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Introduction To Human Behaviour
Introduction To Human Behaviour
Introducton
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Aims to understand others To determine how and why people behave the way they do. Is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors. A collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion and coercion.
1. Voluntary - Intentional Involuntary Doing something against your will, action made without intent or carried out despite an attempt to prevent them. 3. Simple ex. What you see is what you get. Complex - compound complicated behavior. ex. Drinking alcohol
Human behavior is motivated motivation driving force behind all action of an organism Human behavior has multiple causes. - Influenced by culture Human behavior can be adaptive and maladaptive
Human are social beings Any person depend upon each other for survival People need interaction
6. 7. 8. 9.
People play an integral part in creating their experience Human lives are continuous process of change. Every person is different yet the same. Individual is a unique person.
Theoretical approaches about the factors that cause, maintain, alter behavior, and mental process:
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
Is based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly influence the development of late personality traits and psychological problems. It also stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires and motivations on thoughts and behavior.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his/her future, a large capacity for personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth & enormous potential for self-fulfillment.
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
Studies how organism learn new behavior or modify existing ones, depending on whether events in their environment reward of punish these behavior.
COGNITIVE APPROACH
Examines how we process, store, and use information, and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember believe and feel.
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
Focuses on how genes, hormones & nervous system interact with the environment to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions at coping techniques.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
Needs such as air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity and temperature maintenance are crucial for survival. The need for safety has both physical and psychological aspects. The person needs to feel safe both in the physical environment and in relationship. The third level needs includes giving and receiving affection, attaining a place in group, and maintaining the feeling of belonging. The individual needs both self-esteem (ex. Feelings of independence, competence, and self-respect) and esteem from others (ex. Recognition, respect, and appreciation) When the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual strives for self-actualization, the innate need to develop ones maximum potential and realize ones abilities and qualities.
SELF-ESTEEM NEEDS
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
1. LEVEL OF AWARENESS
CONSCIOUS aware of here and now, in contact with reality.
Contains the partially forgotten memories that can be recalled at will. Preconscious serves as the watchman by preventing unacceptable & anxiety producing memories from reaching the conscious awareness.
UNCONSCIOUS The largest part of the personality that is often compared to the hidden iceberg under the water that contains memory that are forgotten & cannot be brought back to consciousness at will.
EGO is the one that relates to the world or reality to satisfy the demands of the ID. The ego operates by reality principle & uses problem solving based on how it judges reality. It controls the demands of & mediates between the ID and the Superego according to the demands of the reality.
operates on conscious level begins in the first 6 or 8 months of life and fairly well developed at age 2 or 3 years serves to control and guide actions of an individual
SUPEREGO- is the one that rewards the moral behavior and punishes actions that are not acceptable by creating guilt. The superego is our conscience, a residue of internalized values & moral training of early childhood.
operates on both conscious and unconscious functions on MORAL PRINCIPLE develops around the age of 3-4 or 4-5 and fairly well developed at age 10 years Ego Ideal rewards the person with feeling of well-being and pride when a person conforms to the demands of the superego.
The infants pleasure is believed to center around gratification from using his mouth for sucking and satisfying hunger. Feeling and activities are focused on & expressed by the mouth and are orally dominated. Begins w/ the attainment of neuromuscular control of the anal sphincter. Toilet training is the crucial issue requiring delayed gratification in compromising between enjoyment of bowel function and limitations set by social expectations for the toddler. Increased curiosity re: the genitals, questioning and selfstimulation or masturbation. The child realizes that desires directed to the parent of opposite sex are not feasible, and become occupied with socializing with peers, refining roles and relationships. Develops awareness of body & sexual part. Represents an emergence of sexual interest w/c can now be expressed in an overt heterosexual relationship.
SOCIAL THEORY
Erik Erikson
The developmental theory of Erik Erikson (1963) was based on Freuds work. Erikson expanded Freuds theory to include cultural and social influences in addition to biologic processes. He believed there was an interrelationship between such variables that impact the psychosocial development of an
Psychosocial Theory
based on four major organizing concepts:
(1) (2) (3) (4) stages of development development goal or task psychosocial crisis the process of coping.
Erickson believed that development is a continuous process consisting of distinct phases characterized by the achievement of developmental goals. He emphasized that certain tasks progressed in a definite order, but were affected by the social environment and significant others.
Stages of Development
Erikson identified eight stages of development from birth through old age and death. He was one of the first theorists who acknowledged the continuation of personality development into the adult years. At each stage, Erikson presented a developmental crisis which had to be mastered. Each crises is a set of normal stresses imposed on a person by the demands of society. The internal ego identity and the external expectations of an individuals behavior by society are in conflict. These demands vary from one stage to the next and must be resolved or at least the tension must be reduced to successfully advance to the next stage.
Trust
Ease in feeding Depth in sleep Relaxation of bowels First social achievement allows mother out of sight w/o undue anxiety or rage
Mistrust
Maladaptati on
Malignan cies
Withdrawal Depression Paranoia Possibly psychosis
Withdrawal Sensory into distortion schizoid Overly trusting, and gullible, this depressiv person cannot e states believe anyone would mean them harm.
Autonom y
Self control w/ loss of selfesteem Good will and pride Rightful dignity Sense of justice
Initiative
Guilt
Purpose Inhibition Loving SelfRelaxed righteous Bright in ness judgment Paralysis Energetic Taskoriented
Industry
Malignancies
Narrow Inertia virtuosit Inferiority complex y Never develop Too much social skills - inert industry
Identity
Malignancies
Delinquency Fanaticism Repudiation Doubt and Believes Repudiate their sexual that the need for identity identity only way Fuse with group: is his way cults, may involve in destructive activities, drugs, alcohol.
Intimacy
Isolation
Maladaptat ion
Malignancies
Love Character Promiscuit Exclusion Commitmen problem y Isolate oneself from t Distancing Intimate too love, friendship Sacrifice behaviors freely, too to develop Work easily and certain productivi w/o any hatefulness in ty depth of compensation to Satisfactory intimacy loneliness. sex relation
the middle adult years are time of concern for the next generation and guiding ones own children or those friends, relatives, or community groups. This sense of guidance is exhibited in a variety of creative approaches to ones work or life experiences. There is an intense desire to leave a contribution to the world. If generativity does not occur, stagnation result. The person becomes self-absorbed, is obsessed with his own health needs, or regresses to earlier means of coping.
Generati vity
Stagnati on
Self-love Overextens Rejectivity Lack of faith ion No longer Caring for no No time for participating in one self or contributing Involve in so to society many things
CARL JUNG
CONSCIOUS (ego) COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUSPsychic Inheritance
Contains the universal memories & history of all humans A reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with.
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
Determined by individual personal experience
ARCHETYPES
Repeated images The structural component of the collective unconscious. It is a universal thought form (idea) that contains large element of emotion. Can be a mythical figure, such as Hero, the Nurturing Mother, the Powerful Father or the Wicked Witch.
PERSONA
Represents your public image. Is the public personality, the aspect of self that one reveals to others, the role that society expects one to play. The persona is frequently at variance with true identity.
SHADOW
Archetype reflects the prehistoric fear of wild animals & represents the animal side of human nature. The shadow contains the opposite of what we feel ourselves to be. It consists of the animal instincts that human inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life. Serves as a trash can. It is the dark side of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is often stored there.
PERSONALITY ORIENTATIONS:
INTROVERSION
Orients the person towards the inner subjective world. Describes the person who is focused inward, cautious, shy, timid & reflective.
EXTROVERSION
Orients the person towards the external, outside world Describes the person who is outgoing, sociable, assertive & energetic Jungs view, motivation comes not only from past conflicts but also from future goals and the need for selffulfillment. He also believed that a healthy person maintains a balance in all spheres male and female, introversion and extroversion, conscious and unconscious and has the ability to accept the past and strive for the future.
Application to nursing:
Jung emphasized the importance of symbolism, rituals, and spirituality. When we enter a clients environment, we see symbols of importance to that person. We become aware of the clients rituals of self-care. When clients rituals interfere with growth and health, we look for the conflicts and anxiety behind the behaviors.
The End
Thank You