IEEE802.

16d Simulator
WirelessMAN-OFDM-PHY layer
Rev-s3 24 Sept 2004 Mohamad Charafeddine

Introduction
The Matlabs Simulink simulation work is for the broadband wireless standard IEEE802.16d [and subsequently for the IEEE802.16-2004 once it is published] Currently the mandatory channel coding scheme is used (Reed-Solomon/ convolutional code), 16-QAM modulation, RS(64,48,8), CC rate=2/3 A state machine can be implemented on top of the current model to take into account adaptive rate modulation.
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IEEE802.16d, WirelessMAN-OFDM 256-FFT, 16-QAM

Randomization
PRBS generator: 1 + x14 + x15 On DL: the scrambler is re-initialized at start of each frame with the vector: 100101010000000

Concatenated Reed-Solomon / convolutional code (RS-CC)

Reed-Solomon coding
Tail byte appended at end of the scrambled data For the 16-QAM mode selected, RS(64,48,8) is used, with: A primitive GF polynomial of: p(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1 And a code generator polynomial of: g(x)=(x+ 0) (x+ 1) (x+ 2).. (x+

2T-1),

=02Hex

Convolutional Coding & Puncturing

Convolutional coding with a native rate of Constraint length of 7 Generated with the following 2 generator polynomials:
G1=171oct=1111001 For X G2=133oct=1011011 For Y Puncturing of 4/3: X1Y1Y2; thus overall CC rate of *4/3 = 2/3

2-steps Interleaver (I)

Define: Ncpc the number of coded bits per carrier (i.e. 2,4,6 for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM respectively) s = Ncpc/2 k: the index of the coded bit before the first implementation m: the index after first permutation j: the index after the second permutation --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1st permutation [for carriers] m = (Ncbps/16)*mod(k,16)+floor(k/16); 2nd permutation [for bits constellation mapping on carriers] j=s*floor(m/s)+mod((m+Ncbps-floor(16*m/Ncbps)),s);
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2-steps Interleaver (II)

illus trating the inte rle aving p ro c e s s
800 after 1s t perm utation after 2nd perm utation 700

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o u tp u t in d e x in g

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inp ut ind e xing

16-QAM modulation
16-QAM modulation Gray mapped Normalized constellation average power

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OFDM Transmitter: Data&Pilots,

Zero Padding, Shaping, Cyclic Prefix (I)
192 Data carriers 8 Pilot carries 0 DC carrier 55 zero carriers added

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OFDM Transmitter: Pilots (II)

Pilots BPSK modulated Uses a PRBS generator of x11 + x9 + 1 Initialized in DL with the vector: [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
 Why cant we always transmit all 1s on the pilots without the need of the PRBS generator?
DL : c 84 ! c 36 ! c 60 ! c84 ! 1  2 w k ; DL : c 60 ! c 12 ! c12 ! c36 ! 1  2 wk
Sample of a DL sequence:

U : c  84 ! c  36 ! c12 ! c36 ! c60 ! c84 ! 1  2

Corresponding sample of an UL sequence:

; U : c  60 ! c  12 ! 1  2

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PRBS for pilot modulation

OFDM Transmitter: Zero Padding (II)

Freq axis: 0

Fs

55 zeros carriers are padded. They will take the guard bands role. Reshaping is done to ensure the spectrum falls off on both sides when plotted from Fs/2 to Fs/2

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Freq axis: -Fs/2 Fs/2

OFDM Transmitter: IFFT & Cyclic Prefix (III)

After IFFT before CP

Tg/Tb ratio of used. Thus CP is 1/fourth the length of data time

Tg/Tb ratios specified by the protocol are: , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32. Question: it does not specify when to use them.

After CP

Received Spectrum after the AWGN channel

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Receiver side

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OFDM receiver
Reciprocal work of the OFDM transmitter:
1. 2. 3. 4. Remove Cyclic Prefix (assuming synchronization) Perform the FFT Remove the zero padding and reorder Separate the data carriers from the pilot carriers

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Received signal
AWGN channel is used If a Rayleigh channel is to be used, the receiver side would need a channel equalization section with the usage of the pilots in the channel estimation (currently pilots are ignored after being removed from the received OFDM frame).

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QAM demodulation & 2-stepsDe-interleaving

800 ft ft 1s t 2nd t ti t ti n

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ti

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0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

 

ill
$# " $# "      

t ti

D -i t

  !   

( " ' &$ # % ) ( " ' &$ # %

ti

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Viterbi decoding

Using a trellis generated from the polynomial of constraint length 7, and the polynomials G1=171oct, and G2=133oct. Traceback depth specified to be equal to 34. It can be possible if the future to use soft decisions, LLRs, in decoding.
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Reed Solomon decoding

Some work is needed to compensate for the delay introduced by the Viterbi decoder. Reed Solomon decoding is done, and tail byte removed. Num of corrected is also outputted, with a -1 when the errors exceeding the max allowed bit errors; in this case equals to T =8.

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De-randomization
Same operation as in the Randomization XORing with the same PRBS generator will retrieve back the data

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Bit Error Rate

Bit Error Rate is displayed, along with, Number of bits in error, and The total number of bits compared with the original stream of raw data.

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Generated BER curve for the IEEE 802.16d,

256-FFT, 16QAM, RS(64,48,8) & CC rate of 2/3
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IE E E 802.16a B E R c urves , 256 F F T 16 Q A M , RS (64,48,8), CC rate= 2/3

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10 BER

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IE E E 802.16a 256 F F T 16 Q A M , RS (64,48,8), CC rate= 2/3

8 S NR (dB )

0 0 0 0 0

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BER curves over AWGN channel; incremental effects of channel coding

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IE E E 802.16a B E R c urves , 256 F F T 16 Q A M , over A W G N c hannel, inc re ental effec ts of c hannel c oding

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10 BER

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R ando iz ation R S C C Interleaving R S C C Interleaving C C Interleaving Interleaving no R andz , no R S , no C C , no Interlv

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