CHAPTER 8

Support & Movement

CHAPTER 8

Support & Movement

UNIT 8.1 Understanding the support system in animals
Explain the various support system in vertebrates and invertebrates Compare and contrast the support system between land and aquatic vertebrates Compare and contrast the support system between land & aquatic invertebrates

The reasons for animals to have a support system is :to support the body

to provide body shape

to assist body movements.

The 3 basic types of skeletons in animals

SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS

VERTEBRATES

INVERTEBRATES

ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

ENDOSKELETON
(a) Also known as the internal skeleton. (b) Located inside the body of all vertebrates includes human beings. (c) Made up of bones or cartilages. Functions: (a) Supports body weight (b) Maintains body shape (c) Protects soft internal organs (d) Provide points for the attachment of muscles (e) Allows free movement

EXOSKELETON
(a) (b) (c) (d) Also called the external skeleton Hard outer skin or shell of invertebrates Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate Examples of animals: Centipede, ant, crab

Functions: (a) Maintain body shape and support body weight (b) Protects internal organs (c) Provides places for the attachment of muscles (d) Allows movement of body parts

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
(a) Consists of a muscular wall which encloses a body cavity that is filled with fluid (b) This body fluid pushes out and exerts pressure in all directions (c) This body fluid pressure, called hydrostatic pressure gives support and shape to the animal. (d) A type of support system for some invertebrates like earthworm, leech, jellyfish and caterpillar. Functions: (a) Support & maintains body shape as well as rigidity (b) Supports & protects internal tissues & organs (c) Allows invertebrates to bend, straighten & move

Comparison of the Endoskeleton between Aquatic Vertebrates and Land Vertebrates

Land Vertebrates Similarities

Have endoskeleton Have pectoral & pelvic girdles Have flexible bones

Aquatic vertebrates

Differences

Big & strong

Small Body weight supported by the buoyancy of water

Endoskeleton

Small & weak

Small Body weight supported by the buoyancy of water

Pectoral & pelvic girdles

Support

Comparison of the Support systems in land & aquatic invertebrates

Land Invertebrates Aquatic Invertebrates

Similarities
Both are supported by either exoskeleton or hydrostatic skeleton

Differences
Hard & made of cuticle except for shells of snails which are made of calcium carbonate

Structure of exoskeleton

Hard & made of calcium carbonate

Body weight supported by external skin or shell

Support

Body weight supported by the buoyancy of water

CHAPTER 8

Support & Movement

UNIT 8.2 Understanding the support system in plants

Explain the various support system in plants Classify plants based on their support systems

Various Support Systems in Plants

Buttress roots

Prickles

tendrils

Stilt roots Prop roots Thorns Clasping roots

Buttress roots

Thick support roots that grow from the stem above the ground

These roots hold the tree firmly to the ground, giving it extra support
Examples : Angsana tree, casuarina tree, durian tree

Prop roots

Roots which grow from the stem or branches into the ground for support
Examples : Banyan tree

Pandan plant
Maize plant

Prickles

An outgrowth of the epidermis and can be easily removed from the stem Examples : Rose shrub

Tendrils

Curly string-like structures modified from stems and leaves. Curl and twine round parts of other plants or objects to help the plant to climb Examples : Cucumber Bitter gourd pumpkin

Clasping roots

Roots that grip onto other plants or structures to get support. Examples : Money plant Betel vine (sirih)

Thorns

Sharp modified branches that cannot be easily removed Act as hooks to hold on to supports. Examples : Bouganvillea shrub Crown of thorns plant

Stilt roots

Roots that develop from the main stem and grow into the ground for support. Examples : Mangrove tree

Buoyancy - (Aquatic Plants)

Aquatic plants cannot stay upright on land because their stems are non-woody & soft
Aquatic plants can stay upright in water because their weights are supported by the buoyancy of water Some aquatic plants have many air sacs in their stems & leaves. These structures make them light so that they can float on water. Some aquatic plants have tiny leaves to ensure that they are not disrupted by the flow of water.

Examples :
Lotus Water hyacinth Water lettuce Hydrilla

Support Systems in Plants

Features Herbaceous Woody

Structure of stem

Scattered wooden tissues

Rings of woody tissues

Little woody tissue few xylem cells

Support

with

Little woody tissue few xylem cells

Supported by woody tissues Can support a heavy weight -Durian tree - Angsana tree

with

Supported by the turgidity of cells Cannot support a heavy weight - Balsam plant -Spinach

Examples

Support Systems in Woody Plants

The wood tissues provide stronger support. Normally on taller plants.

Rambutan tree
Durian Tree Bougainvillea

Support Systems in Non-woody Plants Non-woody plants depend on the water stored in the cells of the stem for support.

Adequate water in plant

Inadequate water in plant

CHAPTER 8

Support & Movement

UNIT 8.3 Appreciating the support system in living organisms

Explain why support system is important to living things

Appreciating the Support System in Living Things

Without support system, many living things will not be able to live Support system provide an organism:Proper shape and posture Support the weight of body Protect organs from injury

Additional support system

A crippled person may use a cane, crutches or a walking frame for support.

SMK Perempuan Likas Sabah