Chapter 14: Support and

Movement in
Humans and Animals
Haikal Bin Gafar
4 Zamrud
Teacher Nuryati Md. Salleh
 Endoskeleton
Exoskeletonfunctions
found intoinsects
maintain
andbody
crabs,shape,
support
support
and protect
soft
Hydrostatic
bodybody
tissues and skeleton
organs protect
and enable to maintain
internal
these
organs
animals to a
from rigid
injury
move.
body shape

Types of
Skeletons
 Human skeletal system

• Skull
• Verterbal Column
Axial skeleton • Ribs
• Sternum

• Pectoral Girdle
Appendicular • Pervic Girdle
skeleton
• Upper and lower limbs
Human
Skeleton
Structure
Human vertebral column

• Possess a long spinous process

Thoracic vertebrae • Spinous and transverse processes serve as attachment sites for muscles and
ligaments

• The biggest and strongest vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae • Possess a short spinous process

Sacral vertebrae • Five vertebrae fused together to form a triangular bone

Caudal vertebrae • Four bones fused together to form a triangular structure which is pointed at one end.
Human vertebral column

• The first cervical vertebra

Atlas vertebra • The vertebra has a large neural canal, a small spinous process, a pair of
transverse foramina (singular: foramen) but with no centrum.

• The second cervical vertebra.

Axial vertebra • The axial vertebrae has a large spinous process, small transverse process and a
pair of transverse foramina.

Cervical • Possess short spinous process, small centrum, wide and short transverse

vertebrae
process, and a pair of transverse foramina.
Similaities and Differences
Joints

Other than that:

Ball-and socket
joint, hinge joint
Skeletal muscle

Freely movable joints

slightly
Immovable
moveable
joints
joints Tendon (connects bone and muscle)

Ligament (connects bone to bone)

Movement
and
Locomotion
Mechanism of locomotion in animals

Fish Bird Earthworm Grasshopper

 Osteoporosis
Health Issues
Related to the
Human
Musculoskeletal
System Osteomalacia Arthritis
Practices to maintain a healthy
musculoskeletal system

Good body posture Proper attire

Exercise Balanced diet

Thank
You.