cnpxe
yncxor yma; ona ie nayxa o nainnmoi maxcnmn ynorpee namer yma
(yxonnxo non maxcnmom mncnnmo na ynyrpamnn npnnnnn nsopa nsmehy
pasnnunrnx nnena); y onom nocnennem snaueny ona ie nayxa o onnocy cner
casnana n ynorpee yma c osnpom na nocnenne cnpxe yncxor yma.
Xeren ie nnoconiy onpenno yonmreno xao mncaono pasmarpane
npenmera, mnmenem xoie ie pasmnmane mro canpxaie nononn no cnecrn
noimonnnm casnananem. Hperpecane noimonnnx canpxaia ie no nemy
nnoconia penexcnia, xoia ce ornena y pasmnmanem nponsnenennm
mncnnma o onnnnma cnecrn. V cnoioi Hcropnin nnoconie, Xeren ie ro
opmynncao xao sanarax nnoconie na npoyuana ono mro ce nnaue cmarpa
nosnarnm, re raxohe na yne cnecran n orpannuena xoia rome croie na rom
nyry. V panom neny 4euo+euo)oeuia ovxa, Xeren ce namao npen nannnomhy
rsn. xnnepxpnrnuxnx samepxn y casnainoi reopnin, sanpano cposananem
osnnocrn, ona, crpnena n pana y nnococxom nocny, na ie nanncao:
Mehyrnm, axo npnoianane na ce ne nocne y sanyny ynocn nenonepene
npema naynn yonmre, xoia es raxnnx nenoymnna npenasn na camo neno n
crnapno casnaie, onna nnxaxo nnie iacno samro na ce, opnyro, ne ynece
nenonepene npema rome nenonepeny, n ne nonene pauyna o rome na ie cam
crpax na ce ne norpemn - norpemxa. (nnnn: Xeren, 4euo+euo)oeuia ovxa,
/Vnon: Cucme+ ;uana/, npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1979. crp. 46.) Crpax on
sanyne y xnnepcxenrnunocrn casnanana ysnma cee sa peannrer nan
ncrnnnror n nasnnaiyhn ce crpaxom on sanyne npnxpnna npenapy na ce pann
o crpaxy on ncrnne, xoin ce orxnana nsnaranem noiannor snana.
unnoconia ne moxe na yne ocrnapena, yxnnyra n npenasnhena, ri.
onauena y nenaxnocr xoia xpenn neuncry canecr, xao mro nn reopnie
casnana ne mory na parmenrapnsyiy ynyrpamnn nanop casnanana ncrnne n
y naprnxynapne sone anannsa noimona nsmemrannx on cnoie cymrnne cmecre
nonono nanoxnannn onronapaiyhn anapar snauena, xoin n nonpasymenao
camo nona sapoanana y rpancnennenranno repmnnnsonane omane, ca rex

62
Kanr, H. Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, Feorpan, 1990, crp. 497.

138
npnnnnnom iacnohom nennncannier cmncna; nnn nax npennanana
meransnxa npeopaxaiem y rexnnxy, iep ie n cama rexnnxa camo npenasna n
nponasna opma iennor nnxa ncnoanana meransnxe, mro ce na younrn na
pasnoiy nonnx nnrnrannnx rexnonornia, xaxo ie ro onnnuno nniarnocrnnxao
n nam nnoco Mnnan Vsenan y xnnsn non xapaxrepncrnunnm nacnonom:
Memadu;ura. H ncrnna xoia nopaha nax ie nnococxn saxren sa nenom
anannsom n npencnnrnnannma, xao mro ie ro onynex n nno y onacrn onor
mro ce npxn nosnarnm n onor mro ce sancra casnaie n ynosna. Axo ie nexo
npeme ncnyneno ncrnnama unin cy nponyxr naxn, naa snarn na ie raxnnx
npemena nno ynex n na cy pyxonana noimonnma nacymne uecra; re xao mro
yrnnnrapna mornnannia xopncrn n ncxopnmhanana nma crpacr xee sa
nocenonanem n nnamhy xao nocecnnnn neo yncxe ncnxnxe nasna nsnoxen
nerponnma raxnnx crpacrn, raxo n ono nosnaro y namoi nnsnnn ocraie
sanpano nenosnaro es nnococxor opasonana xoie ynyhyie na casnanane.
Hanonno cy cranonn nenponepnnn cpencrnnma n mepnnnma monepne nayxe
ecmncnenn, ann uax ie n ro sacrapena rnpnna, iep pennmo n cranonn
canpemene xnanrne nsnxe nnn reopnie xaracrpoa y rpannunoi onacrn ca
maremarnxom, raxohe nncy nnme nponepnnn na rai naunn. Bnxona ie
npennocr necymnnno n ecrercxa, a apxnrexronnxa nneia uecro nocenyie n
ymernnuxe npre, raxo na he y nponniom cynnne nsrnena cnnuno reopniama o
nacranxy npnonrnor crapocpncxor nncma y Honynany, cnoie ynaxanane
nanexo nnme nanasnrn y ecrernuxoi ernnn, naiosnnoi no onronopnocrn
naynn ynyhnocrn.
Vxasnnane na ona mecra xoia ynosopanaiy na samnnnane ncrnne n
ncrnnnrocrn ca yrnnnrapncrnunninm nnennma xoin cy na npnn nornen
cnoconn na ro nanoxnane, naxno ie sor ynpexennx nonycrnnocrn xoin cy
npeneperananem xpnrnunor saxrena camy xpnsy nycrnnn na rpaie, npxehn
ie neunm rorono cnopennnm. Vnpano y xpnsnnm cnryanniama xpnrnuxn cran
ie n neonxonan, iep ca nnme ce ona npenasnnasn, a necnopasymn nsrnahyiy n
nonymraiy. 3a xpnrnuxy ypannorexenocr xoia n nna y crany na nomorne y
xpnsnnm momenrnma, cnaxaxo na mopa na nsrpann pasnniena ecrernxa, xoia ce
nehe ornymnnarn nn o nainye saxrene nnoconie, unnehn raxo nanoncxn
neo cnara naxnnx sa opmnpane cranonnmra nnn onpannanor saysnmana
nosnnnie mnmena.







139
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146
CABPA1


I
VBOBHH HOIBEB HA 0HBOCO0H1V


I.1 Hopexno npenmera n noima nnoconie
I.2 Cmncao nocpenonana y nenocpennocrn nouerxa y nnoconin
I.3 Vnonna nnococxa nnrana
I.4 Hopexno napounrnx cnoicrana nnoconie

II
BAHA HC1OPH1CKA OBPE1EHA 3AHOHHHAHA
0HBOCO0H1E



II.1 Bnpoxa ncropnicxa onpehena sanounnana nnrana

II.2. Onroreonomxa panexcnia npema canpemennm npannnma
nnococxor rymauena noiana



III
IBABHH HPABHH 0HBOCO0CKHX OCMHHABAHA
1EBHHC1BA C1BAPHOC1H



III.1. Pasnonpcnocr pemena ocnonnnx nnrana nnoconie

III.2. Hporonnococxo saoxpyxnnane npnonrnor cmncna





147


IV

HPEBABAHA H3 OBHOCA HPBE 0HBOCO0H1E H BPVIHX
OBBHKA MHHEHA
(nocenn neo)

IV.0. IHABHA PA3HHKOBABA H HOPEHA uHHOCOuHJE
HPEMA CTAHOBHBTHMA

IV.0.1 unnoconia n nayxa

IV.0.2. unnoconia n iesnx: meronnuxa npennocr onro-nornxe

IV.0.3. unnoconia n pennrnia (reonornxa)

IV.0.4. unnoconia n ernxa

IV.5. Ecrernxa npema npenmery n noimy, xao nayxa
o uynnom ciaiy ncrnne

V. Teopnja, npaxca n noe1nxa
a. Hponem craryca nnoconie

. Hpenmer n cnpxa nnoconie
n. unnocoxn cranonn n sanarax nnoconpana