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dc f Q``WEG ``cCGh .bGe
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dG dG SDG e jd jb
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c `` dG ``jQ``````dG ``Y ````G ``K``
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U IQ`` ` `` `H ``` ` ` ` `` e`` b `` b
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feEG ```g ``f``c EGh ,Dh`````dG ``e
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fBG OQfS dG FG dG
IQNh MGa J ,ah jOeh RQH
jdG hG J dG QKBG Y
adG GAYOGh ,IhGV cCG J d EG
dG a GMCG e S MJ
fG GWG fG bh 2004
jQdG VhdG Y jS hh gH
Xe Y V SQe ,aRG dY
G zRQH fG OQfS{ dch
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H ``d``` ` e `` e`` ```````e ``` fC` H
RGH e dhh ,L e GWCG
Qb cG d cdGh hdG
GQYG jCG Y dG H SG e
GUCG ````JQG ```a ```g ``eh .i`` NCG
cdG ``g ````d ``M ```V``H ``jO``` G
e ``jO```M j hO ``j````J O``` jEGh
gjQJ JH eH J e QJ
dG jObG ``eRCG G``L ``e J
AHh .G````S 3 b ```b``WEG cQT
N cdG JQG dG ANCG Y
bGe LGJ a VG IdG
dG dG U ``Y K eH
kGfh ,L e cdG d e
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YON ch
Y IQO`` ` `` `dG ``jQ``` ` dG `` ` MCG `` ` cCGh
dG `` ch CG ,`` j `` fCG ``` ` fQCG
S ITdG JG JCJ FG
eRCG ``Y ``dhD```e ``f``c ```dG ````SCG
SDG g eb a .dG dG
Z GQS ,```d``Y J
e ````dG G`` N EG iOCG ``e ,I``````e
e `` `gh ,``` ` a `` ` `WQq `` Jh ,``j``` ` ` ` ` G
`` eRCG ``e``e CG`` H CG ```H k```L ```X
a d iOCG ``eCG Gg .d J
VG b LSG ```VG``YG EG
e `` Y`` ` ` ``` ` ` J EG `` ` ` ` ` ` `HhQhCG
eQU kWhT VJ dG ,MGbG
b EG jCG ``H SDe Y
cdG ``g ```J``H ``c``eCG G``` dG
SC G GQ```TEG c g fCH
SDG eSG a .YVe Z
UNh dG d IQG dG
dG GdGh jQdG ``f``g``dG
FG dG SDe Y QOdG
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bJ ``eh k` jCGQ G``J ``e ``H Gc J
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.CG
dG e e SDG g CG c
e LCG Y fMCG fC dH
e ````````d `````J ``` Lh ``c``` T
g CGh fjO jJ Y JQb Mf
Nh a ZQ S SDG
j `` ``G H dG
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Y Q``` ` ` bG BG ``` j GP`` ` { :`` `` H
Jh J CG``H dG h``dG be
SGh .z?e MUEG SS
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N EG M dH OG g Ggh
fdG e hd d SDG g
Jhe `` LQ`` H ``` f``` ` SCGh ``` J``dGh
Y ``` ` G h`` `dG `` g ``` Y `````j
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G ``````dG G``g ``X J
g G``` ` ` H ``` ` MG h`` `dG `````d
jQSG J V hdG
QdG eRCG
(HhQhCG) RdG IQdG jGG dG
J M jCG SBG e jT b Hj
gG QGhOCG f ```dG ``c``dG
-IOe ``Z hCG IOe fc AG```SY ``` d``e `` ` `eRCG `````J `` e `` `gh
jSBG QdG eRCG UN He
ZCG J J eY 1997 ``Y
dS EG ```L``e ``e ``j````SBG h`` dG
e h`` `dG ``j``h ,`````b ``` ` TCG `` N
dch ,jQSG IN EG jQSG
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`````H `````H `` dh ````````G ``b``` dG
dG SDe
GhOCG UCG
dG Vd
Y eG h
dG hO jObG
SDG g SQ
b e Hh J
HhQhCG OG hO
j HhQhCG SS
e fGH d
jeCG dG J
g dG eRCGh
ch SCJ e H
HhQhCG J
fc EGh jSBGh
CG dG g
bdG H J
j jSBG
fCH dG jQJ
hdG RGH dhfi
cCG d cdGh
SG e Qb
HhQhCG b
Hh ``` J ``` ` ` SD` G `` g ``` YCG
gh `` ` HhQhCG O`` G hO ```b e
HhQhCG VG dhDe Y Y e
c ```j``jQ a ```dG hD```d
dG `` ` ch EG ``` ` ` dG I``j``` T
e `` ` `` `J `` `` ` dG ,`` ` ` ` `dG `` `` ` ` ` FG
J EG :```d kG```e IG ``j``dG
hd fFG IQGd ``c``dG ``g
Vj `` ` ` `HhQhCG O`` ` G A`` ` `` `YCG
VhCGh .d cCH hQdG e
.e H kGT UCG cdG g CG
d ```a ``V````J `` dG ``b``dG ```a
SfdG ``e ```M ``e``` JG `````Jh
dG ``VQ````H IQ`` J ,f ``c``eCG
IH dKh YVG H i``NCGh
MG fCG EG ,jNBG M Y dG
d jdG OjEG h Y dG
jdG CG EG QTCGh .jOGfG OL X
e QWEG j CG j SDG d
Jchh IG CG bhQCG NGO CG
YLGh ObG G G
ZdG Y dGh ,edG d HdG
G ````j `` fCG EG ,QhO Q``` ` ` fG ``e
dG ``eCG G``g d kUNG ``cCG
Ga Jfc ``eCGh h``dG eCG Oj H
CG f ``Y k hD```e j G
jh ``Y````LGh O`````bG I````G
dG eG Z G e QhdH
.G J dG FH J
Y ````J CG ``` j``jQ ``M``bGh
,`` `HhQhCG O`` G J ```dG ,jdG
EG dG cdG OG J Y
.cT S
SCJ g dP Y jdG EG :dbh
:e ,jSBGh HhQhCG J ch
J CG ``` dG ``g ```e EG
.bdG H
SdG ShCG ASG gh
ke ,SDG ``g ``e ``G ``b``dG
dG ``eRCG IhQP G Y c c
hL `` `CG ``` LQ``G `` jRh `` aO ``
dd ``` G S ```Y aa
J e HhQhCG dch AfEH
fCG IQOG g g dh .QhdG Gg
fCG IQG ```d``W ```M ,hCG
AfEH 2008 Y U ce CG
.FG d HhQhCG SDe
HhQhCG d `` HhQhCG SS jh
`` Xh `` ` ` j`` eCG ``` ` dG ``` ` J `` e
.g dG eRCG
j ``CG ObG G CG Z
EG{ :``` d``H `` dP ``VQ``` j ``fG``c ```H
d ``` HhQhCG SDe C` H OYG
PS OYG aCG Ff S FG
SCGQ GSCG AGOCG jH j e ke
13
dG
IG jdG b
IYdG jJ H
jdG S GSH
RjhQ TGh
jeCG NG
cH
RjhQ -cH
WGe CG fcdG WdG db
Qg je de e N jeCG
.eCG cH H
jeCG IQdG aQ dG LdGh
.L) cT j SG Y aEG
ch jQSG (TSG ShG .G
dG WG J h j
fcdG GdG JJ M OdG
.GYCG e eSEG jOe
jeCG IQdG SH e bh
.jQdG cCJ h IQdG CG
hD` `` `` `G ``` ` M `` `e`` `L`` `J `` `` ` Uh
S ``H e C` ` H R`` jh`` d ``W``` ` d``H
LdG e GbG UTCG fKh
MU dGh ddG YdG G``M
hd h``````j ``SG``G `` c ``e```Y
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HGdG ``e LG ``e ```KG A``L{
S ``` f ``` ` ` SG `` M `` ` `e`` eCG
GUG ``K ...``` ` G ``` dG ``j``NBG
z.jeCG e
GZQCG G CG eCG hDe bh
f ``a``Z `` `H O ``` Y `` L`` dG ``F``` S
LdG a eYh .G jeCG
.G UG dG
dG gh LdG CG M bh
H ``e e cH j dG ``e
eCG ``fCG ``` VCGh .G`` YCG Sh N
dh ,O``HCG SEG ebEG I``a e
.Qg EG aj c
CG J fCH eCG hDG Uh
.G Y dhDe L
ja Y G LCG e Gh
fLCG CG ``Z cH ``F```T ``eCG
e ``f```MCGh .aG IO``Y ``g Gd
.Fgc fLCG jCG hOe j
dG fcdG dW cM YCGh
dhDG I``Y```dG H U HJ
bEG dj jjS N Y
.OdG Z H NH
.zH CH QhdGh
hc cT FQ ``gh ,``JG``H Uhh
Jfe ``e J ```dGh ,``U``G ``eC`d
Id J fCH G Gg ;d kGe
Vh ``` Y ``` f``` j``H I``Y``` ` ILh
dG YCG e CH JGSG
.QfG SGdG HdG aKh
eG EG `` ` `` `fCG `` `d{ :`` ` `bh
.g EG ``` ` fCG `` d .``` f``` j``dG
.zcCdH Ge Id g cCS
Hc`H Uj dG ,JGH VCGh
hdG CG ,Q``j``` f G
JdG G`` ` `d ``` F``` ` dG `` ` ` ` `VhCGh
jDhdG -ch
a dEG j dG ,JGH dh aGh
Wd Fc QGdG G c
Y ,````S``Hh `````CG ``S``dh Q``j```f
jdG AGQR`` dG ````FQ I``Y````e e
dG HGVG ONEG hec jO
i`` NCG `` e EG `` ` `eGh ``` d ``M``` LG
.VG SCG
eG{ EG R`` jh`` d `` JG`` H `` `bh
e Qhd e bS fjdG
kah ``` ` ` Yh ``H``` ` ` dG ``` ` ` b C` ` ` H
IQG H Jh ,jeCG Hd
RjhQ hH
Q`` ` `` `dG `` ` `U`` G `` ` b
jQS ``YQ``e ```c``e CG ``` ` fEG
MdG ```bP``dG je bG
H G``f `` WEG hO Sh ```eCG
FdG ``` V `` L`` ` `` `MG `` ` ` fG
.SCG QH QdG
eh Q`` ` `` `dG `` ` `U`` G `` H`` Jh
eMh ``H``HO 20 ```f CG fjH
edG M b fG YQe OL
,SG dG Y G jG
T BG IY H gJ dGh
.G j
.fdG Y
J MCG CG e hJ fCG e QMh
Gh GhQCG Y dG f ``d
IQ`` KEGh ``j``` Jh ````T ``````H ``` ` dGh
.AS dG
AS T ``eCG je cP ,L e
eCG G``j```J CG ````G ``d```U AG``` dG
IjL ````T EG ``` eCG `` j ````Uh ``` dG
e edG MdG ac d AS
.dG eh fdG Y LQG
``` ` eCG ```N O`` Lh EG ``` dh
jDhdG -ch
GjJ CG ``j``` ` e ``````U `` ` cCG
fCH ````Uh ,``W````dG G`` b ``e ````eCG
IjL T EG Uh ,be Z
M ``g````f `` bh ,`` ` `eCG `` j A`````S
k ,jdG je ``eCG G```e
LQN ``e d Vd
.fdG Y
gOY GgCG U ``d``bh
eh ``` c``e EG `` ` `dG QO``` ` dG
aM Lh WT dCG e cCGh
RjhQ fJ
Y ````G ``j fJ CG`` H
Y ```S``F``dG `` `eCG ``j``e ``W``j````dG
Y `` H ``j``H``` dG `` jR ``H``` ` dG ``` ` F``dG
IY S GRG`` L ``jh```H ``e```JG ``e
GeCH QG```dG Y ```LhRh Y ``H Q`` bCG
.Ggh
WjdG Y eJG G SCGh
jb ``eP Y RMG ``gQ GR e d
bdG IQKEG dh eJ NCG iNCG
LMG IQG``` T ````WCG ```dG IQ``` dG H
.G HdG HdG
HSCG ```H ```Y ``H``H ``M``WEG ````dCGh
dG ``j``e Ye ``L````MG ``e
e JQG e fJ e fj HdG
AGSGh ``````dG ``` S``` ` ` dGh ``d``` ` dG
.OdG
M ``H``` ` dG ``` ` G ``` ` F``dG ``` eh
H ``` ` ` dG G`` `g ``` ` ` G `` ` eCG Q`` ` `e
Ff Xh jge b Y jdG
.JG b W jS Y
jdG bG jH FH dG VQG
je ``gh ``jhG``dG JGb R``Y GdG EG
``fCG Z . ``dCG H MS f
J c bQaCG bJe hCG K SCG LJ
CG dG OdG dG bJh .VQG
Y J M Y b VQG LGJ
YdH j GRe GdG CG VCGh .IdG
,FdG dG FdG ``eh HGW
.gCG dH eCG fCH Uh e gh
b ``` VQ``` G CG EG GQ`` `` ` TEG `` ` `aQh
MdG ``j``` dGh ``jhG``dG ```Y ``d`````j
. e eCG fCG VCGh .FdG
L ``K ``e I`` MGh ``` dG ``c```eh
.GdG Gb V VQd e Ic
jdGh JGe Fe ``M ````dG h
J H I``NCG HSCG dG J
.dG VQG Je
RjhQ -d
Y VQG CG e QOe db
11 N dG G bdG G
Id ``dh`` ``N Q```e ``J```e
jdG dG Ieh dG AG Y
.SG dG MS Y JGSG
EG HGLCH e QOe ``cPh
GUCG Je 50 f CG bdG dG
G``MGh fe CGh Gh G ej
hQU UCG eY b IQG T IdG
e dG Yd dGG G```dG WG
.e GdG
G ``` Y ``` VQ``` G G`` `b ``` ` ` Sh
G g d IjG jdG dG
.AG e Y Gec 15 J
dG jdG Y J CG VQG eCJh
CGdG
Y Le
dG G Y
? gOGe Z dG FW hN HG AGQCG a g
,SdG dG CG Qd ,ffEG d W e
VQG VQe e ZdG Y CG``dG AeEG Y IQdG hCG
YG f e CG ,ibCG dG f e ,dGh
eEG iNCG SdG YG NEG Y IQOdG SdG
NdGh FVSH hCG ,gGb Jh H dGh gH
SdH SdG G jh SS d e
EG FVSG hCG VQG idG H PdG Hh ,QfGh
."NBG SS H j CG
k
k
Vd ```bO G`````J hG``` g M ``M```dG ``` jh
HW MCG H NCJ M ,hN HG AGQBG SdGh
,YLG gGdG d G dGh ,H NG
qEG :a ,dG Oah ,dGh ,IQGh IhGdG FGQBc
Mh Y eRCG J ,eSEG IQM gT "hN HG
,Gh G``HEGh jG e jW hb H ,QMG
,k jZ d ,k Y QG dG ce J CG dN
gLh eY ,eb Y dGh IQGH k e CG ,PEG
VGQ ,dG JYGUh NGdG JYGf bQZ
a e LCG dG e AD`g CG j h ` ,hdG Id
.eO
hO QfGh ,fL e G dhO S Y CH ij H
,fSCG ,G TG GbCG ,NBG fL e G
Gk Te Gk gT c ,hN HG CG f CG j PEG .jdGh
Qc H ,MdG c c .QfG ``dPh ,dG Gg Y
QWGeEG dQJ SCG Gbh jdG ,G jG
,G ed L SCGQ Y k e Gg c eY ,GG
J k `` ,k ` cO G ``ch OGH O e d fG CG H
SDH gCG H ,FGG e cQ EG gGdG IQG
jQJ eCj hN HG GQ ," dhdG e k Me "h .hQOS
eRCG hX a .dG jQdGh eSEG HdG IQG
."hG jQdG a dh ," G GdG " `d Y
LG Y ,hN HG jf AL e CG f ddh
,MCG H Jh VZh SdG e ,dG Y
IQG H ``e dCG I``a k T je H ``c
CG k jCG ifh .NGO gCG MJh h ,eSEG HdG
MG H AGQBG g Gc eY hdG f Gbh ADg
bh efG e J eh ,1990 jdG dhO GdG
gQKBH e dGR eh ,c HdG eCG fY dCG GLh
AGQCG jJ ``N ``e bO ``Z fQG CG i``fh ,BG EG
j c QdG e Sb gh ,gGdG bGh e hN HG
. DhT N h ..dUCG
alaliyan@gmail.com
JGdG Se H e
almushtaq@hotmail.com
.. bd CGbEG
RYEG eh (CGbEG ) g dG BGdG df c hCG
H dG CG``b EG fCG g dc dG g dG
QbCG e Jh bJ CG OQCG EG CG (``bQEG ) CGJ fEa
CGh ,IAG```dG Z h ,IAGdH a ``VQCGh GhdG
aK jh Yj CG a jh bj CG CG OGQCG
IHe YSG jH IAGdG
J eGdEG jH dh (IAGdG LCG e IAGdG )
e IjY dG Wh .. (XdG LG e IAGdG)
dG Gh fGh aCG dh ( Mh Hh S )
.(jdG FGdG) jdG g aGh dG d
GSjh Ghd QdG IAGdG M SZ e H dd
H GSG EG dG bGdG dG QEG Gg gOhCG
j e Gg Y jh Sjh bj a
) dG LCG fc EG CG ( LCG AdGh UGJ) `H
dc eeh UGe C (AHCG ,AHCG ,OGLCG
aG Jh ,bGQh FQb J da G
.dSh j H H a
FGO da G YVh ,IAGdG HZ EGh
(LCG OJ ) dP Y jh ,jeJh S J
) G M ,LCG H Igh Jeeh e Ga CG
GdG Jh .( e T )HGh (gL ) CGh (eCG
jdG ) QaCG H a QJh gGh adG
hjh ,dG VG hj jdG h (jjdGh
.FHCG e jh VG
( IAGdG e UGe OLh Y ) H Gg c
f eCG CG g QdGh gGh eCG H dG jdh
,T dG e h jM Ode fCc CG eCG H EG
f i``jh WN ee J T a gG ``eCG
fMCG Vjh H jh ,aGh dG Yjh ,GU Y
QdGh ! eh S hP c EG UN G L S
AdG ch AdGh AfCG ch G c GAj e g
CG LCG e JM e IY S H GaCG dG HG
( QdG )EG d IdG dG J Gjh Gj
. H jh JM e d SS H
jdG Y fCa CGJ e HJ fCG ,jY fCG CGJ fCG
d CGJ fCG eh HjEG fCG CGJ e J fCG ,dG
CGJ fCG ,dM Ie Th eh eh Y fCa
d fCa CGJ fCG ,d OdH h bJ fCa
c OJh Jh cCd dh dY AGS dh e
hCG (G )FbUCG Y H gd gdGh G
W hCG e e aN hCG d AJG d eG
.de
.(bd CGbG ) Qf GNCG
Habibh1@hotmail.com
OdG ge H M
14
JGhOCGh G H Gc j eSEG dG CH
d U ?OGh``dG dhCG cJ Y JegGh dG
dG Aa IdG edG H R``Hh ASCG H
jdG c e d ,eSEG OLG AS h eSEG
Ieh jOa J FdG G fEa ,JGO
.QGJ e dYCG J h ddG
gCG e dG EG f fCG EG jdG e H h
b e J dG jh ``ZQ jdG eSEG
dG AZ dGh dG ``e```Gh SDG H
hDH G f Yf CG Of dh .FGKEGh eSEG
aGh jdG SCG ZEG bGY EG eSEG dG
IQdH Sd G dG LG W gh IUG
.dG eh Yh FG
YdG QbCG Y Kh JG e dG GZ d
G e Gc g EG .eG Th FdGh
M e AGS ,eSEG jdG HN LGJ dG jdGh
.dG hCG dGh G hCG dG
G id QJ dG jdG dTEG e jdG g
fC ,I``Gh JQGh dG e Gc d Jh ,UG
h Whh jgh eh eh OLhh bGh eJ
MGdG dG e Hh H eAGG ch ,jOh eCGh
CGh d h``J dG YLG fCGh dG eeh
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J e H cGe AfE bdG M d
Y e eSEG dG M G GAdG
H fL EG ,``g``Zh IdGh ``j``Gh dGh BG```dG
ffbh jObGh jHJh YLG ,IfG dG G
Y G bGh SGQd dG ah dG ge Gch
UdG GhOCGh SdG dSCG GSHh Y e
jh YdGh GdG ie Y bO IQU Sd jG
jdG dTEGh SCG Jh jdG LMG
dSCG EG UdG G``L G e .a MhG dGh
EG eSEG bNCG dG ee GfE Se jHJ
OQh G LCd edG dGh G edG MS
eG T
dG a eSEG ``eCG Y GJ G SGe EG
jCGh ,G h GGh AGSEG K jdG IdG EG dG
JH Y j ,IGh MdG T eQ Ggh G
Jjh ,f G e d fMhdG Ffh ,fEG
.jGZ e dG a jh ,Y e BdG a
Y c GeBG jdG jCG j Y L G j
da J d b e jdG Y c c dG
aGj dG dGh idG H G e j SQe
e j Se H g eQ a ,OdG ed
Igeh ,MdG hQO Y dGh EG j G
.dGh GG Y OHGh GG Y Y dG
,dGh dG ShQO eDG j eQ T
dG eCG M eCdGh ,cGh AGdG Y dGh
hQj e ch dG N gOGaCG e j
.AGdG d f Jh ,YL
,YVhCG ``eCG LGd Y Se eQ T EG
Oh ,Gh ddG QZ Y Jh ,VGeCG a dJh
fC LCG ffEd AdGh G Ie UG gY
,d FG ge CGJ CG j Sd LNCG eCG N
Lf Y EG CG a bh ffEG OJh
g e G j GPh ,dGMCG ASh Je
?SGG
bdGh G``MCG Hd ,Yh L G e e J CG
IUCG ``c ehG ``eCG ``M dGh dG ``e
.Gh
,d Nh f SGe SGG g J CG Y
dG adGh JdG e jGh ,eCd IYGh bfGh
ffEG IG aQ jh ,OG``aCGh G j
Gg IFG ffEG Cd ,jGdGh AdG e j
Fd G gOGQCG dG ,IOdGh fCdG EG edG
,VGh dGh Gh dG ge eCG jh ,OLdG Gg
.eSEG Y e e c L j dG
15
iDhQ
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