Chapter 14

Support and Movement

in Humans and Animals
14.1 Types of Skeletons
What we’re learning today:
Types of skeletons in humans and animals
The necessity of skeletons in humans and animals

Slides are prepared by:

Qistina Syazwanie binti
Ahmad A’sri
Sharvini a/p Krishnan
Types of Skeletons
 Types of Skeletons

Exoskeleton Hydrostatic Skeleton

Endoskeleton
 Exoskeleton
- External skeleton that supports and protects an animal’s body.
- A hard, non-living structure that encloses the rest of the body.
- Consists of a cuticle strengthened by chitin (a substance secreted by the
epidermis, or skin)
- Crustaceans have their exoskeletons further strengthened by calcium
carbonate.
- There are muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton, which provides
the resistance needed for muscle action.
 Advantages of Exoskeleton

Protection Support
Protects the soft internal Provides structural support
tissues and organs and shape

Lightweight
Prevents dessication
For insects, it has a low
Prevents drying out on
density and is lightweight
land
to allow for flight
Disadvantages of Exoskeleton
Size restriction
The larger the animal, the
heavier the exoskeleton
Vulnerability during moulting
The new skeleton is very soft
until the new exoskeleton has
dried and hardened
Skeleton does not grow with
animal
Moulting is required to
accomodate for size increase of
the animal
Sites of structural weakness
Weaker at the joints
Examples of Animals with Exoskeleton
 Endoskeleton
- An internal skeleton comprising of many component parts of cartilage or
bones
- Bones are connected by ligament to form a lever system

- A cartilaginous or mineralized support structure inside the body

- Enclosed in other tissues

 Advantages of Endoskeleton
Living
Consists of living tissue, so it is Structure and support
able to grow steadily within the Provides shape and structural
animal, enabling some to reach support
a large size

Structural diversity and

Flexible
adaptation
Jointed, allowing flexible
Bones vary in size and shape to
movement and support
support the animal’s mass
 Advantages of Endoskeleton

Muscle attachment
The muscles attach directly to
the skeletal bones to allow for
movement and support

Diversified locomotion
Protection
Running, jumping, swimming
Protects the vital organs
and flying
Disadvantages of Endoskeleton

Vulnerable to external
environment
Does not offer protection from
the exterior (physical attack or
changes in environment)
Susceptible to disease
Skeleton consist of living
tissues
Examples of Animals with Endoskeleton
Examples of Animals with Endoskeleton
 Hydrostatic Skeleton
- A structure found in many cold-blooded and soft-bodied organisms.
- Consists of a fluid-filled cavity (coelom) which is surrounded by muscles.
- The cavity is filled by pressurized fluid.
- In some animals, the cavity is filled with a blood-like substance called
haemocoel.
- Movement is by manipulating the pressure in different parts of the cavity.
- The fluid presses against the muscles, which in turn contract against the
pressure of the fluid.
- The fluid is incompressible, thus maintains a constant volume against which the
muscles can contract.
- If the body is segmented, the pressure of the fluid is localised in a few segments at a
time.
Advantages of Hydrostatic Skeleton
Fluid shape
Allows organisms to fit through
oddly shaped passages
Healing
Healing takes faster than
organisms with bone structures
Strength
Can squeeze between spaces
and expand to force into various
regions with rock and soil
surfaces
Lightweight
Very little muscle mass is
required for movement
Advantages of Hydrostatic Skeleton

Circulation
Protection
The fluid cavity allows the
Cushions the internal organs
circulation of nutrients and
from shock
waste
Disadvantages of Hydrostatic Skeleton

Structure and surface for

attachment Lack of protection
Lacks a structure and no Little protection for the internal
surface to attach muscles or organs
limbs

Limited strength
Dessication
Terrestrial animals’ body size
A moist or water habitat is
cannot be increased as they
required to prevent from drying
would collapse under their own
out
body weight
Examples of Animals with Hydrostatic Skeleton
The Necessity of Skeletal Systems in
Animals and Humans
 Escaping from
Looking for food, predators and
water and shelter undesirable
environment

Ensure the survivorship

of the species

Looking for mating

partner
Importance in Humans

1. Protects internal 2. Mineral and fat

3. Blood cell formation
organs storage

3. Framework for 4. For support and 5. Facilitates

shape anchorage movement
Thank you.