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m

a =e (a,b)
O(a) | |G| [a,b]
k
O(g ) = n / (n,k) ! O(g) = n ax + by = c $ # x,y " ! c = (a,b)
-1
O(a) = O(bab ) (a,b) * [a,b] = a*b
O(ab) = O(ba) $ & % "
(420,68) = ?
420 = 6*68 + 12
H . G" 68 = 5*12 + 8
$" & 12 = 1*8 + 4 )* ( '
% 8 = 2*4 + 0
p
" a = a (mod p) ! P"
H . % G" x = a mod m x & "& "
% " & x = b mod n
-1
g Hg R = 1 mod m = 0 mod n $ # R &
+ nZ & S = 0 mod m = 1 mod n $ # S
Z x = (aR + bS) mod a*b +
G " % H " %
a E H - aH = Ha = H
) K .H( HK ! KH 2 HK a~a ,
|HK| = |H|*|K| / |H3K| ! b~a-a~b
|HK| = |H|*|K| !)" |H|,|K|( a ~ c ! b ~ c .a ~ b

& +
0 +1 +2
<a> = {e=a , a , a …} $ &
&
& & n " " " % % /(n)
a a-1
Z % & P" /(P ) = (P-1)*P
(a,b) = 1 " /(ab) = /(a) * /(b)
/(n)
Zm % &m (a,n) = 1 " a = 1 (mod n)
% & n
n %
d
(d,n) = 1 - )n % ( <a> & a
d/n
o(a ) = d ! d|n .n % <a> + 10 %
2
)" ( " & /(n) n % & {e, a, a } $ %
Z % & & %
) ( ! G
Zn n % & n Un
) ( N ! |G:N| = 2
|G| = |H|*|G:H|
" " " %
& & . ' & G )" ( Z(G)
)" n % ( |sn| = n! CG(a) " " % % 2a & %
n=2 # Sn )a " " G " (
ab=ba ." " " & + )G ( SG #
k k# % " + ( G
-1
(12345) = (54321) ) ' & SG G
-1
)" ( g r g = (g(a1), g(a2),… g(an)) |G| 0 SG
" " & % &
|G:CG(a)| $ a " & %
m - Z / mZ %
$ " R " %
R ! " " " 87 R & %
$" mZ & Z % 2 %
Z / mZ 6 Zm n! / 2 2
$ " Sn ) ( An
#
2
(abc) = (cba) $
) (
)a 9 0 " ( b = c ! ab = ac
-1
% " x c G .x N x = N
$ " xcG Nx = xN
N a & - aEN

" ) (
" ! + /(a) /(b) = /(ab)
% % " % ' / ! Ker(/) = {e}
n
& + . P P ( / ! Img(/) = {0}
) % % " ( "
+ " " % ! " +
)"
/(a) /(b) = /(ab) " " .) ' " ("
/(a) + /(b) = /(a+b) " . +
/(0) = 0 $ "
) 1 = 1 img/ ( /(1) = 1 img/ &4 G2 ! &4 G1
/(-a) = -/(a) ) . " (
# /(a) ! R # a
' / - Ker(/) = {0}
R1 Ker(/) /: G 5 H
R1 Ker(/) G / ker(/) 6 img(/)
" & + % (
/: R 1 5 R 2 )
-1
R1 / ker(/) 6 img(/) x c G1 x Ker(/) x c Ker(/)
" & + % ( $+ %
) x c G1 Ker(/) x = { y | /(y) = /(x) }

$ " %
R ' ' N
-1
$" Na Na
% (Na)(Nb) = Nab
" )" % % ( |G:N| = |G| / |N|
R H( G/H .
R9 " % )
& % &
) ( "
! " " " R "
" R
$" " .#
' [6,4] = 12 <6> 3 <4> = <12> " %
' (6,4) = 2 <6> + <4> = <2> a ! # a
2
6 * 4 = 24 <6> * <4> = <24> R ! x x =x
$+ +
" " " n " f(x) R/ ! . R
; " p" " :" % %
a0 .an ( +a) + ( +b) = +(a+b)
R f(x) ! ( +a)( +b) = +ab
f(x+1) f(x) $ R/ +"1" ! ' '
f(x+1) + + + R/ ! %
$ " +
/: R 5 R/ , /(a) = +a
% d(x) R/ ! R
:" g(x) f(x) $ " R
d(x) | g(x) " d(x) | f(x) % - R/
." "
d(x)
) 2 " ( + d(x) " " " % F[x]
$ g(x) f(x) % d(x) " F
$ # b(x) .a(x) " ) . F" ( " F[x]
d(x) = a(x)f(x) + b(x)g(x) deg( f(x)*g(x) ) = deg(f(x)) + deg(g(x))
d(x) ." $ # q(x), r(x) $" f(x), g(x) "
)+ " ( d(x) deg(r(x)) < deg(g(x)) f(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x)
={ a(x)f(x) + b(x)g(x) | a(x), b(x) E F[x] } = ( f(x) ) $+ % F[x]
g(x) .a(x)f(x) + b(x)g(x) = 1 $" " f(x) " $
$" = (g(x)) . F[x]/ ) ( !
f(x) + a(x) +
) % ( & + " ) & " ( F[x] / (f(x))
" " " & " + f(x) %
& % " f(x) &
n
." % % | F[x] / (f(x)) | = q ! deg(f(x)) = n .|F| = q
' & $" " "
% (f(x))
F[x] / (f(x))
f(x)

" %" " " f(x)


" %
"
$ "
F + f(x) - F f(x)
$)R ( 4 &
$
" % ' $
$ :
$)C ( 4 &
$
$ :
$
f(x) = (x-a)q(x) + f(a)
) % ( f(a) = 0 - x-a | f(x)
." " " n " f(x)
p | a0 , q | an ! )"& & ( p/q

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