Compare and Contrast in Plants and Animals:
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
Animal Locomotion
● any of a variety of methods that animals
use to move from one place to another
● examples are running, walking,
swimming, flying, crawling, hopping
● animals move for a variety of reasons,
such as
○ to find food
○ to find a mate
○ to find a suitable habitat
○ to escape predators
3 Types of Skeletal System
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
• a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled
compartment within the body, called the
coelom
• common in aquatic and burrowing
animals
• there is no solid “bone” but the animal
under aquatic pressure can stay upright
and move
EXOSKELETON
• external skeleton that consists of a hard
encasement on the surface of an
organism
• rigid, armor-like coverings
• when arthropods grow, they shed off
their old “armor” and grow a new one
ENDOSKELETON
• consists of rigid but flexible support
made of bones, cartilage surrounded by
masses of muscles
• provide support for the body, protect
internal organs, and allow for movement
through contraction of muscles attached
to the skeleton
• human skeleton is an endoskeleton
Human Skeletal Systems
AXIAL SKELETON
• forms the vertical, central axis of the
body and includes all bones of the head,
neck, chest
• skull and backbone (spiral cord); rib
cage
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• includes all bones of the upper and
lower limbs, plus the bones that attach
each limb to the axial skeleton
• bones of the appendages (arms, legs,
fins) and bones linking the appendages
to the axial skeleton – the pectoral and
pelvic girdles
3 Types of Muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE
 anchored to bone by tendons and is
used to affect skeletal movement such
as locomotion and maintaining posture
SMOOTH MUSCLE
 found within the walls of organs and
structures and is also an involuntary
muscle
CARDIAC MUSCLE
 is involuntary and found only in the heart
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
 explains the mechanism of muscle
contraction based on muscle proteins
that slide past each other to generate
movement
 introduced in 1954 by two research
teams, one consisting of Andrew F.
Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke
 the myosin (thick) filaments of muscle
fibers slide past the actin (thin) filaments
during muscle contraction, while the two
groups of filaments remain at relatively
constant length
Pastor & Perez (12C)
Compare and Contrast in Plants and Animals:
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
Animal Locomotion
● any of a variety of methods that animals
use to move from one place to another
● examples are running, walking,
swimming, flying, crawling, hopping
● animals move for a variety of reasons,
such as
○ to find food
○ to find a mate
○ to find a suitable habitat
○ to escape predators
3 Types of Skeletal System
HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
• a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled
compartment within the body, called the
coelom
• common in aquatic and burrowing
animals
• there is no solid “bone” but the animal
under aquatic pressure can stay upright
and move
EXOSKELETON
• external skeleton that consists of a hard
encasement on the surface of an
organism
• rigid, armor-like coverings
• when arthropods grow, they shed off
their old “armor” and grow a new one
ENDOSKELETON
• consists of rigid but flexible support
made of bones, cartilage surrounded by
masses of muscles
• provide support for the body, protect
internal organs, and allow for movement
through contraction of muscles attached
to the skeleton
• human skeleton is an endoskeleton
Human Skeletal Systems
AXIAL SKELETON
• forms the vertical, central axis of the
body and includes all bones of the head,
neck, chest
• skull and backbone (spiral cord); rib
cage
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• includes all bones of the upper and
lower limbs, plus the bones that attach
each limb to the axial skeleton
• bones of the appendages (arms, legs,
fins) and bones linking the appendages
to the axial skeleton – the pectoral and
pelvic girdles
3 Types of Muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE
 anchored to bone by tendons and is
used to affect skeletal movement such
as locomotion and maintaining posture
SMOOTH MUSCLE
 found within the walls of organs and
structures and is also an involuntary
muscle
CARDIAC MUSCLE
 is involuntary and found only in the heart
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
 explains the mechanism of muscle
contraction based on muscle proteins
that slide past each other to generate
movement
 introduced in 1954 by two research
teams, one consisting of Andrew F.
Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke
 the myosin (thick) filaments of muscle
fibers slide past the actin (thin) filaments
during muscle contraction, while the two
groups of filaments remain at relatively
constant length
Pastor & Perez (12C)